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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Parish_Church,_Slough
|
St Mary's Parish Church, Slough
|
["1 Organ","2 Bells","3 Notable people","4 Parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey","5 In the News","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°30′24″N 0°35′40″W / 51.50676°N 0.59455°W / 51.50676; -0.59455
Church in Slough, EnglandSt Mary Parish Church, Slough51°30′24″N 0°35′40″W / 51.50676°N 0.59455°W / 51.50676; -0.59455LocationSloughCountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandWebsitehttp://www.stmarys-slough.org.uk/HistoryDedicationSt MaryArchitectureFunctional statusActiveHeritage designationGrade II*Architectural typeGothicCompleted1876 - 1878AdministrationDioceseOxfordParishUpton cum Chalvey
St Mary's Parish Church is a red brick gothic style Church of England parish church in the parish of Upton cum Chalvey in the borough of Slough and the county of Berkshire in England. Built between 1876–8 to a design by John Oldrid Scott and partly funded through a personal donation by Queen Victoria, it was again enlarged in 1911–1913, and is protected as a grade II* listed building. The grounds contain the grade II listed war memorial by the west door of the church, inscribed with over 300 names of the dead from Slough in the First and Second World Wars. The walls and gates of the church yard are also protected grade II listed features. The church is located centrally in the parish, serving the Slough town centre. The church is linked to two schools in the area, Saint Mary's Church of England Primary School, in Upton, and Slough and Eton Church of England Secondary School, in Chalvey. The building regularly plays host to musical concerts, often including accompaniment on the organ
Organ
The church contains a pipe organ in the English Romantic style, built in 1912 by Norman and Beard. It features three manuals, 37 stops and over 2,400 pipes. It is pitched to the French diapason. At its dedication it was played by noted organist and composer Sir Walter Parratt.
Bells
The church tower is home to a ring of ten bells, the tenor weighing 17½ cwt. The original bells were cast in 1619 by Richard Eldridge, of which only one survives. The nine newer bells were all cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, the last two being added after the others as a memorial donation in 1949.
Notable people
A stained glass window was designed in 1915 for St Mary's by artist and poet Alfred Wolmark.
The church hosted the funeral of Letty Lind in 1923.
A lost work of Eric Fogg, The Seasons, was re-scored and performed at St Mary's Church on 13 September 2003 to celebrate the centenary of Fogg's birth.
Parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey
St Mary's is linked within the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey with two other churches: the Grade 1 -listed St Laurence's, in Upton, to the east, and the church of St Peter in Chalvey, to the west.
In the News
It has been reported that a woman was raped in the church yard at approximately 7:45pm on Wednesday, January 30, 2019. In the following month, three men were arrested and questioned by the police and subsequently released without charge. In February, the police renewed a call for anyone who may have information to come forward.
References
^ Slough History Online
^ The History of Slough, Maxwell Fraser, Slough Corporation, 1973, PP.142-3.
^ Historic England. "The church (1321977)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Historic England. "The war memorial (1393963)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ Historic England. "Gates and walls (1113377)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ St Mary's CE Primary School website
^ Slough and Eton Secondary School website
^ Musical events at St Mary's
^ Organ details
^ Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bellringers
^ Bells and Ringing at St Mary's
^ Slough Express
External links
St Mary's Parish Church website
Aerial view of the church, 1935. (Almost all of the buildings in the surrounding area have since been demolished.)
|
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Built between 1876–8 to a design by John Oldrid Scott and partly funded through a personal donation by Queen Victoria,[1] it was again enlarged in 1911–1913,[2] and is protected as a grade II* listed building.[3] The grounds contain the grade II listed war memorial[4] by the west door of the church, inscribed with over 300 names of the dead from Slough in the First and Second World Wars. The walls and gates of the church yard are also protected grade II listed features.[5] The church is located centrally in the parish, serving the Slough town centre. The church is linked to two schools in the area, Saint Mary's Church of England Primary School,[6] in Upton, and Slough and Eton Church of England Secondary School,[7] in Chalvey. The building regularly plays host to musical concerts, often including accompaniment on the organ[8]","title":"St Mary's Parish Church, Slough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Norman and Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_and_Beard"},{"link_name":"diapason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_pipe#Diapasons"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Parratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Parratt"}],"text":"The church contains a pipe organ in the English Romantic style,[9] built in 1912 by Norman and Beard. It features three manuals, 37 stops and over 2,400 pipes. It is pitched to the French diapason. At its dedication it was played by noted organist and composer Sir Walter Parratt.","title":"Organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_bells"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"cwt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Bell Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"}],"text":"The church tower is home to a ring of ten bells,[10] the tenor weighing 17½ cwt.[11] The original bells were cast in 1619 by Richard Eldridge, of which only one survives. The nine newer bells were all cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, the last two being added after the others as a memorial donation in 1949.","title":"Bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wolmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wolmark"},{"link_name":"Letty Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letty_Lind"},{"link_name":"Eric Fogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Fogg"}],"text":"A stained glass window was designed in 1915 for St Mary's by artist and poet Alfred Wolmark.\nThe church hosted the funeral of Letty Lind in 1923.\nA lost work of Eric Fogg, The Seasons, was re-scored and performed at St Mary's Church on 13 September 2003 to celebrate the centenary of Fogg's birth.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Laurence's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Laurence,_Upton-cum-Chalvey"},{"link_name":"Chalvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalvey"}],"text":"St Mary's is linked within the parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey with two other churches: the Grade 1 -listed St Laurence's, in Upton, to the east, and the church of St Peter in Chalvey, to the west.","title":"Parish of Upton-cum-Chalvey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"It has been reported[12] that a woman was raped in the church yard at approximately 7:45pm on Wednesday, January 30, 2019. In the following month, three men were arrested and questioned by the police and subsequently released without charge. In February, the police renewed a call for anyone who may have information to come forward.","title":"In the News"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvani,_West_Azerbaijan
|
Shirvani, West Azerbaijan
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°57′12″N 44°24′18″E / 37.95333°N 44.40500°E / 37.95333; 44.40500Village in West Azerbaijan province, Iran
For other places with the same or similar name, see Shirvan and Shirvani.
Village in West Azerbaijan, IranShirvani
Persian: شيروانيVillageShirvaniCoordinates: 37°57′12″N 44°24′18″E / 37.95333°N 44.40500°E / 37.95333; 44.40500CountryIranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountySalmasDistrictKuhsarRural DistrictShepiranPopulation (2016) • Total1,024Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Shirvani (Persian: شيرواني), also Romanized as Shīrvānī, is a village in, and the capital of, Shepiran Rural District of Kuhsar District of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 1,199 in 190 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,173 people in 220 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,024 people in 212 households.
Iran portal
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (16 February 2024). "Shirvani, Salmas County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Shirvani can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3807236" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (2 February 1366). "Creation and formation of seven rural districts including villages, farms and places in Salmas County under West Azerbaijan province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
vteWest Azerbaijan province, IranList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan ProvinceCapital
Urmia
Countiesand cities
Bukan County
Bukan
Simmineh
Chaldoran County
Siah Cheshmeh
Avajiq
Chaypareh County
Qarah Zia od Din
Khoy County
Khoy
Firuraq
Ivughli
Mahabad County
Mahabad
Maku County
Maku
Bazargan
Miandoab County
Miandoab
Baruq
Chahar Borj
Naqadeh County
Naqadeh
Mohammadyar
Oshnavieh County
Oshnavieh
Nalus
Piranshahr County
Piranshahr
Gerd Kashaneh
Poldasht County
Poldasht
Salmas County
Salmas
Tazeh Shahr
Sardasht County
Sardasht
Mirabad
Rabat
Shahin Dezh County
Shahin Dezh
Keshavarz
Mahmudabad
Showt County
Showt
Marganlar
Yowla Galdi
Takab County
Takab
Urmia County
Urmia
Nushin
Qushchi
Serow
Silvaneh
Tourism
Teppe Hasanlu
Kelashin Stele
Bastam Citadel
Takht-e Soleymān
Lake Urmia
Zarrineh River
Shalmash Falls
St. Mary Church
St. Thaddeus Monastery
Chapel of Dzordzor
St. George Church
Jameh Mosque of Urmia
Baghchejogh museum and palace
Segonbad
Ghoutour Bridge
PlacesList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
vte Salmas CountyCapital
Salmas
DistrictsCentralCities
Salmas
Tazeh Shahr
Rural Districts and villagesKenarporuzh
Abgarm
Akhyan
Aq Ziarat
Kani Sefid
Khan Takhti
Minas
Moghul
Qabakh Tappeh
Shur Gel
Tamar
Tizkharab
Zindasht
Koreh Soni
Ayan
Chahar Sotun
Chichak
Deyr Ali
Gavlan
Gubeh
Hadar
Kanian
Lashgiran
Mafi Kandi
Pekachuk
Qarah Tappeh Railway Station
Rigabad
Saray-e Malek
Shekar Yazi
Sheydan
Shirah Ki
Shurik
Silab
Ureban
Vardan
Yengejeh
Lakestan
Akhteh Khaneh
Bakhsh Kandi
Bargoshad
Chubanluy-e Olya
Chubanluy-e Sofla
Habashi
Hamzeh Kandi
Kangarlu
Khaneh Dam
Qarah Qeshlaq
Qezeljah
Sadaqian
Soltan Ahmad
Yalquz Aghaj
Yushanlu
Zulachay
Abdolabad
Aqa Esmail
Baghcheh Jik
Darzeh Konan
Dereshk
Gavlan
Golozan
Haftvan
Kalashan
Khanaqah
Khosrowabad
Kuchameshk
Malham
Moghanjuq
Owlaq
Patah Vir
Pekajik
Sarnaq
Sureh
Ziveh Jik
KuhsarCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesChahriq
Ajvaj
Aslanik
Baharabad
Bahik
Balqazan
Barazi
Chahriq-e Olya
Chahriq-e Sofla
Darab
Darmandek
Elyasi
Gardian
Garmavich
Haqvaran
Hasbasheh
Hemmatabad
Jamalabad
Jang-e Sar
Kahriz
Kalran
Katban
Lakabad-e Olya
Lilus
Lulakabad-e Olya
Lulakabad-e Sofla
Mateh Kharpeh
Mazraeh-ye Shenatal-e Sofla
Mirabad
Qasrik
Qazrabad
Shenatal-e Olya
Shirani
Siavan
Susanabad
Tamrabad
Varik
Yunjaliq
Zangu
Zarrin Darreh
Zula
Shenetal
Agh Barzeh
Ali Bolaghi
Ashnak
Berushkhvaran
Dergah
Derik
Deshvan
Gabrabad
Goleh Dam
Guzik
Hajji Jafan
Haplaran
Jandar
Kapik
Keshkavij
Kesis
Khvor Khvoreh
Kum
Kuzehrash
Nazarabad
Pirmand
Qasrik-e Sofla
Qezel Kand
Senji
Shamrin
Shiveh
Sufiabad-e Sofla
Shepiran
Balakan
Delazi
Dustan
Guzik
Harakian
Heshterak
Kalik
Karikan
Kelah Rash-e Bala
Kelah Rash-e Pain
Khenavin
Ostunrash
Ostureh
Qasrik-e Olya
Shirvani
Siveh Dar
Urtanis
This Salmas County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shirvani,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=37_57_12_N_44_24_18_E_dim:1km_type:city(1024)_region:IR-04","external_links_name":"37°57′12″N 44°24′18″E / 37.95333°N 44.40500°E / 37.95333; 44.40500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shirvani,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=37_57_12_N_44_24_18_E_dim:1km_type:city(1024)_region:IR-04","external_links_name":"37°57′12″N 44°24′18″E / 37.95333°N 44.40500°E / 37.95333; 44.40500"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.953333&mlon=44.405&zoom=15#map=15/37.9533/44.4050","external_links_name":"\"Shirvani, Salmas County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140106074549/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110092","external_links_name":"\"Creation and formation of seven rural districts including villages, farms and places in Salmas County under West Azerbaijan province\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110092","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirvani,_West_Azerbaijan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldi,_Baltistan
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Haldi, Baltistan
|
["1 History","2 People","2.1 Johar Ali Johar","3 Tourist Attractions","3.1 Haldi Cones","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 35°15′11″N 76°25′15″E / 35.25306°N 76.42083°E / 35.25306; 76.42083Village in Gilgit-Baltistan, PakistanHaldi
ہلدیVillageHaldiHuldi Halde on Pakistan MapCoordinates: 35°15′11″N 76°25′15″E / 35.25306°N 76.42083°E / 35.25306; 76.42083CountryPakistanProvinceGilgit-BaltistanDistrictGhancheTime zoneUTC+5 (PST) • Summer (DST)UTC+6 (GMT+5)
Haldi (Urdu: ہلدی) also Halde or Huldi is a village in Ghanche District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Haldi is a historic village of Baltistan, located at the meeting place of Saltoro river and Hushe River 28 km from district centre Khaplu.
History
According to Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi, Haldi was the ancient administrative capital of the ancient Khaplu valley. Around 850 A.D. Baig Manthal came to Haldi from Central Asia through the Kondus valley. He built Stranpo Khar or Kharmang Khar in a rock. He founded the independent state of Haldi. Later he invaded Pharawa, the capital of Raja Gori tham. After taking control of all of Saltoro and Hushe valley he invaded the Khaplu valley. He became the only ruler of this region and established his capital in Haldi. Then he constructed a fort in Saling. According to Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi in Tarikh e Jammu and Yusuf Hussain Abadi in Tarikh e Baltistan, Baig Manthal was the founder of the Yabgo dynasty. Now the ruins of a fort remain on the rock known as Kharmang khar where it was built by Baig Manthal. This fort was present up to 1750 A.D, as it is mentioned in Shigar Nama (an old history book of Shigar), where Hatam Khan of Yabgo had ruled.
According to Greg Mortenson, American author of the book Three Cups of Tea, Haldi village was as perfect a place as Mortenson had seen in Pakistan.
People
Johar Ali Johar
Known as Bowa Johar, he was a famous Balti poet. His tomb is located near Khanqah e Muallah, Haldi. He wrote nearly 70 behartaweel. He also wrote qasida, marsia, nohay, manqabat and naat in Balti language and Persian. He is also called Shehenshah e behartaweel king of Behartaweel and Firdosi e Baltistan.
Tourist Attractions
Haldi Cones
Haldi Cones are one of the most popular tourist attractions in Haldi village. The most beautiful mountain in Gilgit Baltistan is Haldi Cones. it looks very attractive and shine the awesome natural beauty.
References
^ "Beautiful Baltistan Tours is under construction".
^ "Haldi (Baltistan)".
^ mybaltistan.com/History/History%20of%20Baltistan/Urdu/36.htm
^ "Three tea - Wattpad".
^ "Most beautiful Places to Visit in Ghanche Gilgit Baltistan".
Tarikh e Jammu by Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi
Tarikh e Baltistan by Yousuf Hussain Abadi
Johar-e-Baltistan by Muhammad Hassan Hasrat
Malomat e Gilgit Baltistan by Akhond Kashif
Baltistan in History by Banat gul Afridi Peshawar
vteGhanche DistrictPopulated places
Balghar
Barah Valley
Chorbat Valley
Ghawari
Gulshan-e-Kabir
Haldi
Hassanabad
Hushe
Keris Valley
Khaney
Khaplu (district capital)
Kharfaq
Kharkoo
Kondus
Kunais Valley
Siksa
Thagas
Thalay
Yugo
Kuroo
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Ghanche District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanche_District"},{"link_name":"Gilgit-Baltistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Saltoro river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltoro_river"},{"link_name":"Hushe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushe_River"},{"link_name":"Khaplu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaplu"}],"text":"Village in Gilgit-Baltistan, PakistanHaldi (Urdu: ہلدی) also Halde or Huldi is a village in Ghanche District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Haldi is a historic village of Baltistan, located at the meeting place of Saltoro river and Hushe River 28 km from district centre Khaplu.","title":"Haldi, Baltistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molvi_Hashmatullah_Lakhnavi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khaplu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaplu"},{"link_name":"Baig Manthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baig_Manthal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kondus valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondus"},{"link_name":"Pharawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulshan_e_kabeer"},{"link_name":"Saltoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltoro"},{"link_name":"Hushe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushe"},{"link_name":"Khaplu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaplu"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Hussain Abadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Hussain_Abadi"},{"link_name":"Kharmang khar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharmang_Valley"},{"link_name":"Shigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greg Mortenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mortenson"},{"link_name":"Three Cups of Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Cups_of_Tea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"According to Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi, Haldi was the ancient administrative capital of the ancient Khaplu valley. Around 850 A.D. Baig Manthal came to Haldi from Central Asia through the Kondus valley. He built Stranpo Khar or Kharmang Khar in a rock. He founded the independent state of Haldi. Later he invaded Pharawa, the capital of Raja Gori tham. After taking control of all of Saltoro and Hushe valley he invaded the Khaplu valley. He became the only ruler of this region and established his capital in Haldi. Then he constructed a fort in Saling. According to Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi in Tarikh e Jammu and Yusuf Hussain Abadi in Tarikh e Baltistan, Baig Manthal was the founder of the Yabgo dynasty. Now the ruins of a fort remain on the rock known as Kharmang khar where it was built by Baig Manthal. This fort was present up to 1750 A.D, as it is mentioned in Shigar Nama (an old history book of Shigar), where Hatam Khan of Yabgo had ruled.[1][unreliable source?][2]\nAccording to Greg Mortenson, American author of the book Three Cups of Tea, Haldi village was as perfect a place as Mortenson had seen in Pakistan.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"qasida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida"},{"link_name":"Balti language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Johar Ali Johar","text":"Known as Bowa Johar, he was a famous Balti poet. His tomb is located near Khanqah e Muallah, Haldi. He wrote nearly 70 behartaweel. He also wrote qasida, marsia, nohay, manqabat and naat in Balti language and Persian. He is also called Shehenshah e behartaweel king of Behartaweel and Firdosi e Baltistan.[3][4]","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tourist Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Haldi Cones","text":"Haldi Cones are one of the most popular tourist attractions in Haldi village. The most beautiful mountain in Gilgit Baltistan is Haldi Cones. it looks very attractive and shine the awesome natural beauty. [5]","title":"Tourist Attractions"}]
|
[]
| null |
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haldi,_Baltistan¶ms=35_15_11_N_76_25_15_E_region:PK_type:city","external_links_name":"35°15′11″N 76°25′15″E / 35.25306°N 76.42083°E / 35.25306; 76.42083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haldi,_Baltistan¶ms=35_15_11_N_76_25_15_E_region:PK_type:city","external_links_name":"35°15′11″N 76°25′15″E / 35.25306°N 76.42083°E / 35.25306; 76.42083"},{"Link":"http://mybaltistan.com/History/History%20of%20Baltistan/Urdu/36.htm","external_links_name":"\"Beautiful Baltistan Tours is under construction\""},{"Link":"http://tibet-encyclopaedia.de/haldi-baltistan.html","external_links_name":"\"Haldi (Baltistan)\""},{"Link":"https://wattpad.com/958995-three-tea?p=106","external_links_name":"\"Three tea - Wattpad\""},{"Link":"http://www.skardu.pk/top-5-mesmerizing-photographs-of-ghanche-districtkhaplu-valley/","external_links_name":"\"Most beautiful Places to Visit in Ghanche Gilgit Baltistan\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topole,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship
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Topole, Pomeranian Voivodeship
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["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 53°41′35″N 17°31′3″E / 53.69306°N 17.51750°E / 53.69306; 17.51750Village in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandTopoleVillageTopoleCoordinates: 53°41′35″N 17°31′3″E / 53.69306°N 17.51750°E / 53.69306; 17.51750Country PolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountyChojniceGminaChojnicePopulation122
Topole is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chojnice, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Chojnice and 105 km (65 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina ChojniceSeat (not part of the gmina)
Chojnice
Villages
Angowice
Babilon
Bachorze
Białe Błota
Borne
Charzykowy
Chiny
Chociński Młyn
Chojnaty
Chojniczki
Chojniczki-Wybudowanie
Ciechocin
Cołdanki
Czartołomie
Dębowa Góra
Doręgowice
Drzewicz
Funka
Gockowice
Granowo
Grzampki
Jabłonka
Jakubowo
Jarcewo
Jasnowo
Jeziorki
Józefowo
Kamionka
Kamionka nad jeziorem Zamarte
Karolewo
Klawkowo
Kłodawa
Kłodawka
Klosnowo
Klucza
Kokoszka
Kopernica
Kopernica nad Jeziorem
Krojanty
Kruszka
Kulki
Lichnowy
Lipienice
Lotyń
Łukomie
Małe Swornegacie
Małe Zanie
Melanówek
Melanowo
Moszczenica
Nicponie
Nieżychowice
Nieżychowice-Wybudowanie
Nowa Cerkiew
Nowa Cerkiew Szlachetna
Nowe Ostrowite
Nowy Dwór
Objezierze
Ogorzeliny
Osiedle Słoneczne
Ostrowite
Owink
Pawłówko
Pawłowo
Pawłowo-Wybudowanie
Płęsno
Pomoc
Powałki
Racławki
Sepiot
Silno
Sławęcin
Śluza
Stary Młyn
Sternowo
Strużka
Styporc
Swornegacie
Topole
Wączos
Wielkie Zanie
Władysławek
Wolność
Zbeniny
Zbrzyca
This Chojnice County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Topole,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship¶ms=53_41_35_N_17_31_3_E_region:PL_type:city(122)","external_links_name":"53°41′35″N 17°31′3″E / 53.69306°N 17.51750°E / 53.69306; 17.51750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Topole,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship¶ms=53_41_35_N_17_31_3_E_region:PL_type:city(122)","external_links_name":"53°41′35″N 17°31′3″E / 53.69306°N 17.51750°E / 53.69306; 17.51750"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Topole,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Miller_(basketball,_born_1979)
|
Brandon Miller (basketball, born 1979)
|
["1 Early life","2 College","3 Coaching career","3.1 Head coach","4 Head coaching record","5 Personal life","6 References"]
|
American basketball coach
Brandon MillerBiographical detailsBorn (1979-05-21) May 21, 1979 (age 44)New Castle, Indiana, U.S.Playing career1998–1999Southwest Missouri State2000–2003Butler
Position(s)Point guardCoaching career (HC unless noted)2007–2008Butler (asst.)2008–2011Ohio State (asst.)2012–2013Illinois (special asst.)2013–2014Butler
Head coaching recordOverall14–17 (.452)Accomplishments and honorsAwardsAs a player
Chip Hilton Player of the Year (2003)
All-Horizon League Team (2003)
All-Horizon League Defensive team (2003)
Brandon Miller (born May 21, 1979) is an American basketball coach, who previously played college basketball at Southwest Missouri State and Butler. Miller served as Butler's head coach for one season in 2013–14 before requesting a medical leave of absence in October 2014. On January 2, 2015, Butler University announced that Miller would not be returning following his university-approved medical leave and that interim coach Chris Holtmann had been named the Bulldogs head coach.
Born in New Castle, Indiana, Miller played point guard for New Castle Chrysler High School before beginning his college career at Southwest Missouri State. When head coach Steve Alford left after Miller's freshman year, he transferred to Butler. He started all 97 games over the next three years, finishing in the school's all-time top five in both made 3-point field goals and assists. During Miller's time at Butler, the team won three NCAA tournament games. Miller was named to multiple honorary teams for both his play and his academics. He won the Horizon League's highest individual honor, the Cecil M. Coleman Medal of Honor, and the 2003 Chip Hilton Award, given annual to the player who best exemplifies the values taught by the Chip Hilton literary character – leadership, character, and talent on and off the court.
After college, Miller entered into coaching as a video coordinator at Xavier. Subsequently, he held assistant coaching positions at Butler and then Ohio State before quitting basketball after the 2010–11 season to spend more time with his family. After a year, he returned to coaching as a special assistant to the head coach at Illinois. In April 2013, Miller rejoined the Butler staff as an assistant coach under Brad Stevens. When Stevens left to coach the Boston Celtics in July, Miller was promoted to head coach.
Early life
Brandon Miller was born May 21, 1979, in New Castle, Indiana to Roger and Terry Miller. He has an older brother, Scott, and a younger sister, Lindsey. As a kid, he was always fiercely competitive. Whether playing checkers with his grandfather or Nintendo with his friends he expected to win, and when he did not he demanded a rematch. Childhood friend and future teammate Darnell Archey recalled "I’d have to drop the controller and run out of the room after I won" or the game would never end. Miller was frequently injured as a child, usually from going "full tilt" in sports. At age four or five, he crashed his bike into a neighbor's house. In youth football, he broke his arm playing quarterback, then re-broke it diving for a loose ball in basketball. In junior high, he ran into a basket support while practicing baton exchanges, badly bloodying his face.
Miller grew up with basketball. His father, Roger Miller, was a teacher and assistant basketball coach at New Castle Chrysler High School. Brandon Miller's own pursuit of basketball was described by those who knew him as "relentless". At age eight, he was doing box jumps when he fell and injured himself seriously enough to go to the emergency room. The next day, he was eager to resume his training. "That sort of thing is why some people think he’s a little bit crazy", says his father. By age nine, Miller was doing agility drills, situps, and pushups on a regular basis. He was given a key to New Castle Fieldhouse – the nation's largest high school arena – and would often practice shooting by himself until 10 or 11 pm. Roger Miller was offered the opportunity to be a head coach elsewhere, but declined because the family did not want to leave New Castle.
The 1994–95 New Castle Chrysler basketball team was loaded with returning juniors and seniors. No sophomores made the varsity team, but Brandon Miller did as a Freshman. That year, New Castle beat Alexandria in the opening round of the Semi-state playoffs with the help of Scott and Brandon Miller. The younger Miller later described it as one of his all-time favorite games. New Castle fell to Ben Davis in the finals of the Semi-states, one game away from the Final Four.
The following season, Brandon Miller became the starting point guard. New Castle returned to the Semi-states, falling to Ben Davis in the semi-final round. Miller scored a team-high 17 points in the loss. During Miller's junior year, New Castle achieved a 21–1 record and number 2 ranking entering the sectional playoffs. Miller scored a game highs of 20 and 17 points as he led his team to a sectional title. New Castle advanced through the regionals before being upset by Franklin in the Semi-states. Miller was selected to the All-State team as a high honorable mention. He was chosen as a member of the Junior All-Star squad.
As a senior, Miller tore a ligament in his knee. Knowing he could not damage it further, he continued to play on the injured knee through the playoffs. Due to a change in the playoff format, New Castle met top ranked Anderson in the sectionals, instead of avoiding them to the Semi-states. New Castle led through three quarters but ultimately lost a close game in which Miller was held to eight points. For the year, Miller shot 48 percent from the field and 73 percent on free throws. He was selected to the All-State team as a high honorable mention, and to the Herald-Times's All-State Second Team.
Miller ended his high school career with 1,066 points scored, a 60–11 record as a starter, and three semi-state appearances. He became the first New Castler player to win two North Central Conference championships. Steve Bennett, who was the head coach during Miller's senior year, remarked, "When he walked into the huddle, you were confident ... Brandon had a championship attitude. There aren’t that many guys you can say that about." Miller graduated 12th in his class of 260.
College
Out of high school, Miller was recruited to play college basketball by his childhood idol, and New Castle basketball legend, Steve Alford. He signed with Alford's Southwest Missouri State Bears, joining the team for the 1998–99 season. Miller averaged 11 minutes a game and the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 1999 NCAA tournament. After the season, Alford left Southwest Missouri State to take the head coaching job at Iowa. With Alford gone, Miller decided to transfer to Butler to be closer to home. There, he was reunited with high school teammate Darnell Archey. Alford later said not offering Miller an Iowa scholarship was one of the biggest mistakes of his coaching career.
After sitting out a year due to NCAA regulations regarding transfer students, Miller became the Butler Bulldogs' starting point guard for the 2000-01 season. Miller injured his shoulder in November 2000, but did not miss a game, playing through the injury all year. Butler won the Horizon League regular season title and made the 2001 NCAA tournament as a 10th seed. Powered by strong play from Miller and fellow guards Thomas Jackson and LaVall Jordan, Butler built a 33-point lead over Wake Forest by halftime and cruised to a 79–63 victory. Miller scored a team-high 18 points in what was Butler's first NCAA Tournament win since 1962. Two days later, 2nd-seeded Arizona limited Miller to four points as Butler's season ended in a 73–52 loss. During the off-season, Miller had surgery to fix his shoulder.
The following season, Miller led Butler to a 25–5 record and the Horizon League regular-season title. However, the team was "snubbed" by the selection committee and ending up playing in the 2002 NIT. Miller made the District V All-Academic Team, the Horizon League Academic All-Conference team, and the Horizon League Academic Honor Roll.
During his senior season, Miller led the Bulldogs in both scoring and assists. Butler won the Horizon League regular-season title for the third straight year. Miller was sick during the Horizon League tournament, scoring just four points as Butler fell in the championship game. It looked as though Butler might miss the 2003 NCAA tournament for the second straight year, but they were granted an at-large selection as a 12th seed. In the team's opening-round game, Butler upset 5th-seeded Mississippi State despite "an overwhelmingly partisan Mississippi State crowd". With Butler trailing 46–45 and 26 seconds left on the clock, Miller pulled down a rebound and set up Butler's offense. He got the ball back off a screen and hit a 10-foot floater, driving into the lane with 6.2 seconds left in the game. "To hit a shot like that in the NCAA tournament, nothing compares to it," he remarked. "It's something you dream about when you're a kid. It's something you dream about when you're 23." Sports Illustrated called the game an "instant tourney classic" thanks to Miller's shot. He finished with a team-high 14 points. It was Miller's fourth final-minute go-ahead basket of the season.
Butler proceeded to upset 4th-seeded Louisville 79–71, making the Sweet 16 for the first time since 1962. Miller did not score against Louisville, but was instrumental in breaking down their pressure defense and getting Archey, who hit eight 3-pointers, open looks. He also drew two charges on defense. "Brandon was just so terrific," said Butler coach Todd Lickliter. "He was just so tough." Their surprising success made Butler the media darlings of the tournament. ESPN's Pat Forde described Archey and Miller as a "fundamentally flawless starting backcourt", ascribing much of Butler's success to the duo's play. Butler subsequently lost to 1st-seeded Oklahoma, finishing the season with a school record 27 wins.
Miller was named as a co-recipient of Butler's "Most Outstanding Male Athlete" award for his senior performance, and won the Horizon League's highest individual honor – the "Cecil M. Coleman Medal of Honor". He made both the All-Horizon League and All-Horizon League Defensive teams. He was named to the District V All-Academic team, and won the 2003 Chip Hilton Award for demonstrating strong leadership, character, and talent both on and off the court. Of the latter award, journalist David Woods remarked that it was fitting because "in the clutch, was Chip Hilton right out of a Clair Bee novel." Miller graduated in 2003 with a bachelor's degree in education.
Miller started all 97 games Butler played during his three seasons there, averaging double figures in scoring each year. He scored 1121 points, made 189 three-point field goals, and compiled 305 assists, despite having three different coaches over his three years at Butler. He is one of eight Butler players to score over 1,000 points in just three seasons. Miller finished his career in second place on the school's all-time rankings for made 3-pointers, and fifth place in assists. As of 2013, he still ranks in the top 10 in both categories. He led the Bulldogs to a 77–20 record during his tenure.
As a player, Miller was known for his unconventional style. He would often drive to the basket, seemingly out of control, and put up one-handed shots high off the backboard. Other times, he would stare down his defender as if he was about to penetrate, only to launch a quick three-pointer instead. In February 2006, Miller was named to Butler's "Team of the Sesquicentennial", an honorary team of the university's 15 all-time greatest players, marking the school's 150th anniversary.
Coaching career
Miller began his coaching career as a video intern at Xavier for the 2003–04 season. Xavier's coach, Thad Matta, was hired by Ohio State the following year and brought Miller along, naming him the Director of Basketball Operations. After two seasons in the position, Miller became the team's Video Coordinator for the 2006–07 season. In April 2007, he left Ohio State to join the Butler staff as an assistant coach. According to Matta, Miller "was crucial to the early success we experienced at Ohio State".
At Butler, Miller was involved in recruiting, game preparation, player instruction, and on-court coaching. During his first year there, the team won the Horizon League title and an NCAA tournament game. At the end of the season at Butler, Miller returned to Ohio State as an assistant coach, assuming duties similar to those he performed at Butler. He spent the next three seasons working under Matta before quitting after the 2010–11 season. Missing family vacations and his son Mason's T-ball games had been weighing on Miller when he had an "aha moment" during a retirement party for his father. Recalling how his father had passed up opportunities for advancement, Miller knew he needed to adjust his priorities. " a job that can become all-consuming. It's a job that the time and the effort, and even more than that, where your mind is at on a day-to-day basis, puts you in a position where you can struggle in terms of finding the balance that you need", said Miller explaining his decision to resign. "I look at my life and the first thing that I want to accomplish when it's all said and done is I want to be a very good husband and I want to be a terrific father." Later, he described quitting as one of the best decisions of his career. "I think it gave me perspective on how I was going to coach in the future", he explained. "I learned a lot from it." Matta was surprised by the decision, saying "He's one of those guys you can't really visualize not being a coach." During Miller's time at Ohio State, the team won two Big Ten titles and went to two Sweet 16s.
Miller got a sales job at Forest Pharmaceuticals. He enjoyed the job, but after nine months started to miss basketball. After a year off, Miller returned to coaching as a special assistant to Illinois head coach John Groce. In April 2013, Miller rejoined the Butler staff as an assistant coach under Brad Stevens.
Head coach
After Stevens left Butler to coach the Boston Celtics, Miller was promoted to head coach on July 6, 2013. Athletic director Barry Collier said Miller was his first thought when Stevens left. After interviewing Miller, Collier had a gut feeling he was the right man for the job, a feeling that did not change after he interviewed other candidates and weighed the decision. He remarked, "As a player, assistant coach, and person, Brandon has exemplified The Butler Way and brings a blend of energy, talent and integrity to this role. With Brandon's leadership, Butler is well positioned to expand upon the success of the last few years." Miller called it a childhood dream come true, and said he had no plans to change the team's core values. "The same goals we had a week ago are still our goals today", he remarked. He retained Butler's other assistant coaches – Michael Lewis and Terry Johnson – on his staff.
Reaction to the promotion of Miller was favorable. Jeff Goodman of ESPN predicted Miller would succeed because he is smart and "shares many of the same values and character traits" of past Butler coaches. Matt Norlander of CBS Sports said Miller was the "right guy" for the job, but said Butler was facing "huge challenges in the coming years." Indianapolis Star reporter Bob Kravitz said the hire was exactly what one would expect from Butler and that it was "impossible" and "foolish" to argue that it was the wrong choice for the program. Speaking on behalf of the Butler players, Michael Volovic remarked "everyone is really excited to play for coach Miller."
After the announcement, Stevens called Miller "one of the best and brightest I've ever been around". According to Groce, " was known for his high basketball IQ, leadership skills and strong character . Those traits carried over into his coaching, and his passion and love for the game of basketball have led him back to this profession". Matta remarks "Brandon is a person I had the utmost respect for as a player and now have for as a coach."
In Miller's first season, Butler struggled to a 14-17 record (4-14 in the Big East Conference) as the team battled injuries. It would turn out to be his only season on the job. On October 1, 2014, Miller abruptly went on a leave of absence to deal with an unspecified medical issue. Butler refused to elaborate, out of respect for Miller's privacy. Assistant coach Chris Holtmann served as interim coach. On January 2, 2015, Butler University announced that Miller would not be returning following his medical leave.
Head coaching record
Statistics overview
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason
Butler Bulldogs (Big East Conference) (2013–2014)
2013–14
Butler
14–17
4–14
9th
Butler:
14–17 (.452)
4–14 (.222)
Total:
14–17 (.452)
Personal life
As of July 2013, Miller and his wife Holly had two young sons, Mason Allen, then age 6, and Michael David, then age 4. The couple first met in eighth grade. Off the court, Miller is described as kind and "down-to-earth". Brandon's brother-in-law, Daniel Cox, is now the head coach of basketball at New Castle High School, Miller's alma mater.
Miller's older brother, Scott, is an optometrist. His younger sister, Lindsey, is nurse practitioner.
References
^ "Brandon Miller profile". RealGM Basketball. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ a b c d e John Hodge (July 7, 2013). "Miller's rise has been a joy to cover". Courier Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l David Woods (2009). "Best Players". The Butler Way. Blue River Press. pp. 228–232.
^ a b c d e f g h Kyle Neddenriep (July 6, 2013). "New Butler coach Brandon Miller is called a crazy competitor by those who know him best". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
^ a b c d e f "Ohio State men's basketball: Assistant leaves to be family man". Columbus Dispatch. June 18, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ a b c d e f Pat Forde (March 25, 2003). "Don't tell these Hoosiers miracles can't happen". ESPN. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Steve Herman (March 19, 1995). "High School's Semistate Basketball". The Journal Gazette. Associated Press.
^ Dan Wichman (March 17, 1996). "INDIANAPOLIS SEMISTATE - Ben Davis hurdles New Castle; Anderson coasts over Shelbyville". Herald-Times.
^ a b "Forty-Two Sectional Champions Seek Repeats". South Bend Tribune. February 28, 1997. Sports section, p. B5.
^ "New Castle Cruises the Title". South Bend Tribune. March 1, 1997. Sports section, p. B5.
^ Andrew Saari (March 16, 1997). "Delta, Franklin pull semistate shockers". Herald-Times.
^ "Clay's Murdock earns 2nd Team All-State Basketball". South Bend Tribune. March 25, 1997. Sports section, p. C4.
^ "North's McKinney to coach junior stars". Herald-Times. April 7, 1997.
^ Andy Graham (March 13, 1998). "After 24 years, boys' tourney finally returns to Bloomington". Herald-Times.
^ a b c "H-T All-State Team: Second 15". Herald-Times. April 17, 1998.
^ "Basketball". South Bend Tribune. April 9, 1998. Sports section, p. C5.
^ a b Ken Denlinger (March 25, 2003). "Transfers Help Keep Butler on the Move". Washington Post. p. D8 (Sports section).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Brandon Miller profile". Butler Sports. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ a b c Justin Heckert (March 17, 2001). "Bulldogs Chomp Down Hard on Wake". Washington Post. p. D9 (Sports section).
^ Rich Cimini (March 19, 2001). "Red-Hot 'Zona Gives Butler the Brushoff". Daily News.
^ a b c d e f "Closer Look: Miller's floater creates an instant tourney classic". Sports Illustrated. March 22, 2003. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
^ a b "Butler's Brandon Miller Named To Academic All-District Team". Butler Sports. February 20, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h "Miller Named Special Assistant to the Head Coach". FightingIllini.com. July 2, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ "Dog eat dog world". Sports Illustrated. March 22, 2003. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
^ Ray Glier (March 22, 2003). "Butler Knocks Off Another Big Name In Defensive Battle". New York Times. p. 1 (Sports section).
^ a b Michael Marot. "Butler provides Hollywood-style emotion story". National Post. Associated Press. S9 (Sports section).
^ "Bulldogs are real-life Hoosiers". The Gazette. Associated Press. March 24, 2003. p. C5 (Sports section).
^ Dick Denny. Glory Days Indiana: Legends of Indiana High School Basketball. p. 138.
^ a b c David Woods (April 1, 2013). "Local stars get promotions: Ronald Nored lands college job, Brandon Miller returns to Butler". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ a b "Joel Cornette, Brandon Miller and Amy Morrison Named Outstanding Butler Athletes". Butler Sports. April 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ a b c d e "Brandon Miller Biography". Ohio State Buckeyes. June 29, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ a b Jeff Goodman (July 8, 2013). "Why Miller will succeed at Butler". ESPN Insider. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ a b c d Zak Keefer (July 6, 2013). "Gut feeling by Butler AD Barry Collier kept him coming back to Brandon Miller to succeed Brad Stevens". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
^ "Butler Names Brandon Miller '03 Head Men's Basketball Coach" (Press release). Butler University. July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
^ Zak Keefer (July 8, 2013). "Butler basketball coach Brandon Miller is keeping assistant coaches Michael Lewis and Terry Johnson". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
^ Matt Norlander (July 6, 2013). "Butler's Brandon Miller hire is easy choice for what's now a hard job". CBS Sports. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ Bob Kravitz (July 6, 2013). "Bob Kravitz: Hiring Brandon Miller is the Butler way and it'd be foolish to argue with it". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ Zak Keefer (July 7, 2013). "Butler basketball players stick with new coach Brandon Miller, who hits recruiting trail for 2014". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Pointer, Michael. Butler's Brandon Miller takes leave of absence for medical reasons. USA Today, 2014-10-02.
^ Butler University (January 2, 2015). "Chris Holtmann named Men's Head Basketball coach at butler". butlersports.com. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
vteButler Bulldogs men's basketball head coaches
Unknown (1896–1897)
James L. Zink (1897–1899)
Walter F. Kelly (1899–1903)
Ralph Jones (1903–1904)
Edgar Wingard (1904–1906)
Art Guedel (1906–1907)
Jack McKay (1907–1908)
Joe McCrea & Jack McKay (1908–1909)
Walter Gipe (1909–1910)
Bill Diddle (1910–1912)
G. Cullen Thomas (1912–1913)
No team (1913–1914)
G. Cullen Thomas (1914–1918)
Joe Mullane (1918–1919)
F. E. Ellis (1919–1920)
Harlan Page (1920–1926)
Tony Hinkle (1926–1942)
Frank Hedden (1942–1943)
No team (1943–1944)
Frank Hedden (1944–1945)
Tony Hinkle (1945–1970)
George Theofanis (1970–1977)
Joe Sexson (1977–1989)
Barry Collier (1989–2000)
Thad Matta (2000–2001)
Todd Lickliter (2001–2007)
Brad Stevens (2007–2013)
Brandon Miller (2013–2014)
Chris Holtmann (2014–2017)
LaVall Jordan (2017–2022)
Thad Matta (2022– )
vteChip Hilton Player of the Year Award winners
1997: Duncan
1998: Booker
1999: Hill
2000: Nájera
2001: Battier
2002: Dixon
2003: Miller
2004: Okafor
2005: Ross
2006: McNamara
2007: Law
2008: Green
2009: Brockman
2010: Martínez
2011: Jenkins
|
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Miller served as Butler's head coach for one season in 2013–14 before requesting a medical leave of absence in October 2014. On January 2, 2015, Butler University announced that Miller would not be returning following his university-approved medical leave and that interim coach Chris Holtmann had been named the Bulldogs head coach.Born in New Castle, Indiana, Miller played point guard for New Castle Chrysler High School before beginning his college career at Southwest Missouri State. When head coach Steve Alford left after Miller's freshman year, he transferred to Butler. He started all 97 games over the next three years, finishing in the school's all-time top five in both made 3-point field goals and assists. During Miller's time at Butler, the team won three NCAA tournament games. Miller was named to multiple honorary teams for both his play and his academics. He won the Horizon League's highest individual honor, the Cecil M. Coleman Medal of Honor, and the 2003 Chip Hilton Award, given annual to the player who best exemplifies the values taught by the Chip Hilton literary character – leadership, character, and talent on and off the court.After college, Miller entered into coaching as a video coordinator at Xavier. Subsequently, he held assistant coaching positions at Butler and then Ohio State before quitting basketball after the 2010–11 season to spend more time with his family. After a year, he returned to coaching as a special assistant to the head coach at Illinois. In April 2013, Miller rejoined the Butler staff as an assistant coach under Brad Stevens. When Stevens left to coach the Boston Celtics in July, Miller was promoted to head coach.","title":"Brandon Miller (basketball, born 1979)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RealGM-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"checkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Darnell Archey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darnell_Archey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"baton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_(running)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"New Castle Chrysler High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_Chrysler_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"emergency room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_room"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"New Castle Fieldhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_Fieldhouse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-2"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Monroe_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"Ben Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davis_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"point guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sectional-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sectional-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Senior_High_School_(Indiana)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_High_School_(Anderson,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_All-State-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_All-State-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"North Central Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Conference_(IHSAA)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT_All-State-15"}],"text":"Brandon Miller was born May 21, 1979, in New Castle, Indiana to Roger and Terry Miller.[1][2] He has an older brother, Scott, and a younger sister, Lindsey.[3] As a kid, he was always fiercely competitive. Whether playing checkers with his grandfather or Nintendo with his friends he expected to win, and when he did not he demanded a rematch. Childhood friend and future teammate Darnell Archey recalled \"I’d have to drop the [Nintendo] controller and run out of the room after I won\" or the game would never end.[4] Miller was frequently injured as a child, usually from going \"full tilt\" in sports. At age four or five, he crashed his bike into a neighbor's house. In youth football, he broke his arm playing quarterback, then re-broke it diving for a loose ball in basketball. In junior high, he ran into a basket support while practicing baton exchanges, badly bloodying his face.[3]Miller grew up with basketball. His father, Roger Miller, was a teacher and assistant basketball coach at New Castle Chrysler High School.[5] Brandon Miller's own pursuit of basketball was described by those who knew him as \"relentless\".[4] At age eight, he was doing box jumps when he fell and injured himself seriously enough to go to the emergency room. The next day, he was eager to resume his training. \"That sort of thing is why some people think he’s a little bit crazy\", says his father.[4] By age nine, Miller was doing agility drills, situps, and pushups on a regular basis.[6] He was given a key to New Castle Fieldhouse – the nation's largest high school arena – and would often practice shooting by himself until 10 or 11 pm.[3] Roger Miller was offered the opportunity to be a head coach elsewhere, but declined because the family did not want to leave New Castle.[5]The 1994–95 New Castle Chrysler basketball team was loaded with returning juniors and seniors. No sophomores made the varsity team, but Brandon Miller did as a Freshman.[2] That year, New Castle beat Alexandria in the opening round of the Semi-state playoffs with the help of Scott and Brandon Miller. The younger Miller later described it as one of his all-time favorite games.[3] New Castle fell to Ben Davis in the finals of the Semi-states, one game away from the Final Four.[7]The following season, Brandon Miller became the starting point guard.[2] New Castle returned to the Semi-states, falling to Ben Davis in the semi-final round. Miller scored a team-high 17 points in the loss.[8] During Miller's junior year, New Castle achieved a 21–1 record and number 2 ranking entering the sectional playoffs.[9] Miller scored a game highs of 20 and 17 points as he led his team to a sectional title.[9][10] New Castle advanced through the regionals before being upset by Franklin in the Semi-states.[11] Miller was selected to the All-State team as a high honorable mention.[12] He was chosen as a member of the Junior All-Star squad.[13]As a senior, Miller tore a ligament in his knee. Knowing he could not damage it further, he continued to play on the injured knee through the playoffs.[4] Due to a change in the playoff format, New Castle met top ranked Anderson in the sectionals, instead of avoiding them to the Semi-states. New Castle led through three quarters but ultimately lost a close game in which Miller was held to eight points.[14] For the year, Miller shot 48 percent from the field and 73 percent on free throws.[15] He was selected to the All-State team as a high honorable mention, and to the Herald-Times's All-State Second Team.[15][16]Miller ended his high school career with 1,066 points scored, a 60–11 record as a starter, and three semi-state appearances. He became the first New Castler player to win two North Central Conference championships.[2] Steve Bennett, who was the head coach during Miller's senior year, remarked, \"When he walked into the huddle, you were confident ... Brandon had a championship attitude. There aren’t that many guys you can say that about.\"[4] Miller graduated 12th in his class of 260.[15]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Alford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"Southwest Missouri State Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Bears_basketball"},{"link_name":"1999 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transfers-17"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Hawkeyes_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-transfers-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"2000-01 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"Horizon League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_League"},{"link_name":"2001 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chomp-19"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chomp-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chomp-19"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Arizona_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2002 NIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NIT"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"Horizon League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_League"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic-22"},{"link_name":"senior season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Butler_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"2003 NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Louisville_Cardinals_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emotion-26"},{"link_name":"3-pointers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-point_field_goal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Todd Lickliter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Lickliter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emotion-26"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Pat Forde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Forde"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Oklahoma_Sooners_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glory-28"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotions-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outstanding-30"},{"link_name":"Chip Hilton Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Hilton_Award"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Academic-22"},{"link_name":"Chip Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Clair Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_Bee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miracles-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-closer-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outstanding-30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"}],"text":"Out of high school, Miller was recruited to play college basketball by his childhood idol, and New Castle basketball legend, Steve Alford.[6] He signed with Alford's Southwest Missouri State Bears, joining the team for the 1998–99 season. Miller averaged 11 minutes a game and the Bears advanced to the Sweet 16 of the 1999 NCAA tournament.[17] After the season, Alford left Southwest Missouri State to take the head coaching job at Iowa. With Alford gone, Miller decided to transfer to Butler to be closer to home. There, he was reunited with high school teammate Darnell Archey.[3][17] Alford later said not offering Miller an Iowa scholarship was one of the biggest mistakes of his coaching career.[3]After sitting out a year due to NCAA regulations regarding transfer students, Miller became the Butler Bulldogs' starting point guard for the 2000-01 season.[18] Miller injured his shoulder in November 2000, but did not miss a game, playing through the injury all year.[3] Butler won the Horizon League regular season title and made the 2001 NCAA tournament as a 10th seed.[19] Powered by strong play from Miller and fellow guards Thomas Jackson and LaVall Jordan, Butler built a 33-point lead over Wake Forest by halftime and cruised to a 79–63 victory.[19] Miller scored a team-high 18 points in what was Butler's first NCAA Tournament win since 1962.[19] Two days later, 2nd-seeded Arizona limited Miller to four points as Butler's season ended in a 73–52 loss.[20] During the off-season, Miller had surgery to fix his shoulder.[3]The following season, Miller led Butler to a 25–5 record and the Horizon League regular-season title. However, the team was \"snubbed\" by the selection committee and ending up playing in the 2002 NIT.[21] Miller made the District V All-Academic Team, the Horizon League Academic All-Conference team, and the Horizon League Academic Honor Roll.[22]During his senior season, Miller led the Bulldogs in both scoring and assists.[23] Butler won the Horizon League regular-season title for the third straight year.[21] Miller was sick during the Horizon League tournament, scoring just four points as Butler fell in the championship game.[3] It looked as though Butler might miss the 2003 NCAA tournament for the second straight year, but they were granted an at-large selection as a 12th seed. In the team's opening-round game, Butler upset 5th-seeded Mississippi State despite \"an overwhelmingly partisan Mississippi State crowd\".[21] With Butler trailing 46–45 and 26 seconds left on the clock, Miller pulled down a rebound and set up Butler's offense. He got the ball back off a screen and hit a 10-foot floater, driving into the lane with 6.2 seconds left in the game.[21] \"To hit a shot like that in the NCAA tournament, nothing compares to it,\" he remarked. \"It's something you dream about when you're a kid. It's something you dream about when you're 23.\"[24] Sports Illustrated called the game an \"instant tourney classic\" thanks to Miller's shot.[21] He finished with a team-high 14 points.[25] It was Miller's fourth final-minute go-ahead basket of the season.[3]Butler proceeded to upset 4th-seeded Louisville 79–71, making the Sweet 16 for the first time since 1962.[26] Miller did not score against Louisville, but was instrumental in breaking down their pressure defense and getting Archey, who hit eight 3-pointers, open looks.[6] He also drew two charges on defense.[27] \"Brandon was just so terrific,\" said Butler coach Todd Lickliter. \"He was just so tough.\"[6] Their surprising success made Butler the media darlings of the tournament.[26] ESPN's Pat Forde described Archey and Miller as a \"fundamentally flawless starting backcourt\", ascribing much of Butler's success to the duo's play.[6] Butler subsequently lost to 1st-seeded Oklahoma, finishing the season with a school record 27 wins.[28]Miller was named as a co-recipient of Butler's \"Most Outstanding Male Athlete\" award for his senior performance, and won the Horizon League's highest individual honor – the \"Cecil M. Coleman Medal of Honor\".[18][29] He made both the All-Horizon League and All-Horizon League Defensive teams.[30] He was named to the District V All-Academic team, and won the 2003 Chip Hilton Award for demonstrating strong leadership, character, and talent both on and off the court.[18][22] Of the latter award, journalist David Woods remarked that it was fitting because \"in the clutch, [Miler] was Chip Hilton right out of a Clair Bee novel.\"[3] Miller graduated in 2003 with a bachelor's degree in education.[23]Miller started all 97 games Butler played during his three seasons there, averaging double figures in scoring each year.[6][18] He scored 1121 points, made 189 three-point field goals, and compiled 305 assists, despite having three different coaches over his three years at Butler.[18][21] He is one of eight Butler players to score over 1,000 points in just three seasons.[18] Miller finished his career in second place on the school's all-time rankings for made 3-pointers, and fifth place in assists.[30] As of 2013, he still ranks in the top 10 in both categories.[18] He led the Bulldogs to a 77–20 record during his tenure.[18]As a player, Miller was known for his unconventional style. He would often drive to the basket, seemingly out of control, and put up one-handed shots high off the backboard. Other times, he would stare down his defender as if he was about to penetrate, only to launch a quick three-pointer instead.[3] In February 2006, Miller was named to Butler's \"Team of the Sesquicentennial\", an honorary team of the university's 15 all-time greatest players, marking the school's 150th anniversary.[18]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Musketeers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"2003–04 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Xavier_Musketeers_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"Thad Matta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thad_Matta"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler_profile-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSU_bio-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSU_bio-31"},{"link_name":"Horizon League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_League"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSU_bio-31"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"T-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-ball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-5"},{"link_name":"Big Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"Forest Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodman-32"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"John Groce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Groce"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotions-29"},{"link_name":"Brad Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stevens"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-promotions-29"}],"text":"Miller began his coaching career as a video intern at Xavier for the 2003–04 season.[23] Xavier's coach, Thad Matta, was hired by Ohio State the following year and brought Miller along, naming him the Director of Basketball Operations.[23] After two seasons in the position, Miller became the team's Video Coordinator for the 2006–07 season.[18] In April 2007, he left Ohio State to join the Butler staff as an assistant coach.[18] According to Matta, Miller \"was crucial to the early success we experienced at Ohio State\".[31]At Butler, Miller was involved in recruiting, game preparation, player instruction, and on-court coaching.[31] During his first year there, the team won the Horizon League title and an NCAA tournament game.[23] At the end of the season at Butler, Miller returned to Ohio State as an assistant coach, assuming duties similar to those he performed at Butler.[31] He spent the next three seasons working under Matta before quitting after the 2010–11 season.[23] Missing family vacations and his son Mason's T-ball games had been weighing on Miller when he had an \"aha moment\" during a retirement party for his father.[5] Recalling how his father had passed up opportunities for advancement, Miller knew he needed to adjust his priorities.[5] \"[Coaching is] a job that can become all-consuming. It's a job that the time and the effort, and even more than that, where your mind is at on a day-to-day basis, puts you in a position where you can struggle in terms of finding the balance that you need\", said Miller explaining his decision to resign. \"I look at my life and the first thing that I want to accomplish when it's all said and done is I want to be a very good husband and I want to be a terrific father.\"[5] Later, he described quitting as one of the best decisions of his career. \"I think it gave me perspective on how I was going to coach in the future\", he explained. \"I learned a lot from it.\"[4] Matta was surprised by the decision, saying \"He's one of those guys you can't really visualize not being a coach.\"[5] During Miller's time at Ohio State, the team won two Big Ten titles and went to two Sweet 16s.[23]Miller got a sales job at Forest Pharmaceuticals. He enjoyed the job, but after nine months started to miss basketball.[32] After a year off, Miller returned to coaching as a special assistant to Illinois head coach John Groce.[29] In April 2013, Miller rejoined the Butler staff as an assistant coach under Brad Stevens.[29]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Celtics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Celtics"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gut-33"},{"link_name":"Barry Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Collier_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gut-33"},{"link_name":"The Butler Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butler_Way"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gut-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goodman-32"},{"link_name":"Matt Norlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matt_Norlander&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Star"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gut-33"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-special-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSU_bio-31"},{"link_name":"Chris Holtmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holtmann"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller_no_return-40"}],"sub_title":"Head coach","text":"After Stevens left Butler to coach the Boston Celtics, Miller was promoted to head coach on July 6, 2013.[33] Athletic director Barry Collier said Miller was his first thought when Stevens left. After interviewing Miller, Collier had a gut feeling he was the right man for the job, a feeling that did not change after he interviewed other candidates and weighed the decision.[33] He remarked, \"As a player, assistant coach, and person, Brandon has exemplified The Butler Way and brings a blend of energy, talent and integrity to this role. With Brandon's leadership, Butler is well positioned to expand upon the success of the last few years.\"[34] Miller called it a childhood dream come true, and said he had no plans to change the team's core values. \"The same goals we had a week ago are still our goals today\", he remarked.[33] He retained Butler's other assistant coaches – Michael Lewis and Terry Johnson – on his staff.[35]Reaction to the promotion of Miller was favorable. Jeff Goodman of ESPN predicted Miller would succeed because he is smart and \"shares many of the same values and character traits\" of past Butler coaches.[32] Matt Norlander of CBS Sports said Miller was the \"right guy\" for the job, but said Butler was facing \"huge challenges in the coming years.\"[36] Indianapolis Star reporter Bob Kravitz said the hire was exactly what one would expect from Butler and that it was \"impossible\" and \"foolish\" to argue that it was the wrong choice for the program.[37] Speaking on behalf of the Butler players, Michael Volovic remarked \"everyone is really excited to play for coach Miller.\"[38]After the announcement, Stevens called Miller \"one of the best and brightest I've ever been around\".[33] According to Groce, \"[Miller] was known for his high basketball IQ, leadership skills and strong character [as a player]. Those traits carried over into his coaching, and his passion and love for the game of basketball have led him back to this profession\".[23] Matta remarks \"Brandon is a person I had the utmost respect for as a player and now have for as a coach.\"[31]In Miller's first season, Butler struggled to a 14-17 record (4-14 in the Big East Conference) as the team battled injuries. It would turn out to be his only season on the job. On October 1, 2014, Miller abruptly went on a leave of absence to deal with an unspecified medical issue. Butler refused to elaborate, out of respect for Miller's privacy. Assistant coach Chris Holtmann served as interim coach.[39] On January 2, 2015, Butler University announced that Miller would not be returning following his medical leave.[40]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSU_bio-31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crazy-4"},{"link_name":"optometrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometrist"},{"link_name":"nurse practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_practitioner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joy-2"}],"text":"As of July 2013, Miller and his wife Holly had two young sons, Mason Allen, then age 6, and Michael David, then age 4.[4][31] The couple first met in eighth grade. Off the court, Miller is described as kind and \"down-to-earth\".[4] Brandon's brother-in-law, Daniel Cox, is now the head coach of basketball at New Castle High School, Miller's alma mater.Miller's older brother, Scott, is an optometrist. His younger sister, Lindsey, is nurse practitioner.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller profile\". RealGM Basketball. Retrieved April 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://basketball.realgm.com/player/Brandon_Miller/Summary/4062","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller profile\""}]},{"reference":"John Hodge (July 7, 2013). \"Miller's rise has been a joy to cover\". Courier Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131021211808/http://www.thecouriertimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=51&ArticleID=282201","url_text":"\"Miller's rise has been a joy to cover\""},{"url":"http://www.thecouriertimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=51&ArticleID=282201","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Woods (2009). \"Best Players\". The Butler Way. Blue River Press. pp. 228–232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kyle Neddenriep (July 6, 2013). \"New Butler coach Brandon Miller is called a crazy competitor by those who know him best\". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/article/20130706/SPORTS0605/307060048/New-Butler-coach-Brandon-Miller-called-crazy-competitor-by-those-who-know-him-best","url_text":"\"New Butler coach Brandon Miller is called a crazy competitor by those who know him best\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio State men's basketball: Assistant leaves to be family man\". Columbus Dispatch. June 18, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/sports/2011/06/18/assistant-leaves-to-be-family-man.html","url_text":"\"Ohio State men's basketball: Assistant leaves to be family man\""}]},{"reference":"Pat Forde (March 25, 2003). \"Don't tell these Hoosiers miracles can't happen\". ESPN. Retrieved April 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/ncaatourney03/columnist?id=1529182&name=forde_pat","url_text":"\"Don't tell these Hoosiers miracles can't happen\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Herman (March 19, 1995). \"High School's Semistate Basketball\". The Journal Gazette. Associated Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dan Wichman (March 17, 1996). \"INDIANAPOLIS SEMISTATE - Ben Davis hurdles New Castle; Anderson coasts over Shelbyville\". Herald-Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Forty-Two Sectional Champions Seek Repeats\". South Bend Tribune. February 28, 1997. Sports section, p. B5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New Castle Cruises the Title\". South Bend Tribune. March 1, 1997. Sports section, p. B5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrew Saari (March 16, 1997). \"Delta, Franklin pull semistate shockers\". Herald-Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Clay's Murdock earns 2nd Team All-State Basketball\". South Bend Tribune. March 25, 1997. Sports section, p. C4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"North's McKinney to coach junior stars\". Herald-Times. April 7, 1997.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andy Graham (March 13, 1998). \"After 24 years, boys' tourney finally returns to Bloomington\". Herald-Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"H-T All-State Team: Second 15\". Herald-Times. April 17, 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Basketball\". South Bend Tribune. April 9, 1998. Sports section, p. C5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ken Denlinger (March 25, 2003). \"Transfers Help Keep Butler on the Move\". Washington Post. p. D8 (Sports section).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller profile\". Butler Sports. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. 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Butler University. July 6, 2013. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055932/http://www.butlersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/2013-14/releases/20130706xkqucj","url_text":"\"Butler Names Brandon Miller '03 Head Men's Basketball Coach\""},{"url":"http://www.butlersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/2013-14/releases/20130706xkqucj","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zak Keefer (July 8, 2013). \"Butler basketball coach Brandon Miller is keeping assistant coaches Michael Lewis and Terry Johnson\". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/article/20130708/SPORTS0605/307080077/","url_text":"\"Butler basketball coach Brandon Miller is keeping assistant coaches Michael Lewis and Terry Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Norlander (July 6, 2013). \"Butler's Brandon Miller hire is easy choice for what's now a hard job\". CBS Sports. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/blog/eye-on-college-basketball/22663127/butlers-brandon-miller-hire-is-easy-choice-for-whats-now-a-hard-job","url_text":"\"Butler's Brandon Miller hire is easy choice for what's now a hard job\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Kravitz (July 6, 2013). \"Bob Kravitz: Hiring Brandon Miller is the Butler way and it'd be foolish to argue with it\". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/article/20130706/SPORTS0605/307060044/Bob-Kravitz-Hiring-Brandon-Miller-Butler-way-d-foolish-argue-it","url_text":"\"Bob Kravitz: Hiring Brandon Miller is the Butler way and it'd be foolish to argue with it\""}]},{"reference":"Zak Keefer (July 7, 2013). \"Butler basketball players stick with new coach Brandon Miller, who hits recruiting trail for 2014\". Indianapolis Star. 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Brandon Miller, who hits recruiting trail for 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/ncaab/2014/10/02/butlers-brandon-miller-taking-leave-of-absence-for-medical-reasons/16587711","external_links_name":"Butler's Brandon Miller takes leave of absence for medical reasons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102212436/http://butlersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/2014-15/releases/20150102u4zob7","external_links_name":"\"Chris Holtmann named Men's Head Basketball coach at butler\""},{"Link":"http://butlersports.com/sports/m-baskbl/2014-15/releases/20150102u4zob7","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruma,_Okinawa
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Uruma
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["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Early history","2.2 Post-war period","3 Economy","4 Geography","4.1 Rivers","4.2 Neighboring municipalities","5 Land areas","5.1 Okinawan mainland","5.2 Katsuren Peninsula","5.3 Yokatsu Islands","6 Arts and culture","6.1 Festivals","6.2 Community centers","6.3 Libraries","7 Recreation","8 Religion","9 Government","10 Education","11 Transportation","11.1 Bus","11.2 Highway","11.3 Port of Kinwan","12 Hospital","13 Notable places","13.1 Iha Shell Mound","13.2 Agena Castle","13.3 Katsuren Castle","14 U.S. military bases","14.1 Kadena Ammunition Storage Area","14.2 Camp Courtney","14.3 Camp McTureous","14.4 White Beach Naval Facility","15 Famous people from Uruma","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°22′45″N 127°51′27″E / 26.37917°N 127.85750°E / 26.37917; 127.85750For other uses, see Uruma (disambiguation).
City in Kyushu, JapanUruma
うるま市CityUruma City Montage
FlagSealLocation of Uruma in Okinawa PrefectureUruma Coordinates: 26°22′45″N 127°51′27″E / 26.37917°N 127.85750°E / 26.37917; 127.85750CountryJapanRegionKyushuPrefectureOkinawa PrefectureGovernment • MayorToshio ShimabukuroArea • Total86.00 km2 (33.20 sq mi)Elevation204 m (669 ft)Population (May 1, 2013) • Total118,330 • Density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)– TreeRyuūkyū kuroki– FlowerSantanka– BirdChaan (Ryukyuan cock)Phone number098-974-3111Address1-1-1 Midori-machi, Uruma-shi, Okinawa-ken904–2292Websitewww.city.uruma.lg.jp(in Japanese)
Uruma (うるま市, Uruma-shi) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The modern city of Uruma was established on April 1, 2005, when the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa were merged with the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro (both from Nakagami District). As of May 1, 2013, the city has an estimated population of 118,330 and a population density of 1,400 people per km2. The total area is 86.00 km2. The city covers part of the east coast of the south of Okinawa Island, the Katsuren Peninsula, and the eight Yokatsu Islands. The Yokatsu Islands include numerous sites important to the Ryukyuan religion, and the city as a whole has numerous historical sites, including: Katsuren Castle, Agena Castle, and Iha Castle and the Iha Shell Mound. It is home to the largest venue for Okinawan bullfighting. The Mid-Sea Road, which crosses the ocean and connects the Yokatsu Islands to the main island of Okinawa, is now a symbol of Uruma.
Uruma is noted for its role in hosting large-scale refugee camps and the initial organization of local government of Okinawa immediately after the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. As such the city is considered the home of the starting point of the restoration of civil life in Okinawa immediately after the end of World War II. United States maintains four military bases in Uruma, some of which span other municipalities in Okinawa: Kadena Ammunition Storage Area, Camp McTureous, Camp Courtney, and White Beach Naval Facility]]. The bases cover 12.97% of the total area of the city. Two controversies have surrounded American military bases in Uruma: the 1959 Okinawa F-100 crash which killed and injured numerous students and residents, and the transport of Agent Orange via the White Beach Naval Facility for testing in Okinawa in the early 1960s as part of the classified Project AGILE.
Etymology
In the Japanese language the name of the city is written using the hiragana syllabary instead of kanji characters because, according to the city, it looks endearing and soft. The name of the city of Uruma comes from a poetic name for Okinawa Island. A folk etymology, which was adopted by the city itself, segments uruma into uru (fine sand or coral in Okinawan) and *ma (island?). Another theory relates it to urumaa, meaning cricket in Okinawan.
The Okinawan origin of the word, however, has long been questioned. In fact, it was in mainland Japan that the word was first attested and eventually came to refer to Okinawa. The first known reference to uruma is a waka poem by Fujiwara no Kintō in the early 11th century. He compared a woman's coldheartedness to the incomprehensible speech of drifters from Ureung Island (迂陵島, identified as Ulleung Island) of Goryeo Kingdom, which Kintō called Silla, a practice rather common in Heian-period Japan. However, the association with Ulleung Island was soon forgotten because the reference to Silla was dropped when his poem was recorded in the Senzai Wakashū (1188). Thereafter waka poets only thought uruma as an island somewhere outside Japan with an unintelligible language. At the same time, it evoked a sense of familiarity because the phrase uruma no ichi (market in Uruma) was poetically associated with Mino Province. From the viewpoint of mainland Japanese poets, Okinawa might have been an ideal referent of uruma because, despite the exotic name of Ryūkyū, the first reference to Okinawan-composed waka poems was as early as 1496. The first known identification of uruma as Okinawa Island can be found in the Moshiogusa (1513), but the association remained weak for some time. For example, Hokkaido, in addition to Okinawa, was referred to as uruma in the Shōzaishū (1597). The mainland Japanese poetic practice was adopted by Okinawan waka poets in the late 17th century. The Omoidegusa (1700), a purely Japanese poetic diary by Shikina Seimei, is known for its extensive use of the word uruma.
History
Nakabaru Site, Ikei Island
Early history
In the Sanzan Period (1322–1429), or Three Kingdom period, numerous gusuku, or castles were built across Okinawa Island. The area of present-day Uruma fell under the control of the Chūzan Kingdom, which covered the central area of Okinawa Island and its nearby islands. The Katsuren area of Uruma became notably prosperous in the mid-15th century. Katsuren Castle, and a surrounding jōkamachi castle town, were constructed in this period.
Under the Ryukyu Kingdom six magiri, a type of regional administrative district in pre-modern Okinawa, covered areas of present-day Uruma: 'Nzatō Magiri (parts of which were also located in present-day Okinawa City), Gushichaa Magiri, Kachin magiri, and Yunagushiku Magiri. Nakagushiku Magiri included Tsuken Island.
The Ryūkyū Kingdom ended in 1872 with the establishment of the Ryūkyū Domain, which was soon abolished with the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The existing system of magiri in Uruma continued with the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture. The magiri were abolished in 1907 under Imperial Edict 46, and the central government extended the establishment of cities, towns, and village organization to Okinawa Prefecture. In 1908 the area of present-day Uruma was reorganized as the five villages of Misato, Gushikawa, Katsuren, and Yonashiro.
In the pre-war period Uruma had the most productive sugarcane industry in Okinawa Prefecture due to sources of irrigation and fertile soil.
The areas of present-day Uruma were affected in World War II during the initial part of the Battle of Okinawa. L-Day, the initial land invasion of Okinawa Island, occurred on April 1, 1945. American forces swept across the island quickly, and by April 5 had secured the entirety of the Katsuren Peninsula. A smaller invasion force captured Tsuken Island on the same day, and encountered stiff resistance from the Japanese military. Tsuken Island was completely devastated by fire in the battle. After the capture of Tsuken, American forces reached Ikei Island on April 9, thus securing all the Yokatsu Islands. The area that became Ishikawa was a major refugee camp set up by the American military near the end of the battle.
Post-war period
1959 Okinawa F-100 crash, June 30, 1959
The Okinawa Advisory Council, the predecessor to the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands was established in Ishikawa, and temporarily became the political, educational, and cultural center of Okinawa. In 1946 the Advisory Council was moved to the village of Sashiki, now a district of Nanjō, refugees began a large-scale movement to return to their homes, and the population of Ishikawa decreased rapidly. In the aftermath of World War II the Ishikawa area of Uruma was used as a large-scale refugee camp. The camp was built and operated by the U.S. occupation forces, and is considered the starting point of the reconstruction and recovery of Okinawa after the war.
The 1959 Okinawa F-100 crash occurred on June 30, 1959. In the crash, a United States Air Force North American F-100 Super Sabre on a flight from nearby Kadena Air Base suffered an engine fire and crashed into Miyamori Elementary School and surrounding houses. Eleven students and six other people in the neighborhood were killed, and 210 were injured, including 156 students at the school. The F-100 crash contributed to ill will among the Okinawan population towards the U.S. occupation authorities, and strengthened calls for the island to be returned to the control of the Japanese government.
The city of Uruma was formed on April 1, 2005 from the merger of the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa, and the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro, both from Nakagami District.
Economy
Uruma, despite its low amount of arable land, is noted for several agricultural products. The city, like most areas of Okinawa, produces sugarcane. Cut flowers, notably chrysanthemums, are a relatively new agricultural product. Land improvement has made small-scale rice production possible. Pigs have been raised in Uruma since the end of World War II.
Uruma produces also several specialty agricultural products. The city is noted for the production of mozuku seaweed. Tsuken Island produces a specialty variety of carrots, which are known in Japan as the "Tsuken Ninjin". "Nuchi-masu", or the "salt of life", is produced from the mineral-rich seawater of Uruma. Yamashiro-cha is a locally produced tea grown in the Yamashiro area of the city.
Geography
Kin Bay viewed from Ikei Island.
Height marker on top of Mount Ishikawa.
Uruma is located near the center of Okinawa Island, facing east. The city occupies the southern rim of Kin Bay as well as the north of Nakagusuku Bay. The highest point in the city is Mount Ishikawa at 204 metres (669 ft).
Rivers
The longest river in the city is the Tengan River, which runs for 12.20 kilometres (7.58 mi) from Mount Yomitan (201 metres (659 ft)) to Kin Bay in the Akano district of the city.
Neighboring municipalities
City of Okinawa
Kunigami District
Kin
Onna
Land areas
View of Yokatsu Islands from Katsuren Castle
The city consists of three geographic areas: a land area on Okinawa Island proper, the Katsuren Peninsula, and the eight Yokatsu Islands. The majority of the city of Uruma sits on a dissected plateau, and has numerous hills and indentations. The islands of the city are flat and low-lying and are primarily composed of Ryukyuan limestone.
Okinawan mainland
The land area of the city of Uruma on Okinawa Island includes the former cities of Ishikawa to the north and Gushikawa to the south. These areas are the most populated parts of the city, and are crossed by the Okinawa Expressway and Ishikawa By-pass. The area of Uruma on the Okinawan mainland is bordered by Kin Bay to the east, and has a long coastline with significant industrial development. The northernmost point of the city is marked by Ishikawadake (204 metres (669 ft)), a low hill on the border of Uruma and the city of Kin. The Kinbu Fishing Port is located in the Gushikawa area.
Katsuren Peninsula
The Katsuren Peninsula extends south from Okinawa Island and used to be incorporated as the town of Katsuren. The peninsula extends 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) from the island, is 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) to 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide, and covers 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi). The peninsula is the home base for access to the Yokatsu Islands, as well as home to two U.S. military facilities, Camp Courtney and White Beach.
Yokatsu Islands
View of Ikei Island from Miyagi Island
The eight Yokatsu Islands are located in Uruma City. Seven sit to the east of the Katsuren Peninsula, and one, Tsuken Island, sits to the southeast.
Yabuchi Island (藪地島, Yabuchi-jima) is one of the Yokatsu Islands located on the east of the Katsuren Peninsula. The island covers 0.62 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi). The island maintained a population until three hundred years ago, but is now uninhabited. Part of the Yabuchi is used for rice cultivation. Yabuchi Island is well known for its large population of habu, the poisonous pit viper of Okinawa, and its southern coast is dense with kasanori, and Okinawan species of Ulvophyceae, an edible algae. The island is home to the Yabuchi Cave Ruins, first excavated in 1959. The ruins produced a shard of pottery dating approximately 6,500 years ago. The pottery is the first of its kind of Okinawa, and the style is now called yabuchi-style pottery. The caves are home to numerous shrines associated with ancestor worship of the Ryukyuan religion.
Henza Island (平安座島, Henza-jima) is located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) off the Katsuren Peninsula and covers 5.22 square kilometres (2.02 sq mi). The majority of the island is used as an oil tank facility. The population of Henza Island is concentrated at the entrance of the island, which includes a fishing port. The island is connected to the mainland by the Mid-Sea Road, which forms part of Okinawa Prefectural Road 10. Prior to the construction of the Mid-Sea Road the channel could be crossed by foot or amphibious vehicle at low tide. Henza Island is bisected from northwest to southeast by flat limestone ridge that ranges between 65 metres (213 ft) and 90 metres (300 ft) in height. The island has little arable land, but is surrounded by rich fishing areas along its coral reefs.
Miyagi Island (宮城島, Miyagi-jima), also known as Takahari Island (高離島, Takahari-jima), is adjacent to the northeast coast of Henza Island. The two islands used to be separated by a shallow beach, but are now connected via landfill. The island covers 5.51 square kilometres (2.13 sq mi). The island relies on the tourism industry, but also produces sugarcane and cut flowers. The irregular geological formation of the island cause numerous natural springs, notably in the northeast of the island. Miyagi has numerous historical remains, including the remains of one gusuku, the Tomari Gusuku.
Ikei Island (伊計島, Ikei-jima), also known as Ichihanari to residents of the island, is the easternmost of the Yokatsu Islands. It is connected to the northeastern tip of Miyagi Island by the short Ikei Ōhashi Bridge. The island covers 1.7 square kilometres (0.66 sq mi) and has a coastline of 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi). The north, west, and south coasts of the island consist of inaccessible steep cliffs, which range between 20 metres (66 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft). Ikei Island is relatively flat. The main settlement is on the west of the island. Ikei Island used to be home to numerous sugarcane farms, but the economy is now focused almost entirely on the tourism industry. Ikei Island has numerous archaeological sites, including shell mounds and the remains of a castle, the Ikei Gusuku. The island, which was sighted by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794–1858), was recorded as "Ichey Island" in the Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, published in 1856 by Francis L. Hawks.
Hamahiga Island (浜比嘉島, Hamahiga-jima), also known as Bamahija-jima, sits 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the Katsuren Peninsula directly south of Henza Island. The island is connected to Henza island by the 1.43 kilometres (0.89 mi) Hamahiga Bridge. The island is roughly triangular in shape covers 2.04 square kilometres (0.79 sq mi). Hamahiga Island measures 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) from east to west and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from north to south, and at its highest point reaches an elevation of 78.7 metres (258 ft). The island has an uneven topography with few natural inlets. The three settlements on the island are Hama on the northwest coastline, Higa on the northeast coastline, and Kaneku on the southeast coastline. Hama is home to the post office and middle school of Hamahiga Island, and the elementary school sits between Hama and Higa. All three settlements are home to a fishing port. Like the other Yokatsu Islands, Hamahiga has numerous shellmound and gusuku remains, but little archaeological excavation has been carried out on the island. Hamahiga is home to numerous sites of worship of the Ryukyuan religion, including the tombs of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu. The settlements of Hama and Higa are home to noro priestesses.
Tsuken Island (津堅島, Tsuken-jima, Okinawan: Biti) is located 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) south south-east of the Katsuren Peninsula. The island covers 1.88 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi). Tsuken runs 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) from north to south and .8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) east to west, and has its highest point in the southwest of the island at 38.8 metres (127 ft). Tsueken was once covered with a dense forest of fountain palms, but the middle portion of Tsuken was entirely burned during World War II, and palm groves remain only at the north of the island. Thick belts of vegetation now exist around coastal areas of the island protect the settlement and agricultural land from Sea breeze. The only settlement on Tsuken is located in the southwest of the island, which is home to a post office, medical clinic, an elementary school, and a middle school. Tsuken is noted for its production of carrots. Commodore Perry recorded the island as "Taking Island" in his narrative. Tsuken is home to numerous shell mounds, of which three have been excavated. The island was also home to a castle, the Kubō Gusuku. The Tsukenjima Training Area is used by the U.S. Military and is located off the western coast of Tsuken. The training area was established in 1959 and covers 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft).
Ukibara Island (浮原島, Ukibara-jima) is an uninhabited, low-lying island 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) southeast of Hamahiga Island. The island covers 0.3 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi), and measures 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) from east to west and 0.6 kilometres (0.37 mi) north to south. Ukibara is primarily flat, it reaches an altitude of 12 metres (39 ft). The island composed of quaternary Ryukyu limestone. Numerous coral reefs surround the island, and are notably well developed off the southwest coast of the island. Ukibara has no arable land and is mostly covered in dense cogon grass. Ukibara is now used as a training ground for the U.S. Marines Okinawa forces. The Marines maintain no permanent residential facilities on the island, and use the training ground periodically rather than permanently. Public access to Ukibara is prohibited.
Minamiukibara Island (南浮原島, Minamiukibara-jima) is an uninhabited island 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) south of Ukibara Island. It covers 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi).
Arts and culture
Traditional music practice at the Gushikawa Dome
Festivals
The Uruma City Festival is held in October, and is the largest festival in the city. It features bullfighting, performing arts, and live concerts.
Community centers
Uruma has three communities centers, each of which have facilities for performances, cooking classes, and other cultural events. They are located in the Ishikawa Akebono, Katsuren Henna, and Yonashiro Yakema districts.
Libraries
The Uruma City Library maintains three branches. The Main Library (formerly the Gushikawa Library) is in the Tairagawa district, and was built in 1989. The Ishikawa Library, located in the Akebono district, was built in 1990. The Katsuren Library, located in Katsurenhenna, was built in 1997. The libraries collectively hold 391,359 volumes.
Recreation
Okinawan Bullfight, Ishikawa, Uruma
The largest park in Uruma, the Agena Central Park, is located near the historical remains of Agena Castle. The castle and its moat make up the central part of the park. Agena Central Park is home to the Agena Bullfighting Ring.
The Ayahashi Road Race Through the Sea Tournament is held in April. The race is divided into 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and half marathon runs. Runners cross from Yonashiro over the Mid-Sea Road, which is partially closed to traffic during the race, to Henza Island.
Religion
Uruma is home to numerous sites associated with the Ryukyuan religion, many of which are located on the Yokatsu Islands. Hamahiga Island is located approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of Kudaka Island, which is considered the holiest place of the Ryukyuan religion. The tombs of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu are located on Hamahiga. Amamikyu and Shinerikyu are worshipped at their tombs, and the noro priestess of Higa conducts prayers at the beginning of the year at the sites. The forests of the southeast tip of Hamahiga are home to a cave that is considered one of the residences of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu; a stalactite in a cave at the site is a center of worship for numerous children. Nearby are other holy sites related to Shinerikyu, Maitreya, and Nirai Kanai (most notably the Miruku Gate and Mount Yugafu).
There are a significant number of noro priestesses and yuta mediums on Hamahiga Island, the latter being typically female, but sometimes male.
Government
Uruma City Hall, Bikuni
Uruma is administered from the city hall in Bikuni. The Uruma Board of Education oversees the middle school, elementary schools, and community education centers of the city.
The Uruma City Council consists of 34 members who serve a four-year term, and are led by a chairperson (Kazuo Nishino, born 1950) and vice-chairperson (Mitsuo Higashihama, born 1954) of the council. City council members are affiliated with the Okinawa Social Mass Party, the Shinsei Club, the New Komeito Party, the Japan Revolutionary Communist League, the Japanese Communist Party, and the 21st Century Club.
Uruma has eleven post offices: one each in Gushikawa, Agena, Shirinkawa, Higashi Gushikawa, Ishikawa, Ishikawa Shiromae, Ishikawa Higashionna, Yokatsu, Katsuren, Henza, and Yonashiro. The city maintains two police stations: Uruma Police Station and Ishikawa Police Station. Fire stations for the city are located in Gushikawa, Ishikawa, Katsuren, and Henza.
Education
Maehara Senior High School
The City of Uruma maintains 17 elementary schools (Miyamori, Shiromae, Iha, Yonashiro, Minamihara, Katsuren, Heishikiya, Higa, Tsuken, Kawasaki, Tengan, Agena, Taba, Gushikawa, Kanehara, Nakahara, Akamichi, and Ayahashi), and 9 middle schools (Ishikawa, Iha, Tsuken, Yokatsu, Yokatsu 2nd, Agena, Gushikawa, Takaesu, and Gushikawa East). The city closed and consolidated numerous elementary and middle schools in 2012. In addition, Uruma maintains 18 preschools.
Bechtel Elementary School, located on Camp McTureous, is administered by Department of Defense Education Activity for English-speaking United States military dependents. It is run under the supervision of the Okinawa Department of Defense Dependents Schools District.
The senior high schools of Uruma are operated by Okinawa Prefecture. Okinawa Prefectural Yokatsu Senior High School-Yokatsu Midorigaoka Junior High School is a joint secondary school in the Katsuren Henna district. Other senior high schools include Ishikawa Senior High School, Gushikawa Senior High School, Maehara Senior High School, Gushikawa Commercial Senior High School, and Chūbu Agricultural High School.
Transportation
Hamahiga Ōhashi Bridge
Bus
Uruma is connected to the other municipalities of Okinawa Island by transit bus with numerous routes originating from the Naha Bus Terminal. The four bus companies that serve Okinawa, Ryukyu Bus, Okinawa Bus, Naha Bus Co., Ltd., and Toyo Bus, all have lines in Uruma, but service via Naha Bus is limited to the jointly operated high-speed bus Route 111. JA Okinawa operates local buses to the Katsuren Peninsula and the Yokatsu Islands.
Ryukyu Bus operates the Gushikawa Bus Terminal, Okinawa Bus operates the Yakena Bus Terminal, which is also used by Ryukyu Bus, and Toyo Bus operates the Toyo Bus Awase Office.
Highway
The Okinawa Expressway, which runs 57.3 kilometres (35.6 mi) from Naha to Nago, has one interchange in Uruma, the Ishikawa Interchange. Japan National Route 329, which similarly runs between Naha and Nago, runs through the western districts of Uruma. The city, including the Yokatsu Islands, is also served by numerous prefectural highways.
Port of Kinwan
The Port of Kinwan (19,400 hectares (48,000 acres)) encompasses the coastal areas of Naha, Uruma, and other municipalities on Okinawa island. The port area covers the entirety of the coastal areas of Uruma, including those of the Yokatsu Islands.
Hospital
Okinawa Prefectural Chūbu Hospital
Okinawa Prefectural Chūbu Hospital is located in the Miyazato district of Uruma. The hospital traces its history to the refugee camps in 1945, which were staffed by personnel from the University of Hawaiʻi. Chubu Hospital was formally established in 1946, and is one of 6 prefectural hospitals in Okinawa Prefecture, and maintains a strong reciprocal training agreement with the University of Hawaiʻi.
Notable places
Ruins of Katsuren Castle
Uruma is noted for several historic and religious sites, including the Iha Shell Mound, Katsuren Castle, and Agena Castle.
Iha Shell Mound
The Iha Shell Mound is located in the Iha district of Uruma. The site sits on a large limestone fault slope, and dates from the late Jōmon period, ca. 2500 – 1000 BC. The Iha Shell Mound is approximately 60 centimetres (24 in) thick and covers an area of 150 square metres (1,600 sq ft). The site was first discovered in 1920, and is one of only a few fully excavated shell mounds in Okinawa. The site includes remains of fish and animal bones, earthen and stoneware, and goods made out of horn.
Agena Castle
Agena Castle is a gusuku located in the north of Agena district of Uruma, in former Gushikawa City. It was built on a base of Ryūkyūan limestone and occupies 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft). Agena Castle sits at an altitude of 49 metres (161 ft), and is naturally protected by the Tengan River to the north. The Ōgawa Aji, or regional ruler of the Ōgawa Magiri of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, occupied the castle for several generations. For this reason the castle is also known as the Ōgawa gusuku. Details of the history of both the castle and the aji are unclear, and no archaeological excavation has been carried out on the castle. It was likely built in the 14th century. The Ōgawa reached their greatest period of prosperity in the 15th century. At some point the castle was destroyed by the army of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. The outer gate of Agena Castle no longer exists, but as the inner gate is bored through the limestone foundation and is surrounded on both sides with quarried rocks, it still exists. The inner gate is an early example of an arched castle gate, and is protected as a national treasure of Japan. The castle remains now hold numerous utaki sites of worship of the Ryukyuan religion, and are scattered with fragments of Chinese ceramics from the 14th to the 15th century. The area around the castle is now used as Agena Park.
Katsuren Castle
Katsuren Castle is a gusuku, or Okinawan castle, in former Katsuren Town. The castle is known as Kacchin Gushiku in the Okinawan language. It sits 98 meters (322 ft) above sea level on the small Katsuren Peninsula, and is flanked by the Pacific Ocean on two sides. The "golden age" of Katsuren Castle was in the mid-15th century, when the castle was controlled by the Aji of Katsuren, Amawari (died 1458), before his death in conflicts with Shō Taikyū (1415–1460) of Shuri and Gosamaru (died 1458), Aji of Nakagusuku Castle. Katsuren Castle has an active shrine of the Ryukyuan religion within its first bailey. In the 2010 Okinawa earthquake damaged an outer wall at the northeast of the third bailey of the castle. Katsuren Castle was designated a Designated Historical Monument in 1972, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 as part of one of the nine Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.
U.S. military bases
White Beach Naval Facility
United States military bases in Uruma cover 6.632 square kilometres (2.561 sq mi), or 12.97% of the total area of the city. While the bases are located on a mix of national, prefectural, municipal, and private property, 4.964 square kilometres (1.917 sq mi), or 75% of base areas are on privately held land.
Kadena Ammunition Storage Area
The Kadena Ammunition Storage Area (26.579 square kilometres (10.262 sq mi)) is the third largest military base in Okinawa Prefecture, and spans the municipalities of Okinawa City, Kadena, Yomitan, Onna, and Uruma. While it covers fully 1.877 square kilometres (0.725 sq mi) in Uruma and is the largest base area in the city, it represents only 7% of the total size of the base.
Camp Courtney
Camp Courtney is a United States Marine Base located in the north of Uruma on Kin Bay. The camp was established in 1956 and occupies 1.348 square kilometres (0.520 sq mi) in the Konbu, Tengan, and Uken districts of Uruma. Camp Courtney is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler, and is home to the quarters of the 3rd Marine Division Headquarters and the III Marine Expeditionary Force. Camp Courtney is utilized for office space and living quarters for Marines and military families. The camp includes a post office, theater, bank, church, and recreational facilities.
Camp McTureous
Camp McTureous is a United States Marine Base located in the west side of the Agena district of Uruma. The camp was established in 1956 and occupies 1.348 square kilometres (0.520 sq mi) in the Kawasaki district of Uruma. Camp McTureous is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler. Camp McTureous is utilized for living quarters for Marines and military families. The camp includes Bechtel elementary school and recreational facilities.
White Beach Naval Facility
White Beach Naval Facility, formally referred to as the Port Operations Naval Facility White Beach, is a United States Navy base located southern tip of the Katsuren Peninsula at the Northeast of Nakagusuku Bay, also known as Buckner Bay. The base covers 1.568 square kilometres (0.605 sq mi) in the Heishikiya and Nohen districts of the city. White Beach serves as the staging area for the Okinawa-based 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit. Nuclear submarines and warships and submarines make regular calls to the facility. White Beach consists primarily of two piers, designated Navy Pier and Army Pier. The Navy pier is 24 metres (79 ft) in width and 850 metres (2,790 ft) in length, and the Army pier is 24 metres (79 ft) in width and 450 metres (1,480 ft) in length. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Okinawa Naval Base is located directly adjacent to White Beach.
The White Beach Naval Facility was built at the end of the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. 95,000 military engineers arrived on Okinawa Island to convert the island into a staging area for an invasion of the Japanese main islands. While the island was not used for an invasion of Japan, White Beach remained a permanent military facility. White Beach played a role in the controversial Agent Orange testing in Okinawa in the early 1960s under an American program to test unconventional weapons as part of the classified Project AGILE. Logbooks of the privately owned merchant marine ship SS Schuyler Otis Bland show that chemicals agents were delivered to White Beach under armed guard on April 25, 1962, then transported to other areas of the island.
Famous people from Uruma
Takashi Chinen, gymnast
Finger 5, musical group
Manami Higa, actress
HY, band
Seijin Noborikawa, singer
Kichiro Shimabuku, first son of Tatsuo Shimabuku
Tatsuo Shimabuku, founder of Isshin-ryu karate
Denny Tamaki, governor of Okinawa Prefecture
Takato Toguchi, boxer
Tenkai Tsunami, female professional boxer
Ayano Uema, singer
Mugi the Cat, musician
Churanoumi Yoshihisa, sumo wrestler
See also
1959 Kadena Air Base F-100 crash
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^ a b c "安慶名城" . Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ a b "Katsuren-gusuku". Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (日本歴史地名大系 "Compendium of Japanese Historical Place Names") (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
^ "尚泰久" . Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. OCLC 683276033. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
^ "護佐丸" . Nihon Jinmei Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
^ "阿麻和利" . Nihon Jinmei Daijiten (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
^ Kerr, George (2000). Okinawa, the history of an island people. Boston, MA: Tuttle Pub. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0804820872.
^ "Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu". Paris, France: UNESCO. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
^ 沖縄本島近海地震世界遺産の城壁が一部崩落勝連城跡 Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine(in Japanese)
^ 勝連城跡・文部科学省文化庁(in Japanese)
^ うるま市における基地の概況 (in Japanese). Uruma, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Uruma. 2005. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
^ a b c "キャンプ・コートニー" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
^ "Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan". Globalsecurity.org. 2012. Retrieved Dec 19, 2012.
^ "キャンプ・マクトリアス" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
^ a b "ホワイト・ビーチ地区" . Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. OCLC 173191044. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
^ "SDDC Almanac 2012" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command. 2012. p. 33. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
^ "Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa Operations". Okinawa, Japan: Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
^ "Installation Guide". Okinawa, Japan: Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
^ a b "White Beach Naval Facility, Okinawa, Japan" (in Japanese). Alexandria, Va.: Globalsecurity.org. 2001. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
^ a b Handlers, G.; Brand, S. (2001). Buckner Bay (2011 Rev. ed.). Monterey, California: United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-03-02.
^ Rottman, Gordon (2002). Okinawa 1945 : the last battle. Oxford: Osprey Pub. ISBN 9781855326071.
^ Sloan, Bill (2008). The ultimate battle : Okinawa 1945—the last epic struggle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 329. ISBN 9780743292474.
External links
Media related to Uruma, Okinawa at Wikimedia Commons
Uruma City official website
Uruma City official website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uruma (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruma_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"},{"link_name":"Gushikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gushikawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Katsuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Yonashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonashiro,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Nakagami District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagami_District,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-3"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"Katsuren Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Yokatsu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokatsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yokatsu-4"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion"},{"link_name":"Katsuren Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Castle"},{"link_name":"Agena Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agena_Castle"},{"link_name":"Iha Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iha_Castle"},{"link_name":"Iha Shell Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iha_Shell_Mound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-3"},{"link_name":"Okinawan bullfighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dgy%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Mid-Sea Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Sea_Road"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaichu-5"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uruma-e-7"},{"link_name":"Camp McTureous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_McTureous"},{"link_name":"Camp Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Courtney"},{"link_name":"1959 Okinawa F-100 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Okinawa_F-100_crash"},{"link_name":"Agent Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-3-10"}],"text":"For other uses, see Uruma (disambiguation).City in Kyushu, JapanUruma (うるま市, Uruma-shi) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.[2] The modern city of Uruma was established on April 1, 2005, when the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa were merged with the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro (both from Nakagami District).[2][3] As of May 1, 2013, the city has an estimated population of 118,330 and a population density of 1,400 people per km2. The total area is 86.00 km2. The city covers part of the east coast of the south of Okinawa Island, the Katsuren Peninsula, and the eight Yokatsu Islands.[4] The Yokatsu Islands include numerous sites important to the Ryukyuan religion, and the city as a whole has numerous historical sites, including: Katsuren Castle, Agena Castle, and Iha Castle and the Iha Shell Mound.[2][3] It is home to the largest venue for Okinawan bullfighting. The Mid-Sea Road, which crosses the ocean and connects the Yokatsu Islands to the main island of Okinawa, is now a symbol of Uruma.[2][3][5]Uruma is noted for its role in hosting large-scale refugee camps and the initial organization of local government of Okinawa immediately after the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. As such the city is considered the home of the starting point of the restoration of civil life in Okinawa immediately after the end of World War II.[6][7] United States maintains four military bases in Uruma, some of which span other municipalities in Okinawa: Kadena Ammunition Storage Area, Camp McTureous, Camp Courtney, and White Beach Naval Facility]]. The bases cover 12.97% of the total area of the city. Two controversies have surrounded American military bases in Uruma: the 1959 Okinawa F-100 crash which killed and injured numerous students and residents, and the transport of Agent Orange via the White Beach Naval Facility for testing in Okinawa in the early 1960s as part of the classified Project AGILE.[8][9][10]","title":"Uruma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"hiragana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_(insect)"},{"link_name":"waka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kintō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kint%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ulleung Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulleungdo"},{"link_name":"Goryeo Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goryeo"},{"link_name":"Heian-period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Senzai Wakashū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzai_Wakash%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"poetically associated with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makurakotoba"},{"link_name":"Mino Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_Province"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Omoidegusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omoidegusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"poetic diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetic_diary"},{"link_name":"Shikina Seimei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikina_Seimei"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yara2013-13"}],"text":"In the Japanese language the name of the city is written using the hiragana syllabary instead of kanji characters because, according to the city, it looks endearing and soft.[11] The name of the city of Uruma comes from a poetic name for Okinawa Island. A folk etymology, which was adopted by the city itself,[12] segments uruma into uru (fine sand or coral in Okinawan) and *ma (island?). Another theory relates it to urumaa, meaning cricket in Okinawan.The Okinawan origin of the word, however, has long been questioned. In fact, it was in mainland Japan that the word was first attested and eventually came to refer to Okinawa. The first known reference to uruma is a waka poem by Fujiwara no Kintō in the early 11th century. He compared a woman's coldheartedness to the incomprehensible speech of drifters from Ureung Island (迂陵島, identified as Ulleung Island) of Goryeo Kingdom, which Kintō called Silla, a practice rather common in Heian-period Japan. However, the association with Ulleung Island was soon forgotten because the reference to Silla was dropped when his poem was recorded in the Senzai Wakashū (1188). Thereafter waka poets only thought uruma as an island somewhere outside Japan with an unintelligible language. At the same time, it evoked a sense of familiarity because the phrase uruma no ichi (market in Uruma) was poetically associated with Mino Province. From the viewpoint of mainland Japanese poets, Okinawa might have been an ideal referent of uruma because, despite the exotic name of Ryūkyū, the first reference to Okinawan-composed waka poems was as early as 1496. The first known identification of uruma as Okinawa Island can be found in the Moshiogusa (1513), but the association remained weak for some time. For example, Hokkaido, in addition to Okinawa, was referred to as uruma in the Shōzaishū (1597). The mainland Japanese poetic practice was adopted by Okinawan waka poets in the late 17th century. The Omoidegusa (1700), a purely Japanese poetic diary by Shikina Seimei, is known for its extensive use of the word uruma.[13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nakabaruiseki_01.JPG"}],"text":"Nakabaru Site, Ikei Island","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanzan Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanzan_Period"},{"link_name":"gusuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"magiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-misato-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gushikawa-m-15"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyū Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyū Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Domain"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"magiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-misato-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gushikawa-m-15"},{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ww2-16"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa,_Okinawa"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"In the Sanzan Period (1322–1429), or Three Kingdom period, numerous gusuku, or castles were built across Okinawa Island. The area of present-day Uruma fell under the control of the Chūzan Kingdom, which covered the central area of Okinawa Island and its nearby islands. The Katsuren area of Uruma became notably prosperous in the mid-15th century. Katsuren Castle, and a surrounding jōkamachi castle town, were constructed in this period.Under the Ryukyu Kingdom six magiri, a type of regional administrative district in pre-modern Okinawa, covered areas of present-day Uruma: 'Nzatō Magiri (parts of which were also located in present-day Okinawa City), Gushichaa Magiri, Kachin magiri, and Yunagushiku Magiri. Nakagushiku Magiri included Tsuken Island.[14][15]The Ryūkyū Kingdom ended in 1872 with the establishment of the Ryūkyū Domain, which was soon abolished with the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The existing system of magiri in Uruma continued with the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture. The magiri were abolished in 1907 under Imperial Edict 46, and the central government extended the establishment of cities, towns, and village organization to Okinawa Prefecture. In 1908 the area of present-day Uruma was reorganized as the five villages of Misato, Gushikawa, Katsuren, and Yonashiro.[14][15]In the pre-war period Uruma had the most productive sugarcane industry in Okinawa Prefecture due to sources of irrigation and fertile soil.The areas of present-day Uruma were affected in World War II during the initial part of the Battle of Okinawa. L-Day, the initial land invasion of Okinawa Island, occurred on April 1, 1945. American forces swept across the island quickly, and by April 5 had secured the entirety of the Katsuren Peninsula. A smaller invasion force captured Tsuken Island on the same day, and encountered stiff resistance from the Japanese military. Tsuken Island was completely devastated by fire in the battle. After the capture of Tsuken, American forces reached Ikei Island on April 9, thus securing all the Yokatsu Islands.[16] The area that became Ishikawa was a major refugee camp set up by the American military near the end of the battle.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1959_Kadena_Air_Base_F-100_crash.jpg"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okinawa_Advisory_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uruma-e-7"},{"link_name":"1959 Okinawa F-100 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Okinawa_F-100_crash"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"North American F-100 Super Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Kadena Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-himawari-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-himawari-r-18"},{"link_name":"Gushikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gushikawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Katsuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Yonashiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonashiro,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Nakagami District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagami_District,_Okinawa"}],"sub_title":"Post-war period","text":"1959 Okinawa F-100 crash, June 30, 1959The Okinawa Advisory Council, the predecessor to the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands was established in Ishikawa, and temporarily became the political, educational, and cultural center of Okinawa. In 1946 the Advisory Council was moved to the village of Sashiki, now a district of Nanjō, refugees began a large-scale movement to return to their homes, and the population of Ishikawa decreased rapidly. In the aftermath of World War II the Ishikawa area of Uruma was used as a large-scale refugee camp. The camp was built and operated by the U.S. occupation forces, and is considered the starting point of the reconstruction and recovery of Okinawa after the war.[6][7]The 1959 Okinawa F-100 crash occurred on June 30, 1959. In the crash, a United States Air Force North American F-100 Super Sabre on a flight from nearby Kadena Air Base suffered an engine fire and crashed into Miyamori Elementary School and surrounding houses. Eleven students and six other people in the neighborhood were killed, and 210 were injured, including 156 students at the school. The F-100 crash contributed to ill will among the Okinawan population towards the U.S. occupation authorities, and strengthened calls for the island to be returned to the control of the Japanese government.[17][18]The city of Uruma was formed on April 1, 2005 from the merger of the cities of Gushikawa and Ishikawa, and the towns of Katsuren and Yonashiro, both from Nakagami District.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sugarcane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane"},{"link_name":"Cut flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_flowers"},{"link_name":"chrysanthemums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gushikawa-19"}],"text":"Uruma, despite its low amount of arable land, is noted for several agricultural products. The city, like most areas of Okinawa, produces sugarcane. Cut flowers, notably chrysanthemums, are a relatively new agricultural product. Land improvement has made small-scale rice production possible. Pigs have been raised in Uruma since the end of World War II.Uruma produces also several specialty agricultural products. The city is noted for the production of mozuku seaweed. Tsuken Island produces a specialty variety of carrots, which are known in Japan as the \"Tsuken Ninjin\". \"Nuchi-masu\", or the \"salt of life\", is produced from the mineral-rich seawater of Uruma. Yamashiro-cha is a locally produced tea grown in the Yamashiro area of the city.[6][19]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kin_Bay_from_Ikei_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Ishikawa_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kin_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nakagusuku Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagusuku_Bay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"},{"link_name":"Mount Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawadake-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menseki-20"}],"text":"Kin Bay viewed from Ikei Island.Height marker on top of Mount Ishikawa.Uruma is located near the center of Okinawa Island, facing east. The city occupies the southern rim of Kin Bay as well as the north of Nakagusuku Bay.[2] The highest point in the city is Mount Ishikawa at 204 metres (669 ft).[1][20]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tengan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengan_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Yomitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Yomitan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tengan-21"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"The longest river in the city is the Tengan River, which runs for 12.20 kilometres (7.58 mi) from Mount Yomitan (201 metres (659 ft)) to Kin Bay in the Akano district of the city.[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Kunigami District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigami_District,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Kin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Onna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d-2"}],"sub_title":"Neighboring municipalities","text":"City of Okinawa\nKunigami District\nKin\nOnna[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Yokatsu_Islands_from_Katsuren_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katsuren Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Yokatsu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokatsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"dissected plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissected_plateau"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-3"}],"text":"View of Yokatsu Islands from Katsuren CastleThe city consists of three geographic areas: a land area on Okinawa Island proper, the Katsuren Peninsula, and the eight Yokatsu Islands. The majority of the city of Uruma sits on a dissected plateau, and has numerous hills and indentations. The islands of the city are flat and low-lying and are primarily composed of Ryukyuan limestone.[3]","title":"Land areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okinawa Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa By-pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_By-pass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gushikawa-19"}],"sub_title":"Okinawan mainland","text":"The land area of the city of Uruma on Okinawa Island includes the former cities of Ishikawa to the north and Gushikawa to the south. These areas are the most populated parts of the city, and are crossed by the Okinawa Expressway and Ishikawa By-pass. The area of Uruma on the Okinawan mainland is bordered by Kin Bay to the east, and has a long coastline with significant industrial development. The northernmost point of the city is marked by Ishikawadake (204 metres (669 ft)), a low hill on the border of Uruma and the city of Kin. The Kinbu Fishing Port is located in the Gushikawa area.[6][19]","title":"Land areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katsuren Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-p-22"}],"sub_title":"Katsuren Peninsula","text":"The Katsuren Peninsula extends south from Okinawa Island and used to be incorporated as the town of Katsuren. The peninsula extends 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) from the island, is 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) to 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) wide, and covers 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi). The peninsula is the home base for access to the Yokatsu Islands, as well as home to two U.S. military facilities, Camp Courtney and White Beach.[22]","title":"Land areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikeijima_Island_from_Miyagijima_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsuken Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuken_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yokatsu-4"},{"link_name":"habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeresurus_flavoviridis"},{"link_name":"Ulvophyceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulvophyceae"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yabuchi-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiritual-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menseki-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henza-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miyagi-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikei-ohashi-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikei-ohashi-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikei-ohashi-27"},{"link_name":"Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Calbraith_Perry"},{"link_name":"Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Expedition_of_an_American_Squadron_to_the_China_Seas_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"Francis L. Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_L._Hawks"},{"link_name":"Amamikyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamikyu"},{"link_name":"Shinerikyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinerikyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"noro priestesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noro_priestess"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamahiga-28"},{"link_name":"Tsuken Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuken_Island"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biti-29"},{"link_name":"fountain palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livistona_chinensis"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanpo-109-30"},{"link_name":"Sea breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_breeze"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsuken-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsuken-train-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsuken-train-a-33"},{"link_name":"cogon grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukibara-c-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukibara-renjo-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukibara-c-34"}],"sub_title":"Yokatsu Islands","text":"View of Ikei Island from Miyagi IslandThe eight Yokatsu Islands are located in Uruma City. Seven sit to the east of the Katsuren Peninsula, and one, Tsuken Island, sits to the southeast.[4]Yabuchi Island (藪地島, Yabuchi-jima) is one of the Yokatsu Islands located on the east of the Katsuren Peninsula. The island covers 0.62 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi). The island maintained a population until three hundred years ago, but is now uninhabited. Part of the Yabuchi is used for rice cultivation. Yabuchi Island is well known for its large population of habu, the poisonous pit viper of Okinawa, and its southern coast is dense with kasanori, and Okinawan species of Ulvophyceae, an edible algae. The island is home to the Yabuchi Cave Ruins, first excavated in 1959. The ruins produced a shard of pottery dating approximately 6,500 years ago. The pottery is the first of its kind of Okinawa, and the style is now called yabuchi-style pottery. The caves are home to numerous shrines associated with ancestor worship of the Ryukyuan religion.[23][24]\nHenza Island (平安座島, Henza-jima) is located 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) off the Katsuren Peninsula and covers 5.22 square kilometres (2.02 sq mi).[20] The majority of the island is used as an oil tank facility. The population of Henza Island is concentrated at the entrance of the island, which includes a fishing port. The island is connected to the mainland by the Mid-Sea Road, which forms part of Okinawa Prefectural Road 10. Prior to the construction of the Mid-Sea Road the channel could be crossed by foot or amphibious vehicle at low tide. Henza Island is bisected from northwest to southeast by flat limestone ridge that ranges between 65 metres (213 ft) and 90 metres (300 ft) in height. The island has little arable land, but is surrounded by rich fishing areas along its coral reefs.[25]\nMiyagi Island (宮城島, Miyagi-jima), also known as Takahari Island (高離島, Takahari-jima), is adjacent to the northeast coast of Henza Island. The two islands used to be separated by a shallow beach, but are now connected via landfill. The island covers 5.51 square kilometres (2.13 sq mi). The island relies on the tourism industry, but also produces sugarcane and cut flowers. The irregular geological formation of the island cause numerous natural springs, notably in the northeast of the island. Miyagi has numerous historical remains, including the remains of one gusuku, the Tomari Gusuku.[26]\nIkei Island (伊計島, Ikei-jima), also known as Ichihanari to residents of the island, is the easternmost of the Yokatsu Islands. It is connected to the northeastern tip of Miyagi Island by the short Ikei Ōhashi Bridge.[27] The island covers 1.7 square kilometres (0.66 sq mi) and has a coastline of 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi). The north, west, and south coasts of the island consist of inaccessible steep cliffs, which range between 20 metres (66 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft).[27] Ikei Island is relatively flat. The main settlement is on the west of the island. Ikei Island used to be home to numerous sugarcane farms, but the economy is now focused almost entirely on the tourism industry.[27] Ikei Island has numerous archaeological sites, including shell mounds and the remains of a castle, the Ikei Gusuku. The island, which was sighted by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794–1858), was recorded as \"Ichey Island\" in the Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, published in 1856 by Francis L. Hawks.\nHamahiga Island (浜比嘉島, Hamahiga-jima), also known as Bamahija-jima, sits 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the Katsuren Peninsula directly south of Henza Island. The island is connected to Henza island by the 1.43 kilometres (0.89 mi) Hamahiga Bridge. The island is roughly triangular in shape covers 2.04 square kilometres (0.79 sq mi). Hamahiga Island measures 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) from east to west and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from north to south, and at its highest point reaches an elevation of 78.7 metres (258 ft). The island has an uneven topography with few natural inlets. The three settlements on the island are Hama on the northwest coastline, Higa on the northeast coastline, and Kaneku on the southeast coastline. Hama is home to the post office and middle school of Hamahiga Island, and the elementary school sits between Hama and Higa. All three settlements are home to a fishing port. Like the other Yokatsu Islands, Hamahiga has numerous shellmound and gusuku remains, but little archaeological excavation has been carried out on the island. Hamahiga is home to numerous sites of worship of the Ryukyuan religion, including the tombs of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu. The settlements of Hama and Higa are home to noro priestesses.[28]\nTsuken Island (津堅島, Tsuken-jima, Okinawan: Biti)[29] is located 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) south south-east of the Katsuren Peninsula. The island covers 1.88 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi). Tsuken runs 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) from north to south and .8 kilometres (0.50 mi) to 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) east to west, and has its highest point in the southwest of the island at 38.8 metres (127 ft). Tsueken was once covered with a dense forest of fountain palms, but the middle portion of Tsuken was entirely burned during World War II, and palm groves remain only at the north of the island.[30] Thick belts of vegetation now exist around coastal areas of the island protect the settlement and agricultural land from Sea breeze. The only settlement on Tsuken is located in the southwest of the island, which is home to a post office, medical clinic, an elementary school, and a middle school. Tsuken is noted for its production of carrots. Commodore Perry recorded the island as \"Taking Island\" in his narrative. Tsuken is home to numerous shell mounds, of which three have been excavated. The island was also home to a castle, the Kubō Gusuku.[31] The Tsukenjima Training Area is used by the U.S. Military and is located off the western coast of Tsuken. The training area was established in 1959 and covers 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft).[32][33]\nUkibara Island (浮原島, Ukibara-jima) is an uninhabited, low-lying island 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) southeast of Hamahiga Island. The island covers 0.3 square kilometres (0.12 sq mi), and measures 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) from east to west and 0.6 kilometres (0.37 mi) north to south. Ukibara is primarily flat, it reaches an altitude of 12 metres (39 ft). The island composed of quaternary Ryukyu limestone. Numerous coral reefs surround the island, and are notably well developed off the southwest coast of the island. Ukibara has no arable land and is mostly covered in dense cogon grass. Ukibara is now used as a training ground for the U.S. Marines Okinawa forces. The Marines maintain no permanent residential facilities on the island, and use the training ground periodically rather than permanently. Public access to Ukibara is prohibited.[34][35]\nMinamiukibara Island (南浮原島, Minamiukibara-jima) is an uninhabited island 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) south of Ukibara Island. It covers 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi).[34]","title":"Land areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komu5.jpg"}],"text":"Traditional music practice at the Gushikawa Dome","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-36"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"The Uruma City Festival is held in October, and is the largest festival in the city. It features bullfighting, performing arts, and live concerts.[36]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uruma-e-7"}],"sub_title":"Community centers","text":"Uruma has three communities centers, each of which have facilities for performances, cooking classes, and other cultural events. They are located in the Ishikawa Akebono, Katsuren Henna, and Yonashiro Yakema districts.[7]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-37"}],"sub_title":"Libraries","text":"The Uruma City Library maintains three branches. The Main Library (formerly the Gushikawa Library) is in the Tairagawa district, and was built in 1989. The Ishikawa Library, located in the Akebono district, was built in 1990. The Katsuren Library, located in Katsurenhenna, was built in 1997. The libraries collectively hold 391,359 volumes.[37]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulls_Ishikawa,_Okinawa_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-park-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ayahashi-39"}],"text":"Okinawan Bullfight, Ishikawa, UrumaThe largest park in Uruma, the Agena Central Park, is located near the historical remains of Agena Castle. The castle and its moat make up the central part of the park. Agena Central Park is home to the Agena Bullfighting Ring.[38]The Ayahashi Road Race Through the Sea Tournament is held in April. The race is divided into 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and half marathon runs. Runners cross from Yonashiro over the Mid-Sea Road, which is partially closed to traffic during the race, to Henza Island.[36][39]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryukyuan religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion"},{"link_name":"Amamikyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamikyu"},{"link_name":"Shinerikyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinerikyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"noro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noro_priestess"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiritual-24"},{"link_name":"Maitreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya"},{"link_name":"Nirai Kanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirai_Kanai"},{"link_name":"mediums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiritual-24"}],"text":"Uruma is home to numerous sites associated with the Ryukyuan religion, many of which are located on the Yokatsu Islands. Hamahiga Island is located approximately 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) northeast of Kudaka Island, which is considered the holiest place of the Ryukyuan religion. The tombs of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu are located on Hamahiga. Amamikyu and Shinerikyu are worshipped at their tombs, and the noro priestess of Higa conducts prayers at the beginning of the year at the sites. The forests of the southeast tip of Hamahiga are home to a cave that is considered one of the residences of Amamikyu and Shinerikyu; a stalactite in a cave at the site is a center of worship for numerous children.[24] Nearby are other holy sites related to Shinerikyu, Maitreya, and Nirai Kanai (most notably the Miruku Gate and Mount Yugafu).There are a significant number of noro priestesses and yuta mediums on Hamahiga Island, the latter being typically female, but sometimes male.[24]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uruma_City_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Social Mass Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Social_Mass_Party"},{"link_name":"New Komeito Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Komeito_Party"},{"link_name":"Japan Revolutionary Communist League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Revolutionary_Communist_League"},{"link_name":"Japanese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"21st Century Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21st_Century_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-council-40"}],"text":"Uruma City Hall, BikuniUruma is administered from the city hall in Bikuni. The Uruma Board of Education oversees the middle school, elementary schools, and community education centers of the city.The Uruma City Council consists of 34 members who serve a four-year term, and are led by a chairperson (Kazuo Nishino, born 1950) and vice-chairperson (Mitsuo Higashihama, born 1954) of the council. City council members are affiliated with the Okinawa Social Mass Party, the Shinsei Club, the New Komeito Party, the Japan Revolutionary Communist League, the Japanese Communist Party, and the 21st Century Club.[40]Uruma has eleven post offices: one each in Gushikawa, Agena, Shirinkawa, Higashi Gushikawa, Ishikawa, Ishikawa Shiromae, Ishikawa Higashionna, Yokatsu, Katsuren, Henza, and Yonashiro. The city maintains two police stations: Uruma Police Station and Ishikawa Police Station. Fire stations for the city are located in Gushikawa, Ishikawa, Katsuren, and Henza.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maehara_High_School.JPG"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schools-41"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense Education Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Education_Activity"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense Dependents Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Dependents_Schools"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bechtel-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yokatsu-h-43"}],"text":"Maehara Senior High SchoolThe City of Uruma maintains 17 elementary schools (Miyamori, Shiromae, Iha, Yonashiro, Minamihara, Katsuren, Heishikiya, Higa, Tsuken, Kawasaki, Tengan, Agena, Taba, Gushikawa, Kanehara, Nakahara, Akamichi, and Ayahashi), and 9 middle schools (Ishikawa, Iha, Tsuken, Yokatsu, Yokatsu 2nd, Agena, Gushikawa, Takaesu, and Gushikawa East). The city closed and consolidated numerous elementary and middle schools in 2012. In addition, Uruma maintains 18 preschools.[41]Bechtel Elementary School, located on Camp McTureous, is administered by Department of Defense Education Activity for English-speaking United States military dependents. It is run under the supervision of the Okinawa Department of Defense Dependents Schools District.[42]The senior high schools of Uruma are operated by Okinawa Prefecture. Okinawa Prefectural Yokatsu Senior High School-Yokatsu Midorigaoka Junior High School is a joint secondary school in the Katsuren Henna district.[43] Other senior high schools include Ishikawa Senior High School, Gushikawa Senior High School, Maehara Senior High School, Gushikawa Commercial Senior High School, and Chūbu Agricultural High School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamahiga_ohashi_Bridge.JPG"}],"text":"Hamahiga Ōhashi Bridge","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transit bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_bus"},{"link_name":"Naha Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naha_Bus_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Bus"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okinawa_Bus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naha Bus Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naha_Bus_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toyo Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Bus"},{"link_name":"Gushikawa Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gushikawa_Bus_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yakena Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakena_Bus_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toyo Bus Awase Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyo_Bus_Awase_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"Uruma is connected to the other municipalities of Okinawa Island by transit bus with numerous routes originating from the Naha Bus Terminal. The four bus companies that serve Okinawa, Ryukyu Bus, Okinawa Bus, Naha Bus Co., Ltd., and Toyo Bus, all have lines in Uruma, but service via Naha Bus is limited to the jointly operated high-speed bus Route 111. JA Okinawa operates local buses to the Katsuren Peninsula and the Yokatsu Islands.Ryukyu Bus operates the Gushikawa Bus Terminal, Okinawa Bus operates the Yakena Bus Terminal, which is also used by Ryukyu Bus, and Toyo Bus operates the Toyo Bus Awase Office.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okinawa Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Nago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nago,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Japan National Route 329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_329"}],"sub_title":"Highway","text":"The Okinawa Expressway, which runs 57.3 kilometres (35.6 mi) from Naha to Nago, has one interchange in Uruma, the Ishikawa Interchange. Japan National Route 329, which similarly runs between Naha and Nago, runs through the western districts of Uruma. The city, including the Yokatsu Islands, is also served by numerous prefectural highways.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kinwan-44"}],"sub_title":"Port of Kinwan","text":"The Port of Kinwan (19,400 hectares (48,000 acres)) encompasses the coastal areas of Naha, Uruma, and other municipalities on Okinawa island. The port area covers the entirety of the coastal areas of Uruma, including those of the Yokatsu Islands.[44]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okinawa_Prefectural_Chubu_Hospital.JPG"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byoin-1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byoin-2-46"}],"text":"Okinawa Prefectural Chūbu HospitalOkinawa Prefectural Chūbu Hospital is located in the Miyazato district of Uruma. The hospital traces its history to the refugee camps in 1945, which were staffed by personnel from the University of Hawaiʻi. Chubu Hospital was formally established in 1946, and is one of 6 prefectural hospitals in Okinawa Prefecture, and maintains a strong reciprocal training agreement with the University of Hawaiʻi.[45][46]","title":"Hospital"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katsuren_Castle_ruins.jpg"}],"text":"Ruins of Katsuren CastleUruma is noted for several historic and religious sites, including the Iha Shell Mound, Katsuren Castle, and Agena Castle.","title":"Notable places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iha Shell Mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iha_Shell_Mound"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Jōmon period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iha-47"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-6"}],"sub_title":"Iha Shell Mound","text":"The Iha Shell Mound is located in the Iha district of Uruma. The site sits on a large limestone fault slope, and dates from the late Jōmon period, ca. 2500 – 1000 BC. The Iha Shell Mound is approximately 60 centimetres (24 in) thick and covers an area of 150 square metres (1,600 sq ft).[47] The site was first discovered in 1920, and is one of only a few fully excavated shell mounds in Okinawa. The site includes remains of fish and animal bones, earthen and stoneware, and goods made out of horn.[6]","title":"Notable places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agena Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agena_Castle"},{"link_name":"gusuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku"},{"link_name":"Tengan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tengan_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-c-48"},{"link_name":"Aji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji_(Ryukyu)"},{"link_name":"Magiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiri"},{"link_name":"Ryūkyū Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"aji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji_(Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-c-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-n-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-n-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-c-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agena-n-49"}],"sub_title":"Agena Castle","text":"Agena Castle is a gusuku located in the north of Agena district of Uruma, in former Gushikawa City. It was built on a base of Ryūkyūan limestone and occupies 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft). Agena Castle sits at an altitude of 49 metres (161 ft), and is naturally protected by the Tengan River to the north.[48] The Ōgawa Aji, or regional ruler of the Ōgawa Magiri of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, occupied the castle for several generations. For this reason the castle is also known as the Ōgawa gusuku. Details of the history of both the castle and the aji are unclear, and no archaeological excavation has been carried out on the castle. It was likely built in the 14th century.[48] The Ōgawa reached their greatest period of prosperity in the 15th century.[49] At some point the castle was destroyed by the army of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. The outer gate of Agena Castle no longer exists, but as the inner gate is bored through the limestone foundation and is surrounded on both sides with quarried rocks, it still exists. The inner gate is an early example of an arched castle gate, and is protected as a national treasure of Japan. The castle remains now hold numerous utaki sites of worship of the Ryukyuan religion, and are scattered with fragments of Chinese ceramics from the 14th to the 15th century.[49] The area around the castle is now used as Agena Park.[48][49]","title":"Notable places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katsuren Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Castle"},{"link_name":"gusuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-c-50"},{"link_name":"Okinawan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Katsuren Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-c-50"},{"link_name":"Aji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aji_(Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB)"},{"link_name":"Amawari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amawari"},{"link_name":"Shō Taikyū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_Taiky%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Shuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Nakagusuku Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagusuku_Castle"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sho-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gosamaru-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amawari-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerr-54"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion"},{"link_name":"bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-unesco-55"},{"link_name":"2010 Okinawa earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Okinawa_earthquake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-e-56"},{"link_name":"Designated Historical Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusuku_Sites_and_Related_Properties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Ryukyu"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katsuren-bunka-57"}],"sub_title":"Katsuren Castle","text":"Katsuren Castle is a gusuku, or Okinawan castle, in former Katsuren Town.[50] The castle is known as Kacchin Gushiku in the Okinawan language. It sits 98 meters (322 ft) above sea level on the small Katsuren Peninsula, and is flanked by the Pacific Ocean on two sides.[50] The \"golden age\" of Katsuren Castle was in the mid-15th century, when the castle was controlled by the Aji of Katsuren, Amawari (died 1458), before his death in conflicts with Shō Taikyū (1415–1460) of Shuri and Gosamaru (died 1458), Aji of Nakagusuku Castle.[51][52][53][54] Katsuren Castle has an active shrine of the Ryukyuan religion within its first bailey.[55] In the 2010 Okinawa earthquake damaged an outer wall at the northeast of the third bailey of the castle.[56] Katsuren Castle was designated a Designated Historical Monument in 1972, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 as part of one of the nine Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu.[57]","title":"Notable places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030228-N-3612M-009_A_busy_day_for_the_White_Beach_Port_Facility_in_Okinawa,_Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kichi-58"}],"text":"White Beach Naval FacilityUnited States military bases in Uruma cover 6.632 square kilometres (2.561 sq mi), or 12.97% of the total area of the city. While the bases are located on a mix of national, prefectural, municipal, and private property, 4.964 square kilometres (1.917 sq mi), or 75% of base areas are on privately held land.[58]","title":"U.S. military bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kadena Ammunition Storage Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadena_Ammunition_Storage_Area&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Kadena Ammunition Storage Area","text":"The Kadena Ammunition Storage Area (26.579 square kilometres (10.262 sq mi)) is the third largest military base in Okinawa Prefecture, and spans the municipalities of Okinawa City, Kadena, Yomitan, Onna, and Uruma. While it covers fully 1.877 square kilometres (0.725 sq mi) in Uruma and is the largest base area in the city, it represents only 7% of the total size of the base.","title":"U.S. military bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Courtney"},{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USMC"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courtney-c-59"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Smedley_D._Butler"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"III Marine Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_MEF"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courtney-c-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courtney-g-60"}],"sub_title":"Camp Courtney","text":"Camp Courtney is a United States Marine Base located in the north of Uruma on Kin Bay. The camp was established in 1956 and occupies 1.348 square kilometres (0.520 sq mi) in the Konbu, Tengan, and Uken districts of Uruma.[59] Camp Courtney is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler, and is home to the quarters of the 3rd Marine Division Headquarters and the III Marine Expeditionary Force. Camp Courtney is utilized for office space and living quarters for Marines and military families. The camp includes a post office, theater, bank, church, and recreational facilities.[59][60]","title":"U.S. military bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp McTureous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_McTureous"},{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USMC"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courtney-c-59"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Smedley_D._Butler"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mctureous-c-61"}],"sub_title":"Camp McTureous","text":"Camp McTureous is a United States Marine Base located in the west side of the Agena district of Uruma. The camp was established in 1956 and occupies 1.348 square kilometres (0.520 sq mi) in the Kawasaki district of Uruma.[59] Camp McTureous is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler. Camp McTureous is utilized for living quarters for Marines and military families. The camp includes Bechtel elementary school and recreational facilities.[61]","title":"U.S. military bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Beach Naval Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Beach_Naval_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Katsuren Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuren_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Nakagusuku Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagusuku_Bay"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-whitebeach-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sddc-63"},{"link_name":"31st Marine Expeditionary Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Marine_Expeditionary_Unit"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c-whitebeach-62"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnic-1-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnic-2-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-66"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-typhoon-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-typhoon-67"},{"link_name":"Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Island"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rottman-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-69"},{"link_name":"Agent Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orange-3-10"}],"sub_title":"White Beach Naval Facility","text":"White Beach Naval Facility, formally referred to as the Port Operations Naval Facility White Beach, is a United States Navy base located southern tip of the Katsuren Peninsula at the Northeast of Nakagusuku Bay, also known as Buckner Bay. The base covers 1.568 square kilometres (0.605 sq mi) in the Heishikiya and Nohen districts of the city.[62][63] White Beach serves as the staging area for the Okinawa-based 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit.[62][64][65][66] Nuclear submarines and warships and submarines make regular calls to the facility.[66] White Beach consists primarily of two piers, designated Navy Pier and Army Pier.[67] The Navy pier is 24 metres (79 ft) in width and 850 metres (2,790 ft) in length, and the Army pier is 24 metres (79 ft) in width and 450 metres (1,480 ft) in length.[67] The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Okinawa Naval Base is located directly adjacent to White Beach.The White Beach Naval Facility was built at the end of the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. 95,000 military engineers arrived on Okinawa Island to convert the island into a staging area for an invasion of the Japanese main islands. While the island was not used for an invasion of Japan, White Beach remained a permanent military facility.[68][69] White Beach played a role in the controversial Agent Orange testing in Okinawa in the early 1960s under an American program to test unconventional weapons as part of the classified Project AGILE. Logbooks of the privately owned merchant marine ship SS Schuyler Otis Bland show that chemicals agents were delivered to White Beach under armed guard on April 25, 1962, then transported to other areas of the island.[8][9][10]","title":"U.S. military bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takashi Chinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Chinen"},{"link_name":"Finger 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_5"},{"link_name":"Manami Higa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manami_Higa"},{"link_name":"HY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HY_(band)"},{"link_name":"Seijin Noborikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seijin_Noborikawa"},{"link_name":"Kichiro Shimabuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kichiro_Shimabuku&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tatsuo Shimabuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuo_Shimabuku"},{"link_name":"Isshin-ryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isshin-ryu"},{"link_name":"Denny Tamaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Tamaki"},{"link_name":"Takato Toguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takato_Toguchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenkai Tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkai_Tsunami"},{"link_name":"professional boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxer"},{"link_name":"Ayano Uema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayano_Uema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mugi the Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugi_the_Cat"},{"link_name":"Churanoumi Yoshihisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churanoumi_Yoshihisa"}],"text":"Takashi Chinen, gymnast\nFinger 5, musical group\nManami Higa, actress\nHY, band\nSeijin Noborikawa, singer\nKichiro Shimabuku, first son of Tatsuo Shimabuku\nTatsuo Shimabuku, founder of Isshin-ryu karate\nDenny Tamaki, governor of Okinawa Prefecture\nTakato Toguchi, boxer\nTenkai Tsunami, female professional boxer\nAyano Uema, singer\nMugi the Cat, musician\nChuranoumi Yoshihisa, sumo wrestler","title":"Famous people from Uruma"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nakabaru Site, Ikei Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nakabaruiseki_01.JPG/220px-Nakabaruiseki_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"1959 Okinawa F-100 crash, June 30, 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1959_Kadena_Air_Base_F-100_crash.jpg/220px-1959_Kadena_Air_Base_F-100_crash.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kin Bay viewed from Ikei Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kin_Bay_from_Ikei_Island.jpg/220px-Kin_Bay_from_Ikei_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Height marker on top of Mount Ishikawa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mount_Ishikawa_Monument.jpg/220px-Mount_Ishikawa_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Yokatsu Islands from Katsuren Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Yokatsu_Islands_from_Katsuren_Castle.jpg/220px-View_of_Yokatsu_Islands_from_Katsuren_Castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Ikei Island from Miyagi Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ikeijima_Island_from_Miyagijima_Island.jpg/220px-Ikeijima_Island_from_Miyagijima_Island.jpg"},{"image_text":"Traditional music practice at the Gushikawa Dome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Komu5.jpg/220px-Komu5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Okinawan Bullfight, Ishikawa, Uruma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bulls_Ishikawa%2C_Okinawa_2007.jpg/220px-Bulls_Ishikawa%2C_Okinawa_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Uruma City Hall, Bikuni","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Uruma_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Uruma_City_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maehara Senior High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Maehara_High_School.JPG/220px-Maehara_High_School.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hamahiga Ōhashi Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamahiga_ohashi_Bridge.JPG/220px-Hamahiga_ohashi_Bridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Okinawa Prefectural Chūbu Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Okinawa_Prefectural_Chubu_Hospital.JPG/220px-Okinawa_Prefectural_Chubu_Hospital.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ruins of Katsuren Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Katsuren_Castle_ruins.jpg/220px-Katsuren_Castle_ruins.jpg"},{"image_text":"White Beach Naval Facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_Navy_030228-N-3612M-009_A_busy_day_for_the_White_Beach_Port_Facility_in_Okinawa%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030228-N-3612M-009_A_busy_day_for_the_White_Beach_Port_Facility_in_Okinawa%2C_Japan.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"1959 Kadena Air Base F-100 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Kadena_Air_Base_F-100_crash"}]
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[{"reference":"石川岳 [Ishikawadake] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Yama-kei Publishers Co., Ltd. 2012. Retrieved Jan 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yamakei-online.com/yamanavi/yama.php?yama_id=20110","url_text":"石川岳"}]},{"reference":"\"うるま\" [Uruma]. Dijitaru Daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"うるま\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56431036","url_text":"56431036"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"うるま（市）\" [Uruma]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"うるま（市）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","url_text":"153301537"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"与勝諸島\" [Yokatsu Islands]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"与勝諸島\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","url_text":"153301537"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"海中道路\" [Mid-Sea Road]. Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: Okinawa Info IMA. 2005. Retrieved 2013-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okinawainfo.net/kaicyuu.htm","url_text":"\"海中道路\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ishikawa\". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"Ishikawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56431036","url_text":"56431036"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information from Uruma City\" (in Japanese). Uruma, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Uruma. 2005. Retrieved Dec 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city.uruma.lg.jp/1/30.html","url_text":"\"Information from Uruma City\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Jon (17 May 2012). \"Agent Orange 'tested in Okinawa'\". Japan Times. Tokyo: Japan Times, Ltd. 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Globalsecurity.org. 2012. Retrieved Dec 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/camp-courtney.htm","url_text":"\"Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan\""}]},{"reference":"\"キャンプ・マクトリアス\" [Camp McTureous]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 173191044. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"キャンプ・マクトリアス\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","url_text":"173191044"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ホワイト・ビーチ地区\" [White Beach Naval Facility]. Nihon Rekishi Chimei Taikei (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. OCLC 173191044. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"ホワイト・ビーチ地区\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173191044","url_text":"173191044"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SDDC Almanac 2012\" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command. 2012. p. 33. Retrieved 2013-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/253618.pdf","url_text":"\"SDDC Almanac 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa Operations\". Okinawa, Japan: Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnic.navy.mil/Okinawa/OperationsAndManagement/Operations/index.htm","url_text":"\"Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Installation Guide\". Okinawa, Japan: Commander Fleet Activities Okinawa. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnic.navy.mil/Okinawa/InstallationGuide/index.htm","url_text":"\"Installation Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"White Beach Naval Facility, Okinawa, Japan\" (in Japanese). Alexandria, Va.: Globalsecurity.org. 2001. Retrieved 2013-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/white-beach.htm","url_text":"\"White Beach Naval Facility, Okinawa, Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Handlers, G.; Brand, S. (2001). Buckner Bay (2011 Rev. ed.). Monterey, California: United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/port_studies/thh-nc/japan/buckner/text/frame.htm","url_text":"Buckner Bay"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon (2002). Okinawa 1945 : the last battle. Oxford: Osprey Pub. ISBN 9781855326071.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855326071","url_text":"9781855326071"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Bill (2008). The ultimate battle : Okinawa 1945—the last epic struggle of World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 329. ISBN 9780743292474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743292474","url_text":"9780743292474"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grand_Forks_County,_North_Dakota
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Forks County, North Dakota
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[]
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Location of Grand Forks County in North Dakota
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Forks County, North Dakota. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.
With 69 properties and districts listed on the National Register, Grand Forks County has more listings than any of the state's other 52 counties.
The city of Grand Forks has been damaged by floods and fires numerous times, including by floods of the Red River, overflowing its banks in record floods in 1882, 1893, 1897, 1950, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1975, 1978, and 1979.": 2 Many of the historic buildings listed on the National Register date from the 1890s period. Many buildings of that era were designed by architects Joseph Bell DeRemer and others; over 60 percent of the commercial buildings were built by the Dinnie Brothers, bricklayers.: 17 Other notable architects whose work is reflected in the listings include: Buechner & Orth, Theodore B. Wells, George Hancock and John W. Ross.
A large number of buildings were identified as worth preserving in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.
This led to many individual buildings being NRHP-listed, and to the listing of several large historic districts. The 1997 flood and fire destroyed some of the National Register-listed buildings.
In 2005, despite the flood and fire damage to the area, the Downtown Grand Forks Historic District was listed. The most recent listings, in 2010, are the University of North Dakota Historic District and WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery, and in 2011, The Kegs Drive-In.
A large number of the listings were prepared by Dr. Norene Roberts, of North Dakota State University. Additional notes for many are archived at the university.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Contents: Counties in North Dakota
Adams | Barnes | Benson | Billings | Bottineau | Bowman | Burke | Burleigh | Cass | Cavalier | Dickey | Divide | Dunn | Eddy | Emmons | Foster | Golden Valley | Grand Forks | Grant | Griggs | Hettinger | Kidder | LaMoure | Logan | McHenry | McIntosh | McKenzie | McLean | Mercer | Morton | Mountrail | Nelson | Oliver | Pembina | Pierce | Ramsey | Ransom | Renville | Richland | Rolette | Sargent | Sheridan | Sioux | Slope | Stark | Steele | Stutsman | Towner | Traill | Walsh | Ward | Wells | Williams
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 9, 2024.
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Administration Building for the City of Grand Forks at the Grand Forks Airport
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December 3, 2020(#100005844)
802 North 43rd St. 47°55′40″N 97°05′28″W / 47.9277°N 97.0910°W / 47.9277; -97.0910 (Administration Building for the City of Grand Forks at the Grand Forks Airport)
Grand Forks
2
Avalon Theater
Avalon Theater
February 4, 1991(#90002191)
210 Towner Ave. 47°54′19″N 97°37′25″W / 47.905278°N 97.623611°W / 47.905278; -97.623611 (Avalon Theater)
Larimore
Art Deco style movie theater built in 1938 as a 350 seat theater
3
Baukol Historic District
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October 11, 2023(#100009437)
Bounded by 405 Alpha Ave., 1801-1927 North 4th St., 1803-1815 North 3rd St., and 301-407 Park Ave. 47°56′18″N 97°02′45″W / 47.9382°N 97.0457°W / 47.9382; -97.0457 (Baukol Historic District)
Grand Forks
4
Harriet and Thomas Beare House
Harriet and Thomas Beare House
April 20, 1995(#95000469)
420 Reeves Dr. 47°55′04″N 97°01′36″W / 47.917778°N 97.026667°W / 47.917778; -97.026667 (Harriet and Thomas Beare House)
Grand Forks
Victorian house built in 1901 for real estate man Thomas Beare, exemplifying the conspicuous consumption of the cities' elite during the Progressive Era and the growth of the Second Dakota Boom.
5
R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks
R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks More images
November 5, 1991(#91001583)
Roughly Lewis Boulevard south of Conklin Ave. and the area around the junctions of Walnut St. and 3rd Ave. and Minnesota Ave. and 5th St. 47°55′27″N 97°01′58″W / 47.924167°N 97.032778°W / 47.924167; -97.032778 (R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks)
Grand Forks
Paved area of a historic road surface, a Portland cement–aggregate combination that was intended to bridge the gap between the needs of Horse-drawn vehicles, which required sure footing, and automobiles, which needed a hard, resilient surface, in the early 1900s. Boundary decreased on August 30, 2010.
6
B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery
B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery
October 13, 2011(#11000745)
601 Cottonwood St. and 1450 N. Columbia Rd. 47°56′02″N 97°04′00″W / 47.933889°N 97.066667°W / 47.933889; -97.066667 (B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery)
Grand Forks
7
Building at 201 S. 3rd St.
Building at 201 S. 3rd St.
October 26, 1982(#82001315)
201 S. 3rd St. 47°55′23″N 97°01′37″W / 47.922972°N 97.027083°W / 47.922972; -97.027083 (Building at 201 S. 3rd St.)
Grand Forks
Built in 1888, "one of three frame storefront buildings in Grand Forks dating from the early period of frame construction along South Third Street, which was the original main thoroughfare in the city between 1870 and the coming of the railroad and the great Dakota Boom in the 1880s. It represents the first period of early boom town building in the city." Relocated to 216 S. 3rd St. after the 1997 Red River flood
8
Building at 312 Kittson Ave.
Building at 312 Kittson Ave.
October 26, 1982(#82001317)
312 Kittson Ave. 47°55′27″N 97°01′45″W / 47.924167°N 97.029167°W / 47.924167; -97.029167 (Building at 312 Kittson Ave.)
Grand Forks
9
Thomas D. Campbell House
Thomas D. Campbell House
September 29, 1987(#87002010)
2405 Belmont Rd. 47°53′47″N 97°01′38″W / 47.896389°N 97.027222°W / 47.896389; -97.027222 (Thomas D. Campbell House)
Grand Forks
Gothic Revival style log and wood frame home built in 1879, now a house museum.
10
George B. Clifford House
George B. Clifford House
September 30, 1986(#86002655)
406 Reeves Dr. 47°55′06″N 97°01′36″W / 47.918333°N 97.026667°W / 47.918333; -97.026667 (George B. Clifford House)
Grand Forks
11
Dakota Block
Dakota Block
October 26, 1982(#82001320)
21 S. 4th St. 47°55′26″N 97°01′48″W / 47.923889°N 97.03°W / 47.923889; -97.03 (Dakota Block)
Grand Forks
12
Joseph Bell DeRemer House
Joseph Bell DeRemer House
June 9, 1983(#83001933)
625 Belmont Rd. 47°54′57″N 97°01′42″W / 47.915833°N 97.028333°W / 47.915833; -97.028333 (Joseph Bell DeRemer House)
Grand Forks
13
Dinnie Apartments
Dinnie Apartments
June 3, 1994(#94000555)
102-108 4th Ave., S. 47°55′07″N 97°01′33″W / 47.918611°N 97.025833°W / 47.918611; -97.025833 (Dinnie Apartments)
Grand Forks
Part of Downtown Grand Forks MRA.
14
Downtown Grand Forks Historic District
Downtown Grand Forks Historic District More images
December 28, 2005(#05001475)
Downtown Grand Forks, at the Red River of the North 47°55′35″N 97°01′51″W / 47.926389°N 97.030833°W / 47.926389; -97.030833 (Downtown Grand Forks Historic District)
Grand Forks
15
Edgar Building
Edgar Building
April 15, 1983(#83001934)
314 Kittson Ave. 47°55′27″N 97°01′46″W / 47.9242°N 97.0294°W / 47.9242; -97.0294 (Edgar Building)
Grand Forks
16
Finks and Gokey Block
Finks and Gokey Block
April 20, 1983(#83001935)
414-420 DeMers Ave. 47°55′27″N 97°01′55″W / 47.9242°N 97.0319°W / 47.9242; -97.0319 (Finks and Gokey Block)
Grand Forks
17
First National Bank
First National Bank
October 26, 1982(#82001323)
322 DeMers Ave. 47°55′29″N 97°01′52″W / 47.9247°N 97.0311°W / 47.9247; -97.0311 (First National Bank)
Grand Forks
Damaged by fire during the 1997 Red River flood. Only burned structure to survive.
18
Ben Franklin Elementary School
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July 17, 2020(#100005260)
1016 South 20th St. 47°54′43″N 97°03′20″W / 47.9120°N 97.0556°W / 47.9120; -97.0556 (Ben Franklin Elementary School)
Grand Forks
19
Chester Fritz Auditorium
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October 20, 2023(#100009452)
3475 University Ave. (University of North Dakota) 47°55′18″N 97°04′44″W / 47.9216°N 97.0788°W / 47.9216; -97.0788 (Chester Fritz Auditorium)
Grand Forks
20
Carlott Funseth Round Barn
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October 7, 1986(#86002752)
ND 38 47°46′46″N 97°35′56″W / 47.7794°N 97.5989°W / 47.7794; -97.5989 (Carlott Funseth Round Barn)
Kempton
21
Grand Forks City Hall
Grand Forks City Hall
October 26, 1982(#82001325)
404 N. 2nd Ave. 47°55′33″N 97°02′03″W / 47.9258°N 97.0342°W / 47.9258; -97.0342 (Grand Forks City Hall)
Grand Forks
22
Grand Forks County Courthouse
Grand Forks County Courthouse
November 25, 1980(#80002913)
S. 5th St 47°55′22″N 97°01′46″W / 47.9228°N 97.0294°W / 47.9228; -97.0294 (Grand Forks County Courthouse)
Grand Forks
23
Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures
Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures
April 21, 2009(#08001262)
2300 Gateway Dr. 47°55′59″N 97°03′34″W / 47.9331°N 97.0595°W / 47.9331; -97.0595 (Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures)
Grand Forks
24
Grand Forks Herald
Grand Forks Herald More images
November 30, 1982(#82001326)
120-124 N. 4th St. 47°55′33″N 97°01′58″W / 47.9258°N 97.0328°W / 47.9258; -97.0328 (Grand Forks Herald)
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood and subsequent fire.
25
Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898
Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898
July 14, 2004(#04000700)
112-118 N. 3rd St. 47°55′42″N 97°01′56″W / 47.9283°N 97.0322°W / 47.9283; -97.0322 (Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898)
Grand Forks
26
Grand Forks Mercantile Co.
Grand Forks Mercantile Co.
October 26, 1982(#82001327)
124 N. 3rd St. 47°55′36″N 97°01′56″W / 47.9267°N 97.0322°W / 47.9267; -97.0322 (Grand Forks Mercantile Co.)
Grand Forks
27
Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District
Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District
July 28, 2004(#04000757)
Roughly bounded by ND 697, the Red River, 13th Ave., and Cottonwood St.; also 1216 Belmont Rd. 47°55′03″N 97°01′37″W / 47.9175°N 97.0269°W / 47.9175; -97.0269 (Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District)
Grand Forks
Belmont Road address represents a boundary increase
28
Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District
Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District
November 15, 2007(#07000181)
North of U.S. Route 2 (Gateway Dr. and west of the Red River) 47°56′14″N 97°02′32″W / 47.9372°N 97.0421°W / 47.9372; -97.0421 (Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District)
Grand Forks
29
Grand Forks Woolen Mills
Grand Forks Woolen Mills
October 26, 1983(#83001936)
301 N. 3rd St. 47°55′38″N 97°02′02″W / 47.9272°N 97.0339°W / 47.9272; -97.0339 (Grand Forks Woolen Mills)
Grand Forks
30
Great Northern Freight Warehouse and Depot
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January 29, 1990(#89002031)
899 2nd Ave., N. 47°55′15″N 97°02′15″W / 47.9208°N 97.0375°W / 47.9208; -97.0375 (Great Northern Freight Warehouse and Depot)
Grand Forks
31
Hariman Sanatorium
Hariman Sanatorium
August 28, 2013(#13000633)
2002 University Ave. 47°55′21″N 97°03′21″W / 47.9226°N 97.0557°W / 47.9226; -97.0557 (Hariman Sanatorium)
Grand Forks
32
Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2
Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2
October 26, 1982(#82001328)
215 S. 4th St. 47°55′21″N 97°01′38″W / 47.9225°N 97.0272°W / 47.9225; -97.0272 (Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2)
Grand Forks
33
Iddings Block
Iddings Block
October 26, 1982(#82001329)
9 N. 3rd St. 47°55′32″N 97°01′52″W / 47.9256°N 97.0311°W / 47.9256; -97.0311 (Iddings Block)
Grand Forks
34
The Kegs Drive-In
The Kegs Drive-In
August 24, 2011(#11000603)
901 N. 5th St. 47°55′48″N 97°02′39″W / 47.93°N 97.0443°W / 47.93; -97.0443 (The Kegs Drive-In)
Grand Forks
35
J. Nelson Kelly House
J. Nelson Kelly House
February 18, 1994(#94000058)
521 S. 5th St. 47°55′10″N 97°01′28″W / 47.9194°N 97.0244°W / 47.9194; -97.0244 (J. Nelson Kelly House)
Grand Forks
36
Larimore City Hall
Larimore City Hall
May 31, 1990(#90000600)
Block 64, bounded by Towner, 3rd, Terry, and Main 47°54′23″N 97°37′58″W / 47.9064°N 97.6328°W / 47.9064; -97.6328 (Larimore City Hall)
Larimore
37
Lewis and Clark Elementary School
Lewis and Clark Elementary School
July 17, 2020(#100005261)
1100 13th Ave. South 47°54′32″N 97°02′34″W / 47.9089°N 97.0428°W / 47.9089; -97.0428 (Lewis and Clark Elementary School)
Grand Forks
38
Martin V. Linwell House
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February 28, 1980(#80002914)
316 S. Raymond St. 47°43′56″N 97°34′05″W / 47.7322°N 97.5681°W / 47.7322; -97.5681 (Martin V. Linwell House)
Northwood
39
Masonic Temple
Masonic Temple
October 26, 1982(#82001331)
413-421 Bruce Ave. 47°55′18″N 97°01′43″W / 47.9217°N 97.0286°W / 47.9217; -97.0286 (Masonic Temple)
Grand Forks
40
Metropolitan Opera House
Metropolitan Opera House
August 27, 1999(#99001048)
116 S. 3rd St. 47°55′26″N 97°01′41″W / 47.9239°N 97.0281°W / 47.9239; -97.0281 (Metropolitan Opera House)
Grand Forks
41
Midway Bridge
Midway Bridge
February 27, 1997(#97000176)
Unnamed county road across an unnamed creek, approximately 1.5 miles south and 2 miles west of Johnstown 48°07′50″N 97°30′50″W / 48.1306°N 97.5139°W / 48.1306; -97.5139 (Midway Bridge)
Johnstown
42
North Dakota Mill and Elevator
North Dakota Mill and Elevator
May 11, 1992(#92000433)
1823 Mill Rd. 47°56′21″N 97°03′21″W / 47.939167°N 97.055833°W / 47.939167; -97.055833 (North Dakota Mill and Elevator)
Grand Forks
43
Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House
Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House
October 26, 1982(#82001333)
202 N. 3rd St. 47°55′37″N 97°01′58″W / 47.926944°N 97.032778°W / 47.926944; -97.032778 (Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House)
Grand Forks
44
Odd Fellows Block
Odd Fellows Block
October 26, 1982(#82001334)
23-25 S. 4th St. 47°55′26″N 97°01′47″W / 47.923889°N 97.029722°W / 47.923889; -97.029722 (Odd Fellows Block)
Grand Forks
45
Ost Valle Bridge
Ost Valle Bridge
February 27, 1997(#97000178)
Unnamed county road across an unnamed tributary of the Red River, approximately 6 miles east and 1 mile north of Thompson 47°47′18″N 96°58′57″W / 47.788333°N 96.9825°W / 47.788333; -96.9825 (Ost Valle Bridge)
Thompson
46
Oxford House
Oxford House
May 2, 1973(#73001384)
University of North Dakota campus 47°55′19″N 97°04′26″W / 47.921944°N 97.073889°W / 47.921944; -97.073889 (Oxford House)
Grand Forks
47
Roller Office Supply
Roller Office Supply
October 26, 1982(#82001336)
7 N. 3rd St. 47°55′31″N 97°01′51″W / 47.925278°N 97.030833°W / 47.925278; -97.030833 (Roller Office Supply)
Grand Forks
48
St. John's Block Commercial Exchange
St. John's Block Commercial Exchange
October 26, 1982(#82001338)
2 N. 3rd St. 47°55′32″N 97°01′49″W / 47.925556°N 97.030278°W / 47.925556; -97.030278 (St. John's Block Commercial Exchange)
Grand Forks
49
St. Michael's Church
St. Michael's Church
June 30, 1988(#88000983)
520 N. 6th St. 47°55′37″N 97°02′21″W / 47.926944°N 97.039167°W / 47.926944; -97.039167 (St. Michael's Church)
Grand Forks
50
St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence
St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence More images
April 20, 1995(#95000468)
813 Lewis Boulevard 47°55′57″N 97°02′22″W / 47.9325°N 97.039444°W / 47.9325; -97.039444 (St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence)
Grand Forks
51
St. Michael's Parochial School
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July 18, 2016(#16000457)
504 N. 5th Ave. 47°55′39″N 97°02′23″W / 47.927517°N 97.039780°W / 47.927517; -97.039780 (St. Michael's Parochial School)
Grand Forks
52
Skarsbo Apartments
Skarsbo Apartments
August 27, 2013(#13000634)
204 & 210 N. 6th St. 47°55′29″N 97°02′10″W / 47.924711°N 97.036099°W / 47.924711; -97.036099 (Skarsbo Apartments)
Grand Forks
53
Sorlie Memorial Bridge
Sorlie Memorial Bridge More images
July 19, 1999(#99000844)
Eastern end of Demers Ave. 47°55′37″N 97°01′40″W / 47.926944°N 97.027778°W / 47.926944; -97.027778 (Sorlie Memorial Bridge)
Grand Forks
54
South Junior High School
South Junior High School More images
March 5, 1999(#99000274)
1224 Walnut St. 47°54′33″N 97°01′55″W / 47.909167°N 97.031944°W / 47.909167; -97.031944 (South Junior High School)
Grand Forks
55
Speed Printing
Speed Printing
October 26, 1982(#82001337)
220 S. 3rd St. 47°55′23″N 97°01′35″W / 47.923056°N 97.026389°W / 47.923056; -97.026389 (Speed Printing)
Grand Forks
56
Stratford Building
Stratford Building
October 26, 1982(#82001339)
311 DeMers Ave. 47°55′29″N 97°01′50″W / 47.924722°N 97.030556°W / 47.924722; -97.030556 (Stratford Building)
Grand Forks
57
Telephone Co. Building
Telephone Co. Building
October 26, 1982(#82001340)
24 N. 4th St. 47°55′31″N 97°01′55″W / 47.925278°N 97.031944°W / 47.925278; -97.031944 (Telephone Co. Building)
Grand Forks
58
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
June 3, 1976(#76001354)
102 N. 4th St. 47°55′32″N 97°01′57″W / 47.925556°N 97.0325°W / 47.925556; -97.0325 (U.S. Post Office and Courthouse)
Grand Forks
59
United Lutheran Church
United Lutheran Church More images
December 30, 1991(#91001906)
324 Chestnut St. 47°55′07″N 97°01′49″W / 47.918611°N 97.030278°W / 47.918611; -97.030278 (United Lutheran Church)
Grand Forks
60
University of North Dakota Historic District
University of North Dakota Historic District More images
January 13, 2010(#08001233)
University of North Dakota 47°55′21″N 97°04′14″W / 47.9224°N 97.0706°W / 47.9224; -97.0706 (University of North Dakota Historic District)
Grand Forks
61
Valley Junior High School
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July 17, 2020(#100005262)
2100 5th Ave. North 47°55′27″N 97°03′23″W / 47.9243°N 97.0565°W / 47.9243; -97.0565 (Valley Junior High School)
Grand Forks
62
Viking Elementary School
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July 17, 2020(#100005263)
809 22nd Ave. South 47°53′55″N 97°02′17″W / 47.8987°N 97.0380°W / 47.8987; -97.0380 (Viking Elementary School)
Grand Forks
63
Washington School
Washington School
February 24, 1992(#92000035)
422 N. 6th St. 47°55′34″N 97°02′18″W / 47.9261°N 97.0383°W / 47.9261; -97.0383 (Washington School)
Grand Forks
64
Wells-Denbrook Architects Office Building
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November 4, 2014(#14000900)
1701 Cherry St. 47°54′13″N 97°02′08″W / 47.9037°N 97.0356°W / 47.9037; -97.0356 (Wells-Denbrook Architects Office Building)
Grand Forks
65
West Elementary School
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July 17, 2020(#100005264)
615 North 25th St. 47°55′32″N 97°03′46″W / 47.9255°N 97.0627°W / 47.9255; -97.0627 (West Elementary School)
Grand Forks
66
Dr. Henry Wheeler House
Dr. Henry Wheeler House
January 16, 1986(#86000166)
420 Franklin St. 47°55′13″N 97°01′33″W / 47.9203°N 97.0258°W / 47.9203; -97.0258 (Dr. Henry Wheeler House)
Grand Forks
67
Wilder Elementary School
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July 17, 2020(#100005265)
1009 North 3rd St. 47°55′58″N 97°02′38″W / 47.9328°N 97.0438°W / 47.9328; -97.0438 (Wilder Elementary School)
Grand Forks
68
WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery
WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery
July 6, 2010(#10000424)
Southeast corner from intersection of Gateway Dr. and N Columbia Rd. 47°55′59″N 97°04′00″W / 47.9331°N 97.0667°W / 47.9331; -97.0667 (WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery)
Grand Forks
69
Wright Block
Wright Block
October 26, 1982(#82001342)
408-412 DeMers Ave. 47°55′28″N 97°01′54″W / 47.9244°N 97.0317°W / 47.9244; -97.0317 (Wright Block)
Grand Forks
Former listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listedDate removed
Location
City or town
Description
1
BPOE Lodge: Golden Block
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October 26, 1982(#82001314)September 23, 2004
12 N. 4th St.
Grand Forks
Early Commercial/vernacular style building that was designed and/or built by Josep Bell DeRemer. Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
2
Building at 205 DeMers Ave.
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October 26, 1982(#82001316)July 13, 2018
205 DeMers Ave. 47°55′32″N 97°01′46″W / 47.925556°N 97.029444°W / 47.925556; -97.029444 (Building at 205 DeMers Ave.)
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood
3
Building at 317 S. 3rd St.
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October 26, 1982(#82001318)June 27, 2018
317 S. 3rd St. 47°55′21″N 97°01′30″W / 47.9225°N 97.025°W / 47.9225; -97.025 (Building at 317 S. 3rd St.)
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood
4
Clifford Annex
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October 26, 1982(#82001319)September 23, 2004
407-411 DeMers Ave.
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood and subsequent fire.
5
Dinnie Block
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October 26, 1982(#82001321)September 23, 2004
109 N. 3rd Ave.
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
6
Electric Construction Co. Building
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October 26, 1982(#82001322)September 23, 2004
16 S. 4th St.
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
7
Flatiron Building
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October 26, 1982(#82001324)September 23, 2004
323 Kittson Ave.
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
8
House at 1648 Riverside Drive
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September 2, 1994(#94001074)October 12, 2023
1648 Riverside Dr. 47°56′09″N 97°02′11″W / 47.9358°N 97.0364°W / 47.9358; -97.0364 (House at 1648 Riverside Drive)
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
9
Lyons Garage
Lyons Garage
October 26, 1982(#82001330)October 12, 2023
214-218 N. 4th St. 47°55′35″N 97°02′03″W / 47.9264°N 97.0342°W / 47.9264; -97.0342 (Lyons Garage)
Grand Forks
Demolished 2022
10
New Hampshire Apartments
New Hampshire Apartments
October 26, 1982(#82001332)June 27, 2018
105 N. 3rd St. 47°55′34″N 97°01′55″W / 47.926111°N 97.031944°W / 47.926111; -97.031944 (New Hampshire Apartments)
Grand Forks
Classically-detailed, Early Commercial building designed by Joseph DeRemer, constructed by Dinnie Brothers in 1904; destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood, A historical marker indicates that the building was destroyed in the 1997 Red River flood and fire.
11
Northwood Bridge
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February 27, 1997(#97000175)June 10, 2021
Unnamed county road across the Goose River, 1.5 miles southwest of Northwood 47°43′03″N 97°36′25″W / 47.7175°N 97.606944°W / 47.7175; -97.606944 (Northwood Bridge)
Northwood
Destroyed by overweight load 7/22/2019.
12
Red River Valley Brick Co.
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October 26, 1982(#82001335)September 23, 2004
215 S. 3rd St.
Grand Forks
Destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood.
13
Viets Hotel
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October 26, 1982(#82001341)June 27, 2018
309-311 3rd St., S. 47°55′22″N 97°01′30″W / 47.9228°N 97.025°W / 47.9228; -97.025 (Viets Hotel)
Grand Forks
Damaged by the 1997 Red River flood and destroyed by fire in September 2000
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Grand Forks County, North Dakota.
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ a b c Norene Roberts & Joe Roberts (November 30, 1981). "National Register of Historic Places: Downtown Grand Forks MRA". National Park Service.
^ "Archive info" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 9, 2024.
^ a b Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
^ Dennis McCoy (November 3, 1990). "NRHP Registration: Avalon Theater". National Park Service. and Accompanying nine photos, exterior and interior, from 1990
^ Roberts, Norene; Roberts, Joe (1995-04-20). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Morris, Sally; Morris, Clyde; McCrosky, Lauren (August 23, 1991). "R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
^ C. Kudzia; Norene Roberts; Joe Roberts & Gary Henrickson (July 1981). "North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey: Building at 201 S. 3rd St". National Park Service. and Accompanying three photos from 1981
^ "Downtown Grand Forks Historic District Registration, 2005, Section 7 Page 15" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.
^ Roberts, Norene A. (1987-09-29). "Thomas D Campbell House". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
^ a b c "After Hell and High Water". Draves.com. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
^ a b c d e f "Department of the Interior: National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places; Annual Listing of Historic Properties", 49 FR 4608 (February 7, 1984), at p. 4657.
^ a b c d e f "Weekly Announcements October 15, 2004". National Park Service. October 15, 2004.
^ a b
^ "Sylvia M. Bossoletti | Grand Forks Herald". 2019-04-10. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
^ https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/local/work-starts-to-demolish-former-lyons-garage-and-auto-supply-building-for-new-development
^ KVRR
^ Johnson, Rona K (June 27, 2002). "Treasures uncovered Archaeologists now digging at the site of the Richardson Store/Hotel Mentone". Grand Forks Herald. Riverwatch Online. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Grand Forks County, North DakotaDistricts
Downtown Grand Forks Historic District
Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District
Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District
University of North Dakota Historic District
Buildings
Administration Building for the City of Grand Forks at the Grand Forks Airport
Avalon Theater
Building at 201 S. 3rd St.
Building at 312 Kittson Ave.
Carlott Funseth Round Barn
Dakota Block
Dinnie Apartments
Dr. Henry Wheeler House
Edgar Building
Finks and Gokey Block
First National Bank
George B. Clifford House
Grand Forks City Hall
Grand Forks County Courthouse
Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures
Grand Forks Herald
Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898
Grand Forks Mercantile Co.
Grand Forks Woolen Mills
Great Northern Freight Warehouse and Depot
Hariman Sanatorium
Harriet and Thomas Beare House
Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2
House at 1648 Riverside Drive
Iddings Block
J. Nelson Kelly House
Joseph Bell DeRemer House
Larimore City Hall
Lyons Garage
Martin V. Linwell House
Masonic Temple
Metropolitan Opera House
North Dakota Mill and Elevator
Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House
Odd Fellows Block
Oxford House
R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks
Roller Office Supply
Skarsbo Apartments
Speed Printing
St. John's Block Commercial Exchange
St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence
Stratford Building
Telephone Co. Building
The Kegs Drive-In
Thomas D. Campbell House
U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
Wells–Denbrook Architects Office Building
Wright Block
Places of worship
B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery
St. Michael's Church
United Lutheran Church
Schools
Ben Franklin Elementary School
Lewis and Clark Elementary School
South Junior High School
St. Michael's Parochial School
Valley Junior High School
Viking Elementary School
Washington School
West Elementary School
Wilder Elementary School
Object
WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery
Structures
Midway Bridge
Ost Valle Bridge
Sorlie Memorial Bridge
Former listings
BPOE Lodge: Golden Block
Building at 205 DeMers Ave.
Building at 317 S. 3rd St.
Clifford Annex
Dinnie Block
Electric Construction Co. Building
Flatiron Building
New Hampshire Apartments
Northwood Bridge
Red River Valley Brick Co.
Viets Hotel
See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Forks County, North Dakota and List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in North DakotaTopics
Contributing property
Keeper of the Register
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
National Park Service
Property types
Listsby county
Adams
Barnes
Benson
Billings
Bottineau
Bowman
Burke
Burleigh
Cass
Cavalier
Dickey
Divide
Dunn
Eddy
Emmons
Foster
Golden Valley
Grand Forks
Grant
Griggs
Hettinger
Kidder
LaMoure
Logan
McHenry
McIntosh
McKenzie
McLean
Mercer
Morton
Mountrail
Nelson
Oliver
Pembina
Pierce
Ramsey
Ransom
Renville
Richland
Rolette
Sargent
Sheridan
Sioux
Slope
Stark
Steele
Stutsman
Towner
Traill
Walsh
Ward
Wells
Williams
Other lists
Bridges
National Historic Landmarks
Category
NRHP Portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: Grand ForksCities
Emerado
Gilby
Grand Forks
Inkster
Larimore
Manvel
Niagara
Northwood
Reynolds‡
Thompson
Map of North Dakota highlighting Grand Forks CountyTownships
Agnes
Allendale
Americus
Arvilla
Avon
Bentru
Blooming
Brenna
Chester
Elkmount
Elm Grove
Fairfield
Falconer
Ferry
Gilby
Grace
Grand Forks
Hegton
Inkster
Johnstown
Lakeville
Larimore
Levant
Lind
Logan Center
Loretta
Mekinock
Michigan
Moraine
Niagara
Northwood
Oakville
Pleasant View
Plymouth
Rye
Strabane
Turtle River
Union
Walle
Washington
Wheatfield
CDP
Grand Forks AFB
Unincorporatedcommunities
Arvilla
Hannah Junction
Johnstown
Kempton
Mekinock
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
North Dakota portal
United States portal
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[{"image_text":"Location of Grand Forks County in North Dakota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Grand_Forks_County.svg/250px-Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Grand_Forks_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Avalon Theater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Avalon_theater.jpg/100px-Avalon_theater.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harriet and Thomas Beare House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Harriet_and_Thomas_Beare_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Harriet_and_Thomas_Beare_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/R.S._Blome_Granitoid_Plaque%2C_Franklin_Ave%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-R.S._Blome_Granitoid_Plaque%2C_Franklin_Ave%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"B'nai Israel Synagogue and Montefiore Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/B%27nai_Israel_Synagogue.jpg/100px-B%27nai_Israel_Synagogue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Building at 201 S. 3rd St.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/216_S_3rd_St_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-216_S_3rd_St_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Building at 312 Kittson Ave.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/312_Kittson_Ave_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-312_Kittson_Ave_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomas D. Campbell House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Campbell_House_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Campbell_House_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"George B. Clifford House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/George_B._Clifford_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-George_B._Clifford_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dakota Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dakota_Block_21_South_4th_St_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Dakota_Block_21_South_4th_St_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Bell DeRemer House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Joseph_Bell_DeRemer_House%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Joseph_Bell_DeRemer_House%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dinnie Apartments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dinnie_Apartments%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Dinnie_Apartments%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Grand Forks Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/GrandCitiesArtsFest.jpg/100px-GrandCitiesArtsFest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edgar Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Edgar_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Edgar_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finks and Gokey Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Finks_and_Gokey_Block%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Finks_and_Gokey_Block%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"First National Bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/1st_nat._bank_1915.jpg/100px-1st_nat._bank_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Grand_Forks_City_Hall.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_City_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Grand_Forks_County_Courthouse_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_County_Courthouse_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks County Fairgrounds WPA Structures","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grand_Forks_County_WPA_Structures.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_County_WPA_Structures.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Herald","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/GrandForksHeraldFloodAftermath.jpg/100px-GrandForksHeraldFloodAftermath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Mercantile Building 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Grand_Forks_Mercantile_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_Mercantile_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Mercantile Co.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Grand_Forks_Mercantile_Co_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_Mercantile_Co_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Grand_Forks_Near_South_Side_Historic_District.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_Near_South_Side_Historic_District.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Riverside Neighborhood Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Lewis_Blvd_Riverside_Historic_District_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Lewis_Blvd_Riverside_Historic_District_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Forks Woolen Mills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Grand_Forks_Woolen_Mills_301_N_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_Woolen_Mills_301_N_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hariman Sanatorium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hariman_Sanatorium%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Hariman_Sanatorium%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hook and Ladder No. 1 and Hose Co. No. 2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hook_%26_Ladder_No_1_and_Hose_Co_No_2_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Hook_%26_Ladder_No_1_and_Hose_Co_No_2_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iddings Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Iddings_Block_9_North_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Iddings_Block_9_North_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kegs Drive-In","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Kegs_Drive-In_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota_2.jpg/100px-The_Kegs_Drive-In_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"J. Nelson Kelly House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/J._Nelson_Kelly_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-J._Nelson_Kelly_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Larimore City Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Larimore_City_Hall.JPG/100px-Larimore_City_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lewis and Clark Elementary School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lewis_and_Clark_Elementary_School.jpg/100px-Lewis_and_Clark_Elementary_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Masonic Temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Masons_Temple%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Masons_Temple%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metropolitan Opera House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Opera_house_1891.jpg/100px-Opera_house_1891.jpg"},{"image_text":"Midway Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Midway_Bridge%2C_Sep._4%2C_2023.jpg/100px-Midway_Bridge%2C_Sep._4%2C_2023.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Dakota Mill and Elevator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/State_Mill%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND_1915.JPG/100px-State_Mill%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND_1915.JPG"},{"image_text":"Northern Pacific Depot and Freight House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Northern_Pacific_Depot_%26_Freight_House_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Northern_Pacific_Depot_%26_Freight_House_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Odd Fellows Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Oddfellows_Block%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Oddfellows_Block%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ost Valle Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ost_Valle_Bridge%2C_Thompson%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Ost_Valle_Bridge%2C_Thompson%2C_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oxford House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/UND_President%27s_Mansion_circa_1919.jpg/100px-UND_President%27s_Mansion_circa_1919.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roller Office Supply","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Roller_Office_Supply_7_North_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Roller_Office_Supply_7_North_3rd_Street_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. John's Block Commercial Exchange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/St._john_bldg_1890_-_Copy.jpg/100px-St._john_bldg_1890_-_Copy.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Michael's Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/St_Michaels_Church%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-St_Michaels_Church%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Michael's Hospital and Nurses' Residence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/St_Michael%27s_Hospital%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-St_Michael%27s_Hospital%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skarsbo Apartments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Skarsbo_Apartments%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Skarsbo_Apartments%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sorlie Memorial Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Grandforks-sorlie.jpg/100px-Grandforks-sorlie.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Junior High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/South_Junior_High_School%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-South_Junior_High_School%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Speed Printing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Speed_Printing%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Speed_Printing%2C_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stratford Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Stratford_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Stratford_Building%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Telephone Co. Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Telephone_Building_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-Telephone_Building_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Post Office and Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ronald_N._Davies_Federal_bldg.jpg/100px-Ronald_N._Davies_Federal_bldg.jpg"},{"image_text":"United Lutheran Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/United_Lutheren_Church%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg/100px-United_Lutheren_Church%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of North Dakota Historic District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/UND_Merrifield_Hall.JPG/100px-UND_Merrifield_Hall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Washington School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Washington_School%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Washington_School%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dr. Henry Wheeler House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Dr._Henry_Wheeler_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Dr._Henry_Wheeler_House%2C_Grand_Forks_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"WPA Stone Structures in Memorial Park and Calvary Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Grand_Forks_Memorial_Park.jpg/100px-Grand_Forks_Memorial_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wright Block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wright_Block%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_North_Dakota.jpg/100px-Wright_Block%2C_Grand_Forks%2C_North_Dakota.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lyons Garage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Lyons_Garage_214-218_North_4th_Street_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg/100px-Lyons_Garage_214-218_North_4th_Street_Grand_Forks_ND.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Hampshire Apartments","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/New_Hampshire_Apartments_Historical_Marker.jpg/100px-New_Hampshire_Apartments_Historical_Marker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of North Dakota highlighting Grand Forks County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Grand_Forks_County.svg/100px-Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Grand_Forks_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places in Grand Forks County, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Grand_Forks_County,_North_Dakota"},{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_North_Dakota"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota"}]
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[{"reference":"Norene Roberts & Joe Roberts (November 30, 1981). \"National Register of Historic Places: Downtown Grand Forks MRA\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000472_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places: Downtown Grand Forks MRA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive info\" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.ndsu.edu/repository/bitstream/handle/10365/310/Mss0190.pdf","url_text":"\"Archive info\""}]},{"reference":"Dennis McCoy (November 3, 1990). \"NRHP Registration: Avalon Theater\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/90002191_text","url_text":"\"NRHP Registration: Avalon Theater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Norene; Roberts, Joe (1995-04-20). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form\". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/95000469_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Sally; Morris, Clyde; McCrosky, Lauren (August 23, 1991). \"R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks\". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/91001583_text","url_text":"\"R.S. Blome Granitoid Pavement in Grand Forks\""}]},{"reference":"C. Kudzia; Norene Roberts; Joe Roberts & Gary Henrickson (July 1981). \"North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey: Building at 201 S. 3rd St\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/82001315_text","url_text":"\"North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey: Building at 201 S. 3rd St\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Grand Forks Historic District Registration, 2005, Section 7 Page 15\" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/05001475_text","url_text":"\"Downtown Grand Forks Historic District Registration, 2005, Section 7 Page 15\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Norene A. (1987-09-29). \"Thomas D Campbell House\". National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/87002010_text","url_text":"\"Thomas D Campbell House\""}]},{"reference":"\"After Hell and High Water\". Draves.com. Retrieved 2014-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.draves.com/gf/gfhhw.htm","url_text":"\"After Hell and High Water\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Announcements October 15, 2004\". National Park Service. October 15, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20041015.htm","url_text":"\"Weekly Announcements October 15, 2004\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvia M. Bossoletti | Grand Forks Herald\". 2019-04-10. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved 2023-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410214824/https://www.grandforksherald.com/content/sylvia-m-bossoletti","url_text":"\"Sylvia M. Bossoletti | Grand Forks Herald\""},{"url":"https://www.grandforksherald.com/content/sylvia-m-bossoletti","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Rona K (June 27, 2002). \"Treasures uncovered Archaeologists now digging at the site of the Richardson Store/Hotel Mentone\". Grand Forks Herald. Riverwatch Online. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved January 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061002191736/http://www.riverwatchonline.org/news/herald/06_27_02d.html","url_text":"\"Treasures uncovered Archaeologists now digging at the site of the Richardson Store/Hotel Mentone\""},{"url":"http://www.riverwatchonline.org/news/herald/06_27_02d.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Museum_of_Textiles,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA
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Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź
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["1 History","2 Activities","2.1 Permanent exhibits","2.2 Educational offer","2.3 Special events","3 Footnotes","4 Sources","5 See also","6 External links"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Textile art, history and technique museum in – Łódź, PolandThe Central Museum of TextilesCentralne Muzeum WłókiennictwaLocation within PolandEstablished1 January 1960LocationPiotrkowska Street 282, 93 – 034 Łódź, PolandCoordinates51°44′43″N 19°27′42″E / 51.74521°N 19.46164°E / 51.74521; 19.46164TypeTextile art, history and technique museumCollection size200 000DirectorAneta DalbiakWebsitehttp://www.muzeumwlokiennictwa.pl/?lang=en
The Central Museum of Textiles in Łódź.
The Central Museum of Textiles and Władysław Reymont Park.
The Central Museum of Textiles in Łódź, view from Piotrkowska street.
The Central Museum of Textiles is a museum of textiles located in the Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in Łódź, Poland.
It is the first textile museum in the world and it has the biggest textile collection in Europe.
History
First attempts to create an organized collection of textiles in the area date back to 1952, when Krystyna Kondratiuk led to establishing a Weaving Department in the Museum of Art in Łódź. Owing to the success of this enterprise, the department was transformed into a branch of the Museum of Art.
As an independent organizational unit, the museum has functioned since 1960, when the Museum of the History of Textiles was established. It was renamed to the Central Museum of Textiles in 1975.
The White Factory—the seat of the museum—is a complex of classicist buildings erected by the family of Ludwik Geyer in the years 1835 – 1886. It is considered one of the most beautiful and unique monuments of industrial architecture in Poland. It owes its exceptionalness to the four-wing mill, the building of the Old Boiler House in the middle of a big courtyard, a high chimney, two dust towers and two water-towers. The process of renovating and adjusting the White Factory to the museum's objectives began in 1955, when authorities took a decision to designate it as the future location of the museum.
In 2008, the Central Museum of Textiles was extended by establishing an Open-air Museum of the Łódź Wooden Architecture.
Activities
The scientific, collection, and promotional interests of the museum concentrate around everything related to textile manufacturing process—from materials and textile techniques and technologies through to textiles products representing various degrees of processing. Collections are gathered, scientifically elaborated, conserved and, in various forms, displayed by the specialized thematic departments of the museum.
Since 1972, the museum has cooperated in organising the International Triennial of Tapestry, which it has been the sole host of since 1982. Presently, it is the oldest and biggest world international exhibition-competition promoting contemporary "fibre art". The museum is also the sole organizer and exhibitor of several national events, the National Exhibition of the Polish Tapestry (since 2004), the National Exhibition of the Polish Miniature Textiles (since 1998), and the National Exhibition of the Polish Cross-Stitch Embroidery of Amateur Artists (since 2000). Each of these is visited by several dozen thousand people.
Permanent exhibits
"The old industrial plants of Ludwik Geyer 1828 – 2002"
"Textile tools and machines in the collection of the Central Museum of Textiles"
"Weaving room from the end of the 19th century" – machines in motion
"With fashion through the 20th century"
Educational offer
The Department of Education of the Central Museum of Textiles organizes art workshops, museum lessons and film presentations of material connected with the museum's profile, educating people about fibre art and history, museum's collections and current exhibitions. One of their educational offer is "Geyerwerki" directed to children with parents. The aim of the workshops is to learn certain textile techniques and to apply it making use of materials and tools provided by the organizer.
Special events
Geyer Music Factory – concerts during holiday season, at the courtyard of White Factory (since 2009)
Feast "Sunday at Geyer" – April
Night of Museums – May
Footnotes
^ P. Jaworski, Biała Fabryka Ludwika Geyera w Łodzi (Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in Łódź), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2005, ISBN 83-918834-3-4, p. 23-24.
^ The White Factory of Ludwik Geyer. Open-air Museum of Łódź Wooden Architecture, The Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź 2010 ISBN 978-83-60146-09-5, p. 3-4.
Sources
The White Factory of Ludwik Geyer. Open-air Museum of Łódź Wooden Architecture, The Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź 2010 ISBN 978-83-60146-09-5.
P. Jaworski, L. Maćkowiak-Kotkowska, K. Stanilewicz, Dawne zakłady Ludwika Geyera 1828-2002 (The old industrial plants of Ludwik Geyer 1828–2002), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2002.
A. Berkowicz, Geyerowska legenda (Geyerian legend), Wydawnictwo Łódzkie, Łódź 1961.
P. Jaworski, Biała Fabryka Ludwika Geyera w Łodzi (Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in Łódź), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2005, ISBN 83-918834-3-4.
See also
E. M. Sigsworth, „Fosters of Oueensbury and Geyer of Lodz 1848-1862”, Bulletin of Economic Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 67–82, July 1951.
External links
The Central Museum of Textiles website
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Collections are gathered, scientifically elaborated, conserved and, in various forms, displayed by the specialized thematic departments of the museum.Since 1972, the museum has cooperated in organising the International Triennial of Tapestry, which it has been the sole host of since 1982. Presently, it is the oldest and biggest world international exhibition-competition promoting contemporary \"fibre art\". The museum is also the sole organizer and exhibitor of several national events, the National Exhibition of the Polish Tapestry (since 2004), the National Exhibition of the Polish Miniature Textiles (since 1998), and the National Exhibition of the Polish Cross-Stitch Embroidery of Amateur Artists (since 2000). 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The aim of the workshops is to learn certain textile techniques and to apply it making use of materials and tools provided by the organizer.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special events","text":"Geyer Music Factory – concerts during holiday season, at the courtyard of White Factory (since 2009)\nFeast \"Sunday at Geyer\" – April\nNight of Museums – May","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-918834-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-918834-3-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-60146-09-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60146-09-5"}],"text":"^ P. Jaworski, Biała Fabryka Ludwika Geyera w Łodzi (Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in Łódź), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2005, ISBN 83-918834-3-4, p. 23-24.\n\n^ [Information leaflet]The White Factory of Ludwik Geyer. Open-air Museum of Łódź Wooden Architecture, The Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź 2010 ISBN 978-83-60146-09-5, p. 3-4.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-83-60146-09-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60146-09-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"83-918834-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-918834-3-4"}],"text":"[Information leaflet] The White Factory of Ludwik Geyer. Open-air Museum of Łódź Wooden Architecture, The Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź 2010 ISBN 978-83-60146-09-5.\nP. Jaworski, L. Maćkowiak-Kotkowska, K. Stanilewicz, Dawne zakłady Ludwika Geyera 1828-2002 (The old industrial plants of Ludwik Geyer 1828–2002), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2002.\nA. Berkowicz, Geyerowska legenda (Geyerian legend), Wydawnictwo Łódzkie, Łódź 1961.\nP. Jaworski, Biała Fabryka Ludwika Geyera w Łodzi (Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in Łódź), Centralne Muzeum Włókiennictwa, Łódź 2005, ISBN 83-918834-3-4.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Central Museum of Textiles in Łódź.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Muzeumwlokna.jpg/220px-Muzeumwlokna.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Central Museum of Textiles and Władysław Reymont Park.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_staw_w_parku_Reymonta_02_05_2010_P5020008.JPG/220px-%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_staw_w_parku_Reymonta_02_05_2010_P5020008.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Central Museum of Textiles in Łódź, view from Piotrkowska street.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Biala_Fabryka.jpg/220px-Biala_Fabryka.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember,_Hari
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Remember, Hari
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["1 Cast","1.1 Main","1.2 Supporting","2 References","3 External links"]
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2018 South Korean web series
Remember, HariKorean promotional poster. From left to right: Park Ji-ye, HyunjunAlso known asThe Haunted House EX: The Haunted MemoryHangul신비아파트 외전: 기억, 하리
GenreDramaHorrorRomanceBased onThe Haunted House Written byKim Jong-minDirected byKo Bong-sooPark Yong-jinStarringPark Ji-yeHyunjunJang So-jungJung Sung-youngCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of seasons2No. of episodes20ProductionRunning time11–18 minutesProduction companyCJ ENMOriginal releaseNetworkTooniverseReleaseAugust 2, 2018 (2018-08-02) –April 5, 2019 (2019-04-05)RelatedHearts and Hari
Remember, Hari (Korean: 신비아파트 외전: 기억, 하리) is a South Korean web series, starring Park Ji-ye and Hyunjun. Based on animated series, The Haunted House . It aired on cable network Tooniverse at 8:00 every Thursday and Friday on August 2 to September 7, 2018, in the first season. The second season aired on February 15 to April 5, 2019, at 8:00 every Friday.
The series was streamed online on YouTube.
Cast
Main
Park Ji-ye as Hari Koo
Hyunjun as Kang-lim Choi
Jang So-jung as Gaeun Lee
Jung Sung-young as Hyun-woo Kim
Supporting
Sungwoo Kang as Park Joo-min
Hyo Na Lee as Park Soo-yeon
Jeonghanbit as Snow Lady
References
^ a b c d Sung, Jonghyun (July 12, 2018). 투니버스 ‘신비아파트’ 실사 웹드라마 '기억, 하리' 포스터 공개...'호러 로맨스 드라마' . News Free Zone (in Korean). Retrieved February 4, 2023.
^ "아이즈 현준, 인기 애니 '신비아파트' 원작 웹드 주연". News1. July 18, 2018.
^ "IZ's Hyunjun to Star with Park Ji-ye in "The Haunted Memory Season 2"". www.hancinema.net. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "애니메이션 '신비아파트', 웹드라마 '기억, 하리'로 다시 돌아온다..." KMUNews (in Korean). July 12, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "CJ ENM, 웹 드라마 '기억, 하리' 2일 방영" . it.chosun.com (in Korean). August 2, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "CJ ENM 드라마 해피엔딩 종영". lawissue (in Korean). September 11, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Newsis (February 14, 2019). "공포와 로맨스, 투니버스 드라마 '기억 하리2'" . mobile.newsis.com (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ "'신비아파트' 실사드라마 '기억, 하리2' 투니버스 방송". yna.co.kr. February 15, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ Newsis (August 7, 2018). "TV드라마 '기억, 하리' 유튜브로도 보세요" . mobile.newsis.com (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ " '기억하리' 박지예, 장진 감독 픽에서 초통령 되기까지" 'Remember, Hari' Park Ji-ye, from director Jang Jin's pick to becoming super-president]. Sporbiz.co.kr (in Korean). September 7, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
^ ""여름 햇살같은 미소"…'기억, 하리' 현준, 훈남 매력 발산". sedaily.com (in Korean). August 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ 아이즈 현준, ‘기억, 하리’ 시즌2 주인공 확정…본격 연기돌 행보 . Sports World (in Korean). Sportsworldi.com. February 12, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
^ " '기억하리' 이동길 "눈빛으로 말하는 배우 되고 싶어"" 'Remember, Hari' Lee Dong-gil "I want to be an actor who speaks with his eyes"]. Sporbiz.co.kr (in Korean). October 10, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2018) (in Korean) (Season 1)
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived April 5, 2019) (in Korean) (Season 2)
Remember, Hari Season 2 at HanCinema
vteThe Haunted HouseTelevision series
The Haunted House (2016–present)
Remember, Hari (2018–2019)
Hearts and Hari (2020)
The Haunted House episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Films
The Secret of the Cave
The Sky Goblin VS Jormungandr
The Dimensional Goblin and the Seven Worlds
Video games
Ghost Signal
Soul Fighters
Archer Kang-lim
Mystery Hunters
Time Zero
vteTooniverse original programmingCurrent
Goblin Hill (since 2013)
The Haunted House (since 2014)
Formerly
Super Duper Sumos (2002-03)
Dooly the Little Dinosaur (2009)
Hello Jadoo (2011-23)
Welcome to Convenience Store (2012)
Ma Boy (2012)
Papadog (2016-19)
Remember, Hari (2018-19)
Hearts and Hari (2020)
This article related to South Korean television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This drama television program–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_drama"},{"link_name":"web series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated"},{"link_name":"The Haunted House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-genre-1"},{"link_name":"Tooniverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooniverse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Remember, Hari (Korean: 신비아파트 외전: 기억, 하리) is a South Korean web series, starring Park Ji-ye and Hyunjun.[2][3] Based on animated series, The Haunted House [simple].[4][1] It aired on cable network Tooniverse at 8:00 every Thursday and Friday on August 2 to September 7, 2018, in the first season.[5][6] The second season aired on February 15 to April 5, 2019, at 8:00 every Friday.[7][8]The series was streamed online on YouTube.[9]","title":"Remember, Hari"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Park Ji-ye as Hari Koo[10]\nHyunjun as Kang-lim Choi[11][12]\nJang So-jung as Gaeun Lee\nJung Sung-young as Hyun-woo Kim","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Sungwoo Kang as Park Joo-min[13]\nHyo Na Lee as Park Soo-yeon\nJeonghanbit as Snow Lady","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Sung, Jonghyun (July 12, 2018). 투니버스 ‘신비아파트’ 실사 웹드라마 '기억, 하리' 포스터 공개...'호러 로맨스 드라마' [Tooniverse 'Shinbi Apartment' live-action web drama 'Remember, Hari' poster released...'horror romance drama']. News Free Zone (in Korean). Retrieved February 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsfreezone.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=70009","url_text":"투니버스 ‘신비아파트’ 실사 웹드라마 '기억, 하리' 포스터 공개...'호러 로맨스 드라마'"}]},{"reference":"\"아이즈 현준, 인기 애니 '신비아파트' 원작 웹드 주연\". News1. July 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news1.kr/amp/articles/?3375163","url_text":"\"아이즈 현준, 인기 애니 '신비아파트' 원작 웹드 주연\""}]},{"reference":"\"IZ's Hyunjun to Star with Park Ji-ye in \"The Haunted Memory Season 2\"\". www.hancinema.net. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hancinema.net/iz-s-hyunjun-to-star-with-park-ji-ye-in-the-haunted-memory-season-2-126502.html","url_text":"\"IZ's Hyunjun to Star with Park Ji-ye in \"The Haunted Memory Season 2\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"애니메이션 '신비아파트', 웹드라마 '기억, 하리'로 다시 돌아온다...\" KMUNews (in Korean). July 12, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kmunews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=8220","url_text":"\"애니메이션 '신비아파트', 웹드라마 '기억, 하리'로 다시 돌아온다...\""}]},{"reference":"\"CJ ENM, 웹 드라마 '기억, 하리' 2일 방영\" [CJ ENM's web drama 'Remember, Hari' aired on the 2nd]. it.chosun.com (in Korean). August 2, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://it.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/08/02/2018080201090.html","url_text":"\"CJ ENM, 웹 드라마 '기억, 하리' 2일 방영\""}]},{"reference":"\"CJ ENM 드라마 해피엔딩 종영\". lawissue (in Korean). September 11, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.lawissue.co.kr/view.php?ud=CI111627475253204ead0791_12","url_text":"\"CJ ENM 드라마 해피엔딩 종영\""},{"url":"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%88","url_text":"lawissue"}]},{"reference":"Newsis (February 14, 2019). \"공포와 로맨스, 투니버스 드라마 '기억 하리2'\" [Horror and romance, Tooniverse drama 'Remember, Hari 2']. mobile.newsis.com (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?ar_id=NISX20190214_0000558504","url_text":"\"공포와 로맨스, 투니버스 드라마 '기억 하리2'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'신비아파트' 실사드라마 '기억, 하리2' 투니버스 방송\". yna.co.kr. February 15, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.yna.co.kr/amp/view/AKR20190215030600005","url_text":"\"'신비아파트' 실사드라마 '기억, 하리2' 투니버스 방송\""}]},{"reference":"Newsis (August 7, 2018). \"TV드라마 '기억, 하리' 유튜브로도 보세요\" [Watch the TV drama 'Remember, Hari' on YouTube]. mobile.newsis.com (in Korean). Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?ar_id=NISX20180807_0000385019","url_text":"\"TV드라마 '기억, 하리' 유튜브로도 보세요\""}]},{"reference":"\"[인터뷰] '기억하리' 박지예, 장진 감독 픽에서 초통령 되기까지\" [[Interview] 'Remember, Hari' Park Ji-ye, from director Jang Jin's pick to becoming super-president]. Sporbiz.co.kr (in Korean). September 7, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sporbiz.co.kr/news/articleViewAmp.html?idxno=270314","url_text":"\"[인터뷰] '기억하리' 박지예, 장진 감독 픽에서 초통령 되기까지\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"여름 햇살같은 미소\"…'기억, 하리' 현준, 훈남 매력 발산\". sedaily.com (in Korean). August 8, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.sedaily.com/NewsViewAmp/1S3AKGUD1M","url_text":"\"\"여름 햇살같은 미소\"…'기억, 하리' 현준, 훈남 매력 발산\""}]},{"reference":"아이즈 현준, ‘기억, 하리’ 시즌2 주인공 확정…본격 연기돌 행보 [Aizu Hyun-joon, 'Remember, Hari' season 2 main character confirmed... A real acting stone move]. Sports World (in Korean). Sportsworldi.com. February 12, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.sportsworldi.com/view/20190212524652","url_text":"아이즈 현준, ‘기억, 하리’ 시즌2 주인공 확정…본격 연기돌 행보"}]},{"reference":"\"[인터뷰] '기억하리' 이동길 \"눈빛으로 말하는 배우 되고 싶어\"\" [[Interview] 'Remember, Hari' Lee Dong-gil \"I want to be an actor who speaks with his eyes\"]. Sporbiz.co.kr (in Korean). October 10, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sporbiz.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=275900","url_text":"\"[인터뷰] '기억하리' 이동길 \"눈빛으로 말하는 배우 되고 싶어\"\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Abney-Hastings,_14th_Earl_of_Loudoun
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Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun
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["1 Early life","2 Claim to the English throne","3 Personal views and family","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources","5 External links"]
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Australian politician (1942–2012)
The Right HonourableThe Earl of LoudounBornMichael Edward Lord(1942-07-22)22 July 1942Sussex, EnglandDied30 June 2012(2012-06-30) (aged 69)Jerilderie, New South Wales, AustraliaAlma materAmpleforth CollegeOccupationFarmerTitleEarl of LoudounSpouse
Noelene McCormick (m. 1969)Children5, including Simon Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of LoudounParents
Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun
Captain Walter Strickland Lord
Michael Edward Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun (born Michael Edward Lord; 22 July 1942 – 30 June 2012), was a British-Australian farmer, who is most noted because of the 2004 documentary Britain's Real Monarch, which alleged he was the rightful monarch of England instead of Queen Elizabeth II. From February 1960 until November 2002, he held the courtesy title Lord Mauchline.
Loudoun was born in England and educated at Ampleforth College in Yorkshire, but emigrated to Jerilderie, New South Wales, as a teen, where he was a rice farmer and family man. He was the heir-general of George Plantagenet, the younger brother of Edward IV of England. If Edward IV had been illegitimate and the crown of England had descended by male-preference primogeniture before 1500, then George (and his heirs) would have been monarchs of England.
Abney-Hastings died on 30 June 2012 in New South Wales.
Early life
Abney-Hastings was born in Sussex, England, to Captain Walter Strickland Lord and Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun, under the name Michael Edward Lord. He later lived at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, and his name was legally changed via deed poll to Michael Edward Abney-Hastings in 1946. As a youth, he was educated at Ampleforth College in North Yorkshire, before moving to Australia when he was 18 years old.
Claim to the English throne
Further information: Alternative successions of the English crown
In 2004, Britain's Real Monarch, a documentary broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, repeated the claim that Abney-Hastings, as the senior descendant of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, is the rightful King of England. This argument involves two disputed claims: first, that Edward IV of England was illegitimate, based on the accusation that his supposed father, Richard, Duke of York, was absent at the time when Edward is thought to have been conceived; and second, that the Plantagenet crown should have descended by male-preference cognatic primogeniture instead of agnatic primogeniture and conquest. Also, Henry VI had placed an attainder on Edward after he was restored to the throne, and named George, Duke of Clarence, as heir to the throne after Henry VI and his legitimate issue.
Personal views and family
Abney-Hastings was a committed Australian republican and expressed no interest in pursuing his claim to the throne, although he was amused by it. He refrained from using his title publicly.
Abney-Hastings had two sons and three daughters with his wife, Noelene Margaret (née McCormick; married 1969). His eldest son, Simon, held the courtesy title Lord Mauchline until his father's death on 30 June 2012. Until his death, the 14th Earl was one of the seven co-heirs to the Barony of Grey de Ruthyn.
Lady Amanda Louise Abney-Hastings (born 1969)
Lady Lisa Maree Abney-Hastings (1971–2012)
Simon Michael Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun (born 1974)
Lady Rebecca Lee Abney-Hastings (born 1974)
The Hon. Marcus William Abney-Hastings (born 1981)
Abney-Hastings was a councillor of the Jerilderie Shire, elected in 2004 and re-elected in 2008.
References
Citations
^ a b "14th Earl of Loudoun, 'The Rightful Heir', Dies at Age 69". Clan Campbell Society North America. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ "Herald Sun Obituaries". HeraldSun.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012.
^ "Ashby Hastings Patron - The Rightful King of England ?". AshbyHastingsCC.HitsCricket.com. 24 October 2007.
^ 'Rightful' King of England dies in NSW
^ "Getting to Know … Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun". ConnectionNewspapers.com. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007.
^ 'Rightful heir' to British monarchy dies in Australia AFP – Thu, 5 July 2012, Yahoo! News
^ Tibballs, 266
^ Tibballs, 265
^ Hull.ac.uk
^ "Obituaries: Earl of Loudon". Daily Telegraph. 4 July 2012.
^ "Councillor Michael Abney-Hastings". Jerilderie Shire Council. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
Sources
Tibballs, Geoff (2005). Royalty's Strangest Characters: Extraordinary But True Tales from 2,000 Years of Mad Monarchs and Raving Rulers. Anova Books. ISBN 1-86105-827-6.
External links
Channel 4: Britain's Real Monarch
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byBarbara Abney-Hastings
Earl of Loudoun 2002–2012
Succeeded bySimon Abney-Hastings
Authority control databases: People
UK Parliament
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British-Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian"},{"link_name":"Britain's Real Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Real_Monarch"},{"link_name":"rightful monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_successions_of_the_English_and_British_crown"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"courtesy title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ampleforth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampleforth_College"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Jerilderie, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerilderie,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"heir-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir-general"},{"link_name":"George Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"Edward IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"male-preference primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Michael Edward Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun (born Michael Edward Lord; 22 July 1942 – 30 June 2012), was a British-Australian farmer, who is most noted because of the 2004 documentary Britain's Real Monarch, which alleged he was the rightful monarch of England instead of Queen Elizabeth II. From February 1960 until November 2002, he held the courtesy title Lord Mauchline.Loudoun was born in England and educated at Ampleforth College in Yorkshire, but emigrated to Jerilderie, New South Wales, as a teen, where he was a rice farmer and family man.[3] He was the heir-general of George Plantagenet, the younger brother of Edward IV of England. If Edward IV had been illegitimate and the crown of England had descended by male-preference primogeniture before 1500, then George (and his heirs) would have been monarchs of England.Abney-Hastings died on 30 June 2012 in New South Wales.[4]","title":"Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Abney-Hastings,_13th_Countess_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"Ashby-de-la-Zouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashby-de-la-Zouch"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCSNA-1"},{"link_name":"Ampleforth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampleforth_College"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connectionnews-5"}],"text":"Abney-Hastings was born in Sussex, England, to Captain Walter Strickland Lord and Barbara Abney-Hastings, 13th Countess of Loudoun, under the name Michael Edward Lord. He later lived at Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, and his name was legally changed via deed poll to Michael Edward Abney-Hastings in 1946.[1] As a youth, he was educated at Ampleforth College in North Yorkshire, before moving to Australia when he was 18 years old.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alternative successions of the English crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_successions_of_the_English_crown"},{"link_name":"Britain's Real Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Real_Monarch"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence"},{"link_name":"King of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward IV of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richard, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"agnatic primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture"}],"text":"Further information: Alternative successions of the English crownIn 2004, Britain's Real Monarch, a documentary broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, repeated the claim that Abney-Hastings, as the senior descendant of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, is the rightful King of England. This argument involves two disputed claims: first, that Edward IV of England was illegitimate,[6] based on the accusation that his supposed father, Richard, Duke of York, was absent at the time when Edward is thought to have been conceived; and second, that the Plantagenet crown should have descended by male-preference cognatic primogeniture instead of agnatic primogeniture and conquest. Also, Henry VI had placed an attainder on Edward after he was restored to the throne, and named George, Duke of Clarence, as heir to the throne after Henry VI and his legitimate issue.","title":"Claim to the English throne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Abney-Hastings,_15th_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"courtesy title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_title"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Barony of Grey de Ruthyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Grey_of_Ruthyn"},{"link_name":"Simon Michael Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Abney-Hastings,_15th_Earl_of_Loudoun"},{"link_name":"councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"Jerilderie Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerilderie_Shire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Abney-Hastings was a committed Australian republican and expressed no interest in pursuing his claim to the throne, although he was amused by it.[7] He refrained from using his title publicly.[8]Abney-Hastings had two sons and three daughters with his wife, Noelene Margaret (née McCormick; married 1969).[9] His eldest son, Simon, held the courtesy title Lord Mauchline until his father's death on 30 June 2012.[10] Until his death, the 14th Earl was one of the seven co-heirs to the Barony of Grey de Ruthyn.Lady Amanda Louise Abney-Hastings (born 1969)\nLady Lisa Maree Abney-Hastings (1971–2012)\nSimon Michael Abney-Hastings, 15th Earl of Loudoun (born 1974)\nLady Rebecca Lee Abney-Hastings (born 1974)\nThe Hon. Marcus William Abney-Hastings (born 1981)Abney-Hastings was a councillor of the Jerilderie Shire, elected in 2004 and re-elected in 2008.[11]","title":"Personal views and family"}]
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[{"reference":"\"14th Earl of Loudoun, 'The Rightful Heir', Dies at Age 69\". Clan Campbell Society North America. Retrieved 16 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ccsna.org/14th-earl-of-loudoun-the-rightful-heir-dies-at-age-69","url_text":"\"14th Earl of Loudoun, 'The Rightful Heir', Dies at Age 69\""}]},{"reference":"\"Herald Sun Obituaries\". HeraldSun.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502174423/http://tributes.heraldsun.com.au/obituaries/heraldsun-au/obituary-search.aspx?daterange=1&countryid=11&stateid=201&affiliateid=2413","url_text":"\"Herald Sun Obituaries\""},{"url":"http://tributes.heraldsun.com.au/obituaries/heraldsun-au/obituary-search.aspx?daterange=1&countryid=11&stateid=201&affiliateid=2413","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ashby Hastings Patron - The Rightful King of England ?\". AshbyHastingsCC.HitsCricket.com. 24 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://ashbyhastingscc.hitscricket.com/pages/page_291/TheRightfulKing.aspx","url_text":"\"Ashby Hastings Patron - The Rightful King of England ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting to Know … Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun\". ConnectionNewspapers.com. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070703043313/http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=82386&paper=67&cat=207","url_text":"\"Getting to Know … Michael Abney-Hastings, 14th Earl of Loudoun\""},{"url":"http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=82386&paper=67&cat=207","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituaries: Earl of Loudon\". Daily Telegraph. 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9376442/The-Earl-of-Loudoun.html","url_text":"\"Obituaries: Earl of Loudon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillor Michael Abney-Hastings\". Jerilderie Shire Council. 27 December 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419115107/http://www.jerilderie.nsw.gov.au/index.php?option=com_jentlacontent&view=article&id=64433:councillor-michael-abney-hastings&catid=1322:councillors-jerilderie&Itemid=1833","url_text":"\"Councillor Michael Abney-Hastings\""},{"url":"http://www.jerilderie.nsw.gov.au/index.php?option=com_jentlacontent&view=article&id=64433:councillor-michael-abney-hastings&catid=1322:councillors-jerilderie&Itemid=1833","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tibballs, Geoff (2005). Royalty's Strangest Characters: Extraordinary But True Tales from 2,000 Years of Mad Monarchs and Raving Rulers. Anova Books. ISBN 1-86105-827-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-827-6","url_text":"1-86105-827-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_L._Bleich
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Jeff Bleich
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["1 Early life and education","2 Legal career","3 Higher Education and Academic Positions","4 U.S. Ambassador to Australia","5 Other Involvement in Politics","6 Post-diplomatic career and Jeff Bleich Centre","7 Family and personal life","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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American lawyer and diplomat
Jeff BleichUnited States Ambassador to AustraliaIn officeNovember 26, 2009 – September 12, 2013PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byRobert McCallum Jr.Succeeded byJohn Berry
Personal detailsBornJeffrey Laurence Bleich1961 (age 62–63)Birkenfeld, West Germany (now Germany)Political partyDemocraticSpouseBecky PrattChildren3EducationAmherst College (BA)Harvard University (MPP)University of California, Berkeley (JD)
Jeffrey Laurence Bleich (/blaɪʃ/; born 1961) is an American lawyer and diplomat from California.
A longtime friend of President Barack Obama, Bleich joined the White House staff in March 2009 as Special Counsel to the President and was nominated later that year to become United States Ambassador to Australia. Bleich served as ambassador from 2009 to 2013. After stepping down from his post, he returned to the United States and became a partner and group CEO at the Dentons law firm in San Francisco, and ran in the primary for Lieutenant Governor of California in the 2018 election, before being appointed as a special master for multi-district litigation for the U.S. District Court.
Early life and education
Bleich was born at the U.S. 98th Army Hospital in Germany and grew up in the U.S. state of Connecticut. He graduated from Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Bleich graduated from Amherst College magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1983. Bleich was admitted to study at Harvard University but deferred for a year to take a public policy fellowship at the Coro Foundation in St. Louis, Missouri, where he became involved in juvenile justice issues. At Harvard, Bleich went to the John F. Kennedy School of Government as a 1986 John F. Kennedy Fellow, graduating with a Master of Public Policy. Bleich attended the University of California, Berkeley School of Law and received his J.D. in 1989. He was editor-in-chief of the California Law Review and Order of the Coif. He received a Certificate of Study in Public and Private International Law from the Hague Academy of International Law, Netherlands in 1993.
Bleich also holds three honorary degrees. In May 2011, Bleich was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from San Francisco State University. In 2014, Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia awarded him the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University. Griffith University in Queensland, Australia awarded Bleich the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University in 2019.
Legal career
Bleich served as a law clerk to Judge Abner Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1989 to 1990 and to Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 1991. He was legal assistant to Judge Howard M. Holtzmann of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal at The Hague from 1991 to 1992, and Special Rapporteur to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Bleich joined the Los Angeles-headquartered firm Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP in 1992, and was made partner three years later, in December 1995. His practice there was focused primarily on general civil litigation, with emphasis on complex litigation, appellate practice, media law, communications law, and intellectual property. Bleich was recognized as one of the Top 100 Lawyers in California by the Daily Journal, as California Attorney of the Year by California Lawyer, and as one of America's leading "Bet the Company" lawyers by Best Lawyers.
Bleich has also been recognized for his pro bono service to immigrants, homeless and foster youth, veterans, victims of gun violence, survivors of domestic abuse, human rights organizations, religious and racial minorities, gay and lesbian servicemembers, journalists, native Americans, detainees, and others victims of discrimination. These include the Peter Haas Public Service Medal from University of California, Berkeley, the ABA Pro Bono Publico Award, the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Robert Sproul Award, the American Jewish Committee Learned Hand Award, the One Justice Attorney of the Year Award, and the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Award for Excellence in the Legal Profession, among others.
From 1993-2006 Bleich served as an adjunct lecturer in law at Berkeley Law, teaching constitutional law and upper-level seminar courses in international human rights, habeas corpus, and appellate advocacy.
Bleich served as president of the State Bar of California from 2007 to 2008. He was also president of the San Francisco Bar Association in 2003, and served as president of the Barristers Club of San Francisco, Chair of Legal Services for Children, Co-Chair of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights for the SF Bay Area. Bleich was elected to the American Law Institute in 2003 and served as chair of the American Bar Association Amicus Curiae Committee from 2006-2009. He also served on an ABA subcommittee on corporate social responsibility and on the ABA Section on International Law. in addition to the Edward J. McFetridge American Inn of Court. He has written over 100 articles and served on some 20 different boards, including the boards of Human Rights Watch and Legal Community Against Violence as well as the Boalt Hall Alumni Association and the Legal Aid Society of San Francisco.
In 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Bleich as Special Counsel to the President in the White House. Among his tasks was to address confirmation and personnel issues and to advise on other sensitive matters. He moderated a discussion on human rights in the new administration at the 2009 American Bar Association's Section of International Law Spring Meeting in April 2009.
Bleich returned to legal practice in 2014. Following the end of his diplomatic service, Bleich rejoined the partnership at the San Francisco office of Munger, Tolles & Olson. In 2016, Bleich joined Dentons LLP and became group CEO. Bleich's practice focused on cybersecurity, trade, and international disputes, as well as on-pro bono work., He was selected in 2014, 2015, and 2016 as one of the leading 500 Lawyers in the U.S. Serving pro bono, he obtained posthumous admission to the California Bar for a Chinese national, Hong Yen Chang, in a petition addressing the unlawful exclusion of Chinese in the 1890s, leading the Court to "right this historic wrong." Bleich also successfully represented a victim of domestic violence in an action against her abuser in a second unanimous decision by the California Supreme Court. In 2016, he was profiled by LawDragon as one of the "rock stars" of law.
Bleich was appointed Special Master for the United States District Court in a multi-district litigation dispute involving international price fixing, and also has served as a neutral in high-stakes technology disputes, including mediating a $650 million settlement the In re Facebooks Biometrics case.
Bleich joined Cruise LLC, the autonomous vehicle company backed by GM, Honda, Softbank, Microsoft, Walmart, and T. Rowe Price as Chief Legal Officer in 2020.
Higher Education and Academic Positions
Bleich served on the board of trustees of California State University, from 2004 to 2009. He served as vice chair from 2006 to 2008 and as chair from 2008 to 2009.
From 2014-2020, Bleich served as a member of the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and as the Board Chair from 2016-2019.
Bleich serves on the Board of Stanford's Center for the Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences.
He was elected to the board of his alma mater Amherst College in 2017.
Bleich is an adjunct professor at the University of Sydney's United States Studies Centre.
In 2018, Flinders University named Professor Bleich a Professorial Fellow at it College of Business, Government and Law.
U.S. Ambassador to Australia
Prior to being selected by President Obama to serve as U.S. Ambassador, Bleich had been a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations the Pacific Council on International Policy, the International Law Association, and a member of the advisory board of the American Society of International Law,
The Senate confirmed Bleich to be United States Ambassador to Australia in a voice vote on November 10, 2009. His diplomatic credentials were accepted by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, on November 24, 2009. Bleich's term in Australia was marked by the U.S. "rebalance" to the Asia-Pacific, with Australia being the focal point for that shift.
Bleich joined President Obama at the announcement of the rebalance at a special sitting of Parliament in Canberra before traveling with Obama to Darwin, Northern Territory. Other key achievements included overseeing record growth in trade between the U.S. and Australia, bringing the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty into force, establishing new alliance agreements for satellites and cyber, executing a new space cooperation agreement that supported the Mars Curiosity rover landing, leading joint U.S.-Australia efforts in Afghanistan's Oruzgan province, and promoting regional efforts to reduce domestic violence.
For his service, Bleich received numerous awards, including the highest civilian honors awarded by the U.S. Secretary of the Navy and Director of National Intelligence. In 2013, he received the State Department's highest award for a non-career ambassador, the Sue M. Cobb Prize for Exemplary Diplomatic Service. Former Prime Minister Paul Keating called Bleich "the best U.S. Ambassador ever sent to Australia" at the John Curtin Lecture in Perth. The Australian called Bleich "Obama’s Superman."
Other Involvement in Politics
Bleich with Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.
During the Clinton administration, Bleich served as director of the White House Council on Youth Violence, formed during the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre.
Bleich met Barack Obama almost 20 years before Bleich was nominated to become U.S. Ambassador to Australia, when Bleich tried to recruit Obama to become a law clerk to Abner Mikva. The two later became friends. Bleich was in attendance during Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention and shared breakfast with him two days later.
During Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, Bleich was a founding member and co-chair of Obama's national finance committee, co-chair of Obama's higher education advisory board, and California co-chair. He donated to Hillary Clinton and raised funds for her to retire her campaign's debt after the Democratic primary.
Bleich joined the White House team in March 2009, serving as Special Counsel to the President until his nomination as Ambassador.
Bleich served on the Asia Policy and Cybersecurity Policy teams for Secretary Hillary Clinton, and was a member of National Security Leaders for Biden in 2020 Presidential Campaign. and his National Finance Committee.
On May 30, 2017, Bleich formally launched his campaign to become the 50th lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of California. He lost in the Democratic primary to Eleni Kounalakis who went on to be elected lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018.
Post-diplomatic career and Jeff Bleich Centre
Bleich is the Chair of the Board of Nuix, a publicly traded company on the ASX. Nuix produces forensics and information integrity software that was used in the Panama Papers investigation. It was the largest tech IPO of any company on the ASX in 2020 and one of the largest tech IPOs ever on the ASX.
Bleich previously served as Chair of the Board of PG&E Company during its bankruptcy proceedings from April 2019 to May 2020. Bleich joined PG&E as part of an interim Board to restructure the company following its liability exposure for fires associated with PG&E equipment in 2017 and 2018. Bleich participated in PG&E's reparations to all wildfire victims, the company's acknowledgement of criminal wrong-doing, and its successful emergence from Bankruptcy.
In 2018, Flinders University in Adelaide established the Jeff Bleich Centre for the U.S. Alliance in Digital Technology, Security, and Governance in recognition of Bleich's work in this field. Bleich serves on the Centre's Advisory Board and as a member of the faculty.
Bleich served on the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board after being appointed by President Obama in November 2014, and was later elected vice-chair and then chair for three successive terms.
Bleich currently served by appointment of former secretary of state John Kerry on the board of the East West Center as a member of the executive committee from 2017-2021.
In California, then-Governor Jerry Brown appointed Bleich to the Governor's International Trade and Investment Advisory Council., and then-Attorney General Kamala Harris appointed Bleich to serve on her Blue Ribbon Cyber-Exploitation Panel. Bleich also Chaired Governor Brown's judicial selection advisory committee for the selection of judges from 2014-2018. Bleich was appointed by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye to serve as Vice-Chair of the Rules Revision Commission for the State Bar.
Bleich has served on a number of other private company and non-profit Boards since 2014, including RAND Australia, the Pratt Family Advisory Board, Futures Without Violence, the World Affairs Council, the American Security Project, Verified Voting, the San Francisco Symphony, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and the Sorensen Center for International Peace and Justice.
Family and personal life
Bleich's wife is Rebecca Pratt "Becky" Bleich, and they have three children, Jake, Matthew and Abby. He collects Elvis Presley memorabilia.
Bleich is a baseball fan who represents Willie Mays and serves on the board of the Say Hey Foundation. In Australia, he regularly attended home games of the Canberra Cavalry Australian Baseball League team, normally in association with the American-Australian Association.
See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
References
^ a b c d Richman, Josh. "Obama nominates Piedmont lawyer as ambassador to Australia." Oakland Tribune September 14, 2009
^ "Jeffrey L. Bleich (1961–)". History.state.gov. September 12, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h "Norington, Brad. "Barack Obama's new man in Canberra: Jeff Bleich Archived September 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Australian September 12, 2009.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135224/https://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/connecting-you-to-talented-lawyers-around-the-globe/news/2016/march/jeffrey-l-bleich-former-us-ambassador-to-australia-joins-dentons-as-partner. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2016. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b JAMES DONATO, District Judge (May 1, 2019). "IN RE CAPACITORS ANTITRUS | No. 3:17-md-02801... | 20190503d26". Leagle.com. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ a b Ambassador Bleich | Embassy of the United States Canberra, Australia Archived April 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e f g h "Jeffrey L. Bleich Archived September 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." California State University Board of Trustees.
^ "Honorary Degrees | CSU".
^ "Honorary degree recipients - Flinders University". Archived from the original on April 12, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
^ "Top diplomat honoured with Griffith DUniv". December 18, 2019.
^ Bleich, J.L. (1993). "A New Direction for the PCA: The Work of the Expert Group". Leiden Journal of International Law. 6 (2): 215–240. doi:10.1017/S092215650000265X. S2CID 145333515.
^ a b c d Jeffrey L. Bleich Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP.
^ "Peter e. Haas Public Service Award Recipients | Berkeley Awards".
^ "Past Recipients".
^ https://lccrsf.org/page/2/?s=sproul+
^ "Boalt Alumnus Jeffrey Bleich '89 Elected California State Bar President". July 24, 2007.
^ "Champions of Justice – OneJustice".
^ "Jewish Bar Association of San Francisco: Events". www.jbasf.org. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016.
^ "Barristers and Senior Lawyers' Cocktail Party – the Bar Association of San Francisco". May 29, 2014.
^ "ABA Section of International Law Panel Discussion: Re-Shaping the Human Rights Agenda: Opportunities in the New Obama Administration Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine," Inside Justice, April 20, 2009.
^ "Dentons Bags Ex-U.S. Aussie Ambassador From Munger Tolles". The American Lawyer. March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffrey-bleich-4036354
^ http://www.mto.com/news/headlines/2015/jeff-bleich-and-grant-davis-denny-discuss-cross-border-data-privacy-in-southeast-asia
^ "Jeff Bleich Quoted in the Wall Street Journal on Historic Trade Deal". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
^ "Hon. Jeffrey L. Bleich". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
^ "Jeffrey Bleich". Dentons. May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "The 2014-15 Lawdragon 500 Leading Lawyers". Lawdragon. May 29, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich". December 6, 2015.
^ "Chinese immigrant, denied law license in 1890, gets one posthumously". LA Times. March 16, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "F.P. V. Monier - S216566 - Mon, 11/27/2017 | California Supreme Court Resources".
^ Dewey, Katrina (December 6, 2015). "Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich". Lawdragon. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Record-Breaking $550 million Settlement in Principle of Biometric Privacy Lawsuit Reached by Law Firms Edelson, Robbins Geller and Labaton Sucharow and Facebook". Associated Press. January 29, 2020.
^ "Cruise hires PG&E board chairman Jeff Bleich as chief legal officer". April 21, 2020.
^ "Jeffrey L. Bleich - Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences". casbs.stanford.edu. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Trustees: Jeffrey L. Bleich". Amherst College. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Student roundtable with the Honourable Jeffrey Bleich — United States Studies Centre".
^ "Professor Jeffrey Bleich".
^ Interview with Ambassador Bleich, The Politic: Yale Journal of International Policy 2013 http://thepolitic.org/an-interview-with-jeff-bleich-u-s-ambassador-to-australia/
^ "Remarks of Ambassador Bleichat the US Embassy, Canberra PresidentObama Introduction to Staff" (PDF). Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ National Press Club Address, November 2012, http://www.npc.org.au/speakerarchive/ambassador-jeffrey-bleich1.html Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Nocookies". The Australian. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Home". nationalsecurityleaders4biden.com.
^ "Volunteer Fundraisers".
^ "Jeff Bleich - second former ambassador in lieutenant governor race". May 31, 2017.
^ Eleni Kounalakis
^ a b
^ "Why a surging Nuix points to the tech future". December 4, 2020.
^ "Subscribe to the Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps".
^ "New PG&E Board Chair Jeff Bleich on the Utility's Path Forward | the Planning Report".
^ "PG&E emerges from bankruptcy, pays $5.4 billion into wildfire fund". Marketwatch.
^ Spence, Andrew (June 26, 2019). "Cybersecurity centre to defend democracy". The Lead South Australia.
^ "Jeff Bleich Centre".
^ "Jeff Bleich | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs". Eca.state.gov. February 22, 1999. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board: Jeff Bleich, Chair". State.gov. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
^ "Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. - Newsroom". Gov.ca.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "The State Bar of California".
^ "Australia Advisory Board". RAND. April 27, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Nocookies". The Australian. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Board of Directors - Futures Without Violence Futures Without Violence". futureswithoutviolence.org. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Council Leadership".
^ "Board of Directors -". Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ "Who We Are".
^ "Board of Governors". December 15, 2014.
^ "Founding Advisory Board". January 18, 2019.
^ Hirsch, James S. (April 3, 2010). Willie Mays: The Life, The Legend. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439171653. Retrieved June 6, 2017 – via Google Books.
External links
Media related to Jeff Bleich at Wikimedia Commons
Official Campaign Site
Official profile from Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP
Official page on Facebook
Official biography from the State Department Bureau of Public Affairs
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byRobert McCallum Jr.
United States Ambassador to Australia 2009–2013
Succeeded byJohn Berry
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklandTribune-1"},{"link_name":"/blaɪʃ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"Dentons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentons"},{"link_name":"law firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_firm"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"2018 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election,_2018"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leagle.com-5"}],"text":"Jeffrey Laurence Bleich[1] (/blaɪʃ/; born 1961)[2] is an American lawyer and diplomat from California.A longtime friend of President Barack Obama, Bleich joined the White House staff in March 2009 as Special Counsel to the President and was nominated later that year to become United States Ambassador to Australia.[3] Bleich served as ambassador from 2009 to 2013. After stepping down from his post, he returned to the United States and became a partner and group CEO at the Dentons law firm in San Francisco,[4] and ran in the primary for Lieutenant Governor of California in the 2018 election, before being appointed as a special master for multi-district litigation for the U.S. District Court.[5]","title":"Jeff Bleich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. 98th Army Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Campus_Birkenfeld"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usembassy-6"},{"link_name":"Hall High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_High_School_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"West Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Coro Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coro_(non-profit_organization)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"juvenile justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_justice"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Master of Public Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"California Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"Order of the Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"Hague Academy of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academy_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Bleich was born at the U.S. 98th Army Hospital in Germany and grew up in the U.S. state of Connecticut.[6] He graduated from Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Bleich graduated from Amherst College magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1983. Bleich was admitted to study at Harvard University but deferred for a year to take a public policy fellowship at the Coro Foundation in St. Louis, Missouri, where he became involved in juvenile justice issues. At Harvard, Bleich went to the John F. Kennedy School of Government as a 1986 John F. Kennedy Fellow, graduating with a Master of Public Policy.[3][7] Bleich attended the University of California, Berkeley School of Law and received his J.D. in 1989. He was editor-in-chief of the California Law Review and Order of the Coif.[3] He received a Certificate of Study in Public and Private International Law from the Hague Academy of International Law, Netherlands in 1993.Bleich also holds three honorary degrees. In May 2011, Bleich was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from San Francisco State University.[8] In 2014, Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia awarded him the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University.[9] Griffith University in Queensland, Australia awarded Bleich the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University in 2019.[10][11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"law clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_clerk"},{"link_name":"Abner Mikva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Mikva"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William H. Rehnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Iran-United States Claims Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-United_States_Claims_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTO-12"},{"link_name":"civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"litigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litigation"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"Daily Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Journal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"California Lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Lawyer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTO-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"adjunct lecturer in law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct_professors_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"international human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights#International_human_rights_law"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"State Bar of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bar_of_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"American Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Law_Institute"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTO-12"},{"link_name":"corporate social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklandTribune-1"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTO-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leagle.com-5"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Bleich served as a law clerk to Judge Abner Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1989 to 1990 and to Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 1991. He was legal assistant to Judge Howard M. Holtzmann of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal at The Hague from 1991 to 1992, and Special Rapporteur to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.[7]Bleich joined the Los Angeles-headquartered firm Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP in 1992, and was made partner three years later, in December 1995.[12] His practice there was focused primarily on general civil litigation, with emphasis on complex litigation, appellate practice, media law, communications law, and intellectual property.[7] Bleich was recognized as one of the Top 100 Lawyers in California by the Daily Journal, as California Attorney of the Year by California Lawyer, and as one of America's leading \"Bet the Company\" lawyers by Best Lawyers.[12]Bleich has also been recognized for his pro bono service to immigrants, homeless and foster youth, veterans, victims of gun violence, survivors of domestic abuse, human rights organizations, religious and racial minorities, gay and lesbian servicemembers, journalists, native Americans, detainees, and others victims of discrimination. These include the Peter Haas Public Service Medal from University of California, Berkeley,[13] the ABA Pro Bono Publico Award,[14] the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Robert Sproul Award,[15] the American Jewish Committee Learned Hand Award,[16] the One Justice Attorney of the Year Award,[17] and the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Award for Excellence in the Legal Profession,[18] among others.From 1993-2006 Bleich served as an adjunct lecturer in law at Berkeley Law, teaching constitutional law and upper-level seminar courses in international human rights, habeas corpus, and appellate advocacy.[7]Bleich served as president of the State Bar of California from 2007 to 2008. He was also president of the San Francisco Bar Association in 2003,[7] and served as president of the Barristers Club of San Francisco,[19] Chair of Legal Services for Children, Co-Chair of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights for the SF Bay Area. Bleich was elected to the American Law Institute in 2003 and served as chair of the American Bar Association Amicus Curiae Committee from 2006-2009.[12] He also served on an ABA subcommittee on corporate social responsibility and on the ABA Section on International Law.[1] in addition to the Edward J. McFetridge American Inn of Court. He has written over 100 articles and served on some 20 different boards, including the boards of Human Rights Watch and Legal Community Against Violence[3] as well as the Boalt Hall Alumni Association and the Legal Aid Society of San Francisco.[7]In 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Bleich as Special Counsel to the President in the White House. Among his tasks was to address confirmation and personnel issues and to advise on other sensitive matters. He moderated a discussion on human rights in the new administration at the 2009 American Bar Association's Section of International Law Spring Meeting in April 2009.[20]Bleich returned to legal practice in 2014. Following the end of his diplomatic service, Bleich rejoined the partnership at the San Francisco office of Munger, Tolles & Olson.[12] In 2016, Bleich joined Dentons LLP[21] and became group CEO.[22] Bleich's practice focused on cybersecurity,[23] trade,[24] and international disputes, as well as on-pro bono work.,[25][26] He was selected in 2014, 2015, and 2016 as one of the leading 500 Lawyers in the U.S.[27][28] Serving pro bono, he obtained posthumous admission to the California Bar for a Chinese national, Hong Yen Chang, in a petition addressing the unlawful exclusion of Chinese in the 1890s, leading the Court to \"right this historic wrong.\"[29] Bleich also successfully represented a victim of domestic violence in an action against her abuser in a second unanimous decision by the California Supreme Court.[30] In 2016, he was profiled by LawDragon as one of the \"rock stars\" of law.[31]Bleich was appointed Special Master for the United States District Court in a multi-district litigation dispute involving international price fixing,[5] and also has served as a neutral in high-stakes technology disputes, including mediating a $650 million settlement the In re Facebooks Biometrics case.[32]Bleich joined Cruise LLC, the autonomous vehicle company backed by GM, Honda, Softbank, Microsoft, Walmart, and T. Rowe Price as Chief Legal Officer in 2020.[33]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Bleich served on the board of trustees of California State University, from 2004 to 2009. He served as vice chair from 2006 to 2008 and as chair from 2008 to 2009.[7]From 2014-2020, Bleich served as a member of the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and as the Board Chair from 2016-2019.Bleich serves on the Board of Stanford's Center for the Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences.[34]He was elected to the board of his alma mater Amherst College in 2017.[35]Bleich is an adjunct professor at the University of Sydney's United States Studies Centre.[36]In 2018, Flinders University named Professor Bleich a Professorial Fellow at it College of Business, Government and Law.[37]","title":"Higher Education and Academic Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSU-7"},{"link_name":"Pacific Council on International Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Council_on_International_Policy"},{"link_name":"International Law Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Association"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklandTribune-1"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Australia"},{"link_name":"voice vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_vote"},{"link_name":"diplomatic credentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_credentials"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Quentin Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Bryce"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Darwin, Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"joint U.S.-Australia efforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Slipper"},{"link_name":"Oruzgan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oruzgan_province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usembassy-6"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Director of National Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Sue M. Cobb Prize for Exemplary Diplomatic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_State#Sue_M._Cobb_Award_for_Exemplary_Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"Paul Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keating"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"The Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Prior to being selected by President Obama to serve as U.S. Ambassador, Bleich had been a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations[7] the Pacific Council on International Policy, the International Law Association, and a member of the advisory board of the American Society of International Law,[1]The Senate confirmed Bleich to be United States Ambassador to Australia in a voice vote on November 10, 2009. His diplomatic credentials were accepted by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, on November 24, 2009. Bleich's term in Australia was marked by the U.S. \"rebalance\" to the Asia-Pacific, with Australia being the focal point for that shift.[38]Bleich joined President Obama at the announcement of the rebalance at a special sitting of Parliament in Canberra before traveling with Obama to Darwin, Northern Territory.[39] Other key achievements included overseeing record growth in trade between the U.S. and Australia, bringing the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty into force, establishing new alliance agreements for satellites and cyber, executing a new space cooperation agreement that supported the Mars Curiosity rover landing, leading joint U.S.-Australia efforts in Afghanistan's Oruzgan province, and promoting regional efforts to reduce domestic violence.[6][40]For his service, Bleich received numerous awards, including the highest civilian honors awarded by the U.S. Secretary of the Navy and Director of National Intelligence. In 2013, he received the State Department's highest award for a non-career ambassador, the Sue M. Cobb Prize for Exemplary Diplomatic Service. Former Prime Minister Paul Keating called Bleich \"the best U.S. Ambassador ever sent to Australia\" at the John Curtin Lecture in Perth.[41] The Australian called Bleich \"Obama’s Superman.\"[42]","title":"U.S. Ambassador to Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Gillard_US_Ambassador.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"Clinton administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"Obama's keynote address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address"},{"link_name":"2004 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"Obama's 2008 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Democratic primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_primaries,_2008"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"text":"Bleich with Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.During the Clinton administration, Bleich served as director of the White House Council on Youth Violence, formed during the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre.[3]Bleich met Barack Obama almost 20 years before Bleich was nominated to become U.S. Ambassador to Australia, when Bleich tried to recruit Obama to become a law clerk to Abner Mikva. The two later became friends. Bleich was in attendance during Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention and shared breakfast with him two days later.[3]During Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, Bleich was a founding member and co-chair of Obama's national finance committee, co-chair of Obama's higher education advisory board, and California co-chair. He donated to Hillary Clinton and raised funds for her to retire her campaign's debt after the Democratic primary.[3]Bleich joined the White House team in March 2009, serving as Special Counsel to the President until his nomination as Ambassador.Bleich served on the Asia Policy and Cybersecurity Policy teams for Secretary Hillary Clinton, and was a member of National Security Leaders for Biden in 2020 Presidential Campaign.[43] and his National Finance Committee.[44]On May 30, 2017, Bleich formally launched his campaign to become the 50th lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of California.[45] He lost in the Democratic primary to Eleni Kounalakis who went on to be elected lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018.[46][circular reference]","title":"Other Involvement in Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuix"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambassador_p._25-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ambassador_p._25-47"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Bleich is the Chair of the Board of Nuix, a publicly traded company on the ASX.[47] Nuix produces forensics and information integrity software that was used in the Panama Papers investigation.[48] It was the largest tech IPO of any company on the ASX in 2020 and one of the largest tech IPOs ever on the ASX.[49]Bleich previously served as Chair of the Board of PG&E Company during its bankruptcy proceedings from April 2019 to May 2020.[50] Bleich joined PG&E as part of an interim Board to restructure the company following its liability exposure for fires associated with PG&E equipment in 2017 and 2018.[47] Bleich participated in PG&E's reparations to all wildfire victims, the company's acknowledgement of criminal wrong-doing, and its successful emergence from Bankruptcy.[51]In 2018, Flinders University in Adelaide established the Jeff Bleich Centre for the U.S. Alliance in Digital Technology, Security, and Governance in recognition of Bleich's work in this field.[52] Bleich serves on the Centre's Advisory Board and as a member of the faculty.[53]Bleich served on the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board after being appointed by President Obama in November 2014, and was later elected vice-chair and then chair for three successive terms.[54][55]Bleich currently served by appointment of former secretary of state John Kerry on the board of the East West Center as a member of the executive committee from 2017-2021.In California, then-Governor Jerry Brown appointed Bleich to the Governor's International Trade and Investment Advisory Council.,[56] and then-Attorney General Kamala Harris appointed Bleich to serve on her Blue Ribbon Cyber-Exploitation Panel. Bleich also Chaired Governor Brown's judicial selection advisory committee for the selection of judges from 2014-2018. Bleich was appointed by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye to serve as Vice-Chair of the Rules Revision Commission for the State Bar.[57]Bleich has served on a number of other private company and non-profit Boards since 2014, including RAND Australia,[58] the Pratt Family Advisory Board,[59] Futures Without Violence,[60] the World Affairs Council,[61] the American Security Project,[62] Verified Voting,[63] the San Francisco Symphony, the Folger Shakespeare Library,[64] and the Sorensen Center for International Peace and Justice.[65]","title":"Post-diplomatic career and Jeff Bleich Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OaklandTribune-1"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"memorabilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorabilia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norington-3"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Canberra Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Australian Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"American-Australian Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.americanaustralian.org.au/"}],"text":"Bleich's wife is Rebecca Pratt \"Becky\" Bleich,[1] and they have three children, Jake, Matthew and Abby. He collects Elvis Presley memorabilia.[3]Bleich is a baseball fan who represents Willie Mays and serves on the board of the Say Hey Foundation.[66] In Australia, he regularly attended home games of the Canberra Cavalry Australian Baseball League team, normally in association with the American-Australian Association.","title":"Family and personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bleich with Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Julia_Gillard_US_Ambassador.jpg/220px-Julia_Gillard_US_Ambassador.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jeffrey L. Bleich (1961–)\". History.state.gov. September 12, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/bleich-jeffrey-l","url_text":"\"Jeffrey L. Bleich (1961–)\""}]},{"reference":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135224/https://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/connecting-you-to-talented-lawyers-around-the-globe/news/2016/march/jeffrey-l-bleich-former-us-ambassador-to-australia-joins-dentons-as-partner. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135224/https://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/connecting-you-to-talented-lawyers-around-the-globe/news/2016/march/jeffrey-l-bleich-former-us-ambassador-to-australia-joins-dentons-as-partner","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135224/https://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/connecting-you-to-talented-lawyers-around-the-globe/news/2016/march/jeffrey-l-bleich-former-us-ambassador-to-australia-joins-dentons-as-partner"},{"url":"http://www.dentons.com/en/whats-different-about-dentons/connecting-you-to-talented-lawyers-around-the-globe/news/2016/march/jeffrey-l-bleich-former-us-ambassador-to-australia-joins-dentons-as-partner","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JAMES DONATO, District Judge (May 1, 2019). \"IN RE CAPACITORS ANTITRUS | No. 3:17-md-02801... | 20190503d26\". Leagle.com. 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December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.griffith.edu.au/2019/12/18/jeff-bleich-honoured-at-griffith-university-graduation/","url_text":"\"Top diplomat honoured with Griffith DUniv\""}]},{"reference":"Bleich, J.L. (1993). \"A New Direction for the PCA: The Work of the Expert Group\". Leiden Journal of International Law. 6 (2): 215–240. doi:10.1017/S092215650000265X. S2CID 145333515.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/new-direction-for-the-pca-the-work-of-the-expert-group/EEC0C8505B18A63D9F4C2FA325EF088E","url_text":"\"A New Direction for the PCA: The Work of the Expert Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS092215650000265X","url_text":"10.1017/S092215650000265X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145333515","url_text":"145333515"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter e. Haas Public Service Award Recipients | Berkeley Awards\".","urls":[{"url":"https://awards.berkeley.edu/peter-e-haas-public-service-award-recipients","url_text":"\"Peter e. Haas Public Service Award Recipients | Berkeley Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Recipients\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanbar.org/groups/probono_public_service/projects_awards/pro_bono_publico_award/past_recipients/","url_text":"\"Past Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boalt Alumnus Jeffrey Bleich '89 Elected California State Bar President\". July 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/article/boalt-alumnus-jeffrey-bleich-89-elected-california-state-bar-president/","url_text":"\"Boalt Alumnus Jeffrey Bleich '89 Elected California State Bar President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Champions of Justice – OneJustice\".","urls":[{"url":"https://onejustice.org/champions-of-justice/","url_text":"\"Champions of Justice – OneJustice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Bar Association of San Francisco: Events\". www.jbasf.org. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160711095615/http://www.jbasf.org/past-events.html","url_text":"\"Jewish Bar Association of San Francisco: Events\""},{"url":"http://www.jbasf.org/past-events.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barristers and Senior Lawyers' Cocktail Party – the Bar Association of San Francisco\". May 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfbar.org/blog/barristers-and-senior-lawyers-cocktail-party/","url_text":"\"Barristers and Senior Lawyers' Cocktail Party – the Bar Association of San Francisco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dentons Bags Ex-U.S. Aussie Ambassador From Munger Tolles\". The American Lawyer. March 16, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202752417558/Dentons-Bags-ExUS-Aussie-Ambassador-From-Munger-Tolles?slreturn=20160417175356","url_text":"\"Dentons Bags Ex-U.S. Aussie Ambassador From Munger Tolles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Bleich Quoted in the Wall Street Journal on Historic Trade Deal\". Archived from the original on March 19, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319021813/http://www.mto.com/news/headlines/2015/jeff-bleich-quoted-in-the-wall-street-journal-on-historic-trade-deal-","url_text":"\"Jeff Bleich Quoted in the Wall Street Journal on Historic Trade Deal\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.com/news/headlines/2015/jeff-bleich-quoted-in-the-wall-street-journal-on-historic-trade-deal-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hon. Jeffrey L. Bleich\". Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214232537/http://www.mto.com/lawyers/Jeffrey-L-Bleich","url_text":"\"Hon. Jeffrey L. Bleich\""},{"url":"http://www.mto.com/lawyers/Jeffrey-L-Bleich","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey Bleich\". Dentons. May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dentons.com/en/jeffrey-bleich","url_text":"\"Jeffrey Bleich\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2014-15 Lawdragon 500 Leading Lawyers\". Lawdragon. May 29, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawdragon.com/the-2014-15-lawdragon-500-leading-lawyers/","url_text":"\"The 2014-15 Lawdragon 500 Leading Lawyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich\". December 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawdragon.com/2015/12/06/jeffrey-bleich/","url_text":"\"Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese immigrant, denied law license in 1890, gets one posthumously\". LA Times. March 16, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-chinese-lawyer-20150316-story.html","url_text":"\"Chinese immigrant, denied law license in 1890, gets one posthumously\""}]},{"reference":"\"F.P. V. Monier - S216566 - Mon, 11/27/2017 | California Supreme Court Resources\".","urls":[{"url":"https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/fp-v-monier-34546","url_text":"\"F.P. V. Monier - S216566 - Mon, 11/27/2017 | California Supreme Court Resources\""}]},{"reference":"Dewey, Katrina (December 6, 2015). \"Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich\". Lawdragon. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lawdragon.com/2015/12/06/jeffrey-bleich/","url_text":"\"Lawyer Limelight: Jeffrey Bleich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record-Breaking $550 million Settlement in Principle of Biometric Privacy Lawsuit Reached by Law Firms Edelson, Robbins Geller and Labaton Sucharow and Facebook\". Associated Press. January 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/press-release/pr-businesswire/452688732ac74174a3ad238c2108beb2","url_text":"\"Record-Breaking $550 million Settlement in Principle of Biometric Privacy Lawsuit Reached by Law Firms Edelson, Robbins Geller and Labaton Sucharow and Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Cruise hires PG&E board chairman Jeff Bleich as chief legal officer\". April 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/21/cruise-hires-pge-board-chairman-jeff-bleich-as-chief-legal-officer/","url_text":"\"Cruise hires PG&E board chairman Jeff Bleich as chief legal officer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeffrey L. Bleich - Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\". casbs.stanford.edu. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://casbs.stanford.edu/jeffrey-l-bleich","url_text":"\"Jeffrey L. Bleich - Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trustees: Jeffrey L. Bleich\". Amherst College. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amherst.edu/amherst-story/facts/trustees/biographies/node/684153","url_text":"\"Trustees: Jeffrey L. Bleich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Student roundtable with the Honourable Jeffrey Bleich — United States Studies Centre\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ussc.edu.au/events/student-roundtable-with-the-honourable-jeffrey-bleich","url_text":"\"Student roundtable with the Honourable Jeffrey Bleich — United States Studies Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Jeffrey Bleich\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinders.edu.au/people/jeffrey.bleich","url_text":"\"Professor Jeffrey Bleich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks of Ambassador Bleichat the US Embassy, Canberra PresidentObama Introduction to Staff\" (PDF). Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://photos.state.gov/libraries/adelaide/231771/speeches/20111116.pdf","url_text":"\"Remarks of Ambassador Bleichat the US Embassy, Canberra PresidentObama Introduction to Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube\". YouTube. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxwxiv27GNU","url_text":"\"YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nocookies\". The Australian. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/barack-obama-sends-us-his-superman-jeff-bleich/story-e6frg6nf-1225772109681","url_text":"\"Nocookies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". nationalsecurityleaders4biden.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalsecurityleaders4biden.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volunteer Fundraisers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://joebiden.com/asmfr200830jkl/","url_text":"\"Volunteer Fundraisers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Bleich - second former ambassador in lieutenant governor race\". May 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Jeff-Bleich-second-former-ambassador-in-11183841.php","url_text":"\"Jeff Bleich - second former ambassador in lieutenant governor race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why a surging Nuix points to the tech future\". December 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afr.com/chanticleer/surging-nuix-points-to-the-tech-future-20201204-p56kn1","url_text":"\"Why a surging Nuix points to the tech future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subscribe to the Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?offerset=ta_8for8_premium_new&sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fcompanies%2Fmassive-stag-for-nuix-as-shares-rocket-on-debt%2Fnews-story%2F2d2d7c87007df7db038df801975d0aeb&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&adobe_mc_sdid=SDID%3D26EF7D1DD5F09EBD-658B2BE19BE91220%7CMCORGID%3D5FE61C8B533204850A490D4D%40AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1607907916&adobe_mc_ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","url_text":"\"Subscribe to the Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps\""}]},{"reference":"\"New PG&E Board Chair Jeff Bleich on the Utility's Path Forward | the Planning Report\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planningreport.com/2019/05/30/new-pge-board-chair-jeff-bleich-utilitys-path-forward","url_text":"\"New PG&E Board Chair Jeff Bleich on the Utility's Path Forward | the Planning Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"PG&E emerges from bankruptcy, pays $5.4 billion into wildfire fund\". Marketwatch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pge-emerges-from-bankruptcy-pays-54-billion-into-wildfire-fund-2020-07-02","url_text":"\"PG&E emerges from bankruptcy, pays $5.4 billion into wildfire fund\""}]},{"reference":"Spence, Andrew (June 26, 2019). \"Cybersecurity centre to defend democracy\". The Lead South Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://theleadsouthaustralia.com.au/industries/technology/cybersecurity-centre-to-defend-democracy/","url_text":"\"Cybersecurity centre to defend democracy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Bleich Centre\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flinders.edu.au/jeff-bleich-centre","url_text":"\"Jeff Bleich Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Bleich | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs\". Eca.state.gov. February 22, 1999. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/j-william-fulbright-foreign-scholarship-board-ffsb/ffsb-members/jeffrey-bleich","url_text":"\"Jeff Bleich | Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board: Jeff Bleich, Chair\". State.gov. Retrieved October 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/about-fulbright/j-william-fulbright-foreign-scholarship-board-ffsb/ffsb-members/jeffrey-bleich","url_text":"\"J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board: Jeff Bleich, Chair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. - Newsroom\". Gov.ca.gov. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=18954","url_text":"\"Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. - Newsroom\""}]},{"reference":"\"The State Bar of California\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calbar.ca.gov/Attorneys/Conduct-Discipline/Ethics/Committees/Rules-Revision/Rules-Commission-2014/Roster","url_text":"\"The State Bar of California\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Advisory Board\". RAND. April 27, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rand.org/australia/advisory-board.html","url_text":"\"Australia Advisory Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nocookies\". The Australian. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/us-ambassador-for-pratt-advisory-board/story-e6frg8zx-1226737054043","url_text":"\"Nocookies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors - Futures Without Violence Futures Without Violence\". futureswithoutviolence.org. Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.futureswithoutviolence.org/about-us/board-and-staff/board-directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors - Futures Without Violence Futures Without Violence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council Leadership\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldaffairs.org/about-us/council-leadership","url_text":"\"Council Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors -\". Retrieved June 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansecurityproject.org/about/board-of-directors/","url_text":"\"Board of Directors -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are\".","urls":[{"url":"https://verifiedvoting.org/team/#advisors","url_text":"\"Who We Are\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Governors\". December 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.folger.edu/board-governors","url_text":"\"Board of Governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Founding Advisory Board\". January 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cuny.edu/academics/social-justice/sorensen/founding-advisory-board/","url_text":"\"Founding Advisory Board\""}]},{"reference":"Hirsch, James S. (April 3, 2010). Willie Mays: The Life, The Legend. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439171653. Retrieved June 6, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4x7U20ZVUC&q=bleich+willie+mays&pg=PA565","url_text":"Willie Mays: The Life, The Legend"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439171653","url_text":"9781439171653"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship
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1942 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
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["1 Munster Championship format change","2 Results","2.1 Connacht Senior Football Championship","2.2 Leinster Senior Football Championship","2.3 Munster Senior Football Championship","2.4 Ulster Senior Football Championship","2.5 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship","3 Championship statistics","3.1 Miscellaneous","4 References"]
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1942 All-Ireland Senior Football ChampionshipAll-Ireland ChampionsWinning teamDublin (15th win)CaptainJoe FitzgeraldAll-Ireland FinalistsLosing teamGalwayCaptainCharlie ConnollyProvincial ChampionsMunsterKerryLeinsterDublinUlsterCavanConnachtGalwayChampionship statistics← 1941 1943 →
The 1942 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 56th staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Kerry entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. Dublin won their fifteenth title, drawing level with Kerry in the all-time standings until 1946.
Munster Championship format change
Normal system in place but Limerick still refuse to take part for 1 more year.
Results
Connacht Senior Football Championship
14 June 1942Quarter-Final
Roscommon1-8 – 0-8Mayo
T Hoban (0-4), H Kenny (0-3), J Munnelly (0-1).
Tuam
21 June 1942Semi-Final
Galway4-9 – 1-2Leitrim
St Manchans GAA Park, Mohill
28 June 1942Semi-Final
Roscommon0-14 – 0-6Sligo
Boyle
19 July 1942Final
Galway2-6 – 3-2Roscommon
Dunlo GAA Grounds, BallinasloeAttendance: 9,000
Leinster Senior Football Championship
26 April 1942Preliminary Round
Longford0-4 – 0-3Westmeath
Pearse Park, Longford
3 May 1942Preliminary Round
Meath2-11 – 0-8Louth
Páirc Tailteann, Navan
10 May 1942Preliminary Round
Offaly1-6 – 0-7Kildare
P.Waters 0-4, W.Hannify, R.O'Hara, J.Martin 0-1.
St. Conleth's Park, NewbridgeReferee: J Hayden
1942Quarter-Final
Carlow0-10 – 0-7Wexford
Nowlan Park, Kilkenny
10 May 1942Quarter-Final
Dublin0-7 – 0-7Longford
Cusack Park, Mullingar
24 May 1942Quarter-Final
Offaly6-5 – 2-7Laois
O'Moore Park, Portlaoise
24 May 1942Quarter-Final Replay
Dublin2-15 - 1-3Longford
Croke Park, Dublin
31 May 1942Semi-Final
Dublin3-5 - 1-10Meath
Sean McCarthy 1-1, Tommy Banks 0-4f, Paddy O'Connor and M Quigley 1-0 each
Jackie Maye 0-7 (0-6f), Billy Brien 1-0, S Ludlow 0-2, J Hand 0-1
Drogheda Park, Drogheda
14 June 1942Semi-Final
Offaly1-10 – 0-13Carlow
Geraldine Park, AthyReferee: T Kehoe (Wexford)
21 June 1942Semi-Final Replay
Offaly0-6 – 1-9Carlow
O'Moore Park, Portlaoise
19 July 1942Final
Dublin0-8 – 0-6Carlow
Tommy Banks 0-4f, Jimmy Joy, Gerry Fitzgerald, Brendan Quinn, Paddy O'Connor 0-1 each
Jimma Rea, Tom Walker, Johnny Doyle (0-2f) 0-2 each
Geraldine Park, AthyReferee: Peter Waters (Kildare)
Munster Senior Football Championship
14 June 1942Quarter-Final
Kerry3-8 – 1-3Clare
Bill Dillon (1-1).
Cusack Park, Ennis
14 June 1942Semi-Final
Cork1-8 – 0-2Waterford
J. Kenny (0-3), R. Harnedy (0-1), M. Corcarn (1-0), E. Reilly, T. O'Reilly & D. Burke (0-1) each.
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
28 June 1942Semi-Final
Kerry3-6 – 1-5Tipperary
Paddy Kennedy (0-1), Johnny Walsh (0-1), Willie O'Donnell (1-1), Jimmy Gawksie O'Gorman (2-1) & Murt Kelly (0-2).
Seán Tracey Park, TipperaryReferee: P. McKenna (Limerick)
19 July 1942Final
Kerry3-7 – 0-8Cork
Tom Gega O'Connor (0-1), Jimmy Gawksie O'Gorman (1-3), Murt Kelly (1-3) & Paddy Bawn Brosnan (1-0).
J. Kenny (0-5), D. Burke (0-1) & J. Young (0-2).
Tralee
Ulster Senior Football Championship
31 May 1942Quarter-Final
Armagh3-4 – 0-0Tyrone
Athletic Grounds, Armagh
14 June 1942Quarter-Final
Down4-4 – 3-7Antrim
St. Patrick's Park, Newcastle
14 June 1942Quarter-Final
Cavan1-4 – 0-6Monaghan
St. Mary's Park, Castleblayney
21 June 1942Quarter-Final Replay
Down2-11 – 1-5Antrim
Corrigan Park, Belfast
28 June 1942Semi-Final
Cavan7-10 – 4-4Donegal
Breffni Park, Cavan
5 July 1942Semi-Final
Down0-7 – 0-6Armagh
St. Patrick's Park, Newcastle
An objection was made and a replay ordered.
12 July 1942Semi-Final Replay
Down1-12 – 2-5Armagh
St. Patrick's Park, Newcastle
19 July 1942Final
Cavan5-11 – 1-3Down
DundalkAttendance: 7,000
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
2 August 1942Semi-Final
Dublin1-6 – 1-3Cavan
Croke Park, DublinAttendance: 8,059
19 August 1942Semi-Final
Galway1-3 – 0-3Kerry
Murt Kelly (0-3).
Croke Park, DublinAttendance: 20,420
Main article: 1942 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
20 September 1942Final
Dublin1-10 – 1-8Galway
T. Banks (0-6), P. O'Connor (1-1), J. Joy (0-2) & M. Fletcher (0-1).
S. Thronaton (0-4), J. Casey (1-0), M. Fallon (0-2) P. Thornton & J. Flavin (0-1).
Croke Park, DublinAttendance: 37,105Referee: Sean Kennedy (Donegal)
Championship statistics
Miscellaneous
The All Ireland final between Galway and Dublin gave Dublin won their first All Ireland title since 1923, ending their longest drought of 19 years. They were the first champions from Leinster since Kildare in 1928. Galway lost their third All Ireland final in a row.
References
^ "Hoganstand.com - Profile". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
^ Leinster Senior Football Champions
vteAll-Ireland Senior Football ChampionshipPre-1928Seasons
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
Finals
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
Beginning ofSam MaguireSeasons
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
Finals
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
80-minuteexperimentSeasons
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Finals
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Post-experimentSeasons
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Finals
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Qualifiers andquarter-finals eraSeasons
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Finals
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Associated competitions
Provincial Championships
Connacht SFC
Leinster SFC
Munster SFC
Ulster SFC
Tailteann Cup
Tommy Murphy Cup (formerly)
Minor Championship (final formerly held on same day)
Statistics and awards
Records
List of finals
Goalscorers
Referees
Celtic cross
Trophy
Winning captains
Winning managers
Winning players
Losing players
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"defending champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1942 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 56th staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Kerry entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Galway in the All-Ireland semi-final. Dublin won their fifteenth title, drawing level with Kerry in the all-time standings until 1946.[1][2]","title":"1942 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"}],"text":"Normal system in place but Limerick still refuse to take part for 1 more year.","title":"Munster Championship format change"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuam"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitrim_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St Manchans GAA Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Manchans_GAA_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohill"},{"link_name":"Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sligo_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle,_County_Roscommon"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dunlo GAA Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinasloe_GAA"},{"link_name":"Ballinasloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinasloe"}],"sub_title":"Connacht Senior Football Championship","text":"14 June 1942Quarter-Final\nRoscommon1-8 – 0-8Mayo\n\n\nT Hoban (0-4), H Kenny (0-3), J Munnelly (0-1).\nTuam21 June 1942Semi-Final\nGalway4-9 – 1-2Leitrim\n\n\n\nSt Manchans GAA Park, Mohill28 June 1942Semi-Final\nRoscommon0-14 – 0-6Sligo\n\n\n\nBoyle19 July 1942Final\nGalway2-6 – 3-2Roscommon\n\n\n\nDunlo GAA Grounds, BallinasloeAttendance: 9,000","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmeath_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pearse Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearse_Park_(Longford)"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford"},{"link_name":"Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Páirc Tailteann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irc_Tailteann"},{"link_name":"Navan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navan"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St. Conleth's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Conleth%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Newbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbridge,_County_Kildare"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexford_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nowlan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowlan_Park"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cusack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusack_Park_(Mullingar)"},{"link_name":"Mullingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullingar"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laois_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"O'Moore Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Moore_Park"},{"link_name":"Portlaoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlaoise"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longford_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Drogheda Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda_Park"},{"link_name":"Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Park"},{"link_name":"Athy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athy"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"O'Moore Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Moore_Park"},{"link_name":"Portlaoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlaoise"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Park"},{"link_name":"Athy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athy"}],"sub_title":"Leinster Senior Football Championship","text":"26 April 1942Preliminary Round\nLongford0-4 – 0-3Westmeath\n\n\n\nPearse Park, Longford3 May 1942Preliminary Round\nMeath2-11 – 0-8Louth\n\n\n\nPáirc Tailteann, Navan10 May 1942Preliminary Round\nOffaly1-6 – 0-7Kildare\n\n\nP.Waters 0-4, W.Hannify, R.O'Hara, J.Martin 0-1.\nSt. Conleth's Park, NewbridgeReferee: J Hayden1942Quarter-Final\nCarlow0-10 – 0-7Wexford\n\n\n\nNowlan Park, Kilkenny10 May 1942Quarter-Final\nDublin0-7 – 0-7Longford\n\n\n\nCusack Park, Mullingar24 May 1942Quarter-Final\nOffaly6-5 – 2-7Laois\n\n\n\nO'Moore Park, Portlaoise24 May 1942Quarter-Final Replay\nDublin2-15 - 1-3Longford\n\n\n\nCroke Park, Dublin31 May 1942Semi-Final\nDublin3-5 - 1-10Meath\nSean McCarthy 1-1, Tommy Banks 0-4f, Paddy O'Connor and M Quigley 1-0 each\n\nJackie Maye 0-7 (0-6f), Billy Brien 1-0, S Ludlow 0-2, J Hand 0-1\nDrogheda Park, Drogheda14 June 1942Semi-Final\nOffaly1-10 – 0-13Carlow\n\n\n\nGeraldine Park, AthyReferee: T Kehoe (Wexford)21 June 1942Semi-Final Replay\nOffaly0-6 – 1-9Carlow\n\n\n\nO'Moore Park, Portlaoise19 July 1942Final\nDublin0-8 – 0-6Carlow\nTommy Banks 0-4f, Jimmy Joy, Gerry Fitzgerald, Brendan Quinn, Paddy O'Connor 0-1 each\n\nJimma Rea, Tom Walker, Johnny Doyle (0-2f) 0-2 each\nGeraldine Park, AthyReferee: Peter Waters (Kildare)","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cusack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusack_Park_(Ennis)"},{"link_name":"Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Fraher Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraher_Field"},{"link_name":"Dungarvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungarvan"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Seán Tracey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arravale_Rovers_GAA"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tralee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralee"}],"sub_title":"Munster Senior Football Championship","text":"14 June 1942Quarter-Final\nKerry3-8 – 1-3Clare\nBill Dillon (1-1).\n\n\nCusack Park, Ennis14 June 1942Semi-Final\nCork1-8 – 0-2Waterford\nJ. Kenny (0-3), R. Harnedy (0-1), M. Corcarn (1-0), E. Reilly, T. O'Reilly & D. Burke (0-1) each.\n\n\nFraher Field, Dungarvan28 June 1942Semi-Final\nKerry3-6 – 1-5Tipperary\nPaddy Kennedy (0-1), Johnny Walsh (0-1), Willie O'Donnell (1-1), Jimmy Gawksie O'Gorman (2-1) & Murt Kelly (0-2).\n\n\nSeán Tracey Park, TipperaryReferee: P. McKenna (Limerick)19 July 1942Final\nKerry3-7 – 0-8Cork\nTom Gega O'Connor (0-1), Jimmy Gawksie O'Gorman (1-3), Murt Kelly (1-3) & Paddy Bawn Brosnan (1-0).\n\nJ. Kenny (0-5), D. Burke (0-1) & J. Young (0-2).\nTralee","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Athletic Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Grounds_(Armagh)"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansford_GAC"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaghan_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleblayney_Faugh%27s_GAC"},{"link_name":"Castleblayney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleblayney"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Corrigan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrigan_Park"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegal_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Breffni Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breffni_Park"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansford_GAC"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansford_GAC"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk"}],"sub_title":"Ulster Senior Football Championship","text":"31 May 1942Quarter-Final\nArmagh3-4 – 0-0Tyrone\n\n\n\nAthletic Grounds, Armagh14 June 1942Quarter-Final\nDown4-4 – 3-7Antrim\n\n\n\nSt. Patrick's Park, Newcastle14 June 1942Quarter-Final\nCavan1-4 – 0-6Monaghan\n\n\n\nSt. Mary's Park, Castleblayney21 June 1942Quarter-Final Replay\nDown2-11 – 1-5Antrim\n\n\n\nCorrigan Park, Belfast28 June 1942Semi-Final\nCavan7-10 – 4-4Donegal\n\n\n\nBreffni Park, Cavan5 July 1942Semi-Final\nDown0-7 – 0-6Armagh\n\n\n\nSt. Patrick's Park, NewcastleAn objection was made and a replay ordered.12 July 1942Semi-Final Replay\nDown1-12 – 2-5Armagh\n\n\n\nSt. Patrick's Park, Newcastle19 July 1942Final\nCavan5-11 – 1-3Down\n\n\n\nDundalkAttendance: 7,000","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"Croke Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croke_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"}],"sub_title":"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship","text":"2 August 1942Semi-Final\nDublin1-6 – 1-3Cavan\n\n\n\nCroke Park, DublinAttendance: 8,05919 August 1942Semi-Final\nGalway1-3 – 0-3Kerry\n\n\nMurt Kelly (0-3).\nCroke Park, DublinAttendance: 20,42020 September 1942Final\nDublin1-10 – 1-8Galway\nT. Banks (0-6), P. O'Connor (1-1), J. Joy (0-2) & M. Fletcher (0-1).\n\nS. Thronaton (0-4), J. Casey (1-0), M. Fallon (0-2) P. Thornton & J. Flavin (0-1).\nCroke Park, DublinAttendance: 37,105Referee: Sean Kennedy (Donegal)","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championship statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare_GAA"}],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous","text":"The All Ireland final between Galway and Dublin gave Dublin won their first All Ireland title since 1923, ending their longest drought of 19 years. They were the first champions from Leinster since Kildare in 1928. Galway lost their third All Ireland final in a row.","title":"Championship statistics"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Hoganstand.com - Profile\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104405/http://hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx","url_text":"\"Hoganstand.com - Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104405/http://hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hoganstand.com - Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.hoganstand.com/general/champs/honoursf.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928061017/http://leinster.gaa.ie/archive/pdf/P130_134_Senior_FootChamp.pdf","external_links_name":"Leinster Senior Football Champions"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Goldberg_(linguist)
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Adele Goldberg (linguist)
|
["1 Early life","2 Academic career","3 Awards and honors","4 Personal life","5 Selected publications","6 References","7 External links"]
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American linguist (born 1963)
Adele Eva GoldbergBorn1963 (age 60–61)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.Alma materUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of PennsylvaniaKnown forConstruction grammarSpouseAli YazdaniChildren2RelativesKen Y. Goldberg (brother)Scientific careerFieldsCognitive linguisticsCognitive scienceInstitutionsPrinceton UniversityBeckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUniversity of California, San DiegoThesisArgument structure constructionsDoctoral advisorGeorge Lakoff
Websiteadele.princeton.edu
Adele Eva Goldberg (born 1963) is an American linguist known for her development of construction grammar and the constructionist approach in the tradition of cognitive linguistics.
Early life
Goldberg grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where her mother was a reading teacher and her father was an engineer. Her brother, Ken Y. Goldberg is chair of the industrial engineering and operations research department at the University of California, Berkeley, and her sister, Elena is a pediatrician and child psychologist in Brooklyn.
Academic career
Goldberg received a B.A. in Mathematics and Philosophy from University of Pennsylvania in 1985 before spending two years in the Logic and Methodology of Science program at University of California at Berkeley. She then transferred to linguistics to work with George Lakoff and earned her PhD in linguistics in 1992, studying with Lakoff, Eve Sweetser, Charles Fillmore, and Dan Slobin. Her thesis argues that basic grammatical patterns in English are directly associated with meaning, offering one of the earliest arguments that constructions as well as words contribute to propositional content.
After receiving her PhD, Goldberg joined the University of California, San Diego as an assistant professor of linguistics (1992-1997), and Associate Professor (1997-1998). From 1997 to 2004, she was associate professor of linguistics at the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign before moving to Princeton University in 2004 as Professor of Psychology and Linguistics.
She has continued to work on the relationship between form and function in language in language processing, and language learning by children and adults.
Awards and honors
Chair of the Cognitive Science Society (2022-2024)
Fellow, Association for Psychological Science (2020)
Fillmore Professorship, Linguistic Society of America Institute (2019)
Labex International Chair, Paris, France. (2016)
Humboldt Research Award (2016)
Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America (2014)
Visiting Fellow, Einstein Foundation. Freie Universitat, Berlin. (2010–2014)
Fellow at Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Stanford, California. (2003–2004)
Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study, UIUC. (2000)
Gustave O. Arlt Book Award. North American Graduate Council for Constructions (1995).
Personal life
Goldberg married Ali Yazdani, currently a professor of physics at Princeton, in 1994 and they have two children.
Selected publications
Goldberg, Adele E. (2019). Explain me this : creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 978-0-691-18395-4. OCLC 1066741220.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Goldberg, Adele E. (2013-12-16). "2: Constructionist Approaches". In Hoffmann, Thomas; Trousdale, Graeme (eds.). The Oxford handbook of construction grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 14–31. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-539668-3. OCLC 793099515. Retrieved 2022-08-31. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
Goldberg, Adele E. (January 2009). "Constructions work". Cognitive Linguistics. 20 (1): 201–224. doi:10.1515/COGL.2009.013. ISSN 0936-5907. S2CID 201099888.
Goldberg, Adele E.; Jackendoff, Ray (2004). "The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions". Language. 80 (3): 532–568. doi:10.1353/lan.2004.0129. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 4489722. S2CID 16793207.
Goldberg, Adele E.; Casenhiser, Devin M.; Sethuraman, Nitya (2004-01-22). "Learning argument structure generalizations". Cognitive Linguistics. 15 (3): 289–316. doi:10.1515/cogl.2004.011. ISSN 0936-5907.
Goldberg, Adele E (May 2003). "Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (5): 219–224. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9. PMID 12757824. S2CID 12393863.
Goldberg, Adele E. (1995). Constructions : a construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30085-4. OCLC 30594418.
References
^ "Conversation with Ken Goldberg, p. 1 of 7". globetrotter.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ "Ken Goldberg IEOR". 24 July 2023.
^ "Argument structure constructions | Linguistics". lx.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
^ "Faculty | Department of Psychology". psych.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
^ "Adele Goldberg". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ "About". Cognitive Science Society. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ "Adele Goldberg Awarded Fillmore Professorship at the Linguistic Institute — Linguistics". linguistics.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ "Past Linguistic Institutes: Named Professorships | Linguistic Society of America". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ "Laurels to Linguists: Adele Goldberg Receives Humboldt Research Award | Linguistic Society of America". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ "LSA Fellows By Name | Linguistic Society of America". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ "Adele Goldberg | Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences". casbs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
^ "Professor Couples at Princeton University". The Princetonian. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
External links
Official homepage at Princeton University
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Japan
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
DBLP
Google Scholar
ORCID
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"construction grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_grammar"},{"link_name":"cognitive linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics"}],"text":"Adele Eva Goldberg (born 1963) is an American linguist known for her development of construction grammar and the constructionist approach in the tradition of cognitive linguistics.","title":"Adele Goldberg (linguist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bethlehem, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ken Y. Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"industrial engineering and operations research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering_and_operations_research"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Goldberg grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where her mother was a reading teacher and her father was an engineer. Her brother,[1] Ken Y. Goldberg is chair of the industrial engineering and operations research department at the University of California, Berkeley,[2] and her sister, Elena is a pediatrician and child psychologist in Brooklyn.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"George Lakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff"},{"link_name":"Lakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakoff"},{"link_name":"Charles Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Dan Slobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Slobin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Beckman Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckman_Institute_for_Advanced_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Goldberg received a B.A. in Mathematics and Philosophy from University of Pennsylvania in 1985 before spending two years in the Logic and Methodology of Science program at University of California at Berkeley. She then transferred to linguistics to work with George Lakoff and earned her PhD in linguistics in 1992, studying with Lakoff, Eve Sweetser, Charles Fillmore, and Dan Slobin. Her thesis argues that basic grammatical patterns in English are directly associated with meaning, offering one of the earliest arguments that constructions as well as words contribute to propositional content.[3]After receiving her PhD, Goldberg joined the University of California, San Diego as an assistant professor of linguistics (1992-1997), and Associate Professor (1997-1998). From 1997 to 2004, she was associate professor of linguistics at the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign before moving to Princeton University in 2004 as Professor of Psychology and Linguistics.[4]She has continued to work on the relationship between form and function in language in language processing, and language learning by children and adults.[5]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Association for Psychological Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Psychological_Science"},{"link_name":"Linguistic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fpli-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Research Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Research_Award"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Linguistic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Einstein Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Freie Universitat, Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Chair of the Cognitive Science Society (2022-2024)[6]\nFellow, Association for Psychological Science (2020)\nFillmore Professorship, Linguistic Society of America Institute (2019)[7][8]\nLabex International Chair, Paris, France. (2016)\nHumboldt Research Award (2016)[9]\nFellow of the Linguistic Society of America (2014)[10]\nVisiting Fellow, Einstein Foundation. Freie Universitat, Berlin. (2010–2014)\nFellow at Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Stanford, California. (2003–2004)[11]\nFellow of the Center for Advanced Study, UIUC. (2000)\nGustave O. Arlt Book Award. North American Graduate Council for Constructions (1995).","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali Yazdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Yazdani"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Goldberg married Ali Yazdani, currently a professor of physics at Princeton, in 1994 and they have two children.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Explain me this : creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066741220"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-18395-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18395-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1066741220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066741220"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"The Oxford handbook of construction grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34551/chapter/293145114"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195396683.013.0002"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-539668-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539668-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"793099515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/793099515"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"\"Constructions work\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/COGL.2009.013/html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/COGL.2009.013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2FCOGL.2009.013"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0936-5907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-5907"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"201099888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201099888"},{"link_name":"\"The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4489722"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/lan.2004.0129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2004.0129"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0097-8507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4489722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4489722"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16793207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16793207"},{"link_name":"\"Learning argument structure 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language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661303000809"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900080-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12757824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12757824"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12393863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12393863"},{"link_name":"Constructions : a construction grammar approach to argument structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30594418"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-30085-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30085-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30594418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/30594418"}],"text":"Goldberg, Adele E. (2019). Explain me this : creativity, competition, and the partial productivity of constructions. Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 978-0-691-18395-4. OCLC 1066741220.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nGoldberg, Adele E. (2013-12-16). \"2: Constructionist Approaches\". In Hoffmann, Thomas; Trousdale, Graeme (eds.). The Oxford handbook of construction grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 14–31. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-539668-3. OCLC 793099515. Retrieved 2022-08-31. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\nGoldberg, Adele E. (January 2009). \"Constructions work\". Cognitive Linguistics. 20 (1): 201–224. doi:10.1515/COGL.2009.013. ISSN 0936-5907. S2CID 201099888.\nGoldberg, Adele E.; Jackendoff, Ray (2004). \"The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions\". Language. 80 (3): 532–568. doi:10.1353/lan.2004.0129. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 4489722. S2CID 16793207.\nGoldberg, Adele E.; Casenhiser, Devin M.; Sethuraman, Nitya (2004-01-22). \"Learning argument structure generalizations\". Cognitive Linguistics. 15 (3): 289–316. doi:10.1515/cogl.2004.011. ISSN 0936-5907.\nGoldberg, Adele E (May 2003). \"Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language\". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (5): 219–224. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9. PMID 12757824. S2CID 12393863.\nGoldberg, Adele E. (1995). Constructions : a construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30085-4. OCLC 30594418.","title":"Selected publications"}]
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OCLC 793099515. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34551/chapter/293145114","url_text":"The Oxford handbook of construction grammar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195396683.013.0002","url_text":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539668-3","url_text":"978-0-19-539668-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793099515","url_text":"793099515"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Adele E. (January 2009). \"Constructions work\". Cognitive Linguistics. 20 (1): 201–224. doi:10.1515/COGL.2009.013. ISSN 0936-5907. S2CID 201099888.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/COGL.2009.013/html","url_text":"\"Constructions work\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2FCOGL.2009.013","url_text":"10.1515/COGL.2009.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-5907","url_text":"0936-5907"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201099888","url_text":"201099888"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Adele E.; Jackendoff, Ray (2004). \"The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions\". Language. 80 (3): 532–568. doi:10.1353/lan.2004.0129. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 4489722. S2CID 16793207.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489722","url_text":"\"The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2004.0129","url_text":"10.1353/lan.2004.0129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507","url_text":"0097-8507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489722","url_text":"4489722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16793207","url_text":"16793207"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Adele E.; Casenhiser, Devin M.; Sethuraman, Nitya (2004-01-22). \"Learning argument structure generalizations\". Cognitive Linguistics. 15 (3): 289–316. doi:10.1515/cogl.2004.011. ISSN 0936-5907.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cogl.2004.011/html","url_text":"\"Learning argument structure generalizations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcogl.2004.011","url_text":"10.1515/cogl.2004.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0936-5907","url_text":"0936-5907"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Adele E (May 2003). \"Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language\". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (5): 219–224. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9. PMID 12757824. S2CID 12393863.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661303000809","url_text":"\"Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900080-9","url_text":"10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00080-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12757824","url_text":"12757824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12393863","url_text":"12393863"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Adele E. (1995). Constructions : a construction grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30085-4. OCLC 30594418.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30594418","url_text":"Constructions : a construction grammar approach to argument structure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30085-4","url_text":"0-226-30085-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30594418","url_text":"30594418"}]},{"reference":"\"Conversation with Ken Goldberg, p. 1 of 7\". globetrotter.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-11. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100711210941/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people5/Goldberg/goldberg-con1.html","url_text":"\"Conversation with Ken Goldberg, p. 1 of 7\""},{"url":"http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people5/Goldberg/goldberg-con1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ken Goldberg IEOR\". 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieor.berkeley.edu/people/ken-goldberg/","url_text":"\"Ken Goldberg IEOR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argument structure constructions | Linguistics\". lx.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://lx.berkeley.edu/publications/argument-structure-constructions","url_text":"\"Argument structure constructions | Linguistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty | Department of Psychology\". psych.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220202214606/https://psych.princeton.edu/people/faculty/all","url_text":"\"Faculty | Department of Psychology\""},{"url":"https://psych.princeton.edu/people/faculty/all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adele Goldberg\". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aK42DkQAAAAJ&hl=en","url_text":"\"Adele Goldberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Cognitive Science Society. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adele Goldberg Awarded Fillmore Professorship at the Linguistic Institute — Linguistics\". linguistics.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://linguistics.princeton.edu/2018/03/02/adele-goldberg-awarded-fillmore-professorship-at-the-linguistic-institute/","url_text":"\"Adele Goldberg Awarded Fillmore Professorship at the Linguistic Institute — Linguistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Linguistic Institutes: Named Professorships | Linguistic Society of America\". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linguisticsociety.org/meetings-institutes/institutes/named-professorships","url_text":"\"Past Linguistic Institutes: Named Professorships | Linguistic Society of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laurels to Linguists: Adele Goldberg Receives Humboldt Research Award | Linguistic Society of America\". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linguisticsociety.org/news/2016/02/10/laurels-linguists-adele-goldberg","url_text":"\"Laurels to Linguists: Adele Goldberg Receives Humboldt Research Award | Linguistic Society of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"LSA Fellows By Name | Linguistic Society of America\". www.linguisticsociety.org. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linguisticsociety.org/content/lsa-fellows-name","url_text":"\"LSA Fellows By Name | Linguistic Society of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Adele Goldberg | Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\". casbs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://casbs.stanford.edu/people/adele-goldberg","url_text":"\"Adele Goldberg | Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Couples at Princeton University\". The Princetonian. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2014/02/professor-couples","url_text":"\"Professor Couples at Princeton University\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Concepts
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Solid Concepts
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["1 Origins and history","1.1 Acquisitions","2 Products and technologies","2.1 Applications and industries","2.2 Headquarters","3 Manufacturing","4 See also","5 References"]
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Solid ConceptsCompany typePrivateIndustryCustom ManufacturingFoundedValencia, California, United States, 1991FounderJoe AllisonHeadquartersValencia, California, United StatesNumber of locationsLos Angeles, CA, San Diego, CA, Phoenix, AZ, Tucson, AZ, Austin, TX, Detroit, MIArea servedUnited States, Canada, China, BrazilProducts3D Printed prototypes & parts, injection molded parts, cast urethanes, high quality plastics & metalsServicesRapid Prototyping, Direct Digital Manufacturing, Tooling & Injection MoldingNumber of employees+400DivisionsAdditive Manufacturing/ Rapid Prototyping, Cast Urethanes, Composites, Tooling & Injection MoldingSubsidiariesZoomRP.comWebsitewww.solidconcepts.com
Solid Concepts, Inc. is a custom manufacturing company engaged in engineering, manufacturing, production, and prototyping. The company is headquartered in Valencia, California, in the Los Angeles County area, with six other facilities located around the United States. Solid Concepts is an additive manufacturing service provider as well as a major manufacturer of business products, aerospace, unmanned systems, medical equipment and devices, foundry cast patterns, industrial equipment and design, and transportation parts.
The company was founded in 1991, in the birthplace of Stereolithography. The company derives its name from its original focus on rapid prototyping through 3D printing (or additive manufacturing) with the idea that virtual concepts can be printed into solid reality, as the technologies that founded the company are capable of directly reading CAD data and creating parts. Solid Concepts markets its products under its main name, as well as under the website-only offshoot company called ZoomRP.com. The Solid Concepts logo originally featured layered lines comprising a "S" beside a "C" to represent layered manufacturing, but has since removed the layered lines, in order to better represent its composite, urethane, and tooling capabilities.
Origins and history
Solid Concepts Inc. was founded by former 3D Systems engineers Joe Allison, Schuyler Mitchell, and Ray Bradford in 1991. The company began with two SLA-250 Stereolithography machines. They moved into CNC machining, Selective Laser Sintering, and composites within a few years after opening, and have since gained PolyJet, Z-Corp 3D Colored Printing, Fused Deposition Modeling, Direct Metal Laser Sintering, urethanes and tooling and injection molding processes. Solid Concepts expanded throughout the United States, especially during the late 1990s early 2000s, opening facilities in Austin, TX, during the rise of Selective Laser Sintering; Poway, CA, during significant advances in Urethane technology with a strong focus on medical equipment; and Phoenix, AZ.
Joe Allison has since been awarded the Distinguished Innovator Operator Awards, known as DINOs (formerly known as the Dinosaur Awards) by the Additive Manufacturing Users Group (AMUG) for innovation in laser sintering technology. The awards honor additive manufacturing expertise. In 2001, Solid Concepts hired former AARK employee Jeff Lemker, who headed the evolution of cast urethane products at the company. Lemker forged the path for QuantumCast™ Cast Urethanes, a proprietary casting process trademarked by the company. The process involves heat and pressure to enhance the properties of the urethanes during casting. The casting process has found use in the medical industry. In 2008, Solid Concepts branded and trademarked ID-Light, which is a method of printing SLA and FDM parts that is 1/12 the weight of regular SLA and FDM parts. The process has allowed lighter props for movies involving huge set pieces, such as the robots in Real Steel. Solid Concepts was ranked in the top twenty manufacturing companies in the greater San Fernando Valley by San Fernando Business Journal in 2007. In 2013, the company was awarded a Platinum Source Preferred Supplier by Northrop Grumman. In 2013, the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII) recognized a FDM 3D Printed duct manufactured by Solid Concepts. The air duct has been awarded a place in the visitors center at the facility with the purpose of immersing visitors in the evolution of additive manufacturing technology.
In late 2013, the company demonstrated a 3D printed version of an M1911 pistol made of metal, the 1911DMLS, using an industrial 3D printer.
Acquisitions
In 2006, Solid Concepts acquired a model shop from Raytheon in Tucson, AZ, thus beginning their tooling and molding department. In 2008, Solid Concepts purchased former composites manufacturing company, Composite Tooling Technologies, to further develop a composites line. The acquisition facilitated a $1 million project for large MRI equipment, manufactured by Solid Concepts.
On April 2, 2014, Stratasys announced that they had entered into definitive agreements to acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies, which will be combined with RedEye, its existing digital manufacturing service business, to establish a single additive manufacturing services business unit. The acquisition was finalized on July 15, 2014.
Products and technologies
Solid Concepts manufactures products for a range of industries, including aerospace, business consumer, medical, and transportation. The company manufactures architectural models, prototypes, anatomical models, and investment casting patterns for metal castings using QuickCast SLA. The company largely focused on prototypes during their early years, but have since branched out to manufacture large composite equipment for industrial use, tooling and injection molding, end-use cast urethanes, metals and a range of high quality plastics.
Solid Concepts offers the services of 3D Printing, composites, urethanes, tooling and injection molding rather than selling machines and equipment. Their additive manufacturing services include Stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet, Z-Corp Color 3D Prints, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). The company also provides Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machining, composites, advanced cast urethanes, and injection molding and tooling.
Cast Urethanes: By reinforcing urethanes with composites and epoxies, the company manufactures urethane prototypes, models, and industrial strength end-use products.
Composites: Composites, largely focused at the company’s Troy, MI, facility, facilitate industrial strength components used in MRI and medical casings, recreational vehicles, and marine craft. Composites also afford RF Transparency protective equipment, valuable in the medical industry.
Computer Numerical Controlled Machining (CNC): CNC machining/milling has virtually no material limitation. Solid Concepts incorporates their CNC machining centers for the production of Master Patterns for QuantumCast Cast Urethane products that may require a long mold life.*Stereolithography/ 3D Printing: SLA is the technology that started the company back in 1991. SLA is used to create prototypes, master patterns for investment casting, patterns for cast urethanes, art, and more. As it is a photocurable liquid resin process, the company is able to build large parts by bonding smaller segments. PolyJet is used in similar functions requiring tighter tolerances and smaller builds. SLS and FDM are 3D Printing processes that afford high quality plastics viable in end-use products, while also being used for prototypes. DMLS is viable for metal parts requiring geometries that cannot easily be milled.
Tooling & Injection Molding: Injection Mold Tooling involves machining a mold—a Core and Cavity—that is used to produce thermoplastic, injected mold parts. The Core and Cavity are created in a variety of metals, typically different compositions of steel. Injection Molded parts are produced via Injection Mold Tooling to fabricate plastic parts. The process involves an injection molding machine, raw plastic material, and the mold (Core and Cavity). Medical, transportation, aerospace, office equipment, consumer products, industrial products, and electronics are a few of the industries that use high volumes of tooling and injection molding. Solid Concepts offers offshore and domestic tooling options.
Applications and industries
Solid Concepts' services are utilized during early prototyping and design, market testing, and low to mass volume production. Solid Concepts' material offerings include durable thermoplastics, resins, nylons, and metals for uses ranging from large components and ducts in aerospace to RF Transparency protective equipment in the medical industry.
Industry specific applications include:
Aerospace: complex shapes requiring durable plastics in ailerons, air ducts, attachments and inserts; prototypes for testing new methods of reducing aircraft noise or drag. Typical technologies: SLS with PEEK material, FDM with Ultem material
Architecture: design configurations; testing, form and fit; models for intricate designs. Typical technologies: SLS, PolyJet, SLA
Automotive: large industrial equipment casings; gas tanks requiring complex conformity; diffusers; plenums. Typical technologies: FDM, SLS
Design Firms: art models; design intentions and garnering customer interest. Typical technologies include: SLS, PolyJet, SLA, Z-Corp, FDM, and cast urethanes
Foundries: specialized QuickCast SLA processes; QuickCast's drainable inner matrices are due to low and stable viscosity, high green strength, and low water absorption which mitigates in-vat swelling
Medical: equipment casings; MRI coils; RF Transparency barriers; anatomical models. Typical technologies: cast urethanes, FDM, SLA, composites
Unmanned Vehicles: casings and complex pieces for unmanned aerial vehicles and remotely operated underwater vehicles. Typical technologies: SLS, FDM, and cast urethanes
Headquarters
Headquartered in Valencia, California, near the beginnings of the Angeles National Forest, Solid Concepts also has manufacturing facilities in Troy, Michigan, Austin, Texas, Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, and Poway, California, and a partnership in China.
Manufacturing
Solid Concepts manufactures all products in house.
See also
List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts
References
^ Chupka, Kevin (2013-04-26). "With 3D Printing, the Future Is Now - Yahoo! Finance". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "20-year Lead On Today's Trending Technology". Signalscv.com. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "Additive Manufacturing DINOs - Wall of Fame". Additivemanufacturingusersgroup.com. 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^ Emran Mursalin (2013-04-17). "Why Use Cast Urethane Manufacturing? - AMD – Aerospace Manufacturing and Design". Onlineamd.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Real Steel: An Inside Look at Building Robots". Core77. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal". Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ Gross, Doug. "Texas company makes metal gun with 3-D printer". CNN. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
^ "Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal". Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
^ "Stratasys to Acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies". MarketWatch. 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Press Releases". CNBC. 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Solid Concepts". Prototypetoday.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ Teschler, Lee (2010-11-19). "Bigger Role for Prototyping in Automotive Design | News content from". Machine Design. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ Teschler, Lee (2011-06-23). "Laser sintering helps build a hot electric motorcycle | Automotive content from". Machine Design. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "Solid Concepts offers multiple technologies for Custom Manufacturing projects". Us-tech.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "A Closer Look At Solid Concepts". Makepartsfast.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "What is Open Molding and Hand Lay-Up". Composite.about.com. 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "Computer Numerical Control (CNC) : Introduction" (PDF). Wings.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ "Features - Materials Decisions Critical to New Watch Design". Design News. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "Injection Mould : Working Diagram". Bpf.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
^ "Stereolithography Helps Reduce Drag Noise on Aircraft". Make Parts Fast. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ Brooke, Rose. "3D printing realises architect's beach palace designs - TCT". Tctmagazine.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ "Carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide performs in engine part". CompositesWorld. 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
^ Thu, 12/01/2011 - 11:51am. "PAC 12 Trophy Design". Pddnet.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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Solid Concepts is an additive manufacturing service provider as well as a major manufacturer of business products, aerospace, unmanned systems, medical equipment and devices, foundry cast patterns, industrial equipment and design, and transportation parts.[1]The company was founded in 1991, in the birthplace of Stereolithography. The company derives its name from its original focus on rapid prototyping through 3D printing (or additive manufacturing) with the idea that virtual concepts can be printed into solid reality, as the technologies that founded the company are capable of directly reading CAD data and creating parts. Solid Concepts markets its products under its main name, as well as under the website-only offshoot company called ZoomRP.com. 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They moved into CNC machining, Selective Laser Sintering, and composites within a few years after opening, and have since gained PolyJet, Z-Corp 3D Colored Printing, Fused Deposition Modeling, Direct Metal Laser Sintering, urethanes and tooling and injection molding processes. Solid Concepts expanded throughout the United States, especially during the late 1990s early 2000s, opening facilities in Austin, TX, during the rise of Selective Laser Sintering; Poway, CA, during significant advances in Urethane technology with a strong focus on medical equipment; and Phoenix, AZ.Joe Allison has since been awarded the Distinguished Innovator Operator Awards, known as DINOs (formerly known as the Dinosaur Awards) by the Additive Manufacturing Users Group (AMUG) for innovation in laser sintering technology.[3] The awards honor additive manufacturing expertise. In 2001, Solid Concepts hired former AARK employee Jeff Lemker, who headed the evolution of cast urethane products at the company. Lemker forged the path for QuantumCast™ Cast Urethanes, a proprietary casting process trademarked by the company. The process involves heat and pressure to enhance the properties of the urethanes during casting. The casting process has found use in the medical industry.[4] In 2008, Solid Concepts branded and trademarked ID-Light, which is a method of printing SLA and FDM parts that is 1/12 the weight of regular SLA and FDM parts. The process has allowed lighter props for movies involving huge set pieces, such as the robots in Real Steel.[5] Solid Concepts was ranked in the top twenty manufacturing companies in the greater San Fernando Valley by San Fernando Business Journal in 2007.[6] In 2013, the company was awarded a Platinum Source Preferred Supplier by Northrop Grumman. In 2013, the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII) recognized a FDM 3D Printed duct manufactured by Solid Concepts. The air duct has been awarded a place in the visitors center at the facility with the purpose of immersing visitors in the evolution of additive manufacturing technology.In late 2013, the company demonstrated a 3D printed version of an M1911 pistol made of metal, the 1911DMLS, using an industrial 3D printer.[7]","title":"Origins and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raytheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stratasys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratasys"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"In 2006, Solid Concepts acquired a model shop from Raytheon in Tucson, AZ, thus beginning their tooling and molding department. In 2008, Solid Concepts purchased former composites manufacturing company, Composite Tooling Technologies, to further develop a composites line. The acquisition facilitated a $1 million project for large MRI equipment, manufactured by Solid Concepts.[8]On April 2, 2014, Stratasys announced that they had entered into definitive agreements to acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies, which will be combined with RedEye, its existing digital manufacturing service business, to establish a single additive manufacturing services business unit.[9] The acquisition was finalized on July 15, 2014.[10]","title":"Origins and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"composites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"epoxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Solid Concepts manufactures products for a range of industries, including aerospace, business consumer, medical, and transportation.[11] The company manufactures architectural models, prototypes, anatomical models, and investment casting patterns for metal castings using QuickCast SLA.[12] The company largely focused on prototypes during their early years, but have since branched out to manufacture large composite equipment for industrial use, tooling and injection molding, end-use cast urethanes, metals and a range of high quality plastics.[13]\nSolid Concepts offers the services of 3D Printing, composites, urethanes, tooling and injection molding rather than selling machines and equipment. Their additive manufacturing services include Stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet, Z-Corp Color 3D Prints, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).[14] The company also provides Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machining, composites, advanced cast urethanes, and injection molding and tooling.[15]Cast Urethanes: By reinforcing urethanes with composites and epoxies, the company manufactures urethane prototypes, models, and industrial strength end-use products.\nComposites: Composites, largely focused at the company’s Troy, MI, facility, facilitate industrial strength components used in MRI and medical casings, recreational vehicles, and marine craft. Composites also afford RF Transparency protective equipment, valuable in the medical industry.[16]\nComputer Numerical Controlled Machining (CNC): CNC machining/milling has virtually no material limitation. Solid Concepts incorporates their CNC machining centers for the production of Master Patterns for QuantumCast Cast Urethane products that may require a long mold life.[17]*Stereolithography/ 3D Printing: SLA is the technology that started the company back in 1991. SLA is used to create prototypes, master patterns for investment casting, patterns for cast urethanes, art, and more. As it is a photocurable liquid resin process, the company is able to build large parts by bonding smaller segments. PolyJet is used in similar functions requiring tighter tolerances and smaller builds. SLS and FDM are 3D Printing processes that afford high quality plastics viable in end-use products, while also being used for prototypes.[18] DMLS is viable for metal parts requiring geometries that cannot easily be milled.\nTooling & Injection Molding: Injection Mold Tooling involves machining a mold—a Core and Cavity—that is used to produce thermoplastic, injected mold parts.[19] The Core and Cavity are created in a variety of metals, typically different compositions of steel. Injection Molded parts are produced via Injection Mold Tooling to fabricate plastic parts. The process involves an injection molding machine, raw plastic material, and the mold (Core and Cavity). Medical, transportation, aerospace, office equipment, consumer products, industrial products, and electronics are a few of the industries that use high volumes of tooling and injection molding. Solid Concepts offers offshore and domestic tooling options.","title":"Products and technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailerons"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"remotely operated underwater vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle"}],"sub_title":"Applications and industries","text":"Solid Concepts' services are utilized during early prototyping and design, market testing, and low to mass volume production. Solid Concepts' material offerings include durable thermoplastics, resins, nylons, and metals for uses ranging from large components and ducts in aerospace to RF Transparency protective equipment in the medical industry.Industry specific applications include:Aerospace: complex shapes requiring durable plastics in ailerons, air ducts, attachments and inserts; prototypes for testing new methods of reducing aircraft noise or drag.[20] Typical technologies: SLS with PEEK material, FDM with Ultem material\nArchitecture: design configurations; testing, form and fit; models for intricate designs.[21] Typical technologies: SLS, PolyJet, SLA\nAutomotive: large industrial equipment casings; gas tanks requiring complex conformity;[22] diffusers; plenums. Typical technologies: FDM, SLS\nDesign Firms: art models; design intentions and garnering customer interest. Typical technologies include: SLS, PolyJet, SLA, Z-Corp, FDM, and cast urethanes\nFoundries: specialized QuickCast SLA processes; QuickCast's drainable inner matrices are due to low and stable viscosity, high green strength, and low water absorption which mitigates in-vat swelling[23]\nMedical: equipment casings; MRI coils; RF Transparency barriers; anatomical models. Typical technologies: cast urethanes, FDM, SLA, composites\nUnmanned Vehicles: casings and complex pieces for unmanned aerial vehicles and remotely operated underwater vehicles. Typical technologies: SLS, FDM, and cast urethanes","title":"Products and technologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valencia, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_California"},{"link_name":"Angeles National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeles_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Troy, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Poway, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poway,_California"}],"sub_title":"Headquarters","text":"Headquartered in Valencia, California, near the beginnings of the Angeles National Forest, Solid Concepts also has manufacturing facilities in Troy, Michigan, Austin, Texas, Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona, and Poway, California, and a partnership in China.","title":"Products and technologies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Solid Concepts manufactures all products in house.","title":"Manufacturing"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts"}]
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[{"reference":"Chupka, Kevin (2013-04-26). \"With 3D Printing, the Future Is Now - Yahoo! Finance\". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/with-3d-printing--the-future-is-now-213431879.html","url_text":"\"With 3D Printing, the Future Is Now - Yahoo! Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"20-year Lead On Today's Trending Technology\". Signalscv.com. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.signalscv.com/section/434/article/99028/","url_text":"\"20-year Lead On Today's Trending Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Additive Manufacturing DINOs - Wall of Fame\". Additivemanufacturingusersgroup.com. 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.additivemanufacturingusersgroup.com/AMUG-DINO-award.htm","url_text":"\"Additive Manufacturing DINOs - Wall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"Emran Mursalin (2013-04-17). \"Why Use Cast Urethane Manufacturing? - AMD – Aerospace Manufacturing and Design\". Onlineamd.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.onlineamd.com/amd1211-cast-urethane-manufacturing.aspx","url_text":"\"Why Use Cast Urethane Manufacturing? - AMD – Aerospace Manufacturing and Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real Steel: An Inside Look at Building Robots\". Core77. 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.core77.com/blog/materials/real_steel_an_inside_look_at_building_robots_20822.asp","url_text":"\"Real Steel: An Inside Look at Building Robots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2019-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194743/http://sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fapr%2F02%2Fvalley-still-integral-part-of-county-manufacturing%2F","url_text":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\""},{"url":"http://sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fapr%2F02%2Fvalley-still-integral-part-of-county-manufacturing%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Doug. \"Texas company makes metal gun with 3-D printer\". CNN. Retrieved 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/innovation/3d-printed-metal-gun/index.html","url_text":"\"Texas company makes metal gun with 3-D printer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2019-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194227/http://www.sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2008%2Foct%2F13%2Fsolid-concepts-acquisition-a-prototype-for-growth%2F","url_text":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\""},{"url":"http://www.sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2008%2Foct%2F13%2Fsolid-concepts-acquisition-a-prototype-for-growth%2F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stratasys to Acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies\". MarketWatch. 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/stratasys-to-acquire-solid-concepts-and-harvest-technologies-2014-04-02","url_text":"\"Stratasys to Acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Releases\". CNBC. 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/101836584","url_text":"\"Press Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solid Concepts\". Prototypetoday.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prototypetoday.com/news/solid-concepts","url_text":"\"Solid Concepts\""}]},{"reference":"Teschler, Lee (2010-11-19). \"Bigger Role for Prototyping in Automotive Design | News content from\". Machine Design. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://machinedesign.com/news/bigger-role-prototyping-automotive-design","url_text":"\"Bigger Role for Prototyping in Automotive Design | News content from\""}]},{"reference":"Teschler, Lee (2011-06-23). \"Laser sintering helps build a hot electric motorcycle | Automotive content from\". Machine Design. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://machinedesign.com/automotive/laser-sintering-helps-build-hot-electric-motorcycle","url_text":"\"Laser sintering helps build a hot electric motorcycle | Automotive content from\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solid Concepts offers multiple technologies for Custom Manufacturing projects\". Us-tech.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.us-tech.com/RelId/1148572/ISvars/default/Solid_Concepts_offers_multiple_technologies_for_Custom_Manufacturing_projects.htm","url_text":"\"Solid Concepts offers multiple technologies for Custom Manufacturing projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Closer Look At Solid Concepts\". Makepartsfast.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makepartsfast.com/2013/06/5536/a-closer-look-at-solid-concepts/","url_text":"\"A Closer Look At Solid Concepts\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Open Molding and Hand Lay-Up\". Composite.about.com. 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://composite.about.com/od/equipment/a/What-Is-Open-Molding.htm","url_text":"\"What is Open Molding and Hand Lay-Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Computer Numerical Control (CNC) : Introduction\" (PDF). Wings.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://wings.buffalo.edu/eng/mae/courses/460-564/Course-Notes/CNC%20notes.pdf","url_text":"\"Computer Numerical Control (CNC) : Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Features - Materials Decisions Critical to New Watch Design\". Design News. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=229290&dfpPParams=ind_182,aid_229290&dfpLayout=article","url_text":"\"Features - Materials Decisions Critical to New Watch Design\""}]},{"reference":"\"Injection Mould : Working Diagram\". Bpf.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bpf.co.uk/Data/Image/InjectionMoulding.swf","url_text":"\"Injection Mould : Working Diagram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stereolithography Helps Reduce Drag Noise on Aircraft\". Make Parts Fast. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.makepartsfast.com/2008/09/584/stereolithography-helps-reduce-drag-noise-on-aircraft/","url_text":"\"Stereolithography Helps Reduce Drag Noise on Aircraft\""}]},{"reference":"Brooke, Rose. \"3D printing realises architect's beach palace designs - TCT\". Tctmagazine.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tctmagazine.com/articles/3d-printing-realises-architects-beach-palace-designs/","url_text":"\"3D printing realises architect's beach palace designs - TCT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide performs in engine part\". CompositesWorld. 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/carbon-fiber-reinforced-polyamide-performs-in-engine-part","url_text":"\"Carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide performs in engine part\""}]},{"reference":"Thu, 12/01/2011 - 11:51am. \"PAC 12 Trophy Design\". Pddnet.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pddnet.com/articles/2011/12/pac-12-trophy-design","url_text":"\"PAC 12 Trophy Design\""}]}]
|
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Finance\""},{"Link":"http://www.signalscv.com/section/434/article/99028/","external_links_name":"\"20-year Lead On Today's Trending Technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.additivemanufacturingusersgroup.com/AMUG-DINO-award.htm","external_links_name":"\"Additive Manufacturing DINOs - Wall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlineamd.com/amd1211-cast-urethane-manufacturing.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Why Use Cast Urethane Manufacturing? - AMD – Aerospace Manufacturing and Design\""},{"Link":"http://www.core77.com/blog/materials/real_steel_an_inside_look_at_building_robots_20822.asp","external_links_name":"\"Real Steel: An Inside Look at Building Robots\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194743/http://sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fapr%2F02%2Fvalley-still-integral-part-of-county-manufacturing%2F","external_links_name":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\""},{"Link":"http://sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fapr%2F02%2Fvalley-still-integral-part-of-county-manufacturing%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/tech/innovation/3d-printed-metal-gun/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas company makes metal gun with 3-D printer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194227/http://www.sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2008%2Foct%2F13%2Fsolid-concepts-acquisition-a-prototype-for-growth%2F","external_links_name":"\"Create an Account | San Fernando Valley Business Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfvbj.com/accounts/login/?next=%2Fnews%2F2008%2Foct%2F13%2Fsolid-concepts-acquisition-a-prototype-for-growth%2F","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/stratasys-to-acquire-solid-concepts-and-harvest-technologies-2014-04-02","external_links_name":"\"Stratasys to Acquire Solid Concepts and Harvest Technologies\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/101836584","external_links_name":"\"Press Releases\""},{"Link":"http://www.prototypetoday.com/news/solid-concepts","external_links_name":"\"Solid Concepts\""},{"Link":"http://machinedesign.com/news/bigger-role-prototyping-automotive-design","external_links_name":"\"Bigger Role for Prototyping in Automotive Design | News content from\""},{"Link":"http://machinedesign.com/automotive/laser-sintering-helps-build-hot-electric-motorcycle","external_links_name":"\"Laser sintering helps build a hot electric motorcycle | Automotive content from\""},{"Link":"http://www.us-tech.com/RelId/1148572/ISvars/default/Solid_Concepts_offers_multiple_technologies_for_Custom_Manufacturing_projects.htm","external_links_name":"\"Solid Concepts offers multiple technologies for Custom Manufacturing projects\""},{"Link":"http://www.makepartsfast.com/2013/06/5536/a-closer-look-at-solid-concepts/","external_links_name":"\"A Closer Look At Solid Concepts\""},{"Link":"http://composite.about.com/od/equipment/a/What-Is-Open-Molding.htm","external_links_name":"\"What is Open Molding and Hand Lay-Up\""},{"Link":"http://wings.buffalo.edu/eng/mae/courses/460-564/Course-Notes/CNC%20notes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Computer Numerical Control (CNC) : Introduction\""},{"Link":"http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=229290&dfpPParams=ind_182,aid_229290&dfpLayout=article","external_links_name":"\"Features - Materials Decisions Critical to New Watch Design\""},{"Link":"http://www.bpf.co.uk/Data/Image/InjectionMoulding.swf","external_links_name":"\"Injection Mould : Working Diagram\""},{"Link":"http://www.makepartsfast.com/2008/09/584/stereolithography-helps-reduce-drag-noise-on-aircraft/","external_links_name":"\"Stereolithography Helps Reduce Drag Noise on Aircraft\""},{"Link":"http://www.tctmagazine.com/articles/3d-printing-realises-architects-beach-palace-designs/","external_links_name":"\"3D printing realises architect's beach palace designs - TCT\""},{"Link":"http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/carbon-fiber-reinforced-polyamide-performs-in-engine-part","external_links_name":"\"Carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide performs in engine part\""},{"Link":"http://www.pddnet.com/articles/2011/12/pac-12-trophy-design","external_links_name":"\"PAC 12 Trophy Design\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_5
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Avenue 5
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["1 Premise","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","3 Episodes","3.1 Series overview","3.2 Season 1 (2020)","3.3 Season 2 (2022)","4 Production","4.1 Development","4.2 Casting","4.3 Writing","4.4 Filming","5 Release","6 Reception","6.1 Critical response","6.2 Ratings","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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2020 sci-fi comedy television series
Not to be confused with 5th Avenue.
Avenue 5Genre
Comedy
Science fiction
Black comedy
Created byArmando IannucciShowrunnerArmando IannucciStarring
Hugh Laurie
Josh Gad
Zach Woods
Rebecca Front
Suzy Nakamura
Lenora Crichlow
Nikki Amuka-Bird
Ethan Phillips
Music byAdem IlhanCountry of originUnited StatesUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons2No. of episodes17ProductionExecutive producers
Kevin Loader
Will Smith
Tony Roche
Simon Blackwell
Armando Iannucci
ProducerSteve Clark-HallCinematographyEben BolterEditorGary DollnerRunning time28–29 minutesProduction companyDundee ProductionsOriginal releaseNetwork
HBO (US)
Sky One (UK)(season 1)
Sky Max (UK)(season 2)
ReleaseJanuary 19, 2020 (2020-01-19) –November 28, 2022 (2022-11-28)
Avenue 5 is a science fiction comedy television series created by Armando Iannucci that premiered on HBO in the United States on January 19, 2020. It stars Hugh Laurie and Josh Gad in lead roles as captain and owner of a fictional interplanetary cruise ship Avenue 5. HBO produced the series in the United States and Sky UK in the United Kingdom. In February 2020, just days before the COVID-19 pandemic led to worldwide lockdowns, the series was renewed for a second season; filming moved forward in late 2021, with a release date of October 10, 2022. In February 2023, the series was cancelled after two seasons.
Premise
Avenue 5 has been described as "set in the future, mostly in space." On board the interplanetary cruise ship, the Avenue 5, a momentary loss of artificial gravity and accidental death of its chief engineer sends the titular vessel 0.21 degrees off course. It's estimated it will take the ship three years to return to Earth, and with only enough supplies to sustain her many passengers for the intended eight-week long cruise, the crew of the Avenue 5 must struggle to maintain order and return the craft safely.
Cast and characters
Main
Hugh Laurie as Ryan Clark, the captain of Avenue 5
Josh Gad as Herman Judd, billionaire owner of Avenue 5
Zach Woods as Matt Spencer, Head of Customer Relations for Avenue 5
Rebecca Front as Karen Kelly, a passenger aboard Avenue 5
Suzy Nakamura as Iris Kimura, an associate owner of Avenue 5
Lenora Crichlow as Billie McEvoy, second engineer on Avenue 5
Nikki Amuka-Bird as Rav Mulcair, head of mission control for Avenue 5 back on Earth, later (episode 8 onward) is onboard Avenue 5
Ethan Phillips as Spike Martin, a former astronaut and first (or fifth) Canadian on Mars, who is now a womanizing alcoholic on Avenue 5
Recurring
Himesh Patel as Jordan Hatwal (season 1), a stand-up comedian who takes up an eight-week residency on Avenue 5
Jessica St. Clair as Mia, a passenger and Doug's wife
Kyle Bornheimer as Doug, a passenger and Mia's husband
Andy Buckley as Frank, a passenger and Karen's husband
Matthew Beard as Alan Lewis, Rav's assistant on Earth
Daisy May Cooper as Sarah (season 1), bridge crew; Zarah (season 2), Sarah's twin sister and an actress on Earth
Adam Pålsson as Mads, bridge crew
Julie Dray as Nadia (season 1), bridge crew
Neil Casey as Cyrus (season 1), an engineer
Paterson Joseph as Harrison Ames (season 1), a rival of Judd's
Kelly Coughlin as Jaden
John Finnemore as Paul, the shuttle pilot
Priyanga Burford as Lori Hernandez
Vaughn Johseph as John
Joseph Balderrama as Tim
Wanda Opalinska as Bailey
Rae Lim as Devon
Rachel Handshaw as Teri (season 1)
Justin Edwards as Nathan Basic (season 2), the cannibal
Lucy Punch as Dawn Djopi (season 2), a talk-show host
Arsher Ali as Lucas Sato (season 2), a representative from the Office of the Other President
Leila Farzad as Elena (season 2), Clark's girlfriend and Charles' estranged wife
Jonathan Aris as Charles (season 2), Elena's estranged husband
Julian Ovenden as Ryan (season 2)
David Fynn as Judd (season 2)
Julianna Kurokawa as Iris (season 2)
Imogen Woods as Paloma (season 2)
A.J. Parkes as Rafael (season 2)
Episodes
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired19January 19, 2020 (2020-01-19)March 15, 2020 (2020-03-15)28October 10, 2022 (2022-10-10)November 28, 2022 (2022-11-28)
Season 1 (2020)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S viewers(millions)11"I Was Flying"Armando IannucciTeleplay by : Armando Iannucci & Simon Blackwell & Tony RocheStory by : Armando IannucciJanuary 19, 2020 (2020-01-19)0.571
Luxurious passenger spaceship Avenue 5, owned by eccentric billionaire Herman Judd, is on an eight-week trip through the solar system when a course malfunction means it will now take three years to get home. After the main engineer is killed, Captain Ryan Clark is found to have been hired as a reassuring figurehead for the automated ship. The deceased engineer was the actual pilot. Passenger service employee Matt Spencer attempts to calm the passengers.
22"And Then He's Gonna Shoot Off..."Natalie BaileyTeleplay by : Georgia Pritchett & Will SmithStory by : Armando Iannucci & Georgia Pritchett & Will SmithJanuary 26, 2020 (2020-01-26)0.500
Cyrus finds the trip duration could be reduced to six months by jetisoning some passengers or crew. On Earth, Judd meets with NASA. Joe's coffin is jettisoned. Another gravity mishap interrupts a funeral for three passengers who died in the first gravity mishap. The four coffins orbit the ship.
33"I'm a Hand Model"Natalie BaileyTeleplay by : Ian Martin & Peter FellowsStory by : Armando Iannucci & Ian Martin & Peter FellowsFebruary 2, 2020 (2020-02-02)0.297
The crew struggles to adjust to their new arrival time of three-and-a-half years. Clark discovers the crew are as false as he is; they are actors and models, and the bridge is no more than a stage. Billie reveals the existence of two crews, one for show matching Judd's wish for his ship to be crewed by the most attractive, and another to actually pilot the ship 'backstage'.
44"Then Who Was That on the Ladder?"Natalie BaileyTeleplay by : Ian Martin & Peter FellowsStory by : Armando Iannucci & Ian Martin & Peter FellowsFebruary 9, 2020 (2020-02-09)0.275
Realizing he will have to keep up the charade for longer than anticipated, Clark contemplates studying the spacecraft and has Billie introduce him to the actual crew. The distraction from their duties has disastrous consequences. Clark has to go on a spacewalk to conduct an emergency repair on the ship's 'wetsuit', a sewage-filled compartment which is the ship's radiation shield.
55"He's Only There to Stop His Skeleton from Falling Over"Annie GriffinTeleplay by : Peter BaynhamStory by : Armando Iannucci & Peter BaynhamFebruary 16, 2020 (2020-02-16)0.386
The ship is saved by Billie, who is annoyed that Clark is declared the hero. Clark's perceived recklessness results in the breakdown of his trilateral marriage. The initial accident is blamed on Frank, who suspects the captain is trying to seduce his wife. The rest of the passengers and crew celebrate what should have been the voyage's half-way point.
66"Was It Your Ears?"Peter FellowsTeleplay by : Jon BrownStory by : Armando Iannucci & Jon BrownFebruary 23, 2020 (2020-02-23)0.371
A woman gives birth and her baby causes Judd to have an identity crisis. Billie and Clark realize a mysterious beeping might be a warning that the ship is leaking oxygen. On Earth, Rav tries to secure government funds for a rescue mission.
77"Are You a Spider, Matt?"Becky MartinTeleplay by : Charlie Cooper & Daisy CooperStory by : Armando Iannucci & Charlie Cooper & Daisy CooperMarch 1, 2020 (2020-03-01)0.400
Frank sees an image of Pope John Paul II in the debris orbiting the ship. Trillionaire passenger Harrison threatens to sue Judd, compromising a potential rescue. On Earth, the public becomes aware that Rav's negotiation for rescue funds potentially puts lives on the line.
88"This is Physically Hurting Me"David SchneiderTeleplay by : Georgia Pritchett & Will SmithStory by : Armando Iannucci & Georgia Pritchett & Will SmithMarch 8, 2020 (2020-03-08)0.384
Ryan is de-captained in an argument with Judd. After Ryan accidentally reveals to the passengers that he isn't American and is wearing a toupee, they question whether their situation is real or if they are in a prank reality show. Harrison and six others self-eject through the airlock in the belief they will end up back on Earth. Rav realizes that the rescue craft having just two seats means she must either leave Judd aboard Avenue 5 or take his place for the duration.
99"Eight Arms But No Hands"William Stefan SmithTeleplay by : Ian Martin & Peter Fellows and Sean GrayStory by : Armando Iannucci & Sean Gray and Ian Martin & Peter FellowsMarch 15, 2020 (2020-03-15)0.415
Guilt-ridden over the deaths of the airlock seven, Matt decides to hide for the duration and changes the airlock codes. The crew search for him, to shorten the journey to six months by jettisoning unnecessary objects to the equivalent weight of 500 people. When found Matt reveals the code, but due to a misunderstanding the objects are jettisoned from the portside instead of the rear, extending their journey time to eight years. After squabbling over the supply shuttle's second seat, Iris is accidentally sent back to Earth early leaving Rav aboard.
Season 2 (2022)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date U.S viewers(millions)101"No One Wants an Argument About Reality"William Stefan SmithTeleplay by : Will SmithStory by : Armando Iannucci & Will SmithOctober 10, 2022 (2022-10-10)N/A
Five months after the jettisoning incident, Clark has still not told the passengers that their return to Earth has been delayed by eight years, and has found out that his new girlfriend Elena's estranged husband Charles is onboard. Rav unveils to the ship's board her plan to save half of Avenue 5's population by sealing the other half below deck to either grow their own food or starve, which is rejected. Frank has gained celebrity status for his cooking show in which he uses hotel amenities, and has kept Karen in their room after telling her that the other passengers know that she was responsible for the jettisoning mistake. Judd Mission Control is taken over by the Office of the Other President. And, after Spike takes Elena's kids on a tour of the real bridge, Avenue 5 is set on a new course that will bring it dangerously close to the Sun. Back on Earth, the events on Avenue 5 are dramatised in a new television drama, and Iris fails to raise awareness and money for a rescue mission.
112"What an Unseasonal Delight"William Stefan SmithTeleplay by : Keith AkushieStory by : Armando Iannucci & Keith AkushieOctober 17, 2022 (2022-10-17)N/A
With Avenue 5 bound on course to come dangerously close to the Sun, the crew decide to evacuate everyone to the half of the ship facing away from it. With the extreme heat likely to kill Avenue 5's stock of live eels (the ship's chief source of food), the crew are forced to evacuate them too by the bucketload. The crew manage to locate a service tunnel that is twelve degrees cooler than the rest of the ship and can accommodate three hundred people, although the crew agonise over who should be granted entry. Mia, now heavily pregnant, reveals to Doug that Mads may be the father. Back on Earth, Iris purchases the production company that produces the Avenue 5 drama series and casts Sarah's twin sister Zarah as the ship's scientific officer and series' new lead to boost popular support for a rescue mission.
123"Is It a Good Dot?"David SchneiderTeleplay by : Jon BrownStory by : Armando Iannucci & Jon BrownOctober 24, 2022 (2022-10-24)N/A
The eels start dying off one by one due to faults with their storage tank. The crew of Avenue 5 decide to solicit help from the Stormfalcon space station, whose crew are fans of the Avenue 5 series. They later learn that Stormfalcon is not a military-sponsored scientific outpost but a prison, with its crew comprising criminals considered too violent to be incarcerated on Earth. With the eel tank still in need of repair, the Avenue 5 crew reluctantly ask for help from Stormfalcon's chief engineer, a paedophile, but keep him isolated from the passengers via a system reminiscent of a hamster cage and force him back onto the Stormfalcon just as a riot breaks out. Unfortunately, Nathan Basic, a cannibal, is still on the ship after being invited to appear on Frank's cooking show. Judd is furious that his role in the Avenue 5 television series is reduced to that of a background character who agrees with everyone. On Earth, Lucas Sato, the new head of Judd Mission Control under secondment from The Other President's Office, reveals to Iris top secret knowledge that Earth is facing a lithium shortage. Hoping to use this to leverage support for a rescue mission, Iris returns to Avenue 5 via a supply shuttle.
134"How It Ends: As a Starter and a Main"Annie GriffinTeleplay by : John FinnemoreStory by : Armando Iannucci & John FinnemoreOctober 31, 2022 (2022-10-31)N/A
With cannibal Nathan Basic still onboard Avenue 5, Clark orders the ship locked down but Rav accidentally reveals to the passengers the cannibal's presence, believing that she had turned off the public address system. In lockdown, Doug's leg is trapped in an airlock door and is nursed by Paul the shuttle pilot; Karen, who knows what Basic looks like and that he is not locked in the same room as her, attempts to satisfy her need to take control by leading efforts to work out who the cannibal is but is overshadowed by Isaac; Iris and Judd try to use the lithium shortage to leverage a rescue mission, and Mads is forced to sign a non-disclosure agreement due to his and Judd's new friendship; and Matt, Mia, Elena and her daughter, who are unknowingly locked in the same room as Basic, engage in group therapy to pass the time. Frank, who had been pinned down by other attendants at the ship's spa on suspicion that he was the cannibal, helps Clark and Billie identify Basic. However, after Basic expressed regret about his past behaviour, the rest of the therapy group object to his arrest. Clark, Billie and Rav accidentally reveal the true direness of Avenue 5's situation due to the public address system being left on, and Judd destroys his leverage by having the lithium shortage be revealed through dialogue in the Avenue 5 drama series.
145"Let's Play with Matches"Annie GriffinTeleplay by : Tony Roche & Rose HeineyStory by : Armando Iannucci & Tony Roche & Rose HeineyNovember 7, 2022 (2022-11-07)N/A
When rioting breaks out onboard Avenue 5 and the passengers are about to kill Clark, Isaac suggests that he be peacefully replaced with a 'citizen's assembly'. Clark accepts his overthrow with relief, and he and Judd are detained. However, the new governing committees have little rationale (with Billie being barred from the engineering committee and Basic becoming a leading member of the food committee) and spend much of their time in heated argument. After Elena and Charles rescue him, Clark calls for the election of a 'benign dictator' to bring order. The candidates up for election include Isaac, Frank (albeit as a puppet of Karen), Iris, Rav, Matt (who is running on nihilistic honesty and crossbow-making lessons), Mads (albeit as a puppet of Judd), Billie, Basic, and Clark's character from the Avenue 5 television series (as a joke or protest candidate). Fearing the likely prospect of Basic winning (due to his amiable personality and inspired policies), Clark, Spike, Elena and Charles support, in succession, Billie (whose popularity drops instantly when she berates voters' poor understanding of physics), Karen (who is instantly booed off stage), and a crestfallen Isaac. However, after being endorsed by Isaac, Clark finds himself elected as the new dictator after the passengers overwhelmingly vote for 'TV Ryan' and forcefully make him up to look more like the television character. On Earth, Sato meets with the Other President (a committee comprising the CEOs of Amazon, Tesla and Reality Whack, the successor company to Meta) to discuss the lithium shortage. To Sato's horror, they suggest destroying Avenue 5 to distract from the story.
156"Intoxicating Clarity"Ollie ParsonsTeleplay by : Georgia Pritchett and Ian Martin & Marina HydeStory by : Armando Iannucci & Georgia Pritchett and Ian Martin & Marina HydeNovember 14, 2022 (2022-11-14)N/A
As Clark attempts to establish himself as a benevolent ruler, he tasks Billie with supervising Judd to ensure that he calls Sato to arrange a rescue mission and does not antagonise him, and Iris tries to persuade him to create a secret police. Matt has established a resistance movement against Clark. The once-supportive passengers begin to fear Clark after Zarah dies on the set of the Avenue 5 television series following Clark's offhanded comments disparaging her, and Matt is harmfully crushed at the ship's new cuddle club. Although Clark and Matt reconcile, Matt is shot with a crossbow during a photo-op; Mads reveals that he ordered the attacks on him to further Matt's revolutionary cause. After the discovery of a meteor rich in lithium ore, Judd attempts to use it as leverage for a rescue mission, but is informed that the missile cannot be recalled. At a cosplay watch party, the passengers learn about the impending missile strike from the season finale of Avenue 5, forcing Clark to authorise the detention of the 'usual panickers' by the secret police (established by Iris despite Clark's objections).
167"I Love Judging People"David SchneiderTeleplay by : Sean GrayStory by : Armando Iannucci & Sean GrayNovember 21, 2022 (2022-11-21)N/A
Judd tells the board that, for tax purposes, Avenue 5 can be split in two. However, it is likely that the missile will hit whichever half the passengers and crew fully evacuate into. Not wanting to decide who lives and dies, they assign the task to an AI which allocates worth based on numerous factors and determines a corresponding numerical rank; those ranking between 1 and 3000 will be moved to the front half and safety, and those ranking 3001 and lower will be left in the back half, as the missile will attempt to inflict maximum damage by hitting the engines. In the time before the split, passengers and crew attempt to boost their rankings. Over dinner, Clark is forced to tell Elena and Charles about the true purpose of the ranking system (after being penalised for lying), and Elena tells Clark and Charles that she loves them both. Billie is dismayed that she ranks second rather than first, until learning that Mads is first only because the AI recognises only his positive tone and not what he is saying. Spike's attempt to boost his rank through stand-up comedy fails as some passengers were offended by his jokes. Matt attempts to help Rav overcome her anxiety to boost her rank. Iris tries to cheat through strategic smiling until the AI learns about and discounts it; she manages to boost her rank by delivering Mia's baby. Judd, after offering rank-boosting advice, learns that he is in the lower-ranking half. Karen, after learning that Clark hates her, disguises herself as him to sabotage his ranking; after Clark apologises to her, it is discovered that insulting or assaulting someone then immediately apologising for it can be used to cheat the system. The final division sees Clark attempt to sacrifice himself to save Elena, and Billie opt to stay at the back. However, after Judd reveals the truth and leads some of the passengers to the front half of the ship, Billie surmises that the new division of passengers may result in the front half being the one hit by the missile.
178"That's Why They Call It a Missile"Armando IannucciTeleplay by : Simon Blackwell & Rose HeineyStory by : Armando Iannucci & Simon Blackwell & Rose HeineyNovember 28, 2022 (2022-11-28)N/A
Following the split, Judd, Iris, Rav, Matt, Mads, Doug and Mia's baby are in the front half, whilst Clark, Billie, Spike, Frank, Karen, Mia and Basic are in the back half. With supplies and facilities split between both halves, the back half has all of Avenue 5's engineers whilst the front half has the eel tank and control over all systems but is at greater risk of being hit by the missile. Spike, after revealing that he only has three weeks left to live, offers to sacrifice himself to save the ship. Elena wishes to marry both Clark and Charles before the missile strikes, but Clark ends up marrying Charles (and possibly Karen) after Elena's video link is cut off by Rav, hoping that the missile will miss the blacked-out front half. After Spike learns that he was misdiagnosed and is healthy, he reneges on his mission; however, by steering his escape pod out of the path of the missile, he deflects it away from either half of Avenue 5, but causes it to hit the meteor instead. After learning that they are saved, Matt and Rav share a passionate kiss and the passengers in the front half turn on Judd. Using a minute fragment, Clark and Billie use it in a perspective illusion to trick Sato into greenlighting a rescue mission.
Production
Development
On September 25, 2017, it was announced that HBO had given a pilot order to a new comedy series created by Armando Iannucci, who was also set to serve as writer and executive producer. In addition to the pilot order, the network also reportedly ordered backup scripts. In April 2019, a series pickup was commissioned by HBO for nine episodes. On February 13, 2020, the series was renewed for a second season, which would also consist of nine episodes. In October 2022, Iannucci told Entertainment Weekly that there are plans for a third season, saying that HBO was "very keen". On February 10, 2023, HBO canceled the series after two seasons.
Casting
In August 2018, it was announced that Hugh Laurie and Suzy Nakamura had been cast in the pilot's lead roles as Captain Ryan Clark and Iris Kimura. On November 7, 2018, it was reported that Rebecca Front had joined the pilot's cast in another leading role as Karen Kelly. In February 2019, Zach Woods, Josh Gad, Nikki Amuka-Bird and Lenora Crichlow were cast as series regulars Matt Spencer, Herman Judd, Rav Mulclair, and Billie McEvoy. Himesh Patel was added in June as comedian on the ship Jordan Hatwal. The main cast members were returned for the second season by the time of its announcement.
Writing
By July 2021, the first six episodes of the second season were plotted out, leaving only the final three to be outlined "next month". Iannucci added, "It's basically about people in isolation. So, we're just waiting to see what the mood might be as to how we pitch. Is it going to be bleak despair, or is it going to be very, very silly? Or maybe silly despair? I don't know. We tried to make season one as silly as possible, but it seems to have strangely become a kind of documentary about present-day conditions."
Filming
Principal photography for the pilot took place in 2018 in London, England. While filming was taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden in July 2019, a fire damaged one of the show's sets. Production for the second season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2021, creator Armando Iannucci confirmed on Twitter that season two would begin filming, "in a matter of days." A post by Josh Gad confirmed the start of filming in August. Another post by Gad also confirmed the end of filming in late November 2021.
Release
The series premiered on January 19, 2020, on HBO. In New Zealand, the series is distributed by Sky satellite television provider's SOHO2 channel and Neon streaming service. The second season premiered on October 10, 2022, on HBO.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 67% based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, "If Avenue 5's maiden voyage isn't as smooth as its creative clout implies, it's still a hilarious step in a completely new—while still enjoyably caustic—direction for creator Armando Iannucci." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Ratings
Viewership and ratings per episode of Avenue 5
No.
Title
Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)
1
"I Was Flying"
January 19, 2020
0.2
0.571
—
0.296
—
0.867
2
"And Then He's Gonna Shoot Off..."
January 26, 2020
0.1
0.500
0.1
0.385
0.2
0.885
3
"I'm a Hand Model"
February 2, 2020
0.1
0.297
0.1
0.358
0.2
0.655
4
"Wait a Minute, Then Who Was That on the Ladder?"
February 9, 2020
0.1
0.275
0.1
0.347
0.2
0.622
5
"He's Only There to Stop His Skeleton from Falling Over"
February 16, 2020
0.1
0.386
0.1
0.292
0.2
0.678
6
"Was It Your Ears?"
February 23, 2020
0.1
0.371
0.1
0.302
0.2
0.673
7
"Are You a Spider, Matt?"
March 1, 2020
0.1
0.400
0.1
0.336
0.2
0.736
8
"This is Physically Hurting Me"
March 8, 2020
0.1
0.384
—
—
—
—
9
"Eight Arms But No Hands"
March 15, 2020
0.1
0.415
0.1
0.236
0.2
0.651
Notes
^ The episode was first made available on January 31, 2020, through HBO's digital platform.
References
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^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 7, 2018). "'Avenue 5': Rebecca Front To Star In Armando Iannucci's HBO Comedy Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
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External links
Official website
Avenue 5 at IMDb
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Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl
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Catch and Kill: The Podcast Tapes
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From the Earth to the Moon
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Last Call: When a Serial Killer Stalked Queer New York
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Pray, Obey, Kill
Q: Into the Storm
The Regime
Scenes from a Marriage
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Sharp Objects
Show Me a Hero
Small Town News: KPVM Pahrump
The Sympathizer
Tanner '88
Telemarketers
The Third Day
The Undoing
Watchmen
We Are Who We Are
We Own This City
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See also
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HBO Canada original series
HBO Europe original series
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vteSky One, Sky Comedy and Sky Max original programming1980s debuts
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Are You Smarter than a 10 Year Old?
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Badger or Bust
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Brainiac: History Abuse
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Don't Forget the Lyrics!
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Upright
Wolfe
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5th Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Avenue_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_comedy"},{"link_name":"Armando Iannucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Iannucci"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Josh Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gad"},{"link_name":"Sky UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Renewal-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2PremiereDate-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canceled-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with 5th Avenue.Avenue 5 is a science fiction comedy television series created by Armando Iannucci that premiered on HBO in the United States on January 19, 2020. It stars Hugh Laurie and Josh Gad in lead roles as captain and owner of a fictional interplanetary cruise ship Avenue 5. HBO produced the series in the United States and Sky UK in the United Kingdom. In February 2020, just days before the COVID-19 pandemic led to worldwide lockdowns, the series was renewed for a second season;[1] filming moved forward in late 2021, with a release date of October 10, 2022.[2][3] In February 2023, the series was cancelled after two seasons.[4]","title":"Avenue 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PilotOrder-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Avenue 5 has been described as \"set in the future, mostly in space.\"[5] On board the interplanetary cruise ship, the Avenue 5, a momentary loss of artificial gravity and accidental death of its chief engineer sends the titular vessel 0.21 degrees off course.[6] It's estimated it will take the ship three years to return to Earth, and with only enough supplies to sustain her many passengers for the intended eight-week long cruise, the crew of the Avenue 5 must struggle to maintain order and return the craft safely.[6]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Josh Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gad"},{"link_name":"Zach Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Woods"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Front"},{"link_name":"Suzy Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Lenora Crichlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenora_Crichlow"},{"link_name":"Nikki Amuka-Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Amuka-Bird"},{"link_name":"Ethan Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Phillips"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Hugh Laurie as Ryan Clark, the captain of Avenue 5[7][8]\nJosh Gad as Herman Judd, billionaire owner of Avenue 5\nZach Woods as Matt Spencer, Head of Customer Relations for Avenue 5\nRebecca Front as Karen Kelly, a passenger aboard Avenue 5\nSuzy Nakamura as Iris Kimura, an associate owner of Avenue 5[8]\nLenora Crichlow as Billie McEvoy, second engineer on Avenue 5\nNikki Amuka-Bird as Rav Mulcair, head of mission control for Avenue 5 back on Earth, later (episode 8 onward) is onboard Avenue 5\nEthan Phillips as Spike Martin, a former astronaut and first (or fifth) Canadian on Mars, who is now a womanizing alcoholic on Avenue 5","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Himesh Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himesh_Patel"},{"link_name":"Jessica St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_St._Clair"},{"link_name":"Kyle Bornheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Bornheimer"},{"link_name":"Andy Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Buckley"},{"link_name":"Matthew Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Beard_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"Daisy May Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_May_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Adam Pålsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_P%C3%A5lsson"},{"link_name":"Julie Dray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Dray"},{"link_name":"Neil Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Casey"},{"link_name":"Paterson Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Joseph"},{"link_name":"John Finnemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Finnemore"},{"link_name":"Priyanga Burford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanga_Burford"},{"link_name":"Joseph Balderrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Balderrama"},{"link_name":"Wanda Opalinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Opalinska"},{"link_name":"Justin Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Edwards_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lucy Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Punch"},{"link_name":"Arsher Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsher_Ali"},{"link_name":"Leila Farzad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Farzad"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Aris"},{"link_name":"Julian Ovenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ovenden"},{"link_name":"David Fynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fynn"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Himesh Patel as Jordan Hatwal (season 1), a stand-up comedian who takes up an eight-week residency on Avenue 5\nJessica St. Clair as Mia, a passenger and Doug's wife\nKyle Bornheimer as Doug, a passenger and Mia's husband\nAndy Buckley as Frank, a passenger and Karen's husband\nMatthew Beard as Alan Lewis, Rav's assistant on Earth\nDaisy May Cooper as Sarah (season 1), bridge crew; Zarah (season 2), Sarah's twin sister and an actress on Earth\nAdam Pålsson as Mads, bridge crew\nJulie Dray as Nadia (season 1), bridge crew\nNeil Casey as Cyrus (season 1), an engineer\nPaterson Joseph as Harrison Ames (season 1), a rival of Judd's\nKelly Coughlin as Jaden\nJohn Finnemore as Paul, the shuttle pilot\nPriyanga Burford as Lori Hernandez\nVaughn Johseph as John\nJoseph Balderrama as Tim\nWanda Opalinska as Bailey\nRae Lim as Devon\nRachel Handshaw as Teri (season 1)\nJustin Edwards as Nathan Basic (season 2), the cannibal\nLucy Punch as Dawn Djopi (season 2), a talk-show host\nArsher Ali as Lucas Sato (season 2), a representative from the Office of the Other President\nLeila Farzad as Elena (season 2), Clark's girlfriend and Charles' estranged wife\nJonathan Aris as Charles (season 2), Elena's estranged husband\nJulian Ovenden as Ryan (season 2)\nDavid Fynn as Judd (season 2)\nJulianna Kurokawa as Iris (season 2)\nImogen Woods as Paloma (season 2)\nA.J. Parkes as Rafael (season 2)","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2020)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2022)"}],"sub_title":"Series overview","text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired19January 19, 2020 (2020-01-19)March 15, 2020 (2020-03-15)28October 10, 2022 (2022-10-10)November 28, 2022 (2022-11-28)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2020)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Armando Iannucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Iannucci"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PilotOrder-5"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2Renewal-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canceled-4"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"On September 25, 2017, it was announced that HBO had given a pilot order to a new comedy series created by Armando Iannucci, who was also set to serve as writer and executive producer. In addition to the pilot order, the network also reportedly ordered backup scripts.[5] In April 2019, a series pickup was commissioned by HBO for nine episodes.[20] On February 13, 2020, the series was renewed for a second season,[1] which would also consist of nine episodes.[21] In October 2022, Iannucci told Entertainment Weekly that there are plans for a third season, saying that HBO was \"very keen\".[22] On February 10, 2023, HBO canceled the series after two seasons.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Laurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Laurie"},{"link_name":"Suzy Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Front"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Zach Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Woods"},{"link_name":"Josh Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Gad"},{"link_name":"Nikki Amuka-Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Amuka-Bird"},{"link_name":"Lenora Crichlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenora_Crichlow"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Himesh Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himesh_Patel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"In August 2018, it was announced that Hugh Laurie and Suzy Nakamura had been cast in the pilot's lead roles as Captain Ryan Clark and Iris Kimura.[7][8] On November 7, 2018, it was reported that Rebecca Front had joined the pilot's cast in another leading role as Karen Kelly.[23] In February 2019, Zach Woods, Josh Gad, Nikki Amuka-Bird and Lenora Crichlow were cast as series regulars Matt Spencer, Herman Judd, Rav Mulclair, and Billie McEvoy.[24][25][26][27] Himesh Patel was added in June as comedian on the ship Jordan Hatwal.[28] The main cast members were returned for the second season by the time of its announcement.[21]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-30"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"By July 2021, the first six episodes of the second season were plotted out, leaving only the final three to be outlined \"next month\".[29] Iannucci added, \"It's basically about people in isolation. So, we're just waiting to see what the mood might be as to how we pitch. Is it going to be bleak despair, or is it going to be very, very silly? Or maybe silly despair? I don't know. We tried to make season one as silly as possible, but it seems to have strangely become a kind of documentary about present-day conditions.\"[21][29]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PilotOrder-5"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Studios,_Leavesden"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Filming","text":"Principal photography for the pilot took place in 2018 in London, England.[5] While filming was taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden in July 2019, a fire damaged one of the show's sets.[30] Production for the second season was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In August 2021, creator Armando Iannucci confirmed on Twitter that season two would begin filming, \"in a matter of days.\" A post by Josh Gad confirmed the start of filming in August.[31] Another post by Gad also confirmed the end of filming in late November 2021.[32]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Neon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neon_(service)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S2PremiereDate-3"}],"text":"The series premiered on January 19, 2020, on HBO.[33] In New Zealand, the series is distributed by Sky satellite television provider's SOHO2 channel and Neon streaming service.[34] The second season premiered on October 10, 2022, on HBO.[3]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 67% based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, \"If Avenue 5's maiden voyage isn't as smooth as its creative clout implies, it's still a hilarious step in a completely new—while still enjoyably caustic—direction for creator Armando Iannucci.\"[35] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ratings","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"^ The episode was first made available on January 31, 2020, through HBO's digital platform.[11]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Petski, Denise (February 13, 2020). \"'Avenue 5' Renewed For Season 2 By HBO\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/avenue-5-renewed-season-2-by-hbo-1202859329/","url_text":"\"'Avenue 5' Renewed For Season 2 By HBO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200213173349/https://deadline.com/2020/02/avenue-5-renewed-season-2-by-hbo-1202859329/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (May 27, 2022). \"'Avenue 5' Likely Ending With Season 2, Cast Of Armando Iannucci's HBO Space Comedy Has Been Released\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 15, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/05/avenue-5-canceled-season-2-final-season-premiere-date-hbo-cast-released-1235034663/","url_text":"\"'Avenue 5' Likely Ending With Season 2, Cast Of Armando Iannucci's HBO Space Comedy Has Been Released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220915015852/https://deadline.com/2022/05/avenue-5-canceled-season-2-final-season-premiere-date-hbo-cast-released-1235034663/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"HBO Comedy Series AVENUE 5 Returns For Its Second Season October 10\". WarnerMedia (Press release). September 14, 2022. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/hbo-comedy-series-avenue-5-returns-its-second-season-october-10","url_text":"\"HBO Comedy Series AVENUE 5 Returns For Its Second Season October 10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220920002411/https://pressroom.warnermedia.com/us/media-release/hbo-comedy-series-avenue-5-returns-its-second-season-october-10","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (February 10, 202). \"'Avenue 5' Canceled At HBO After Two Seasons\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/02/avenue-5-canceled-at-hbo-after-two-seasons-1235256408/","url_text":"\"'Avenue 5' Canceled At HBO After Two Seasons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230210231905/https://deadline.com/2023/02/avenue-5-canceled-at-hbo-after-two-seasons-1235256408/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (September 25, 2017). \"'Veep' Creator Armando Iannucci Gets HBO Pilot Order For Space Comedy\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/09/hbo-armando-iannucci-space-comedy-pilot-veep-1202176361/","url_text":"\"'Veep' Creator Armando Iannucci Gets HBO Pilot Order For Space Comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181030084402/https://deadline.com/2017/09/hbo-armando-iannucci-space-comedy-pilot-veep-1202176361/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kleinman, Jake (January 2, 2020). \"'Avenue 5' review: Iannucci's sci-fi sitcom is the funniest thing on HBO\". Inverse. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/article/62064-avenue-5-review-hbo-hugh-laurie-josh-gad-armando-iannucci","url_text":"\"'Avenue 5' review: Iannucci's sci-fi sitcom is the funniest thing on HBO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103025243/https://www.inverse.com/article/62064-avenue-5-review-hbo-hugh-laurie-josh-gad-armando-iannucci","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (August 22, 2018). \"Hugh Laurie To Star In Armando Iannucci's HBO Comedy Pilot 'Avenue 5'\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/08/hugh-laurie-star-hbo-comedy-pilot-avenue-5-armando-iannucci-veep-creator-1202450599/","url_text":"\"Hugh Laurie To Star In Armando Iannucci's HBO Comedy Pilot 'Avenue 5'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180823005327/https://deadline.com/2018/08/hugh-laurie-star-hbo-comedy-pilot-avenue-5-armando-iannucci-veep-creator-1202450599/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (August 24, 2018). \"Suzy Nakamura Joins Hugh Laurie In Armando Iannucci's HBO Comedy Pilot 'Avenue 5'\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. 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Time to go back to space bitches. #Avenue5Season2 - \"In Space, no-one can hear you scream…other than the passengers and crew of this particular vessel. @hbo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Josh Gad [@joshgad] (November 22, 2021). \"Love this crew. As we come to an end on Season 2 of #Avenue5 ao couldn't be more grateful for the last five months with this amazing group\". Retrieved December 1, 2021 – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CWlqwEUL78U/","url_text":"\"Love this crew. As we come to an end on Season 2 of #Avenue5 ao couldn't be more grateful for the last five months with this amazing group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Ryan (December 8, 2019). \"Avenue 5: Hugh Laurie Space Comedy Gets January Premiere Date at HBO\". TVLine. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. 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Retrieved March 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/live3-weekly-ratings-jersey-shore-family-vacation-tops-non-scripted-cable-telecasts-in-raw-adults-18-49-gains/","url_text":"\"Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Jersey Shore: Family Vacation' Tops Non-Scripted Cable Telecasts in Raw Adults 18–49 Gains\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201115011337/https://programminginsider.com/live3-weekly-ratings-jersey-shore-family-vacation-tops-non-scripted-cable-telecasts-in-raw-adults-18-49-gains/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pucci, Douglas (March 20, 2020). \"Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Dave' Leads All Prime Time Comedies in Adults 18–49 Percentage Gains\". Programming Insider. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/live3-weekly-ratings-dave-leads-all-prime-time-comedies-in-adults-18-49-percentage-gains/","url_text":"\"Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Dave' Leads All Prime Time Comedies in Adults 18–49 Percentage Gains\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200416055731/https://programminginsider.com/live3-weekly-ratings-dave-leads-all-prime-time-comedies-in-adults-18-49-percentage-gains/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Pilot\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609052645/https://deadline.com/2019/02/avenue-5-niki-amuka-bird-to-star-in-armando-iannuccis-hbo-comedy-pilot-1202564959/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/02/lenora-crichlow-avenue-5-pilot-cast-hbo-armando-iannucci-1202565470/","external_links_name":"\"Lenora Crichlow Joins Cast Of HBO's 'Avenue 5' Pilot From Armando Iannucci\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190422233057/https://deadline.com/2019/02/lenora-crichlow-avenue-5-pilot-cast-hbo-armando-iannucci-1202565470/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/06/avenue-5-himesh-patel-cast-armando-iannucci-hbo-comedy-1202634266/","external_links_name":"\"'Avenue 5': Himesh Patel Joins Armando Iannucci's HBO Space Comedy 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Economic_Change
|
Movement for Economic Change
|
["1 History","2 Election Results","3 References"]
|
Political party in Lesotho
Movement for Economic Change Sethala sa Kholiso ea MoruoAbbreviationMECLeaderSelibe MochoboroaneFounderSelibe MochoboroaneFounded1 February 2017 (2017-02-01)Split fromLesotho Congress for DemocracyIdeologyAnti-corruptionColours Blue BlackSloganKe NakoNational Assembly4 / 120Websitemec.org.lsPolitics of LesothoPolitical partiesElections
The Movement for Economic Change (MEC; Sotho: Sethala sa Kholiso ea Moruo) is a political party in Lesotho.
History
The party was established in January 2017 and announced on 1 February 2017 by Small Business Development Minister Selibe Mochoboroane, following his separation from Lesotho Congress for Democracy, of which he was secretary general appointed at the party AGM in 2015. He took a much questioned cross-bench position in parliament, claiming support of either government or opposition when necessary, with the aim of diverting political attention to economic growth and away from congress or national regimes of vengeance and divisions, but rather a nation of oneness for Basotho. He was officially released from serving as a Minister on 7 February 2017. MEC was formally registered on 9 March 2017. In the June 2017 elections the MEC received 5% of the vote, winning six seats, including a constituency seat by the leader. It landed the position of being the 4th biggest party in Lesotho after ABC, DC (with LCD) and AD. Following the 2022 election the MEC reached an agreement with the newly formed RFP and with the AD to form a government led by RFP's leader Sam Matekane.
Election Results
Election
Votes
Share
Seats
+/-
Government
2017
29,420
5.06
6 / 120
New
Opposition
2022
17,093
3.32
4 / 120
2
Coalition
References
^ https://africaelects.com/lesotho/ Lesotho - Africa Elects
^ Mochoboroane forms new party Lesotho Times, 6 January 2017
^ Fight over MEC name, symbols The Post, 17 March 2017
^ Final Elections Tally Announced Lesotho Times, 6 June 2017
^ "Lesotho tycoon forges coalition after poll breakthrough". France 24. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
vtePolitical parties in Lesotho Parliamentary
Revolution for Prosperity (56)
Democratic Congress (26)
All Basotho Convention (8)
Basotho Action Party (6)
Alliance of Democrats (4)
Movement for Economic Change (4)
Lesotho Congress for Democracy (3)
Socialist Revolutionaries (2)
Basotho National Party (1)
Popular Front for Democracy (1)
Mpulule Political Summit (1)
Basotho Covenant Movement (1)
HOPE – Mphatlalatsane (1)
National Independent Party (1)
Lesotho People's Congress (1)
Basotho National Party (1)
Basotho Patriotic Party (1)
United For Change (1)
Extraparliamentary
Basotho Democratic National Party
Lesotho People's Congress
Basutoland Congress Party
Lesotho Workers' Party
Marematlou Freedom Party
Reformed Congress of Lesotho
Inactive
Basutoland African Congress
Basotho Batho Democratic Party
Communist Party of Lesotho
Portal:Politics
List of political parties
Politics of Lesotho
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho_language"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"}],"text":"The Movement for Economic Change (MEC; Sotho: Sethala sa Kholiso ea Moruo) is a political party in Lesotho.","title":"Movement for Economic Change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selibe Mochoboroane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selibe_Mochoboroane"},{"link_name":"Lesotho Congress for Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_Congress_for_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"June 2017 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho_general_election,_2017"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakalitha_Mosisili"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Lesotho)"},{"link_name":"2022 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Lesotho_general_election"},{"link_name":"RFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_for_Prosperity"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Lesotho)"},{"link_name":"Sam Matekane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Matekane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The party was established in January 2017 and announced on 1 February 2017 by Small Business Development Minister Selibe Mochoboroane, following his separation from Lesotho Congress for Democracy, of which he was secretary general appointed at the party AGM in 2015.[2] He took a much questioned cross-bench position in parliament, claiming support of either government or opposition when necessary, with the aim of diverting political attention to economic growth and away from congress or national regimes of vengeance and divisions, but rather a nation of oneness for Basotho. He was officially released from serving as a Minister on 7 February 2017. MEC was formally registered on 9 March 2017.[3] In the June 2017 elections the MEC received 5% of the vote, winning six seats, including a constituency seat by the leader.[4] It landed the position of being the 4th biggest party in Lesotho after ABC, DC (with LCD) and AD. Following the 2022 election the MEC reached an agreement with the newly formed RFP and with the AD to form a government led by RFP's leader Sam Matekane.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election Results"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Lesotho tycoon forges coalition after poll breakthrough\". France 24. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221011-lesotho-tycoon-forges-coalition-after-poll-breakthrough","url_text":"\"Lesotho tycoon forges coalition after poll breakthrough\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.mec.org.ls/","external_links_name":"mec.org.ls"},{"Link":"https://africaelects.com/lesotho/","external_links_name":"https://africaelects.com/lesotho/"},{"Link":"http://www.lestimes.com/mochoboroane-forms-new-party/","external_links_name":"Mochoboroane forms new party"},{"Link":"http://www.thepost.co.ls/local-news/fight-over-mec-name-symbols/","external_links_name":"Fight over MEC name, symbols"},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/201706070006.html","external_links_name":"Final Elections Tally Announced"},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221011-lesotho-tycoon-forges-coalition-after-poll-breakthrough","external_links_name":"\"Lesotho tycoon forges coalition after poll breakthrough\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional
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Club Universidad Nacional
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["1 Los Pumas","2 History","2.1 Establishment: 1950s","2.2 The promotion: 1960s","2.3 The legend begins: 1970s","2.4 Consolidation: 1980s","2.5 Ups and downs: 1990s","2.6 Success: 2000s","2.7 Rejuvenating the Club: 2010s","2.8 2020s","3 Rivalries","3.1 Clásico Capitalino","3.2 Pumas UNAM vs. Cruz Azul","3.3 Clásico Universitario","4 Past kits","5 Honours","5.1 Friendly tournaments","6 Personnel","6.1 Current technical staff","6.2 Management","7 Players","7.1 Current squad","7.2 Other players under contract","7.3 Out on loan","7.4 Reserves and Academy","7.5 World Cup players","8 Managers","9 References","10 External links"]
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Association football club in Mexico City, Mexico
This article is about the men's professional association football team. For the women's team associated to the same club, see Club Universidad Nacional (women). For the American football team, see Pumas CU.
Football clubClub Universidad NacionalFull nameClub Universidad Nacional, A.C.Nickname(s)Pumas Universitarios (Collegiates) Universidad (University) Auriazules (Gold-and-Blues) Los de Pedregal (The Guys from Pedregal)Founded2 August 1954; 69 years ago (1954-08-02)as Club Deportivo UniversidadGroundEstadio Olímpico UniversitarioCapacity58,445OwnerNational Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)ChairmanLuis Raúl González PérezManagerGustavo LemaLeagueLiga MXClausura 2024Regular phase: 8thFinal phase: Quarter-finalsWebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Current season
Club Universidad Nacional, A.C., more commonly referred to as Pumas UNAM, is a professional football club based in Mexico City, Mexico. The club competes in the Liga MX, the top division in the Mexican football league system. Founded in 1954, they play their home games at Estadio Olímpico Universitario.
Domestically, Pumas UNAM has won 11 trophies: 7 Liga MX, 1 Copa MX, the Campeón de Campeones twice, as well as 1 Segunda División de México. In international club football, the club has won 3 CONCACAF Champions Cups and 1 Copa Interamericana. The club has a long-standing rivalry with Club América in the derbi capitalino.
The club is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico. It is considered to be one of the Cuatro Grandes of Mexican football, alongside Cruz Azul, Guadalajara, and Club América.
The team is also known for its youth development system, which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez, Manuel Negrete, Luis Flores, Miguel España, Claudio Suárez, Luis García, Alberto García Aspe, David Patiño, Jorge Campos, Braulio Luna, Gerardo Torrado,
Francisco Fonseca,
Efraín Juárez, Héctor Moreno, Pablo Barrera, Israel Castro, Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo.
Los Pumas
Club Universidad Nacional (Pumas UNAM) was originally an amateur club of college students from UNAM's several schools and then developed into a professional team competing in the Mexican football league. It is now one of the biggest clubs in all of Mexico. It has evolved into one of the most popular Mexican teams and has gained an international following.
The team's blue and gold colors were selected as a tribute to the University of Notre Dame, whose football coaches helped to develop an American-style football team at the university. The nickname was inspired by Roberto 'Tapatio' Mendez, who coached the team from 1946 to 1964 and whose motivational speeches often compared his players to pumas. The nickname stayed with the public, and all the athletic teams representing the university have been called Pumas.
Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, the main venue of the 1968 Summer Olympics. It has a seating capacity of over 72,000. The stadium is situated within the campus which enables easy access by the students. The Pumas have training facilities within the campus but their main complex is the Cantera, located nearby.
History
The dean of the university, Luis Chico Goerne, made the first attempt to affiliate a representative of UNAM with the top football Mexican championship of the day, filing a petition to join the Liga Mayor de Fútbol Professional del Distrito Federal. The petition was rejected in favor of Club Marte de Morelos. Therefore, Pumas played 13 years in Mexicos Liga De Ascenso.
By the 1940s, the dean Gustavo Baz Prada assigned the task to prepare the UNAM team to Rodolfo "Butch" Muñoz, then player of Club España. The new manager formed its new team with members of the student body of the many schools and faculties of the university. The UNAM team joined many university tournaments, with successful results, and "Butch" Muñoz went on to manage the team for 13 years. This prepared the team to complete its later transition to professional status.
Establishment: 1950s
In August 1954, the Club Universidad was accepted as a member of the Segunda División, in those days the second tier division of professional football in Mexico. This achievement was accomplished with the support of the dean Nabor Carrillo and Guillermo Aguilar Alvarez Sr., a benefactor of the club. Aguilar Alvarez was appointed by the dean as the chairman of the club.
On September 12, 1954 UNAM played its first professional game, an away match against Monterrey. After competing for three years, Club Universidad requested a one-year moratorium in its competing in Segunda División play to undergo a programme rebuilding process. Within that year, Hector Ortiz was appointed as the new manager of the club, and a Board of Patrons was formed.
The promotion: 1960s
Pumas UNAM realized its objective of promotion from Segunda División to Primera División when Club Universidad won the home-played promotion match on January 9, 1962, by defeating Club Cataluña de Torreón, 9–1. The match ended, the students rushed the pitch, and honored its team by carrying them off the field on their shoulders—this was the first step towards the consolidation of the club.
The following day, dean Ignacio Chávez Sánchez congratulated the team when he met with them: Octavio Vial (manager), and players: Homero Villar, Raúl Chanes, José Antonio "La Espátula" Rodríguez, Roberto Cuevas, Rafael Ramirez Jimenez, Alfredo Echávarri, José Ruiz, Carlos Gutierrez, Alfredo "Tito" Zenteno, José Luis "El Chango" Ledezma, Antonio Sámano, Jorge Gaitán, Guillermo Vázquez Sr., José Luis González "La Calaca", Lorenzo Garcia, Carlos Calderón de la Barca, Manuel "Manolo" Rodríguez, Edmundo "El Poli" Pérez, and Gustavo "El Gato" Cuenca.
The team established itself in the Primera División, the Board of Patrons prepared for the continuation of the team's success by establishing youth system to develop new players.
The legend begins: 1970s
After two years under the management of Alfonso "El Pescado" Portugal, the Spaniard Ángel Zubieta took the reins of the team. This enabled the program to identify "foreign" reinforcements, but rely on promoting from the youth system.
The first half of the decade was marked by the arrival of three of the most important foreign players in the existence of the club; the Peruvian Juan José Muñante, the Serbian Velibor "Bora" Milutinović, and the Brazilian Cabinho. They arrived to join a solid base of native-players such as Miguel Mejía Barón, Héctor Sanabria, Arturo Vázquez Ayala, José Luis "Pareja" López, and Leonardo Cuellar. In the second half of the decade those same players would give the club its first titles in the top division.
In 1975 the club adopted a new administration consisting of an independent civil association that helped the university to support the club. In the 1974–75 season, Universidad won the Copa México and the Campeón de Campeones. In the 1976–77 season, Club Universidad became league champion for the first time in its history. That championship was followed by two sub championships. The culmination of a successful decade for Club Universidad came with the debut of Hugo Sánchez. In 1978, Club Universidad would signed Ricardo "Tuca" Ferretti , a player that will prove to be vital for the team in the coming decade.
Consolidation: 1980s
In the 1980–81 season, Universidad won its second league championship. That season was also the last season Hugo Sánchez played for the club. In the following season, the Pumas won the CONCACAF Championship and the Interamerican Cup.
This decade also marked the national recognition of the work performed by the club, and the revolutionary and dynamic style of play that helped Mexican football overall. For the 1986 FIFA World Cup, the Mexican Football Federation appointed the manager of Universidad, Velibor "Bora" Milutinović as the manager of the Mexico national football team. Milutinović called numerous Pumas and former Pumas to the nation team, including Hugo Sánchez, Félix Cruz Barbosa, Rafael Amador, Raúl Servín, Miguel España, Manuel Negrete and Luis Flores. This generation of players gave great satisfactions not only to the followers of Pumas, but also to the Mexican football fans.
Ups and downs: 1990s
The decade began with one of the most celebrated championships in club history, the 1990–91 League Championship against arch-rivals Club América - the memorable winning goal via free kick from Ricardo "Tuca" Ferretti. This will be the last game of Ricardo "Tuca" Ferretti due to retirement as a professional player. A new generation of players arrived, including Luis García, Jorge Campos, Claudio Suárez, Antonio Sancho, Israel López, Braulio Luna, Rafael García, Jaime Lozano, and Gerardo Torrado. This decade is, however, considered one of the least successful in terms of championships and development of players. Towards the end of the decade, Hugo Sánchez became manager of the club for the first time.
Success: 2000s
In 2004, Sánchez led the Pumas to their first championship in thirteen years. The Pumas were able to retain the championship later that year, becoming the first team since the Mexican league was split into two seasons to win back-to-back championships. As of summer 2012, they remain the only team to achieve this feat. Along with two domestic titles, the Pumas were also able to win both the Campeon de Campeones.
In 2005, the Pumas reached the Copa Sudamericana final, where they lost to Boca Juniors in a penalty shoot out when Roberto Abbondanzieri controversially stopped a penalty after having been forgiven a red card for handling the ball outside the penalty box denying a Pumas player a clear chance on goal. Domestically, the Pumas struggled after their 2004 success and, by 2006, were facing the threat of relegation. Ricardo Ferretti was appointed as manager that year in an effort to lead Pumas away from the relegation zone. The stability and discipline that Ferretti brought to the team paid off as the Pumas climbed out of the relegation zone and reached a final in 2007 against Atlante, which they lost 2–1 on aggregate. In 2009, Ferretti once again led the Pumas to a final, this time being victorious against Pachuca in extra time to claim the team's sixth championship.
Rejuvenating the Club: 2010s
Pumas UNAM squad previous to a match against Tijuana in April 2012.
In 2011, Pumas became champions of Clausura 2011 tournament, winning their seventh championship against Monarcas Morelia.
After hard times at the club after the sacking of Guillermo Vasquez as head coach in 2012, he was re-hired as head coach in 2014. In Apertura 2015, Pumas made it to the tournament final against Tigres U.A.N.L. Tigres won the first leg of the Final with a home win of 3–0. Then in the second leg of the final Pumas managed to tie the game on the global scoreboard at home 4–1. A penalty-shootout had to be done and Tigres won the championship 4–2 at a penalty-shootout. Thus, making Pumas unable to gain its 8th title. After the club's inability to make it to the play-offs in Clausura 2016 and failing to reach the semifinal for Copa Libertadores 2016 Guillermo Vasquez was once again sacked as head coach in May 2016.
At the end of May 2016, Pumas hired Francisco Palencia as head coach making Palencia debut as his first team to manage. Once again, in Apertura 2016 Pumas made it to the play-offs against Tigres for quarter finals. In the first leg with Pumas hosting the home game both teams tied 2-2. In the second leg Tigres hosting the home game, Tigres won 5–0. Thus, in the global scoreboard Pumas lost 7–2, and was not able to go further throughout the play-off stage.
In the Clausura 2017, Pumas had signed the Chilean forward Nicolas Castillo to give more firepower to the team's attack. He scored 8 goals the first 2 months of the season before he was injured and was out for the rest of the season. Pumas then had a great streak of games the first half of the season. Starting gaming Game 14 they lost 4 straight games and were not able to score a goal. With these results they finished in 17th place and were the worst defensive team having 30 goals against and Nicolas Castillo missing out on the top scorer award by 1 goal to Raul Ruidiaz, of Monarcas Morelia who scored 9 goals.
In the Apertura 2017, many key players were sold or loaned out the loan, such as Alejandro Palacios, and long time captain Dario Veron, all with the purpose to make room for new, young players.
2020s
In the 2020 Apertura, Pumas reached the final, losing to Club Leon on a 3-1 Aggregate with coach Andres Lillini after sacking Michel the season prior. In 2022, Pumas reached the Champions League Final, losing to Major League Soccer side Seattle Sounders FC on aggregate. After a poor 2023 Apertura, Lillini was sacked and was replaced with Rafael Puente Jr. After a poor start to the 2023 Clasura, Puente Jr. was sacked on March 20, 2023, with Pumas hiring Antonio "Turco" Mohamed to replace Puente shortly after. Mohamed's time on the bench did not last long as he resigned shortly after Pumas' elimination in the semifinals of the 2023 Apertura to Tigres.
Rivalries
Puma Hobby in CU
Universidad has strong rivalries with Club América and Cruz Azul. These games are passionate and followed by the whole city. There is also a small but historical rivalry UNAM has with Leones Negros
Clásico Capitalino
Pumas UNAM fans in a match against Club América
The rivalry with Club América, compared to the others, is quite old and began during the 1960s, when Universidad won its promotion. The mere fact that both clubs are located in Mexico City generated the right atmosphere to see a rivalry born and grow. A few years later Club América bought Pumas UNAM idol Enrique Borja, even though the player had made a public statement that he did not want to be sold to Club América. In the 1980s the rivalry grew when Club América defeated Universidad twice in the league finals, both times with controversial refereeing decisions. The 1990s began with a "victory" of the Pumas over their rivals in the league finals, although it was actually a tie; the first leg was lost 3–2, and only the second leg was a 1–0 win. The aggregate score was 3–3, but Pumas UNAM scored two goals as the visiting team, giving them the edge. A new generation of players from the youth system grew up hating their adversaries; this decade is also marked by the birth of Las Barras Bravas, who supported both sides but had a much longer background story of rivalry. This rivalry is often referred to as the most violent of Mexico, with security measures exceeding those of any other game.
Pumas UNAM vs. Cruz Azul
The rivalry with Cruz Azul comes out of the fact that both clubs are located in Mexico City, and they have played many important matches, including two league finals, recently the name of this game is the "Clásico Metropolitano” or “Derby central" because both teams were born in states that are in the central part of Mexico
Clásico Universitario
Pumas UNAM and Leones Negros are old rivals. Both clubs are historical rivals due to both clubs being founded by rival universities. One major encounter these two clubs have had with each other was in the 1976-77 Primera División final, when Pumas UNAM beat Leones Negros to achieve their first title. But over the years the rivalry has died down due to the Leones Negros going through a state of decline and relegated to the Segunda División .
Past kits
First kit evolution
1941
1943
1950
1953
1953
1960
1960
1975
1975-1976
1975-1976
Honours
Club Universidad Nacional honours
Type
Competition
Titles
Seasons
Domestic
Primera División
7
1976–77, 1980–81, 1990–91, Clausura 2004, Apertura 2004, Clausura 2009, Clausura 2011
Segunda División
1
1961–62
Copa México
1
1974–75
Campeón de Campeones
2
1975, 2004
Continental
CONCACAF Champions' Cup
3
1980, 1982, 1989
Copa Interamericana
1
1981
Friendly tournaments
Pentagonal "Lic. Juan Fernández Albarrán": 1969.
Torneo Cuadrangular de agosto : 1971.
Copa Coors California: 1985.
Copa Pachuca (1): 1994.
Copa de Ciudades Universitarias : 2000.
Copa Dallas : 2001.
Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu (1): 2004.
Copa Chiapas (1): 2008.
Torneo Club International: 2012.
Trofeo Reto del Sol: 2012.
Torneo Cotton Bowl (Detroit, EEUU): 2012.
Copa Feria de León (1): 2017.
Copa Rudo Rivera (1): 2021.
Best games (national):
National 9–0 vs UAG May 16, 1976
Apertura 2007: 8–0 vs Veracruz
Apertura 2002: 7–1 vs Guadalajara
Best games (international):
Best International score: 8–0 vs Isidro Metapán March 2008
CONCACAF Champions League: 6–1 vs Marathón March 2010.
CONCACAF Champions League: 8-1 vs W Connection October 20, 2016
Best position in the League Table: 1
Worst position in the League Table: 19th (last) during winter 2001
Personnel
Current technical staff
Position
Staff
Head coach
Gustavo Lema
Assistant coach
Josema Bazán
Fitness coaches
Matías Lema Javier Flores
Goalkeeping coach
Iván Gaytán
Physiotherapist
José Pang
Club doctors
Antonio Acevedo Eduardo Acosta
Last updated: May 4, 2024
Source:
Management
Position
Staff
President
Luis Raúl González Pérez
Vice President of Sporting
Miguel Mejía Barón
Executive Vice President
Enrique Sánchez González
Director of Academy
Raúl Alpizar
Last updated:
Source:
Players
Current squad
As of 14 July 2023
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
MEX
Julio González
2
DF
MEX
Pablo Bennevendo
3
DF
MEX
Ricardo Galindo
4
DF
ARG
Lisandro Magallán
6
DF
BRA
Nathan Silva
7
MF
MEX
Rodrigo López
9
FW
MEX
Guillermo Martínez
11
MF
MEX
Carlos Gutiérrez
12
MF
MEX
César Huerta
13
DF
MEX
Pablo Monroy
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
15
MF
MEX
Ulises Rivas
18
MF
COL
José Caicedo
19
FW
MEX
Alí Ávila (on loan from Monterrey)
20
MF
MEX
Santiago Trigos
22
DF
URU
Robert Ergas
27
MF
PER
Piero Quispe
29
FW
MEX
Rogelio Funes Mori
32
MF
ARG
Leonardo Suárez
33
GK
MEX
Gil Alcalá
Other players under contract
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
MEX
Marco García
—
MF
MEX
Jorge Ruvalcaba
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
DF
ARG
Nicolás Freire (at Inter Miami)
—
MF
BRA
Higor Meritão (at Criciúma)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
ARG
Gustavo Del Prete (at Mazatlán)
Reserves and Academy
Main article: UNAM Cantera
World Cup players
The following players have represented their country at the World Cup whilst playing for Pumas UNAM:
Aarón Padilla (1966, 1970)
Luis Regueiro (1966)
Elías Muñoz (1966)
Enrique Borja (1966, 1970)
José Luis González (1970)
Mario Velarde (1970)
Francisco Castrejón (1970)
Arturo Vázquez Ayala (1978)
Enrique López Zarza (1978)
Hugo Sánchez (1978)
Leonardo Cuéllar (1978)
Juan José Muñante (1978)
Miguel España (1986)
Félix Cruz (1986)
Luis Flores (1986)
Raúl Servín (1986)
Rafael Amador (1986)
Manuel Negrete (1986)
Jorge Campos (1994, 1998, 2002)
Claudio Suárez (1994, 1998, 2006)
Juan de Dios Ramírez Perales (1994)
Braulio Luna (1998, 2002)
Pablo Barrera (2010)
Israel Castro (2010)
Efraín Juárez (2010)
Darío Verón (2010)
Jesús Gallardo (2018)
Dani Alves (2022)
Managers
Rodolfo "Butch" Muñoz (Sep. 1954–Mar. 1955)
Donato Alonso (Apr. 1955–1956)
Héctor Ortiz Benítez (1958-1960)
Octavio Vial (Sep. 1960–Aug. 62)
Luis Carlos "Carlito" Peters (Aug. 1962) (interim)
Renato Cesarini (Aug. 1962–Dec. 1965)
Ángel Papadópulos Ruiz (Jan. 1965–1966)
Diego Mercado Marín (1966–67)
Walter Ormeño (1967–68)
Árpád Fekete (1968–69)
Ángel Zubieta (1970–74)
Luiz Carlos "Carlito" Peters (Jul.–Dec.1974)
Carlos Iturralde Rivero (Jan.–Apr. 1975)
Árpád Fekete (Apr. 1975–76)
Jorge Marik (1976–77)
Velibor "Bora" Milutinović (1977–Dec. 1982)
Mario Velarde (Jan. 1983–Jun. 1987)
Héctor Sanabria (Jun. 1987–Jun. 1988)
Miguel Mejía Barón (Jul. 1988–91)
Ricardo Ferretti (1991–96)
Pablo Luna (Jun.–Sep. 1996)
Luis Flores (Sep. 1996–97)
Enrique López Zarza (1997–98)
Roberto Saporiti (1998–99)
Rafael Amador (1999–00)
Hugo Sánchez (2000)
Miguel Mejía Barón (2001)
Hugo Sánchez (2001–05)
Miguel España (2005–06)
Guillermo Vázquez (2006)
Ricardo Ferretti (2006–10)
Guillermo Vázquez (2010–12)
Joaquín del Olmo (2012)
Juan Antonio Torres (2012)
Mario Carrillo (2012)
Juan Antonio Torres (2012–13)
José Luis Trejo (2013–14)
Guillermo Vázquez (2014–16)
Francisco Palencia (2016–17)
Sergio Egea (2017)
David Patiño (2017–19)
Bruno Marioni (2019)
Míchel (2019–20)
Andrés Lillini (2020–2022)
Rafael Puente Jr. (2022–2023)
Antonio Mohamed (2023)
Gustavo Lema (2024)
References
Association football portalMexico portal
^ Nacional, Club Universidad. "El Club Universidad Nacional, informa". Pumas.mx. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
^ "Pumas sign Erick". www.sportingnews.com. 25 January 2018.
^ "Pumas: ¿qué fue de la vida de Saúl Berjón?". 5 August 2020.
^ "Club Universidad, 61 años de historia" (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "Pumas MX". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26.
^ "LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional". ligamx.net.
^ "About". Concacaf. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
^ "Palmarés". Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
^ "Pumas vs. America: What you need to know". 16 March 2017.
^ "How to watch Liga MX: A beginner's guide". ESPN.com. July 18, 2018.
^ "Liga MX 101: The terms you need to know". ESPN.com. January 17, 2018.
^ "'Turco' Mohamed deja a Pumas por 'temas personales'". ESPNdeportes.com (in Spanish). 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
^ Torneo Cuadrangular de Agosto 1971 (Ciudad de México)
^ "Coors California Cup 1985".
^ Pachuca Cuna del Fútbol Mexicano
^ Copa Universidades de América 2000
^ Dallas Cup
^ Copa Chiapas
^ "Cotton Bowl 2012 – Detroit".
^ "Directorio". Club Universidad Nacional. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ "Plantilla Universidad Nacional". Liga MX. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
Guadalajara Chivas - U.N.A.M.- Pumas 1:3
Guadalajara Chivas - U.N.A.M.- Pumas 1:2
External links
Media related to Club Universidad Nacional at Wikimedia Commons
Official website (in Spanish)
vteClub Universidad Nacional, Asociación Civil
Founded on 2 August 1954
Based in Mexico City
Players
Managers
Matches
Current season
Grounds
Estadio Olímpico Universitario
Rivalries
Club América
Clásico Capitalino
Other teams
Women
Reserves and Academy
Pumas Tabasco (defunct)
Season articles
1980–81
2002–03
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2018–19
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Category
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Links to related articles
vteUNAM – current squad
1 González
2 Bennevendo
3 Galindo
4 Magallán
6 Silva
7 López
8 Tabó
9 Martínez
11 Gutiérrez
12 Huerta
13 Monroy
15 Rivas
16 Aldrete (C)
18 Caicedo
19 Ávila
20 Trigos
22 Ergas
27 Quispe
29 Funes Mori
32 Suárez
33 Alcalá
Coach: Lema
vteClub Universidad Nacional matchesNationalPrimera División
1976–77
2009 Liguilla
2011 Liguilla
Campeón de Campeones
2004
ContinentalCONCACAF Champions
1982
1989
2005
2022
Copa Sudamericana
2005
Copa Interamericana
1981
1989
vteClub Universidad Nacional – managers
Vial (1962–63)
Peters (1963)
Cesarini (1964–65)
Papadopoulos (1965–66)
Pérez (1966–67)
Ormeño (1967–68)
Fekete (1968–69)
Papadopoulos (1969–70)
Portugal (1970–71)
Zubieta (1971–74)
Peters (1974)
Iturralde Rivero (1974–75)
Marik (1976–77)
Milutinović (1977–83)
Velarde (1983–87)
Sanabria Mascareño (1987–88)
Mejía Barón (1988–91)
Ferretti (1991–96)
Luna (1996)
Flores (1996–97)
López Zarza (1997–98)
Saporiti (1998–99)
Amador (1999–2000)
Sánchez (2000)
Mejía Barón (2001)
Sánchez (2001–05)
España (2005–06)
Vázquez (2006)
Ferretti (2006–10)
Vázquez (2010–12)
del Olmo (2012)
Torres Servín (2012)
Carrillo (2012)
Torres Servín (2012–13)
Patiño (2013)
Trejo (2013–14)
Patiño (2014)
Vázquez (2014–16)
Palencia (2016–17)
Egea (2017)
Patiño (2017–19)
Marioni (2019)
Míchel (2019–20)
Lillini (2020–22)
Puente Jr. (2023)
Mohamed (2023)
Lema (2024–)
vteLiga MX2023–24 clubs
América
Atlas
Atlético San Luis
Cruz Azul
Guadalajara
Juárez
León
Mazatlán
Monterrey
Necaxa
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Querétaro
Santos Laguna
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UANL
UNAM
Former clubs
Ángeles de Puebla
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Unión de Curtidores
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Zacatepec
Seasons
1943–44
1944–45
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1948–49
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1950–51
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1953–54
1954–55
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Winter 1998
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Clausura 2009
2009–10
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Competition
Final phase
Associated competitions
CONCACAF Champions Cup
Campeones Cup
Leagues Cup
vteNational Autonomous University of MexicoFaculties
Engineering
Accounting and Administration
Architecture
Chemistry
Economics
Law
Medicine
Odontology
Philosophy and Letters
Political and Social Sciences
Psychology
Sciences
Veterinarian Medicine
FES
Acatlán
Aragón
Cuautitlán
Iztacala
Zaragoza
Schools
Arts and Design
Music
Nursery and Obstetrics
Social Work
National Preparatory School
Centres
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DGSCA
Centro de Relaciones Internacionales (CRI)
Institutes
Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute
Aesthetics Research Institute
Engineering Institute
Buildings
Central Library
Facilities
Ciudad Universitaria (Main Campus)
Olympic Stadium
Radio UNAM (AM, FM)
TV UNAM
Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (MUAC)
National Observatory
Kan Balam (Super Computer)
History
1999 students' strike
2018 students' protests
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Okupa Che
Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
Alumni
Alumni
Astronomical Society
Professors and researchers
Axel Didriksson
Luis E. Miramontes
Francisco Gil Villegas
Miguel Ángel Mancera
Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea
Fernando Quevedo
Francisco González de la Vega
Antonio Lazcano
Sports
Football club
Pumas Dorados de la UNAM
vteCONCACAF Champions Cup and CONCACAF Champions League winnersFirst CONCACAF Champions Cup era, 1962–20081960s
1962: Guadalajara
1963: Racing
1967: Alianza
1968 Toluca
1969: Cruz Azul
1970s
1970: Cruz Azul
1971: Cruz Azul
1972: Olimpia
1973: Transvaal
1974: Municipal
1975: Atlético Español
1976: Águila
1977: América
1978: Leones Negros, Comunicaciones, Defence Force
1979: FAS
1980s
1980: UNAM
1981: Transvaal
1982: UNAM
1983: Atlante
1984: Violette
1985: Defence Force
1986: Alajuelense
1987: América
1988: Olimpia
1989: UNAM
1990s
1990: América
1991: Puebla
1992: América
1993: Saprissa
1994: Cartaginés
1995: Saprissa
1996: Cruz Azul
1997: Cruz Azul
1998: D.C. United
1999: Necaxa
2000s
2000: Los Angeles Galaxy
2002: Pachuca
2003: Toluca
2004: Alajuelense
2005: Saprissa
2006: América
2007: Pachuca
2008: Pachuca
CONCACAF Champions League era, 2008–20232000s
2008–09: Atlante
2009–10: Pachuca
2010s
2010–11: Monterrey
2011–12: Monterrey
2012–13: Monterrey
2013–14: Cruz Azul
2014–15: América
2015–16: América
2016–17: Pachuca
2018: Guadalajara
2019: Monterrey
2020s
2020: Tigres
2021: Monterrey
2022: Seattle Sounders FC
2023: León
vteCopa Interamericana winners
1968: Estudiantes
1971: Nacional
1972: Independiente
1974: Independiente
1975: Independiente
1977: América
1979: Olimpia
1980: UNAM
1985: Argentinos Juniors
1986: River Plate
1988: Nacional
1989: Atlético Nacional
1990: América
1991: Colo-Colo
1993: Universidad Católica
1994: Vélez Sarsfield
1995: Atlético Nacional
1998: D.C. United
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Universidad Nacional (women)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional_(women)"},{"link_name":"Pumas CU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumas_CU"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Liga MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Mexican football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Estadio Olímpico Universitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Universitario"},{"link_name":"Liga MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Copa MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_MX"},{"link_name":"Campeón de Campeones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"Segunda División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Copa Interamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Interamericana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"derbi capitalino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sico_Capitalino"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cuatro Grandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Manuel Negrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Negrete_Arias"},{"link_name":"Luis Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Flores_(Mexican_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Miguel España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Claudio Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Luis García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Postigo"},{"link_name":"Alberto García Aspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Garc%C3%ADa_Aspe"},{"link_name":"David Patiño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pati%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Jorge Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Campos"},{"link_name":"Braulio Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_Luna"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Torrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Torrado"},{"link_name":"Francisco Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"Efraín Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Héctor Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Moreno_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Pablo Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Barrera"},{"link_name":"Israel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Herrera_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Jesús Gallardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gallardo"}],"text":"This article is about the men's professional association football team. For the women's team associated to the same club, see Club Universidad Nacional (women). For the American football team, see Pumas CU.Football clubClub Universidad Nacional, A.C., more commonly referred to as Pumas UNAM, is a professional football club based in Mexico City, Mexico. The club competes in the Liga MX, the top division in the Mexican football league system. Founded in 1954, they play their home games at Estadio Olímpico Universitario.Domestically, Pumas UNAM has won 11 trophies: 7 Liga MX, 1 Copa MX, the Campeón de Campeones twice, as well as 1 Segunda División de México. In international club football, the club has won 3 CONCACAF Champions Cups[7] and 1 Copa Interamericana.[8] The club has a long-standing rivalry with Club América in the derbi capitalino.[9]The club is one of the most popular clubs in Mexico. It is considered to be one of the Cuatro Grandes of Mexican football, alongside Cruz Azul, Guadalajara, and Club América.[10][11]The team is also known for its youth development system, which has produced international players such as Hugo Sánchez, Manuel Negrete, Luis Flores, Miguel España, Claudio Suárez, Luis García, Alberto García Aspe, David Patiño, Jorge Campos, Braulio Luna, Gerardo Torrado,\nFrancisco Fonseca,\nEfraín Juárez, Héctor Moreno, Pablo Barrera, Israel Castro, Eduardo Herrera and Jesús Gallardo.","title":"Club Universidad Nacional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"pumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cougar"},{"link_name":"Estadio Olímpico Universitario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico_Universitario"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantera"}],"text":"Club Universidad Nacional (Pumas UNAM) was originally an amateur club of college students from UNAM's several schools and then developed into a professional team competing in the Mexican football league. It is now one of the biggest clubs in all of Mexico. It has evolved into one of the most popular Mexican teams and has gained an international following.The team's blue and gold colors were selected as a tribute to the University of Notre Dame, whose football coaches helped to develop an American-style football team at the university. The nickname was inspired by Roberto 'Tapatio' Mendez, who coached the team from 1946 to 1964 and whose motivational speeches often compared his players to pumas. The nickname stayed with the public, and all the athletic teams representing the university have been called Pumas.Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, the main venue of the 1968 Summer Olympics. It has a seating capacity of over 72,000. The stadium is situated within the campus which enables easy access by the students. The Pumas have training facilities within the campus but their main complex is the Cantera, located nearby.","title":"Los Pumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Chico Goerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Chico_Goerne"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"Club Marte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Marte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Marte"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Baz Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Baz_Prada"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo \"Butch\" Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Club España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Espa%C3%B1a"}],"text":"The dean of the university, Luis Chico Goerne, made the first attempt to affiliate a representative of UNAM with the top football Mexican championship of the day, filing a petition to join the Liga Mayor de Fútbol Professional del Distrito Federal. The petition was rejected in favor of Club Marte [es] de Morelos. Therefore, Pumas played 13 years in Mexicos Liga De Ascenso.By the 1940s, the dean Gustavo Baz Prada assigned the task to prepare the UNAM team to Rodolfo \"Butch\" Muñoz, then player of Club España. The new manager formed its new team with members of the student body of the many schools and faculties of the university. The UNAM team joined many university tournaments, with successful results, and \"Butch\" Muñoz went on to manage the team for 13 years. This prepared the team to complete its later transition to professional status.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nabor Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabor_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Aguilar Alvarez Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_Aguilar_Alvarez_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aguilar Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aguilar_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UNAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNAM"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Hector Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Ortiz_(footballer)"}],"sub_title":"Establishment: 1950s","text":"In August 1954, the Club Universidad was accepted as a member of the Segunda División, in those days the second tier division of professional football in Mexico. This achievement was accomplished with the support of the dean Nabor Carrillo and Guillermo Aguilar Alvarez Sr., a benefactor of the club. Aguilar Alvarez was appointed by the dean as the chairman of the club.On September 12, 1954 UNAM played its first professional game, an away match against Monterrey. After competing for three years, Club Universidad requested a one-year moratorium in its competing in Segunda División play to undergo a programme rebuilding process. Within that year, Hector Ortiz was appointed as the new manager of the club, and a Board of Patrons was formed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Cataluña de Torreón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Catalu%C3%B1a_de_Torre%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Chávez Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Ch%C3%A1vez_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Homero Villar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homero_Villar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raúl Chanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ra%C3%BAl_Chanes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Antonio \"La Espátula\" Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Ramirez Jimenez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Ramirez_Jimenez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Echávarri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Ech%C3%A1varri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo \"Tito\" Zenteno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Zenteno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Luis \"El Chango\" Ledezma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Ledezma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sámano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_S%C3%A1mano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vázquez Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillermo_V%C3%A1zquez_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Luis González \"La Calaca\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carlos Calderón de la Barca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca"},{"link_name":"Manuel \"Manolo\" Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmundo \"El Poli\" Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmundo_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustavo \"El Gato\" Cuenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Cuenca&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"The promotion: 1960s","text":"Pumas UNAM realized its objective of promotion from Segunda División to Primera División when Club Universidad won the home-played promotion match on January 9, 1962, by defeating Club Cataluña de Torreón, 9–1. The match ended, the students rushed the pitch, and honored its team by carrying them off the field on their shoulders—this was the first step towards the consolidation of the club.The following day, dean Ignacio Chávez Sánchez congratulated the team when he met with them: Octavio Vial (manager), and players: Homero Villar, Raúl Chanes, José Antonio \"La Espátula\" Rodríguez, Roberto Cuevas, Rafael Ramirez Jimenez, Alfredo Echávarri, José Ruiz, Carlos Gutierrez, Alfredo \"Tito\" Zenteno, José Luis \"El Chango\" Ledezma, Antonio Sámano, Jorge Gaitán, Guillermo Vázquez Sr., José Luis González \"La Calaca\", Lorenzo Garcia, Carlos Calderón de la Barca, Manuel \"Manolo\" Rodríguez, Edmundo \"El Poli\" Pérez, and Gustavo \"El Gato\" Cuenca.The team established itself in the Primera División, the Board of Patrons prepared for the continuation of the team's success by establishing youth system to develop new players.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso \"El Pescado\" Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ángel Zubieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Zubieta"},{"link_name":"Juan José Muñante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1ante"},{"link_name":"Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Milutinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Cabinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanivaldo_Castro"},{"link_name":"Miguel Mejía Barón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mej%C3%ADa_Bar%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Héctor Sanabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Sanabria_(footballer_born_1945)"},{"link_name":"José Luis \"Pareja\" López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_(Mexican_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Cuellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Cuellar"},{"link_name":"Copa México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Campeón de Campeones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Ricardo \"Tuca\" Ferretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti"}],"sub_title":"The legend begins: 1970s","text":"After two years under the management of Alfonso \"El Pescado\" Portugal, the Spaniard Ángel Zubieta took the reins of the team. This enabled the program to identify \"foreign\" reinforcements, but rely on promoting from the youth system.The first half of the decade was marked by the arrival of three of the most important foreign players in the existence of the club; the Peruvian Juan José Muñante, the Serbian Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović, and the Brazilian Cabinho. They arrived to join a solid base of native-players such as Miguel Mejía Barón, Héctor Sanabria, Arturo Vázquez Ayala, José Luis \"Pareja\" López, and Leonardo Cuellar. In the second half of the decade those same players would give the club its first titles in the top division.In 1975 the club adopted a new administration consisting of an independent civil association that helped the university to support the club. In the 1974–75 season, Universidad won the Copa México and the Campeón de Campeones. In the 1976–77 season, Club Universidad became league champion for the first time in its history. That championship was followed by two sub championships. The culmination of a successful decade for Club Universidad came with the debut of Hugo Sánchez. In 1978, Club Universidad would signed Ricardo \"Tuca\" Ferretti , a player that will prove to be vital for the team in the coming decade.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF"},{"link_name":"Interamerican Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interamerican_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Milutinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mexico national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Raúl Servín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Serv%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Miguel España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Manuel Negrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Negrete_Arias"},{"link_name":"Luis Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Flores_(Mexican_footballer)"}],"sub_title":"Consolidation: 1980s","text":"In the 1980–81 season, Universidad won its second league championship. That season was also the last season Hugo Sánchez played for the club. In the following season, the Pumas won the CONCACAF Championship and the Interamerican Cup.This decade also marked the national recognition of the work performed by the club, and the revolutionary and dynamic style of play that helped Mexican football overall. For the 1986 FIFA World Cup, the Mexican Football Federation appointed the manager of Universidad, Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović as the manager of the Mexico national football team. Milutinović called numerous Pumas and former Pumas to the nation team, including Hugo Sánchez, Félix Cruz Barbosa, Rafael Amador, Raúl Servín, Miguel España, Manuel Negrete and Luis Flores. This generation of players gave great satisfactions not only to the followers of Pumas, but also to the Mexican football fans.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Ricardo \"Tuca\" Ferretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti"},{"link_name":"Luis García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Postigo"},{"link_name":"Jorge Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Campos"},{"link_name":"Claudio Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sancho"},{"link_name":"Israel López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_L%C3%B3pez_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Braulio Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_Luna"},{"link_name":"Rafael García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Garc%C3%ADa_Torres"},{"link_name":"Jaime Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lozano"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Torrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Torrado"}],"sub_title":"Ups and downs: 1990s","text":"The decade began with one of the most celebrated championships in club history, the 1990–91 League Championship against arch-rivals Club América - the memorable winning goal via free kick from Ricardo \"Tuca\" Ferretti. This will be the last game of Ricardo \"Tuca\" Ferretti due to retirement as a professional player. A new generation of players arrived, including Luis García, Jorge Campos, Claudio Suárez, Antonio Sancho, Israel López, Braulio Luna, Rafael García, Jaime Lozano, and Gerardo Torrado. This decade is, however, considered one of the least successful in terms of championships and development of players. Towards the end of the decade, Hugo Sánchez became manager of the club for the first time.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"Boca Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Roberto Abbondanzieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Abbondanzieri"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Ferretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti"},{"link_name":"Atlante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Pachuca"}],"sub_title":"Success: 2000s","text":"In 2004, Sánchez led the Pumas to their first championship in thirteen years. The Pumas were able to retain the championship later that year, becoming the first team since the Mexican league was split into two seasons to win back-to-back championships. As of summer 2012, they remain the only team to achieve this feat. Along with two domestic titles, the Pumas were also able to win both the Campeon de Campeones.In 2005, the Pumas reached the Copa Sudamericana final, where they lost to Boca Juniors in a penalty shoot out when Roberto Abbondanzieri controversially stopped a penalty after having been forgiven a red card for handling the ball outside the penalty box denying a Pumas player a clear chance on goal. Domestically, the Pumas struggled after their 2004 success and, by 2006, were facing the threat of relegation. Ricardo Ferretti was appointed as manager that year in an effort to lead Pumas away from the relegation zone. The stability and discipline that Ferretti brought to the team paid off as the Pumas climbed out of the relegation zone and reached a final in 2007 against Atlante, which they lost 2–1 on aggregate. In 2009, Ferretti once again led the Pumas to a final, this time being victorious against Pachuca in extra time to claim the team's sixth championship.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xolos_vs_pumas-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Tijuana"},{"link_name":"Monarcas Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Morelia"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Tigres U.A.N.L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"Francisco Palencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Palencia"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Raul Ruidiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruid%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Palacios"},{"link_name":"Dario Veron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Ver%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Rejuvenating the Club: 2010s","text":"Pumas UNAM squad previous to a match against Tijuana in April 2012.In 2011, Pumas became champions of Clausura 2011 tournament, winning their seventh championship against Monarcas Morelia.After hard times at the club after the sacking of Guillermo Vasquez as head coach in 2012, he was re-hired as head coach in 2014. In Apertura 2015, Pumas made it to the tournament final against Tigres U.A.N.L. Tigres won the first leg of the Final with a home win of 3–0. Then in the second leg of the final Pumas managed to tie the game on the global scoreboard at home 4–1. A penalty-shootout had to be done and Tigres won the championship 4–2 at a penalty-shootout. Thus, making Pumas unable to gain its 8th title. After the club's inability to make it to the play-offs in Clausura 2016 and failing to reach the semifinal for Copa Libertadores 2016 Guillermo Vasquez was once again sacked as head coach in May 2016.At the end of May 2016, Pumas hired Francisco Palencia as head coach making Palencia debut as his first team to manage. Once again, in Apertura 2016 Pumas made it to the play-offs against Tigres for quarter finals. In the first leg with Pumas hosting the home game both teams tied 2-2. In the second leg Tigres hosting the home game, Tigres won 5–0. Thus, in the global scoreboard Pumas lost 7–2, and was not able to go further throughout the play-off stage.In the Clausura 2017, Pumas had signed the Chilean forward Nicolas Castillo to give more firepower to the team's attack. He scored 8 goals the first 2 months of the season before he was injured and was out for the rest of the season. Pumas then had a great streak of games the first half of the season. Starting gaming Game 14 they lost 4 straight games and were not able to score a goal. With these results they finished in 17th place and were the worst defensive team having 30 goals against and Nicolas Castillo missing out on the top scorer award by 1 goal to Raul Ruidiaz, of Monarcas Morelia who scored 9 goals.In the Apertura 2017, many key players were sold or loaned out the loan, such as Alejandro Palacios, and long time captain Dario Veron, all with the purpose to make room for new, young players.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Club Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Andres Lillini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Lillini"},{"link_name":"Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchel_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"link_name":"Champions League Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_CONCACAF_Champions_League_Final"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Seattle Sounders FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Sounders_FC"},{"link_name":"Rafael Puente Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Puente_Jr."},{"link_name":"Antonio \"Turco\" Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"2023 Apertura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura_2023_Liga_MX_final_phase"},{"link_name":"Tigres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigres_UANL"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2020s","text":"In the 2020 Apertura, Pumas reached the final, losing to Club Leon on a 3-1 Aggregate with coach Andres Lillini after sacking Michel the season prior. In 2022, Pumas reached the Champions League Final, losing to Major League Soccer side Seattle Sounders FC on aggregate. After a poor 2023 Apertura, Lillini was sacked and was replaced with Rafael Puente Jr. After a poor start to the 2023 Clasura, Puente Jr. was sacked on March 20, 2023, with Pumas hiring Antonio \"Turco\" Mohamed to replace Puente shortly after. Mohamed's time on the bench did not last long as he resigned shortly after Pumas' elimination in the semifinals of the 2023 Apertura to Tigres.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afici%C3%B3n_Puma_en_el_estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"Leones Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros_UdeG"}],"text":"Puma Hobby in CUUniversidad has strong rivalries with Club América and Cruz Azul. These games are passionate and followed by the whole city. There is also a small but historical rivalry UNAM has with Leones Negros","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BarraPumas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Enrique Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Borja"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Clásico Capitalino","text":"Pumas UNAM fans in a match against Club AméricaThe rivalry with Club América, compared to the others, is quite old and began during the 1960s, when Universidad won its promotion. The mere fact that both clubs are located in Mexico City generated the right atmosphere to see a rivalry born and grow. A few years later Club América bought Pumas UNAM idol Enrique Borja, even though the player had made a public statement that he did not want to be sold to Club América. In the 1980s the rivalry grew when Club América defeated Universidad twice in the league finals, both times with controversial refereeing decisions.[citation needed] The 1990s began with a \"victory\" of the Pumas over their rivals in the league finals, although it was actually a tie; the first leg was lost 3–2, and only the second leg was a 1–0 win. The aggregate score was 3–3, but Pumas UNAM scored two goals as the visiting team, giving them the edge. A new generation of players from the youth system grew up hating their adversaries; this decade is also marked by the birth of Las Barras Bravas, who supported both sides but had a much longer background story of rivalry. This rivalry is often referred to as the most violent of Mexico, with security measures exceeding those of any other game.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"}],"sub_title":"Pumas UNAM vs. Cruz Azul","text":"The rivalry with Cruz Azul comes out of the fact that both clubs are located in Mexico City, and they have played many important matches, including two league finals, recently the name of this game is the \"Clásico Metropolitano” or “Derby central\" because both teams were born in states that are in the central part of Mexico","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leones Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros_UdeG"},{"link_name":"1976-77 Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"Leones Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leones_Negros"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascenso_MX"}],"sub_title":"Clásico Universitario","text":"Pumas UNAM and Leones Negros are old rivals. Both clubs are historical rivals due to both clubs being founded by rival universities. One major encounter these two clubs have had with each other was in the 1976-77 Primera División final, when Pumas UNAM beat Leones Negros to achieve their first title. But over the years the rivalry has died down due to the Leones Negros going through a state of decline and relegated to the Segunda División .","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"First kit evolution","title":"Past kits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Copa Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Pachuca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Copa de Ciudades Universitarias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copa_de_Ciudades_Universitarias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Ciudades_Universitarias"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Santiago_Bernab%C3%A9u"},{"link_name":"Copa Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copa_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Copa Feria de León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copa_Feria_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Feria_de_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"UAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Veracruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburones_Rojos_de_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Isidro Metapán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D._Isidro_Metap%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Marathón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Marath%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"W Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Connection_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Friendly tournaments","text":"Pentagonal \"Lic. Juan Fernández Albarrán\": 1969.\nTorneo Cuadrangular de agosto : 1971.[13]\nCopa Coors California: 1985.[14]\nCopa Pachuca (1): 1994.[15]\nCopa de Ciudades Universitarias [es]: 2000.[16]\nCopa Dallas : 2001.[17]\nTrofeo Santiago Bernabéu (1): 2004.\nCopa Chiapas [es] (1): 2008.[18]\nTorneo Club International: 2012.\nTrofeo Reto del Sol: 2012.\nTorneo Cotton Bowl (Detroit, EEUU): 2012.[19]\nCopa Feria de León [es] (1): 2017.\nCopa Rudo Rivera [Atlante] (1): 2021.\nBest games (national):National 9–0 vs UAG May 16, 1976\nApertura 2007: 8–0 vs Veracruz\nApertura 2002: 7–1 vs GuadalajaraBest games (international):Best International score: 8–0 vs Isidro Metapán March 2008\nCONCACAF Champions League: 6–1 vs Marathón March 2010.\nCONCACAF Champions League: 8-1 vs W Connection October 20, 2016Best position in the League Table: 1\nWorst position in the League Table: 19th (last) during winter 2001","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current technical staff","text":"Last updated: May 4, 2024\nSource:","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"Last updated:\nSource:[20]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Squad-21"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 14 July 2023[21]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Other players under contract","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reserves and Academy","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Aarón Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aar%C3%B3n_Padilla_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Luis Regueiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Regueiro_(Mexican_footballer)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Elías Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Enrique Borja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Borja"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"José Luis González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mario Velarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Velarde_(footballer,_born_1940)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Francisco Castrejón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Castrej%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Arturo Vázquez Ayala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_V%C3%A1zquez_Ayala"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Enrique López Zarza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_L%C3%B3pez_Zarza"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Cuéllar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Cu%C3%A9llar"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Juan José Muñante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Mu%C3%B1ante"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miguel España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Félix Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Cruz"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Luis Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Flores_(Mexican_footballer)"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Raúl Servín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Serv%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rafael Amador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Amador"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Manuel Negrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Negrete_Arias"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jorge Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Campos"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Claudio Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Juan de Dios Ramírez Perales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Dios_Ram%C3%ADrez_Perales"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Braulio Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_Luna"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pablo Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Barrera"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Israel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Castro"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Efraín Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Darío Verón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_Ver%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jesús Gallardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Gallardo"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Dani Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Alves"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_squads"}],"sub_title":"World Cup players","text":"The following players have represented their country at the World Cup whilst playing for Pumas UNAM:Aarón Padilla (1966, 1970)\n Luis Regueiro (1966)\n Elías Muñoz (1966)\n Enrique Borja (1966, 1970)\n José Luis González (1970)\n Mario Velarde (1970)\n Francisco Castrejón (1970)\n Arturo Vázquez Ayala (1978)\n Enrique López Zarza (1978)\n Hugo Sánchez (1978)\n Leonardo Cuéllar (1978)\n Juan José Muñante (1978)\n Miguel España (1986)\n Félix Cruz (1986)\n Luis Flores (1986)\n Raúl Servín (1986)\n Rafael Amador (1986)\n Manuel Negrete (1986)\n Jorge Campos (1994, 1998, 2002)\n Claudio Suárez (1994, 1998, 2006)\n Juan de Dios Ramírez Perales (1994)\n Braulio Luna (1998, 2002)\n Pablo Barrera (2010)\n Israel Castro (2010)\n Efraín Juárez (2010)\n Darío Verón (2010)\n Jesús Gallardo (2018)\n Dani Alves (2022)","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo \"Butch\" Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Donato Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donato_Alonso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Héctor Ortiz Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ctor_Ortiz_Ben%C3%ADtez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Octavio Vial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Vial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Luis Carlos \"Carlito\" Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlito_Peters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Renato Cesarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Cesarini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ángel Papadópulos Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Papad%C3%B3pulos_Ruiz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Diego Mercado Marín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Mercado_Mar%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Walter Ormeño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Orme%C3%B1o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Árpád Fekete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Fekete"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Ángel Zubieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Zubieta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Carlos Iturralde Rivero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Iturralde_Rivero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Árpád Fekete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Fekete"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Jorge Marik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Marik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_Milutinovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mario Velarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Velarde_(footballer,_born_1940)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Héctor Sanabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Sanabria_(footballer,_born_1945)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miguel Mejía Barón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mej%C3%ADa_Bar%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Ferretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pablo Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Luna_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Luis Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Flores_(Mexican_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Enrique López Zarza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_L%C3%B3pez_Zarza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Roberto Saporiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Saporiti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rafael Amador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Amador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miguel Mejía Barón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mej%C3%ADa_Bar%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miguel España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Ferretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Ferretti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Joaquín del Olmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_del_Olmo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Torres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mario Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Carrillo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Juan Antonio Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Torres"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"José Luis Trejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Trejo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Francisco Palencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Palencia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Sergio Egea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Egea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"David Patiño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pati%C3%B1o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bruno Marioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Marioni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Míchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchel_(footballer,_born_1963)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Andrés Lillini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Lillini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rafael Puente Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Puente_Jr."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mohamed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Lema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Lema"}],"text":"Rodolfo \"Butch\" Muñoz (Sep. 1954–Mar. 1955)\n Donato Alonso (Apr. 1955–1956)\n Héctor Ortiz Benítez (1958-1960)\n Octavio Vial (Sep. 1960–Aug. 62)\n Luis Carlos \"Carlito\" Peters (Aug. 1962) (interim)\n Renato Cesarini (Aug. 1962–Dec. 1965)\n Ángel Papadópulos Ruiz (Jan. 1965–1966)\n Diego Mercado Marín (1966–67)\n Walter Ormeño (1967–68)\n Árpád Fekete (1968–69)\n Ángel Zubieta (1970–74)\n Luiz Carlos \"Carlito\" Peters (Jul.–Dec.1974)\n Carlos Iturralde Rivero (Jan.–Apr. 1975)\n Árpád Fekete (Apr. 1975–76)\n Jorge Marik (1976–77)\n Velibor \"Bora\" Milutinović (1977–Dec. 1982)\n Mario Velarde (Jan. 1983–Jun. 1987)\n Héctor Sanabria (Jun. 1987–Jun. 1988)\n Miguel Mejía Barón (Jul. 1988–91)\n Ricardo Ferretti (1991–96)\n Pablo Luna (Jun.–Sep. 1996)\n Luis Flores (Sep. 1996–97)\n Enrique López Zarza (1997–98)\n Roberto Saporiti (1998–99)\n Rafael Amador (1999–00)\n Hugo Sánchez (2000)\n Miguel Mejía Barón (2001)\n Hugo Sánchez (2001–05)\n Miguel España (2005–06)\n Guillermo Vázquez (2006)\n Ricardo Ferretti (2006–10)\n Guillermo Vázquez (2010–12)\n Joaquín del Olmo (2012)\n Juan Antonio Torres (2012)\n Mario Carrillo (2012)\n Juan Antonio Torres (2012–13)\n José Luis Trejo (2013–14)\n Guillermo Vázquez (2014–16)\n Francisco Palencia (2016–17)\n Sergio Egea (2017)\n David Patiño (2017–19)\n Bruno Marioni (2019)\n Míchel (2019–20)\n Andrés Lillini (2020–2022)\n Rafael Puente Jr. (2022–2023)\n Antonio Mohamed (2023)\n Gustavo Lema (2024)","title":"Managers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pumas UNAM squad previous to a match against Tijuana in April 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xolos_vs_pumas-20.jpg/300px-Xolos_vs_pumas-20.jpg"},{"image_text":"Puma Hobby in CU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Afici%C3%B3n_Puma_en_el_estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico.jpg/250px-Afici%C3%B3n_Puma_en_el_estadio_Ol%C3%ADmpico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pumas UNAM fans in a match against Club América","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BarraPumas.jpg/250px-BarraPumas.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Nacional, Club Universidad. \"El Club Universidad Nacional, informa\". Pumas.mx. Archived from the original on 2020-11-09. Retrieved 2020-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004137/https://pumas.mx/noticias/2018/06/01/el-club-universidad-nacional,-informa/","url_text":"\"El Club Universidad Nacional, informa\""},{"url":"https://pumas.mx/noticias/2018/06/01/el-club-universidad-nacional,-informa/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pumas sign Erick\". www.sportingnews.com. 25 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/pumas-sign-erick-cubo-torres-from-houston-dynamo/16k4vm2liws0m1hry77bt6s7q5","url_text":"\"Pumas sign Erick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pumas: ¿qué fue de la vida de Saúl Berjón?\". 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bolavip.com/concacaf/Pumas-que-fue-de-la-vida-de-Saul-Berjon-20200805-0112.html","url_text":"\"Pumas: ¿qué fue de la vida de Saúl Berjón?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Universidad, 61 años de historia\" (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/cancha-puma/club-universidad-61-anos-de-historia/","url_text":"\"Club Universidad, 61 años de historia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pumas MX\". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/120174188012563/2272513709445256","url_text":"\"Pumas MX\""},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/PumasMx/posts/2272513709445256","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\". ligamx.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://ligamx.net/cancha/club/18/pumas","url_text":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Concacaf. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2022-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Palmarés\". Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2020-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221126061724/https://pumas.mx/palmares-page/","url_text":"\"Palmarés\""},{"url":"https://pumas.mx/palmares-page/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pumas vs. America: What you need to know\". 16 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/mexican-liga-mx/22/blog/post/3082192/pumas-vs-club-america-clasico-capitalino-everything-you-need-to-know","url_text":"\"Pumas vs. America: What you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to watch Liga MX: A beginner's guide\". ESPN.com. July 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/liga-bancomer/22/blog/post/3568071/a-beginners-guide-to-watching-liga-mx","url_text":"\"How to watch Liga MX: A beginner's guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liga MX 101: The terms you need to know\". ESPN.com. January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/mexican-liga-mx/22/blog/post/3350894/liga-mx-terminology-what-you-need-to-know-to-follow-soccer-in-mexico","url_text":"\"Liga MX 101: The terms you need to know\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Turco' Mohamed deja a Pumas por 'temas personales'\". ESPNdeportes.com (in Spanish). 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2023-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/12984442/pumas-antonio-turco-mohamed-deja-el-equipo-liga-mx","url_text":"\"'Turco' Mohamed deja a Pumas por 'temas personales'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coors California Cup 1985\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/coors85.html","url_text":"\"Coors California Cup 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cotton Bowl 2012 – Detroit\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/detcotton2012.html","url_text":"\"Cotton Bowl 2012 – Detroit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directorio\". Club Universidad Nacional. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pumas.mx/directorio","url_text":"\"Directorio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plantilla Universidad Nacional\". Liga MX. Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ligamx.net/cancha/club/18/pumas#plantilla","url_text":"\"Plantilla Universidad Nacional\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.pumas.mx/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201109004137/https://pumas.mx/noticias/2018/06/01/el-club-universidad-nacional,-informa/","external_links_name":"\"El Club Universidad Nacional, informa\""},{"Link":"https://pumas.mx/noticias/2018/06/01/el-club-universidad-nacional,-informa/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/pumas-sign-erick-cubo-torres-from-houston-dynamo/16k4vm2liws0m1hry77bt6s7q5","external_links_name":"\"Pumas sign Erick\""},{"Link":"https://bolavip.com/concacaf/Pumas-que-fue-de-la-vida-de-Saul-Berjon-20200805-0112.html","external_links_name":"\"Pumas: ¿qué fue de la vida de Saúl Berjón?\""},{"Link":"https://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/cancha-puma/club-universidad-61-anos-de-historia/","external_links_name":"\"Club Universidad, 61 años de historia\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/120174188012563/2272513709445256","external_links_name":"\"Pumas MX\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/PumasMx/posts/2272513709445256","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ligamx.net/cancha/club/18/pumas","external_links_name":"\"LIGA MX - Página Oficial de la Liga Mexicana del Fútbol Profesional\""},{"Link":"https://www.concacaf.com/champions-league/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221126061724/https://pumas.mx/palmares-page/","external_links_name":"\"Palmarés\""},{"Link":"https://pumas.mx/palmares-page/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/mexican-liga-mx/22/blog/post/3082192/pumas-vs-club-america-clasico-capitalino-everything-you-need-to-know","external_links_name":"\"Pumas vs. America: What you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/liga-bancomer/22/blog/post/3568071/a-beginners-guide-to-watching-liga-mx","external_links_name":"\"How to watch Liga MX: A beginner's guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/soccer/mexican-liga-mx/22/blog/post/3350894/liga-mx-terminology-what-you-need-to-know-to-follow-soccer-in-mexico","external_links_name":"\"Liga MX 101: The terms you need to know\""},{"Link":"https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/12984442/pumas-antonio-turco-mohamed-deja-el-equipo-liga-mx","external_links_name":"\"'Turco' Mohamed deja a Pumas por 'temas personales'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mex-aug71.html","external_links_name":"Torneo Cuadrangular de Agosto 1971 (Ciudad de México)"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/coors85.html","external_links_name":"\"Coors California Cup 1985\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesp/pachucacuna.html","external_links_name":"Pachuca Cuna del Fútbol Mexicano"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/univamerica00.html","external_links_name":"Copa Universidades de América 2000"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/dallascup.html","external_links_name":"Dallas Cup"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/chiapas03.html","external_links_name":"Copa Chiapas"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/detcotton2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Cotton Bowl 2012 – Detroit\""},{"Link":"https://pumas.mx/directorio","external_links_name":"\"Directorio\""},{"Link":"https://ligamx.net/cancha/club/18/pumas#plantilla","external_links_name":"\"Plantilla Universidad Nacional\""},{"Link":"https://www.scoreboard.com/en/match/guadalajara-chivas-u-n-a-m-pumas-2018-2019/AH2b5bpj/#match-summary%7Clineups;1","external_links_name":"Guadalajara Chivas - U.N.A.M.- Pumas 1:3"},{"Link":"https://www.scoreboard.com/en/match/guadalajara-chivas-u-n-a-m-pumas-2018-2019/nglkBMar/#h2h;overall","external_links_name":"Guadalajara Chivas - U.N.A.M.- Pumas 1:2"},{"Link":"https://pumas.mx/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harbaugh
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Jack Harbaugh
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["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Coaching career","4 Personal life","5 Head coaching record","5.1 College","6 References","7 External links"]
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American football player and coach (born 1939)
Jack HarbaughHarbaugh with Michigan in 2023Biographical detailsBorn (1939-06-28) June 28, 1939 (age 84)Crestline, Ohio, U.S.Playing career1957–1960Bowling Green
Coaching career (HC unless noted)1962–1963Perrysburg HS (OH) (assistant)1964–1965Eaton HS (OH)1966Xenia HS (OH)1967Morehead State (assistant)1968–1970Bowling Green (assistant)1971–1973Iowa (assistant)1973–1979Michigan (DB)1980–1981Stanford (DC)1982–1986Western Michigan1987–1988Pittsburgh (assistant)1989–2002Western Kentucky2004–2006San Diego (RB)2009Stanford (RB)2023Michigan (AHC)
Head coaching recordOverall116–95–3 (college)Accomplishments and honorsChampionshipsNCAA FBS (CFP) (2023)NCAA Division I-AA (2002)Western Ohio League (1966)OVC (2000)GFC (2002)AwardsAFCA NCAA Division I-AA COY (2002)OVC Coach of the Year (2000)
Jack Avon Harbaugh (born June 28, 1939) is an American football coach and former player. He served as the head football coach at Western Michigan University from 1982 to 1986 and Western Kentucky University from 1989 to 2002, compiling a career college football head coaching record of 116–95–3. In his final year at Western Kentucky, he led the 2002 Hilltoppers to an NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship title. In 2023, Harbaugh came out of retirement to become assistant head coach of the Michigan Wolverines under his son Jim (who was head coach at the time) and helped lead the team to win the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship.
Harbaugh's sons, John and Jim, are the first pair of brothers to serve as head coaches in the NFL and the first pair of head coaching brothers to face off in a Super Bowl.
Early life
Harbaugh was born in Crestline, Ohio, to Marie Evelyn (née Fisher) and William Avon Harbaugh. He is of German and Irish descent. He graduated from Crestline High School in 1957. At Crestline, he was a four-year letterman in both football and baseball. He was an all-state quarterback and shortstop in his senior year. He was also a two-time letterman in basketball.
Playing career
He played college football for the Bowling Green State University Falcons from 1957 to 1960, where he was a three-time letterman. In his junior year, the Falcons finished the season 9–0 and were named the small college division national champions. He was drafted in the 1961 AFL draft by the Buffalo Bills as a running back.
Coaching career
Harbaugh began as an assistant coach to Jerry Nowak at Perrysburg High School in Perrysburg, Ohio, southwest of Toledo. Both sons were born while Harbaugh was in Perrysburg. In 1964, Harbaugh was the head coach of Eaton High School football team in Eaton, Ohio. His record was 5–4–1, their first winning season in many years. In 1965 the team went 6–4. In 1966, Harbaugh was the head coach of the Xenia High School football team in Xenia, Ohio. His record for the one year that he coached was 8–1–1. He received championship honors in the Western Ohio League and was named conference Coach of the Year.
Harbaugh served as an assistant in various college programs from 1968 to 1981.
From 1982 to 1986, he served as the head football coach at Western Michigan University and compiled a 25–27–3 record. From 1989 to 2002, he was the head football coach at Western Kentucky University. During his tenure with the Hilltoppers he posted a 91–68 record, including three 10-win seasons. The Hilltoppers were the only team to rank in the top 10 every year in rushing offense from 1991-2002. In 2002, the WKU squad won the NCAA Division I-AA national football championship.
After leaving Western Kentucky, Harbaugh served as an associate athletic director at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where his son-in-law, Tom Crean, was the head coach of the men's basketball team. Harbaugh has also served as an assistant coach at Morehead State University, Bowling Green State University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of San Diego.
Harbaugh retired in 2006, but served as Stanford's running backs coach in the 2009 Sun Bowl under his son, Jim. Jack filled in for Willie Taggart, who had recently been hired as the new head football coach at WKU.
Following his son Jim's three-game suspension in 2023, Harbaugh unretired to serve as an assistant head coach for Michigan, and would wind up winning the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship alongside his son.
Personal life
Harbaugh married his wife, Jacqueline M. "Jackie" Cipiti, in 1961. They have three children: John, Jim, and Joani. Jack and Jackie settled in Mequon, Wisconsin, when he took the position as Associate Athletic Director for Marquette University in Milwaukee. Harbaugh is a member of the Bowling Green State University chapter of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity.
Their two sons, Baltimore Ravens head coach John Harbaugh and Los Angeles Chargers head coach Jim Harbaugh, were the first pair of brothers to serve as head coaches in the National Football League (NFL). The brothers coached their teams in a game unofficially nicknamed the 'Harbaugh Bowl' and 'Har-bowl' on Thanksgiving Day 2011—one day before Jack and Jackie's fiftieth wedding anniversary—in which John's Ravens beat Jim's 49ers, 16–6. They faced each other again in a second 'Har-bowl' when Baltimore beat San Francisco on February 3, 2013, at Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans by a score of 34–31. Jim also played as quarterback at Michigan and for 15 seasons in the NFL for six different teams from 1987 to 2001 before entering coaching.
Their daughter Joani's husband, Tom Crean, has been the head men's basketball coach at Marquette, Indiana, and Georgia. They met while Jack was the head football coach at Western Kentucky University and Crean was an assistant basketball coach to Ralph Willard.
Head coaching record
College
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Bowl/playoffs
TSN#
Western Michigan Broncos (Mid-American Conference) (1982–1986)
1982
Western Michigan
7–2–2
5–2–2
2nd
1983
Western Michigan
6–5
4–5
6th
1984
Western Michigan
5–6
3–6
T–8th
1985
Western Michigan
4–6–1
4–4–1
T–4th
1986
Western Michigan
3–8
3–5
8th
Western Michigan:
25–27–3
19–22–3
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers (NCAA Division I-AA Independent) (1989–1998)
1989
Western Kentucky
6–5
1990
Western Kentucky
2–8
1991
Western Kentucky
3–8
1992
Western Kentucky
4–6
1993
Western Kentucky
8–3
19
1994
Western Kentucky
5–6
1995
Western Kentucky
2–8
1996
Western Kentucky
7–4
1997
Western Kentucky
10–2
L NCAA Division I-AA Quarterfinal
5
1998
Western Kentucky
7–4
19
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers (Ohio Valley Conference) (1999–2000)
1999
Western Kentucky
6–5
4–3
T–3rd
2000
Western Kentucky
11–2
7–0
1st
L NCAA Division I-AA Quarterfinal
5
Western Kentucky Hilltoppers (Gateway Football Conference) (2001–2002)
2001
Western Kentucky
8–4
5–2
T–2nd
L NCAA Division I-AA First Round
12
2002
Western Kentucky
12–3
6–1
T–1st
W NCAA Division I-AA Championship
1
Western Kentucky:
91–68
22–6
Total:
116–95–3
National championship Conference title Conference division title or championship game berth
References
^ a b http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/%7Ebattle/celeb/harbaugh.htm
^ Lyons, Dan. "Jim Harbaugh Explains Decision to Add Father to Coaching Staff During Suspension". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
^ a b c "Jack Harbaugh Bio - USDTOREROS.COM - University of San Diego Official Athletic Site". www.usdtoreros.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015.
^ "Player Bio: Jack Harbaugh". Stanford University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
^ "Bowling Green Is Voted No. 1," Lincoln Evening Journal, November 27, 1959, p. 14
^ http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/01/20/ravens-49ers-win-to-set-up-harbaugh-vs-harbaugh-super-bowl/ Ravens, 49ers win to set up Harbaugh vs. Harbaugh Super Bowl
^ "Coaches Records". Xenia High School. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
^ "Jack Harbaugh Bio". WKU. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
^ Ablauf, Dave; Shepard, Chad (August 8, 2023). "Harbaugh Announces Coaching Duties for First Three Games of 2023". MGOBLUE. Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
^ Wolfley, Bob (January 21, 2013). "Why Jack Harbaugh and his wife, Jackie, live in Mequon". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
^ Ken Murray (January 7, 2011). "Jim Harbaugh joins Ravens' John Harbaugh to form first pair of NFL head coaching brothers". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012.
^ Hanzus, Dan (January 20, 2013). "Ravens roll by Patriots to advance to Super Bowl XLVII". National Football League. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
External links
Stanford profile
Western Kentucky profile
vteWestern Michigan Broncos head football coaches
Tubby Meyers (1906)
William H. Spaulding (1907–1921)
Milton Olander (1922–1923)
Earl Martineau (1924–1928)
Mike Gary (1929–1941)
John Gill (1942–1952)
Jack Petoskey (1953–1956)
Merle Schlosser (1957–1963)
Bill Doolittle (1964–1974)
Elliot Uzelac (1975–1981)
Jack Harbaugh (1982–1986)
Al Molde (1987–1996)
Gary Darnell (1997–2004)
Bill Cubit (2005–2012)
P. J. Fleck (2013–2016)
Tim Lester (2017–2022)
Lance Taylor (2023– )
vteWestern Kentucky Hilltoppers head football coaches
M. A. Leiper & Roy C. Manchester (1913)
J. L. Arthur (1914–1916)
No team (1917–1919)
Lloyd T. Smith (1920–1921)
Edgar Diddle (1922–1928)
Carl Anderson (1929)
James Elam (1930–1931)
Ernest R. Miller (1932)
Jesse Thomas (1933)
Carl Anderson (1934–1937)
Gander Terry (1938–1941)
Arnold Winkenhofer (1942)
No team (1943–1945)
Jesse Thomas (1946–1947)
Jack Clayton (1948–1956)
Nick Denes (1957–1967)
Jimmy Feix (1968–1983)
Dave Roberts (1984–1988)
Jack Harbaugh (1989–2002)
David Elson (2003–2009)
Willie Taggart (2010–2012)
Lance Guidry # (2012)
Bobby Petrino (2013)
Jeff Brohm (2014–2016)
Nick Holt # (2016)
Mike Sanford Jr. (2017–2018)
Tyson Helton (2019– )
# denotes interim coach
vte2002 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football—NCAA Division I-AA national champions
Jeremi Johnson
Jason Michael
Head coach: Jack Harbaugh
Assistant coaches: Dan Haley
Don Martindale
Willie Taggart
T. J. Weist
vte2023 Michigan Wolverines football—consensus national champions
AJ Barner
Karsen Barnhart
Michael Barrett
Max Bredeson
Cole Cabana
Junior Colson
Blake Corum
Donovan Edwards
Mason Graham
Kenneth Grant
Jaylen Harrell
Ernest Hausmann
LaDarius Henderson
Myles Hinton
Kris Jenkins
Cornelius Johnson
Quinten Johnson
Will Johnson
Trente Jones
Trevor Keegan
Colston Loveland
J. J. McCarthy
Braiden McGregor
Derrick Moore
Rod Moore
Semaj Morgan
Tyler Morris
Kalel Mullings
Drake Nugent
Alex Orji
Makari Paige
Keon Sabb
Mike Sainristil
Josaiah Stewart
James Turner
Jack Tuttle
Josh Wallace
Davis Warren
Roman Wilson
Zak Zinter
Head coach: Jim Harbaugh
Assistant coaches: Ronald Bellamy
Kirk Campbell
Steve Clinkscale
Mike Elston
Jack Harbaugh
Jay Harbaugh
Mike Hart
Bret Ingalls
LaTroy Lewis
Doug Mallory
Sherrone Moore
Jesse Minter
Rick Minter
Grant Newsome
Chris Partridge
Denard Robinson
vteBuffalo Bills 1961 AFL draft selections
Ken Rice
Billy Shaw
Art Baker
Tom Gilburg
Stew Barber
Norm Snead
Fred Brown
Al Bemiller
Charles Linning
William Majors
Don Kern
Roy Wall
Floyd Powers
Tom Causey
Ron Kostelnik
Jerry Frye
Vincent Scott
Wayne Wolff
John Bodkin
Charley Barnes
Everett Cloud
Larry Vargo
Charles Baker
William "Red" Mack
Frank Jackunas
Jack Harbaugh
Lorenzo Stanford
Bob Allen
Jason Harness
Mike Stock
William Martin
vteAFCA Division I FCS Coach of the Year Award winners
1983: Dempsey
1984: Arnold
1985: Sheridan
1986: Russell
1987: Duffner
1988: Satterfield
1989: Russell
1990: Stowers
1991: Tressel
1992: Taaffe
1993: Allen
1994: Tressel
1995: Read
1996: Tellier
1997: Talley
1998: Whipple
1999: P. Johnson
2000: P. Johnson
2001: B. Johnson
2002: Harbaugh
2003: Biddle
2004: Matthews
2005: Moore
2006: Moore
2007: Moore
2008: London
2009: Talley
2010: Keeler
2011: Fritz
2012: Bohl
2013: Bohl
2014: McDonnell
2015: Grass
2016: Houston
2017: Bohannon
2018: Harasymiak
2019: Entz
2020: Wachenheim
2021: Entz
2022: Stiegelmeier
2023: Gattuso
|
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He served as the head football coach at Western Michigan University from 1982 to 1986 and Western Kentucky University from 1989 to 2002, compiling a career college football head coaching record of 116–95–3. In his final year at Western Kentucky, he led the 2002 Hilltoppers to an NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship title. In 2023, Harbaugh came out of retirement to become assistant head coach of the Michigan Wolverines under his son Jim (who was head coach at the time) and helped lead the team to win the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship.[2]Harbaugh's sons, John and Jim, are the first pair of brothers to serve as head coaches in the NFL and the first pair of head coaching brothers to face off in a Super Bowl.","title":"Jack Harbaugh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crestline, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geng1-1"},{"link_name":"Crestline High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdtoreros.com-3"}],"text":"Harbaugh was born in Crestline, Ohio, to Marie Evelyn (née Fisher) and William Avon Harbaugh. He is of German and Irish descent.[1] He graduated from Crestline High School in 1957. At Crestline, he was a four-year letterman in both football and baseball. He was an all-state quarterback and shortstop in his senior year. He was also a two-time letterman in basketball.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowling Green State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1961 AFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_American_Football_League_draft"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdtoreros.com-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He played college football for the Bowling Green State University Falcons from 1957 to 1960, where he was a three-time letterman. In his junior year, the Falcons finished the season 9–0 and were named the small college division national champions.[4][5] He was drafted in the 1961 AFL draft by the Buffalo Bills as a running back.[3][6]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perrysburg High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrysburg_High_School"},{"link_name":"Perrysburg, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrysburg,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Eaton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_High_School_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Eaton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Xenia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_High_School"},{"link_name":"Xenia, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Western Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"Western Kentucky University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University"},{"link_name":"Hilltoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football"},{"link_name":"Hilltoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usdtoreros.com-3"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I-AA national football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"athletic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_director"},{"link_name":"Marquette University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_University"},{"link_name":"Tom Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Crean_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Morehead State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehead_State_University"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"University of San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"2009 Sun Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sun_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Willie Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Taggart"},{"link_name":"2024 College Football Playoff National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Harbaugh began as an assistant coach to Jerry Nowak at Perrysburg High School in Perrysburg, Ohio, southwest of Toledo. Both sons were born while Harbaugh was in Perrysburg. In 1964, Harbaugh was the head coach of Eaton High School football team in Eaton, Ohio. His record was 5–4–1, their first winning season in many years. In 1965 the team went 6–4. In 1966, Harbaugh was the head coach of the Xenia High School football team in Xenia, Ohio. His record for the one year that he coached was 8–1–1.[7] He received championship honors in the Western Ohio League and was named conference Coach of the Year.[8]Harbaugh served as an assistant in various college programs from 1968 to 1981.From 1982 to 1986, he served as the head football coach at Western Michigan University and compiled a 25–27–3 record. From 1989 to 2002, he was the head football coach at Western Kentucky University. During his tenure with the Hilltoppers he posted a 91–68 record, including three 10-win seasons. The Hilltoppers were the only team to rank in the top 10 every year in rushing offense from 1991-2002.[3] In 2002, the WKU squad won the NCAA Division I-AA national football championship.After leaving Western Kentucky, Harbaugh served as an associate athletic director at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where his son-in-law, Tom Crean, was the head coach of the men's basketball team. Harbaugh has also served as an assistant coach at Morehead State University, Bowling Green State University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of San Diego.Harbaugh retired in 2006, but served as Stanford's running backs coach in the 2009 Sun Bowl under his son, Jim. Jack filled in for Willie Taggart, who had recently been hired as the new head football coach at WKU.Following his son Jim's three-game suspension in 2023, Harbaugh unretired to serve as an assistant head coach for Michigan, and would wind up winning the 2024 College Football Playoff National Championship alongside his son.[9]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mequon, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mequon,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"Phi Delta Theta Fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta_Fraternity"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"John Harbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harbaugh"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Jim Harbaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harbaugh"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tom Crean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Crean_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_basketball"},{"link_name":"Ralph Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Willard"}],"text":"Harbaugh married his wife, Jacqueline M. \"Jackie\" Cipiti, in 1961. They have three children: John, Jim, and Joani. Jack and Jackie settled in Mequon, Wisconsin, when he took the position as Associate Athletic Director for Marquette University in Milwaukee.[10] Harbaugh is a member of the Bowling Green State University chapter of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity.Their two sons, Baltimore Ravens head coach John Harbaugh and Los Angeles Chargers head coach Jim Harbaugh, were the first pair of brothers to serve as head coaches in the National Football League (NFL).[11] The brothers coached their teams in a game unofficially nicknamed the 'Harbaugh Bowl' and 'Har-bowl' on Thanksgiving Day 2011—one day before Jack and Jackie's fiftieth wedding anniversary—in which John's Ravens beat Jim's 49ers, 16–6. They faced each other again in a second 'Har-bowl' when Baltimore beat San Francisco on February 3, 2013, at Super Bowl XLVII in New Orleans by a score of 34–31.[12] Jim also played as quarterback at Michigan and for 15 seasons in the NFL for six different teams from 1987 to 2001 before entering coaching.Their daughter Joani's husband, Tom Crean, has been the head men's basketball coach at Marquette, Indiana, and Georgia. They met while Jack was the head football coach at Western Kentucky University and Crean was an assistant basketball coach to Ralph Willard.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Head coaching record"}]
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[{"reference":"Lyons, Dan. \"Jim Harbaugh Explains Decision to Add Father to Coaching Staff During Suspension\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/2023/08/30/michigan-football-jim-harbaugh-explains-decision-add-father-jack-coaching-staff","url_text":"\"Jim Harbaugh Explains Decision to Add Father to Coaching Staff During Suspension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Harbaugh Bio - USDTOREROS.COM - University of San Diego Official Athletic Site\". www.usdtoreros.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101203223/http://www.usdtoreros.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/harbaugh_jack00.html","url_text":"\"Jack Harbaugh Bio - USDTOREROS.COM - University of San Diego Official Athletic Site\""},{"url":"http://www.usdtoreros.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/harbaugh_jack00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Player Bio: Jack Harbaugh\". Stanford University. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120219175305/http://www.gostanford.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/harbaugh_jack00.html","url_text":"\"Player Bio: Jack Harbaugh\""},{"url":"http://www.gostanford.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208440729","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coaches Records\". Xenia High School. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130125083028/https://www.xenia.k12.oh.us/xhs/sports/football/records/coachesr.htm","url_text":"\"Coaches Records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_High_School","url_text":"Xenia High School"},{"url":"http://www.xenia.k12.oh.us/xhs/sports/football/records/coachesr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Harbaugh Bio\". WKU. Retrieved November 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wkusports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/harbaugh_jack00.html","url_text":"\"Jack Harbaugh Bio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_Hilltoppers_football","url_text":"WKU"}]},{"reference":"Ablauf, Dave; Shepard, Chad (August 8, 2023). \"Harbaugh Announces Coaching Duties for First Three Games of 2023\". MGOBLUE. Board of Regents of the University of Michigan. Retrieved January 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgoblue.com/news/2023/8/24/football-harbaugh-announces-coaching-duties-for-first-three-games-of-2023","url_text":"\"Harbaugh Announces Coaching Duties for First Three Games of 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Wolfley, Bob (January 21, 2013). \"Why Jack Harbaugh and his wife, Jackie, live in Mequon\". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/187746841.html","url_text":"\"Why Jack Harbaugh and his wife, Jackie, live in Mequon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel","url_text":"Milwaukee Journal Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Ken Murray (January 7, 2011). \"Jim Harbaugh joins Ravens' John Harbaugh to form first pair of NFL head coaching brothers\". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120723032412/http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/ravens/bs-sp-harbaughs-0108-20110107,0,7122675.story","url_text":"\"Jim Harbaugh joins Ravens' John Harbaugh to form first pair of NFL head coaching brothers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"Baltimore Sun"},{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/ravens/bs-sp-harbaughs-0108-20110107,0,7122675.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanzus, Dan (January 20, 2013). \"Ravens roll by Patriots to advance to Super Bowl XLVII\". National Football League. Retrieved January 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/joe-flacco-baltimore-ravens-reach-super-bowl-xlvii-0ap1000000128873","url_text":"\"Ravens roll by Patriots to advance to Super Bowl XLVII\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League","url_text":"National Football League"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_Vila
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Rosalía
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["1 Life and career","1.1 1992–2016: Early life and career beginnings","1.2 2016–2017: Los Ángeles","1.3 2018–2020: El mal querer and international recognition","1.4 2020–present: Collaborations and Motomami","2 Artistry","2.1 Musical style and genres","2.2 Influences","3 Impact","3.1 Spanish music industry","3.2 On cultural appropriation","4 Business and ventures","4.1 Products and endorsements","4.2 Infrastructure","5 Personal life","5.1 Relationships","5.2 Political views and religion","6 Discography","7 Filmography","7.1 Film","7.2 Television","7.3 Music videos","7.4 Commercials","8 Tours","9 Awards and nominations","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
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Spanish singer (born 1992)
This article is about the singer. For the saint, see Saint Rosalia. For other uses, see Rosalia (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Vila and the second or maternal family name is Tobella.
RosalíaRosalía at the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards in 2023BornRosalia Vila Tobella (1992-09-25) 25 September 1992 (age 31)Sant Cugat del Vallès, Catalonia, SpainAlma materCatalonia College of MusicOccupationsSingersongwriterrecord producermusicianbusinesswomanYears active2013–presentWorksDiscographysongslive performancesAwardsFull listMusical careerOriginBarcelona, SpainGenresFlamencoFlamenco popurbanoreggaetonalternativeart-popavant-gardeLatin popInstrumentsVocalspianoguitarLabelsColumbiaUniversal Spain
Musical artistWebsiterosalia.comSignature
Rosalia Vila Tobella (born 25 September 1992), known mononymously as Rosalía (Spanish: , Catalan: ), is a Spanish singer, songwriter, producer, and musician. Born and raised on the outskirts of Barcelona, she has been described as an "atypical pop star" due to her genre-bending musical styles. After being enthralled by Spanish folk music at age 14, she studied musicology at Catalonia College of Music while also performing at musical bars and weddings.
She completed her studies with honours by virtue of her collaborative cover album with Raül Refree, Los Ángeles (2017), and the baccalaureate project El mal querer (2018). Reimagining flamenco by mixing it with pop and hip hop music, it spawned the singles "Malamente" and "Pienso en tu mirá", which caught the attention of the Spanish general public, and were released to universal critical acclaim. Recipient of the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year and listed in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, El mal querer started the ascent of Rosalía into the international music scene. Rosalía explored urbano music with her 2019 releases "Con altura" and "Yo x ti, tú x mí", achieving global success. She gave reggaeton an experimental twist on her third studio album Motomami (2022), departing from the new flamenco sound of its predecessor. The album caught international attention with its singles "La Fama", "Saoko" and "Despechá" and became the best reviewed album of the year on Metacritic.
Throughout her career, Rosalía has accumulated eleven number-one singles in her home country, the most for a local artist. She has also won two Grammy Awards, twelve Latin Grammy Awards (including two Album of the Year wins), four MTV Video Music Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award, three UK Music Video Awards and two Premio Ruido awards, among others. In 2019, Billboard gave her the Rising Star Award for "changing the sound of today's mainstream music with her fresh flamenco-influenced pop", and became the first Spanish-singing act in history to be nominated for Best New Artist at the Grammys. She is widely considered one of the most successful and influential Spanish singers of all time.
Life and career
1992–2016: Early life and career beginnings
Rosalía was born on 25 September 1992 in Sant Cugat del Vallès and raised in Sant Esteve Sesrovires, Baix Llobregat, Catalonia. Born in a Catalan-speaking family with no artistic background, she is the youngest daughter of María Pilar Tobella Aguilera, a businesswoman of Catalan descent who runs Suprametal, SA, a family company specialised in metalworks founded by her father Jaume Tobella Bosch (1933-2019). Her father, José Manuel Vila, was born in Cudillero, Asturias, to a Galician father and an Andalusian mother, with one of his grandfathers being Cuban. They separated in 2019. She has an older sister, Pilar "Pili" Vila (born 1989), who works with Rosalía as her stylist and creative director. Rosalía expressed interest in the performing arts at an early age, especially after discovering the discography of Camarón de la Isla. She began her musical education at the Taller de Músics. She did a six-year course at the academy. She began attending class at the Raval school, later transferring to the Superior School of Music of Catalonia. She also autonomously worked as an independent singer at weddings and musical bars, for which she was paid "a little over 80 euros or in exchange for dinner". During that time, Rosalía met many underground Spanish artists who would later succeed such as La Zowi, Yung Beef, Kaydy Cain, Hinds and María Escarmiento.
At 15, she competed on the television show Tú Sí Que Vales, although she was not selected. At 17, she had to undergo vocal cord surgery after tearing one of her vocal cords due to "intense singing practices" and was unable to sing for a year. In 2012, she became the vocalist of Kejaleo, a flamenco music group featuring Jordi Franco, Roger Blavia, Cristo Fontecilla, Diego Cortés and Xavi Turull. They released an album, Alaire, in 2013. That same year, Rosalía professionally worked as a duo with Juan "Chicuelo" Gómez to promote the Blancanieves soundtrack at the 2013 Panama International Film Festival in substitution of Sílvia Pérez Cruz and at the Festival Grec de Barcelona for the contemporary dance work De Carmen. In 2013, she participated in the Association of Performing Arts Professionals (APAP) Conference in New York, and was the lead voice in the culmination of the Any Espriu 2014. In 2015, she collaborated with La Fura dels Baus on a show that premiered in Singapore. She was the opening act for flamenco artist Miguel Poveda, accompanied by Alfredo Lagos, at the International Music Festival of Cadaqués, and also at the 2016 Jerez Jazz Festival. She worked with Rocío Márquez on the presentation of her album El Niño, produced by Raül Refree, at Primavera Sound. In 2015, she also worked with clothing brand Desigual and sang the single for their campaign jingle "Last Night Was Eternal". and self-released "Un Millón de Veces" included in the benefit album Tres Guitarras Para el Autismo. At 20, she worked as a flamenco teacher and vocal coach.
In 2016, Rosalía collaborated with Spanish rapper and former boyfriend C. Tangana on "Antes de morirme". The song was a sleeper hit and entered the Spanish Singles Chart in 2018, after the success of Rosalía's newer material. The collaboration received international attention when it was featured on the soundtrack of the first season of the Spanish Netflix show Élite.
2016–2017: Los Ángeles
Rosalía and Raül Refree during Los Ángeles Tour in July 2017
In 2016, Rosalía performed to a crowd of a hundred people at the Tablao del Carmen, a flamenco specialized venue at the Pueblo Español, in Barcelona. In the audience was Raül Refree, whom she invited to the show. They began working on two albums together. Rosalía signed with Universal Music later in 2016, and she relocated to California. She went on to only release Los Ángeles. The album talks about death in a dark way with aggressive guitar chords by Refree. It presents reworks of flamenco classics receiving several accolades. She was nominated for Best New Artist at the 18th Latin Grammy Awards. The album was released on 10 February 2017 through Universal Music and spawned two singles, "Catalina", released in October 2016, and "De Plata", released in May 2017. The album was very well received by critics. Jordi Bardají wrote in 2018 that the record was "one of the greatest 'sleepers' that Spanish sales lists have known in recent times." Los Ángeles reached its peak position of number nine on 11 November 2018 and has remained in the albums chart since its entry, having accumulated a total of 89 weeks. Los Ángeles won the "Album of the Year" award at the Time Out Awards and the Premio Ruido, among others. In 2017, RTVE contacted Rosalía to participate in the pre-selection to represent Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, which she declined because of scheduling conflicts with the promotion of her debut record.
Rosalía and Raül Refree embarked on a concert tour, Los Ángeles Tour, supporting their first studio album together. The tour began on 11 February 2017 in Granada and ended on 1 March 2018 at the Palau de la Música in Barcelona. Spanish singer Bebe attended one of their concerts in Madrid alongside Juanes, who became "immediately obsessed with Rosalía" and asked his manager Rebeca León to work with her. She agreed to manage her as she felt like she was a "once in fifty years kind of artist".
2018–2020: El mal querer and international recognition
The recording cycle for Rosalía's second studio album, El mal querer, began in early 2017 as her baccalaureate project, graduating from the Catalonia College of Music. She personally chose to work alongside Spanish musician el Guincho and spawned its concept alongside friend Ferran Echegaray, who bet on the Romance of Flamenca to follow the album's storyline. Despite having no budget to produce the record as she was an independent artist working on a university project, Rosalía invested a lot of her own money, to the point of "almost going bankrupt". The album was almost completely recorded at el Guincho's apartment in Barcelona with a computer, a microphone and a sound table. It would mix traditional flamenco with today's pop and urban music.
In May 2018, the singer announced the title of her upcoming album in a little homemade YouTube series. J Balvin parallelly released his fifth studio album, Vibras, which featured Rosalía on the track "Brillo". Later that month, Rosalía released the album's lead single "Malamente". The single caught the attention of international personalities such as Kourtney Kardashian and Dua Lipa and numerous music critics, while its Canada-directed music video reached social media virality. The song was nominated for five Latin Grammy Awards, out of it won two, for Best Alternative Song and for Best Urban Fusion/Performance. The follow-up single, "Pienso en tu mirá", was released in July. Its music video received critical acclaim for its aesthetics and poetic symbolism. The song was nominated for Best Pop Song at the 2019 Latin Grammy Awards. The third single, "Di mi nombre", released three days prior to the album, earned Rosalía her first number-one single in Spain.
El mal querer was released on 2 November 2018 and debuted at number two on the PROMUSICAE chart. Presented as experimental and conceptual, it revolves around a toxic relationship described in the anonymous 13th-century Occitan novel Flamenca. The album was met with universal acclaim by music critics. Writing for The Guardian, head critic Alexis Petridis highly commended the album, giving it the highest rating and describing it as "the calling card of a unique new talent". El mal querer was listed in over twenty album year-end and decade-end lists by publications such as Pitchfork, Billboard and The Guardian. Rolling Stone listed it 315th on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, making it the highest Spanish-language album in the list. El mal querer was later nominated for several awards including four Latin Grammys, a Latin Billboard Music award, a Latin American Music award and a LOS40 Music award. It won the Latin Grammy awards for Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album and Best Recording Package. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album.
In 2019 Rosalía took part in the Pedro Almodóvar film Pain and Glory. She had previously contributed vocals to the soundtracks of Arde Madrid and Paquita Salas. In March 2019, Rosalía embarked on her first global concert tour, El Mal Querer Tour, to further promote El Mal Querer, with shows in South America, North America, Europe and Africa.Rosalía performing at Primavera Sound in 2019 during El Mal Querer TourWhile on tour, Rosalía issued several songs. On 28 March 2019, she released a second collaboration with Balvin, "Con altura". Despite initially receiving mixed reviews from critics, "Con altura" topped the charts in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Venezuela and Spain. Its music video, directed by Director X, became the most-watched music video by a female artist of 2019. It also spawned her nickname "La Rosalía" and its choreography eventually became viral and a moment in Latin pop culture. "Con altura" won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Latin Video and Best Choreography, making her the first Spanish act to win one. It also won Best Collaboration at the 2019 MTV Europe Music Awards and Best Urban Song at the 2019 Latin Grammys. The song has sold over seven million copies worldwide so far.
In May, Rosalía released the song "Aute Cuture". It became her third number-one in Spain and earned a Latin Grammy nomination for Record of the Year. In July, she released the single Fucking Money Man, which includes two tracks: "Milionària" (which she sang in Catalan) and "Dios nos libre del dinero". On 15 August, she released her collaboration with Ozuna "Yo x ti, tú x mí", which became her fifth number one single in Spain. In November, Rosalía released "A Palé", which features background vocals by James Blake, who she had worked earlier with on "Barefoot in the Park". In December, Rosalía was featured alongside Lil Baby on the remix of Travis Scott's "Highest in the Room". She was awarded the Rising Star award at Billboard's Women in Music for the international recognition she achieved during the year and for "changing the sound of today's mainstream music with her fresh flamenco-influenced pop". Rosalía's performance of "Juro Que" at the 62nd Grammy Awards marked the first time a Spanish female artist performed at the gala. She also became the first Spanish-singing act in history to be nominated for Best New Artist. During lockdown, Rosalía released "Dolerme" and, in May, "TKN", her second collaboration with Travis Scott, which eventually became her first entry on the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 66, as well as the sixth number-one single of hers in her home country. The song went viral on TikTok. The music video for "TKN", directed by Nicolás Méndez, won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. It also spawned a nomination for Best Direction at the Berlin Music Video Awards. On 22 June, Arca and Rosalía released their highly anticipated collaboration "KLK", included in the musician's album KiCk i.
2020–present: Collaborations and Motomami
Recording sessions for Rosalía's third studio album started as early as 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rosalía relocated to Miami where she continued to work on the album while also providing vocals to multiple songs. On 4 September 2020, a remix of Sech's "Relación", which also features Daddy Yankee, Farruko and J Balvin, was released, earning Rosalía her second entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at 64. She also took part in Bad Bunny's third solo studio album, El Último Tour del Mundo, on the track "La Noche de Anoche", which was later released as a single on Valentine's Day. The collaboration, performed on Saturday Night Live, became a huge commercial success, debuting at number two on the Spotify global chart with 6.63 million streams in a single day, marking the biggest debut for a song fully sung in Spanish in history. A week later, she collaborated alongside the Weeknd on the remix of "Blinding Lights" and, in January, with Billie Eilish on "Lo Vas a Olvidar", which was featured in a special episode of Euphoria. Rosalía later collaborated with Oneohtrix Point Never and Tokischa on "Nothing's Special" and "Linda" respectively.
On 2 November 2021, Rosalía announced the title of her new album Motomami. It was released on 18 March 2022 through Columbia Records. Promotion prior to the album release encompassed the release of three singles and the promotional singles "Hentai" and "Candy". The lead single "La Fama", featuring the Weeknd, is an experimental bachata that saw great commercial success. It became Rosalía's seventh number one single in Spain while also peaking at five in France and reaching the top ten spot in eight other countries. In December 2021, Rockstar Games launched a new Grand Theft Auto Online radio station, Motomami Los Santos, curated by Rosalía and Arca. In February 2022, Rosalía revealed the album artwork for Motomami and released "Saoko" as the album's second single to wide critical acclaim. The song's accompanying music video, directed by Valentin Petit, was shot in Kyiv, mainly at Podilskyi Bridge. For its editing done by Petit and Jon Echeveste, the video would go on to win the MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing. On 24 February, Rosalía released "Chicken Teriyaki" as the album's third single.
Rosalía performing on her Motomami World Tour
Upon release, Motomami received universal acclaim from music critics, many of whom praised the experimentation and genre-bending sounds. Motomami received a perfect score from various publications, including The Telegraph, The Independent and Variety and was given four stars or more by Clash, Rolling Stone, Rockdelux, The Guardian etc. Pitchfork crowned Motomami with its "Best New Music" honor writing, "It feels rare to hear an album that's so experimental, that aspires to stretch itself out across genres and play with form, and that attains exactly what it sets out to achieve. Rosalía was already a formidable singer, but here she also sounds like she learned that with global superstardom comes the freedom to set her own agenda". The album has become the best reviewed and most discussed album of 2022 on Metacritic. Commercially, Motomami entered twenty-two charts in nineteen countries and reached the top ten in seven countries, two of them number-ones. The album entered major market charts, reaching the top forty in both on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200. On Spotify, it achieved the biggest debut for a Spanish-language album by a female artist on the platform's history, with 16.3 million streams in the first day.
In July 2022, Rosalía embarked on her second worldwide concert tour, Motomami World Tour, to further promote Motomami, with shows in Europe, South America and North America. The setlist featured four unreleased tracks including "Despechá", which was later released on 28 July to global success. Rosalía later took part in the forthcoming projects by Romeo Santos, Niño de Elche, and Wisin & Yandel.
At the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards in November 2022, Motomami won the four categories in which it was nominated in, which were Album of the Year, Best Alternative Music Album, Best Engineered Album and Best Recording Package. Rosalía was the first woman and sixth act overall to win Album of the Year twice as a lead artist. She also received two nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album and Best Music Film for Motomami TikTok Live, winning for the former category. However, media such as Rolling Stone, Pitchfork, the New York Times and W believed that the Recording Academy and the Grammys had snubbed Motomami for the Album of the Year category.
Rosalía and her dance troupe performing at Mexico City's Zócalo on 28 April 2023
At the start of 2023, Rosalía collaborated with Coca-Cola to create a limited edition flavor under its "Coca-Cola Creations" brand called "Move", for which she released the song "LLYLM". In March, the singer embarked on a festival run off her Motomami tour, which visited a great variety of festivals through 21 dates, including Coachella, Lollapalooza and Primavera Sound. On 24 March, she released RR, a collaborative EP with her then boyfriend, singer Rauw Alejandro, and released the single "Beso" to global success. On 28 April, Rosalía performed at a free concert organized by the Secretariat of Culture in the Zócalo of Mexico City, which had more than 160,000 attendees. According to a press statement, Rosalía performed in front of nearly 2 million people worldwide and visited 21 countries across three continents.
In September 2023, Rosalía signed with Jaime Levine, Shakira's former manager, after departing ways with Rebeca León. A charity single alongside Björk titled "Oral" was released on 21 November 2023.
Artistry
Musical style and genres
Rosalía's music has been described as "challenging" both for her and for the listener. Noted for the conceptuality and constant genre transformation of her albums and singles, Rosalía's music has evolved from folk to the mainstream and avant-pop. As Rosalía has a master's degree in flamenco interpretation, she started her professional career as a full flamenco singer. 2017 saw the release of her debut album Los Ángeles, a folk record in which Rosalía "is posited as the contemporary cantaora who has better understood the current times". The singer has, ever since, been described as "an old soul trapped in a young body" due to the maturity of the genre. After the release of "Malamente" in May 2018, which rose the singer's popularity to a national level, her music was described as a "heavily exciting fusion of flamenco and modern arts". American magazine Pitchfork called the singer's voice "a soft liquid velvet" and wrote that "Malamente consumes the listener with drums and soft synthesizers that drag you to their world completely". After releasing El mal querer later that year, The Guardian gave it a perfect score and stated: "the Catalan singer's potent, smart second album is more complex than any Latin pop currently in the charts". During the three-year droplet era that started with the 2019 release "Con altura", Rosalía's music evolved to a more mainstream urbano field without leaving the flamenco essence that characterizes her artistry. Described by Rolling Stone as "one of the most daring and reckless productions of recent years", Rosalía's 2022 studio album Motomami "redifined mainstream" by taking reggaeton as its main influence and blending it with traditional music of Latin America as well as with other genres such as industrial or jazz. The singer has stated that she listens to a vast catalogue of music specially when she is making a record in the urge to learn about them. Rosalía has cited the 2011 eponymous album by James Blake as one of the most impactful records of her life.
In his El mal querer review, The Guardian's Alexis Petridis wrote: "She can really sing but her voice is audibly rooted in a different musical tradition to the usual styles in which pop vocalists perform. The standard set of tricks (post-Whitney extemporisation overload, sub-Winehouse aged soul, please-compare-me-to-Kate-Bush kooky swooping, etc) are all noticeable by their absence. Instead, her voice is powerful and gutsily emotive: her melismas sound more Middle Eastern than Mariah Carey. Despite her wide vocal range, Rosalía tends to use Auto-Tune aesthetically in songs and live performances.
The songwriting skills of Rosalía have recently been questioned and criticized for being "random" and "kitsch." Generally, her lyrics deal with various topics and contain multiple references to general and pop culture. Those references can also be seen in her visual work, which she considers the "crucial way of communication between the artist and the consumer." Graphic artist Carlota Guerrero is one of the singer's best friends. Rosalía's visual inspiration mainly comes from Spanish tradition and Eastern culture, mainly Japanese. The singer has a wide knowledge of art history, which she translates to the public by constantly recreating religious portraits, contemporary paintings, and movie scenes within her musical projects. She has cited Pedro Almodóvar and Andrei Tarkovsky as her favorite filmmakers, Gaspar Noé's Enter the Void (2009) and Wong Kar-wai's Fallen Angels (1995) as her favorite films, and Jean-Michel Basquiat as her favorite artist. Art critic Harold Rosenberg’s writings on action painting also inspire her stage performances.
Rosalía has been accused of cultural appropriation by some Romani people because she adapts Romani customs into her style and draws from the flamenco music tradition, which is often thought to be from Romani people in Andalusia. However, the origin of flamenco music is not known precisely, and it probably fused musical practices from three sources: Moorish, Jewish and Romani cultures. Responding to this criticism, Rosalía said, "music is universal."
Influences
Rosalía has cited James Blake (left) and Björk (right) as her major musical influences.
Rosalía has cited Camarón de la Isla, James Blake and Björk as her major musical influences. In 2019 she told MTV "when I was 13 years old I started listening to him by chance. This genre, flamenco, was what my high-school friends listened to and so did I. When I discovered him I was like 'oh my God!' I didn't think anyone was capable to sing with such a voice; it would go right through me so heartily. He was my introduction to flamenco. Thanks to him I discovered this vast universe within this music style which is almost endless and very exciting." Another flamenco influence of Rosalía is La Niña de los Peines. She states that despite not enjoying her recordings at first, she ended up appreciating her melodies and realized that she was a true pioneer since most flamenco singers were men at the time she became popular. She said: "flamenco is a masculine art form by tradition and there she was, with all her creativity as a woman. She became a professional at the time when it was very unusual". About Björk, Rosalía told Pitchfork that she "thanks God for Björk's existence" and for "paving the way for female producers". When asked about James Blake's impact on her, she said: "I started listening to him when I was at university. His music has left a mark on me; not only the bold character of his production but also its minimalism and free structures. When I listen to him, I can feel that he allows himself a lot of freedom. I personally think that he doesn't do music to please nobody but only for himself." Rosalía collaborated with Blake on his song "Barefoot in the Park", which was released as the fourth single of his 2019 album Assume Form. She has also cited Aventura, Beyoncé, Frank Ocean, Héctor Lavoe, Kate Bush, Nina Simone, Queen, Supertramp, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, Janis Joplin, Kanye West, Rihanna, Lil' Kim, Lole y Manuel, M.I.A., Shakira, Tego Calderón, David Bowie, Pharrell Williams and Lauryn Hill as direct musical inspirations.
The biggest fashion influence of Rosalía is Lola Flores. In an interview with Billboard she stated: "I love her. I love the attitude and the strength she had". She also mentioned Carmen Amaya; "she used to wear masculine clothes in a moment that any woman was dancing in typically-man clothing". Rosalía has become a regular fashion show attendee, expressing her love for Palomo Spain, Dion Lee, Martin Margiela, Dapper Dan, Pepa Salazar, Matthew Williams, Alexander Wang, Burberry, Dominnico, Dior and Versace among others. She has attended the Met Gala trice, dressed in Rick Owens, Givenchy and Dior.
Impact
Rosalía has been mentioned as an influence by a number of artists including Christina Aguilera, Tate McRae, Camila Cabello, Lauren Jauregui, Marina Satti, Julieta, and Maria Hein.
Spanish music industry
Forbes named Rosalía in their list of "Most Influential Spanish Women" in 2020 and in 2022. In 2021, Pitchfork named Rosalía one of the most important artists of the last 25 years.
On cultural appropriation
The popularization of new flamenco nationally and worldwide has allowed new artists such as María José Llergo to reach a wider audience internationally. In 2020, The Atlantic stated that Rosalía had "turned the harrowing music of Andalusia into a global phenomenon." Rosalía has been credited with inspiring contemporary artists like Marina, Kacey Musgraves, and Christina Aguilera. The resurgence of flamenco music alongside Rosalía's work has led to discussions of cultural appropriation, sometimes dubbed "the Rosalía polemic". Rosalía has been accused of stealing the culture of the Spanish Romani people (Gitanos), who claim this artistic expression as their own, as it has been one of the few ways of free cultural expression Gitanos had available to them in the face of discrimination and persecution within wider society. Purists view flamenco performances by Catalans, non-Gitanos, or non-Andalusians, such as Rosalía, as unfair and illegitimate. Others have defended Rosalía, saying that, in a global interconnected world, where exposure to cultural traditions and art forms are widely accessed, Rosalía's success can inspire international appreciation of this art form and compare the situation to Madonna's use of Spanish traditions sparking international interest in Spanish culture and art.
The New York Times said in 2019: "The debate on the cultural appropriation of the Spanish singer is unfair: her music embodies, with height, the most eloquent artistic form of globalization: the remix". When asked about this topic, she responded: "I've realized that it is not that I am specifically being attacked, it is the situation where there are people who, like me, have been fortunate enough to be able to study music, which they have wanted. And having options that other people don't have", stating that this is more of a political issue and a matter of privileges. Following her win for Best Latin Video for "Con Altura" at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards, Rosalía broached a related discussion, as to whether the expression "Latin" (derived from a Romance language, like Spanish) has been misunderstood and has evolved to the English interpretation of "Latino" (person from Latin American countries previously ruled by the Spanish and Portuguese empires), extending the debate about cultural appropriation and whether she should or should not be nominated in Latin categories at award shows. Rosalía also discussed the topic at the 2020 Latin Billboard Music Week, where Leila Cobo, host of VP Latin, stated: "Billboard categorizes music sung in the Spanish language as Latin music. You are a Spanish artist, not a Latin American but your music is called 'Latin' because it is sung in Spanish. It is also very interesting to see how this term is only used in the United States". Rosalía has also said that she feels "uncomfortable" when this term is used on her. Stemming from these debates, Rosalía has received online criticism.
Business and ventures
Products and endorsements
In November 2018, Rosalía released a limited fashion line in collaboration with Pull&Bear, insipired in the music video for "Malamente". A second limited edition line was released in May 2019. In September 2020, she launched a solidary lipstick collection with MAC Cosmetics, donating 100% of proceeds in support of women, youth and the LGBT community to a MAC-related fund. A second limited eye shadow collection with MAC was released a year later. After starring in an Air Max 2090 commercial, Rosalía teamed up with Nike in March 2021 to design espadrilles-like Air Force 1s, a folkloric compliment manifested in Catalan culture. These, however, were never commercialized. In 2022, Rosalía became a brand ambassador for Skims. In January 2023, she teamed up with Coca-Cola Creations to create a "transformation-flavored" Coke marketed as Move. She released the single "LLYLM" (Lie Like You Love Me) to promote the drink. Later in March she reimagined the interlude "Abcdefg", from her album Motomami, in a commercial for SEAT's Cupra brand. A collaboration between Rosalía and Zara is expected to launch in late 2024.
Infrastructure
On 12 February 2024, Rosalía's family constitued a new company, Tresmamis SL, settled to "promote, construct, purchase, sale, lease and create the general marketing of all kinds of buildings". Her mother María Pilar Tobella became as its chairperson and CEO. Through Tresmamis SL, Rosalía is expected to build a recording studio complex in the future Cultural District in l'Hospitalet de Llobregat.
Personal life
She is of paternal Asturian and maternal Catalan heritage. One of her great-grandfathers was Cuban. She is fluent in Catalan, Spanish and English.
Relationships
In 2016, Rosalía started dating Spanish rapper C. Tangana. They co-wrote eight of the eleven songs of Rosalía's sophomore album El mal querer and twice collaborated vocally. They broke up in May 2018. Since then, they have referenced each other in songs, social media posts, interviews and music videos. In April 2020, Tangana told the press that there "exists a good friendship between the two". Rosalía unfollowed and blocked Tangana on social media in December 2020 after he spoke about her disparagingly in an interview.
Rosalía was in a brief relationship with American actress Hunter Schafer for about five months in 2019, which was confirmed by Schafer in her cover story for GQ in April 2024. The two remain close friends; Schafer considers her to be "family no matter what". She further explained, "It's been so much speculation for so long. Part of us just wants to get it over with, and then another part is like, 'It’s none of anybody's fucking business!' It's something I'm happy to share. And I think feels that way too."
In November 2019, Rosalía met Puerto Rican singer Rauw Alejandro in a hotel in Las Vegas days before the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. They went on their first date in December after Alejandro asked her out while in Madrid. After much public speculation, they made their relationship public in September 2021. They got engaged on 31 December 2022 in Carolina, Puerto Rico. On 25 July 2023, media reported the end of their engagement, which was confirmed by Rauw Alejandro the following day. Musically, the couple had worked on different projects while being together. Rosalía is credited as a songwriter and background vocalist on two songs on Alejandro's debut album Afrodisíaco (2020), one of them being the single "Dile a Él", as well as "Corazón Despeinado", from the 2022 album Saturno. He also contributed a line on Rosalía's "Chicken Teriyaki". They released a joint EP titled RR on 24 March 2023, featuring the single "Beso".
She is in a relationship with American actor Jeremy Allen White as of 2023.
Political views and religion
Rosalía identifies as a feminist. After being congratulated at the 2019 Billboard Women in Music gala, the singer stated: "I was fifteen when I entered a recording studio for the first time having all these women as references. I was so shocked by the fact that there were only men in that session that, since that moment, I've been fighting for having the same number of men and women in the studio. As simple as that". Rosalía has a garter belt buckle tattooed on her left thigh in reference to a 1970 body art performance by Valie Export. In the tattoo, the garter appears as a symbol of a past slavery, the dress as the suppression of sexuality, the garter as an attribute of a femininity not determined by ourselves. A social ritual that covers one of the physical needs, the opposition of our culture to the body is clear. The garter as a sign of belonging to a class that demands a specific behavior becomes a memory. Rosalía is also pro-choice. During a concert in Mexico, she wore a green handkerchief in support of the National Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion. The singer is also a firm LGBT supporter. All profits from her Viva Glam cosmetic campaign were to be given in support of women, youth and the LGBT community. In July 2021, she condemned the killing of Samuel Luiz, stating, "Samuel didn't die, he was assassinated".
As for Rosalía's religious beliefs, she revealed that she has never been baptized nor taken to church by her parents. Her grandmother, who was Christian, used to take her to church if she voluntarily asked to. There she began to believe in God despite never having submitted to the Catholic Church nor considering herself Christian.
As for politics and international conflicts, in November 2019, following a second general Spanish election in the country within six months, Rosalía tweeted "fuck Vox". Vox is a far-right nationalist political party that had earned a considerable amount of seats at the Spanish Parliament and was constantly growing in popularity at the time. After being asked about politics at a press conference a couple days later, she said: "I think it is a very delicate topic and I don't think this is the place to talk about it." In May 2020, Rosalía expressed anger for the murder of George Floyd and briefly attended a protest in Miami in defense of racial equality, leaving early in order to appear on a virtual benefit concert organized by TeleHit. In October, she offered her song "A Palé" for a vote-encouraging campaign of Sony Music for the 2020 United States presidential election titled "Your Voice. Your Power. Your Vote".
Discography
Main articles: Rosalía discography and List of songs recorded by Rosalía
Los Ángeles (2017)
El mal querer (2018)
Motomami (2022)
Filmography
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
2019
Pain and Glory
Rosita
Cameo
Television
Year
Show
Notes
Ref.
2008
Tú Sí Que Vales
Contestant
2018
Later... with Jools Holland
Performer
Late Motiv
Performer
2019
33rd Goya Awards
Performer
Mixtape
Commentarist
2020
Austin City Limits
Performer
Savage x Fenty Show Vol. 2
Performer
2021
Saturday Night Live
Guest performer
Lola
Commentarist
2022
Caminos del Flamenco
Commentarist
Chillin Island
Guest
Saturday Night Live
Musical guest; Episode: "Zoë Kravitz/Rosalía"
2023
Soy Georgina
Cameo
Music videos
Year
Title
Artist(s)
Role
2019
"Adore You"
Harry Styles
Narrator
2020
"WAP"
Cardi B, Megan Thee Stallion
Herself
Commercials
Year
Product(s)
Brand(s)
Role
Ref.
2020
Air Max 2090
Nike
Herself
VG26 Lipstick
MAC Cosmetics
2022
Skims
2023
Move
Coca-Cola
Cupra Racing
SEAT
Tours
See also: List of Rosalía live performances
Los Ángeles Tour (2017–2018)
El Mal Querer Tour (2019)
Motomami World Tour (2022)
Awards and nominations
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Rosalía
Notes
References
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^ Strauss, Matthew (17 February 2022). "Charli XCX and Rosalía Announced as SNL Musical Guests". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Piquero Manso, Marta (15 March 2023). "Sale el tráiler de 'Soy Georgina' y Rosalía sorprende con su cameo: "Tu reality me encanta"". LOS40 (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ "Rosalía | Make Your Future | Nike – YouTube". 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2020 – via YouTube.
^ Ziegler, Hannah (31 August 2020). "Rosalía Is the New Face of M.A.C Cosmetics' Viva Glam Campaign". Elle Canada. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
^ Ojea, Tatiana (16 May 2022). "Todo el mundo lleva Skims (y Rosalía también)". Vogue España (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^ "Taste the Transformation | Coca-Cola® feat. ROSALÍA (LLYLM)". 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – via YouTube.
^ "Escucha el nuevo remake 'Abcdefg' hecho por ROSALÍA y CUPRA". CUPRA (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
External links
Spain portalBiography portalLatin music portal
Rosalía at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata
Official website
Rosalía on Viberate
Rosalía at IMDb
vteRosalía
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Live performances
Studio albumsLos Ángeles"De Plata""La hija de Juan Simón"El mal querer"Malamente""Pienso en tu mirá""De aquí no sales""Bagdad""Di mi nombre""A ningún hombre"Motomami"Saoko""Candy""La Fama""Chicken Teriyaki""Hentai""Bizcochito""Despechá"Extended plays
RR
Other songs
"Con Altura"
"Brillo"
"Me Traicionaste"
"Aute Cuture"
"Milionària"
"Dios nos libre del dinero"
"Yo x Ti, Tú x Mí"
"A Palé"
"Juro Que"
"Dolerme"
"TKN"
"Blinding Lights" (remix)
"Lo Vas a Olvidar"
"La Noche de Anoche"
"Linda"
"LLYLM"
"Beso"
"Tuya"
Featured singles
"Antes de morirme"
"Barefoot in the Park"
"Highest in the Room" (remix)
"KLK"
"Relación" (remix)
"El Pañuelo"
"Oral"
Tours
El Mal Querer Tour
Motomami World Tour
Category
Awards for Rosalía
vteLatin Grammy Award for Album of the Year2000s
Amarte Es un Placer – Luis Miguel (2000)
El Alma al Aire – Alejandro Sanz (2001)
Alejandro Sanz MTV Unplugged – Alejandro Sanz (2002)
Un Día Normal – Juanes (2003)
No Es lo Mismo – Alejandro Sanz (2004)
Cantando Histórias – Ivan Lins (2005)
Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 – Shakira (2006)
La Llave de Mi Corazón – Juan Luis Guerra (2007)
La Vida... Es Un Ratico – Juanes (2008)
Los de Atrás Vienen Conmigo – Calle 13 (2009)
2010s
A Son de Guerra – Juan Luis Guerra (2010)
Entren Los Que Quieran – Calle 13 (2011)
Juanes MTV Unplugged – Juanes (2012)
Vida – Draco Rosa (2013)
Canción Andaluza – Paco de Lucía (2014)
Todo Tiene Su Hora – Juan Luis Guerra (2015)
Los Dúo, Vol. 2 – Juan Gabriel (2016)
Salsa Big Band - Rubén Blades & Roberto Delgado & Orquesta (2017)
¡México Por Siempre! – Luis Miguel (2018)
El Mal Querer – Rosalía (2019)
2020s
Un Canto por México, Vol. 1 – Natalia Lafourcade (2020)
SALSWING! – Rubén Blades and Roberto Delgado & Orquesta (2021)
Motomami – Rosalía (2022)
Mañana Será Bonito – Karol G (2023)
vteLatin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video2000s
"No Me Dejes de Querer" – Gloria Estefan (2000)
"She Bangs" – Ricky Martin (2001)
"Suerte" – Shakira (2002)
"Frijolero" – Molotov (2003)
"Más y Más" – Robi Draco Rosa (2004)
"Volverte a Ver" – Juanes (2005)
"Atrévete-te-te" – Calle 13 (2006)
"Ven a Mi Casa Esta Navidad" – Voz Veis (2007)
"Me Enamora" – Juanes (2008)
"La Perla" – Calle 13 featuring Rubén Blades (2009)
2010s
"Bien o Mal" – Julieta Venegas (2010)
"Calma Pueblo" – Calle 13 (2011)
"Me Voy" – Jesse & Joy (2012)
"Eres Tú" – Alex Cuba (2013)
"Flamingo" – La Vida Bohème (2014)
"Ojos Color Sol" – Calle 13 featuring Silvio Rodríguez (2015)
"Gallo Negro" – Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas (2016)
"Despacito" – Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee (2017)
"Pa'Dentro" – Juanes (2018)
"Banana Papaya" – Kany García & Residente (2019)
2020s
"TKN" – Rosalía and Travis Scott (2020)
"Un Amor Eterno" – Marc Anthony (2021)
"This is Not America" – Residente and Ibeyi (2022)
"Estás Buenísimo" – Nathy Peluso (2023)
vteMTV Video Music Award for Best Latin
Don Omar (2006)
Aventura, Wisin & Yandel and Kat DeLuna (2007)
Aventura and Da' Zoo (2009)
Aventura (2010)
Wisin & Yandel (2011)
Romeo Santos (2012)
Daddy Yankee (2013)
J Balvin and Willy William (2018)
Rosalía, J Balvin and el Guincho (2019)
Maluma and J Balvin (2020)
Billie Eilish and Rosalía (2021)
Anitta (2022)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Sweden
Poland
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Rosalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Rosalia"},{"link_name":"Rosalia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish 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mí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_x_ti,_t%C3%BA_x_m%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"experimental twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"new flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_flamenco"},{"link_name":"La Fama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fama_(song)"},{"link_name":"Saoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoko"},{"link_name":"Despechá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despech%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-15"},{"link_name":"eleven number-one singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Spanish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"has also won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Rosal%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"UK Music Video Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Music_Video_Awards"},{"link_name":"Premio Ruido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Ruido"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rising Star Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spanishlatimes-17"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"This article is about the singer. For the saint, see Saint Rosalia. For other uses, see Rosalia (disambiguation).In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Vila and the second or maternal family name is Tobella.Rosalia Vila Tobella (born 25 September 1992),[1] known mononymously as Rosalía (Spanish: [rosaˈli.a], Catalan: [ruzəˈli.ə]),[2][3][4] is a Spanish singer, songwriter, producer, and musician.[5][6] Born and raised on the outskirts of Barcelona, she has been described as an \"atypical pop star\" due to her genre-bending musical styles.[7] After being enthralled by Spanish folk music at age 14, she studied musicology at Catalonia College of Music while also performing at musical bars and weddings.[8]She completed her studies with honours by virtue of her collaborative cover album with Raül Refree, Los Ángeles (2017), and the baccalaureate project El mal querer (2018). Reimagining flamenco by mixing it with pop and hip hop music, it spawned the singles \"Malamente\" and \"Pienso en tu mirá\", which caught the attention of the Spanish general public, and were released to universal critical acclaim.[9] Recipient of the Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year and listed in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, El mal querer started the ascent of Rosalía into the international music scene.[10][11] Rosalía explored urbano music with her 2019 releases \"Con altura\" and \"Yo x ti, tú x mí\", achieving global success.[12][13] She gave reggaeton an experimental twist on her third studio album Motomami (2022), departing from the new flamenco sound of its predecessor. The album caught international attention with its singles \"La Fama\", \"Saoko\" and \"Despechá\" and became the best reviewed album of the year on Metacritic.[14][15]Throughout her career, Rosalía has accumulated eleven number-one singles in her home country, the most for a local artist. She has also won two Grammy Awards, twelve Latin Grammy Awards (including two Album of the Year wins), four MTV Video Music Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award, three UK Music Video Awards and two Premio Ruido awards, among others. In 2019, Billboard gave her the Rising Star Award for \"changing the sound of today's mainstream music with her fresh flamenco-influenced pop\",[16] and became the first Spanish-singing act in history to be nominated for Best New Artist at the Grammys.[17] She is widely considered one of the most successful and influential Spanish singers of all time.[failed verification][18][19]","title":"Rosalía"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sant Cugat del Vallès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Cugat_del_Vall%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-20"},{"link_name":"Sant Esteve Sesrovires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Esteve_Sesrovires"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Baix Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_(language)"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonians"},{"link_name":"Cudillero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudillero"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_people"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_people"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_people"},{"link_name":"separated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Camarón de la Isla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camar%C3%B3n_de_la_Isla"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Raval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Raval"},{"link_name":"Superior School of Music of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmusic-8"},{"link_name":"underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_music"},{"link_name":"La Zowi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Zowi"},{"link_name":"Yung Beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung_Beef"},{"link_name":"Kaydy Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaydy_Cain"},{"link_name":"Hinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinds_(band)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Juan \"Chicuelo\" Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicuelo_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Blancanieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancanieves"},{"link_name":"Sílvia Pérez Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADlvia_P%C3%A9rez_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Festival Grec de Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Grec_de_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Association of Performing Arts Professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Performing_Arts_Professionals"},{"link_name":"La Fura dels Baus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fura_dels_Baus"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Miguel Poveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Poveda"},{"link_name":"Raül Refree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BCl_Refree"},{"link_name":"Primavera Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_Sound"},{"link_name":"Desigual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desigual"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"C. Tangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Tangana"},{"link_name":"Antes de morirme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antes_de_morirme"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"sleeper hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_hit"},{"link_name":"Spanish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Élite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"1992–2016: Early life and career beginnings","text":"Rosalía was born on 25 September 1992 in Sant Cugat del Vallès[20] and raised in Sant Esteve Sesrovires,[21][22] Baix Llobregat, Catalonia. Born in a Catalan-speaking family with no artistic background, she is the youngest daughter of María Pilar Tobella Aguilera, a businesswoman of Catalan descent who runs Suprametal, SA, a family company specialised in metalworks founded by her father Jaume Tobella Bosch (1933-2019). Her father, José Manuel Vila, was born in Cudillero, Asturias, to a Galician father and an Andalusian mother, with one of his grandfathers being Cuban. They separated in 2019.[23] She has an older sister, Pilar \"Pili\" Vila (born 1989), who works with Rosalía as her stylist and creative director. Rosalía expressed interest in the performing arts at an early age, especially after discovering the discography of Camarón de la Isla. She began her musical education at the Taller de Músics.[24] She did a six-year course at the academy. She began attending class at the Raval school, later transferring to the Superior School of Music of Catalonia.[25] She also autonomously worked as an independent singer at weddings and musical bars, for which she was paid \"a little over 80 euros or in exchange for dinner\".[8] During that time, Rosalía met many underground Spanish artists who would later succeed such as La Zowi, Yung Beef, Kaydy Cain, Hinds and María Escarmiento.[26]At 15, she competed on the television show Tú Sí Que Vales, although she was not selected. At 17, she had to undergo vocal cord surgery after tearing one of her vocal cords due to \"intense singing practices\" and was unable to sing for a year.[27] In 2012, she became the vocalist of Kejaleo, a flamenco music group featuring Jordi Franco, Roger Blavia, Cristo Fontecilla, Diego Cortés and Xavi Turull.[28] They released an album, Alaire, in 2013. That same year, Rosalía professionally worked as a duo with Juan \"Chicuelo\" Gómez to promote the Blancanieves soundtrack at the 2013 Panama International Film Festival in substitution of Sílvia Pérez Cruz and at the Festival Grec de Barcelona for the contemporary dance work De Carmen.[29] In 2013, she participated in the Association of Performing Arts Professionals (APAP) Conference in New York, and was the lead voice in the culmination of the Any Espriu 2014. In 2015, she collaborated with La Fura dels Baus on a show that premiered in Singapore.[30] She was the opening act for flamenco artist Miguel Poveda, accompanied by Alfredo Lagos, at the International Music Festival of Cadaqués, and also at the 2016 Jerez Jazz Festival. She worked with Rocío Márquez on the presentation of her album El Niño, produced by Raül Refree, at Primavera Sound. In 2015, she also worked with clothing brand Desigual and sang the single for their campaign jingle \"Last Night Was Eternal\". and self-released \"Un Millón de Veces\" included in the benefit album Tres Guitarras Para el Autismo.[31] At 20, she worked as a flamenco teacher and vocal coach.[32]\nIn 2016, Rosalía collaborated with Spanish rapper and former boyfriend C. Tangana on \"Antes de morirme\".[33] The song was a sleeper hit and entered the Spanish Singles Chart in 2018, after the success of Rosalía's newer material. The collaboration received international attention when it was featured on the soundtrack of the first season of the Spanish Netflix show Élite.[34]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_flamenco_de_Rosal%C3%ADa_y_Ra%C3%BAl_Refree_llena_el_Parque_de_la_Cu%C3%B1a_Verde_(03).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Español","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poble_Espanyol"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Raül Refree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BCl_Refree"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Universal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicbio2-37"},{"link_name":"Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_%C3%A1ngeles_(album)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mejoresABC-40"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"18th Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"De Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Plata"},{"link_name":"sleepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_hit"},{"link_name":"Time Out Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Premio Ruido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Ruido"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"RTVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTVE"},{"link_name":"represent Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Palau de la Música","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_de_la_M%C3%BAsica_Catalana"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Bebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Juanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanes"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"2016–2017: Los Ángeles","text":"Rosalía and Raül Refree during Los Ángeles Tour in July 2017In 2016, Rosalía performed to a crowd of a hundred people at the Tablao del Carmen, a flamenco specialized venue at the Pueblo Español, in Barcelona. In the audience was Raül Refree, whom she invited to the show.[35] They began working on two albums together.[36] Rosalía signed with Universal Music later in 2016, and she relocated to California.[37] She went on to only release Los Ángeles.[38] The album talks about death in a dark way with aggressive guitar chords by Refree.[39] It presents reworks of flamenco classics receiving several accolades.[40] She was nominated for Best New Artist at the 18th Latin Grammy Awards. The album was released on 10 February 2017 through Universal Music and spawned two singles, \"Catalina\", released in October 2016, and \"De Plata\", released in May 2017. The album was very well received by critics. Jordi Bardají wrote in 2018 that the record was \"one of the greatest 'sleepers' that Spanish sales lists have known in recent times.\" Los Ángeles reached its peak position of number nine on 11 November 2018 and has remained in the albums chart since its entry, having accumulated a total of 89 weeks. Los Ángeles won the \"Album of the Year\" award at the Time Out Awards and the Premio Ruido, among others.[41] In 2017, RTVE contacted Rosalía to participate in the pre-selection to represent Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, which she declined because of scheduling conflicts with the promotion of her debut record.[42][43]Rosalía and Raül Refree embarked on a concert tour, Los Ángeles Tour, supporting their first studio album together. The tour began on 11 February 2017 in Granada and ended on 1 March 2018 at the Palau de la Música in Barcelona.[44] Spanish singer Bebe attended one of their concerts in Madrid alongside Juanes, who became \"immediately obsessed with Rosalía\" and asked his manager Rebeca León to work with her.[45] She agreed to manage her as she felt like she was a \"once in fifty years kind of artist\".[46]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El mal querer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_mal_querer"},{"link_name":"baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaureate_degree"},{"link_name":"Catalonia College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"el Guincho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Guincho"},{"link_name":"Romance of Flamenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_Flamenca"},{"link_name":"budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget"},{"link_name":"independent artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"bankrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"sound table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_table"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_music"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"J Balvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Balvin"},{"link_name":"Vibras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibras_(album)"},{"link_name":"Brillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Malamente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamente"},{"link_name":"Kourtney Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(company)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Alternative Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Alternative_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Fusion/Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Fusion/Performance"},{"link_name":"Pienso en tu mirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pienso_en_tu_mir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"2019 Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Di mi nombre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_mi_nombre"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"Flamenca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_of_Flamenca"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Alexis Petridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petridis-9"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"500 Greatest Albums of All 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Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Recording Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Rock,_Urban_or_Alternative_Album"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Pedro Almodóvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var"},{"link_name":"Pain and Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_and_Glory"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Arde Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arde_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Paquita Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquita_Salas"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"El Mal Querer Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mal_Querer_Tour"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalia,_Pull%26Bear_stage_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Primavera Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_Sound"},{"link_name":"Con altura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_altura"},{"link_name":"Director X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_X"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Latin pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Latin Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Latino_Artist"},{"link_name":"Best Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Choreography"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Best Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Song"},{"link_name":"2019 Latin Grammys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Aute Cuture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aute_Cuture"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Record of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Fucking Money Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucking_Money_Man"},{"link_name":"Milionària","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milion%C3%A0ria"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Dios nos libre del dinero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_nos_libre_del_dinero"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Yo x ti, tú x mí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_x_ti,_t%C3%BA_x_m%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"A Palé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Barefoot in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_in_the_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Lil Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Baby"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Highest in the Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highest_in_the_Room"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Billboard's Women in Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"Juro Que","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juro_Que"},{"link_name":"62nd Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spanishlatimes-17"},{"link_name":"lockdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Dolerme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolerme"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"TKN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKN_(song)"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(company)"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Short_Form_Music_Video"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Berlin Music Video Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%26ad"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Arca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_(musician)"},{"link_name":"KLK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLK_(song)"},{"link_name":"KiCk i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick_I"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"2018–2020: El mal querer and international recognition","text":"The recording cycle for Rosalía's second studio album, El mal querer, began in early 2017 as her baccalaureate project, graduating from the Catalonia College of Music.[47] She personally chose to work alongside Spanish musician el Guincho and spawned its concept alongside friend Ferran Echegaray, who bet on the Romance of Flamenca to follow the album's storyline. Despite having no budget to produce the record as she was an independent artist working on a university project, Rosalía invested a lot of her own money, to the point of \"almost going bankrupt\". The album was almost completely recorded at el Guincho's apartment in Barcelona with a computer, a microphone and a sound table. It would mix traditional flamenco with today's pop and urban music.In May 2018, the singer announced the title of her upcoming album in a little homemade YouTube series.[48] J Balvin parallelly released his fifth studio album, Vibras, which featured Rosalía on the track \"Brillo\". Later that month, Rosalía released the album's lead single \"Malamente\". The single caught the attention of international personalities such as Kourtney Kardashian and Dua Lipa and numerous music critics, while its Canada-directed music video reached social media virality.[49][50] The song was nominated for five Latin Grammy Awards, out of it won two, for Best Alternative Song and for Best Urban Fusion/Performance. The follow-up single, \"Pienso en tu mirá\", was released in July. Its music video received critical acclaim for its aesthetics and poetic symbolism.[51][52] The song was nominated for Best Pop Song at the 2019 Latin Grammy Awards. The third single, \"Di mi nombre\", released three days prior to the album, earned Rosalía her first number-one single in Spain.[53]El mal querer was released on 2 November 2018 and debuted at number two on the PROMUSICAE chart. Presented as experimental and conceptual, it revolves around a toxic relationship described in the anonymous 13th-century Occitan novel Flamenca.[54] The album was met with universal acclaim by music critics. Writing for The Guardian, head critic Alexis Petridis highly commended the album, giving it the highest rating and describing it as \"the calling card of a unique new talent\".[9] El mal querer was listed in over twenty album year-end and decade-end lists by publications such as Pitchfork, Billboard and The Guardian.[55][56] Rolling Stone listed it 315th on their 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, making it the highest Spanish-language album in the list.[57][11] El mal querer was later nominated for several awards including four Latin Grammys, a Latin Billboard Music award, a Latin American Music award and a LOS40 Music award. It won the Latin Grammy awards for Album of the Year, Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album, Best Engineered Album and Best Recording Package. It also won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album.[58]In 2019 Rosalía took part in the Pedro Almodóvar film Pain and Glory.[59][60] She had previously contributed vocals to the soundtracks of Arde Madrid and Paquita Salas.[61][62] In March 2019, Rosalía embarked on her first global concert tour, El Mal Querer Tour, to further promote El Mal Querer, with shows in South America, North America, Europe and Africa.[63][64][65]Rosalía performing at Primavera Sound in 2019 during El Mal Querer TourWhile on tour, Rosalía issued several songs. On 28 March 2019, she released a second collaboration with Balvin, \"Con altura\". Despite initially receiving mixed reviews from critics, \"Con altura\" topped the charts in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Venezuela and Spain. Its music video, directed by Director X, became the most-watched music video by a female artist of 2019.[66][67] It also spawned her nickname \"La Rosalía\" and its choreography eventually became viral and a moment in Latin pop culture.[68] \"Con altura\" won two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Latin Video and Best Choreography, making her the first Spanish act to win one.[69] It also won Best Collaboration at the 2019 MTV Europe Music Awards and Best Urban Song at the 2019 Latin Grammys.[70] The song has sold over seven million copies worldwide so far.[71]In May, Rosalía released the song \"Aute Cuture\".[72] It became her third number-one in Spain and earned a Latin Grammy nomination for Record of the Year.[73] In July, she released the single Fucking Money Man, which includes two tracks: \"Milionària\" (which she sang in Catalan) and \"Dios nos libre del dinero\".[74] On 15 August, she released her collaboration with Ozuna \"Yo x ti, tú x mí\", which became her fifth number one single in Spain.[75] In November, Rosalía released \"A Palé\", which features background vocals by James Blake, who she had worked earlier with on \"Barefoot in the Park\".[76][77] In December, Rosalía was featured alongside Lil Baby on the remix of Travis Scott's \"Highest in the Room\".[78] She was awarded the Rising Star award at Billboard's Women in Music for the international recognition she achieved during the year and for \"changing the sound of today's mainstream music with her fresh flamenco-influenced pop\".[16] Rosalía's performance of \"Juro Que\" at the 62nd Grammy Awards marked the first time a Spanish female artist performed at the gala. She also became the first Spanish-singing act in history to be nominated for Best New Artist.[17] During lockdown, Rosalía released \"Dolerme\"[79] and, in May, \"TKN\", her second collaboration with Travis Scott, which eventually became her first entry on the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 66, as well as the sixth number-one single of hers in her home country. The song went viral on TikTok.[80][81][82] The music video for \"TKN\", directed by Nicolás Méndez, won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video.[83] It also spawned a nomination for Best Direction at the Berlin Music Video Awards.[84] On 22 June, Arca and Rosalía released their highly anticipated collaboration \"KLK\", included in the musician's album KiCk i.[85]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Sech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sech_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Relación","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_(song)"},{"link_name":"Daddy Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Yankee"},{"link_name":"Farruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruko"},{"link_name":"J Balvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Balvin"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Bad Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Bunny"},{"link_name":"El Último Tour del Mundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_%C3%9Altimo_Tour_Del_Mundo"},{"link_name":"La Noche de Anoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Noche_de_Anoche"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_46)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"Billie Eilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Eilish"},{"link_name":"Lo Vas a Olvidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Vas_a_Olvidar"},{"link_name":"Euphoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Oneohtrix Point Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneohtrix_Point_Never"},{"link_name":"Tokischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokischa"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_(Tokischa_and_Rosal%C3%ADa_song)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Hentai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hentai_(song)"},{"link_name":"Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_(Rosal%C3%ADa_song)"},{"link_name":"La Fama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fama_(song)"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(music)"},{"link_name":"seventh number one single in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Spanish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_Online"},{"link_name":"Arca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Saoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saoko"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Podilskyi Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podilskyi_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-100"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Editing"},{"link_name":"Chicken Teriyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Teriyaki_(song)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosal%C3%ADa_Chile2022_14.png"},{"link_name":"Motomami World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_journalism"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(London)"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Rockdelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockdelux"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-15"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"Motomami World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Despechá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despech%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Romeo Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_Santos"},{"link_name":"Wisin & Yandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisin_%26_Yandel"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Alternative Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Alternative_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Engineered Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Engineered_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Recording Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"65th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Latin_Rock_or_Alternative_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Music Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Film"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MX_AMG_Rosalia_en_el_Zocalo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zócalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"LLYLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLYLM"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Coachella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_(festival)"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"Primavera Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera_Sound"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Rauw Alejandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauw_Alejandro"},{"link_name":"Beso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beso_(song)"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Zócalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"charity single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_single"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Oral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_(song)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: Collaborations and Motomami","text":"Recording sessions for Rosalía's third studio album started as early as 2019. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Rosalía relocated to Miami where she continued to work on the album while also providing vocals to multiple songs.[86][87][88] On 4 September 2020, a remix of Sech's \"Relación\", which also features Daddy Yankee, Farruko and J Balvin, was released, earning Rosalía her second entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at 64.[89] She also took part in Bad Bunny's third solo studio album, El Último Tour del Mundo, on the track \"La Noche de Anoche\", which was later released as a single on Valentine's Day.[90][91] The collaboration, performed on Saturday Night Live, became a huge commercial success, debuting at number two on the Spotify global chart with 6.63 million streams in a single day, marking the biggest debut for a song fully sung in Spanish in history.[92] A week later, she collaborated alongside the Weeknd on the remix of \"Blinding Lights\" and, in January, with Billie Eilish on \"Lo Vas a Olvidar\", which was featured in a special episode of Euphoria.[93][94] Rosalía later collaborated with Oneohtrix Point Never and Tokischa on \"Nothing's Special\" and \"Linda\" respectively.[95][96]On 2 November 2021, Rosalía announced the title of her new album Motomami.[97] It was released on 18 March 2022 through Columbia Records. Promotion prior to the album release encompassed the release of three singles and the promotional singles \"Hentai\" and \"Candy\". The lead single \"La Fama\", featuring the Weeknd, is an experimental bachata that saw great commercial success. It became Rosalía's seventh number one single in Spain while also peaking at five in France and reaching the top ten spot in eight other countries. In December 2021, Rockstar Games launched a new Grand Theft Auto Online radio station, Motomami Los Santos, curated by Rosalía and Arca.[98] In February 2022, Rosalía revealed the album artwork for Motomami and released \"Saoko\" as the album's second single to wide critical acclaim.[99] The song's accompanying music video, directed by Valentin Petit, was shot in Kyiv, mainly at Podilskyi Bridge.[100] For its editing done by Petit and Jon Echeveste, the video would go on to win the MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing. On 24 February, Rosalía released \"Chicken Teriyaki\" as the album's third single.[101]Rosalía performing on her Motomami World TourUpon release, Motomami received universal acclaim from music critics, many of whom praised the experimentation and genre-bending sounds. Motomami received a perfect score from various publications, including The Telegraph, The Independent and Variety and was given four stars or more by Clash, Rolling Stone, Rockdelux, The Guardian etc. Pitchfork crowned Motomami with its \"Best New Music\" honor writing, \"It feels rare to hear an album that's so experimental, that aspires to stretch itself out across genres and play with form, and that attains exactly what it sets out to achieve. Rosalía was already a formidable singer, but here she also sounds like she learned that with global superstardom comes the freedom to set her own agenda\".[15] The album has become the best reviewed and most discussed album of 2022 on Metacritic.[102] Commercially, Motomami entered twenty-two charts in nineteen countries and reached the top ten in seven countries, two of them number-ones. The album entered major market charts, reaching the top forty in both on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200. On Spotify, it achieved the biggest debut for a Spanish-language album by a female artist on the platform's history, with 16.3 million streams in the first day.In July 2022, Rosalía embarked on her second worldwide concert tour, Motomami World Tour, to further promote Motomami, with shows in Europe, South America and North America. The setlist featured four unreleased tracks including \"Despechá\", which was later released on 28 July to global success.[103] Rosalía later took part in the forthcoming projects by Romeo Santos, Niño de Elche, and Wisin & Yandel.[104][105][106]At the 23rd Annual Latin Grammy Awards in November 2022, Motomami won the four categories in which it was nominated in, which were Album of the Year, Best Alternative Music Album, Best Engineered Album and Best Recording Package. Rosalía was the first woman and sixth act overall to win Album of the Year twice as a lead artist.[107] She also received two nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album and Best Music Film for Motomami TikTok Live, winning for the former category. However, media such as Rolling Stone, Pitchfork, the New York Times and W believed that the Recording Academy and the Grammys had snubbed Motomami for the Album of the Year category.[108][109][110][111]Rosalía and her dance troupe performing at Mexico City's Zócalo on 28 April 2023At the start of 2023, Rosalía collaborated with Coca-Cola to create a limited edition flavor under its \"Coca-Cola Creations\" brand called \"Move\", for which she released the song \"LLYLM\".[112] In March, the singer embarked on a festival run off her Motomami tour, which visited a great variety of festivals through 21 dates, including Coachella, Lollapalooza and Primavera Sound. On 24 March, she released RR, a collaborative EP with her then boyfriend, singer Rauw Alejandro, and released the single \"Beso\" to global success. On 28 April, Rosalía performed at a free concert organized by the Secretariat of Culture in the Zócalo of Mexico City, which had more than 160,000 attendees.[113][114] According to a press statement, Rosalía performed in front of nearly 2 million people worldwide and visited 21 countries across three continents.[115]In September 2023, Rosalía signed with Jaime Levine, Shakira's former manager, after departing ways with Rebeca León.[116][117] A charity single alongside Björk titled \"Oral\"[118] was released on 21 November 2023.[119]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"avant-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-pop"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_%C3%81ngeles_(album)"},{"link_name":"cantaora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaor"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Malamente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamente"},{"link_name":"fusion of flamenco and modern arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_flamenco"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petridis-9"},{"link_name":"Con altura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_altura"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"traditional music of Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"2011 eponymous album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(album)"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alexis Petridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Petridis"},{"link_name":"Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"extemporisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extemporisation"},{"link_name":"Winehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"Kate-Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush"},{"link_name":"melismas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melismas"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petridis-9"},{"link_name":"Auto-Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"kitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Carlota Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlota_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Spanish tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_culture"},{"link_name":"Eastern culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Culture"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"religious portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_art"},{"link_name":"Pedro Almodóvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var"},{"link_name":"Andrei Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Gaspar Noé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_No%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Enter the Void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Void"},{"link_name":"Wong Kar-wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Kar-wai"},{"link_name":"Fallen Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Angels_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Basquiat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Basquiat"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Art critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_critic"},{"link_name":"Harold Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Romani customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_culture"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"Musical style and genres","text":"Rosalía's music has been described as \"challenging\" both for her and for the listener.[120] Noted for the conceptuality and constant genre transformation of her albums and singles, Rosalía's music has evolved from folk to the mainstream and avant-pop. As Rosalía has a master's degree in flamenco interpretation, she started her professional career as a full flamenco singer. 2017 saw the release of her debut album Los Ángeles, a folk record in which Rosalía \"is posited as the contemporary cantaora who has better understood the current times\".[121] The singer has, ever since, been described as \"an old soul trapped in a young body\" due to the maturity of the genre.[122] After the release of \"Malamente\" in May 2018, which rose the singer's popularity to a national level, her music was described as a \"heavily exciting fusion of flamenco and modern arts\". American magazine Pitchfork called the singer's voice \"a soft liquid velvet\" and wrote that \"Malamente consumes the listener with drums and soft synthesizers that drag you to their world completely\". After releasing El mal querer later that year, The Guardian gave it a perfect score and stated: \"the Catalan singer's potent, smart second album is more complex than any Latin pop currently in the charts\".[9] During the three-year droplet era that started with the 2019 release \"Con altura\", Rosalía's music evolved to a more mainstream urbano field without leaving the flamenco essence that characterizes her artistry.[123] Described by Rolling Stone as \"one of the most daring and reckless productions of recent years\", Rosalía's 2022 studio album Motomami \"redifined mainstream\" by taking reggaeton as its main influence and blending it with traditional music of Latin America as well as with other genres such as industrial or jazz.[124] The singer has stated that she listens to a vast catalogue of music specially when she is making a record in the urge to learn about them. Rosalía has cited the 2011 eponymous album by James Blake as one of the most impactful records of her life.In his El mal querer review, The Guardian's Alexis Petridis wrote: \"She can really sing [...] but her voice is audibly rooted in a different musical tradition to the usual styles in which pop vocalists perform. The standard set of tricks (post-Whitney extemporisation overload, sub-Winehouse aged soul, please-compare-me-to-Kate-Bush kooky swooping, etc) are all noticeable by their absence. Instead, her voice is powerful and gutsily emotive: her melismas sound more Middle Eastern than Mariah Carey.[9] Despite her wide vocal range, Rosalía tends to use Auto-Tune aesthetically in songs and live performances.[125]The songwriting skills of Rosalía have recently been questioned and criticized for being \"random\" and \"kitsch.\" Generally, her lyrics deal with various topics and contain multiple references to general and pop culture. Those references can also be seen in her visual work, which she considers the \"crucial way of communication between the artist and the consumer.\"[126] Graphic artist Carlota Guerrero is one of the singer's best friends.[127] Rosalía's visual inspiration mainly comes from Spanish tradition and Eastern culture, mainly Japanese. The singer has a wide knowledge of art history, which she translates to the public by constantly recreating religious portraits, contemporary paintings, and movie scenes within her musical projects. She has cited Pedro Almodóvar and Andrei Tarkovsky as her favorite filmmakers, Gaspar Noé's Enter the Void (2009) and Wong Kar-wai's Fallen Angels (1995) as her favorite films, and Jean-Michel Basquiat as her favorite artist.[128][129] Art critic Harold Rosenberg’s writings on action painting also inspire her stage performances.[130]Rosalía has been accused of cultural appropriation by some Romani people because she adapts Romani customs into her style and draws from the flamenco music tradition, which is often thought to be from Romani people in Andalusia. However, the origin of flamenco music is not known precisely, and it probably fused musical practices from three sources: Moorish, Jewish and Romani cultures. Responding to this criticism, Rosalía said, \"music is universal.\"[131]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Blake_at_the_Wang_in_Boston_(51561366027)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rk_@deer_lake_park.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Camarón de la Isla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camar%C3%B3n_de_la_Isla"},{"link_name":"James Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"La Niña de los Peines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a_de_los_Peines"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Barefoot in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barefoot_in_the_Park_(song)"},{"link_name":"Assume Form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assume_Form"},{"link_name":"Aventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventura_(band)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Héctor Lavoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Lavoe"},{"link_name":"Kate Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush"},{"link_name":"Nina Simone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Simone"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Janis Joplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Joplin"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Lil' Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil%27_Kim"},{"link_name":"Lole y Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lole_y_Manuel"},{"link_name":"M.I.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.I.A._(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"Tego Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tego_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Lola Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Flores"},{"link_name":"Carmen Amaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Amaya"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"fashion show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_show"},{"link_name":"Dion Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_Lee"},{"link_name":"Martin Margiela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Margiela"},{"link_name":"Dapper Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dapper_Dan_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Williams_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Burberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burberry"},{"link_name":"Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"Versace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versace"},{"link_name":"Met Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Gala"},{"link_name":"Rick Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Owens"},{"link_name":"Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"sub_title":"Influences","text":"Rosalía has cited James Blake (left) and Björk (right) as her major musical influences.Rosalía has cited Camarón de la Isla, James Blake and Björk as her major musical influences. In 2019 she told MTV \"when I was 13 years old I started listening to him [Camarón de la Isla] by chance. This genre, flamenco, was what my high-school friends listened to and so did I. When I discovered him I was like 'oh my God!' I didn't think anyone was capable to sing with such a voice; it would go right through me so heartily. He was my introduction to flamenco. Thanks to him I discovered this vast universe within this music style which is almost endless and very exciting.\" Another flamenco influence of Rosalía is La Niña de los Peines. She states that despite not enjoying her recordings at first, she ended up appreciating her melodies and realized that she was a true pioneer since most flamenco singers were men at the time she became popular. She said: \"flamenco is a masculine art form by tradition and there she was, with all her creativity as a woman. She became a professional at the time when it was very unusual\".[132] About Björk, Rosalía told Pitchfork that she \"thanks God for Björk's existence\" and for \"paving the way for female producers\".[133][134] When asked about James Blake's impact on her, she said: \"I started listening to him when I was at university. His music has left a mark on me; not only the bold character of his production but also its minimalism and free structures. When I listen to him, I can feel that he allows himself a lot of freedom. I personally think that he doesn't do music to please nobody but only for himself.\" Rosalía collaborated with Blake on his song \"Barefoot in the Park\", which was released as the fourth single of his 2019 album Assume Form. She has also cited Aventura, Beyoncé, Frank Ocean, Héctor Lavoe, Kate Bush, Nina Simone, Queen, Supertramp, Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, Janis Joplin, Kanye West, Rihanna, Lil' Kim, Lole y Manuel, M.I.A., Shakira, Tego Calderón, David Bowie, Pharrell Williams and Lauryn Hill as direct musical inspirations.[135][136][137][138][139]\nThe biggest fashion influence of Rosalía is Lola Flores. In an interview with Billboard she stated: \"I love her. I love the attitude and the strength she had\". She also mentioned Carmen Amaya; \"she used to wear masculine clothes in a moment that any woman was dancing in typically-man clothing\".[140] Rosalía has become a regular fashion show attendee, expressing her love for Palomo Spain, Dion Lee, Martin Margiela, Dapper Dan, Pepa Salazar, Matthew Williams, Alexander Wang, Burberry, Dominnico, Dior and Versace among others. She has attended the Met Gala trice, dressed in Rick Owens, Givenchy and Dior.[141][142]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Tate McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_McRae"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Camila Cabello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Cabello"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Lauren Jauregui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Jauregui"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Marina Satti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Satti"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Julieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta_Graci%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Maria Hein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Hein_Puig"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"text":"Rosalía has been mentioned as an influence by a number of artists including Christina Aguilera,[143] Tate McRae,[144] Camila Cabello,[145] Lauren Jauregui,[146] Marina Satti,[147] Julieta,[148] and Maria Hein.[149]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"sub_title":"Spanish music industry","text":"Forbes named Rosalía in their list of \"Most Influential Spanish Women\" in 2020[150] and in 2022.[151] In 2021, Pitchfork named Rosalía one of the most important artists of the last 25 years.[152]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"new flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_flamenco"},{"link_name":"María José Llergo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Llergo"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Diamandis"},{"link_name":"Kacey Musgraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacey_Musgraves"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Spanish Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanos"},{"link_name":"cultural expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_culture"},{"link_name":"discrimination and persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Romany_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Catalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans"},{"link_name":"non-Gitanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)"},{"link_name":"Andalusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusians"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Spanish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_art"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Con Altura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Altura"},{"link_name":"2019 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Romance language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(demonym)"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portuguese empires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"2020 Latin Billboard Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Latin_Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Leila Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americans"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"}],"sub_title":"On cultural appropriation","text":"The popularization of new flamenco nationally and worldwide has allowed new artists such as María José Llergo to reach a wider audience internationally. In 2020, The Atlantic stated that Rosalía had \"turned the harrowing music of Andalusia into a global phenomenon.\"[153] Rosalía has been credited with inspiring contemporary artists like Marina, Kacey Musgraves, and Christina Aguilera.[154][155][156] The resurgence of flamenco music alongside Rosalía's work has led to discussions of cultural appropriation, sometimes dubbed \"the Rosalía polemic\".[157][158] Rosalía has been accused of stealing the culture of the Spanish Romani people (Gitanos), who claim this artistic expression as their own, as it has been one of the few ways of free cultural expression Gitanos had available to them in the face of discrimination and persecution within wider society.[159] Purists view flamenco performances by Catalans, non-Gitanos, or non-Andalusians, such as Rosalía, as unfair and illegitimate.[160] Others have defended[who?] Rosalía, saying that, in a global interconnected world, where exposure to cultural traditions and art forms are widely accessed, Rosalía's success can inspire international appreciation of this art form and compare the situation to Madonna's use of Spanish traditions sparking international interest in Spanish culture and art.[161]The New York Times said in 2019: \"The debate on the cultural appropriation of the Spanish singer is unfair: her music embodies, with height, the most eloquent artistic form of globalization: the remix\".[162] When asked about this topic, she responded: \"I've realized that it is not that I am specifically being attacked, it is the situation where there are people who, like me, have been fortunate enough to be able to study music, which they have wanted. And having options that other people don't have\", stating that this is more of a political issue and a matter of privileges.[163] Following her win for Best Latin Video for \"Con Altura\" at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards, Rosalía broached a related discussion, as to whether the expression \"Latin\" (derived from a Romance language, like Spanish) has been misunderstood and has evolved to the English interpretation of \"Latino\" (person from Latin American countries previously ruled by the Spanish and Portuguese empires), extending the debate about cultural appropriation and whether she should or should not be nominated in Latin categories at award shows.[164][165] Rosalía also discussed the topic at the 2020 Latin Billboard Music Week, where Leila Cobo, host of VP Latin, stated: \"Billboard categorizes music sung in the Spanish language as Latin music. You are a Spanish artist, not a Latin American but your music is called 'Latin' because it is sung in Spanish. It is also very interesting to see how this term is only used in the United States\".[166] Rosalía has also said that she feels \"uncomfortable\" when this term is used on her.[167] Stemming from these debates, Rosalía has received online criticism.[168]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pull&Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull%26Bear"},{"link_name":"Malamente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamente"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"lipstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipstick"},{"link_name":"MAC Cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-171"},{"link_name":"eye shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_shadow"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Air Max 2090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Air_Max"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"espadrilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espadrille"},{"link_name":"Air Force 1s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Catalan culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Skims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skims"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Creations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Creations"},{"link_name":"Coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"LLYLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLYLM"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"},{"link_name":"SEAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAT"},{"link_name":"Cupra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupra_(marque)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"sub_title":"Products and endorsements","text":"In November 2018, Rosalía released a limited fashion line in collaboration with Pull&Bear, insipired in the music video for \"Malamente\".[169] A second limited edition line was released in May 2019.[170] In September 2020, she launched a solidary lipstick collection with MAC Cosmetics, donating 100% of proceeds in support of women, youth and the LGBT community to a MAC-related fund.[171] A second limited eye shadow collection with MAC was released a year later.[172] After starring in an Air Max 2090 commercial, Rosalía teamed up with Nike in March 2021 to design espadrilles-like Air Force 1s, a folkloric compliment manifested in Catalan culture.[173] These, however, were never commercialized.[174] In 2022, Rosalía became a brand ambassador for Skims.[175] In January 2023, she teamed up with Coca-Cola Creations to create a \"transformation-flavored\" Coke marketed as Move. She released the single \"LLYLM\" (Lie Like You Love Me) to promote the drink. Later in March she reimagined the interlude \"Abcdefg\", from her album Motomami, in a commercial for SEAT's Cupra brand.[176] A collaboration between Rosalía and Zara is expected to launch in late 2024.[177]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"chairperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairperson"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"recording studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"},{"link_name":"l'Hospitalet de Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"}],"sub_title":"Infrastructure","text":"On 12 February 2024, Rosalía's family constitued a new company, Tresmamis SL, settled to \"promote, construct, purchase, sale, lease and create the general marketing of all kinds of buildings\".[178] Her mother María Pilar Tobella became as its chairperson and CEO.[179] Through Tresmamis SL, Rosalía is expected to build a recording studio complex in the future Cultural District in l'Hospitalet de Llobregat.[180]","title":"Business and ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturians"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubans"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"}],"text":"She is of paternal Asturian and maternal Catalan heritage. One of her great-grandfathers was Cuban.[181][182] She is fluent in Catalan, Spanish and English.[183][184]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C. Tangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Tangana"},{"link_name":"El mal querer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_mal_querer"},{"link_name":"collaborated vocally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antes_de_morirme"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Hunter Schafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Schafer"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Rauw Alejandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauw_Alejandro"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Afrodisíaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrodis%C3%ADaco"},{"link_name":"Dile a Él","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dile_a_%C3%89l"},{"link_name":"Saturno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(album)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Chicken Teriyaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Teriyaki_(song)"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Beso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beso_(song)"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Allen White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Allen_White"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"sub_title":"Relationships","text":"In 2016, Rosalía started dating Spanish rapper C. Tangana. They co-wrote eight of the eleven songs of Rosalía's sophomore album El mal querer and twice collaborated vocally. They broke up in May 2018. Since then, they have referenced each other in songs, social media posts, interviews and music videos. In April 2020, Tangana told the press that there \"exists a good friendship between the two\".[185] Rosalía unfollowed and blocked Tangana on social media in December 2020 after he spoke about her disparagingly in an interview.Rosalía was in a brief relationship with American actress Hunter Schafer for about five months in 2019, which was confirmed by Schafer in her cover story for GQ in April 2024. The two remain close friends; Schafer considers her to be \"family no matter what\". She further explained, \"It's been so much speculation for so long. Part of us just wants to get it over with, and then another part is like, 'It’s none of anybody's fucking business!' It's something I'm happy to share. And I think [Rosalía] feels that way too.\"[186]In November 2019, Rosalía met Puerto Rican singer Rauw Alejandro in a hotel in Las Vegas days before the 20th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. They went on their first date in December after Alejandro asked her out while in Madrid. After much public speculation, they made their relationship public in September 2021.[187][188][189] They got engaged on 31 December 2022 in Carolina, Puerto Rico.[190][191] On 25 July 2023, media reported the end of their engagement,[192] which was confirmed by Rauw Alejandro the following day. Musically, the couple had worked on different projects while being together. Rosalía is credited as a songwriter and background vocalist on two songs on Alejandro's debut album Afrodisíaco (2020), one of them being the single \"Dile a Él\", as well as \"Corazón Despeinado\", from the 2022 album Saturno.[193] He also contributed a line on Rosalía's \"Chicken Teriyaki\". They released a joint EP titled RR on 24 March 2023, featuring the single \"Beso\".[194]She is in a relationship with American actor Jeremy Allen White as of 2023.[195][196]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Billboard Women in Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Valie Export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valie_Export"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"pro-choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements"},{"link_name":"green handkerchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_scarf"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Viva Glam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-171"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"killing of Samuel Luiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Samuel_Luiz"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"baptized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"second general Spanish election in the country within six months","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2019_Spanish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Vox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Spanish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"a protest in Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"racial equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality"},{"link_name":"TeleHit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleHit"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"A Palé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"2020 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"}],"sub_title":"Political views and religion","text":"Rosalía identifies as a feminist. After being congratulated at the 2019 Billboard Women in Music gala, the singer stated: \"I was fifteen when I entered a recording studio for the first time having all these women as references. I was so shocked by the fact that there were only men in that session that, since that moment, I've been fighting for having the same number of men and women in the studio. As simple as that\".[197] Rosalía has a garter belt buckle tattooed on her left thigh in reference to a 1970 body art performance by Valie Export. In the tattoo, the garter appears as a symbol of a past slavery, the dress as the suppression of sexuality, the garter as an attribute of a femininity not determined by ourselves. A social ritual that covers one of the physical needs, the opposition of our culture to the body is clear. The garter as a sign of belonging to a class that demands a specific behavior becomes a memory.[198] Rosalía is also pro-choice. During a concert in Mexico, she wore a green handkerchief in support of the National Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion.[199] The singer is also a firm LGBT supporter. All profits from her Viva Glam cosmetic campaign were to be given in support of women, youth and the LGBT community.[171][200] In July 2021, she condemned the killing of Samuel Luiz, stating, \"Samuel didn't die, he was assassinated\".[201]As for Rosalía's religious beliefs, she revealed that she has never been baptized nor taken to church by her parents. Her grandmother, who was Christian, used to take her to church if she voluntarily asked to. There she began to believe in God despite never having submitted to the Catholic Church nor considering herself Christian.[202]As for politics and international conflicts, in November 2019, following a second general Spanish election in the country within six months, Rosalía tweeted \"fuck Vox\".[203][204] Vox is a far-right nationalist political party that had earned a considerable amount of seats at the Spanish Parliament and was constantly growing in popularity at the time. After being asked about politics at a press conference a couple days later, she said: \"I think it is a very delicate topic and I don't think this is the place to talk about it.\"[205] In May 2020, Rosalía expressed anger for the murder of George Floyd and briefly attended a protest in Miami in defense of racial equality, leaving early in order to appear on a virtual benefit concert organized by TeleHit.[206][207] In October, she offered her song \"A Palé\" for a vote-encouraging campaign of Sony Music for the 2020 United States presidential election titled \"Your Voice. Your Power. Your Vote\".[208]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_%C3%81ngeles_(album)"},{"link_name":"El mal querer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_mal_querer"},{"link_name":"Motomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami"}],"text":"Los Ángeles (2017)\nEl mal querer (2018)\nMotomami (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commercials","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Rosalía live performances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rosal%C3%ADa_live_performances"},{"link_name":"El Mal Querer Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mal_Querer_Tour"},{"link_name":"Motomami World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motomami_World_Tour"}],"text":"See also: List of Rosalía live performancesLos Ángeles Tour (2017–2018)\nEl Mal Querer Tour (2019)\nMotomami World Tour (2022)","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rosalía and Raül Refree during Los Ángeles Tour in July 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/El_flamenco_de_Rosal%C3%ADa_y_Ra%C3%BAl_Refree_llena_el_Parque_de_la_Cu%C3%B1a_Verde_%2803%29.jpg/271px-El_flamenco_de_Rosal%C3%ADa_y_Ra%C3%BAl_Refree_llena_el_Parque_de_la_Cu%C3%B1a_Verde_%2803%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rosalía performing at Primavera Sound in 2019 during El Mal Querer Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rosalia%2C_Pull%26Bear_stage_2.jpg/263px-Rosalia%2C_Pull%26Bear_stage_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rosalía performing on her Motomami World Tour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rosal%C3%ADa_Chile2022_14.png/216px-Rosal%C3%ADa_Chile2022_14.png"},{"image_text":"Rosalía and her dance troupe performing at Mexico City's Zócalo on 28 April 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MX_AMG_Rosalia_en_el_Zocalo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg/220px-MX_AMG_Rosalia_en_el_Zocalo_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico.jpg"}]
| null |
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Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVlyJcvHYFs","url_text":"\"Rosalía Shares Her Favorite Karaoke Song And the Story of Her First Kiss\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210206082644/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVlyJcvHYFs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Phonology – Case Studies: Catalan\". www.laits.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laits.utexas.edu/phonology/catalan/cat_reduction3.html","url_text":"\"Phonology – Case Studies: Catalan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210205004257/https://www.laits.utexas.edu/phonology/catalan/cat_reduction3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalia pronunciation: How to pronounce Rosalia in Latin, Catalan, Italian, German, Occitan, Spanish\". Forvo.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://forvo.com/word/rosalia/","url_text":"\"Rosalia pronunciation: How to pronounce Rosalia in Latin, Catalan, Italian, German, Occitan, Spanish\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005112520/https://forvo.com/word/rosalia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Villanueva, Marc (30 October 2018). \"Rosalía, la estrella catalana del flamenco, preguntada tres veces por el procés\". En Blau (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. 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Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/04/24/rosalia-unafraid-pull-every-corner-of-the-world","url_text":"\"Rosalía is unafraid to pull from every corner of the world\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221115230747/https://www.gpb.org/news/2022/04/24/rosalia-unafraid-pull-every-corner-of-the-world","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hirschberg, Lynn (30 September 2019). \"Rosalía Is the Future of Pop Music\". W Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rosalia-music-cover-story-interview","url_text":"\"Rosalía Is the Future of Pop Music\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211748/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/rosalia-music-cover-story-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (1 November 2018). \"Rosalía: El Mal Querer review – flamenco-pop star is a formidable new talent\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/nov/01/rosalia-el-mal-querer-review-flamenco-pop-star-is-a-formidable-new-talent","url_text":"\"Rosalía: El Mal Querer review – flamenco-pop star is a formidable new talent\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102063722/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/nov/01/rosalia-el-mal-querer-review-flamenco-pop-star-is-a-formidable-new-talent","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía Wins Album of the Year At Latin GRAMMYs\". GRAMMY.com. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. 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Billboard (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/la-rosalia-el-sonido-de-la-energia-la-libertad-y-el-amor-8551726/","url_text":"\"La Rosalía: El Sonido de la Energía, la Libertad y el Amor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220519171913/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/la-rosalia-el-sonido-de-la-energia-la-libertad-y-el-amor-8551726/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Montes, Carolina (2 August 2022). \"8 cosas sobre Rosalía: desde sus estudios hasta su faceta como actriz\". Los 40 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. 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Twitter (in Spanish). 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/pasalakua/status/1058009955146612737?lang=es","url_text":"\"maría con rosalia la zowi y las hinds WIG\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107153442/https://twitter.com/pasalakua/status/1058009955146612737?lang=es","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Eric (14 November 2018). \"Rosalía quiso ser cantaora de flamenco y tuvo que ser operada de las cuerdas vocales\". Diario AS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. 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Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2019/02/10/5c5dc184fc6c83475b8b461e.html","url_text":"\"Rosalía, flamenca, que no charnega\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190318144435/https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2019/02/10/5c5dc184fc6c83475b8b461e.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Maldonado, Lorena G. (12 November 2018). \"25 cosas que no sabías de Rosalía, la artista más amada y odiada del momento\". El Español (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. 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Tangana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191113065345/https://los40.com/los40/2019/07/01/musica/1561994509_952752.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez, Oriol (4 April 2019). \"Raül Refree. ¿Cómo descubrir a Rosalía?\". Man on the Moon (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://manonthemoonmag.es/manual-de-instrucciones/raul-refree-como-descubrir-a-rosalia/","url_text":"\"Raül Refree. ¿Cómo descubrir a Rosalía?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191018164244/https://manonthemoonmag.es/manual-de-instrucciones/raul-refree-como-descubrir-a-rosalia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vicenç Batalla (20 September 2020). \"Refree: 'Los discos con Sílvia Pérez Cruz, Rosalía y Lina son como una trilogía personal'\". paris-barcelona.com (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. 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[...] Los Angeles was the singer's own rework of flamenco classics from traditional artists in this genre, including Manuel Vallejo's \"The Catalina\" and Juan Talega's \"Malaguena.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190717005410/https://www.thecanetassel.com/rosalia-d4/","url_text":"\"Rosalia, one of modern flamenco's forefront leaders\""},{"url":"https://www.thecanetassel.com/rosalia-d4/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RTVE intentó que Rosalía participara en la preselección a Eurovisión de 2017\". El Periódico (in European Spanish). 20 November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. 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Balvin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513185458/https://www.revistavanityfair.es/cultura/entretenimiento/articulos/rebeca-leon-la-mujer-que-esta-detras-del-meteorico-fenomeno-rosalia/34409","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cantor-Navas, Judy (29 October 2018). \"All About Rosalía and Her Anticipated Album 'El Mal Querer'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. 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El Guincho)'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220317140841/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-latin/rosalia-and-j-balvin-fly-high-in-new-video-for-con-altura-feat-el-guincho-813635/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía redefine el mainstream con MOTOMAMI\". Rolling Stone en Español (in Spanish). 15 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://es.rollingstone.com/rosalia-redefine-el-mainstream-con-motomami/","url_text":"\"Rosalía redefine el mainstream con MOTOMAMI\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220316154839/https://es.rollingstone.com/rosalia-redefine-el-mainstream-con-motomami/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"¡Es un fenómeno! Rosalía cantó sin AutoTune y se hizo viral\". www.minutoneuquen.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. 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Tangana siguen quedando (dos años después de romper su relación sentimental)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513120650/https://www.vozpopuli.com/gritos/rosalia-tangana-siguen-quedando-relacion_0_1357664461.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Emma (2 April 2024). \"Hunter Schafer on Art, Love, Ambition—and Life Beyond 'Euphoria'\". GQ. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/hunter-schafer-creativity-awards-profile","url_text":"\"Hunter Schafer on Art, Love, Ambition—and Life Beyond 'Euphoria'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240402135212/https://www.gq.com/story/hunter-schafer-creativity-awards-profile","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La prueba que confirma que la colaboración de Rosalía y Rauw Alejandro es inminente: qué significa RЯ, they announced their engagement on the 24th of March, 2023 | Europa FM\". www.europafm.com (in Spanish). 13 March 2023. 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Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/NewsRosalia/status/1412041037103747077","url_text":"\"Rosalía comparte en sus historias de Instagram una publicación sobre el asesinato homófobo ocurrido contra Samuel en A Coruña\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709195328/https://twitter.com/NewsRosalia/status/1412041037103747077","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La (no) fe de Rosalía\". Vida Nueva – Revista y portal de noticias religiosas y de Iglesia (in Spanish). 9 December 2018. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vidanuevadigital.com/2018/12/09/la-no-fe-de-rosalia/","url_text":"\"La (no) fe de Rosalía\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411185042/https://www.vidanuevadigital.com/2018/12/09/la-no-fe-de-rosalia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuck vox\". @rosaliavt. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. 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Retrieved 22 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/12/spain-far-right-vox-party-hits-back--rosalia-over-election-tweet","url_text":"\"Spain's far-right Vox hits back at Rosalía over election jibe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201107133638/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/12/spain-far-right-vox-party-hits-back--rosalia-over-election-tweet","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía, sobre la política: 'En otro momento estaría feliz de hablar de ello'\" [Rosalía, on Politics: 'At Another Time I Would be Happy to Talk About It']. El Periódico de Catalunya (in European Spanish). 15 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20191115/rosalia-politica-vox-grammy-7736986","url_text":"\"Rosalía, sobre la política: 'En otro momento estaría feliz de hablar de ello'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_de_Catalunya","url_text":"El Periódico de Catalunya"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191117014735/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20191115/rosalia-politica-vox-grammy-7736986","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@rosalia_music (29 May 2020). \"Rosalía comparte esta frase en instagram: 'En una sociedad racista no es suficiente con que no seamos racistas, debemos ser anti racistas'\" [Rosalía Shares This Phrase on Instagram: 'In a Racist Society, it is Not Enough to be Non-Racist; We Must be Anti-Racist'] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200530015407/https://twitter.com/rosalia_music/status/1266538499764883456","url_text":"\"Rosalía comparte esta frase en instagram: 'En una sociedad racista no es suficiente con que no seamos racistas, debemos ser anti racistas'\""},{"url":"https://twitter.com/rosalia_music/status/1266538499764883456","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"LA ROSALÍA on Instagram: 'Me duele el corazon cuando pienso q a dia de hoy aun hay gente que pierde la vida y es tratada injustamente por el color de su piel. Y…'\". Instagram. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/CA3pM08hGom","url_text":"\"LA ROSALÍA on Instagram: 'Me duele el corazon cuando pienso q a dia de hoy aun hay gente que pierde la vida y es tratada injustamente por el color de su piel. Y…'\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CA3pM08hGom/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mebarak, Shakira (24 October 2020). \"Happy early voting day!\". Twitter. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201024175310/https://twitter.com/shakira/status/1320059911108165636","url_text":"\"Happy early voting day!\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Rosalía le fue 'malamente' en 'Tú sí que vales': Así fue su participación con 15 años\". telecinco (in European Spanish). 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecinco.es/unplugged/rosalia-tu-si-que-vales-malamente-mal-querer-joven-tsqv-christian-galvez-noemi-galera-angel-llacer_0_2655975127.html","url_text":"\"A Rosalía le fue 'malamente' en 'Tú sí que vales': Así fue su participación con 15 años\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023004416/https://www.telecinco.es/unplugged/rosalia-tu-si-que-vales-malamente-mal-querer-joven-tsqv-christian-galvez-noemi-galera-angel-llacer_0_2655975127.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía performs her smash hit Malamente on Later... with Jools Holland | Jools holland, Rosalia, Performance\". Pinterest. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinterest.com/pin/598697344190772793/","url_text":"\"Rosalía performs her smash hit Malamente on Later... with Jools Holland | Jools holland, Rosalia, Performance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415230006/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/598697344190772793/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Santos, Víctor (8 November 2018). \"Buenafuente se deshace en halagos con Rosalía en su visita a 'Late Motiv'\". elperiodico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20181108/buenafuente-deshace-en-halagos-rosalia-evisita-late-motiv-7135379","url_text":"\"Buenafuente se deshace en halagos con Rosalía en su visita a 'Late Motiv'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220531211537/https://www.elperiodico.com/es/yotele/20181108/buenafuente-deshace-en-halagos-rosalia-evisita-late-motiv-7135379","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía y su emocionante homenaje a Los Chunguitos en los Goya\". LOS40 (in Spanish). 2 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://los40.com/los40/2019/02/02/cinetv/1549145148_219520.html","url_text":"\"Rosalía y su emocionante homenaje a Los Chunguitos en los Goya\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107152300/https://los40.com/los40/2019/02/02/cinetv/1549145148_219520.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Playz de RTVE estrena hoy Mixtape con protagonistas como Rosalía, C. Tangana, Yung Beef o La Zowi\". Indiespot. 10 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiespot.es/2019/10/10/playz-de-rtve-estrena-hoy-mixtape-con-protagonistas-como-rosalia-c-tangana-yung-beef-o-la-zowi/","url_text":"\"Playz de RTVE estrena hoy Mixtape con protagonistas como Rosalía, C. Tangana, Yung Beef o La Zowi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210516155819/https://indiespot.es/2019/10/10/playz-de-rtve-estrena-hoy-mixtape-con-protagonistas-como-rosalia-c-tangana-yung-beef-o-la-zowi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"ROSALÍA Live on Austin City Limits (TV) (2020) (in Spanish), archived from the original on 9 June 2022, retrieved 6 November 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film304088.html","url_text":"ROSALÍA Live on Austin City Limits (TV) (2020)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220609155800/https://www.filmaffinity.com/es/film304088.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Video: Savage X Fenty Show Vol. 2\". www.primevideo.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Savage-X-Fenty-Show/0Q3BF608IVO4IRBLP0VVCTAGJE","url_text":"\"Prime Video: Savage X Fenty Show Vol. 2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018031326/https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Savage-X-Fenty-Show/0Q3BF608IVO4IRBLP0VVCTAGJE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'SNL': Bad Bunny Brings Rosalia for Memorable 'La Noche De Anoche' Performance\". TV. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://popculture.com/tv-shows/news/snl-bad-bunny-rosalina-la-noche-de-anoche-performance/","url_text":"\"'SNL': Bad Bunny Brings Rosalia for Memorable 'La Noche De Anoche' Performance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210221063332/https://popculture.com/tv-shows/news/snl-bad-bunny-rosalina-la-noche-de-anoche-performance/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía habla de la influencia de Lola Flores en la serie que estrena Movistar+ sobre La Faraona\". El Plural (in Spanish). 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elplural.com/playtime/rosalia-habla-influencia-lola-flores-en-serie-documental-sobre-faraona_276657102","url_text":"\"Rosalía habla de la influencia de Lola Flores en la serie que estrena Movistar+ sobre La Faraona\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211014115615/https://www.elplural.com/playtime/rosalia-habla-influencia-lola-flores-en-serie-documental-sobre-faraona_276657102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Caminos del flamenco' viaja 'Del sur a Barcelona' con Rosalía o Joan Manuel Serrat\". LIVING BACKSTAGE (in Spanish). 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://living-backstage.com/caminos-del-flamenco-viaja-del-sur-a-barcelona-con-rosalia-o-joan-manuel-serrat/","url_text":"\"'Caminos del flamenco' viaja 'Del sur a Barcelona' con Rosalía o Joan Manuel Serrat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224190442/https://living-backstage.com/caminos-del-flamenco-viaja-del-sur-a-barcelona-con-rosalia-o-joan-manuel-serrat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (10 December 2021). \"'Chillin Island': HBO Sets Rap Nature Reality Series From Josh Safdie\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/12/chillin-island-hbo-rap-nature-reality-series-josh-safdie-1234888549/","url_text":"\"'Chillin Island': HBO Sets Rap Nature Reality Series From Josh Safdie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218171134/https://deadline.com/2021/12/chillin-island-hbo-rap-nature-reality-series-josh-safdie-1234888549/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Matthew (17 February 2022). \"Charli XCX and Rosalía Announced as SNL Musical Guests\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/charli-xcx-and-rosalia-announced-as-snl-musical-guests/","url_text":"\"Charli XCX and Rosalía Announced as SNL Musical Guests\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224181722/https://pitchfork.com/news/charli-xcx-and-rosalia-announced-as-snl-musical-guests/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Piquero Manso, Marta (15 March 2023). \"Sale el tráiler de 'Soy Georgina' y Rosalía sorprende con su cameo: \"Tu reality me encanta\"\". LOS40 (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://los40.com/los40/2023/03/15/cinetv/1678894214_778133.html","url_text":"\"Sale el tráiler de 'Soy Georgina' y Rosalía sorprende con su cameo: \"Tu reality me encanta\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324044849/https://los40.com/los40/2023/03/15/cinetv/1678894214_778133.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosalía | Make Your Future | Nike – YouTube\". 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvw06b8K6aw","url_text":"\"Rosalía | Make Your Future | Nike – YouTube\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220307143831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvw06b8K6aw","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Ziegler, Hannah (31 August 2020). \"Rosalía Is the New Face of M.A.C Cosmetics' Viva Glam Campaign\". Elle Canada. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/makeup-and-nails/rosalia-mac-cosmetics-viva-glam-ambassador","url_text":"\"Rosalía Is the New Face of M.A.C Cosmetics' Viva Glam Campaign\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210120100133/http://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/makeup-and-nails/rosalia-mac-cosmetics-viva-glam-ambassador","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ojea, Tatiana (16 May 2022). \"Todo el mundo lleva Skims (y Rosalía también)\". Vogue España (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.es/moda/articulos/rosalia-skims-kim-kardashian","url_text":"\"Todo el mundo lleva Skims (y Rosalía también)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025741/https://www.vogue.es/moda/articulos/rosalia-skims-kim-kardashian","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taste the Transformation | Coca-Cola® feat. ROSALÍA (LLYLM)\". 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0slNUwm4Tuo","url_text":"\"Taste the Transformation | Coca-Cola® feat. ROSALÍA (LLYLM)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230217041653/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0slNUwm4Tuo","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Escucha el nuevo remake 'Abcdefg' hecho por ROSALÍA y CUPRA\". CUPRA (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cupraofficial.es/colaboraciones/cupra-x-rosalia.html","url_text":"\"Escucha el nuevo remake 'Abcdefg' hecho por ROSALÍA y CUPRA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230403214825/https://www.cupraofficial.es/colaboraciones/cupra-x-rosalia.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Solo_Rock_Vocal_Performance
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Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance
|
["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Honor presented to recording artists for quality rock vocal performances
Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal PerformanceAwarded forQuality vocal performances in the rock music genreCountryUnited StatesPresented byNational Academy of Recording Arts and SciencesFirst awarded1988Last awarded2011Currently held byPaul McCartney, "Helter Skelter" (2011)Websitegrammy.com
The Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance was an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for works (songs or albums) containing quality vocal performances in the rock music genre. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".
Originally called the Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo, the award was first presented to Bruce Springsteen in 1988 for the album Tunnel of Love. Since then, the award was presented in 1992 and 1994, and has been awarded each year since 2005. Beginning with the 2005 ceremony, the name of the award was changed to Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance. For these years, the award combined and replaced the gender-specific awards for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance and Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. This fusion has been criticized, especially when females are not nominated under the solo category. The Academy has cited a lack of eligible recordings in the female rock category as the reason for the mergers.
The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. All solo or duo/group performances in the rock category are now honored in the Best Rock Performance category. Springsteen holds the record for the most wins in this category, with five (he has also received three awards for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance). No other performing artists had received the award more than once. Neil Young holds the record for the most nominations without a win, with four.
Recipients
Five-time award winner Bruce Springsteen, performing in 2012
1992 award winner Bonnie Raitt performing in 2010.
2007 award winner Bob Dylan, performing in 2006
2011 award winner Paul McCartney
Year
Performing artist
Work
Nominees
Ref.
1988
Bruce Springsteen
Tunnel of Love
Joe Cocker – "Unchain My Heart"
Richard Marx – "Don't Mean Nothing"
Bob Seger – "Shakedown"
Tina Turner – "Better Be Good to Me (Live)"
1989–1991
—
—
—
1992
Bonnie Raitt
Luck of the Draw
Bryan Adams – "Can't Stop This Thing We Started"
Eric Clapton – 24 Nights
John Mellencamp – "Whenever We Wanted"
Robbie Robertson – Storyville
Bob Seger – The Fire Inside
1993
—
—
—
1994
Meat Loaf
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)"
Bob Dylan – "All Along the Watchtower"
Peter Gabriel – "Steam"
Lenny Kravitz – "Are You Gonna Go My Way"
Sting – "Demolition Man"
1995–2004
—
—
—
—
2005
Bruce Springsteen
"Code of Silence"
Ryan Adams – "Wonderwall"
Steve Earle – "The Revolution Starts Now"
Melissa Etheridge – "Breathe"
Tom Waits – "Metropolitan Glide"
2006
Bruce Springsteen
"Devils & Dust"
Eric Clapton – "Revolution"
Robert Plant – "Shine It All Around"
Rob Thomas – "This Is How a Heart Breaks"
Neil Young – "The Painter"
2007
Bob Dylan
"Someday Baby"
Beck – "Nausea"
John Mayer – "Route 66"
Tom Petty – "Saving Grace"
Neil Young – "Lookin' for a Leader"
2008
Bruce Springsteen
"Radio Nowhere"
Beck – "Timebomb"
Paul McCartney – "Only Mama Knows"
John Mellencamp – "Our Country"
Lucinda Williams – "Come On"
2009
John Mayer
"Gravity"
Paul McCartney – "I Saw Her Standing There"
Bruce Springsteen – "Girls in Their Summer Clothes"
Eddie Vedder – "Rise"
Neil Young – "No Hidden Path"
2010
Bruce Springsteen
"Working on a Dream"
Bob Dylan – "Beyond Here Lies Nothin'"
John Fogerty – "Change in the Weather"
Prince – "Dreamer"
Neil Young – "Fork in the Road"
2011
Paul McCartney
"Helter Skelter"
Eric Clapton – "Run Back to Your Side"
John Mayer – "Crossroads"
Robert Plant – "Silver Rider"
Neil Young – "Angry World"
^ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.
^ Award was separated into the gender-specific awards for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male and Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female.
See also
Rock music portal
American rock
List of Grammy Award categories
References
General
"Past Winners Search". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2011. Note: User must select the "Rock" category as the genre under the search feature.
"Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Solo Performance". Rock on the Net. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
Specific
^ "Grammy Awards at a Glance". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ "Overview". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010.
^ Rodman, Sarah (February 8, 2009). "All my rocking ladies, don't bother putting your hands up". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ Strauss, Neil (January 6, 1995). "'94 Grammy Nominations: Not Just the Familiar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
^ Hunt, Dennis (January 15, 1988). "U2, Jackson Top Grammy Nominees: Simon, Winwood Seek Reprise of '87 Wins". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ "Explanation For Category Restructuring". GRAMMY.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
^ "Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Performance – Male". Rock on the Net. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
^ McShane, Larry (January 15, 1988). "Irish rockers among Grammy nominees". The Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire: Telegraph Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
^ "Complete list of Grammy nominees". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. January 13, 1989. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Here's list of nominees from all 77 categories". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Publishing Company. January 12, 1990. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "List of Grammy Award nominations". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. January 11, 1991. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Nominees announced for Grammy Awards". TimesDaily. Florence, Alabama: Tennessee Valley Printing. January 8, 1992. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Grammy nominees". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Company. January 8, 1993. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Campbell, Mary (January 7, 1994). "Sting, Joel top Grammy nominations". Star-News. Wilmington, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Kanye West is at top of Grammy list". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. December 8, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Complete list of Grammy nominees". The New York Times. December 12, 2005. p. 1. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Grammys 2007: The Nominees". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. December 7, 2006. Archived from the original on July 29, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ Leeds, Jeff (December 7, 2007). "Kanye West and Amy Winehouse lead Grammy nominees". Cape Cod Times. News Corporation. Archived from the original on June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Winners List". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
^ "Grammy Awards: Complete Coverage". Rolling Stone. February 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
vteGrammy Awards
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vteGrammy Award categoriesGeneral
Album of the Year
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Best Children's Album
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Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
Best Score Soundtrack Album for Visual Media
Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media
Best Song Written for Visual Media
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Best Orchestral Performance
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Best Classical Instrumental Solo
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Best Classical Compendium
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Best Country Album
Best Country Song
Best Country Solo Performance
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Best American Roots Song
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Best Gospel Album
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Best Gospel Performance/Song
Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song
Jazz, Traditional Pop, Contemporary Instrumental & Musical Theater
Best Jazz Vocal Album
Best Alternative Jazz Album
Best Latin Jazz Album
Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album
Best Jazz Instrumental Album
Best Contemporary Instrumental Album
Best Jazz Solo Performance
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
Best Musical Theater Album
Latin, Global, African, Reggae & New Age, Ambient or Chant
Best Latin Pop Album
Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album
Best Tropical Latin Album
Best Música Urbana Album
Best Música Mexicana Album (including Tejano)
Best Reggae Album
Best Global Music Album
Best New Age, Ambient Or Chant Album
Best Global Music Performance
Best African Music Performance
Package, Notes & Historical
Best Historical Album
Best Album Notes
Best Recording Package
Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
Pop & Dance/Electronic
Best Pop Vocal Album
Best Dance/Electronic Album
Best Pop Solo Performance
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance
Best Dance/Electronic Recording
Best Pop Dance Recording
Production, Engineering, Composition & Arrangement
Producer of the Year, Classical
Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical
Best Immersive Audio Album
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Best Engineered Album, Classical
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Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella
Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals
R&B, Rap and Spoken Word Poetry
Best R&B Album
Best Progressive R&B Album
Best Rap Album
Best Spoken Word Poetry Album
Best R&B Performance
Best Traditional R&B Performance
Best Rap Performance
Best Melodic Rap Performance
Best R&B Song
Best Rap Song
Rock, Metal & Alternative
Best Rock Album
Best Rock Song
Best Rock Performance
Best Metal Performance
Best Alternative Music Album
Best Alternative Music Performance
Special Awards
Lifetime Achievement Award
Trustees Award
Legend Award
Grammy Hall of Fame
MusiCares Person of the Year
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grammy-1"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overview-2"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Tunnel of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_of_Love_(album)"},{"link_name":"Best Male Rock Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_Rock_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"Best Female Rock Vocal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Rock_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Females-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strauss-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U2-5"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Performance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"}],"text":"Honor presented to recording artists for quality rock vocal performancesThe Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance was an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards,[1] to recording artists for works (songs or albums) containing quality vocal performances in the rock music genre. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to \"honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position\".[2]Originally called the Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo, the award was first presented to Bruce Springsteen in 1988 for the album Tunnel of Love. Since then, the award was presented in 1992 and 1994, and has been awarded each year since 2005. Beginning with the 2005 ceremony, the name of the award was changed to Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance. For these years, the award combined and replaced the gender-specific awards for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance and Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. This fusion has been criticized, especially when females are not nominated under the solo category.[3][4] The Academy has cited a lack of eligible recordings in the female rock category as the reason for the mergers.[5]The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. All solo or duo/group performances in the rock category are now honored in the Best Rock Performance category.[6] Springsteen holds the record for the most wins in this category, with five (he has also received three awards for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance).[7] No other performing artists had received the award more than once. Neil Young holds the record for the most nominations without a win, with four.","title":"Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruce_Springsteen_-_Roskilde_Festival_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BonnieRaitt2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Dylan_-_Azkena_Rock_Festival_2010_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_McCartney_black_and_white_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"^[I]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^[II]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Male_Rock_Vocal_Performance"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Female_Rock_Vocal_Performance"}],"text":"Five-time award winner Bruce Springsteen, performing in 20121992 award winner Bonnie Raitt performing in 2010.2007 award winner Bob Dylan, performing in 20062011 award winner Paul McCartney^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.\n^[II] Award was separated into the gender-specific awards for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male and Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female.","title":"Recipients"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Five-time award winner Bruce Springsteen, performing in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bruce_Springsteen_-_Roskilde_Festival_2012.jpg/170px-Bruce_Springsteen_-_Roskilde_Festival_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"1992 award winner Bonnie Raitt performing in 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BonnieRaitt2004.jpg/170px-BonnieRaitt2004.jpg"},{"image_text":"2007 award winner Bob Dylan, performing in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bob_Dylan_-_Azkena_Rock_Festival_2010_2.jpg/170px-Bob_Dylan_-_Azkena_Rock_Festival_2010_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"2011 award winner Paul McCartney","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Paul_McCartney_black_and_white_2010.jpg/170px-Paul_McCartney_black_and_white_2010.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Rock music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rock_music"},{"title":"American rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_rock"},{"title":"List of Grammy Award categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grammy_Award_categories"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Past Winners Search\". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search","url_text":"\"Past Winners Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151219095456/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Solo Performance\". Rock on the Net. Archived from the original on October 26, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/rocksolo.htm","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Solo Performance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061026104959/http://www.rockonthenet.com//grammy/rocksolo.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards at a Glance\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-grammy_awards_info,0,5279018.htmlstory?track=center","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards at a Glance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309064412/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/env-grammy_awards_info%2C0%2C5838827.htmlstory","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Overview\". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027163924/http://www.grammy.com/recording_academy/","url_text":"\"Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rodman, Sarah (February 8, 2009). \"All my rocking ladies, don't bother putting your hands up\". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/02/08/all_my_rocking_ladies_dont_bother_putting_your_hands_up/","url_text":"\"All my rocking ladies, don't bother putting your hands up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"The New York Times Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704213859/http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2009/02/08/all_my_rocking_ladies_dont_bother_putting_your_hands_up/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (January 6, 1995). \"'94 Grammy Nominations: Not Just the Familiar\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/06/arts/94-grammy-nominations-not-just-the-familiar.html","url_text":"\"'94 Grammy Nominations: Not Just the Familiar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928083426/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/06/arts/94-grammy-nominations-not-just-the-familiar.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Dennis (January 15, 1988). \"U2, Jackson Top Grammy Nominees: Simon, Winwood Seek Reprise of '87 Wins\". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-15/entertainment/ca-24178_1_michael-jackson/2","url_text":"\"U2, Jackson Top Grammy Nominees: Simon, Winwood Seek Reprise of '87 Wins\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015150931/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-15/entertainment/ca-24178_1_michael-jackson/2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Explanation For Category Restructuring\". GRAMMY.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03. Retrieved 2011-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/announcement/explanation-for-category-restructuring","url_text":"\"Explanation For Category Restructuring\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203215528/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/announcement/explanation-for-category-restructuring","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Performance – Male\". Rock on the Net. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved January 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/rockmale.htm","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards: Best Rock Vocal Performance – Male\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006200837/http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/rockmale.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McShane, Larry (January 15, 1988). \"Irish rockers among Grammy nominees\". The Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire: Telegraph Publishing Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CeslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6885,4044707&dq","url_text":"\"Irish rockers among Grammy nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Nashua)","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313072402/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CeslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZfwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6885,4044707&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete list of Grammy nominees\". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. January 13, 1989. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UUAaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=miQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7019,2655419&dq","url_text":"\"Complete list of Grammy nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-News_(Hendersonville,_North_Carolina)","url_text":"Times-News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313072804/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UUAaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=miQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7019,2655419&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Here's list of nominees from all 77 categories\". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Publishing Company. January 12, 1990. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0hYpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=woQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6625,4056376&dq","url_text":"\"Here's list of nominees from all 77 categories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073321/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0hYpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=woQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6625,4056376&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Grammy Award nominations\". Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. January 11, 1991. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6CAaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZiQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,2017387&dq","url_text":"\"List of Grammy Award nominations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073710/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6CAaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZiQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3882,2017387&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees announced for Grammy Awards\". TimesDaily. Florence, Alabama: Tennessee Valley Printing. January 8, 1992. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Gl4eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o8gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3840,1147988&dq","url_text":"\"Nominees announced for Grammy Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimesDaily","url_text":"TimesDaily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073453/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Gl4eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o8gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3840,1147988&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy nominees\". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Company. January 8, 1993. p. 1. Archived from the original on September 2, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-01-08/features/1993008073_1_eric-clapton-celine-dion-dion-and-peabo","url_text":"\"Grammy nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120902075657/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-01-08/features/1993008073_1_eric-clapton-celine-dion-dion-and-peabo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Mary (January 7, 1994). \"Sting, Joel top Grammy nominations\". Star-News. Wilmington, North Carolina: The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V6ssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6RQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7168,2073187&dq","url_text":"\"Sting, Joel top Grammy nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-News","url_text":"Star-News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073743/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V6ssAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6RQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7168,2073187&dq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West is at top of Grammy list\". The Seattle Times. The Seattle Times Company. December 8, 2004. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. 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Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051006/http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20071207%2FLIFE%2F712070302","url_text":"\"Kanye West and Amy Winehouse lead Grammy nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Times","url_text":"Cape Cod Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)","url_text":"News Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.capecodonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071207/LIFE/712070302","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Winners List\". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100102161757/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/51st_show/list.aspx","url_text":"\"The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Winners List\""},{"url":"http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx#04","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List\". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100618185140/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/52nd_show/list.aspx","url_text":"\"The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List\""},{"url":"http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/52nd_show/list.aspx#04","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy Awards: Complete Coverage\". Rolling Stone. February 13, 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/grammy-awards-2011-the-winners-20110213","url_text":"\"Grammy Awards: Complete Coverage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160416183200/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/grammy-awards-2011-the-winners-20110213","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Ray_(album)
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Jimmy Ray (album)
|
["1 Musical style","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 References"]
|
1998 studio album by Jimmy RayJimmy RayStudio album by Jimmy RayReleased10 March 1998 (1998-03-10)Recorded1997StudioBunk Junk & Genius, Eden Studios, Metropolis Studios, Strongroom, The Church, Trident Studios (London, England)Genre
Rockabilly
pop
hip hop
alternative rock
Length35:15LabelEpicProducerJimmy RayCon FitzpatrickJimmy Ray chronology
Jimmy Ray(1998)
Live to Fight Another Day(2017)
Jimmy Ray is the debut album by British singer Jimmy Ray, released on 10 March 1998. He wrote or co-wrote every song on the album. It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200, and also reached No. 2 on the Heatseekers Chart. Its only successful single, "Are You Jimmy Ray?", made the album a substantial success. "Goin' to Vegas" and "I Got Rolled" did not chart in the US, but had some minor success in Ray's native UK.
Musical style
The sound of Jimmy Ray is a fusion of rockabilly, pop, hip hop and alternative rock.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauRolling Stone
The Edmonton Journal wrote that Ray "cops Danny Zuko's greased stud looks, Michael Hutchence's white-funk hooks, Brian Setzer's '50s rocker riffs and the programming talents of Britain's best DJs."
Track listing
All songs written by Jimmy Ray and Con Fitzpatrick, except where noted.
"Are You Jimmy Ray?" (Saxes, Gary Barnacle) – 3:29
"Goin' to Vegas" – 3:30
"I Got Rolled" – 3:38
"Daddy's Got a Gun" – 3:33
"Way Low" – 3:33
"Look Inside for Love" (Ray) – 3:35
"Trippin' on Baby Blue" – 3:54
"Sex for Beginners" – 3:12
"Let It Go Go" (Ray) – 3:36
"Free at Last" (Ray) – 3:15
Charts
Chart performance for Jimmy Ray
Chart (1998)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
112
References
^ a b Stephen Thomas Erlewine (1998-03-10). "Jimmy Ray - Jimmy Ray | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ a b c Crowe, Jerry (March 25, 1998). "Looking for Respect". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
^ a b Jacobs, Jay S. (May 1998). "Jimmy Ray". Pop Entertainment. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
^ a b Partridge, Kenneth (July 18, 2017). "Are You Jimmy Ray?: How a Rockabilly Jam Made Its Way Onto '90s Mainstream Charts". Mental Floss. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
^ a b Willmam, Chris (April 17, 1998). "Jimmy Ray's first visit to Hollywood". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
^ Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: CG: Jimmy Ray". robertchristgau.com. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
^ "Album Reviews and Ratings". Rolling Stone. 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2014-05-22.
^ Ohler, Shawn (14 Mar 1998). "Jimmy Ray: Jimmy Ray". Edmonton Journal. p. C3.
^ "Jimmy Ray Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1990s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroux-Devtek_Inc.
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Héroux-Devtek
|
["1 History","2 Management","3 Production facilities","3.1 Canada","3.2 United States","3.3 United Kingdom","3.4 Spain","4 References","5 External links"]
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Canadian aerospace company
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Héroux-Devtek" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Héroux-Devtek Inc.Company typePublic company (TSX: HRX)IndustryAerospaceFounded1942; 82 years ago (1942)FounderEugène HérouxHeadquartersLongueuil, Quebec, CanadaArea servedAmericas and EuropeKey peopleGilles Labbé, Executive chairman of the board
Martin Brassard, President and chief executive officer
Stéphane Arsenault, Vice president and chief financial officerRevenueCAD$ 613M ($478M in 2020)Number of employees1960 (2020)Websitewww.herouxdevtek.com
Héroux-Devtek Inc. is an international company specializing in the design, development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of landing gear, actuation systems and components for the aerospace market. Founded in 1942, the company's head office is located in Longueuil, Quebec. Héroux-Devtek Inc. has more than 1960 employees working in 18 facilities in North America and Europe. The corporation is the third-largest landing gear company worldwide, supplying both the commercial and defence sectors of the Aerospace market with new landing gear systems and components, as well as aftermarket products and services. It also manufactures actuation systems as well as ball screws. Héroux-Devtek's accomplishments include the manufacturing of the landing gear for the lunar module that landed Neil Armstrong on the moon for the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.
Héroux-Devtek recorded sales of $483.9 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.
History
source
1942 : Founding of Héroux Machine Parts Limited in Longueuil, Quebec
1960 : Beginning of design and manufacturing operations of landing gear components.
1969 : Manufacturing of the landing gear for the Apollo Lunar Module in 1969.
1985 : Merging of the corporation (On June 26, 1985) with 2320-4894 Québec Inc., a management company incorporated by the corporation's then two senior executives, Gilles Labbé and Sarto Richer, in connection with the sale by Bombardier Inc. of its shares in the corporation.
1986 : Héroux Inc. becomes a publicly traded company.
1987 : McSwain Manufacturing Corporation, a producer of gas turbine components, is acquired by Héroux Inc.
1999 : Métro Machining Corporation and Les Industries C.A.T. Inc. is acquired by Héroux Inc.
2000 : Devtek Corporation is acquired by Héroux Inc. to enhance its landing gear capabilities in the commercial sector. The company changes its name to Héroux‑Devtek Inc.
2004 : Progressive Inc. of Arlington, Texas, a manufacturer of complex military aircraft structural components, is acquired by Héroux-Devtek Inc.
2007-2008 : The company obtained major design contracts to develop landing gear systems for the Learjet-85, Sikorsky CH-53K, and Embraer Legacy 450-500.
2010 : Eagle Tool & Machine Co. and E2 Precision Products of Ohio, manufacturers of precision machined components for the aerospace industry are acquired by Héroux-Devtek Inc.
2012 : Sale of substantially all of its Aerostructure and Industrial Products operations to Precision Castparts Corp.
2013 : Héroux-Devtek Inc. signs a long-term contract with The Boeing Company to supply complete landing gear systems for the Boeing 777 and 777X programs.
2014 : APPH, an integrated provider of landing gear and hydraulic systems and assemblies for original equipment manufacturer and aftermarket applications is acquired by Héroux-Devtek.
2017 : 75th anniversary of Héroux-Devtek.
2018 : Acquisition agreement of Beaver and CESA.
2019 : Gilles Labbé is appointed as Executive Chairman of the Board and Martin Brassard is appointed as president and Chief Executive Officer. Héroux-Devtek acquires Alta-Precision, a Montreal-based manufacturer of high-precision landing-gear components, as well as a majority stake in Tekalia Aeronautik.
Management
Gilles Labbé is the Executive chairman of the board, Martin Brassard is the President and chief executive officer, and Stéphane Arsenault is the Vice president and chief financial officer.
Production facilities
The company's headquarters are situated in Longueuil, Québec, Canada. It also holds production facilities in the greater Montreal area as well as in the US, the UK and Spain.
Canada
Longueuil, Quebec (191,400 sq ft ), manufacturing, repair and overhaul services in the landing gear industry as well as surface treatment and assembly of medium to large size landing gear systems.
Saint-Hubert, Quebec (28,000 sq ft ), landing gear drop testing with a capacity of up to 100,000 lbs, complete system testing, fatigue and strength testing.
Montréal, Quebec
Tekalia Aeronautik, surface treatment services
Alta Précision (HD Montréal), manufacturer of high precision landing gear components.
Laval, Quebec (45,000 sq ft ), small to medium landing gear systems and components, flight control actuators.
Kitchener, Ontario (99,000 sq ft ), machining of medium to large-size landing gear components.
Cambridge, Ontario (108,000 sq ft ), machining of B-777 large size landing gear components.
Toronto, Ontario machining and assembly of complex precision parts, structural components and electrical chassis with integral heat exchangers.
United States
Springfield, Ohio (105,000 sq ft ), manufacturing of medium to large complex landing gear and titanium components.
Strongsville, Ohio (101,600 sq ft ), finishing and assembly of landing gear.
Wichita, Kansas (63,000 sq ft ), repair and overhaul activities, as well as manufacturing of hydraulic systems and components.
Everett, Washington (21,400 sq ft ), final assembly of the B-777 landing gear.
Livonia, Michigan (Beaver Aerospace & Defence), design and manufacturing of ball screws and actuation systems.
United Kingdom
Runcorn, Cheshire (90,000 sq ft ), manufacturing, repair and overhaul for the landing gear industry.
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire (48,000 sq ft ), manufacturing of small to medium landing gear components.
Bolton, Greater Manchester (15,000 sq ft ), design, manufacturing and assembly of filters and testing of fluid filtration applications.
Spain
Seville, Seville, assembly and installation of aircraft components at customer assembly lines.
Getafe, Madrid, design and manufacturing of ball screws and actuation systems.
References
^ https://www.herouxdevtek.com/images/files/document_financier/divers/HRX_2020_Investor-presentation_EN_FY21_NOV_2020.pdf
^ "History". Héroux Devtek. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ www.herouxdevtek.com https://www.herouxdevtek.com/francais/aboutus/history.php. Retrieved September 30, 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ www.herouxdevtek.com https://www.herouxdevtek.com/francais/aboutus/history.php. Retrieved September 30, 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ www.herouxdevtek.com https://www.herouxdevtek.com/francais/aboutus/history.php. Retrieved September 30, 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Management team". Héroux Devtek. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
^ "Operating locations - Héroux Devtek". www.herouxdevtek.com. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
https://www.herouxdevtek.com/fr
https://www.lapresse.ca/affaires/entreprises/201911/15/01-5249928-la-fulgurante-croissance-dheroux-devtek.php
https://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/aerospace/heroux-devtek-is-looking-for-150-quebec-workers-as-backlog-hits-record
https://www.lapresse.ca/affaires/entreprises/201911/08/01-5248960-heroux-devtek-hausse-son-profit.php
External links
Official website
News and events
Financial documents
Annual report 2019
vteSelected Morningstar National Bank Québec companies of Canada (May 19, 2020)
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VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Longueuil, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longueuil"},{"link_name":"ball screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_screw"},{"link_name":"Neil Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"}],"text":"Héroux-Devtek Inc. is an international company specializing in the design, development, manufacture, repair and overhaul of landing gear, actuation systems and components for the aerospace market. Founded in 1942, the company's head office is located in Longueuil, Quebec. Héroux-Devtek Inc. has more than 1960 employees working in 18 facilities in North America and Europe. The corporation is the third-largest landing gear company worldwide, supplying both the commercial and defence sectors of the Aerospace market with new landing gear systems and components, as well as aftermarket products and services. It also manufactures actuation systems as well as ball screws. Héroux-Devtek's accomplishments include the manufacturing of the landing gear for the lunar module that landed Neil Armstrong on the moon for the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.Héroux-Devtek recorded sales of $483.9 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.","title":"Héroux-Devtek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Learjet-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learjet_85"},{"link_name":"Embraer Legacy 450-500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_Legacy_450/500_and_Praetor_500/600"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Boeing 777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777"},{"link_name":"777X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777X"}],"text":"source[2]1942 : Founding of Héroux Machine Parts Limited in Longueuil, Quebec1960 : Beginning of design and manufacturing operations of landing gear components.1969 : Manufacturing of the landing gear for the Apollo Lunar Module in 1969.1985 : Merging of the corporation (On June 26, 1985) with 2320-4894 Québec Inc., a management company incorporated by the corporation's then two senior executives, Gilles Labbé and Sarto Richer, in connection with the sale by Bombardier Inc. of its shares in the corporation.1986 : Héroux Inc. becomes a publicly traded company.1987 : McSwain Manufacturing Corporation, a producer of gas turbine components, is acquired by Héroux Inc.[3]1999 : Métro Machining Corporation and Les Industries C.A.T. Inc. is acquired by Héroux Inc.[4]2000 : Devtek Corporation is acquired by Héroux Inc. to enhance its landing gear capabilities in the commercial sector. The company changes its name to Héroux‑Devtek Inc.2004 : Progressive Inc. of Arlington, Texas, a manufacturer of complex military aircraft structural components, is acquired by Héroux-Devtek Inc.[5]2007-2008 : The company obtained major design contracts to develop landing gear systems for the Learjet-85, Sikorsky CH-53K, and Embraer Legacy 450-500.2010 : Eagle Tool & Machine Co. and E2 Precision Products of Ohio, manufacturers of precision machined components for the aerospace industry are acquired by Héroux-Devtek Inc.2012 : Sale of substantially all of its Aerostructure and Industrial Products operations to Precision Castparts Corp.2013 : Héroux-Devtek Inc. signs a long-term contract with The Boeing Company to supply complete landing gear systems for the Boeing 777 and 777X programs.2014 : APPH, an integrated provider of landing gear and hydraulic systems and assemblies for original equipment manufacturer and aftermarket applications is acquired by Héroux-Devtek.2017 : 75th anniversary of Héroux-Devtek.2018 : Acquisition agreement of Beaver and CESA.2019 : Gilles Labbé is appointed as Executive Chairman of the Board and Martin Brassard is appointed as president and Chief Executive Officer. Héroux-Devtek acquires Alta-Precision, a Montreal-based manufacturer of high-precision landing-gear components, as well as a majority stake in Tekalia Aeronautik.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Gilles Labbé is the Executive chairman of the board, Martin Brassard is the President and chief executive officer, and Stéphane Arsenault is the Vice president and chief financial officer.[6]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The company's headquarters are situated in Longueuil, Québec, Canada. It also holds production facilities in the greater Montreal area as well as in the US, the UK and Spain.[7]","title":"Production facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint-Hubert, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hubert,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montréal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Laval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Kitchener, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Longueuil, Quebec (191,400 sq ft [17,780 m2]), manufacturing, repair and overhaul services in the landing gear industry as well as surface treatment and assembly of medium to large size landing gear systems.\nSaint-Hubert, Quebec (28,000 sq ft [2,600 m2]), landing gear drop testing with a capacity of up to 100,000 lbs, complete system testing, fatigue and strength testing.\nMontréal, Quebec\nTekalia Aeronautik, surface treatment services\nAlta Précision (HD Montréal), manufacturer of high precision landing gear components.\nLaval, Quebec (45,000 sq ft [4,200 m2]), small to medium landing gear systems and components, flight control actuators.\nKitchener, Ontario (99,000 sq ft [9,200 m2]), machining of medium to large-size landing gear components.\nCambridge, Ontario (108,000 sq ft [10,000 m2]), machining of B-777 large size landing gear components.\nToronto, Ontario machining and assembly of complex precision parts, structural components and electrical chassis with integral heat exchangers.","title":"Production facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Strongsville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Everett, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Livonia, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia,_Michigan"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Springfield, Ohio (105,000 sq ft [9,800 m2]), manufacturing of medium to large complex landing gear and titanium components.\nStrongsville, Ohio (101,600 sq ft [9,440 m2]), finishing and assembly of landing gear.\nWichita, Kansas (63,000 sq ft [5,900 m2]), repair and overhaul activities, as well as manufacturing of hydraulic systems and components.\nEverett, Washington (21,400 sq ft [1,990 m2]), final assembly of the B-777 landing gear.\nLivonia, Michigan (Beaver Aerospace & Defence), design and manufacturing of ball screws and actuation systems.","title":"Production facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Runcorn, Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runcorn,_Cheshire"},{"link_name":"Nottingham, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Bolton, Greater Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton,_Greater_Manchester"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Runcorn, Cheshire (90,000 sq ft [8,400 m2]), manufacturing, repair and overhaul for the landing gear industry.\nNottingham, Nottinghamshire (48,000 sq ft [4,500 m2]), manufacturing of small to medium landing gear components.\nBolton, Greater Manchester (15,000 sq ft [1,400 m2]), design, manufacturing and assembly of filters and testing of fluid filtration applications.","title":"Production facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seville, Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville,_Seville"},{"link_name":"Getafe, Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe,_Madrid"}],"sub_title":"Spain","text":"Seville, Seville, assembly and installation of aircraft components at customer assembly lines.\nGetafe, Madrid, design and manufacturing of ball screws and actuation systems.","title":"Production facilities"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proud_Princess
|
The Proud Princess
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
|
1952 film
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Czech. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Czech Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
The Proud PrincessDirected byBořivoj ZemanStarringAlena Vránová Vladimír RážRelease date
26 September 1952 (1952-09-26)
Running time1h 34minCountryCzechoslovakiaLanguageCzech
The Proud Princess (Czech: Pyšná princezna) is a 1952 Czech fairytale film directed by Bořivoj Zeman.
Cast
Alena Vránová - Princess Krasomila
Vladimír Ráž - King Miroslav
Stanislav Neumann - Old King
Mária Sýkorová - Krasomila's Nanny
Jaroslav Seník - Jakub, Minister
Miloš Kopecký - Chancellor
Oldřich Dědek - Master of Ceremonies
Karel Effa - Guard of King's Treasure
Gustav Heverle - Vítek
Josef Hlinomaz - Tax Collector
References
^ "Pysná princezna (Pysná princezna)".
External links
The Proud Princess at IMDb
This article related to a Czech film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pysná princezna (Pysná princezna)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.listal.com/movie/pysna-princezna","url_text":"\"Pysná princezna (Pysná princezna)\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherit_the_Stars
|
Giants (series)
|
["1 Overview","2 Plot","3 Timeline","4 Reception","5 References"]
|
Group of five science fiction novels by James P. Hogan
"The Two Moons" redirects here. For similar uses, see Two Moons (disambiguation).
Giants seriesCover of Inherit The Stars, the first book in the seriesAuthorJames P. HoganCover artistDarrell K. SweetGenreScience fictionPublisherDel Rey Books, Baen BooksPublished1977–2005Media typePrintNo. of books5 (List of books)
The Giants series (also known as the Minerva series) is a quintet of science fiction novels by James P. Hogan, published between 1977 and 2005.
Overview
Inherit the Stars, the first entry in the series (and Hogan's first novel) was essentially a scientific mystery, with no antagonist or conflict as such. Instead, it followed a group of researchers who found themselves faced with a seemingly insuperable paradox: the discovery that an advanced human civilization had flourished in the Solar System fifty thousand years ago, despite having left no traces on Earth. Hogan' plots made heavy use of Velikovskian catastrophism and Dänikean ancient-astronaut theory, but attempted to base them on a rigorous natural-sciences foundation.
In the introduction to the omnibus The Two Moons, Hogan revealed that Inherit the Stars was inspired by a viewing of the seminal 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which he had enjoyed until the ending. After complaining to his colleagues at work about the confusing and effects-heavy nature of the conclusion, each of them bet him five pounds that he couldn't write and publish a science-fiction novel. The result was Inherit the Stars, published by Del Rey Books in May 1977. According to Hogan, he later met Arthur C. Clarke and took the opportunity to ask him about the ending of 2001, to which Clarke replied that while the ending of Hogan's Inherit the Stars made more sense, the ending of 2001 had made more money.
The series was originally intended as a closely-linked trilogy, but Hogan eventually returned to the setting with two follow-ons.
Inherit the Stars, May 1977, ISBN 0-345-30107-2
The Gentle Giants of Ganymede, May 1978, ISBN 0-345-29048-8
Giants' Star, July 1981, ISBN 0-345-28771-1
Entoverse, October 1991, ISBN 1-85723-002-7
Mission to Minerva, January 2005, ISBN 0-7434-9902-6
These were assembled in several omnibus editions and collections:
The Minervan Experiment (ISBN 978-1-125-44892-2) – November 1982 (omnibus edition of the first three books)
The Giants Novels: Inherit the Stars, The Gentle Giants of Ganymede, and Giants' Star (ISBN 978-0-345-38885-8) – March 1994 (republication of The Minervan Experiment)
The Two Moons (ISBN 978-1-4165-0936-3) - April 2006 (omnibus of the first two books)
The Two Worlds (ISBN 978-1-4165-3725-0) - September 2007 (omnibus of the third and fourth books)
In his introduction to The Two Worlds, Hogan hinted at the possibility of a sixth book, but added that there was "nothing definite in the works"; there were no further additions to the series before his passing in 2010.
Plot
Inherit the Stars begins in 2027, as humanity is experiencing a minor golden age. The world is at peace, and while the Soviet Union still exists the Cold War has wound down amid a trend of détente and general disarmament. There has been a great deal of technological progress, including clean fusion power, environmental remediation, fast transit, and cheap access to space; a United Nations space agency is spearheading an aggressive program of exploration of the solar system. One of its lunar survey crews stumbles upon a desiccated, space-suited body in a small cavern on the moon, a minor mystery which rapidly becomes a major one when testing reveals that the corpse (nicknamed "Charlie") is 50,000 years old. The technology of the spacesuit is similar to that of Earth in the late 2020s, but is obviously the product of a completely different technological civilization: for convenience, scientists label Charlie's people "Lunarians," though it is obvious that they did not originate from the Moon.
In time, the UN Space Arm discovers additional evidence of Lunarian occupancy on the Moon 50,000 years ago, including ruined bases, more human remains, and enough examples of Lunarian writing to decipher their language. The translated materials demonstrate that the Lunarian were - despite being genetically indistinguishable from humans - not native to Earth; their records of their home describe a much colder world, with a year lasting 1700 days, enormous ice caps, and continental outlines completely unlike those of Earth. This creates a great deal of scientific controversy, given the evolutionary impossibility of a single species arising independently in two discrete locations. Additionally, it is discovered that the Lunarian bases on the moon were destroyed in an enormous paroxysm of violence, with evidence of the widespread use of nuclear weapons. A simultaneous expedition to the asteroid belt establishes it to comprise the remnants of an Earth-sized planet, which is given the name "Minerva," and which seems to match the records of the Lunarians' homeworld. Those records describe it as a world being slowly strangled by an ice age, dominated by two totalitarian regimes engaged in constant warfare and sinking all its remaining civilizational energies into an attempt to evacuate its elites to the much more habitable Pleistocene Earth. Charlie's diary includes a description of the last of these wars, which was sufficiently cataclysmic in nature to have not only destroyed Lunarian civilization, but had (via widespread use of antimatter-based energy weapons) destabilized the inner structure of Minerva so badly that the planet exploded.
However, some of the available data points remain irreconcilable: how could identically human beings evolve independently on both Earth and Minerva, and how could the Lunarians transported an enormous amount of military material to Earth's moon, but failed to make the crossing to Earth itself? The situation is partially resolved by the discovery of an enormous spaceship buried beneath the ice of Ganymede. Far more advanced than anything the Lunarians had been capable of building, the ship proves to be twenty-five million years old, and to have been crewed by three-meter-tall beings who are clearly completely unrelated to terrestrial life. However, the so-called Ganymeans can be related to samples of canned fish found in the ruined Lunarian lunar bases, suggesting they were both part of the same evolutionary line, and had both evolved on Minerva, of which the Ganymeans must have been the true natives. Biological samples found in the ship demonstrate they had introduced Earth plant and animal life to Minerva as part of an unsuccessful geoengineering project, and that the Lunarians must have evolved on Minerva from higher primates transplanted there by the Ganymeans.
The two foremost scientists of the investigation team, physicist Dr. Victor Hunt and biologist Professor Christian Danchekker, develop competing theories to explain the paradox, and therefore find themselves initially at odds; however, they are also both deeply committed to the scientific method and the pursuit of truth, and eventually develop a rapport and a deep mutual respect for one another. They each wind up solving one half of the mystery: Hunt realizes that the Lunarians did not have reliable interplanetary capability at the time of their destruction, and had only made it as far as Minerva's moon, which they had fortified heavily due to their interminable wars. During their final conflict, Minerva was destroyed, and its now gravitationally-unbound moon spiraled towards the inner system, where it was - by a freakish coincidence - gravitationally captured by the Earth, entering into a stable orbit (meaning that Earth's present moon is actually the former moon of Minerva.) A very small number of Lunarian survivors of both the final war and the meteoric bombardment of the Moon by the debris of Minerva managed to descend to the Earth, in as few as one remaining spaceship.
Meanwhile, Danchekker solves the other half of the mystery: the uncanny genetic similarity between Lunarians and humans is accounted for by the fact that all modern humans are descended entirely from these Lunarian survivors. Endowed with a vicious survival instinct by the unforgiving environment of Minerva and further whetted by their history of warfare, the Lunarians had - upon their arrival on Earth - descended into barbarism and exterminated their less-advanced, less-aggressive terrestrial cousins, the Neanderthals.
The sequel The Gentle Giants of Ganymede concerns the return to the Solar System of an ancient Ganymean spaceship, which had been trapped in a bubble of time dilation by a malfunction in its Alcubierre drive. The novel shares the first volume's scientific-mystery structure, but this time the theme is predominantly biological, as Hunt, Danchekker, and other humans join the Ganymean survivors in untangling the confusing evolutionary history of Minerva between its abandonment by the Ganymeans and the emergence of the Lunarians.
Volume three, Giants' Star, begins three months after the Ganymeans have left the Solar System in search of survivors of their kind, at a possible colony identified in ancient Lunarian star maps. Shortly after their departure, strange faster-than-light messages begin being transmitted to Earth - in English, revealing that humanity has been under surveillance for some time. Confusingly, the messages also reveal that their senders' understanding of the situation on Earth is seriously flawed, and that they are not the surveilling party, whose notice they are attempting to avoid. Earth governments react to the messages with a reversion to factionalism, with the US and USSR attempting to establish separate lines of communication with the senders in hopes of obtaining advanced technology. Unlike the preceding entries in the series, this is something of a thriller, with political subterfuge and a seeming resurrection of the Cold War.
Timeline
The series is notable for its creation of a substantial prehistory of the Solar System, stretching back millions of years. This was further expanded in later books to include an alternate-universe version of the setting, which included an elaborate fictional chronology:
25 million years ago: Intelligence arises in the Solar System on the planet Minerva (see Phaeton (hypothetical planet) for discussion of a similar idea), in the form of the "Giants". Minerva is orbited by one moon and orbits the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.
Between 25 million and 4 million years ago: Carbon dioxide levels in the Minervan atmosphere begin to rise. As the Giants have a low tolerance for carbon dioxide, they send a scientific team to the star Iscaris to perform experiments to aid in their understanding of the situation. However, the experimentation destabilizes the star, causing a nova. The team attempts to flee on their starship Shapieron which is unable to decelerate (due to a problem with the ship's main drives), forcing them to orbit the Solar System at relativistic velocities, experiencing one year for every million that pass. After the events at Iscaris, the Ganymeans bring in animals and hominids from Earth in the hope of isolating the gene responsible for carbon dioxide tolerance. However, they fear the effects of using this gene in themselves and are forced to flee to the distant planet of Thurien, in orbit around the "Giants' Star". They leave behind relays so that they can continue to observe Minerva and their evacuation is mostly successful, though one of their ships crashes on Ganymede.
Approximately 100,000 years ago: hominids left behind on Minerva after genetic experimentation evolve into the Minervans—modern humans.
Between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago: An ice age begins on Minerva, threatening to destroy the new human civilization. Humanity begins a space program in an attempt to escape the planet and migrate to Earth. This leads to conflict and an arms race between the inhabitants of Minerva's two continents, democratic Cerios and autocratic Lambia, over control of the program.
From 50,020 to 50,000 years ago: The Jevlenese Imares Broghuilio and his generals appear via a time loop from the future in a fleet of five starships. Cerian president Harzin and Lambian king Perasmon declare the end of the arms race and the demilitarization of the two continents. Prince Freskel-Gar Engred is secretly aided by the Jevlenese in his plan to assassinate Perasmon and Harzin, and ascends the throne of Lambia. Under his rule, military development is restarted with contributions from Jevlenese technology. Broghuilio removes Freskel-Gar and installs himself as dictator, renaming himself Zargon. In turn, he too is replaced by Xerasky.
50,000 years ago: After years of hostilities, total nuclear warfare finally breaks out between Cerios and Lambia on Minerva and at the Cerian base on Minerva's moon. The Thuriens intervene but are too late: Minerva is shattered, forming Pluto and the asteroid belt while its moon is captured by Earth—which originally had no moon—becoming the planet's familiar satellite. The Cerian survivors ask to be transported down onto Earth but the gravitational stresses of the Moon being captured by Earth throw their civilization back to the Stone Age and, to survive, they are forced to wipe out the native Neanderthals before attempting to rebuild. The Lambian survivors are resettled on the planet of Jevlen, near Thurien, in an attempt to reintegrate them into society. They set up the supercomputer of JEVEX to run their affairs, modelled after the Thurien computer VISAR.
C. 50,000 years to the 19th century: The Jevlenese move JEVEX to the planet of Uttan so that their researchers can increase its power without the knowledge of the Thuriens. Unknown to both parties, a pocket universe forms within JEVEX, the Entoverse. Some of its sapient inhabitants ("Ents"), who go by the title of ayatollahs, devise the ability to pass over to the original universe by taking over the minds of the Jevlenese. The Thuriens begin to trust the Jevlenese and contract them with the task of observing human civilization. Still driven by hatred of their old rivals, the Jevlenese set about hindering human progress.
19th century: In their attempt to destroy humanity, the Jevlenese begin to promote weapons research. In 1831, the Ent Sykha founds the Spiral of Awakening cult.
From 1939 to 1945: The Jevlenese orchestrate World War II, believing that it will result in mutual nuclear annihilation.
Post 1945: Earth begins a nuclear arms race after World War II, in accordance with the Jevlenese plan. Meanwhile, the Jevlenese leaders secretly build up their own stocks of weapons.
1979: Birth of Joseph B. Shannon.
1992: Birth of Victor Hunt.
1999: Birth of Lyn Garland and Duncan Watt.
2002: Birth of Hans Baumer.
2015: With the looming threat of the Nucleonic bomb, the Cold War ends and the United Nations Space Arm (UNSA) is formed to promote peace and stability. Jevlenese agents help to demilitarize Earth, though to isolate Thurien they continue to claim that Earth is on the brink of World War III.
2027: Humanity begins to explore space once more. A UNSA mission finds a 50,000-year-old Cerian corpse, nicknamed Charlie, on the Moon. Scientists Victor Hunt and Christian Danchekker investigate the "Lunarians" (beginning of Inherit the Stars).
2028: The former existence of Minerva is deduced. UNSA Expedition Jupiter 4 discovers the crashed Giants' starship on Ganymede and name the race the "Ganymeans".
2029: Humanity reconstructs the full story of the Lunarians and the Ganymeans, discovers that the Moon was once Minerva's moon and finally realizes that Earthmen are the descendants of the Lunarians originating on Minerva (end of Inherit the Stars).
2030: The crew of the Shapieron have slowed down and re-enter the Solar System where they contact Humanity. They stay for six months but, rather than be alone in the universe, they set out once more to find the "Giant's Star". Humanity learns that their intelligence was an unintentional byproduct of the unsuccessful genetic experimentation of the Giants. The Jevlenese observers decline to inform Thurien of the reappearance of the Shapieron. Thurien learns of the Shapieron from a radio message sent by Earth (events of The Gentle Giants of Ganymede).
2031: Unbeknownst to Jevlen, the Thuriens make radio contact with Earth and uncover the Jevlenese deception. Earth and Thurien unite against Jevlen, switching off JEVEX. Imares Broghuilio and his generals attempt to escape from Jevlen but are accidentally transferred into the past of another segment of the Multiverse, near the Minerva of 50,020 years before, in the process proving the Many-worlds interpretation. This discovery allows the Thuriens to begin to investigate the possibility of cross-Multiversal transfer. The now free Jevlen is on the brink of becoming a peaceful society when the deactivation of JEVEX causes the Ents to attempt an escape from the Entoverse. The ayatollah Eubeleus travels to Uttan, planning to switch JEVEX back on so that the Ents can flood into Jevlenese minds but is stopped by a coalition of humans and Thuriens, who isolate JEVEX on Uttan, preserving the Entoverse (events of Giant's Star and Entoverse).
2033: Victor Hunt is contacted by a version of himself from another segment of the Multiverse. A group of Terran and Thurien scientists invent the Multiporter, enabling cross-multiversal travel. (beginning of Mission to Minerva)
2034: The Terrans and Thuriens on the Shapieron multiport to the 50,020-year past of the alternate universe in the Minerva Mission, an attempt to prevent the destruction of Minerva in that segment of the Multiverse and to initiate a new line of history. The Mission to Minerva proves successful and the Shapieron returns to its own universe (end of Mission to Minerva).
Events in the alternate chronology are identical up to 50,020 years ago. In this chronology, the Minerva Mission used timeline lensing generated by the Shapieron to cause the Jevlenese to disappear from the alternate timeline universe without a trace. Cerios and Lambia gave up the conflict and disarmed to concentrate on a space program for their mutual benefit. The Shapieron then returned to its own universe.
Reception
The reception of the series has been divided; the original trilogy is generally well received, while the later books have been seen as unnecessary additions, suffering from many of the faults of Hogan's later work. In John Clute's article on Hogan's work, he first considered Inherit the Stars, noting "the exhilarating sense it conveys of scientific minds at work on real problems and ... the genuinely exciting scope of the sf imagination it deploys." However, he described the magical aspects of the Entoverse as "nonsense" and complained that the attempted rescue of Minerva was unsatisfying, adding that there was a "willingness on Hogan's part to re-activate sequences that had come to a natural halt." However, he concluded that "the sequence as a whole remains his best work."
James Nicoll remembered enjoying Inherit the Stars when he was a teenager but he had stopped reading the sequence after the first three books, as "othing I have heard about Entoverse (the one I missed) makes me want to hunt it down." He went on to write a derisive early review of Mission to Minerva, where he concluded that "verall, there was an ok novella trying to escape from this. Nothing in this book beyond the identity of the author required it to be so very, very bad."
In 1981, Inherit the Stars won the Seiun Award for Best Foreign Language Novel of the Year and Entoverse went on to win the 1994 Seiun Award in the same category. A manga adaptation by Yukinobu Hoshino was published in 2011–2012 in Japan, which won the Seiun Award of Comics category in 2013.
References
^ Hogan, James P. (April 2006). The Two Moons. Baen Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 1-4165-0936-4.
^
James P. Hogan. "Bibliography". Retrieved 2009-07-01.
^ Hogan, James P. (September 2007). The Two Worlds. Baen Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-1-4165-3725-0.
^
Dr. Attila Torkos. "Torkos Giants' Chronology". James P. Hogan. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
^ "Hogan, James P.". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 3rd Edition. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
^ "A Short But Unkind Review". More Words, Deeper Hole. Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two Moons (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Moons_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"James P. Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Hogan_(writer)"}],"text":"\"The Two Moons\" redirects here. For similar uses, see Two Moons (disambiguation).The Giants series (also known as the Minerva series) is a quintet of science fiction novels by James P. Hogan, published between 1977 and 2005.","title":"Giants (series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"Velikovskian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky"},{"link_name":"catastrophism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophism"},{"link_name":"Dänikean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken"},{"link_name":"ancient-astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts"},{"link_name":"2001: A Space Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)"},{"link_name":"Del Rey Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Rey_Books"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introduction-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-30107-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-30107-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-29048-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-29048-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-28771-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-28771-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85723-002-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85723-002-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7434-9902-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-9902-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-125-44892-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-125-44892-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-345-38885-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-38885-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4165-0936-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0936-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4165-3725-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3725-0"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Two_Worlds-3"}],"text":"Inherit the Stars, the first entry in the series (and Hogan's first novel) was essentially a scientific mystery, with no antagonist or conflict as such. Instead, it followed a group of researchers who found themselves faced with a seemingly insuperable paradox: the discovery that an advanced human civilization had flourished in the Solar System fifty thousand years ago, despite having left no traces on Earth. Hogan' plots made heavy use of Velikovskian catastrophism and Dänikean ancient-astronaut theory, but attempted to base them on a rigorous natural-sciences foundation.In the introduction to the omnibus The Two Moons, Hogan revealed that Inherit the Stars was inspired by a viewing of the seminal 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, which he had enjoyed until the ending. After complaining to his colleagues at work about the confusing and effects-heavy nature of the conclusion, each of them bet him five pounds that he couldn't write and publish a science-fiction novel. The result was Inherit the Stars, published by Del Rey Books in May 1977. According to Hogan, he later met Arthur C. Clarke and took the opportunity to ask him about the ending of 2001, to which Clarke replied that while the ending of Hogan's Inherit the Stars made more sense, the ending of 2001 had made more money.[1]The series was originally intended as a closely-linked trilogy, but Hogan eventually returned to the setting with two follow-ons.[2]Inherit the Stars, May 1977, ISBN 0-345-30107-2\nThe Gentle Giants of Ganymede, May 1978, ISBN 0-345-29048-8\nGiants' Star, July 1981, ISBN 0-345-28771-1\nEntoverse, October 1991, ISBN 1-85723-002-7\nMission to Minerva, January 2005, ISBN 0-7434-9902-6These were assembled in several omnibus editions and collections:The Minervan Experiment (ISBN 978-1-125-44892-2) – November 1982 (omnibus edition of the first three books)\nThe Giants Novels: Inherit the Stars, The Gentle Giants of Ganymede, and Giants' Star (ISBN 978-0-345-38885-8) – March 1994 (republication of The Minervan Experiment)\nThe Two Moons (ISBN 978-1-4165-0936-3) - April 2006 (omnibus of the first two books)\nThe Two Worlds (ISBN 978-1-4165-3725-0) - September 2007 (omnibus of the third and fourth books)In his introduction to The Two Worlds, Hogan hinted at the possibility of a sixth book, but added that there was \"nothing definite in the works\";[3] there were no further additions to the series before his passing in 2010.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time dilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation"},{"link_name":"Alcubierre drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"}],"text":"Inherit the Stars begins in 2027, as humanity is experiencing a minor golden age. The world is at peace, and while the Soviet Union still exists the Cold War has wound down amid a trend of détente and general disarmament. There has been a great deal of technological progress, including clean fusion power, environmental remediation, fast transit, and cheap access to space; a United Nations space agency is spearheading an aggressive program of exploration of the solar system. One of its lunar survey crews stumbles upon a desiccated, space-suited body in a small cavern on the moon, a minor mystery which rapidly becomes a major one when testing reveals that the corpse (nicknamed \"Charlie\") is 50,000 years old. The technology of the spacesuit is similar to that of Earth in the late 2020s, but is obviously the product of a completely different technological civilization: for convenience, scientists label Charlie's people \"Lunarians,\" though it is obvious that they did not originate from the Moon.In time, the UN Space Arm discovers additional evidence of Lunarian occupancy on the Moon 50,000 years ago, including ruined bases, more human remains, and enough examples of Lunarian writing to decipher their language. The translated materials demonstrate that the Lunarian were - despite being genetically indistinguishable from humans - not native to Earth; their records of their home describe a much colder world, with a year lasting 1700 days, enormous ice caps, and continental outlines completely unlike those of Earth. This creates a great deal of scientific controversy, given the evolutionary impossibility of a single species arising independently in two discrete locations. Additionally, it is discovered that the Lunarian bases on the moon were destroyed in an enormous paroxysm of violence, with evidence of the widespread use of nuclear weapons. A simultaneous expedition to the asteroid belt establishes it to comprise the remnants of an Earth-sized planet, which is given the name \"Minerva,\" and which seems to match the records of the Lunarians' homeworld. Those records describe it as a world being slowly strangled by an ice age, dominated by two totalitarian regimes engaged in constant warfare and sinking all its remaining civilizational energies into an attempt to evacuate its elites to the much more habitable Pleistocene Earth. Charlie's diary includes a description of the last of these wars, which was sufficiently cataclysmic in nature to have not only destroyed Lunarian civilization, but had (via widespread use of antimatter-based energy weapons) destabilized the inner structure of Minerva so badly that the planet exploded.However, some of the available data points remain irreconcilable: how could identically human beings evolve independently on both Earth and Minerva, and how could the Lunarians transported an enormous amount of military material to Earth's moon, but failed to make the crossing to Earth itself? The situation is partially resolved by the discovery of an enormous spaceship buried beneath the ice of Ganymede. Far more advanced than anything the Lunarians had been capable of building, the ship proves to be twenty-five million years old, and to have been crewed by three-meter-tall beings who are clearly completely unrelated to terrestrial life. However, the so-called Ganymeans can be related to samples of canned fish found in the ruined Lunarian lunar bases, suggesting they were both part of the same evolutionary line, and had both evolved on Minerva, of which the Ganymeans must have been the true natives. Biological samples found in the ship demonstrate they had introduced Earth plant and animal life to Minerva as part of an unsuccessful geoengineering project, and that the Lunarians must have evolved on Minerva from higher primates transplanted there by the Ganymeans.The two foremost scientists of the investigation team, physicist Dr. Victor Hunt and biologist Professor Christian Danchekker, develop competing theories to explain the paradox, and therefore find themselves initially at odds; however, they are also both deeply committed to the scientific method and the pursuit of truth, and eventually develop a rapport and a deep mutual respect for one another. They each wind up solving one half of the mystery: Hunt realizes that the Lunarians did not have reliable interplanetary capability at the time of their destruction, and had only made it as far as Minerva's moon, which they had fortified heavily due to their interminable wars. During their final conflict, Minerva was destroyed, and its now gravitationally-unbound moon spiraled towards the inner system, where it was - by a freakish coincidence - gravitationally captured by the Earth, entering into a stable orbit (meaning that Earth's present moon is actually the former moon of Minerva.) A very small number of Lunarian survivors of both the final war and the meteoric bombardment of the Moon by the debris of Minerva managed to descend to the Earth, in as few as one remaining spaceship.Meanwhile, Danchekker solves the other half of the mystery: the uncanny genetic similarity between Lunarians and humans is accounted for by the fact that all modern humans are descended entirely from these Lunarian survivors. Endowed with a vicious survival instinct by the unforgiving environment of Minerva and further whetted by their history of warfare, the Lunarians had - upon their arrival on Earth - descended into barbarism and exterminated their less-advanced, less-aggressive terrestrial cousins, the Neanderthals.The sequel The Gentle Giants of Ganymede concerns the return to the Solar System of an ancient Ganymean spaceship, which had been trapped in a bubble of time dilation by a malfunction in its Alcubierre drive. The novel shares the first volume's scientific-mystery structure, but this time the theme is predominantly biological, as Hunt, Danchekker, and other humans join the Ganymean survivors in untangling the confusing evolutionary history of Minerva between its abandonment by the Ganymeans and the emergence of the Lunarians.Volume three, Giants' Star, begins three months after the Ganymeans have left the Solar System in search of survivors of their kind, at a possible colony identified in ancient Lunarian star maps. Shortly after their departure, strange faster-than-light messages begin being transmitted to Earth - in English, revealing that humanity has been under surveillance for some time. Confusingly, the messages also reveal that their senders' understanding of the situation on Earth is seriously flawed, and that they are not the surveilling party, whose notice they are attempting to avoid. Earth governments react to the messages with a reversion to factionalism, with the US and USSR attempting to establish separate lines of communication with the senders in hopes of obtaining advanced technology. Unlike the preceding entries in the series, this is something of a thriller, with political subterfuge and a seeming resurrection of the Cold War.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Phaeton (hypothetical planet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)"},{"link_name":"modern humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"asteroid belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Many-worlds interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"}],"text":"The series is notable for its creation of a substantial prehistory of the Solar System, stretching back millions of years. This was further expanded in later books to include an alternate-universe version of the setting,[4] which included an elaborate fictional chronology:25 million years ago: Intelligence arises in the Solar System on the planet Minerva (see Phaeton (hypothetical planet) for discussion of a similar idea), in the form of the \"Giants\". Minerva is orbited by one moon and orbits the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.\nBetween 25 million and 4 million years ago: Carbon dioxide levels in the Minervan atmosphere begin to rise. As the Giants have a low tolerance for carbon dioxide, they send a scientific team to the star Iscaris to perform experiments to aid in their understanding of the situation. However, the experimentation destabilizes the star, causing a nova. The team attempts to flee on their starship Shapieron which is unable to decelerate (due to a problem with the ship's main drives), forcing them to orbit the Solar System at relativistic velocities, experiencing one year for every million that pass. After the events at Iscaris, the Ganymeans bring in animals and hominids from Earth in the hope of isolating the gene responsible for carbon dioxide tolerance. However, they fear the effects of using this gene in themselves and are forced to flee to the distant planet of Thurien, in orbit around the \"Giants' Star\". They leave behind relays so that they can continue to observe Minerva and their evacuation is mostly successful, though one of their ships crashes on Ganymede.\nApproximately 100,000 years ago: hominids left behind on Minerva after genetic experimentation evolve into the Minervans—modern humans.\nBetween 100,000 and 50,000 years ago: An ice age begins on Minerva, threatening to destroy the new human civilization. Humanity begins a space program in an attempt to escape the planet and migrate to Earth. This leads to conflict and an arms race between the inhabitants of Minerva's two continents, democratic Cerios and autocratic Lambia, over control of the program.\nFrom 50,020 to 50,000 years ago: The Jevlenese Imares Broghuilio and his generals appear via a time loop from the future in a fleet of five starships. Cerian president Harzin and Lambian king Perasmon declare the end of the arms race and the demilitarization of the two continents. Prince Freskel-Gar Engred is secretly aided by the Jevlenese in his plan to assassinate Perasmon and Harzin, and ascends the throne of Lambia. Under his rule, military development is restarted with contributions from Jevlenese technology. Broghuilio removes Freskel-Gar and installs himself as dictator, renaming himself Zargon. In turn, he too is replaced by Xerasky.\n50,000 years ago: After years of hostilities, total nuclear warfare finally breaks out between Cerios and Lambia on Minerva and at the Cerian base on Minerva's moon. The Thuriens intervene but are too late: Minerva is shattered, forming Pluto and the asteroid belt while its moon is captured by Earth—which originally had no moon—becoming the planet's familiar satellite. The Cerian survivors ask to be transported down onto Earth but the gravitational stresses of the Moon being captured by Earth throw their civilization back to the Stone Age and, to survive, they are forced to wipe out the native Neanderthals before attempting to rebuild. The Lambian survivors are resettled on the planet of Jevlen, near Thurien, in an attempt to reintegrate them into society. They set up the supercomputer of JEVEX to run their affairs, modelled after the Thurien computer VISAR.\nC. 50,000 years to the 19th century: The Jevlenese move JEVEX to the planet of Uttan so that their researchers can increase its power without the knowledge of the Thuriens. Unknown to both parties, a pocket universe forms within JEVEX, the Entoverse. Some of its sapient inhabitants (\"Ents\"), who go by the title of ayatollahs, devise the ability to pass over to the original universe by taking over the minds of the Jevlenese. The Thuriens begin to trust the Jevlenese and contract them with the task of observing human civilization. Still driven by hatred of their old rivals, the Jevlenese set about hindering human progress.\n19th century: In their attempt to destroy humanity, the Jevlenese begin to promote weapons research. In 1831, the Ent Sykha founds the Spiral of Awakening cult.\nFrom 1939 to 1945: The Jevlenese orchestrate World War II, believing that it will result in mutual nuclear annihilation.\nPost 1945: Earth begins a nuclear arms race after World War II, in accordance with the Jevlenese plan. Meanwhile, the Jevlenese leaders secretly build up their own stocks of weapons.\n1979: Birth of Joseph B. Shannon.\n1992: Birth of Victor Hunt.\n1999: Birth of Lyn Garland and Duncan Watt.\n2002: Birth of Hans Baumer.\n2015: With the looming threat of the Nucleonic bomb, the Cold War ends and the United Nations Space Arm (UNSA) is formed to promote peace and stability. Jevlenese agents help to demilitarize Earth, though to isolate Thurien they continue to claim that Earth is on the brink of World War III.\n2027: Humanity begins to explore space once more. A UNSA mission finds a 50,000-year-old Cerian corpse, nicknamed Charlie, on the Moon. Scientists Victor Hunt and Christian Danchekker investigate the \"Lunarians\" (beginning of Inherit the Stars).\n2028: The former existence of Minerva is deduced. UNSA Expedition Jupiter 4 discovers the crashed Giants' starship on Ganymede and name the race the \"Ganymeans\".\n2029: Humanity reconstructs the full story of the Lunarians and the Ganymeans, discovers that the Moon was once Minerva's moon and finally realizes that Earthmen are the descendants of the Lunarians originating on Minerva (end of Inherit the Stars).\n2030: The crew of the Shapieron have slowed down and re-enter the Solar System where they contact Humanity. They stay for six months but, rather than be alone in the universe, they set out once more to find the \"Giant's Star\". Humanity learns that their intelligence was an unintentional byproduct of the unsuccessful genetic experimentation of the Giants. The Jevlenese observers decline to inform Thurien of the reappearance of the Shapieron. Thurien learns of the Shapieron from a radio message sent by Earth (events of The Gentle Giants of Ganymede).\n2031: Unbeknownst to Jevlen, the Thuriens make radio contact with Earth and uncover the Jevlenese deception. Earth and Thurien unite against Jevlen, switching off JEVEX. Imares Broghuilio and his generals attempt to escape from Jevlen but are accidentally transferred into the past of another segment of the Multiverse, near the Minerva of 50,020 years before, in the process proving the Many-worlds interpretation. This discovery allows the Thuriens to begin to investigate the possibility of cross-Multiversal transfer. The now free Jevlen is on the brink of becoming a peaceful society when the deactivation of JEVEX causes the Ents to attempt an escape from the Entoverse. The ayatollah Eubeleus travels to Uttan, planning to switch JEVEX back on so that the Ents can flood into Jevlenese minds but is stopped by a coalition of humans and Thuriens, who isolate JEVEX on Uttan, preserving the Entoverse (events of Giant's Star and Entoverse).\n2033: Victor Hunt is contacted by a version of himself from another segment of the Multiverse. A group of Terran and Thurien scientists invent the Multiporter, enabling cross-multiversal travel. (beginning of Mission to Minerva)\n2034: The Terrans and Thuriens on the Shapieron multiport to the 50,020-year past of the alternate universe in the Minerva Mission, an attempt to prevent the destruction of Minerva in that segment of the Multiverse and to initiate a new line of history. The Mission to Minerva proves successful and the Shapieron returns to its own universe (end of Mission to Minerva).Events in the alternate chronology are identical up to 50,020 years ago. In this chronology, the Minerva Mission used timeline lensing generated by the Shapieron to cause the Jevlenese to disappear from the alternate timeline universe without a trace. Cerios and Lambia gave up the conflict and disarmed to concentrate on a space program for their mutual benefit. The Shapieron then returned to its own universe.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Clute's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF_Encyclopedia-5"},{"link_name":"James Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-More_Words,_Deeper_Hole-6"},{"link_name":"Seiun Award for Best Foreign Language Novel of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiun_Award"},{"link_name":"Seiun Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiun_Award"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Yukinobu Hoshino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukinobu_Hoshino"}],"text":"The reception of the series has been divided; the original trilogy is generally well received, while the later books have been seen as unnecessary additions, suffering from many of the faults of Hogan's later work. In John Clute's article on Hogan's work, he first considered Inherit the Stars, noting \"the exhilarating sense it conveys of scientific minds at work on real problems and ... the genuinely exciting scope of the sf imagination it deploys.\" However, he described the magical aspects of the Entoverse as \"nonsense\" and complained that the attempted rescue of Minerva was unsatisfying, adding that there was a \"willingness on Hogan's part to re-activate sequences that had come to a natural halt.\" However, he concluded that \"the sequence as a whole remains his best work.\"[5]James Nicoll remembered enjoying Inherit the Stars when he was a teenager but he had stopped reading the sequence after the first three books, as \"[n]othing I have heard about Entoverse (the one I missed) makes me want to hunt it down.\" He went on to write a derisive early review of Mission to Minerva, where he concluded that \"[o]verall, there was an ok novella trying to escape from this. Nothing in this book beyond the identity of the author required it to be so very, very bad.\"[6]In 1981, Inherit the Stars won the Seiun Award for Best Foreign Language Novel of the Year and Entoverse went on to win the 1994 Seiun Award in the same category. A manga adaptation by Yukinobu Hoshino was published in 2011–2012 in Japan, which won the Seiun Award of Comics category in 2013.","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hogan, James P. (April 2006). The Two Moons. Baen Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 1-4165-0936-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/twomoonsgiants00jame/page/1","url_text":"The Two Moons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books","url_text":"Baen Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/twomoonsgiants00jame/page/1","url_text":"1–7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-0936-4","url_text":"1-4165-0936-4"}]},{"reference":"James P. Hogan. \"Bibliography\". Retrieved 2009-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamesphogan.com/biblio/novels.php","url_text":"\"Bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, James P. (September 2007). The Two Worlds. Baen Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-1-4165-3725-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books","url_text":"Baen Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3725-0","url_text":"978-1-4165-3725-0"}]},{"reference":"Dr. Attila Torkos. \"Torkos Giants' Chronology\". James P. Hogan. Retrieved 2009-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamesphogan.com/common/TorkosChronology102005.php","url_text":"\"Torkos Giants' Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hogan, James P.\". The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 3rd Edition. Retrieved 2013-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hogan_james_p","url_text":"\"Hogan, James P.\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Short But Unkind Review\". More Words, Deeper Hole. Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130407031557/http://james-nicoll.livejournal.com/10391.html","url_text":"\"A Short But Unkind Review\""},{"url":"http://james-nicoll.livejournal.com/10391.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/twomoonsgiants00jame/page/1","external_links_name":"The Two Moons"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/twomoonsgiants00jame/page/1","external_links_name":"1–7"},{"Link":"http://www.jamesphogan.com/biblio/novels.php","external_links_name":"\"Bibliography\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamesphogan.com/common/TorkosChronology102005.php","external_links_name":"\"Torkos Giants' Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/hogan_james_p","external_links_name":"\"Hogan, James P.\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130407031557/http://james-nicoll.livejournal.com/10391.html","external_links_name":"\"A Short But Unkind Review\""},{"Link":"http://james-nicoll.livejournal.com/10391.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomins_and_the_Comet_Chase
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Moomins and the Comet Chase
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Release","5 Music","6 References","7 External links"]
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2010 Finnish filmMoomins and the Comet ChaseTheatrical release posterDirected byMaria LindbergWritten byJoel BackströmIivo BaricAnders LarssonMinna KarvonenBased onThe Moominsby Tove JanssonProduced byTom CarpelanStarringStellan SkarsgårdPeter StormareAlexander SkarsgårdMads MikkelsenHelena MattssonNarrated byMax von SydowCinematographyMaria LindbergEdited byMaria LindbergMusic byAndrzej RokickiBjörk (song "The Comet Song")Heitor PereiraProductioncompanyStereoscape Ltd.Distributed byOy Filmkompaniet Alpha AbUniversal PicturesRelease dates
6 August 2010 (2010-08-06)
22 October 2017 (2017-10-22) (United States)
Running time75 minutesCountryFinlandLanguagesEnglishFinnishBudget€974,893Box office€9,300,000
Moomins and the Comet Chase is a 2010 3D stop motion animated fantasy adventure comedy family film compiled from the Comet in Moominland-based episodes of the 1977–1982 The Moomins TV series animated at Se-ma-for in Poland, restored and re-soundtracked with multiple voice actors replacing the single narrator. It is the second such Moomin film produced by Finnish children's film company Filmkompaniet, the first being Moomin and Midsummer Madness, and the first one converted to stereoscopic 3-D. A similar revision of the remainder of the series for high-definition television of all 78 episodes was released in 2010. The same novel has been adapted into film at least twice before, with the 1978 Russian stop motion serial Mumi-troll and the 1992 Japanese traditional animation feature Comet in Moominland. The international version of the film features the voices of known Swedish actors like Stellan Skarsgård, Peter Stormare, Alexander Skarsgård. Musician and Moomins fan Björk also wrote an original song for the film. The international film debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In Finland, it arrived in movie theaters on 6 August 2010 and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel. The film was also produced in dozens of other languages and subsequently received global distribution.
Plot
One day Moomintroll wakes to notice that grey dust is covering everything in the Moominvalley. He runs to ask the philosophical Muskrat if he knows what is happening, who advises him that things tend to look like this before an awful fate coming from the sky hits the Earth. With the help of his father, Moominpappa, Moomintroll and his close friends Sniff and Snufkin build a raft and head out on a challenging journey to the observatory in the Lonely Mountains hoping to find out more from the wise professors there. The friends have to overcome several adversities in order to make it there. When they arrive, they find the professors deep in calculations. They reveal that a comet will reach the Earth in four days, four hours, four minutes and 44 seconds.
The group decides to get back home as fast as they can to share the news. On the journey home, they encounter more dangerous creatures and obstacles as well as some old and new friends, including Snork Maiden and her brother Snork, who join them on their adventure. The sky continues to become redder and the air hotter. When they get to the seashore, they are shocked to see that the sea has completely dried up. A walk along the dried out sea bottom brings more excitement and danger.
Eventually they make it back home to the Moominhouse and discover another shocking detail: the comet is supposed to land right in their own garden that very night. Ultimately, the big question is if they can get everybody to safety in time.
Cast
(International / Finnish)
Max von Sydow / Tapani Perttu as The Narrator
Stellan Skarsgård as Moominpappa and Hemulens / Tapani Perttu as Moominpappa
Alexander Skarsgård / Jasper Pääkkönen as Moomintroll
Peter Stormare / Taneli Mäkelä as Snufkin
Mads Mikkelsen / Ilpo Mikkonen as Sniff
Helena Mattsson as Snork Maiden
Kathleen Fee / Johanna Viksten as Moominmamma
Arthur Holden / Jarmo Koski as Snork
Jarmo Koski as Hemulen
Terrence Scammell / Jarmo Koski as Muskrat
Soundtrack
"The Comet Song" – Björk and Sjón Sigurdsson
Release
The film was released theatrically on 6 August 2010 by Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel. It was also released on DVD by NonStop Sales and opened the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.
Music
Icelanders Björk and Sjón, both big fans of the Moomin franchise, composed "The Comet Song" for the film's soundtrack. Antonia Ringbom, a Finnish director, producer, animator and illustrator who specializes in children's programming, is working on the project's title sequence, which combines her animation with the theme song performed by Björk. Bjork said: "I read the books as a child and then I read them for my children. I guess I realised that I still like them just as much. They probably stand for something Nordic, I think there's something quite stark, a certain kind of simplicity. You could speculate and say, 'because there are fewer plants there, and fewer animals, fewer buildings, so it's kind of more minimal. I've sometimes compared it to Scandinavian furniture , compared to Italian furniture. Italian - hundreds of little details, curls and curves and decoration - and Scandinavian furniture is kind of naked. And it's funny and sad at the same time. And the relationship to nature Tove Jansson has, that's very important to me. And everybody's allowed to be just as eccentric as they are, they don't have to conform. Reading to my children I actually noticed some kind of anti-authority aspect in it – there's no hierarchy between the characters, they are all equal. I like that a lot."
References
^ "All-star cast comes together for Moomins 3D adventure". Rogers & Cowan. March 19, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
^ "Wonderful actors starring in new Moomin movie (translated)". MTV3.fi. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
^ "Moomin Home Studio - Business Cooperation (translated)". Infront Finland Oy. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
^ "Moomins and the Comet Chase synopsis". Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
^ "Björk Writes New Song for Freaky Finnish Children's Movie". Pitchfork Media Inc. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ "Moomins and the Comet Chase: Collaborators". Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
^ Bjork, speaking on BBC Radio 4, Front Row, 4 August 2010
External links
Official website
Moomins and the Comet Chase at IMDb
Moomins and the Comet Chase at Rotten Tomatoes
Film page on the Finnish Film Foundation website
vteMoominsNovels
The Moomins and the Great Flood
Comet in Moominland
Finn Family Moomintroll
The Exploits of Moominpappa
Moominsummer Madness
Moominland Midwinter
Tales from Moominvalley
Moominpappa at Sea
Moominvalley in November
Picture books
The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My
Who Will Comfort Toffle?
The Dangerous Journey
Villain in the Moominhouse
Characters
Moomintroll
Snufkin
Little My
The Groke
Sniff
Snork Maiden
Moominmamma
Moominpappa
Television series
Die Muminfamilie
Moomin (1969 series)
Mumindalen
New Moomin
The Moomins
Moomin (1990 series)
Moominvalley
Films
Comet in Moominland
Moomin and Midsummer Madness
Moomins and the Comet Chase
Moomins on the Riviera
Moomins and the Winter Wonderland
Video games
Moomin's Tale
Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley
People
Tove Jansson (Works)
Lars Jansson
Tuulikki Pietilä
Signe Hammarsten-Jansson
Viktor Jansson
Per Olov Jansson
Sophia Jansson
Atos Wirtanen
Erna Tauro
Other
Comic strips
"The Comet Song"
Metsä (theme park)
Moominvalley
Moominhouse
Moomin Museum
Moomin World
Moomin mugs
Tove
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stop motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"adventure comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_comedy"},{"link_name":"family film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_film"},{"link_name":"compiled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_movie"},{"link_name":"Comet in Moominland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_in_Moominland"},{"link_name":"The Moomins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Se-ma-for","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ma-for"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"restored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_preservation"},{"link_name":"soundtracked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"voice actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"narrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrator"},{"link_name":"Moomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin"},{"link_name":"children's film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_film"},{"link_name":"stereoscopic 3-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_film"},{"link_name":"high-definition television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"Comet in Moominland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_in_Moominland_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stellan Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Peter Stormare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stormare"},{"link_name":"Alexander Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressrelease-1"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"movie theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaters"},{"link_name":"MTV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-global-3"}],"text":"Moomins and the Comet Chase is a 2010 3D stop motion animated fantasy adventure comedy family film compiled from the Comet in Moominland-based episodes of the 1977–1982 The Moomins TV series animated at Se-ma-for in Poland, restored and re-soundtracked with multiple voice actors replacing the single narrator. It is the second such Moomin film produced by Finnish children's film company Filmkompaniet, the first being Moomin and Midsummer Madness, and the first one converted to stereoscopic 3-D. A similar revision of the remainder of the series for high-definition television of all 78 episodes was released in 2010. The same novel has been adapted into film at least twice before, with the 1978 Russian stop motion serial Mumi-troll and the 1992 Japanese traditional animation feature Comet in Moominland. The international version of the film features the voices of known Swedish actors like Stellan Skarsgård, Peter Stormare, Alexander Skarsgård. Musician and Moomins fan Björk also wrote an original song for the film.[1] The international film debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In Finland, it arrived in movie theaters on 6 August 2010 and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel.[2] The film was also produced in dozens of other languages and subsequently received global distribution.[3]","title":"Moomins and the Comet Chase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moomintroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomintroll"},{"link_name":"Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominvalley"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_in_the_Moomin_series#Other_characters"},{"link_name":"Moominpappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominpappa"},{"link_name":"Sniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniff_(Moomin_character)"},{"link_name":"Snufkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snufkin"},{"link_name":"Snork Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snork_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Snork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_in_the_Moomin_series#Close_friends"},{"link_name":"Moominhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominhouse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-synopsis-4"}],"text":"One day Moomintroll wakes to notice that grey dust is covering everything in the Moominvalley. He runs to ask the philosophical Muskrat if he knows what is happening, who advises him that things tend to look like this before an awful fate coming from the sky hits the Earth. With the help of his father, Moominpappa, Moomintroll and his close friends Sniff and Snufkin build a raft and head out on a challenging journey to the observatory in the Lonely Mountains hoping to find out more from the wise professors there. The friends have to overcome several adversities in order to make it there. When they arrive, they find the professors deep in calculations. They reveal that a comet will reach the Earth in four days, four hours, four minutes and 44 seconds.The group decides to get back home as fast as they can to share the news. On the journey home, they encounter more dangerous creatures and obstacles as well as some old and new friends, including Snork Maiden and her brother Snork, who join them on their adventure. The sky continues to become redder and the air hotter. When they get to the seashore, they are shocked to see that the sea has completely dried up. A walk along the dried out sea bottom brings more excitement and danger.Eventually they make it back home to the Moominhouse and discover another shocking detail: the comet is supposed to land right in their own garden that very night. Ultimately, the big question is if they can get everybody to safety in time.[4]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max von Sydow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_von_Sydow"},{"link_name":"Tapani Perttu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapani_Perttu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stellan Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellan_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Tapani Perttu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tapani_Perttu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moominpappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominpappa"},{"link_name":"Alexander Skarsgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Skarsg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Jasper Pääkkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_P%C3%A4%C3%A4kk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"Moomintroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomintroll"},{"link_name":"Peter Stormare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stormare"},{"link_name":"Taneli Mäkelä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneli_M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Snufkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snufkin"},{"link_name":"Mads Mikkelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads_Mikkelsen"},{"link_name":"Sniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniff_(Moomin_character)"},{"link_name":"Helena Mattsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Mattsson"},{"link_name":"Snork Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snork_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Fee"},{"link_name":"Johanna Viksten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johanna_Viksten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moominmamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominmamma"},{"link_name":"Arthur Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Holden"},{"link_name":"Jarmo Koski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo_Koski"},{"link_name":"Snork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moomin_characters#Close_friends"},{"link_name":"Jarmo Koski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo_Koski"},{"link_name":"Hemulen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemulen"},{"link_name":"Terrence Scammell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Scammell_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Jarmo Koski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmo_Koski"},{"link_name":"Muskrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat"}],"text":"(International / Finnish)Max von Sydow / Tapani Perttu as The Narrator\nStellan Skarsgård as Moominpappa and Hemulens / Tapani Perttu as Moominpappa\nAlexander Skarsgård / Jasper Pääkkönen as Moomintroll\nPeter Stormare / Taneli Mäkelä as Snufkin\nMads Mikkelsen / Ilpo Mikkonen as Sniff\nHelena Mattsson as Snork Maiden\nKathleen Fee / Johanna Viksten as Moominmamma\nArthur Holden / Jarmo Koski as Snork\nJarmo Koski as Hemulen\nTerrence Scammell / Jarmo Koski as Muskrat","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Comet Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comet_Song"},{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"}],"text":"\"The Comet Song\" – Björk and Sjón Sigurdsson","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV3"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"}],"text":"The film was released theatrically on 6 August 2010 by Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab and was later broadcast on the MTV3 channel. It was also released on DVD by NonStop Sales and opened the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Björk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk"},{"link_name":"Sjón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"The Comet Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comet_Song"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cometsong-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-titlesequence-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Icelanders Björk and Sjón, both big fans of the Moomin franchise, composed \"The Comet Song\" for the film's soundtrack.[5] Antonia Ringbom, a Finnish director, producer, animator and illustrator who specializes in children's programming, is working on the project's title sequence, which combines her animation with the theme song performed by Björk.[6] Bjork said: \"I read the books as a child and then I read them for my children. I guess I realised that I still like them just as much. They probably stand for something Nordic, I think there's something quite stark, a certain kind of simplicity. You could speculate and say, 'because there are fewer plants there, and fewer animals, fewer buildings, so it's kind of more minimal. I've sometimes compared it to Scandinavian furniture , compared to Italian furniture. Italian - hundreds of little details, curls and curves and decoration - and Scandinavian furniture is kind of naked. And it's funny and sad at the same time. And the relationship to nature Tove Jansson has, that's very important to me. And everybody's allowed to be just as eccentric as they are, they don't have to conform. Reading to my children I actually noticed some kind of anti-authority aspect in it – there's no hierarchy between the characters, they are all equal. I like that a lot.\"[7]","title":"Music"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"All-star cast comes together for Moomins 3D adventure\". Rogers & Cowan. March 19, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/press/","url_text":"\"All-star cast comes together for Moomins 3D adventure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonderful actors starring in new Moomin movie (translated)\". MTV3.fi. March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv3.fi/viihde/uutiset/elokuvat.shtml/1084894?muumi_ja_punainen_pyrstotahti","url_text":"\"Wonderful actors starring in new Moomin movie (translated)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moomin Home Studio - Business Cooperation (translated)\". Infront Finland Oy. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infrontsports.fi/sponsorointi/viihde-ja-kulttuuri/3d-muumi-elokuva/","url_text":"\"Moomin Home Studio - Business Cooperation (translated)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase synopsis\". Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182205/http://www.originalmoomin.com/","url_text":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase synopsis\""},{"url":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Björk Writes New Song for Freaky Finnish Children's Movie\". Pitchfork Media Inc. 16 November 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/37125-bjork-writes-new-song-for-freaky-finnish-childrens-movie/","url_text":"\"Björk Writes New Song for Freaky Finnish Children's Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase: Collaborators\". Oy Filmkompaniet Alpha Ab. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182205/http://www.originalmoomin.com/","url_text":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase: Collaborators\""},{"url":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/press/","external_links_name":"\"All-star cast comes together for Moomins 3D adventure\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv3.fi/viihde/uutiset/elokuvat.shtml/1084894?muumi_ja_punainen_pyrstotahti","external_links_name":"\"Wonderful actors starring in new Moomin movie (translated)\""},{"Link":"http://www.infrontsports.fi/sponsorointi/viihde-ja-kulttuuri/3d-muumi-elokuva/","external_links_name":"\"Moomin Home Studio - Business Cooperation (translated)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182205/http://www.originalmoomin.com/","external_links_name":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase synopsis\""},{"Link":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/news/37125-bjork-writes-new-song-for-freaky-finnish-childrens-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Björk Writes New Song for Freaky Finnish Children's Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182205/http://www.originalmoomin.com/","external_links_name":"\"Moomins and the Comet Chase: Collaborators\""},{"Link":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.originalmoomin.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1606636/","external_links_name":"Moomins and the Comet Chase"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/muumi_ja_punainen_pyrstotahti","external_links_name":"Moomins and the Comet Chase"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174235/http://www.ses.fi/fi/elokuva.asp?id=1109","external_links_name":"Film page on the Finnish Film Foundation website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_Hakutora
|
Aran Hakutora
|
["1 Career","2 Retirement from sumo","3 Fighting style","4 Personal life","5 Career record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Russian former sumo wrestler
Aran HakutoraJapanese: 阿覧欧虎Personal informationBornAlan Gabaraev (1984-01-31) January 31, 1984 (age 40)Vladikavkaz, North Ossetian ASSR, RSFSR, USSRHeight1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Weight141 kg (311 lb; 22.2 st)CareerStableMihogasekiRecord263-258DebutJanuary 2007Highest rankSekiwake (September, 2010)RetiredOctober 2013Championships1 (Jūryō)1 (Jonokuchi)Special PrizesFighting Spirit (2)* Up to date as of Feb 2, 2015.
Aran Hakutora (阿覧欧虎, born January 31, 1984, as Alan Gabaraev, Russian: Ала́н Габара́ев) is a Russian former sumo wrestler. He began his professional career in January 2007 and made the top division in a record eleven tournaments. The highest rank he reached was sekiwake. He was runner-up in consecutive tournaments in May and July 2010 and earned two sanshō or special prizes for Fighting Spirit. He wrestled for Mihogaseki stable.
Career
Aran was born in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania, RSFSR, USSR, the same area as Rohō and Hakurozan. He began as an amateur wrestler, winning the Russian National Junior Championships. In October 2006 he won the open division of the World Amateur Sumo Championships held in Saitama, Japan, defeating Ichihara. In December of that year, he joined Mihogaseki stable. Sumo rules allow only one foreigner per stable, and the departure of Baruto to the newly formed Onoe stable created an opening for him.
He made his professional debut in January 2007, alongside Yamamotoyama. Although he was able to win only 2 out of 5 bouts in maezumo, he won the jonokuchi division championship in the next tournament with a perfect 7–0 record, and reached the second highest jūryō division after one and a half years in July 2008. He became the fourth Russian sekitori, after Rohō, Hakurozan, and Wakanohō. (Following the dismissal of these three for cannabis use, Aran was the only Russian left.) He made the top makuuchi division just two tournaments later in November 2008, after winning the jūryō division championship with a 12–3 record. The 11 tournaments it took him to reach makuuchi from his professional debut equalled the all-time record held by Kotoōshū, now broken by Jōkōryū.
Aran in May 2009.
Until the January 2009 tournament, in which he scored only 5-10, Aran had maintained a winning record in every tournament in which he had participated. However, he responded two consecutive winning tournaments, which sent him up the banzuke to maegashira 1 for the July 2009 tournament in Nagoya. He defeated ōzeki Harumafuji there but was able to win only three other bouts. After three tournaments out of the limelight, he returned to the upper maegashira ranks in the March 2010 tournament, but lost 14 of his 15 matches. However, he put this disastrous performance behind him by scoring 12–3 in May, finishing runner-up to yokozuna Hakuhō and receiving a share of the Fighting Spirit prize, his first sanshō award. He had another good tournament in July, winning eleven bouts from maegashira 2, defeating two ozeki and once again finishing runner-up with a share of the Kantō-shō.
In the September 2010 tournament he made his san'yaku debut at sekiwake, becoming the first member of Mihogaseki stable to reach sumo's third highest rank since the current head coach, the former Masuiyama II, took over in 1984. He fell short with a 7–8 record, his only notable victory coming against the aging ōzeki Kaiō on the final day. He stayed in the san'yaku ranks at komusubi but could score only 4–11 in July. In January 2011 he beat ōzeki Baruto but finished on 5-10, and his 6–9 mark in May, despite a win over Kotoōshū, was his fourth consecutive losing score. He returned to form in July 2011, scoring 10-5 which led to his return to the komusubi rank. However, he had a losing 5–10 record in September 2011 which dropped him to the maegashira ranks for November, and he remained a maegashira throughout 2012.
Retirement from sumo
Though still at a comfortable rank of maegashira 7 in the September 2013 tournament, he chose to retire after posting a 3–12 record where he lost the last nine bouts. His Mihogaseki stable was folding and being absorbed into Kasugano stable, and rather than fight for a new stable, he chose to retire on October 3 of that year. At a press conference he said that his physical condition was bad due to treatment for oral cancer and that he had been thinking about retirement for a year and a half. At his own request he quickly had a private danpatsu-shiki or retirement ceremony for close relatives only, which is unusual for a former sekiwake, and returned to Russia to become a businessman.
Fighting style
Aran's favoured techniques as listed with the Japan Sumo Association were migi-yotsu (a left hand outside, right hand inside grip on his opponent's mawashi), yori (grappling) and oshi (pushing).
He was criticised for not moving forward enough during his bouts and for relying heavily on henka (side-stepping) and slap down techniques. Approximately one third of his wins were by hataki-komi (slap down), a much higher figure than most other wrestlers.
Personal life
In January 2009 he announced his marriage, to a fellow Russian, although the couple had in fact wed in June 2008. They had a son in February 2010.
In January 2010 he revealed that in December 2008 he had undergone treatment for mouth cancer. The operation to remove the malignant tumour was a success, but caused him to drop 20 kilos in weight.
Career record
Aran Hakutora
Year
JanuaryHatsu basho, Tokyo
MarchHaru basho, Osaka
MayNatsu basho, Tokyo
JulyNagoya basho, Nagoya
SeptemberAki basho, Tokyo
NovemberKyūshū basho, Fukuoka
2007
(Maezumo)
East Jonokuchi #337–0Champion
West Jonidan #266–1
East Sandanme #605–2
East Sandanme #316–1
West Makushita #496–1 2008
East Makushita #216–1
East Makushita #54–3
West Makushita #25–2
East Jūryō #1410–5
West Jūryō #612–3Champion
West Maegashira #108–7
2009
West Maegashira #65–10
West Maegashira #1110–5
West Maegashira #48–7
East Maegashira #14–11
East Maegashira #77–8
East Maegashira #87–8
2010
West Maegashira #1010–5
West Maegashira #21–14
East Maegashira #1012–3F
East Maegashira #211–4F
East Sekiwake #17–8
East Komusubi #14–11
2011
East Maegashira #35–10
East Maegashira #5Tournament Cancelled0–0–0
East Maegashira #56–9
West Maegashira #610–5
West Komusubi #15–10
East Maegashira #34–11
2012
East Maegashira #78–7
West Maegashira #49–6
East Maegashira #15–10
East Maegashira #59–6
East Maegashira #23–12
West Maegashira #78–7
2013
West Maegashira #47–8
East Maegashira #58–7
West Maegashira #34–11
East Maegashira #108–7
East Maegashira #73–12
East Maegashira #16Retired0–0
Record given as wins–losses–absencies Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation
Sanshō key: F=Fighting spirit; O=Outstanding performance; T=Technique Also shown: ★=Kinboshi; P=Playoff(s)
Divisions: Makuuchi — Jūryō — Makushita — Sandanme — Jonidan — Jonokuchi
Makuuchi ranks: Yokozuna — Ōzeki — Sekiwake — Komusubi — Maegashira
See also
List of sumo record holders
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of sumo tournament second division champions
Glossary of sumo terms
List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sekiwake
References
^ a b "Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information". sumodb.sumogames.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
^ a b "The New Rikishi on the Banzuke: An Extraordinary Competition?". Le Monde du Sumo. March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
^ Japan Sumo Association Banzuke Topics, November 2008.
^ "Aran - Gabaraev Alan".
^ "Russian Aran retires from sumo". Japan Times. October 8, 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
^ "元阿覧が帰国 異例の非公開断髪式" (in Japanese). daily.co.jp. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
^ Buckton, Mark (30 September 2008). "Rising giants and falling champs in the autumn basho". Japan Times. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
^ "Aran Bouts By Kimarite". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
^ "Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
External links
Japan Sumo Association profile
Complete career record
|
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He wrestled for Mihogaseki stable.","title":"Aran Hakutora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"North Ossetia–Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sumodb.sumogames.com-1"},{"link_name":"Rohō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh%C5%8D_Yukio"},{"link_name":"Hakurozan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakurozan"},{"link_name":"amateur wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ichihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoseumi_Takayuki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemon-2"},{"link_name":"Mihogaseki stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihogaseki_stable"},{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heya_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"Baruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruto"},{"link_name":"Onoe stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoe_stable"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lemon-2"},{"link_name":"Yamamotoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamotoyama_Ry%C5%ABta"},{"link_name":"jonokuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonokuchi"},{"link_name":"jūryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABry%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"sekitori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekitori"},{"link_name":"Wakanohō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakanoh%C5%8D_Toshinori"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_record_holders#Fastest_progress_to_top_division"},{"link_name":"Kotoōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Katsunori"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jōkōryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dk%C5%8Dry%C5%AB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sumo_May09_Aran.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"banzuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzuke"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Harumafuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harumafuji"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"Hakuhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"sanshō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansho_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"san'yaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%27yaku"},{"link_name":"Masuiyama II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masuiyama_Daishiro_II"},{"link_name":"Kaiō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaio_Hiroyuki"},{"link_name":"komusubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komusubi"},{"link_name":"Baruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruto"},{"link_name":"maegashira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maegashira"}],"text":"Aran was born in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania, RSFSR, USSR,[1] the same area as Rohō and Hakurozan. He began as an amateur wrestler, winning the Russian National Junior Championships. In October 2006 he won the open division of the World Amateur Sumo Championships held in Saitama, Japan, defeating Ichihara.[2] In December of that year, he joined Mihogaseki stable. Sumo rules allow only one foreigner per stable, and the departure of Baruto to the newly formed Onoe stable created an opening for him.[2]He made his professional debut in January 2007, alongside Yamamotoyama. Although he was able to win only 2 out of 5 bouts in maezumo, he won the jonokuchi division championship in the next tournament with a perfect 7–0 record, and reached the second highest jūryō division after one and a half years in July 2008. He became the fourth Russian sekitori, after Rohō, Hakurozan, and Wakanohō. (Following the dismissal of these three for cannabis use, Aran was the only Russian left.) He made the top makuuchi division just two tournaments later in November 2008, after winning the jūryō division championship with a 12–3 record. The 11 tournaments it took him to reach makuuchi from his professional debut equalled the all-time record held by Kotoōshū,[3] now broken by Jōkōryū.Aran in May 2009.Until the January 2009 tournament, in which he scored only 5-10, Aran had maintained a winning record in every tournament in which he had participated.[4] However, he responded two consecutive winning tournaments, which sent him up the banzuke to maegashira 1 for the July 2009 tournament in Nagoya. He defeated ōzeki Harumafuji there but was able to win only three other bouts. After three tournaments out of the limelight, he returned to the upper maegashira ranks in the March 2010 tournament, but lost 14 of his 15 matches. However, he put this disastrous performance behind him by scoring 12–3 in May, finishing runner-up to yokozuna Hakuhō and receiving a share of the Fighting Spirit prize, his first sanshō award. He had another good tournament in July, winning eleven bouts from maegashira 2, defeating two ozeki and once again finishing runner-up with a share of the Kantō-shō.In the September 2010 tournament he made his san'yaku debut at sekiwake, becoming the first member of Mihogaseki stable to reach sumo's third highest rank since the current head coach, the former Masuiyama II, took over in 1984. He fell short with a 7–8 record, his only notable victory coming against the aging ōzeki Kaiō on the final day. He stayed in the san'yaku ranks at komusubi but could score only 4–11 in July. In January 2011 he beat ōzeki Baruto but finished on 5-10, and his 6–9 mark in May, despite a win over Kotoōshū, was his fourth consecutive losing score. He returned to form in July 2011, scoring 10-5 which led to his return to the komusubi rank. However, he had a losing 5–10 record in September 2011 which dropped him to the maegashira ranks for November, and he remained a maegashira throughout 2012.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kasugano stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasugano_stable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Though still at a comfortable rank of maegashira 7 in the September 2013 tournament, he chose to retire after posting a 3–12 record where he lost the last nine bouts. His Mihogaseki stable was folding and being absorbed into Kasugano stable, and rather than fight for a new stable, he chose to retire on October 3 of that year.[5] At a press conference he said that his physical condition was bad due to treatment for oral cancer and that he had been thinking about retirement for a year and a half. At his own request he quickly had a private danpatsu-shiki or retirement ceremony for close relatives only, which is unusual for a former sekiwake, and returned to Russia to become a businessman.[6]","title":"Retirement from sumo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association"},{"link_name":"mawashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawashi"},{"link_name":"henka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henka"},{"link_name":"techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Aran's favoured techniques as listed with the Japan Sumo Association were migi-yotsu (a left hand outside, right hand inside grip on his opponent's mawashi), yori (grappling) and oshi (pushing).He was criticised for not moving forward enough during his bouts and for relying heavily on henka (side-stepping) and slap down techniques.[7] Approximately one third of his wins were by hataki-komi (slap down), a much higher figure than most other wrestlers.[8]","title":"Fighting style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mouth cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_cancer"},{"link_name":"malignant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant"},{"link_name":"tumour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour"}],"text":"In January 2009 he announced his marriage, to a fellow Russian, although the couple had in fact wed in June 2008. They had a son in February 2010.In January 2010 he revealed that in December 2008 he had undergone treatment for mouth cancer. The operation to remove the malignant tumour was a success, but caused him to drop 20 kilos in weight.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career record"}]
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[{"image_text":"Aran in May 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sumo_May09_Aran.jpg/220px-Sumo_May09_Aran.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of sumo record holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_record_holders"},{"title":"List of sumo tournament top division runners-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_runners-up"},{"title":"List of sumo tournament second division champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_second_division_champions"},{"title":"Glossary of sumo terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms"},{"title":"List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-Japanese_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of past sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of sekiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sekiwake"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\". sumodb.sumogames.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2023-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018090312/http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi.aspx?r=6771","url_text":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\""},{"url":"http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi.aspx?r=6771","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Rikishi on the Banzuke: An Extraordinary Competition?\". Le Monde du Sumo. March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemondedusumo.com/english/PBI20_shindeshi.php?mag=pbi&num=20","url_text":"\"The New Rikishi on the Banzuke: An Extraordinary Competition?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aran - Gabaraev Alan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.szumo.hu/kekka/ARAN.HTM","url_text":"\"Aran - Gabaraev Alan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Aran retires from sumo\". Japan Times. October 8, 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2013/10/08/sumo/russian-aran-retires-from-sumo/#.Unfsv1MhGSo","url_text":"\"Russian Aran retires from sumo\""}]},{"reference":"\"元阿覧が帰国 異例の非公開断髪式\" (in Japanese). daily.co.jp. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daily.co.jp/sumo/2013/10/13/0006416692.shtml","url_text":"\"元阿覧が帰国 異例の非公開断髪式\""}]},{"reference":"Buckton, Mark (30 September 2008). \"Rising giants and falling champs in the autumn basho\". Japan Times. Retrieved 15 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20080930mb.html.","url_text":"\"Rising giants and falling champs in the autumn basho\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Aran Bouts By Kimarite\". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 15 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi_kim.aspx?r=6771","url_text":"\"Aran Bouts By Kimarite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 2013-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Rikishi.aspx?shikona=aran&heya=-1&shusshin=-1&b=-1&high=-1&hd=-1&entry=-1&intai=-1&sort=1","url_text":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071018090312/http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi.aspx?r=6771","external_links_name":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\""},{"Link":"http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi.aspx?r=6771","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lemondedusumo.com/english/PBI20_shindeshi.php?mag=pbi&num=20","external_links_name":"\"The New Rikishi on the Banzuke: An Extraordinary Competition?\""},{"Link":"http://www.szumo.hu/kekka/ARAN.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Aran - Gabaraev Alan\""},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2013/10/08/sumo/russian-aran-retires-from-sumo/#.Unfsv1MhGSo","external_links_name":"\"Russian Aran retires from sumo\""},{"Link":"https://www.daily.co.jp/sumo/2013/10/13/0006416692.shtml","external_links_name":"\"元阿覧が帰国 異例の非公開断髪式\""},{"Link":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20080930mb.html.","external_links_name":"\"Rising giants and falling champs in the autumn basho\""},{"Link":"http://sumodb.sumogames.com/Rikishi_kim.aspx?r=6771","external_links_name":"\"Aran Bouts By Kimarite\""},{"Link":"http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Rikishi.aspx?shikona=aran&heya=-1&shusshin=-1&b=-1&high=-1&hd=-1&entry=-1&intai=-1&sort=1","external_links_name":"\"Aran Hakutora Rikishi Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213114119/http://www.sumo.or.jp/en/sumo_data/rikishi/profile?id=2964","external_links_name":"Japan Sumo Association profile"},{"Link":"http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Rikishi.aspx?r=6771","external_links_name":"Complete career record"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMU_(disambiguation)
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MMU
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["1 Science and technology","2 Education","3 Other"]
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MMU may refer to:
Science and technology
Memory management unit, a computer component
Manned Maneuvering Unit, a NASA spacesuit rocket pack
Milli mass unit, an unofficial unit of mass
Minimum Mapping Unit, a spatial measure used in remote sensing and cartography
Education
Manchester Metropolitan University, in England
Marymount University, in Arlington, Virginia
Mount Mansfield Union High School, in Jericho, Vermont
Mount Meru University, in Tanzania
Mountains of the Moon University, in Fort Portal, Uganda
Multimedia University, in Malaysia
Myanmar Maritime University
Other
Mobile Meteorological Unit, a deployable weather forecasting support unit of the British Armed Forces
Monomethylurea, one of the ureas, used in synthetic medications
Morristown Municipal Airport (IATA code MMU), in New Jersey
Mega Man Universe, a game by Capcom
Milli Muharip Uçak, a Turkish fighter aircraft in development
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MMU.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"MMU"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Memory management unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit"},{"link_name":"Manned Maneuvering Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit"},{"link_name":"Milli mass unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milli_mass_unit"},{"link_name":"Minimum Mapping Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_Mapping_Unit&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Memory management unit, a computer component\nManned Maneuvering Unit, a NASA spacesuit rocket pack\n\nMilli mass unit, an unofficial unit of mass\nMinimum Mapping Unit, a spatial measure used in remote sensing and cartography","title":"Science and technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"Marymount University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marymount_University"},{"link_name":"Mount Mansfield Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mansfield_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"Mount Meru University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru_University"},{"link_name":"Mountains of the Moon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_the_Moon_University"},{"link_name":"Multimedia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_University"},{"link_name":"Myanmar Maritime University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Maritime_University"}],"text":"Manchester Metropolitan University, in England\nMarymount University, in Arlington, Virginia\nMount Mansfield Union High School, in Jericho, Vermont\nMount Meru University, in Tanzania\nMountains of the Moon University, in Fort Portal, Uganda\nMultimedia University, in Malaysia\nMyanmar Maritime University","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile Meteorological Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Meteorological_Unit"},{"link_name":"ureas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureas"},{"link_name":"Morristown Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mega Man Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Man_Universe"},{"link_name":"Milli Muharip Uçak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAI_TF_Kaan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/MMU&namespace=0"}],"text":"Mobile Meteorological Unit, a deployable weather forecasting support unit of the British Armed Forces\nMonomethylurea, one of the ureas, used in synthetic medications\nMorristown Municipal Airport (IATA code MMU), in New Jersey\nMega Man Universe, a game by Capcom\nMilli Muharip Uçak, a Turkish fighter aircraft in developmentTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MMU.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/MMU&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_(Prophet_album)
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Prophet (Prophet album)
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["1 Production","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
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This article is about album. For rock band, see Prophet (band).
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Prophet" Prophet album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Prophet" Prophet album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
1985 studio album by ProphetProphetStudio album by ProphetReleased14 August 1985RecordedJanuary – June 1985Studio
Bearsville Studios
Broccoli Rabe Studios
8 Mile Road Studios
Total Experience Studios
GenreHard rock Pop rock Soft rock Progressive rock Heavy metalLength38:23LabelTotal Experience RCAProducerBarry Harris ProphetProphet chronology
Prophet(1985)
Cycle of the Moon(1988)
Singles from Prophet
"Everything You Are (to Me)"Released: 1 September 1985 (US) 21 September 1985 (Japan)
Prophet is the debut album by the hard-rock band Prophet, released on 14 August 1985 through Total Experience Records. On 21 September album was released in Japan.
Production
"Prophet" is the only album to feature lead vocalist Dean Fasano and drummer Ted Poley. The latter joined Danger Danger as a lead vocalist two years later.
The album was recorded within six months: from January to June 1985. The musicians recorded for a month in each studio.
"Prophet" sold well in Europe, and after that the band released the single "Everything You Are (to Me)", for which a music video was soon shot. However, despite the fact that Fasano sang in the video, he actually performed only half of the songs: the tracks "Heart of the Night", "It's Real" and "Listen to Ya'" were performed by Poley, and "Slow Down" — by bassist Scott Metaxas.
Track listing
All credits adapted from the original LP.
All tracks are written by Ken Dubman and Scott Metaxas.Side ANo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Street Secrets"Metaxas5:102."Heart of the Night" 3:593."Away From You"Metaxas4:194."Slow Down" 5:16
Side BNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5."Power Play" 3:546."Everything You Are (to Me)"Angela Cappelli, Michael and Richard Berardi, Joe Zujkowski, Metaxas4:277."It’s Real"Metaxas3:168."Sail Away" 3:339."Listen To Ya'"@, Ted Poley4:29Total length:38:23
Personnel
All credits adapted from the original LP.
Dean Fasano – lead and background vocals
Ken Dubman – guitar, acoustic guitar on "Slow Down"
Joe Zujkowski – keyboards, Taurus pedals on "Slow Down"
Scott Metaxas – bass guitar (except "Slow Down"), lead and background vocals
Ted Poley – drums, lead and background vocals
References
^ a b c d e f g h Prophet (LP sleeve). Prophet. Larrabee Sound Studios, Los Angeles: Total Experience Records. 1985. TEL6-5709.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c "Prophet - Prophet | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varj%C3%BA
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Varjú
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[]
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Look up varjú in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Varjú is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Péter Varjú (born 1982), Hungarian mathematician
Vilmos Varjú (1937–1994), Hungarian shot putter
László Varju (born 1961), Hungarian politician
Benedek Varju (born 2001), Hungarian footballer
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Varjú. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
vteFamily names derived from the word "raven"/"crow"/"rook"Germanic
North Germanic: Ravn
West Germanic: De Raaf, Raaf, Raab, Raabe, Rabe, Raven
Romance
Latin: Corvus
French: Corbeau
Iberian: Cuervo, Corvo
Italian: Corvo, Corbo
Slavic
East Slavic: Voron, Vorona, Voronov, Voronin
South Slavic: Gavran
West Slavic: Havran, Havránek, Gawron, Kruk, Wrona
Other
Baltic: Krauklis, Varnas
Estonian: Vares
Finnish: Korppi, Varis
Hungarian: Holló, Varjú
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varjú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/varj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Péter Varjú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Varj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Vilmos Varjú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilmos_Varj%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"László Varju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Varju"},{"link_name":"Benedek Varju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedek_Varju"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Varj%C3%BA&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Raven-surname"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Raven-surname"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Raven-surname"},{"link_name":"raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven"},{"link_name":"crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Ravn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravn"},{"link_name":"Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raab_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Raabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raabe"},{"link_name":"Rabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabe_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_(surname)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_raven.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"Corbeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbeau_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Cuervo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuervo"},{"link_name":"Corvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvo_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Corvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvo_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Corbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbo_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Voron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voron_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Vorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorona_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Voronov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronov"},{"link_name":"Voronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronin"},{"link_name":"Gavran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavran_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Havran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havran_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Havránek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havr%C3%A1nek"},{"link_name":"Gawron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawron"},{"link_name":"Kruk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruk_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Wrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrona"},{"link_name":"Krauklis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauklis"},{"link_name":"Varnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnas_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Vares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vares_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Korppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korppi"},{"link_name":"Varis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis"},{"link_name":"Holló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holl%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Varjú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Look up varjú in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Varjú is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:Péter Varjú (born 1982), Hungarian mathematician\nVilmos Varjú (1937–1994), Hungarian shot putter\nLászló Varju (born 1961), Hungarian politician\nBenedek Varju (born 2001), Hungarian footballerSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Varjú. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.vteFamily names derived from the word \"raven\"/\"crow\"/\"rook\"Germanic\nNorth Germanic: Ravn\nWest Germanic: De Raaf, Raaf, Raab, Raabe, Rabe, Raven\nRomance\nLatin: Corvus\nFrench: Corbeau\nIberian: Cuervo, Corvo\nItalian: Corvo, Corbo\nSlavic\nEast Slavic: Voron, Vorona, Voronov, Voronin\nSouth Slavic: Gavran\nWest Slavic: Havran, Havránek, Gawron, Kruk, Wrona\nOther\nBaltic: Krauklis, Varnas\nEstonian: Vares\nFinnish: Korppi, Varis\nHungarian: Holló, Varjú","title":"Varjú"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Varj%C3%BA&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Conference_National_play-off_Final
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2010 Conference Premier play-off final
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["1 Match","1.1 Details","2 References"]
|
Football match2010 Conference Premier play-off final
Oxford United
York City
3
1
Date16 May 2010VenueWembley Stadium, LondonRefereeMichael NaylorAttendance42,669← 2009 2011 →
The 2010 Conference Premier play-off final, known as the 2010 Blue Square Premier play-off final for sponsorship purposes, was a football match between Oxford United and York City on 16 May 2010 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was the eighth Conference Premier play-off final and the fourth to be played at Wembley Stadium. The 2010 Final set a new Conference Premier play-off final attendance record of 42,669 (158 more than the existing record set by Cambridge United and Exeter City two seasons before) with ticket sales suggesting Oxford brought over 33,000 of these.
Oxford won the match 3–1 to secure promotion to League Two, thus returning to the Football League after a four-year absence.
Match
Details
16 May 201017:00 BST
Oxford United3–1York City
Green 15'Constable 20'Potter 90'
Report
Clarke 42' (o.g.)
Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 42,669Referee: Michael Naylor
Oxford United
York City
GK
21
Ryan Clarke
RB
2
Damian Batt
CB
6
Mark Creighton
CB
14
Jake Wright
LB
18
Anthony Tonkin
RM
4
Dannie Bulman
CM
7
Adam Chapman (Man of the Match)
87'
LM
11
Simon Clist
FW
10
Jack Midson
79'
FW
9
James Constable (c)
FW
24
Matt Green
68'
Substitutes:
GK
1
Billy Turley
DF
3
Kevin Sandwith
MF
15
Alfie Potter
68'
DF
16
Rhys Day
87'
MF
20
Sam Deering
79'
Manager:
Chris Wilder
GK
24
Michael Ingham (c)
RB
2
Ben Purkiss
CB
5
David McGurk
CB
26
Luke Graham
LB
3
James Meredith
RM
12
Alex Lawless
CM
14
Neil Barrett
81'
CM
17
Levi Mackin
LM
23
Chris Carruthers
73'
FW
16
Richard Brodie
FW
15
Michael Rankine
70'
Substitutes:
GK
13
Josh Mimms
FW
9
Michael Gash
70'
DF
6
Daniel Parslow
DF
21
Djoumin Sangaré
81'
MF
28
Courtney Pitt
73'
Manager:
Martin Foyle
References
^ "Oxford Win Fantastic Advert for Football Conference". Football Conference. 17 May 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Murray, Jon (16 May 2010). "Oxford Utd 3 (M Green 15, Constable 21, Potter 90), York City 1 (Clarke og 42)". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Marshall, Steve (16 May 2010). "Oxford United 3–1 York City". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ "Oxford's Adam Chapman training with Mansfield". BBC Sport. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 Conference Premier play-off Final.
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|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julietta
|
Julietta
|
["1 Performance history","2 Orchestral suite","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","4.1 Act 1","4.2 Act 2","4.3 Act 3","5 Recordings","6 References","7 Further reading"]
|
Opera by Bohuslav Martinů
For other uses, see Julietta (disambiguation).
Juliette is an opera by Bohuslav Martinů, who also wrote the libretto, in French, based on the play Juliette, ou La clé des songes (Juliette, or The Key of Dreams) by the French author Georges Neveux. A libretto in Czech was later prepared for its premiere which took place at the Prague National Theatre on 16 March 1938. Juliette has become widely considered as Martinů's masterpiece.
Performance history
Martinů became aware of the play by Neveux in 1932, two years after its premiere at the Théâtre de l'Avenue in Paris (8th arrondissement) on 7 March 1930. It appears that Neveux had come to an agreement with Kurt Weill to base a musical comedy on his play, but on hearing some of Martinů's music, passed his favour to the Czech. The initial work on the opera was undertaken to French words, but a Czech version was set between May 1936 and January 1937.
By the time of its premiere Martinů had written eight operas in a variety of styles. The work received its first performance at Prague National Theatre on 16 March 1938 (as Julietta aneb Snář), with Václav Talich conducting, a few months before Martinů made his last visit to his country of birth. From Paris he wrote to Talich expressing his deep thanks to the conductor for his "understanding" which "showed all who worked with you the right path". Neveux had also been present at the premiere, adjudging the setting better than his prose original.
Subsequently, the opera has only been intermittently performed at that house; new productions were mounted in 1963 and 1989, and an Opera North production was seen three times in 2000; in March 2016 a new production was premiered at the theatre, and performances are scheduled for its 80th anniversary in 2018.
The composer was present at the German premiere in Wiesbaden in January 1956. A production by the Bielefeld Opera in Germany conducted by Geoffrey Moull received eight performances in 1992. In France, a radio broadcast in 1962 was conducted by Charles Bruck, while the stage premiere was at the Grand Théâtre in Angers in 1970.
The UK premiere was given in April 1978 in London by the New Opera Company at the London Coliseum, conducted by Charles Mackerras in an English translation by Brian Large, with Joy Roberts and Stuart Kale in the principal roles, and it was revived by English National Opera in the following season. There was a production by the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1987 conducted by Howard Williams, with the title role shared between Juliet Booth and Sarah Pring. Following a performance at the Edinburgh Festival by a visiting Slovak company in 1990, the next UK production was by Opera North in 1997, with Rebecca Caine and Paul Nilon. A production by Richard Jones in Paris in 2002 was revived by English National Opera in September/October 2012 to enthusiastic reviews overall.
Germany's Theater Bremen staged a new production opening on 29 March 2014 under the direction of John Fulljames. Andreas Homoki and Fabio Luisi mounted a new production at Opernhaus Zürich with Joseph Kaiser as Michel in 2015 and the Berlin Staatsoper premiered a new production on 28 May 2016 at its temporary Schiller Theater home, with Daniel Barenboim conducting, Claus Guth directing, Magdalena Kožená as Juliette and Rolando Villazón as Michel.
Martinů's setting of his libretto is primarily lyrical although there are no extended solo arias. The "extended diatonicism" of the composer's mature works features along with "motoric rhythms found in his Double Concerto of 1938, especially where the plot moves rapidly forward.
Jan Smaczny observes that the ability of the composer to characterize, honed as an observer of small-town life when a child living in the Polička clock tower offers a sequence of "sharply painted tableaux" with a "carnival of caricatures", both comic and poignant. For the singers, there is the factor that significant sections of the piece are dialogue rather than singing, although Martinů's experience in a variety of theatre works before this, his ninth opera, allows him to weave the spoken words as an integral part of the impact of the opera, "distancing the audience from the often dreamlike quality of the musical fabric". A snatch of melody on an off-stage accordion, and a melodic fragment which symbolizes longing are introduced at key moments in the score. Smaczny comments that "suggestion is everything in this score, and Martinů is astonishingly successful at stimulating the imagination often with breathtaking economy".
The opera was one of the composer's favourite works, and he incorporated a few bars from it in his last symphony in 1953.
There are two principal roles: Juliette (soprano) and Michel (tenor). James Helmes Sutcliffe remarked in Opera News on "Martinů's beautiful score" and on his "lyrical, atmospheric music". Hindle and Godsil have published a psychoanalytical study of the opera and analysed the work in the context of Martinů's life.
The opera was revived at the Prague National Theatre on 16 March 2018, the 80th anniversary of its premiere.
Orchestral suite
Martinů began to prepare a concert work from the opera, "Three Fragments from Juliette", with changes to the original vocal lines, after the opera's premiere, after his return to Paris. However, the outbreak of World War II interrupted his work, and his own labours on this composition continued until his death in 1959. The score was lost after Martinů's death, until 2002, when Aleš Březina discovered the piano reduction of the score among a private collection of papers. After Březina returned to Prague to have this adapted into a full orchestral score, the Czech publishing firm DILIA revealed that a full score already existed in their archives. Sir Charles Mackerras conducted the world premiere of the "Three Fragments from Juliette" with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in December 2008.
Roles
Ota Horáková as Juliette
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 16 March 1938Conductor: Václav Talich
Julietta
soprano
Ota Horáková
Michel
tenor
Jaroslav Gleich
Small Arab
mezzo-soprano
Štěpánka Štěpánová
Old Arab
bass
Luděk Mandaus
Woman selling birds and poultry
mezzo-soprano
Ema Miřiovská
Woman selling fish
soprano
Marie Pixová
The man with the helmet
baritone
Zdeněk Otava
Police officer
tenor
Karel Hruška
Three gentlemen
sopranos
Marie Budíková, Anna Kejřová, Anna Petridesová
Grandfather Youth
bass
Josef Celerin
Grandfather
bass
Josef Křikava
Grandmother
contralto
Marie Veselá
Fortune teller
contralto
Marie Podvalová
The seller of memories
bass-baritone
Jan Konstantin
The old sailor
bass
Josef Munclinger
The young sailor
tenor
Josef Vojta
The old lady
mezzo-soprano
Božena Kozlíková
The forest guard
tenor
Karel Hruška
The messenger
soprano
Táňa Tomanová
The official
tenor
Miloslav Jeník
The beggar
bass-baritone
Stanislav Muž
The convict
bass
Luděk Mandaus
The railway engineer
tenor
Josef Vojta
The nightwatchman
bass
Hanuš Thein
Chorus: Townspeople; a group of grey figures.
Synopsis
Act 1
Michel, a traveling bookseller from Paris, finds himself in a seaside town in search of a girl whose voice has haunted him since first hearing it three years before. From the following scenes with various townspeople, it emerges that none of them can remember more than a few minutes, which is confirmed by a police officer. The policeman asks Michel what his oldest memory is – in fact, a toy duck. As he has such a good memory the townsfolk he is elected to be town captain, and the officer departs to prepare for his inauguration. As Michel (with just piano accompaniment) tells some townspeople of how he came to fall in love with the voice of the unknown girl, the voice of Juliette is heard and after her song she asks him to meet her later in the woods. The policeman returns as a postman with no recollection of his meeting with Michel.
Act 2
At a crossroads in the woods near a fountain, various people enter, all showing a lack of memory, including a fortune teller who forewarns Michel of something. When Juliette arrives she conjures a world of romantic fantasy and asks him to tell her of their (non-existent) past love. A peddlar comes by selling wares in which Juliette sees her past with Michel. She runs into the woods and Michel fires a shot at which the townspeople rush in to arrest him. He diverts them by telling them stories and they forget their intention to execute him and wander away. Back in the town square Michel locates Juliette's house, but an old woman says that she lives alone. He hears Juliette's song again, but decides to embark on a ship and leave.
Act 3
At the Central Bureau of Dreams several dreamers (the messenger, the beggar, the convict, the railway engineer) come to ask for their fantasy dream. Michel is warned that if he returns to his dream and does not wake up, he will be imprisoned in the dream-world forever. Ready to leave his dream, he hears Juliette's voice calling him and despite the nightwatchman's warning declares that he will stay with her. The setting and townsfolk from the start of the opera returns, and Michel remains in the dream-world.
Recordings
Le Chant du Monde (1962, live in Paris): Andrée Esposito (Julietta), Jean Giraudeau (Michel), Charles Bruck
Supraphon (1964) SU 3626-2 612: Maria Tauberová (Julietta), Ivo Žídek (Michel), Orchestra and Chorus of the Prague National Theatre; Jaroslav Krombholc, conductor, with Antonín Zlesák, Zdeněk Otava
ORF (2002, live at Bregenz): Eva-Maria Westbroek (Julietta), Johannes Chum (Michel), Vienna Symphony Orchestra conducted by Dietfried Bernet
Oehms Classics (2014 live, Frankfurt): Juanita Lascarro (Julietta), Kurt Streit (Michel), Frankfurt Opera conducted by Sebastian Weigle
References
^ a b Allison, John. Report from Prague. Opera, June 2016, vol. 67, no 6, pp. 713–715.
^ a b c d e Smaczny, Jan. "Julietta". In: The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. Macmillan, London and New York, 1997.
^ a b Bohuslav Martinů: Juliette ou la Clé des songes. In: Kaminski, Piotr. Mille et Un Opéras. Fayard, 2003, pp. 839–841.
^ A letter from Martinů. Quoted in translation in English National Opera programme booklet, 1979.
^ Crichton, Ronald, "First Performances: Julietta" (June 1978). Tempo (New Ser.), 125: pp. 26–27.
^ Elizabeth Forbes/Rodney Milnes. Julietta. Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Reviews. Opera, May 1987, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 583–584.
^ Loppert, Max. Review of Julietta by Opera North in Leeds. Opera, December 1997, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 1487–1490.
^ "Julietta – opera review" by Andrew Clements, The Guardian, London, 18 September 2012
^ Theater Bremen
^ "Claus Guth - Regie - Staatsoper im Schiller Theater Berlin". www.staatsoper-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17.
^ a b c Jan Smaczny. "A key to Martinů's Julietta". Opera, October 1997, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1162–1167.
^ Mihule, Jaroslav. Bohuslav Martinů. Státní hudební vydavatelství (Editio Supraphon), Praha, 1966, p. 36.
^ Metropolitan Opera's website
^ Debbie Hindle; Susie Godsil (2006). "The song of the siren: Some thoughts on idealization and creativity in Martinů's Julietta". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 87 (4): 1087–1102. doi:10.1516/BB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW. PMID 16877253. S2CID 25956220. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
^ Prague National Theatre. Juliette (The Key to Dreams) Archived 2018-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
^ Frank Kuznik (11 December 2008). "A historic start for the Martinů year". The Prague Post. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
^ Details of premiere of Julietta (Snář) at the Prague National Theatre web archive site Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine accessed 26 May 2016.
Further reading
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
vteBohuslav MartinůList of compositionsOperas
Comedy on the Bridge (1937)
Alexandre bis (1937)
Julietta (1938)
What Men Live By (1953)
The Marriage (1953)
Mirandolina (1959)
Ariane (1961)
The Greek Passion (1961)
Ballets
La Revue de cuisine
Špalíček
Orchestral music
Symphony No. 1
Symphony No. 2
Symphony No. 3
Symphony No. 4
Symphony No. 5
Symphony No. 6
The Frescoes of Piero della Francesca
Concertante
Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani
Violin Concerto No. 2
Oboe Concerto
Chamber music
String Quartet No. 1
Flute Sonata
Clarinet Sonatina
Piano music
Three Czech Dances
Piano Sonata
Vocal music
Field Mass
The Epic of Gilgamesh
The Opening of the Wells
Collaborations
Homage to Paderewski
Named for Martinů
Martinů Quartet
Related articles
Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition
Music of the Czech Lands
Harry Halbreich
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julietta (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julietta_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Bohuslav Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Georges Neveux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Neveux"},{"link_name":"Prague National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allison-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Julietta (disambiguation).Juliette is an opera by Bohuslav Martinů, who also wrote the libretto, in French, based on the play Juliette, ou La clé des songes (Juliette, or The Key of Dreams) by the French author Georges Neveux. A libretto in Czech was later prepared for its premiere which took place at the Prague National Theatre on 16 March 1938. Juliette has become widely considered as Martinů's masterpiece.[1]","title":"Julietta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Théâtre de l'Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Avenue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaminski-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Prague National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Václav Talich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Talich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Opera North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_North"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allison-1"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Bielefeld Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld_Opera"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Moull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Moull"},{"link_name":"Charles Bruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruck"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaminski-3"},{"link_name":"New Opera Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Opera_Company"},{"link_name":"London Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackerras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackerras"},{"link_name":"Brian Large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Large"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"Howard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Williams_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Caine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Caine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Richard Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Jones_(director)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gwerd-8"},{"link_name":"Theater Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Bremen"},{"link_name":"John Fulljames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fulljames"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bremen-9"},{"link_name":"Fabio Luisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Luisi"},{"link_name":"Opernhaus Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opernhaus_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Berlin Staatsoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Staatsoper"},{"link_name":"Schiller Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_Theater"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Claus Guth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Guth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Kožená","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Ko%C5%BEen%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Rolando Villazón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_Villaz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-2"},{"link_name":"Polička","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smacznyoperamag-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smacznyoperamag-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smacznyoperamag-11"},{"link_name":"last symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Opera News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_News"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Martinů became aware of the play by Neveux in 1932, two years after its premiere at the Théâtre de l'Avenue [fr] in Paris (8th arrondissement) on 7 March 1930.[2] It appears that Neveux had come to an agreement with Kurt Weill to base a musical comedy on his play, but on hearing some of Martinů's music, passed his favour to the Czech.[3] The initial work on the opera was undertaken to French words, but a Czech version was set between May 1936 and January 1937.[2]By the time of its premiere Martinů had written eight operas in a variety of styles. The work received its first performance at Prague National Theatre on 16 March 1938 (as Julietta aneb Snář), with Václav Talich conducting, a few months before Martinů made his last visit to his country of birth. From Paris he wrote to Talich expressing his deep thanks to the conductor for his \"understanding\" which \"showed all who worked with you the right path\".[4] Neveux had also been present at the premiere, adjudging the setting better than his prose original.[2]Subsequently, the opera has only been intermittently performed at that house; new productions were mounted in 1963 and 1989, and an Opera North production was seen three times in 2000; in March 2016 a new production was premiered at the theatre,[1] and performances are scheduled for its 80th anniversary in 2018.[needs update]The composer was present at the German premiere in Wiesbaden in January 1956.[2] A production by the Bielefeld Opera in Germany conducted by Geoffrey Moull received eight performances in 1992. In France, a radio broadcast in 1962 was conducted by Charles Bruck, while the stage premiere was at the Grand Théâtre in Angers in 1970.[3]The UK premiere was given in April 1978 in London by the New Opera Company at the London Coliseum, conducted by Charles Mackerras in an English translation by Brian Large, with Joy Roberts and Stuart Kale in the principal roles,[5] and it was revived by English National Opera in the following season. There was a production by the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1987 conducted by Howard Williams, with the title role shared between Juliet Booth and Sarah Pring.[6] Following a performance at the Edinburgh Festival by a visiting Slovak company in 1990, the next UK production was by Opera North in 1997, with Rebecca Caine and Paul Nilon.[7] A production by Richard Jones in Paris in 2002 was revived by English National Opera in September/October 2012 to enthusiastic reviews overall.[8]Germany's Theater Bremen staged a new production opening on 29 March 2014 under the direction of John Fulljames.[9] Andreas Homoki and Fabio Luisi mounted a new production at Opernhaus Zürich with Joseph Kaiser as Michel in 2015 and the Berlin Staatsoper premiered a new production on 28 May 2016 at its temporary Schiller Theater home, with Daniel Barenboim conducting, Claus Guth[10] directing, Magdalena Kožená as Juliette and Rolando Villazón as Michel.Martinů's setting of his libretto is primarily lyrical although there are no extended solo arias. The \"extended diatonicism\" of the composer's mature works features along with \"motoric rhythms found in his Double Concerto of 1938, especially where the plot moves rapidly forward.[2]Jan Smaczny observes that the ability of the composer to characterize, honed as an observer of small-town life when a child living in the Polička clock tower offers a sequence of \"sharply painted tableaux\" with a \"carnival of caricatures\", both comic and poignant.[11] For the singers, there is the factor that significant sections of the piece are dialogue rather than singing, although Martinů's experience in a variety of theatre works before this, his ninth opera, allows him to weave the spoken words as an integral part of the impact of the opera, \"distancing the audience from the often dreamlike quality of the musical fabric\".[11] A snatch of melody on an off-stage accordion, and a melodic fragment which symbolizes longing are introduced at key moments in the score. Smaczny comments that \"suggestion is everything in this score, and Martinů is astonishingly successful at stimulating the imagination often with breathtaking economy\".[11]The opera was one of the composer's favourite works, and he incorporated a few bars from it in his last symphony in 1953.[12]There are two principal roles: Juliette (soprano) and Michel (tenor). James Helmes Sutcliffe remarked in Opera News[13] on \"Martinů's beautiful score\" and on his \"lyrical, atmospheric music\". Hindle and Godsil have published a psychoanalytical study of the opera and analysed the work in the context of Martinů's life.[14]The opera was revived at the Prague National Theatre on 16 March 2018, the 80th anniversary of its premiere.[15]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Charles Mackerras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mackerras"},{"link_name":"Czech Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic_Orchestra"}],"text":"Martinů began to prepare a concert work from the opera, \"Three Fragments from Juliette\", with changes to the original vocal lines, after the opera's premiere, after his return to Paris. However, the outbreak of World War II interrupted his work, and his own labours on this composition continued until his death in 1959. The score was lost after Martinů's death, until 2002, when Aleš Březina discovered the piano reduction of the score among a private collection of papers. After Březina returned to Prague to have this adapted into a full orchestral score, the Czech publishing firm DILIA revealed that a full score already existed in their archives.[16] Sir Charles Mackerras conducted the world premiere of the \"Three Fragments from Juliette\" with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in December 2008.","title":"Orchestral suite"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaroslav_Balzar_%E2%80%93_Ota_Hor%C3%A1kov%C3%A1_as_Julietta_1938.jpg"}],"text":"Ota Horáková as Juliette","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 1","text":"Michel, a traveling bookseller from Paris, finds himself in a seaside town in search of a girl whose voice has haunted him since first hearing it three years before. From the following scenes with various townspeople, it emerges that none of them can remember more than a few minutes, which is confirmed by a police officer. The policeman asks Michel what his oldest memory is – in fact, a toy duck. As he has such a good memory the townsfolk he is elected to be town captain, and the officer departs to prepare for his inauguration. As Michel (with just piano accompaniment) tells some townspeople of how he came to fall in love with the voice of the unknown girl, the voice of Juliette is heard and after her song she asks him to meet her later in the woods. The policeman returns as a postman with no recollection of his meeting with Michel.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"At a crossroads in the woods near a fountain, various people enter, all showing a lack of memory, including a fortune teller who forewarns Michel of something. When Juliette arrives she conjures a world of romantic fantasy and asks him to tell her of their (non-existent) past love. A peddlar comes by selling wares in which Juliette sees her past with Michel. She runs into the woods and Michel fires a shot at which the townspeople rush in to arrest him. He diverts them by telling them stories and they forget their intention to execute him and wander away. Back in the town square Michel locates Juliette's house, but an old woman says that she lives alone. He hears Juliette's song again, but decides to embark on a ship and leave.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 3","text":"At the Central Bureau of Dreams several dreamers (the messenger, the beggar, the convict, the railway engineer) come to ask for their fantasy dream. Michel is warned that if he returns to his dream and does not wake up, he will be imprisoned in the dream-world forever. Ready to leave his dream, he hears Juliette's voice calling him and despite the nightwatchman's warning declares that he will stay with her. The setting and townsfolk from the start of the opera returns, and Michel remains in the dream-world.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Chant du Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chant_du_Monde"},{"link_name":"Andrée Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Esposito"},{"link_name":"Jean Giraudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Giraudeau"},{"link_name":"Charles Bruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bruck"},{"link_name":"Supraphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraphon"},{"link_name":"Maria Tauberová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Tauberov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Ivo Žídek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_%C5%BD%C3%ADdek"},{"link_name":"Orchestra and Chorus of the Prague National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Jaroslav Krombholc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Krombholc"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Otava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Otava"},{"link_name":"ORF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Eva-Maria Westbroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva-Maria_Westbroek"},{"link_name":"Johannes Chum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Chum"},{"link_name":"Dietfried Bernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietfried_Bernet"},{"link_name":"Kurt Streit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Streit"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Weigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Weigle"}],"text":"Le Chant du Monde (1962, live in Paris): Andrée Esposito (Julietta), Jean Giraudeau (Michel), Charles Bruck\nSupraphon (1964) SU 3626-2 612: Maria Tauberová (Julietta), Ivo Žídek (Michel), Orchestra and Chorus of the Prague National Theatre; Jaroslav Krombholc, conductor, with Antonín Zlesák, Zdeněk Otava\nORF (2002, live at Bregenz): Eva-Maria Westbroek (Julietta), Johannes Chum (Michel), Vienna Symphony Orchestra conducted by Dietfried Bernet\nOehms Classics (2014 live, Frankfurt): Juanita Lascarro (Julietta), Kurt Streit (Michel), Frankfurt Opera conducted by Sebastian Weigle","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holden, Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-029312-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Bohuslav Martinů","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"List of compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Comedy on the Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_on_the_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Alexandre bis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_bis"},{"link_name":"Julietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"What Men Live By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Men_Live_By_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Mirandolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandolina"},{"link_name":"Ariane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"The Greek Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greek_Passion_(opera)"},{"link_name":"La Revue de cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_revue_de_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Špalíček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pal%C3%AD%C4%8Dek_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"The Frescoes of Piero della Francesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frescoes_of_Piero_della_Francesca"},{"link_name":"Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Concerto_for_Two_String_Orchestras,_Piano,_and_Timpani_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_No._2_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Oboe Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"String Quartet No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Flute Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute_Sonata_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Clarinet Sonatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_Sonatina_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Three Czech Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Czech_Dances_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Piano Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"Field Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Mass"},{"link_name":"The Epic of Gilgamesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh_(Martin%C5%AF)"},{"link_name":"The Opening of the Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opening_of_the_Wells"},{"link_name":"Homage to Paderewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_to_Paderewski"},{"link_name":"Martinů Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%C5%AF_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF_Complete_Edition"},{"link_name":"Music of the Czech Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Lands"},{"link_name":"Harry Halbreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Halbreich"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compositions_by_Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg"},{"link_name":"Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Opera"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2749020#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/175587231"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13928132c"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13928132c"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/300360703"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no92013182"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006373164&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/3c05e7df-1f04-4ddf-8c85-155f76465057"}],"text":"Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4vteBohuslav MartinůList of compositionsOperas\nComedy on the Bridge (1937)\nAlexandre bis (1937)\nJulietta (1938)\nWhat Men Live By (1953)\nThe Marriage (1953)\nMirandolina (1959)\nAriane (1961)\nThe Greek Passion (1961)\nBallets\nLa Revue de cuisine\nŠpalíček\nOrchestral music\nSymphony No. 1\nSymphony No. 2\nSymphony No. 3\nSymphony No. 4\nSymphony No. 5\nSymphony No. 6\nThe Frescoes of Piero della Francesca\nConcertante\nDouble Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani\nViolin Concerto No. 2\nOboe Concerto\nChamber music\nString Quartet No. 1\nFlute Sonata\nClarinet Sonatina\nPiano music\nThree Czech Dances\nPiano Sonata\nVocal music\nField Mass\nThe Epic of Gilgamesh\nThe Opening of the Wells\nCollaborations\nHomage to Paderewski\nNamed for Martinů\nMartinů Quartet\nRelated articles\nBohuslav Martinů Complete Edition\nMusic of the Czech Lands\nHarry Halbreich\n CategoryPortal: OperaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ota Horáková as Juliette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jaroslav_Balzar_%E2%80%93_Ota_Hor%C3%A1kov%C3%A1_as_Julietta_1938.jpg/220px-Jaroslav_Balzar_%E2%80%93_Ota_Hor%C3%A1kov%C3%A1_as_Julietta_1938.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Claus Guth - Regie - Staatsoper im Schiller Theater Berlin\". www.staatsoper-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017054925/http://staatsoper-berlin.de/en_EN/person/claus-guth.70644","url_text":"\"Claus Guth - Regie - Staatsoper im Schiller Theater Berlin\""},{"url":"http://www.staatsoper-berlin.de/en_EN/person/claus-guth.70644","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Debbie Hindle; Susie Godsil (2006). \"The song of the siren: Some thoughts on idealization and creativity in Martinů's Julietta\". The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 87 (4): 1087–1102. doi:10.1516/BB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW. PMID 16877253. S2CID 25956220. Retrieved 29 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://ijpa.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,11,15;journal,8,41;linkingpublicationresults,1:101926,1;","url_text":"\"The song of the siren: Some thoughts on idealization and creativity in Martinů's Julietta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Journal_of_Psychoanalysis","url_text":"The International Journal of Psychoanalysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1516%2FBB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW","url_text":"10.1516/BB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16877253","url_text":"16877253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25956220","url_text":"25956220"}]},{"reference":"Frank Kuznik (11 December 2008). \"A historic start for the Martinů year\". The Prague Post. Retrieved 6 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.praguepost.com/night-and-day/stage/29-a-historic-start-for-the-martinu-year.html","url_text":"\"A historic start for the Martinů year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prague_Post","url_text":"The Prague Post"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/18/julietta-opera-review?newsfeed=true","external_links_name":"\"Julietta – opera review\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaterbremen.de/de_DE/kalender/juliette.11575352","external_links_name":"Theater Bremen"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017054925/http://staatsoper-berlin.de/en_EN/person/claus-guth.70644","external_links_name":"\"Claus Guth - Regie - Staatsoper im Schiller Theater Berlin\""},{"Link":"http://www.staatsoper-berlin.de/en_EN/person/claus-guth.70644","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metoperafamily.org/operanews/_archive/693/Reviews.693.html","external_links_name":"Metropolitan Opera's website"},{"Link":"http://ijpa.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,11,15;journal,8,41;linkingpublicationresults,1:101926,1;","external_links_name":"\"The song of the siren: Some thoughts on idealization and creativity in Martinů's Julietta\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1516%2FBB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW","external_links_name":"10.1516/BB2H-BQXY-GEWW-88YW"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16877253","external_links_name":"16877253"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25956220","external_links_name":"25956220"},{"Link":"https://www.narodni-divadlo.cz/en/show/9387","external_links_name":"Juliette (The Key to Dreams)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704005710/https://www.narodni-divadlo.cz/en/show/9387","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.praguepost.com/night-and-day/stage/29-a-historic-start-for-the-martinu-year.html","external_links_name":"\"A historic start for the Martinů year\""},{"Link":"http://archiv.narodni-divadlo.cz/default.aspx?jz=cs&dk=Predstaveni.aspx&pr=8864&sz=0&fo=000&ju=0&abc=0&pn=254affcc-cb43-4078-86fe-c5544619cf67","external_links_name":"Details of premiere of Julietta (Snář) at the Prague National Theatre web archive site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701000032/http://archiv.narodni-divadlo.cz/default.aspx?jz=cs&dk=Predstaveni.aspx&pr=8864&sz=0&fo=000&ju=0&abc=0&pn=254affcc-cb43-4078-86fe-c5544619cf67","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/175587231","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13928132c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13928132c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300360703","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92013182","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006373164&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/3c05e7df-1f04-4ddf-8c85-155f76465057","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A1vio_Igor
|
Flávio Igor
|
["1 Club career","2 International","3 References"]
|
Portuguese footballer
Flávio IgorPersonal informationFull name
Flávio Igor Rodrigues Silva Pereira FerreiraDate of birth
(1984-02-10) 10 February 1984 (age 40)Place of birth
Gondomar, PortugalHeight
1.67 m (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
SousenseNumber
16Youth career1998–2003
PortoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2001–2005
Porto B
2005–2006
Vitória de Setúbal B
2006–2008
Vila Meã
2008–2009
Tirsense
2009–2011
Chaves
9
(0)2011–2012
Famalicão
29
(1)2012–2013
Ribeirão
24
(0)2013–2014
Fátima
5
(1)2014–
Sousense
82
(5)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12 March 2017
Flávio Igor Rodrigues Silva Pereira Ferreira, known as Flávio Igor (born 10 February 1984) is a Portuguese football player who plays for Sousense.
Club career
He made his professional debut in the Segunda Liga for Chaves on 8 November 2009 in a game against Santa Clara.
International
He represented Portugal at the 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, at which Portugal were the runners-up.
References
^ "Game Report by Soccerway". Soccerway. 8 November 2009.
This biographical article related to a Portuguese association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Sousense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UD_Sousense"}],"text":"Flávio Igor Rodrigues Silva Pereira Ferreira, known as Flávio Igor (born 10 February 1984) is a Portuguese football player who plays for Sousense.","title":"Flávio Igor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Liga"},{"link_name":"Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.D._Chaves"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Santa_Clara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He made his professional debut in the Segunda Liga for Chaves on 8 November 2009 in a game against Santa Clara.[1]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"}],"text":"He represented Portugal at the 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, at which Portugal were the runners-up.","title":"International"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Game Report by Soccerway\". Soccerway. 8 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/11/08/portugal/liga-de-honra/cd-santa-clara/gd-chaves/826488/","url_text":"\"Game Report by Soccerway\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/11/08/portugal/liga-de-honra/cd-santa-clara/gd-chaves/826488/","external_links_name":"\"Game Report by Soccerway\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fl%C3%A1vio_Igor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_YMS-477
|
USS YMS-477
|
["1 References"]
|
Minesweeper of the United States Navy
A YMS-446 class minesweeper
History
United States
NameUSS YMS-477
BuilderTacoma Boatbuilding Company, Tacoma, Washington
Laid down12 July 1943 as PCS-1453
ReclassifiedYMS-477, 27 September 1943
Launched6 November 1943
Commissioned10 July 1944
Stricken28 August 1946
FateSold in April 1947, fate unknown
General characteristics
Displacement320 tons
Length136 ft 0 in (41.45 m)
Beam24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
Draft6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) (max.)
Propulsion
2 × 880 bhp General Motors 8-268A diesel engines
2 shafts
Speed12 knots (22 km/h)
Complement33
Armament
1 × 3"/50 caliber gun mount
2 × 20 mm guns
2 × depth charge projectors
USS YMS-477 was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-446 subclass built for the United States Navy during World War II. Originally ordered and laid down as USS PCS-1453 on 12 July 1943 by the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company of Tacoma, Washington, planned as a PCS-1376-class minesweeper, the vessel was re-designated YMS-477 of the YMS-1 class on 27 September 1943. The vessel was launched on 6 November and completed four days later. USS YMS-477 was commissioned soon after under the command of Lieutenant (junior grade) Russell V. Malo, USNR.
After wartime service, YMS-477 was decommissioned and then struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 August 1946. In April 1947, the former minesweeper was sold, but her ultimate fate is unknown.
References
Radigan, Joseph M. (2006). "YMS-477". NavSource.org. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
vtePCS-1376-class minesweepers United States Navy
PCS-1376
PCS-1377
PCS-1378
PCS-1379
PCS-1380
PCS-1381
PCS-1382
PCS-1383
PCS-1384
PCS-1385
PCS-1386
PCS-1387
PCS-1388
PCS-1389
PCS-1390
PCS-1391
PCS-1392
PCS-1393
PCS-1394
PCS-1395
PCS-1396
PCS-1397
PCS-1398
PCS-1399
PCS-1400
PCS-1401
PCS-1402
PCS-1403
PCS-1404
PCS-1405
PCS-1406
PCS-1407
PCS-1408
PCS-1409
PCS-1410
PCS-1411
PCS-1412
PCS-1413
PCS-1414
PCS-1415
PCS-1416
PCS-1417
PCS-1418
PCS-1419
PCS-1420
PCS-1421
PCS-1422
PCS-1423
PCS-1424
PCS-1425
PCS-1426
PCS-1427
PCS-1428
PCS-1429
PCS-1430
PCS-1431
PCS-1432
PCS-1433
PCS-1434
PCS-1435
PCS-1436
PCS-1437
PCS-1438
PCS-1439
PCS-1440
PCS-1441
PCS-1442
PCS-1443
PCS-1444
PCS-1445
PCS-1446
PCS-1447
PCS-1448
PCS-1449
PCS-1450
PCS-1451
PCS-1452
PCS-1453
PCS-1454
PCS-1455
PCS-1456
PCS-1457
PCS-1458
PCS-1459
PCS-1460
PCS-1461
PCS-1462
PCS-1463
PCS-1464
PCS-1465
Post-World War II operators United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Bowie
Hodgson
List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy
vteYMS-1-class minesweepers United States NavyYMS-1 subclass
YMS-1
YMS-2
YMS-3
YMS-4
YMS-5
YMS-6
YMS-7
YMS-8
YMS-9
YMS-10
YMS-11
YMS-12
YMS-13
YMS-14
YMS-15
YMS-16
YMS-17
YMS-18
YMS-19
YMS-20
YMS-21
YMS-22
YMS-23
YMS-24
YMS-25
YMS-26
YMS-27
YMS-28
YMS-29
YMS-30
YMS-31
YMS-32
YMS-33
YMS-34
YMS-35
YMS-36
YMS-37
YMS-38
YMS-39
YMS-40
YMS-41
YMS-42
YMS-43
YMS-44
YMS-45
YMS-46
YMS-47
YMS-48
YMS-49
YMS-50
YMS-51
YMS-52
YMS-53
YMS-54
YMS-55
YMS-56
YMS-57
YMS-58
YMS-59
YMS-60
YMS-61
YMS-62
YMS-63
YMS-64
YMS-65
YMS-66
YMS-67
YMS-68
YMS-69
YMS-70
YMS-71
YMS-72
YMS-73
YMS-74
YMS-75
YMS-76
YMS-77
YMS-78
YMS-79
YMS-80
YMS-81
YMS-82
YMS-83
YMS-84
YMS-85
YMS-86
YMS-87
YMS-88
YMS-89
YMS-90
YMS-91
YMS-92
YMS-93
YMS-94
YMS-95
YMS-96
YMS-97
YMS-98
YMS-99
YMS-100
YMS-101
YMS-102
YMS-103
YMS-104
YMS-105
YMS-106
YMS-107
YMS-108
YMS-109
YMS-110
YMS-111
YMS-112
YMS-113
YMS-114
YMS-115
YMS-116
YMS-117
YMS-118
YMS-119
YMS-120
YMS-121
YMS-122
YMS-123
YMS-124
YMS-125
YMS-126
YMS-127
YMS-128
YMS-129
YMS-130
YMS-131
YMS-132
YMS-133
YMS-134
YMS-135 subclass
YMS-135
YMS-136
YMS-137
YMS-138
YMS-139
YMS-140
YMS-141
YMS-142
YMS-143
YMS-144
YMS-145
YMS-146
YMS-147
YMS-148
YMS-149
YMS-150
YMS-151
YMS-152
YMS-153
YMS-154
YMS-155
YMS-156
YMS-157
YMS-158
YMS-159
YMS-160
YMS-161
YMS-162
YMS-163
YMS-164
YMS-165
YMS-166
YMS-167
YMS-168
YMS-169
YMS-170
YMS-171
YMS-172
YMS-173
YMS-174
YMS-175
YMS-176
YMS-177
YMS-178
YMS-179
YMS-180
YMS-181
YMS-182
YMS-183
YMS-184
YMS-185
YMS-186
YMS-187
YMS-188
YMS-189
YMS-190
YMS-191
YMS-192
YMS-193
YMS-194
YMS-195
YMS-196
YMS-197
YMS-198
YMS-199
YMS-200
YMS-201
YMS-202
YMS-203
YMS-204
YMS-205
YMS-206
YMS-207
YMS-208
YMS-209
YMS-210
YMS-211
YMS-212
YMS-213
YMS-214
YMS-215
YMS-216
YMS-217
YMS-218
YMS-219
YMS-220
YMS-221
YMS-222
YMS-223
YMS-224
YMS-225
YMS-226
YMS-227
YMS-228
YMS-229
YMS-230
YMS-231
YMS-232
YMS-233
YMS-234
YMS-235
YMS-236
YMS-237
YMS-238
YMS-239
YMS-240
YMS-241
YMS-242
YMS-243
YMS-244
YMS-245
YMS-246
YMS-247
YMS-248
YMS-249
YMS-250
YMS-251
YMS-252
YMS-253
YMS-254
YMS-255
YMS-256
YMS-257
YMS-258
YMS-259
YMS-260
YMS-261
YMS-262
YMS-263
YMS-264
YMS-265
YMS-266
YMS-267
YMS-268
YMS-269
YMS-270
YMS-271
YMS-272
YMS-273
YMS-274
YMS-275
YMS-276
YMS-277
YMS-278
YMS-279
YMS-280
YMS-281
YMS-282
YMS-283
YMS-284
YMS-285
YMS-286
YMS-287
YMS-288
YMS-289
YMS-290
YMS-291
YMS-292
YMS-293
YMS-294
YMS-295
YMS-296
YMS-297
YMS-298
YMS-299
YMS-300
YMS-301
YMS-302
YMS-303
YMS-304
YMS-305
YMS-306
YMS-307
YMS-308
YMS-309
YMS-310
YMS-311
YMS-312
YMS-313
YMS-314
YMS-315
YMS-316
YMS-317
YMS-318
YMS-319
YMS-320
YMS-321
YMS-322
YMS-323
YMS-324
YMS-325
YMS-326
YMS-327
YMS-328
YMS-329
YMS-330
YMS-331
YMS-332
YMS-333
YMS-334
YMS-335
YMS-336
YMS-337
YMS-338
YMS-339
YMS-340
YMS-341
YMS-342
YMS-343
YMS-344
YMS-345
YMS-346
YMS-347
YMS-348
YMS-349
YMS-350
YMS-351
YMS-352
YMS-353
YMS-354
YMS-355
YMS-356
YMS-357
YMS-358
YMS-359
YMS-360
YMS-361
YMS-362
YMS-363
YMS-364
YMS-365
YMS-366
YMS-367
YMS-368
YMS-369
YMS-370
YMS-371
YMS-372
YMS-373
YMS-374
YMS-375
YMS-376
YMS-377
YMS-378
YMS-379
YMS-380
YMS-381
YMS-382
YMS-383
YMS-384
YMS-385
YMS-386
YMS-387
YMS-388
YMS-389
YMS-390
YMS-391
YMS-392
YMS-393
YMS-394
YMS-395
YMS-396
YMS-397
YMS-398
YMS-399
YMS-400
YMS-401
YMS-402
YMS-403
YMS-404
YMS-405
YMS-406
YMS-407
YMS-408
YMS-409
YMS-410
YMS-411
YMS-412
YMS-413
YMS-414
YMS-415
YMS-416
YMS-417
YMS-418
YMS-419
YMS-420
YMS-421
YMS-422
YMS-423
YMS-424
YMS-425
YMS-426
YMS-427
YMS-428
YMS-429
YMS-430
YMS-431
YMS-432
YMS-433
YMS-434
YMS-435
YMS-436
YMS-437
YMS-438
YMS-439
YMS-440
YMS-441
YMS-442
YMS-443
YMS-444
YMS-445
YMS-480
YMS-481
YMS-446 subclass
YMS-446
YMS-447
YMS-448
YMS-449
YMS-450
YMS-451
YMS-452
YMS-453
YMS-454
YMS-455
YMS-456
YMS-457
YMS-458
YMS-459
YMS-460
YMS-461
YMS-462
YMS-463
YMS-464
YMS-465
YMS-466
YMS-467
YMS-468
YMS-469
YMS-470
YMS-471
YMS-472
YMS-473
YMS-474
YMS-475
YMS-476
YMS-477
YMS-478
YMS-479
Free French Naval Forces ⁄ French Navy
Amarante
Anemone
Armoise
Asphodele
Auberpine
Balsamine
Basilic
Belladone
Campanule
Capucine
Clematite
Dahlia
Digitale
Genet
Gentiane
Geranium
Glycine
Heliotrope
Hortensia
Jasmin
Jonquille
Lotus
Marjolaine
Myosotis
Perce Neige
Petunia
Pimpernelle
Primevere
Tiare
Zinnia
D202
Hellenic Navy
Afroessa
Andromeda
Ariadne
Aura
Ithaki
Kalymnos
Karteria
Kassos
Keffallina
Kerkyra
Kleio
Kos
Lafkas
Lambadias
Leros
Papalos
Patmos
Paxi
Pigassos
Prokyon
Salaminia
Symi
Vegas
Zakynthos
Royal Norwegian Navy
Gaula
Hessa
Viga
Vitra
ex-YMS-377
ex-YMS-382
ex-YMS-406
Soviet Navy
T-181
T-182
T-183
T-184
T-185
T-186
T-187
T-188
T-189
T-190
T-191
T-192
T-521
T-522
T-523
T-524
T-525
T-526
T-527
T-588
T-589
T-590
T-591
T-592
T-593
T-594
T-595
T-596
T-597
T-598
T-599
T-600
T-601
T-602
T-603
T-604
T-605
T-606
T-607
T-608
T-609
T-610
T-611
Royal Navy
BYMS-2001
BYMS-2002
BYMS-2003
BYMS-2004
BYMS-2005
BYMS-2006
BYMS-2007
BYMS-2008
BYMS-2009
BYMS-2010
BYMS-2011
BYMS-2012
BYMS-2013
BYMS-2014
BYMS-2015
BYMS-2016
BYMS-2017
BYMS-2018
BYMS-2019
BYMS-2020
BYMS-2021
BYMS-2022
BYMS-2023
BYMS-2024
BYMS-2025
BYMS-2026
BYMS-2027
BYMS-2028
BYMS-2029
BYMS-2030
BYMS-2031
BYMS-2032
BYMS-2033
BYMS-2034
BYMS-2035
BYMS-2036
BYMS-2037
BYMS-2038
BYMS-2039
BYMS-2040
BYMS-2041
BYMS-2042
BYMS-2043
BYMS-2044
BYMS-2045
BYMS-2046
BYMS-2047
BYMS-2048
BYMS-2049
BYMS-2050
BYMS-2051
BYMS-2052
BYMS-2053
BYMS-2054
BYMS-2055
BYMS-2056
BYMS-2057
BYMS-2058
BYMS-2059
BYMS-2060
BYMS-2061
BYMS-2062
BYMS-2063
BYMS-2064
BYMS-2065
BYMS-2066
BYMS-2067
BYMS-2068
BYMS-2069
BYMS-2070
BYMS-2071
BYMS-2072
BYMS-2073
BYMS-2074
BYMS-2075
BYMS-2076
BYMS-2077
BYMS-2078
BYMS-2079
BYMS-2080
BYMS-2137
BYMS-2141
BYMS-2142
BYMS-2148
BYMS-2149
BYMS-2150
BYMS-2152
BYMS-2153
BYMS-2154
BYMS-2155
BYMS-2156
BYMS-2157
BYMS-2161
BYMS-2162
BYMS-2167
BYMS-2168
BYMS-2171
BYMS-2172
BYMS-2173
BYMS-2174
BYMS-2175
BYMS-2181
BYMS-2182
BYMS-2185
BYMS-2186
BYMS-2187
BYMS-2188
BYMS-2189
BYMS-2190
BYMS-2191
BYMS-2194
BYMS-2202
BYMS-2203
BYMS-2204
BYMS-2205
BYMS-2206
BYMS-2209
BYMS-2210
BYMS-2211
BYMS-2212
BYMS-2213
BYMS-2214
BYMS-2217
BYMS-2221
BYMS-2223
BYMS-2225
BYMS-2229
BYMS-2230
BYMS-2232
BYMS-2233
BYMS-2234
BYMS-2236
BYMS-2240
BYMS-2244
BYMS-2246
BYMS-2252
BYMS-2253
BYMS-2254
BYMS-2255
BYMS-2256
BYMS-2257
BYMS-2258
BYMS-2261
BYMS-2264
BYMS-2277
BYMS-2278
BYMS-2279
BYMS-2280
BYMS-2282
BYMS-2284
Other post-World War II operators Algerian National Navy
Djebel Aures
Sidi Fradj
Belgian Navy
Eureka
Brazilian NavyJavari class
Javari
Juruá
Juruena
Jutaí
Egyptian Navy
Arish
Darfur
Gaza
Gaza
Kaisaria
Kordofan
Malek Faud
Naharia
Rafah
Finnish Navy
Katanpää
Purunpää
Tammenpää
Vahterpää
Italian Navy
Anemone
Azalea
Begonia
Biancospino
Dalia
Fiordaliso
Gardania
Geranio
Gladiolo
Magnolia
Mughetto
Narcisco
Oleandro
Orchidea
Primula
Tulipano
Verbena
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Etajima
Moroshima
Ninoshima
Nuwajima
Ogishima
Ujishima
Yakushima
Yugeshima
Yurishima
Republic of Korea Navy
Kae Song
Kang Jim
Kang Kae
Kang Kyong
Kang Nung
Kang Wha
Kaya San
Kil Chu
Kim Chon
Kim Hae
Kim Po
Ko Chang
Ko Won
Ko Yung
Kong City
Ku Po
Kum Hwa
Kwang Chu
Kyoung Chu
Yong Kung
YMS-516
YMS-517
Madagascar Navy
Jasmin
Tanamasoandro
Royal Netherlands Navy
Borndiep
Deurloo
Hollandsdiep
Marsdiep
Oosterschelde
Texelstroom
Vliestroom
Volkerak
Westerscheide
Zuiderdiep
Peruvian Navy
Alferez de Fragata Bondy
San Martin
Philippine Navy
Tarlac
Polish Navy
Delfin
Foka
Mors
Royal Thai Navy
Bangkeo
Ladya
Turkish Navy
Kas
Kemer
Kerempe
Kilimi
Kirte
Kozlu
Kulluk
Kuşadası
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Bach Dang
Choung Dong
Ham Tu
List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YMS-1-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-1-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper"},{"link_name":"YMS-446 subclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMS-446-class_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Tacoma Boatbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma_Boatbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"PCS-1376-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PCS-1376-class_minesweeper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launched_(ship)"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant (junior grade)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)"},{"link_name":"USNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNR"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"}],"text":"USS YMS-477 was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-446 subclass built for the United States Navy during World War II. Originally ordered and laid down as USS PCS-1453 on 12 July 1943 by the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company of Tacoma, Washington, planned as a PCS-1376-class minesweeper, the vessel was re-designated YMS-477 of the YMS-1 class on 27 September 1943. The vessel was launched on 6 November and completed four days later. USS YMS-477 was commissioned soon after under the command of Lieutenant (junior grade) Russell V. Malo, USNR.After wartime service, YMS-477 was decommissioned and then struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 August 1946. In April 1947, the former minesweeper was sold, but her ultimate fate is unknown.","title":"USS YMS-477"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Radigan, Joseph M. (2006). \"YMS-477\". NavSource.org. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/19477.htm","url_text":"\"YMS-477\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/19477.htm","external_links_name":"\"YMS-477\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_Websters
|
Those Websters
|
["1 Cast and characters","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]
|
The versatile Fran Allison was heard as a family cousin on Those Websters.
Those Websters was a radio situation comedy series starring Willard Waterman and Constance Crowder as George and Jane Webster. The program was launched in New York and then moved to Chicago for a short spell before finishing its run from Hollywood.
The series replaced That Brewster Boy (1941–45), which starred a teenaged Dick York. Several Brewster cast members continued on with Those Websters, and the two situation comedies were quite similar. The transition is evident in the near-anagram: Brewster=Webster. In a 1991 interview with John Douglas, Dick York explained how That Brewster Boy morphed into Those Websters:
Pauline Hopkins and Owen Vincent were the writer and director of That Brewster Boy. They were sending bundles to the Communists to help fight the Nazis, so naturally they were branded as Communists. The advertising agency came around, hired everyone from under them, and they were going to change the name of the show and get rid of Pauline and Owen. Well, I was fresh out of the slum. It was the first time I ever had any money, but I went to Pauline and Owen and told them straight out that I didn't know what it was all about, but that I was with them. I wouldn't sign with the agency. Of course, I was taken off the show.
Those riotous Websters were heard Friday evenings at 9:30pm on CBS from March 9, 1945 to February 22, 1946 with Quaker Oats as the sponsor. On March 3, 1946, the series moved to Mutual where it aired Sundays at 6pm until August 22, 1948.
Cast and characters
The Webster family lived at 46 River Road in the Chicago suburb of Spring City where George Webster often attended the lodgehall meetings of the Sons of the Mustangs of the Moonlight Mesas. Attempting to prove that "families are fun," those hapless Websters continually encountered confusion, and plans usually went astray during their chaotic misadventures.
Jean Verhagen (later billed as Jean Hagen) played Betty Webster. The children were Liz Webster (Joan Alt) and Billy Webster (Arthur Young, Gil Stratton Jr.), with Bill Idelson as Billy's friend Emil, Jerry Spellman (as Jeep) and Jane Webb (as Belinda Boyd). Fran Allison was heard as a family cousin, and the cast also included Clarence Hartzell, Parley Baer and Eddie Firestone Jr. (1921-2007). Charles Irving announced the program, scripted by Priscilla Kent, Albert G. Miller and Frank and Doris Hursley. Frank Worth led the orchestra.
Two years after this series came to an end, Waterman replaced Harold Peary as the title character in The Great Gildersleeve in 1950.
References
^ "'Those Websters,' American Family Heard Fridays at 9:30 P.M. on WHP". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg Telegraph. March 3, 1945. p. 15. Retrieved June 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Brewsters". The Fresno Bee. The Fresno Bee The Republican. August 31, 1941. p. 10. Retrieved March 28, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Sources
The Great Gildersleeve Journal: "Those Websters: Willard Waterman’s Other Family Sitcom."
External links
Bill R. Fox 1946 scrapbook
Indiana University: Lily Library Mss.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willard Waterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Waterman"},{"link_name":"That Brewster Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Brewster_Boy"},{"link_name":"Dick York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_York"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"Those Websters was a radio situation comedy series starring Willard Waterman and Constance Crowder as George and Jane Webster. The program was launched in New York and then moved to Chicago for a short spell before finishing its run from Hollywood.The series replaced That Brewster Boy (1941–45), which starred a teenaged Dick York. Several Brewster cast members continued on with Those Websters, and the two situation comedies were quite similar. The transition is evident in the near-anagram: Brewster=Webster. In a 1991 interview with John Douglas, Dick York explained how That Brewster Boy morphed into Those Websters:Pauline Hopkins and Owen Vincent were the writer and director of That Brewster Boy. They were sending bundles to the Communists to help fight the Nazis, so naturally they were branded as Communists. The advertising agency came around, hired everyone from under them, and they were going to change the name of the show and get rid of Pauline and Owen. Well, I was fresh out of the slum. It was the first time I ever had any money, but I went to Pauline and Owen and told them straight out that I didn't know what it was all about, but that I was with them. I wouldn't sign with the agency. Of course, I was taken off the show.[citation needed]Those riotous Websters were heard Friday evenings at 9:30pm on CBS from March 9, 1945 to February 22, 1946 with Quaker Oats as the sponsor. On March 3, 1946, the series moved to Mutual where it aired Sundays at 6pm until August 22, 1948.","title":"Those Websters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hagen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bill Idelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Idelson"},{"link_name":"Fran Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Allison"},{"link_name":"Parley Baer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parley_Baer"},{"link_name":"Eddie Firestone Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Firestone"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harold Peary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Peary"},{"link_name":"The Great Gildersleeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gildersleeve"}],"text":"The Webster family lived at 46 River Road in the Chicago suburb of Spring City where George Webster often attended the lodgehall meetings of the Sons of the Mustangs of the Moonlight Mesas. Attempting to prove that \"families are fun,\" those hapless Websters continually encountered confusion, and plans usually went astray during their chaotic misadventures.Jean Verhagen (later billed as Jean Hagen) played Betty Webster.[1] The children were Liz Webster (Joan Alt) and Billy Webster (Arthur Young, Gil Stratton Jr.), with Bill Idelson as Billy's friend Emil, Jerry Spellman (as Jeep) and Jane Webb (as Belinda Boyd). Fran Allison was heard as a family cousin, and the cast also included Clarence Hartzell, Parley Baer and Eddie Firestone Jr. (1921-2007).[2] Charles Irving announced the program, scripted by Priscilla Kent, Albert G. Miller and Frank and Doris Hursley. Frank Worth led the orchestra.Two years after this series came to an end, Waterman replaced Harold Peary as the title character in The Great Gildersleeve in 1950.","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Great Gildersleeve Journal: \"Those Websters: Willard Waterman’s Other Family Sitcom.\"","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The versatile Fran Allison was heard as a family cousin on Those Websters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fran_Allison.jpg/150px-Fran_Allison.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"'Those Websters,' American Family Heard Fridays at 9:30 P.M. on WHP\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg Telegraph. March 3, 1945. p. 15. Retrieved June 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2559531/harrisburg_telegraph/","url_text":"\"'Those Websters,' American Family Heard Fridays at 9:30 P.M. on WHP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brewsters\". The Fresno Bee. The Fresno Bee The Republican. August 31, 1941. p. 10. Retrieved March 28, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2085806/eddie_firestone_brewster/","url_text":"\"The Brewsters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2559531/harrisburg_telegraph/","external_links_name":"\"'Those Websters,' American Family Heard Fridays at 9:30 P.M. on WHP\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2085806/eddie_firestone_brewster/","external_links_name":"\"The Brewsters\""},{"Link":"https://www.etsu.edu/cass/Archives/Collections/afindaid/a454.html","external_links_name":"Bill R. Fox 1946 scrapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/subfile/wokouninv.html","external_links_name":"Indiana University: Lily Library Mss."}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Price_Webley_Hope
|
George Hope (Royal Navy officer)
|
["1 Naval career","2 Family","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This article is about Deputy First Sea Lord during World War I. For the Royal Navy officer born in 1767, see George Johnstone Hope.
SirGeorge Hope1917 portrait by Francis DoddBorn11 October 1869 (1869-10-11)Died11 July 1959 (1959-07-12) (aged 89)Allegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyRankAdmiralCommands heldHMS MagnificentHMS BulwarkHMS SuperbHMS King AlfredHMS Queen ElizabethRoyal Naval College, GreenwichBattles/warsWorld War IAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathKnight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Admiral Sir George Price Webley Hope, KCB, KCMG (11 October 1869 – 11 July 1959) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to become Deputy First Sea Lord during World War I.
Naval career
Allied representatives at the signing of the Armistice with Germany. Rear-Admiral Hope is seen with fellow Royal Navy officers Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss and Captain Jack Marriott.
Hope joined the Royal Navy. He was promoted to commander on 30 June 1900. In July 1902 he was appointed in command of the light cruiser HMS Pioneer, which served in the Mediterranean Fleet.
Promoted to captain in 1905, he was given command of HMS Magnificent in March 1909, HMS Bulwark in March 1910, HMS Superb in April 1913, HMS King Alfred in July 1914 and HMS Queen Elizabeth in October 1914.
Hope served in the First World War. He was appointed Flag Captain to the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron, as well as Aide-de-Camp to King George V, in 1915, Director of the Operations Division at the Admiralty in 1916 and Deputy First Sea Lord in 1918.
He was present at the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. After the War, he was promoted to vice-admiral on 26 November 1920, and became Commander of the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron. From 1923 he was President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. He served as Chairman (1925-1951) of the Society for Nautical Research and its President (1936-1951).
Family
In 1899, he married Arabella Phillippa Sams.
References
^ "Naval & Military Intelligence". The Times. No. 36814. London. 8 July 1902. col e, p. 11.
^ Sir George Price Webley Hope Archived 4 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Royal Navy Flag Officers 1904-1945
^ a b c d e Sir George Price Webley Hope The Dreadnought Project
^ a b c d Vice-Admiral Sir George Webley Hope The Peerage
^ "No. 32166". The London Gazette. 17 December 1920. p. 12399.
^ Hugh Murphy & Derek J. Oddy (2010), The mirror of the sea; a centenary history of the society for nautical research, London, Society for Nautical Research, p. 41. ISBN 978-0-902387-01-0
External links
The Dreadnought Project: George Hope
Military offices
Preceded bySir Herbert Richmond
President, Royal Naval College, Greenwich 1923–1926
Succeeded bySir Richard Webb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Johnstone Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnstone_Hope"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Deputy First Sea Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"This article is about Deputy First Sea Lord during World War I. For the Royal Navy officer born in 1767, see George Johnstone Hope.Admiral Sir George Price Webley Hope, KCB, KCMG (11 October 1869 – 11 July 1959) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to become Deputy First Sea Lord during World War I.","title":"George Hope (Royal Navy officer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armisticetrain_(slight_crop).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"Sir Rosslyn Wemyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Wemyss,_1st_Baron_Wester_Wemyss"},{"link_name":"Jack Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Marriott_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"HMS Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Pioneer"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Magnificent_(1894)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-3"},{"link_name":"HMS Bulwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(1899)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-3"},{"link_name":"HMS Superb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Superb_(1907)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-3"},{"link_name":"HMS King Alfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_King_Alfred_(1901)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-3"},{"link_name":"HMS Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dp-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-4"},{"link_name":"Flag Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Captain"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Aide-de-Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-Camp"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Operations Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Division_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Deputy First Sea Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_First_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-4"},{"link_name":"Armistice with Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"vice-admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiral_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"3rd Light Cruiser Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Light_Cruiser_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval College, Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_College,_Greenwich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-4"},{"link_name":"Society for Nautical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Nautical_Research"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Allied representatives at the signing of the Armistice with Germany. Rear-Admiral Hope is seen with fellow Royal Navy officers Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss and Captain Jack Marriott.Hope joined the Royal Navy. He was promoted to commander on 30 June 1900. In July 1902 he was appointed in command of the light cruiser HMS Pioneer, which served in the Mediterranean Fleet.[1]Promoted to captain in 1905,[2] he was given command of HMS Magnificent in March 1909,[3] HMS Bulwark in March 1910,[3] HMS Superb in April 1913,[3] HMS King Alfred in July 1914[3] and HMS Queen Elizabeth in October 1914.[3]Hope served in the First World War.[4] He was appointed Flag Captain to the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron, as well as Aide-de-Camp to King George V, in 1915, Director of the Operations Division at the Admiralty in 1916 and Deputy First Sea Lord in 1918.[4]He was present at the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. After the War, he was promoted to vice-admiral on 26 November 1920,[5] and became Commander of the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron. From 1923 he was President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.[4] He served as Chairman (1925-1951) of the Society for Nautical Research and its President (1936-1951).[6]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peerage-4"}],"text":"In 1899, he married Arabella Phillippa Sams.[4]","title":"Family"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Allied representatives at the signing of the Armistice with Germany. Rear-Admiral Hope is seen with fellow Royal Navy officers Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss and Captain Jack Marriott.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Armisticetrain_%28slight_crop%29.jpg/220px-Armisticetrain_%28slight_crop%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Naval & Military Intelligence\". The Times. No. 36814. London. 8 July 1902. col e, p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/archive/article/1902-07-08/11/7.html","url_text":"\"Naval & Military Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 32166\". The London Gazette. 17 December 1920. p. 12399.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32166/page/12399","url_text":"\"No. 32166\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/archive/article/1902-07-08/11/7.html","external_links_name":"\"Naval & Military Intelligence\""},{"Link":"http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=391","external_links_name":"Sir George Price Webley Hope"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304211042/http://www.admirals.org.uk/admirals/individual.php?RecNo=391","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/George_Price_Webley_Hope","external_links_name":"Sir George Price Webley Hope"},{"Link":"http://www.thepeerage.com/p14995.htm","external_links_name":"Vice-Admiral Sir George Webley Hope"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32166/page/12399","external_links_name":"\"No. 32166\""},{"Link":"http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/George_Price_Webley_Hope","external_links_name":"George Hope"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_lucens
|
Potamogeton lucens
|
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution","4 Biochemistry","5 Ecology and conservation","6 Cultivation","7 References"]
|
Species of aquatic plant
Potamogeton lucens
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Alismatales
Family:
Potamogetonaceae
Genus:
Potamogeton
Species:
P. lucens
Binomial name
Potamogeton lucensL.
Synonyms
Buccaferrea lucida Bubani
Potamogeton acuminatus Schumach.
Potamogeton americanus Roem. & Schult.
Potamogeton angustifolius Bercht. & J.Presl. ex Opiz
Potamogeton caudatus Seidl ex Opiz
Potamogeton coriaceus (Nolte ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Fryer
Potamogeton corniculatus Schur
Potamogeton cornutus J.Presl. & C.Presl.
Potamogeton dentatus Hagstr.
Potamogeton gaudichaudii Cham. & Schltdl.
Potamogeton gramineus subsp. zizii (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) K.Richt.
Potamogeton lanceolatus Eichw.
Potamogeton lindenbergii Lehm. ex Graebn.
Potamogeton longifolius J.Gay ex Poir.
Potamogeton lucidus Gueldenst.
Potamogeton macrophyllus Wolfg.
Potamogeton nitens Willd. ex Cham & Schltdl.
Potamogeton proteus Cham & Schltdl.
Potamogeton pseudolongifolius Papch.
Potamogeton rotundifolius Schultz
Potamogeton sinicus Migo
Potamogeton teganumensis (Makino) Makino
Potamogeton volhynicus Besser ex Roem. & Schult.
Potamogeton zizii Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
Potamogeton zizii Koch ex Roth
Spirillus lucens (L.) Nieuwl.
Spirillus zizii (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Nieuwl.
Potamogeton lucens, or shining pondweed, is an aquatic perennial plant native to Eurasia and North Africa. It grows in relatively deep, still or slow-flowing, calcareous freshwater habitats.
Description
Shining pondweed is a large plant with robust creeping rhizomes and long, terete, branching stems, typically up to 2.5 m but exceptionally to 6 m. The leaves are large, 75–200 mm (exceptionally more) long and 25–65 mm wide, 2–6 times as long as broad; as with the smaller P. gramineus, the leaves on the branches are smaller than those on the main stem. The leaves are pale green or yellowish, translucent, shiny with distinctive netted veining, minutely denticulate margins, and a short petiole of 1–12 mm. Floating leaves are absent.
Flowers appear between June and September. The fruits are 3 mm across.
Like most other broad-leaved pondweeds, Potamogeton lucens is tetraploid, with 2n=52.
Over much of its range, shining pondweed is not likely to be confused with any other species. However, in southern Europe the related and quite similar P. schweinfurthii has recently been discovered. P. lucens can usually be distinguished by its relatively broader leaves, 2–6 times as long as they are broad, and most or all of which are petiolate, but some forms are very difficult to distinguish without a detailed comparison of multiple characters.
However, there are hybrids with various other pondweed species including P. gramineus (P. × angustifolius J.Presl.), P. perfoliatus (P. × salicifolius Wolfg.), P. alpinus (P. × nerviger Wolfg.), P. nodosus (P. × subrufus Hagstr.) P. sarmaticus (P. × pseudosarmaticus Papch.), P. crispus (P. × cadburyae Dandy & G.Taylor), P. praelongus (P. × jutlandicus Zalewska-Gał.) and P. natans (P. × fluitans Roth). It hybridises with P. wrightii (P. × inbaensis Kadono) in Japan and China. Some of these hybrids can be quite common, and are not always easy to distinguish from P. lucens.
A triple hybrid, P. gramineus × lucens × perfoliatus (P. × torssandrii (Tiselius) Dörfler), is also known.
Taxonomy
Potamogeton lucens (lucens meaning 'shining') was one of the original species named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753). Shining pondweed is morphologically quite variable, and as a result has received a bewildering number of synonyms.
DNA analysis indicates that P. lucens is one of the broad-leaved pondweed clade (section Potamogeton) and is probably most closely related to P. gramineus and the North American P. illinoensis.
Distribution
Potamogeton lucens is native to Europe (including Britain, continental Europe, Scandinavia), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), the Middle East and North Africa. In North America it is replaced by the rather similar P. illinoensis.
Detail of stem and leaves
Biochemistry
A furanolabdane diterpenoid extracted from P. lucens is algicidal.
Dried and ground shining pondweed has been shown to be effective at binding heavy metals, raising the possibility of using biomass from this plant as a means of treating contaminated sediments.
Ecology and conservation
Potamogeton lucens is strictly a lowland plant of standing or slow-flowing calcareous water, especially favouring peatland areas with a calcareous water supply such as the Cambridgeshire Fens. Although having a preference for deep water (0.5–2.0 m), it can persist in shallow areas, and may also grow in open reedbeds, which may provide a refuge in eutrophic waters.
Shining pondweed is more prevalent in older, poorly connected floodplain lakes and is a poor colonizer, slow to regenerate following floods and intolerant of drawdown. In Britain shining pondweed is mainly restricted to southern England with scattered outposts in Scotland and Wales, but is more widespread in Ireland. It is tolerant of eutrophication to some extent and in marl lakes it may replace Chara spp. as nutrient levels increase, before itself being ousted by fine-leaved pondweeds and eventually phytoplankton at higher nutrient levels. In a study of nutrient-rich river backwaters in the R. Tisza (Hungary), shining pondweed was tolerant of very high phosphate concentrations, so long as chemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the water were not too high. In the Netherlands, the invasive Elodea nuttallii may compete with it for habitat.
Globally and on the majority of national Red Lists, shining pondweed is not considered threatened. P. lucens has declined somewhat in Britain, but still remains reasonably widespread.
Shining pondweed is one of the so-called Magnopotamion group of pondweeds. These are a characteristic floristic component of the protected Habitats Directive habitat Type 'Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion'.
Potamogeton lucens, general habit
Cultivation
Shining pondweed is rarely cultivated, even though it is both easy to grow and an attractive plant. Its distinctive, large, transparent netted leaves are unlike any other commonly cultivated pond plant. In common with other pondweeds of this group it roots poorly from stem cuttings and is best propagated by division of the rhizomes. It is easy to grow in a garden pond or even in a barrel, but unlike some other submerged plants needs to be able to root in a suitable substrate such as sand or aquatic compost. Plants being established should be weighted down initially to allow them to root. Where waterfowl grazing is likely, protection will be necessary, especially in the early summer growth period.
Shining pondweed flowering in a lake in Vorpommern (Western Pomerania), Germany.
References
^ Allen, D.J. (2011). "Potamogeton lucens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T164038A5719533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T164038A5719533.en. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ a b Potamogeton lucens was first described and published in Species Plantarum 1:126. 1753. "Potamogeton lucens". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ The Plant List: Potamogeton lucens. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanic Gardens. Accessed November 18, 2014
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ a b c d e f g Preston C.D. (1995) Pondweeds of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 8. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London.
^ Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 491–492. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
^ Kaplan, Z.; Jarolímová, V.; Fehrer, J (2013). "Revision of chromosome numbers of Potamogetonaceae: a new basis for taxonomic and evolutionary implications". Preslia. 85: 421–482.
^ a b Kaplan, Z (2005). "Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn., a new species for Europe". Preslia - Praha. 77: 419–431.
^ Aymerich P., Kaplan Z., Guardiola M., Petit A., Schwarzer U. 2012. Potamogeton schweinfurthii in the Iberian Peninsula. Anales de Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 69, 187-192
^ Ito, Y.; Tanaka, Nr.; Uehara, K. (2007). "Inferring the origin of Potamogeton × inbaensis (Potamogetonaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences". Journal of Japanese Botany. 82: 20–28.
^ Ito, Y.; Tanaka, Nr. (2013). "Additional Potamogeton hybrids from China: Evidence from a comparison of plastid trnT-trnF and nuclear ITS phylogenies". APG: Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. 64: 15–28.
^ Lindqvist, C.; De Laet, J.; Haynes, R.R.; Aagesen, L.; Keener, B.R.; Albert, V.A. (2006). "Molecular phylogenetics of an aquatic plant lineage, Potamogetonaceae" (PDF). Cladistics. 22 (6): 568–588. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x. S2CID 86085070.
^ Guo, Y.; Haynes, R.R.; Hellquist, C.B.; Kaplan, Z. (2010). "Potamogeton". Flora of China. 23: 108–114.
^ Waridel, P.; Wolfender, J-L.; Lachavanne, J-B.; Hostettmann, K. (2004). "ent-Labdane glycosides from the aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens and analytical evaluation of the lipophilic extract constituents of various Potamogeton species". Phytochemistry. 65 (7): 945–954. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.018. PMID 15081300.
^ Schneider, I.A.H.; Smith, R.W.; Rubio, J. (1999). "Effect of mining chemicals on biosorption of Cu(II) by the non-living biomass of the macrophyte Potamogeton lucens". Minerals Engineering. 12 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00003-5.
^ Schneider, I.A.H.; Rubio, J. (1999). "Sorption of heavy metal ions by the nonliving biomass of freshwater macrophytes" (PDF). Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (13): 2213–2217. Bibcode:1999EnST...33.2213S. doi:10.1021/es981090z.
^ Vestergaard, O.; Sand-Jensen, K. (2000). "Alkalinity and trophic state regulate aquatic plant distribution in Danish lakes" (PDF). Aquatic Botany. 67 (2): 85–107. doi:10.1016/s0304-3770(00)00086-3.
^ a b c d Geest, G. J. Van (2005). "Succession of aquatic vegetation driven by reduced water-level fluctuations in floodplain lakes". Journal of Applied Ecology. 42 (2): 251–260. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.00995.x.
^ Barta V., Schmidt-Mumm U., Janauer G.A. 2009. Adapting floodplain connectivity conditions – a prerequisite for sustaining aquatic macrophyte diversity in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Lobau (Austria). Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 9, 73-81.
^ Barrat-Segretain, M-H.; Henry, P.; Bornette, G. (1999). "Regeneration and colonization of aquatic plant fragments in relation to the disturbance frequency of their habitats". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 145: 111–127. doi:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/145/1999/111.
^ Lukács, B.A.; Dévai, G.; Tóthmérész, B. (2009). "Aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of water chemistry in nutrient rich backwaters along the Upper-Tisza river (in Hungary)" (PDF). Phytocoenologia. 39 (3): 287–293. doi:10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0287.
^ Allen D.J. 2011. Potamogeton lucens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 December 2014.
^ Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: Potamogeton lucens.
^ "Joint Nature Conservation Committee: 3150 Natural Eutrophic Lakes". Retrieved 2014-10-19.
^ Lauridsen, T.L.; Sandsten, H.; Møller, P.H. (2003). "The restoration of a shallow lake by introducing Potamogeton spp.: The impact of waterfowl grazing". Lakes & Reservoirs: Restoration & Management. 8 (3–4): 177–187. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2003.00224.x.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potamogeton lucens.
Taxon identifiersPotamogeton lucens
Wikidata: Q159228
Wikispecies: Potamogeton lucens
APDB: 15733
APNI: 66154
ARKive: potamogeton-lucens
BioLib: 41910
BOLD: 367921
CoL: 4M3TS
EoL: 5900641
EPPO: PTMLU
EUNIS: 193923
FNA: 200024693
FoC: 200024693
FoIO: POTLUC
GBIF: 5301141
GRIN: 417553
iNaturalist: 283890
IPNI: 208858-2
IRMNG: 10804105
ITIS: 519516
IUCN: 164038
NBN: NBNSYS0000002130
NCBI: 189327
Observation.org: 7238
Open Tree of Life: 326160
PalDat: Potamogeton_lucens
PFI: 6709
Plant List: kew-308622
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:208858-2
Tropicos: 26300069
WFO: wfo-0000769883
WoRMS: 1415728
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grin-2"},{"link_name":"perennial plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"}],"text":"Potamogeton lucens, or shining pondweed,[4][2] is an aquatic perennial plant native to Eurasia and North Africa. It grows in relatively deep, still or slow-flowing, calcareous freshwater habitats.","title":"Potamogeton lucens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"terete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terete"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rose-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kap2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kap4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aym-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kap4-8"},{"link_name":"P. gramineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_gramineus"},{"link_name":"P. perfoliatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_perfoliatus"},{"link_name":"P. alpinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_alpinus"},{"link_name":"P. nodosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_nodosus"},{"link_name":"P. crispus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_crispus"},{"link_name":"P. praelongus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_praelongus"},{"link_name":"P. natans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_natans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"P. wrightii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_wrightii"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ito-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ito2-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"}],"text":"Shining pondweed is a large plant with robust creeping rhizomes and long, terete, branching stems, typically up to 2.5 m but exceptionally to 6 m. The leaves are large, 75–200 mm (exceptionally more) long and 25–65 mm wide, 2–6 times as long as broad;[5] as with the smaller P. gramineus, the leaves on the branches are smaller than those on the main stem. The leaves are pale green or yellowish, translucent, shiny with distinctive netted veining, minutely denticulate margins, and a short petiole of 1–12 mm.[5] Floating leaves are absent.Flowers appear between June and September.[6] The fruits are 3 mm across.Like most other broad-leaved pondweeds, Potamogeton lucens is tetraploid, with 2n=52.[7]Over much of its range, shining pondweed is not likely to be confused with any other species. However, in southern Europe the related and quite similar P. schweinfurthii has recently been discovered.[8][9] P. lucens can usually be distinguished by its relatively broader leaves, 2–6 times as long as they are broad, and most or all of which are petiolate, but some forms are very difficult to distinguish without a detailed comparison of multiple characters.[8]However, there are hybrids with various other pondweed species including P. gramineus (P. × angustifolius J.Presl.), P. perfoliatus (P. × salicifolius Wolfg.), P. alpinus (P. × nerviger Wolfg.), P. nodosus (P. × subrufus Hagstr.) P. sarmaticus (P. × pseudosarmaticus Papch.), P. crispus (P. × cadburyae Dandy & G.Taylor), P. praelongus (P. × jutlandicus Zalewska-Gał.) and P. natans (P. × fluitans Roth).[5] It hybridises with P. wrightii (P. × inbaensis Kadono) in Japan[10] and China.[11] Some of these hybrids can be quite common, and are not always easy to distinguish from P. lucens.[5]A triple hybrid, P. gramineus × lucens × perfoliatus (P. × torssandrii (Tiselius) Dörfler), is also known.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Species Plantarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"P. gramineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_gramineus"},{"link_name":"P. illinoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_illinoensis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lind-12"}],"text":"Potamogeton lucens (lucens meaning 'shining') was one of the original species named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum (1753). Shining pondweed is morphologically quite variable, and as a result has received a bewildering number of synonyms.[citation needed]DNA analysis indicates that P. lucens is one of the broad-leaved pondweed clade (section Potamogeton) and is probably most closely related to P. gramineus and the North American P. illinoensis.[12]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guo-13"},{"link_name":"P. illinoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamogeton_illinoensis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potamogeton_lucens.jpg"}],"text":"Potamogeton lucens is native to Europe (including Britain, continental Europe, Scandinavia), Asia (Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), the Middle East and North Africa.[13] In North America it is replaced by the rather similar P. illinoensis.[citation needed]Detail of stem and leaves","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diterpenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpenoid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waridel-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schneider-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schneider2-16"}],"text":"A furanolabdane diterpenoid extracted from P. lucens is algicidal.[14]Dried and ground shining pondweed has been shown to be effective at binding heavy metals, raising the possibility of using biomass from this plant as a means of treating contaminated sediments.[15][16]","title":"Biochemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vest-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geest-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geest-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barta-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bar-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geest-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Preston-5"},{"link_name":"Chara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chara_(alga)"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lukacs-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geest-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewAt-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JNCC-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potamogeton_lucens_Prague_2012_3.jpg"}],"text":"Potamogeton lucens is strictly a lowland plant of standing or slow-flowing calcareous water,[17] especially favouring peatland areas with a calcareous water supply such as the Cambridgeshire Fens.[5] Although having a preference for deep water (0.5–2.0 m),[18] it can persist in shallow areas, and may also grow in open reedbeds, which may provide a refuge in eutrophic waters.[5]Shining pondweed is more prevalent in older, poorly connected floodplain lakes[18][19] and is a poor colonizer, slow to regenerate following floods[20] and intolerant of drawdown.[18] In Britain shining pondweed is mainly restricted to southern England with scattered outposts in Scotland and Wales, but is more widespread in Ireland.[5] It is tolerant of eutrophication to some extent and in marl lakes it may replace Chara spp. as nutrient levels increase, before itself being ousted by fine-leaved pondweeds and eventually phytoplankton at higher nutrient levels. In a study of nutrient-rich river backwaters in the R. Tisza (Hungary), shining pondweed was tolerant of very high phosphate concentrations, so long as chemical oxygen demand and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the water were not too high.[21] In the Netherlands, the invasive Elodea nuttallii may compete with it for habitat.[18]Globally and on the majority of national Red Lists, shining pondweed is not considered threatened.[22] P. lucens has declined somewhat in Britain, but still remains reasonably widespread.[23]Shining pondweed is one of the so-called Magnopotamion group of pondweeds. These are a characteristic floristic component of the protected Habitats Directive habitat Type 'Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion'.[24]Potamogeton lucens, general habit","title":"Ecology and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizomes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laur-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potamogeton-lucens-05-08-2009-064.jpg"}],"text":"Shining pondweed is rarely cultivated, even though it is both easy to grow and an attractive plant. Its distinctive, large, transparent netted leaves are unlike any other commonly cultivated pond plant. In common with other pondweeds of this group it roots poorly from stem cuttings and is best propagated by division of the rhizomes. It is easy to grow in a garden pond or even in a barrel, but unlike some other submerged plants needs to be able to root in a suitable substrate such as sand or aquatic compost. Plants being established should be weighted down initially to allow them to root. Where waterfowl grazing is likely, protection will be necessary, especially in the early summer growth period.[25]Shining pondweed flowering in a lake in Vorpommern (Western Pomerania), Germany.","title":"Cultivation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Detail of stem and leaves","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Potamogeton_lucens.jpg/220px-Potamogeton_lucens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Potamogeton lucens, general habit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Potamogeton_lucens_Prague_2012_3.jpg/220px-Potamogeton_lucens_Prague_2012_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shining pondweed flowering in a lake in Vorpommern (Western Pomerania), Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Potamogeton-lucens-05-08-2009-064.jpg/220px-Potamogeton-lucens-05-08-2009-064.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Allen, D.J. (2011). \"Potamogeton lucens\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T164038A5719533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T164038A5719533.en. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/164038/5719533","url_text":"\"Potamogeton lucens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T164038A5719533.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T164038A5719533.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Potamogeton lucens\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 23 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=417553","url_text":"\"Potamogeton lucens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 491–492. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Rose","url_text":"Rose, Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-5175-0","url_text":"978-0-7232-5175-0"}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Z.; Jarolímová, V.; Fehrer, J (2013). \"Revision of chromosome numbers of Potamogetonaceae: a new basis for taxonomic and evolutionary implications\". Preslia. 85: 421–482.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259236450","url_text":"\"Revision of chromosome numbers of Potamogetonaceae: a new basis for taxonomic and evolutionary implications\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Z (2005). \"Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn., a new species for Europe\". Preslia - Praha. 77: 419–431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257993798","url_text":"\"Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn., a new species for Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Ito, Y.; Tanaka, Nr.; Uehara, K. (2007). \"Inferring the origin of Potamogeton × inbaensis (Potamogetonaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences\". Journal of Japanese Botany. 82: 20–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ito, Y.; Tanaka, Nr. (2013). \"Additional Potamogeton hybrids from China: Evidence from a comparison of plastid trnT-trnF and nuclear ITS phylogenies\". APG: Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. 64: 15–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lindqvist, C.; De Laet, J.; Haynes, R.R.; Aagesen, L.; Keener, B.R.; Albert, V.A. (2006). \"Molecular phylogenetics of an aquatic plant lineage, Potamogetonaceae\" (PDF). Cladistics. 22 (6): 568–588. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x. S2CID 86085070.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anagallis.be/papers/Lindqvist_De_Laet_Haynes_Aagesen_Keener_Albert.2006.Cladistics.Molecular_phylogenetics_of_an_aquatic_plant_lineage_Potamogetonaceae.pdf","url_text":"\"Molecular phylogenetics of an aquatic plant lineage, Potamogetonaceae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2006.00124.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86085070","url_text":"86085070"}]},{"reference":"Guo, Y.; Haynes, R.R.; Hellquist, C.B.; Kaplan, Z. (2010). \"Potamogeton\". Flora of China. 23: 108–114.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10726","url_text":"\"Potamogeton\""}]},{"reference":"Waridel, P.; Wolfender, J-L.; Lachavanne, J-B.; Hostettmann, K. (2004). \"ent-Labdane glycosides from the aquatic plant Potamogeton lucens and analytical evaluation of the lipophilic extract constituents of various Potamogeton species\". Phytochemistry. 65 (7): 945–954. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.018. PMID 15081300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2004.01.018","url_text":"10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081300","url_text":"15081300"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, I.A.H.; Smith, R.W.; Rubio, J. (1999). \"Effect of mining chemicals on biosorption of Cu(II) by the non-living biomass of the macrophyte Potamogeton lucens\". Minerals Engineering. 12 (3): 255–260. doi:10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00003-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0892-6875%2899%2900003-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00003-5"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, I.A.H.; Rubio, J. (1999). \"Sorption of heavy metal ions by the nonliving biomass of freshwater macrophytes\" (PDF). Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (13): 2213–2217. Bibcode:1999EnST...33.2213S. doi:10.1021/es981090z.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/Journal/Environ%20Sci.%20Technology1998-2001/1999/no.13/13,1999%20vol.33,no13,p.2213-2217.pdf","url_text":"\"Sorption of heavy metal ions by the nonliving biomass of freshwater macrophytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EnST...33.2213S","url_text":"1999EnST...33.2213S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes981090z","url_text":"10.1021/es981090z"}]},{"reference":"Vestergaard, O.; Sand-Jensen, K. (2000). \"Alkalinity and trophic state regulate aquatic plant distribution in Danish lakes\" (PDF). Aquatic Botany. 67 (2): 85–107. doi:10.1016/s0304-3770(00)00086-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zi.ku.dk/ksandjensen/Div_files/Oevelse5/OleVAqBotPaper.pdf","url_text":"\"Alkalinity and trophic state regulate aquatic plant distribution in Danish lakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0304-3770%2800%2900086-3","url_text":"10.1016/s0304-3770(00)00086-3"}]},{"reference":"Geest, G. J. Van (2005). \"Succession of aquatic vegetation driven by reduced water-level fluctuations in floodplain lakes\". Journal of Applied Ecology. 42 (2): 251–260. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.00995.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2005.00995.x","url_text":"\"Succession of aquatic vegetation driven by reduced water-level fluctuations in floodplain lakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2005.00995.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.00995.x"}]},{"reference":"Barrat-Segretain, M-H.; Henry, P.; Bornette, G. (1999). \"Regeneration and colonization of aquatic plant fragments in relation to the disturbance frequency of their habitats\". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 145: 111–127. doi:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/145/1999/111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Farchiv-hydrobiol%2F145%2F1999%2F111","url_text":"10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/145/1999/111"}]},{"reference":"Lukács, B.A.; Dévai, G.; Tóthmérész, B. (2009). \"Aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of water chemistry in nutrient rich backwaters along the Upper-Tisza river (in Hungary)\" (PDF). Phytocoenologia. 39 (3): 287–293. doi:10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0287.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecology.science.unideb.hu/files/159-Lukacs-et-al_Macrophytes-as-bioindicators.pdf","url_text":"\"Aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of water chemistry in nutrient rich backwaters along the Upper-Tisza river (in Hungary)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0340-269x%2F2009%2F0039-0287","url_text":"10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0287"}]},{"reference":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee: 3150 Natural Eutrophic Lakes\". Retrieved 2014-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/habitat.asp?FeatureIntCode=H3150","url_text":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee: 3150 Natural Eutrophic Lakes\""}]},{"reference":"Lauridsen, T.L.; Sandsten, H.; Møller, P.H. (2003). \"The restoration of a shallow lake by introducing Potamogeton spp.: The impact of waterfowl grazing\". Lakes & Reservoirs: Restoration & Management. 8 (3–4): 177–187. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2003.00224.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1770.2003.00224.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1440-1770.2003.00224.x"}]}]
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Accessed November 18, 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","external_links_name":"BSBI List 2007"},{"Link":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259236450","external_links_name":"\"Revision of chromosome numbers of Potamogetonaceae: a new basis for taxonomic and evolutionary implications\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257993798","external_links_name":"\"Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn., a new species for Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233986772_Potamogeton_schweinfurthii_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula","external_links_name":"Aymerich P., Kaplan Z., Guardiola M., Petit A., Schwarzer U. 2012. Potamogeton schweinfurthii in the Iberian Peninsula. Anales de Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 69, 187-192"},{"Link":"http://www.anagallis.be/papers/Lindqvist_De_Laet_Haynes_Aagesen_Keener_Albert.2006.Cladistics.Molecular_phylogenetics_of_an_aquatic_plant_lineage_Potamogetonaceae.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Molecular phylogenetics of an aquatic plant lineage, Potamogetonaceae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.2006.00124.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00124.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86085070","external_links_name":"86085070"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10726","external_links_name":"\"Potamogeton\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2004.01.018","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.018"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15081300","external_links_name":"15081300"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0892-6875%2899%2900003-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0892-6875(99)00003-5"},{"Link":"http://lib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/Journal/Environ%20Sci.%20Technology1998-2001/1999/no.13/13,1999%20vol.33,no13,p.2213-2217.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sorption of heavy metal ions by the nonliving biomass of freshwater macrophytes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EnST...33.2213S","external_links_name":"1999EnST...33.2213S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes981090z","external_links_name":"10.1021/es981090z"},{"Link":"http://www.zi.ku.dk/ksandjensen/Div_files/Oevelse5/OleVAqBotPaper.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alkalinity and trophic state regulate aquatic plant distribution in Danish lakes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0304-3770%2800%2900086-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0304-3770(00)00086-3"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2005.00995.x","external_links_name":"\"Succession of aquatic vegetation driven by reduced water-level fluctuations in floodplain lakes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2005.00995.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.00995.x"},{"Link":"https://uscholar.univie.ac.at/get/o:244504.pdf","external_links_name":"Barta V., Schmidt-Mumm U., Janauer G.A. 2009. Adapting floodplain connectivity conditions – a prerequisite for sustaining aquatic macrophyte diversity in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Lobau (Austria). Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 9, 73-81."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2Farchiv-hydrobiol%2F145%2F1999%2F111","external_links_name":"10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/145/1999/111"},{"Link":"https://ecology.science.unideb.hu/files/159-Lukacs-et-al_Macrophytes-as-bioindicators.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aquatic macrophytes as bioindicators of water chemistry in nutrient rich backwaters along the Upper-Tisza river (in Hungary)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0340-269x%2F2009%2F0039-0287","external_links_name":"10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0287"},{"Link":"http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/164038/0","external_links_name":"Allen D.J. 2011. Potamogeton lucens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 December 2014."},{"Link":"http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=plant/unmatched-species-name-433","external_links_name":"Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: Potamogeton lucens"},{"Link":"http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/habitat.asp?FeatureIntCode=H3150","external_links_name":"\"Joint Nature Conservation Committee: 3150 Natural Eutrophic Lakes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1770.2003.00224.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1440-1770.2003.00224.x"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/15733","external_links_name":"15733"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/66154","external_links_name":"66154"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/potamogeton-lucens/","external_links_name":"potamogeton-lucens"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41910","external_links_name":"41910"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=367921","external_links_name":"367921"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4M3TS","external_links_name":"4M3TS"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5900641","external_links_name":"5900641"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PTMLU","external_links_name":"PTMLU"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/193923","external_links_name":"193923"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024693","external_links_name":"200024693"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024693","external_links_name":"200024693"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/POTLUC","external_links_name":"POTLUC"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5301141","external_links_name":"5301141"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=417553","external_links_name":"417553"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/283890","external_links_name":"283890"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/208858-2","external_links_name":"208858-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10804105","external_links_name":"10804105"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=519516","external_links_name":"519516"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/164038","external_links_name":"164038"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000002130","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000002130"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=189327","external_links_name":"189327"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/7238/","external_links_name":"7238"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=326160","external_links_name":"326160"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Potamogeton_lucens","external_links_name":"Potamogeton_lucens"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=6709","external_links_name":"6709"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-308622","external_links_name":"kew-308622"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A208858-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:208858-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/26300069","external_links_name":"26300069"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000769883","external_links_name":"wfo-0000769883"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1415728","external_links_name":"1415728"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullum_Baronets
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Cullum baronets
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["1 Cullum baronets, of Hastede","2 See also","3 Notes"]
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Extinct baronetcy in the Baronetage of England
Cullum baronetsEscutcheon of the Cullum baronets of HastedeCreation date1660StatusextinctExtinction date1855MottoSustineatur, Let it be sustainedArmsazure, a chevron ermine between three pelicans vulning their breasts or
The Cullum baronetcy, of Hastede in Suffolk, was created in the Baronetage of England on 18 June 1660 for Thomas Cullum. It became extinct on the death of the eighth Baronet, 26 January 1855. The family estate was Hardwick House, Suffolk.
Cullum baronets, of Hastede
Sir Thomas Cullum, 1st Baronet. London draper, alderman and sheriff of the City of London
Sir Thomas Cullum, 1st Baronet (circa 1587 – 6 April 1664)
Sir Thomas Cullum, 2nd Baronet (26 December 1628 – 16 October 1680)
Sir Dudley Cullum, 3rd Baronet (17 September 1657 – 16 September 1720)
Sir Jasper Cullum, 4th Baronet (6 August 1674 – 4 November 1754)
Sir John Cullum, 5th Baronet (7 May 1699 – 16 January 1774)
Sir John Cullum, 6th Baronet (21 June 1733 – 9 October 1785)
Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, 7th Baronet (30 November 1741 – 8 September 1831)
Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, 8th Baronet (23 October 1777 – 26 January 1855)
See also
Culme of Molland-Champson and Canonsleigh, Devon
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i Burke, John (1852). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Colburn & Company. pp. 260–261.
^ Debrett's illustrated baronetage and knightage (and companionage) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1871. p. 119.
^ a b Blatchly, J. M. "Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery, seventh baronet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6880. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
This biography of a baronet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The family estate was Hardwick House, Suffolk.","title":"Cullum baronets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Cullum_(1587%E2%80%931664),_1st_Bt,_Draper.jpeg"},{"link_name":"alderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Cullum, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Cullum,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Cullum, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Cullum,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Dudley Cullum, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Dudley_Cullum,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Jasper Cullum, 4th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Jasper_Cullum,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cullum, 5th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Cullum,_5th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cullum, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Cullum,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, 7th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gery_Cullum,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Gery Cullum, 8th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Thomas_Gery_Cullum,_8th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"}],"text":"Sir Thomas Cullum, 1st Baronet. London draper, alderman and sheriff of the City of LondonSir Thomas Cullum, 1st Baronet (circa 1587 – 6 April 1664)[1]\nSir Thomas Cullum, 2nd Baronet (26 December 1628 – 16 October 1680)[1]\nSir Dudley Cullum, 3rd Baronet (17 September 1657 – 16 September 1720)[1]\nSir Jasper Cullum, 4th Baronet (6 August 1674 – 4 November 1754)[1]\nSir John Cullum, 5th Baronet (7 May 1699 – 16 January 1774)[1]\nSir John Cullum, 6th Baronet (21 June 1733 – 9 October 1785)[1]\nSir Thomas Gery Cullum, 7th Baronet (30 November 1741 – 8 September 1831)[1][3]\nSir Thomas Gery Cullum, 8th Baronet (23 October 1777 – 26 January 1855)[3]","title":"Cullum baronets, of Hastede"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Burke_1-8"},{"link_name":"A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=mDA_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA261"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Debrett's illustrated baronetage and knightage (and companionage) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KNsNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA119"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ODNB_3-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/6880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6880"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BaronetUK.jpg"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cullum_baronets&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baronet-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Baronet-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baronet-stub"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Burke, John (1852). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Colburn & Company. pp. 260–261.\n\n^ Debrett's illustrated baronetage and knightage (and companionage) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1871. p. 119.\n\n^ a b Blatchly, J. M. \"Cullum, Sir Thomas Gery, seventh baronet\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6880. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)This biography of a baronet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarov_cyclization_reaction
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Nazarov cyclization reaction
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["1 Mechanism","2 Classical Nazarov cyclizations","2.1 Shortcomings","3 Modern variants","3.1 Silicon-directed cyclization","3.2 Polarization","3.3 Alternative cation generation","3.4 Interrupted cyclization","3.5 Enantioselective variants","4 Related Reactions","4.1 Retro-Nazarov reaction","4.2 Imino-Nazarov reaction","5 See also","6 References"]
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Chemical reaction used in organic chemistry
Nazarov cyclization
Named after
Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov
Reaction type
Ring forming reaction
Identifiers
Organic Chemistry Portal
nazarov-cyclization
RSC ontology ID
RXNO:0000209
The Nazarov cyclization reaction (often referred to as simply the Nazarov cyclization) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of cyclopentenones. The reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants, depending on the reagents and substrates employed. It was originally discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov (1906–1957) in 1941 while studying the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones.
The Nazarov cyclization reaction
As originally described, the Nazarov cyclization involves the activation of a divinyl ketone using a stoichiometric Lewis acid or protic acid promoter. The key step of the reaction mechanism involves a cationic 4π-electrocyclic ring closure which forms the cyclopentenone product (See Mechanism below). As the reaction has been developed, variants involving substrates other than divinyl ketones and promoters other than Lewis acids have been subsumed under the name Nazarov cyclization provided that they follow a similar mechanistic pathway.
The success of the Nazarov cyclization as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and ubiquity of cyclopentenones as both motifs in natural products (including jasmone, the aflatoxins, and a subclass of prostaglandins) and as useful synthetic intermediates for total synthesis. The reaction has been used in several total syntheses and several reviews have been published.
Mechanism
The mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization reaction was first demonstrated experimentally by Charles Shoppee to be an intramolecular electrocyclization and is outlined below. Activation of the ketone by the acid catalyst generates a pentadienyl cation, which undergoes a thermally allowed 4π conrotatory electrocyclization as dictated by the Woodward-Hoffman rules. This generates an oxyallyl cation which undergoes an elimination reaction to lose a β-hydrogen. Subsequent tautomerization of the enolate produces the cyclopentenone product.
Mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization activated by Lewis acid catalyst. Note that α- and β-substitution are not required for the reaction to occur and that more complex α-substitution is also possible.
As noted above, variants that deviate from this template are known; what designates a Nazarov cyclization in particular is the generation of the pentadienyl cation followed by electrocyclic ring closure to an oxyallyl cation. In order to achieve this transformation, the molecule must be in the s-trans/s-trans conformation, placing the vinyl groups in an appropriate orientation. The propensity of the system to enter this conformation dramatically influences reaction rate, with α-substituted substrates having an increased population of the requisite conformer due to allylic strain. Coordination of an electron donating α-substituent by the catalyst can likewise increase the reaction rate by enforcing this conformation.
Relevant conformations for the Nazarov cyclization; Lewis-acid chelation in the s-cis conformer
Similarly, β-substitution directed inward restricts the s-trans conformation so severely that E-Z isomerization has been shown to occur in advance of cyclization on a wide range of substrates, yielding the trans cyclopentenone regardless of initial configuration. In this way, the Nazarov cyclization is a rare example of a stereoselective pericyclic reaction, whereas most electrocyclizations are stereospecific. The example below uses triethylsilane to trap the oxyallyl cation so that no elimination occurs. (See Interrupted cyclizations below)
Stereoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization evident via reductive trapping
Along this same vein, allenyl vinyl ketones of the type studied extensively by Marcus Tius of the University of Hawaii show dramatic rate acceleration due to the removal of β-hydrogens, obviating a large amount of steric strain in the s-cis conformer.
Allene substrates for Nazarov cyclization with lowered steric interactions
Classical Nazarov cyclizations
Though cyclizations following the general template above had been observed prior to Nazarov's involvement, it was his study of the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones that marked the first major examination of this process. Nazarov correctly reasoned that the allylic olefin isomerized in situ to form a divinyl ketone before ring closure to the cyclopentenone product. The reaction shown below involves an alkyne oxymercuration reaction to generate the requisite ketone.
Early investigation into the Nazarov cyclization
Research involving the reaction was relatively quiet in subsequent years, until in the mid-1980s when several syntheses employing the Nazarov cyclization were published. Shown below are key steps in the syntheses of Trichodiene and Nor-Sterepolide, the latter of which is thought to proceed via an unusual alkyne-allene isomerization that generates the divinyl ketone.
Synthesis of Trichodiene using a classical Nazarov cyclization
Synthesis of Nor-Sterepolide using a classical Nazarov cyclization
Shortcomings
The classical version of the Nazarov cyclization suffers from several drawbacks which modern variants attempt to circumvent. The first two are not evident from the mechanism alone, but are indicative of the barriers to cyclization; the last three stem from selectivity issues relating to elimination and protonation of the intermediate.
Strong Lewis or protic acids are typically required for the reaction (e.g. TiCl4, BF3, MeSO3H). These promoters are not compatible with sensitive functional groups, limiting the substrate scope.
Despite the mechanistic possibility for catalysis, multiple equivalents of the promoter are often required in order to effect the reaction. This limits the atom economy of the reaction.
The elimination step is not regioselective; if multiple β-hydrogens are available for elimination, various products are often observed as mixtures. This is highly undesirable from an efficiency standpoint as arduous separation is typically required.
Elimination destroys a potential stereocenter, decreasing the potential usefulness of the reaction.
Protonation of the enolate is sometimes not stereoselective, meaning that products can be formed as mixtures of epimers.
Shortcomings of the Nazarov cyclization reaction
Modern variants
The shortcomings noted above limit the usefulness of the Nazarov cyclization reaction in its canonical form. However, modifications to the reaction focused on remedying its issues continue to be an active area of academic research. In particular, the research has focused on a few key areas: rendering the reaction catalytic in the promoter, effecting the reaction with more mild promoters to improve functional group tolerance, directing the regioselectivity of the elimination step, and improving the overall stereoselectivity. These have been successful to varying degrees.
Additionally, modifications focused on altering the progress of the reaction, either by generating the pentadienyl cation in an unorthodox fashion or by having the oxyallyl cation "intercepted" in various ways. Furthermore, enantioselective variants of various kinds have been developed. The sheer volume of literature on the subject prevents a comprehensive examination of this field; key examples are given below.
Silicon-directed cyclization
The earliest efforts to improve the selectivity of the Nazarov cyclization took advantage of the β-silicon effect in order to direct the regioselectivity of the elimination step. This chemistry was developed most extensively by Professor Scott Denmark of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in the mid-1980s and utilizes stoichiometric amounts of iron trichloride to promote the reaction. With bicyclic products, the cis isomer was selected for to varying degrees.
Silicon-directed Nazarov cyclization
The silicon-directed Nazarov cyclization reaction was subsequently employed in the synthesis of the natural product Silphinene, shown below. The cyclization takes place before elimination of the benzyl alcohol moiety, so that the resulting stereochemistry of the newly formed ring arises from approach of the silyl alkene anti to the ether.
Synthesis of Silphinene using Nazarov cyclization
Polarization
Drawing on the substituent effects compiled over various trials of the reaction, Professor Alison Frontier of the University of Rochester developed a paradigm for "polarized" Nazarov cyclizations in which electron donating and electron withdrawing groups are used to improve the overall selectivity of the reaction. Creation of an effective vinyl nucleophile and vinyl electrophile in the substrate allows catalytic activation with copper triflate and regioselective elimination. In addition, the electron withdrawing group increases the acidity of the α-proton, allowing selective formation of the trans-α-epimer via equilibration.
Polarized Nazarov cyclization
It is often possible to achieve catalytic activation using a donating or withdrawing group alone, although the efficiency of the reaction (yield, reaction time, etc.) is typically lower.
Alternative cation generation
By extension, any pentadienyl cation regardless of its origin is capable of undergoing a Nazarov cyclization. There have been a large number of examples published where the requisite cation is arrived at by a variety of rearrangements. One such example involves the silver catalyzed cationic ring opening of allylic dichloro cylopropanes. The silver salt facilitates loss of chloride via precipitation of insoluble silver chloride.
Nazarov cyclization initiated by dichlorocyclopropane rearrangement
In the total synthesis of rocaglamide, epoxidation of a vinyl alkoxyallenyl stannane likewise generates a pentadienyl cation via ring opening of the resultant epoxide.
Nazarov cyclization initiated by oxidation
Interrupted cyclization
Once the cyclization has occurred, an oxyallyl cation is formed. As discussed extensively above, the typical course for this intermediate is elimination followed by enolate tautomerization. However, these two steps can be interrupted by various nucleophiles and electrophiles, respectively. Oxyallyl cation trapping has been developed extensively by Fredrick G. West of the University of Alberta and his review covers the field. The oxyallyl cation can be trapped with heteroatom and carbon nucleophiles and can also undergo cationic cycloadditions with various tethered partners. Shown below is a cascade reaction in which successive cation trapping generates a pentacyclic core in one step with complete diastereoselectivity.
Nazarov cyclization cationic cascade
Enolate trapping with various electrophiles is decidedly less common. In one study, the Nazarov cyclization is paired with a Michael reaction using an iridium catalyst to initiate nucleophilic conjugate addition of the enolate to β-nitrostyrene. In this tandem reaction the iridium catalyst is required for both conversions: it acts as the Lewis acid in the Nazarov cyclization and in the next step the nitro group of nitrostyrene first coordinates to iridium in a ligand exchange with the carbonyl ester oxygen atom before the actual Michael addition takes place to the opposite face of the R-group.
Tandem Nazarov cyclization and Michael reaction
Enantioselective variants
The development of an enantioselective Nazarov cyclization is a desirable addition to the repertoire of Nazarov cyclization reactions. To that end, several variations have been developed utilizing chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts. Diastereoselective cyclizations are also known, in which extant stereocenters direct the cyclization. Almost all of the attempts are based on the idea of torquoselectivity; selecting one direction for the vinyl groups to "rotate" in turn sets the stereochemistry as shown below.
Torquoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization
Silicon-directed Nazarov cyclizations can exhibit induced diastereoselectivity in this way. In the example below, the silyl-group acts to direct the cyclization by preventing the distant alkene from rotating "towards" it via unfavorable steric interaction. In this way the silicon acts as a traceless auxiliary. (The starting material is not enantiopure but the retention of enantiomeric excess suggests that the auxiliary directs the cyclization.)
Silicon as a chiral auxiliary for the Nazarov cyclization
Tius's allenyl substrates can exhibit axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer if enantiopure allenes are used. The example below generates a chiral diosphenpol in 64% yield and 95% enantiomeric excess.
Axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer in the Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketones
Tius has additionally developed a camphor-based auxiliary for achiral allenes that was employed in the first asymmetric synthesis of roseophilin. The key step employs an unusual mixture of hexafluoro-2-propanol and trifluoroethanol as solvent.
Synthesis of roseophilin using asymmetric Nazarov cyclization
The first chiral Lewis acid promoted asymmetric Nazarov cyclization was reported by Varinder Aggarwal and utilized copper (II) bisoxazoline ligand complexes with up to 98% ee. The enantiomeric excess was unaffected by use of 50 mol% of the copper complex but the yield was significantly decreased.
Lewis-acid mediated asymmetric Nazarov cyclization
Related Reactions
Extensions of the Nazarov cyclization are generally also subsumed under the same name. For example, an α-β, γ-δ unsaturated ketone can undergo a similar cationic conrotatory cyclization that is typically referred to as an iso-Nazarov cyclization reaction. Other such extensions have been given similar names, including homo-Nazarov cyclizations and vinylogous Nazarov cyclizations.
Retro-Nazarov reaction
Because they overstabilize the pentadienyl cation, β-electron donating substituents often severely impede Nazarov cyclization. Building from this, several electrocyclic ring openings of β-alkoxy cyclopentanes have been reported. These are typically referred to as retro-Nazarov cyclization reactions.
Retro-Nazarov reaction
Imino-Nazarov reaction
Nitrogen analogues of the Nazarov cyclization reaction (known as imino-Nazarov cyclization reactions) have few instances; there is one example of a generalized imino-Nazarov cyclization reported (shown below), and several iso-imino-Nazarov reactions in the literature. Even these tend to suffer from poor stereoselectivity, poor yields, or narrow scope. The difficulty stems from the relative over-stabilization of the pentadienyl cation by electron donation, impeding cyclization.
Imino-Nazarov cyclization
See also
Pauson–Khand reaction
Electrocyclization
Cyclopentenone
Merrilactone A
References
^ Nazarov, I.N.; Zaretskaya, I.I. (1941), Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim: 211–224 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Frontier, A. J.; Collison, C. (2005), "The Nazarov cyclization in organic synthesis. Recent advances.", Tetrahedron, 61 (32): 7577–7606, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.019
^ Santelli-Rouvier, C.; Santelli, M. (1983), "The Nazarov Cyclization", Synthesis, 1983 (6): 429–442, doi:10.1055/s-1983-30367
^ Denmark, S.E.; Habermas, K.L.; Jones, T. K. (1994), "The Nazarov Cyclization", Organic Reactions, 45: 1–158
^ Denmark, S.E. (1991), Paquette, L.A. (ed.), "The Nazarov and Related Cationic Cyclizations", Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, 5, Oxford: Pergamon Press: 751–784, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4, ISBN 9780080523491
^ a b Tius, M. A. (2005), "Some New Nazarov Chemistry", Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2005 (11): 2193–2206, doi:10.1002/ejoc.200500005
^ Pellissier, Hélène (2005), "Recent developments in the Nazarov process", Tetrahedron, 61 (27): 6479–6517, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.014
^ Shoppee, C. W.; Lack, R. E. (1969), "Intramolecular electrocyclic reactions. Part I. Structure of 'bromohydroxyphorone': 3-bromo-5-hydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone", Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic (10): 1346–1349, doi:10.1039/J39690001346
^ Shoppee, C. W.; Cooke, B. J. A. (1972), "Intramolecular electrocyclic reactions. Part II. Reactions of 1,5-di-phenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one", Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: 2271, doi:10.1039/p19720002271
^ a b Kürti, L.; Czakó, B. (2005). Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (1 ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 304–305. ISBN 9780124297852.
^ Harding, K. E.; Clement, K. S. (1984), "A Highly Stereoselective, Convergent Synthesis of (±)-Trichodiene", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49 (20): 3870–3871, doi:10.1021/jo00194a054
^ Arai, Y.; Takeda, K.; Masuda, K.; Koizumi, T. (1985), "Synthesis of(±)-Nor-Sterepolide", Chemistry Letters, 14 (10): 1531–1534, doi:10.1246/cl.1985.1531
^ Denmark, S.E.; Jones, T.K. (1982), "Silicon-Directed Nazarov Cyclization", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104 (9): 2642–2645, doi:10.1021/ja00373a055
^ He, W.; Sun, X.; Frontier, A.J. (2003), "Polarizing the Nazarov Cyclization: Efficient Catalysis under Mild Conditions", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125 (47): 14278–14279, doi:10.1021/ja037910b, PMID 14624567
^ Grant, T.N. & West, F.G. (2006), "A New Approach to the Nazarov Reaction via Sequential Electrocyclic Ring Opening and Ring Closure", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (29): 9348–9349, doi:10.1021/ja063421a, PMID 16848467
^ Malona, J.A.; Cariou, K.; Frontier, A.J. (2009), "Nazarov Cyclization Initiated by Peracid Oxidation: The Total Synthesis of (±)-Rocaglamide", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (22): 7560–7561, doi:10.1021/ja9029736, PMC 2732401, PMID 19445456
^ Grant, T.N.; Rieder, C.J.; West, F.G. (2009), "Interrupting the Nazarov reaction: domino and cascade processes utilizing cyclopentenyl cations", Chem. Commun. (38): 5676–5688, doi:10.1039/B908515G, PMID 19774236
^ Bender, J.A.; Arif, A.M.; West, F.G. (1999), "Nazarov-Initiated Diastereoselective Cascade Polycyclization of Aryltrienones", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121 (32): 7443–7444, doi:10.1021/ja991215f
^ Janka, M.; He, W.; Haedicke, I.E.; Fronczek, F.R.; Frontier, A.J.; Eisenberg, R. (2006), "Tandem Nazarov Cyclization-Michael Addition Sequence Catalyzed by an Ir(III) Complex", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (16): 5312–5313, doi:10.1021/ja058772o, PMID 16620081
^ Harrington, P.E.; Tius, M.A. (1999), "A Formal Total Synthesis of Roseophilin: Cyclopentannelation Approach to the Macrocyclic Core", Org. Lett., 1 (4): 649–652, doi:10.1021/ol990124k, PMID 10823195
^ Jung, M. E.; Yoo, D. (2007), "Unprecedented Rearrangement of a 4-Alkoxy-5-bromoalk-2-en-1-ol to a Cyclopentenone via an Iso-Nazarov Cyclization Process", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 72 (22): 8565–8568, doi:10.1021/jo071104w, PMID 17910498
^ De Simone, F.; Andrès, J.; Torosantucci, R.; Waser, J. r. m. (2009), "Catalytic Formal Homo-Nazarov Cyclization", Organic Letters, 11 (4): 1023–1026, doi:10.1021/ol802970g, PMID 19199774
^ Rieder, C. J.; Winberg, K. J.; West, F. G. (2009), "Cyclization of Cross-Conjugated Trienes: The Vinylogous Nazarov Reaction", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (22): 7504–7505, doi:10.1021/ja9023226, PMID 19435345
^ Tius, M. A.; Chu, C. C.; Nieves-Colberg, R. (2001), "An imino Nazarov cyclization", Tetrahedron Letters, 42 (13): 2419–2422, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00201-5
^ Kim, S.-H.; Cha, J. K. (2000), "Synthetic Studies Toward caphalotaxine: Functionalization of Tertiary N-Acylhemiaminals by Nazarov Cyclization", Synthesis, 2000 (14): 2113–2116, doi:10.1055/s-2000-8711
^ Larini, P.; Guarna, A.; Occhiato, E. G. (2006), "The Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Nazarov Reaction of 2-(N-Methoxycarbonylamino)-1,4-pentadien-3-ones", Org. Lett., 8 (4): 781–784, doi:10.1021/ol053071h, PMID 16468766
^ Smith, D. A.; Ulmer, C. W. (1997), "Effects of Substituents in the 3-Position on the Pentadienyl Cation Electrocyclization", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62 (15): 5110–5115, doi:10.1021/jo9703313
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"organic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"cyclopentenones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone"},{"link_name":"reagents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagent"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nikolaevich_Nazarov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazarov-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarov_cyclization.png"},{"link_name":"divinyl ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enone"},{"link_name":"stoichiometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric"},{"link_name":"Lewis acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"protic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protic_acid"},{"link_name":"cationic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cationic"},{"link_name":"electrocyclic ring closure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocyclic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mechanism"},{"link_name":"mechanistic pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_mechanism"},{"link_name":"cyclopentenones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone"},{"link_name":"natural products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product"},{"link_name":"jasmone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmone"},{"link_name":"aflatoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflatoxin"},{"link_name":"prostaglandins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin"},{"link_name":"total synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santelli-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OrgReact-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CompSynth-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tius-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pellissier-7"}],"text":"Chemical reaction used in organic chemistryThe Nazarov cyclization reaction (often referred to as simply the Nazarov cyclization) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of cyclopentenones. The reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants, depending on the reagents and substrates employed. It was originally discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich Nazarov (1906–1957) in 1941 while studying the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones.[1]The Nazarov cyclization reactionAs originally described, the Nazarov cyclization involves the activation of a divinyl ketone using a stoichiometric Lewis acid or protic acid promoter. The key step of the reaction mechanism involves a cationic 4π-electrocyclic ring closure which forms the cyclopentenone product (See Mechanism below). As the reaction has been developed, variants involving substrates other than divinyl ketones and promoters other than Lewis acids have been subsumed under the name Nazarov cyclization provided that they follow a similar mechanistic pathway.The success of the Nazarov cyclization as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and ubiquity of cyclopentenones as both motifs in natural products (including jasmone, the aflatoxins, and a subclass of prostaglandins) and as useful synthetic intermediates for total synthesis. The reaction has been used in several total syntheses and several reviews have been published.[2][3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Nazarov cyclization reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Shoppee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shoppee"},{"link_name":"intramolecular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_reaction"},{"link_name":"electrocyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocyclic_reaction"},{"link_name":"ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"pentadienyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadienyl"},{"link_name":"conrotatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrotatory_and_disrotatory"},{"link_name":"Woodward-Hoffman rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward-Hoffman_rules"},{"link_name":"elimination reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"tautomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomerization"},{"link_name":"enolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mech1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mech2-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarov_reaction_mechanism.png"},{"link_name":"cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation"},{"link_name":"conformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformation_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene"},{"link_name":"reaction rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate"},{"link_name":"allylic strain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic_strain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarov_conformation.png"},{"link_name":"E-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Z_notation"},{"link_name":"isomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerization"},{"link_name":"stereoselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselective"},{"link_name":"pericyclic reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclic_reaction"},{"link_name":"electrocyclizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocyclization"},{"link_name":"stereospecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereospecific"},{"link_name":"triethylsilane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylsilane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"link_name":"Interrupted cyclizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Interrupted_cyclization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarovselective.png"},{"link_name":"University of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tius-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiusallene.png"}],"text":"The mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization reaction was first demonstrated experimentally by Charles Shoppee to be an intramolecular electrocyclization and is outlined below. Activation of the ketone by the acid catalyst generates a pentadienyl cation, which undergoes a thermally allowed 4π conrotatory electrocyclization as dictated by the Woodward-Hoffman rules. This generates an oxyallyl cation which undergoes an elimination reaction to lose a β-hydrogen. Subsequent tautomerization of the enolate produces the cyclopentenone product.[8][9]Mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization activated by Lewis acid catalyst. Note that α- and β-substitution are not required for the reaction to occur and that more complex α-substitution is also possible.As noted above, variants that deviate from this template are known; what designates a Nazarov cyclization in particular is the generation of the pentadienyl cation followed by electrocyclic ring closure to an oxyallyl cation. In order to achieve this transformation, the molecule must be in the s-trans/s-trans conformation, placing the vinyl groups in an appropriate orientation. The propensity of the system to enter this conformation dramatically influences reaction rate, with α-substituted substrates having an increased population of the requisite conformer due to allylic strain. Coordination of an electron donating α-substituent by the catalyst can likewise increase the reaction rate by enforcing this conformation.[2]Relevant conformations for the Nazarov cyclization; Lewis-acid chelation in the s-cis conformerSimilarly, β-substitution directed inward restricts the s-trans conformation so severely that E-Z isomerization has been shown to occur in advance of cyclization on a wide range of substrates, yielding the trans cyclopentenone regardless of initial configuration. In this way, the Nazarov cyclization is a rare example of a stereoselective pericyclic reaction, whereas most electrocyclizations are stereospecific. The example below uses triethylsilane to trap the oxyallyl cation so that no elimination occurs.[2] (See Interrupted cyclizations below)Stereoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization evident via reductive trappingAlong this same vein, allenyl vinyl ketones of the type studied extensively by Marcus Tius of the University of Hawaii show dramatic rate acceleration due to the removal of β-hydrogens, obviating a large amount of steric strain in the s-cis conformer.[6]Allene substrates for Nazarov cyclization with lowered steric interactions","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ketones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"allylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylic"},{"link_name":"olefin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ#Chemistry_and_chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"alkyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne"},{"link_name":"oxymercuration reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymercuration_reaction"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strategy-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazarovOriginal.png"},{"link_name":"alkyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne"},{"link_name":"allene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allene"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trichodiene-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NorSterepolide-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazarovTrichodiene.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarovnorsterepolide.png"}],"text":"Though cyclizations following the general template above had been observed prior to Nazarov's involvement, it was his study of the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones that marked the first major examination of this process. Nazarov correctly reasoned that the allylic olefin isomerized in situ to form a divinyl ketone before ring closure to the cyclopentenone product. The reaction shown below involves an alkyne oxymercuration reaction to generate the requisite ketone.[10]Early investigation into the Nazarov cyclizationResearch involving the reaction was relatively quiet in subsequent years, until in the mid-1980s when several syntheses employing the Nazarov cyclization were published. Shown below are key steps in the syntheses of Trichodiene and Nor-Sterepolide, the latter of which is thought to proceed via an unusual alkyne-allene isomerization that generates the divinyl ketone.[11][12]Synthesis of Trichodiene using a classical Nazarov cyclizationSynthesis of Nor-Sterepolide using a classical Nazarov cyclization","title":"Classical Nazarov cyclizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"link_name":"TiCl4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride"},{"link_name":"BF3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_triflouride"},{"link_name":"MeSO3H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanesulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"equivalents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"atom economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_economy"},{"link_name":"regioselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regioselective"},{"link_name":"separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_process"},{"link_name":"stereocenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocenter"},{"link_name":"stereoselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselective"},{"link_name":"epimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazarovunselective.png"}],"sub_title":"Shortcomings","text":"The classical version of the Nazarov cyclization suffers from several drawbacks which modern variants attempt to circumvent. The first two are not evident from the mechanism alone, but are indicative of the barriers to cyclization; the last three stem from selectivity issues relating to elimination and protonation of the intermediate.[2]Strong Lewis or protic acids are typically required for the reaction (e.g. TiCl4, BF3, MeSO3H). These promoters are not compatible with sensitive functional groups, limiting the substrate scope.\nDespite the mechanistic possibility for catalysis, multiple equivalents of the promoter are often required in order to effect the reaction. This limits the atom economy of the reaction.\nThe elimination step is not regioselective; if multiple β-hydrogens are available for elimination, various products are often observed as mixtures. This is highly undesirable from an efficiency standpoint as arduous separation is typically required.\nElimination destroys a potential stereocenter, decreasing the potential usefulness of the reaction.\nProtonation of the enolate is sometimes not stereoselective, meaning that products can be formed as mixtures of epimers.Shortcomings of the Nazarov cyclization reaction","title":"Classical Nazarov cyclizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"academic research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_research"},{"link_name":"catalytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"regioselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regioselectivity"},{"link_name":"stereoselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoselectivity"},{"link_name":"enantioselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective"}],"text":"The shortcomings noted above limit the usefulness of the Nazarov cyclization reaction in its canonical form. However, modifications to the reaction focused on remedying its issues continue to be an active area of academic research. In particular, the research has focused on a few key areas: rendering the reaction catalytic in the promoter, effecting the reaction with more mild promoters to improve functional group tolerance, directing the regioselectivity of the elimination step, and improving the overall stereoselectivity. These have been successful to varying degrees.Additionally, modifications focused on altering the progress of the reaction, either by generating the pentadienyl cation in an unorthodox fashion or by having the oxyallyl cation \"intercepted\" in various ways. Furthermore, enantioselective variants of various kinds have been developed. The sheer volume of literature on the subject prevents a comprehensive examination of this field; key examples are given below.","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"β-silicon effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-silicon_effect"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois,_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"iron trichloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_trichloride"},{"link_name":"bicyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclic_molecule"},{"link_name":"cis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silicon-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siliconnazarov.png"},{"link_name":"benzyl alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_alcohol"},{"link_name":"stereochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereochemistry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strategy-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silphinenenazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Silicon-directed cyclization","text":"The earliest efforts to improve the selectivity of the Nazarov cyclization took advantage of the β-silicon effect in order to direct the regioselectivity of the elimination step. This chemistry was developed most extensively by Professor Scott Denmark of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in the mid-1980s and utilizes stoichiometric amounts of iron trichloride to promote the reaction. With bicyclic products, the cis isomer was selected for to varying degrees.[13]Silicon-directed Nazarov cyclizationThe silicon-directed Nazarov cyclization reaction was subsequently employed in the synthesis of the natural product Silphinene, shown below. The cyclization takes place before elimination of the benzyl alcohol moiety, so that the resulting stereochemistry of the newly formed ring arises from approach of the silyl alkene anti to the ether.[10]Synthesis of Silphinene using Nazarov cyclization","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"electron donating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_effect"},{"link_name":"electron withdrawing groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_withdrawing_group"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_group"},{"link_name":"nucleophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"electrophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile"},{"link_name":"copper triflate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_triflate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polarize-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polarized_Nazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Polarization","text":"Drawing on the substituent effects compiled over various trials of the reaction, Professor Alison Frontier of the University of Rochester developed a paradigm for \"polarized\" Nazarov cyclizations in which electron donating and electron withdrawing groups are used to improve the overall selectivity of the reaction. Creation of an effective vinyl nucleophile and vinyl electrophile in the substrate allows catalytic activation with copper triflate and regioselective elimination. In addition, the electron withdrawing group increases the acidity of the α-proton, allowing selective formation of the trans-α-epimer via equilibration.[14]Polarized Nazarov cyclizationIt is often possible to achieve catalytic activation using a donating or withdrawing group alone, although the efficiency of the reaction (yield, reaction time, etc.) is typically lower.","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"link_name":"silver chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West1-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westchloro.png"},{"link_name":"total synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesis"},{"link_name":"epoxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxidation"},{"link_name":"stannane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotin_compound"},{"link_name":"epoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxide"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocag-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocaglamidenazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Alternative cation generation","text":"By extension, any pentadienyl cation regardless of its origin is capable of undergoing a Nazarov cyclization. There have been a large number of examples published where the requisite cation is arrived at by a variety of rearrangements.[2] One such example involves the silver catalyzed cationic ring opening of allylic dichloro cylopropanes. The silver salt facilitates loss of chloride via precipitation of insoluble silver chloride.[15]Nazarov cyclization initiated by dichlorocyclopropane rearrangementIn the total synthesis of rocaglamide, epoxidation of a vinyl alkoxyallenyl stannane likewise generates a pentadienyl cation via ring opening of the resultant epoxide.[16]Nazarov cyclization initiated by oxidation","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction"},{"link_name":"enolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enolate"},{"link_name":"tautomerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautomerization"},{"link_name":"nucleophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"electrophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West2-17"},{"link_name":"heteroatom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroatom"},{"link_name":"nucleophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile"},{"link_name":"cycloadditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloaddition"},{"link_name":"diastereoselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastereoselectivity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West3-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westcascade.png"},{"link_name":"electrophiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile"},{"link_name":"Michael reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_reaction"},{"link_name":"nucleophilic conjugate addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_conjugate_addition"},{"link_name":"β-nitrostyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Nitrostyrene"},{"link_name":"tandem reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_reaction"},{"link_name":"iridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium"},{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"Lewis acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_acid"},{"link_name":"nitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_compound"},{"link_name":"ligand exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_exchange"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michael-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazarovMichaelTandem.png"}],"sub_title":"Interrupted cyclization","text":"Once the cyclization has occurred, an oxyallyl cation is formed. As discussed extensively above, the typical course for this intermediate is elimination followed by enolate tautomerization. However, these two steps can be interrupted by various nucleophiles and electrophiles, respectively. Oxyallyl cation trapping has been developed extensively by Fredrick G. West of the University of Alberta and his review covers the field.[17] The oxyallyl cation can be trapped with heteroatom and carbon nucleophiles and can also undergo cationic cycloadditions with various tethered partners. Shown below is a cascade reaction in which successive cation trapping generates a pentacyclic core in one step with complete diastereoselectivity.[18]Nazarov cyclization cationic cascadeEnolate trapping with various electrophiles is decidedly less common. In one study, the Nazarov cyclization is paired with a Michael reaction using an iridium catalyst to initiate nucleophilic conjugate addition of the enolate to β-nitrostyrene. In this tandem reaction the iridium catalyst is required for both conversions: it acts as the Lewis acid in the Nazarov cyclization and in the next step the nitro group of nitrostyrene first coordinates to iridium in a ligand exchange with the carbonyl ester oxygen atom before the actual Michael addition takes place to the opposite face of the R-group.[19]Tandem Nazarov cyclization and Michael reaction","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enantioselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective"},{"link_name":"chiral auxiliaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_auxiliaries"},{"link_name":"chiral catalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_catalyst"},{"link_name":"Diastereoselective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastereoselective"},{"link_name":"stereocenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocenter"},{"link_name":"torquoselectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquoselectivity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torquoselectivity.png"},{"link_name":"steric interaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_interaction"},{"link_name":"auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral_auxiliary"},{"link_name":"enantiomeric excess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazarovSiliconauxilliary.png"},{"link_name":"enantiomeric excess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axialtotetrahedral_transfer.png"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"roseophilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseophilin"},{"link_name":"hexafluoro-2-propanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexafluoro-2-propanol"},{"link_name":"trifluoroethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoroethanol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roseophilin-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiusroseophilin.png"},{"link_name":"Varinder Aggarwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varinder_Aggarwal"},{"link_name":"bisoxazoline ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoxazoline_ligand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggarwalnazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Enantioselective variants","text":"The development of an enantioselective Nazarov cyclization is a desirable addition to the repertoire of Nazarov cyclization reactions. To that end, several variations have been developed utilizing chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts. Diastereoselective cyclizations are also known, in which extant stereocenters direct the cyclization. Almost all of the attempts are based on the idea of torquoselectivity; selecting one direction for the vinyl groups to \"rotate\" in turn sets the stereochemistry as shown below.[2]Torquoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclizationSilicon-directed Nazarov cyclizations can exhibit induced diastereoselectivity in this way. In the example below, the silyl-group acts to direct the cyclization by preventing the distant alkene from rotating \"towards\" it via unfavorable steric interaction. In this way the silicon acts as a traceless auxiliary. (The starting material is not enantiopure but the retention of enantiomeric excess suggests that the auxiliary directs the cyclization.)[2]Silicon as a chiral auxiliary for the Nazarov cyclizationTius's allenyl substrates can exhibit axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer if enantiopure allenes are used. The example below generates a chiral diosphenpol in 64% yield and 95% enantiomeric excess.[2]Axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer in the Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketonesTius has additionally developed a camphor-based auxiliary for achiral allenes that was employed in the first asymmetric synthesis of roseophilin. The key step employs an unusual mixture of hexafluoro-2-propanol and trifluoroethanol as solvent.[2][20]Synthesis of roseophilin using asymmetric Nazarov cyclizationThe first chiral Lewis acid promoted asymmetric Nazarov cyclization was reported by Varinder Aggarwal and utilized copper (II) bisoxazoline ligand complexes with up to 98% ee. The enantiomeric excess was unaffected by use of 50 mol% of the copper complex but the yield was significantly decreased.[2]Lewis-acid mediated asymmetric Nazarov cyclization","title":"Modern variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iso-21"},{"link_name":"homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_series"},{"link_name":"vinylogous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinylogous"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Homo-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vinyl-23"}],"text":"Extensions of the Nazarov cyclization are generally also subsumed under the same name. For example, an α-β, γ-δ unsaturated ketone can undergo a similar cationic conrotatory cyclization that is typically referred to as an iso-Nazarov cyclization reaction.[21] Other such extensions have been given similar names, including homo-Nazarov cyclizations and vinylogous Nazarov cyclizations.[22][23]","title":"Related Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frontier-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retronazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Retro-Nazarov reaction","text":"Because they overstabilize the pentadienyl cation, β-electron donating substituents often severely impede Nazarov cyclization. Building from this, several electrocyclic ring openings of β-alkoxy cyclopentanes have been reported. These are typically referred to as retro-Nazarov cyclization reactions.[2]Retro-Nazarov reaction","title":"Related Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imino-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cha-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larini-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iminonazarov.png"}],"sub_title":"Imino-Nazarov reaction","text":"Nitrogen analogues of the Nazarov cyclization reaction (known as imino-Nazarov cyclization reactions) have few instances; there is one example of a generalized imino-Nazarov cyclization reported (shown below),[24] and several iso-imino-Nazarov reactions in the literature.[25][26] Even these tend to suffer from poor stereoselectivity, poor yields, or narrow scope. The difficulty stems from the relative over-stabilization of the pentadienyl cation by electron donation, impeding cyclization.[27]Imino-Nazarov cyclization","title":"Related Reactions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Nazarov cyclization reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nazarov_cyclization.png/320px-Nazarov_cyclization.png"},{"image_text":"Mechanism of the classical Nazarov cyclization activated by Lewis acid catalyst. Note that α- and β-substitution are not required for the reaction to occur and that more complex α-substitution is also possible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nazarov_reaction_mechanism.png/650px-Nazarov_reaction_mechanism.png"},{"image_text":"Relevant conformations for the Nazarov cyclization; Lewis-acid chelation in the s-cis conformer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nazarov_conformation.png/570px-Nazarov_conformation.png"},{"image_text":"Stereoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization evident via reductive trapping","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nazarovselective.png/450px-Nazarovselective.png"},{"image_text":"Allene substrates for Nazarov cyclization with lowered steric interactions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tiusallene.png/250px-Tiusallene.png"},{"image_text":"Early investigation into the Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NazarovOriginal.png/500px-NazarovOriginal.png"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of Trichodiene using a classical Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/NazarovTrichodiene.png/500px-NazarovTrichodiene.png"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of Nor-Sterepolide using a classical Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Nazarovnorsterepolide.png/600px-Nazarovnorsterepolide.png"},{"image_text":"Shortcomings of the Nazarov cyclization reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nazarovunselective.png/600px-Nazarovunselective.png"},{"image_text":"Silicon-directed Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Siliconnazarov.png/500px-Siliconnazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of Silphinene using Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Silphinenenazarov.png/550px-Silphinenenazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Polarized Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Polarized_Nazarov.png/600px-Polarized_Nazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Nazarov cyclization initiated by dichlorocyclopropane rearrangement","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Westchloro.png/550px-Westchloro.png"},{"image_text":"Nazarov cyclization initiated by oxidation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rocaglamidenazarov.png/600px-Rocaglamidenazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Nazarov cyclization cationic cascade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Westcascade.png/730px-Westcascade.png"},{"image_text":"Tandem Nazarov cyclization and Michael reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NazarovMichaelTandem.png/600px-NazarovMichaelTandem.png"},{"image_text":"Torquoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Torquoselectivity.png/600px-Torquoselectivity.png"},{"image_text":"Silicon as a chiral auxiliary for the Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NazarovSiliconauxilliary.png/300px-NazarovSiliconauxilliary.png"},{"image_text":"Axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer in the Nazarov cyclization of allenyl vinyl ketones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Axialtotetrahedral_transfer.png/800px-Axialtotetrahedral_transfer.png"},{"image_text":"Synthesis of roseophilin using asymmetric Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tiusroseophilin.png/600px-Tiusroseophilin.png"},{"image_text":"Lewis-acid mediated asymmetric Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Aggarwalnazarov.png/400px-Aggarwalnazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Retro-Nazarov reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Retronazarov.png/500px-Retronazarov.png"},{"image_text":"Imino-Nazarov cyclization","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Iminonazarov.png/600px-Iminonazarov.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Pauson–Khand reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauson%E2%80%93Khand_reaction"},{"title":"Electrocyclization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocyclization"},{"title":"Cyclopentenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentenone"},{"title":"Merrilactone A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrilactone_A"}]
|
[{"reference":"Nazarov, I.N.; Zaretskaya, I.I. (1941), Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim: 211–224","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frontier, A. J.; Collison, C. (2005), \"The Nazarov cyclization in organic synthesis. Recent advances.\", Tetrahedron, 61 (32): 7577–7606, doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.019","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_(journal)","url_text":"Tetrahedron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tet.2005.05.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.019"}]},{"reference":"Santelli-Rouvier, C.; Santelli, M. 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(ed.), \"The Nazarov and Related Cationic Cyclizations\", Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, 5, Oxford: Pergamon Press: 751–784, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4, ISBN 9780080523491","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080523491","url_text":"9780080523491"}]},{"reference":"Tius, M. A. (2005), \"Some New Nazarov Chemistry\", Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2005 (11): 2193–2206, doi:10.1002/ejoc.200500005","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur._J._Org._Chem.","url_text":"Eur. J. Org. 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(2009), \"Catalytic Formal Homo-Nazarov Cyclization\", Organic Letters, 11 (4): 1023–1026, doi:10.1021/ol802970g, PMID 19199774","urls":[{"url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/134233","url_text":"\"Catalytic Formal Homo-Nazarov Cyclization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Letters","url_text":"Organic Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol802970g","url_text":"10.1021/ol802970g"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19199774","url_text":"19199774"}]},{"reference":"Rieder, C. J.; Winberg, K. J.; West, F. G. (2009), \"Cyclization of Cross-Conjugated Trienes: The Vinylogous Nazarov Reaction\", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (22): 7504–7505, doi:10.1021/ja9023226, PMID 19435345","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society","url_text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja9023226","url_text":"10.1021/ja9023226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435345","url_text":"19435345"}]},{"reference":"Tius, M. A.; Chu, C. C.; Nieves-Colberg, R. (2001), \"An imino Nazarov cyclization\", Tetrahedron Letters, 42 (13): 2419–2422, doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00201-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedron_Letters","url_text":"Tetrahedron Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0040-4039%2801%2900201-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00201-5"}]},{"reference":"Kim, S.-H.; Cha, J. K. (2000), \"Synthetic Studies Toward caphalotaxine: Functionalization of Tertiary N-Acylhemiaminals by Nazarov Cyclization\", Synthesis, 2000 (14): 2113–2116, doi:10.1055/s-2000-8711","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis_(journal)","url_text":"Synthesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2000-8711","url_text":"10.1055/s-2000-8711"}]},{"reference":"Larini, P.; Guarna, A.; Occhiato, E. G. (2006), \"The Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Nazarov Reaction of 2-(N-Methoxycarbonylamino)-1,4-pentadien-3-ones\", Org. Lett., 8 (4): 781–784, doi:10.1021/ol053071h, PMID 16468766","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Org._Lett.","url_text":"Org. Lett."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol053071h","url_text":"10.1021/ol053071h"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16468766","url_text":"16468766"}]},{"reference":"Smith, D. A.; Ulmer, C. W. (1997), \"Effects of Substituents in the 3-Position on the [2 + 2] Pentadienyl Cation Electrocyclization\", The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62 (15): 5110–5115, doi:10.1021/jo9703313","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Organic_Chemistry","url_text":"The Journal of Organic Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo9703313","url_text":"10.1021/jo9703313"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/nazarov-cyclization.shtm","external_links_name":"nazarov-cyclization"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols/ontologies/rxno/terms?iri=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FRXNO_0000209","external_links_name":"RXNO:0000209"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tet.2005.05.019","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.019"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-1983-30367","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-1983-30367"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/b978-0-08-052349-1.00138-4"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejoc.200500005","external_links_name":"10.1002/ejoc.200500005"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tet.2005.04.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.014"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJ39690001346","external_links_name":"10.1039/J39690001346"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fp19720002271","external_links_name":"10.1039/p19720002271"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mjpJmiZ9OZ8C&pg=PA304","external_links_name":"Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00194a054","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo00194a054"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1246%2Fcl.1985.1531","external_links_name":"10.1246/cl.1985.1531"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00373a055","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja00373a055"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja037910b","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja037910b"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624567","external_links_name":"14624567"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja063421a","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja063421a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848467","external_links_name":"16848467"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja9029736","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja9029736"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732401","external_links_name":"2732401"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19445456","external_links_name":"19445456"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB908515G","external_links_name":"10.1039/B908515G"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774236","external_links_name":"19774236"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja991215f","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja991215f"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja058772o","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja058772o"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16620081","external_links_name":"16620081"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol990124k","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol990124k"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10823195","external_links_name":"10823195"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo071104w","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo071104w"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17910498","external_links_name":"17910498"},{"Link":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/134233","external_links_name":"\"Catalytic Formal Homo-Nazarov Cyclization\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol802970g","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol802970g"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19199774","external_links_name":"19199774"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja9023226","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja9023226"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19435345","external_links_name":"19435345"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0040-4039%2801%2900201-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00201-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2000-8711","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-2000-8711"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol053071h","external_links_name":"10.1021/ol053071h"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16468766","external_links_name":"16468766"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo9703313","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo9703313"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA-100_Index
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TA-125 Index
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["1 Overview","1.1 TA-35 Index","1.2 TA-90 Index","2 Weighting","3 Annual Returns","4 Constituents","5 Former members of the index","6 Gender representation among top positions","7 References","8 External links"]
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Israeli stock market index
The TA-125 Index, typically referred to as the Tel Aviv 125 and formerly the TA-100 Index, is a stock market index of the 125 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). The index began on 1 January 1992 with a base level of 100. The highest value reached to date is 2152.16, in January 2022. On 12 February 2017, the index was expanded to include 125 instead of 100 stocks, in an attempt to improve stability and therefore reduce risk for trackers and encourage foreign investment.
Overview
The index is maintained by the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and is calculated in real-time during trading hours and published every 30 seconds. The index combines the companies that are listed in the TA-35 and TA-90 indices.
TA-35 Index
Main article: TA-35 Index
The TA-35 Index is the TASE's flagship index. It was first published in 1992 under the name "MA'OF Index". The TA-35 index tracks the prices of the shares of the 35 companies with the highest market capitalization on the exchange. It serves as an underlying asset for options and futures, Index-Linked Certificates and Reverse Certificates traded on the exchange and worldwide. The index also began on 1 January 1992 with a base level of 100, and expanded from 25 to 35 stocks together with the TA-125 in February 2017.
TA-90 Index
The TA-90 is a share index of the 90 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, which are not included in the TA-35 index. The index began in 1999 with a base level of 100. The index was expanded on 12 February 2017 to include 90 instead of 75 stocks, in an attempt to improve stability and therefore reduce risk for trackers and encourage foreign investment.
Weighting
Since February 2008, the TA-125 is calculated using a free float method, the total market capitalization of the companies weighted by their effect on the index, so the larger stocks would make more of a difference to the index as compared to a smaller market cap company. The basic formula for any index is (be it capitalization weighted or any other stock index).
Index level= Σ(Price of stock* Number of shares)*Free float factor/ Index Divisor.
The Free float Adjustment factor represents the proportion of shares that is floated as a percentage of issued shares. The free-float method, therefore, does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders.
A company's weight in the index has an upper-limit of 9.8%, the weight of a company that should be higher is limited to 9.8% and the rest is divided between the other constituents of the index. Since October 2007 this restriction has set the effective weight of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries at 9.8%.
To be included in the TA-35 index the company's stock also need to adhere to the following requirement: Meet a public holding threshold of at least 25% and a minimal value of 600 million NIS (to ensure that there is a significant Free float holding, which is not controlled by insiders).
The constituents of the indices are determined twice a year; on the first trading day in January and in July. The largest companies in the TA-125 index are promoted to the TA-35 index if their market capitalisation is 20% more than a current company.
Annual Returns
The following table shows the annual development of the TA-125 Index since 1993.
Year
Closing level
Change in indexin points
Change in indexin %
1993
247.67
1994
173.57
−74.10
−29.92
1995
208.23
34.66
19.97
1996
211.04
2.81
1.35
1997
290.96
79.92
37.87
1998
299.89
8.93
3.07
1999
487.23
187.34
62.47
2000
494.58
7.35
1.51
2001
446.79
−47.79
−9.66
2002
332.45
−114.34
−25.59
2003
534.39
201.94
60.74
2004
635.95
101.56
19.00
2005
822.99
187.04
29.41
2006
925.60
102.61
12.47
2007
1,154.59
228.99
24.74
2008
564.09
−590.50
−51.14
2009
1,066.73
502.64
89.11
2010
1,223.16
156.43
14.66
2011
978.49
−244.67
−20.00
2012
1,049.06
70.57
7.21
2013
1,207.69
158.63
15.12
2014
1,288.93
81.24
6.73
2015
1,315.08
26.15
2.03
2016
1,282.37
−32.71
−2.49
2017
1,366.22
83.85
6.54
2018
1,333.18
−33.04
−2.42
2019
1,616.70
283.52
21.27
Constituents
TA-125 Index Components (as of 23 August 2020):
Name
Symbol
Market Cap (NIS millions)
Weight (%)
Sector
Comments
NICE Ltd.
NICE
47,143
5.40
Internet And Software
NASDAQ dual-listed company.
Bank Hapoalim Ltd.
POLI
26,745
4.80
Banks
London Stock Exchange dual-listed company.
Bank Leumi Ltd.
LUMI
24,031
4.50
Banks
Perrigo Ltd.
PRGO
24,516
4.37
Biomed
NYSE dual-listed company.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
TEVA
37,092
3.89
Biomed
NYSE dual-listed company.
Israel Discount Bank Ltd.
DSCT
12,117
3.39
Banks
Elbit Systems Ltd.
ESLT
20,141
3.38
Defense
NASDAQ dual-listed company.
Mizrahi Tefahot Bank Ltd.
MZTF
16,606
2.78
Banks
Israel Chemicals Ltd.
ICL
16,353
2.74
Chemical, Rubber & Plastic
45% owned by Israel Corporation.
International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
IFF
43,692
2.65
Food
NYSE dual-listed company.
Liveperson Inc.
LPSN
13,898
2.64
Internet And Software
Bezeq The Israeli Telecommunication Corp. Ltd.
BEZQ
9,873
2.21
Communications & Media
Azrieli Group Ltd.
AZRG
21,865
2.14
Real-Estate & Construction
Tower Semiconductor Ltd.
TSEM
7,207
2.01
Semiconductors
Alony Hetz Properties & Investments Ltd.
ALHE
6,440
1.80
Real-Estate & Construction
OPKO Health, Inc.
OPK
11,407
1.77
Biomed
NASDAQ dual-listed company.
Ormat Technologies Inc.
ORA
10,642
1.68
Cleantech
Majority owned subsidiary Ormat Technologies listed under ORA on NYSE.
Nova Measuring Instruments Ltd.
NVMI
5,222
1.45
Semiconductors
Strauss Group Ltd.
STRS
11,335
1.42
Food
Shufersal Ltd.
SAE
6,182
1.38
Commerce
Compugen Ltd.
CGEN
5,107
1.37
Biomed
NASDAQ dual-listed company.
Enlight Renewable Energy Ltd.
ENLT
4,774
1.33
Cleantech
First International Bank Of Israel Ltd.
FIBI
7,718
1.29
Banks
Mivne Real Estate
MVNE
5,468
1.22
Real-Estate & Construction
Formula Systems Ltd.
FORTY
4,971
1.11
IT Services
Shikun & Binui Ltd.
SKBN
6,108
1.02
Construction
Shapir Engineering And Industry Ltd.
SPEN
8,081
1.02
Metal & Building Products
Electra Ltd.
ELTR
5,898
0.99
Investment & Holdings
Sapiens International Corporation N.V
SPNS
5,778
0.97
Internet And Software
Matrix IT Ltd.
MTRX
5,777
0.97
IT Services
Bayside Land Corporation Ltd.
BYSD
4,251
0.95
Real-Estate & Construction
Energix-Renewable Energies Ltd.
ENRG
7,146
0.90
Cleantech
Paz Oil Company Ltd.
PZOL
3,122
0.88
Energy
Audiocodes Ltd.
AUDC
3,909
0.87
Communications Equipment
Airport City Ltd.
ARPT
4,970
0.85
Real-Estate & Construction
Hilan Ltd.
HLAN
3,586
0.80
IT Services
Harel Insurance, Investments & Financial Services Ltd.
HARL
4,763
0.80
Insurance
Amot Investments Ltd.
AMOT
6,256
0.79
Real-Estate & Construction
Energean Oil & Gas Plc.
ENOG
4,472
0.75
Energy
Melisron Ltd.
MLSR
5,954
0.75
Real-Estate & Construction
Maytronics Ltd.
MTRN
5,407
0.68
Electronics And Optics
The Phoenix Holdings Ltd.
PHOE
3,942
0.66
Insurance
Reit 1 Ltd.
RIT1
2,353
0.66
Real-Estate & Construction
Mega Or Holdings Ltd.
MGOR
2,863
0.64
Real-Estate & Construction
Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd.
CLIS
2,213
0.62
Insurance
Danel (Adir Yeoshua) Ltd.
DANE
2,173
0.61
Services
Partner Communications Company Ltd.
PTNR
2,532
0.57
Communications & Media
NASDAQ dual-listed company.
Delek Drilling LP
DEDR.L
4,433
0.56
Energy
59.1% ownership by Delek Group.
BATM Advanced Communications Ltd.
BVC
2,355
0.53
Investment in hi-tech
The Israel Corporation Ltd.
ILCO
3,118
0.52
Investment & Holdings
Holds "Israel Chemicals" and "Bazan Oil Refineries".
F.I.B.I. Holdings Ltd.
FIBIH
3,089
0.52
Banks
Controls "The First International Bank".
Isracard Ltd.
ISCD
1,846
0.52
Financial Services
Big Shopping Centers Ltd.
BIG
3,942
0.50
Real-Estate & Construction
Rami Levi Chain Stores Hashikma Marketing Ltd.
RMLI
2,874
0.48
Commerce
AFI Properties Ltd.
AFPR
2,809
0.46
Real-Estate & Construction
Magic Software Enterprises Ltd.
MGIC
2,742
0.46
Internet And Software
Kenon Holdings Ltd.
KEN
3,555
0.45
Investment & Holdings
Holds "Zim Integrated Shipping Services", automotive & energy companies.
Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Ltd.
TASE
1,543
0.43
Financial Services
Equital Ltd.
EQTL
2,310
0.39
Investment & Holdings
OPC Energy Ltd.
OPCE
3,902
0.38
Energy
Inrom Construction Industries Ltd.
INRM
1,359
0.38
Metal & Building Products
Summit Real Estate Holdings Ltd.
SMT
2,240
0.38
Real-Estate & Construction
Fattal Holdings Ltd.
FTAL
2,976
0.37
Hotels & Tourism
Isramco Negev 2 LP
ISRA.L
1,650
0.37
Energy
Allot Ltd.
ALLT
1,312
0.36
Internet And Software
Bazan Oil Refineries Ltd.
ORL
2,100
0.35
Energy
Camtek Ltd.
CAMT
2,094
0.35
Semiconductors
Elco Ltd.
ELCO
3,502
0.34
Investment & Holdings
Fox-Wizel Ltd.
FOX
2,007
0.34
Fashion & Clothing
Kamada Ltd.
KMDA
1,480
0.33
Biomed
Ashtrom Group Ltd.
ASHG
3,376
0.33
Construction
Menora Mivtachim Holdings Ltd.
MMHD
2,558
0.32
Insurance
Cellcom Israel Ltd.
CEL
1,911
0.32
Communications & Media
NYSE dual-listed company.
Sella Capital Real Estate Ltd
SLARL
1,115
0.31
Real-Estate & Construction
One Software Technologies Ltd.
ONE
1,815
0.30
IT Services
Ratio Oil Exploration LP
RATI.L
1,273
0.28
Energy
Migdal Insurance & Financial Holdings Ltd.
MGDL
2,743
0.27
Insurance
Delek Automotive Systems Ltd.
DLEA
1,481
0.25
Services - Commerce
22.5% ownership by Delek Group.
Elecreaon Wireless Ltd.
ELWS
1,972
0.25
Cleantech
Electra Consumer Products Ltd.
ECP
1,952
0.25
Services - Commerce
Arad Investment & Industrial Development Ltd.
ARAD
1,910
0.24
Electronics & Optics
Novolog
NVLG
1,415
0.24
Services
Logistics of pharmaceuticals & healthcare.
Y.H.Dimri Building & Development Ltd.
DIMRI
1,873
0.24
Construction
Altshuler Shaham Provident Funds and Pension Ltd.
ASPF
3,362
0.23
Financial Services
Gazit Globe Ltd.
GZT
2,362
0.23
Real-Estate & Construction
Augwind Energy Tech Storage Ltd.
AUGN
2,050
0.23
Cleantech
Blue Square Real Estate Ltd.
BLSR
1,763
0.22
Real-Estate & Construction
Neto Malinda Trading Ltd.
NTML
1,315
0.22
Services - Commerce
Fresh Market Ltd.
FRSM
2,169
0.21
Services - Commerce
Idi Insur Ltd.
IDIN
1,259
0.21
Insurance
Itamar Medical Ltd.
ITMR
944
0.21
Medical Equipment
Development & commercialization of non-invasive medical devices.
Arko Holdings Ltd.
ARKO
1,587
0.20
Energy
Brack Capital Properties N.V
BCNV
1,949
0.19
Real-Estate & Construction
Isras Investment Company Ltd.
ISRS
2,633
0.18
Real-Estate & Construction
Mediterranean Towers Ltd.
MDTR
1,070
0.18
Real-Estate & Construction
Ham-Let (Israel-Canada) Ltd.
HAML
760
0.17
Metal & Building Products
Tadiran Holdings Ltd.
TDRN
1,669
0.16
Services - Commerce
Azorim-Investment, Development & Construction Co. Ltd.
AZRM
1,289
0.16
Construction
Africa Israel Residences Ltd.
AFRE
1,259
0.16
Construction
Kerur Holdings Ltd.
KRUR
1,229
0.15
Food
Victory Supermarket Chain Ltd.
VCTR
1,213
0.15
Services - Commerce
Arad Ltd.
ARD
1,145
0.14
Electronics And Optics
Atreyu Capital Markets Ltd.
ATRY
838
0.14
Financial Services
Malam Team Ltd.
MLTM
1,428
0.14
IT Services
Delta-Galil Industries Ltd.
DELT
1,081
0.14
Fashion & Clothing
Ellomay
ELLO
1,114
0.14
Cleantech
Builds & operates renewable energy & power projects.
Israel Canada Ltd.
ISCN
1,073
0.13
Construction
Ilex Medical Ltd.
ILX
1,304
0.13
Commerce
Naphtha Israel Petroleum Corp. Ltd.
NFTA
1,298
0.13
Energy
Plasson Industries Ltd.
PLSN
1,261
0.12
Chemical, Rubber & Plastic
Delek Group Ltd.
DLEKG
1,140
0.12
Investment & Holdings
M. Yochananof and Sons Ltd.
YHNF
2,188
0.12
Services - Commerce
Electra Real Estate Ltd.
ELCRE
893
0.11
Real-Estate & Construction
Avgol Industries 1953 Ltd.
AVGL
1,135
0.11
Industry - Wood & Paper
Manufactures nonwoven fabric products.
Ashtrom Properties Ltd.
ASPR
1,135
0.11
Real-Estate & Construction
Adgar Investment & Development Ltd.
ADGR
651
0.11
Real-Estate & Construction
IES Holdings Ltd.
IES
859
0.11
Investment & Holdings
The Israel Land Development Co. Ltd.
ILDC
828
0.10
Real-Estate & Construction
Meitav Dash Investments Ltd
MTDS
791
0.10
Financial Services
Vitania Ltd.
VTNA
728
0.09
Real-Estate & Construction
Carasso Motors Ltd.
CRSO
916
0.09
Services - Commerce
Levinstein Properties Ltd.
LVPR
870
0.09
Real-Estate & Construction
Hadera Paper Ltd.
HAP
656
0.08
Wood & Paper
FMS Enterprises Migun Ltd.
FBRT
812
0.08
Fashion & Clothing
Producer of ballistic protection materials.
Doral Group Renewable Energy Resources Ltd.
DORL
1,417
0.08
Cleantech
Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd.
GILT
1,043
0.00
Communications Equipment
Former members of the index
Elite – Merged with the Strauss Group.
Agis Industries – Acquired by Perrigo (now known as Perrigo Israel Pharmaceuticals).
Discount Investment Corporation - Removed from the index due to decrease in free-floating shares.
MA Industries (Makhteshim Agan) - Acquired by ChemChina in 2011.
Osem - Acquired by Nestlé in 2016.
Koor Industries - Acquired by ChemChina in 2014.
VeriFone Holdings - Delisted from TASE in 2010, later turned private.
Avner Oil Exploration - Merged into Delek Drilling.
Ormat Industries - Merged into Ormat Technologies.
HOT Telecommunication Systems - Acquired by Altice in 2012.
Clal Industries and Investments - Acquired by Access Industries in 2013.
Kardan N.V. - Removed from the index due to decrease in capitalization.
Elbit Imaging - Removed from the index due to decrease in capitalization.
Africa Israel Investments - Acquired by Moti Ben-Moshe in 2018.
Delek Israel Fuel Corp. - Merged into Delek Group.
Mellanox Technologies - Acquired by NVIDIA in 2019.
Frutarom Industries - Acquired by IFF in 2018.
Given Imaging - Acquired by Covidien in 2014.
Blue Square-Israel - Acquired by Moti Ben-Moshe in 2016.
British Israel Investments - Formerly known as Azorim Properties, bought out by Melisron in 2011.
Nitsba Holdings - Merged into Airport City in 2015.
NetVision - Merged into Cellcom in 2011.
Ceragon Networks - Delisted from TASE in 2017, traded at NASDAQ.
Ness Technologies - Split into several companies, later purchased by Hilan, IAI and Formula Systems.
EZchip Semiconductor - Merged into Mellanox in 2016.
Granite Hacarmel Investments - Acquired by Azrieli Group in 2012.
012 Smile Communications - Acquired by Partner in 2010.
Alvarion - Trading suspended in 2014, delisted in 2016.
Ituran Location and Control - Delisted from TASE in 2016, traded at NASDAQ.
Retalix - Acquired by NCR Corp. in 2013.
Jerusalem Economy - Merged with Industrial Building Corporation (also a TA-125 constituent) in November 2019.
Alrov Properties & Lodgings - Removed from the index in August 2019.
N.R. Spuntech Industries - Removed from the index in August 2019.
B Communications - Removed from the index in August 2019.
Municipal Bank Ltd - Merged into Mercantile Discount Bank as a private company and delisted from TASE in December 2019.
Redhill Biopharma Ltd. - Delisted from TASE in January 2020, trading at NASDAQ.
Tamar Petroleum Ltd. - Removed from the index.
Gender representation among top positions
As of 2023, research by "Calcalist" established a review on the state of gender representation among executive positions within the TA-125 listed companies. Out of 2,063 executive positions identified within these companies, 570 were held by women, a mere 27.6% of the total positions. Specifically, women accounted for approximately 30.2% of positions within Board of Directors, a slight improvement from the previous year's 27.8% figure. However, the percentage of women in general management has remained unchanged at approximately 24.8%.
References
^ ת"א 100 – מבט לשווקים (in Hebrew). TheMarker. September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011. שער גבוה 12 חודשים
^ "Tel Aviv stocks mostly higher on first day of expanded indices". Reuters. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ "Move over TA-25, and say hello to the TA-35; Stock exchange to update main indexes". The Jerusalem Post. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ TASE Indices Booklet TASE (in Hebrew)
^ "Tel Aviv stocks mostly higher on first day of expanded indices". Reuters. 12 February 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ "Move over TA-25, and say hello to the TA-35; Stock exchange to update main indexes". The Jerusalem Post. 28 January 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ "TA-125 (^TA125.TA) Historical Data - Yahoo Finance". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
^ "TA-125 Index Composition". Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "רק 27.6% מהמשרות הבכירות בחברות הגדולות בבורסה אוישו על ידי נשים". Calcalist. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
External links
The TA-125 Index at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Reuters page for .TA100
Bloomberg page for TA-125:IND
Index TA-90 at the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
vteMajor Asian stock market indicesCentral Asia
KASE
KSE
Tashkent
East Asia
CSI 300
Hang Seng
KOSPI
Nikkei 225
SSE Composite
SZSE Component
TAIEX
TOPIX
North Asia
Moscow Exchange
South Asia
DSE
BSE SENSEX
NIFTY 50
KSE 100
Southeast Asia
IDX Composite
KLCI
PSEi
STI
SET Index (SET50/SET100)
Western Asia
ASE Weighted
DFM Index
TASI
TA-125
TSE
BIST
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stock market index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_index"},{"link_name":"capitalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalisation"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The TA-125 Index, typically referred to as the Tel Aviv 125 and formerly the TA-100 Index, is a stock market index of the 125 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). The index began on 1 January 1992 with a base level of 100. The highest value reached to date is 2152.16, in January 2022.[1] On 12 February 2017, the index was expanded to include 125 instead of 100 stocks, in an attempt to improve stability and therefore reduce risk for trackers and encourage foreign investment.[2][3]","title":"TA-125 Index"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"real-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The index is maintained by the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and is calculated in real-time during trading hours and published every 30 seconds. The index combines the companies that are listed in the TA-35 and TA-90 indices.[4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TA-35 Index","text":"The TA-35 Index is the TASE's flagship index. It was first published in 1992 under the name \"MA'OF Index\". The TA-35 index tracks the prices of the shares of the 35 companies with the highest market capitalization on the exchange. It serves as an underlying asset for options and futures, Index-Linked Certificates and Reverse Certificates traded on the exchange and worldwide. The index also began on 1 January 1992 with a base level of 100, and expanded from 25 to 35 stocks together with the TA-125 in February 2017.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"share index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_index"},{"link_name":"capitalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalisation"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"TA-90 Index","text":"The TA-90 is a share index of the 90 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, which are not included in the TA-35 index. The index began in 1999 with a base level of 100. The index was expanded on 12 February 2017 to include 90 instead of 75 stocks, in an attempt to improve stability and therefore reduce risk for trackers and encourage foreign investment.[5][6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_float"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Teva Pharmaceutical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceutical_Industries"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Free float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_float"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"market capitalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalisation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since February 2008, the TA-125 is calculated using a free float method, the total market capitalization of the companies weighted by their effect on the index, so the larger stocks would make more of a difference to the index as compared to a smaller market cap company. The basic formula for any index is (be it capitalization weighted or any other stock index).Index level= Σ(Price of stock* Number of shares)*Free float factor/ Index Divisor.The Free float Adjustment factor represents the proportion of shares that is floated as a percentage of issued shares. The free-float method, therefore, does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders.[citation needed]A company's weight in the index has an upper-limit of 9.8%, the weight of a company that should be higher is limited to 9.8% and the rest is divided between the other constituents of the index. Since October 2007 this restriction has set the effective weight of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries at 9.8%.[citation needed]To be included in the TA-35 index the company's stock also need to adhere to the following requirement: Meet a public holding threshold of at least 25% and a minimal value of 600 million NIS (to ensure that there is a significant Free float holding, which is not controlled by insiders).[citation needed]The constituents of the indices are determined twice a year; on the first trading day in January and in July. The largest companies in the TA-125 index are promoted to the TA-35 index if their market capitalisation is 20% more than a current company.[citation needed]","title":"Weighting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The following table shows the annual development of the TA-125 Index since 1993.[7]","title":"Annual Returns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"TA-125 Index Components (as of 23 August 2020):[8]","title":"Constituents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strauss Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strauss_Group"},{"link_name":"Agis Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agis_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perrigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrigo"},{"link_name":"Discount Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_Investment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"MA Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MA_Industries"},{"link_name":"ChemChina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemChina"},{"link_name":"Osem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osem_(company)"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"ChemChina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChemChina"},{"link_name":"VeriFone Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verifone"},{"link_name":"Delek Drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delek_Drilling"},{"link_name":"Ormat Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormat_Industries"},{"link_name":"Ormat Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormat_Technologies"},{"link_name":"HOT Telecommunication Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Altice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altice_(company)"},{"link_name":"Kardan N.V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kardan_N.V.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elbit Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbit_Imaging"},{"link_name":"Mellanox Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellanox_Technologies"},{"link_name":"NVIDIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"Frutarom Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frutarom"},{"link_name":"IFF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances"},{"link_name":"Given Imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_Imaging"},{"link_name":"Covidien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covidien"},{"link_name":"Cellcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellcom_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Ceragon Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceragon"},{"link_name":"IAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries"},{"link_name":"EZchip Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZchip_Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"Mellanox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellanox_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_Communications_Company"},{"link_name":"Alvarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarion"},{"link_name":"Ituran Location and Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituran"},{"link_name":"Retalix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retalix"},{"link_name":"NCR Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation"},{"link_name":"B Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_Communications"},{"link_name":"Mercantile Discount Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_Discount_Bank"},{"link_name":"TASE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASE"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"Tamar Petroleum Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamar_Petroleum_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Elite – Merged with the Strauss Group.\nAgis Industries – Acquired by Perrigo (now known as Perrigo Israel Pharmaceuticals).\nDiscount Investment Corporation - Removed from the index due to decrease in free-floating shares.\nMA Industries (Makhteshim Agan) - Acquired by ChemChina in 2011.\nOsem - Acquired by Nestlé in 2016.\nKoor Industries - Acquired by ChemChina in 2014.\nVeriFone Holdings - Delisted from TASE in 2010, later turned private.\nAvner Oil Exploration - Merged into Delek Drilling.\nOrmat Industries - Merged into Ormat Technologies.\nHOT Telecommunication Systems - Acquired by Altice in 2012.\nClal Industries and Investments - Acquired by Access Industries in 2013.\nKardan N.V. - Removed from the index due to decrease in capitalization.\nElbit Imaging - Removed from the index due to decrease in capitalization.\nAfrica Israel Investments - Acquired by Moti Ben-Moshe in 2018.\nDelek Israel Fuel Corp. - Merged into Delek Group.\nMellanox Technologies - Acquired by NVIDIA in 2019.\nFrutarom Industries - Acquired by IFF in 2018.\nGiven Imaging - Acquired by Covidien in 2014.\nBlue Square-Israel - Acquired by Moti Ben-Moshe in 2016.\nBritish Israel Investments - Formerly known as Azorim Properties, bought out by Melisron in 2011.\nNitsba Holdings - Merged into Airport City in 2015.\nNetVision - Merged into Cellcom in 2011.\nCeragon Networks - Delisted from TASE in 2017, traded at NASDAQ.\nNess Technologies - Split into several companies, later purchased by Hilan, IAI and Formula Systems.\nEZchip Semiconductor - Merged into Mellanox in 2016.\nGranite Hacarmel Investments - Acquired by Azrieli Group in 2012.\n012 Smile Communications - Acquired by Partner in 2010.\nAlvarion - Trading suspended in 2014, delisted in 2016.\nIturan Location and Control - Delisted from TASE in 2016, traded at NASDAQ.\nRetalix - Acquired by NCR Corp. in 2013.\nJerusalem Economy - Merged with Industrial Building Corporation (also a TA-125 constituent) in November 2019.\nAlrov Properties & Lodgings - Removed from the index in August 2019.\nN.R. Spuntech Industries - Removed from the index in August 2019.\nB Communications - Removed from the index in August 2019.\nMunicipal Bank Ltd - Merged into Mercantile Discount Bank as a private company and delisted from TASE in December 2019.\nRedhill Biopharma Ltd. - Delisted from TASE in January 2020, trading at NASDAQ.\nTamar Petroleum Ltd. - Removed from the index.","title":"Former members of the index"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of 2023, research by \"Calcalist\" established a review on the state of gender representation among executive positions within the TA-125 listed companies. Out of 2,063 executive positions identified within these companies, 570 were held by women, a mere 27.6% of the total positions. Specifically, women accounted for approximately 30.2% of positions within Board of Directors, a slight improvement from the previous year's 27.8% figure. However, the percentage of women in general management has remained unchanged at approximately 24.8%. [9]","title":"Gender representation among top positions"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Tahamata
|
Simon Tahamata
|
["1 International career","2 Managerial career","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Dutch footballer (born 1956)
Simon Tahamata
Tahamata in 1979Personal informationFull name
Simon Melkianus TahamataDate of birth
(1956-05-26) 26 May 1956 (age 68)Place of birth
Vught, NetherlandsPosition(s)
Left wingerTeam informationCurrent team
Ajax (technical youth coach)Youth career1967–1971
Theole1971–1976
AjaxSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1976–1980
Ajax
109
(14)1980–1984
Standard Liège
129
(40)1984–1987
Feyenoord
87
(29)1987–1990
Beerschot
99
(12)1990–1996
Germinal Ekeren
180
(19)Total
604
(114)International career1979–1986
Netherlands
22
(2)Managerial career1996–2000
Standard Liège (youth)2000–2004
Beerschot (youth)2004–2009
Ajax (youth)2009–2014
Al-Ahli (youth)2014–2024
Ajax (youth)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Simon Melkianus Tahamata (born 26 May 1956) is a football coach and former professional player who played for Dutch and Belgian clubs. He also played 22 times for the Netherlands national team, scoring twice. Tahamata was born in the Netherlands, but took Belgian nationality in 1990.
International career
Tahamata made his debut for the Netherlands national team on 22 May 1979 in Bern, Switzerland in the 75th Anniversary Match of the FIFA against Argentina.
Managerial career
After his career as a professional football player Tahamata went on to work as a youth coach for Standard Liège, Germinal Beerschot and AFC Ajax. Occasionally he also played for the team of old Ajax players, named Lucky Ajax. From 2009 he worked for a period as a technical coach for the youth teams of under-10 until under-15 of the Saudi Arabian football club Al-Ahli. Since October 2014 Tahamata is back at Ajax.
Since September 2015, next to his duties at Ajax, he also has a football academy, Simon Tahamata Soccer Academy.
Career statistics
Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tahamata goal.
List of international goals scored by Simon Tahamata
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
10 September 1980
Dublin, Ireland
Republic of Ireland
1–0
1–2
1982 FIFA World Cup qualification
2
10 November 1982
Rotterdam, Netherlands
France
1–0
1–2
Friendly
Honours
Ajax
Eredivisie: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80
KNVB Cup: 1978–79
Standard Liège
Belgian First Division: 1981–82, 1982–83
Belgian Cup: 1980–81; runner-up 1983–84
Belgian Super Cup: 1981, 1983
European Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1981–82
Intertoto Cup Group Winners: 1980, 1982
Beerschot
Belgian Cup runner-up: 1994–95
Individual
Man of the Season (Belgian First Division): 1990–91
Belgian Fair Play Award: 1993–94, 1994–95
References
^ Naturalisation list Belgian Senate 20 June 1990. senate.be. (Document not viewable on website on 29 November 2016).
^ Line-up Dutch national team 22 May 1979. Voetbalstats.nl (22 May 1979). Retrieved on 29 November 2016.
^ "Tahamata terug als jeugdtrainer Ajax" (in Dutch). NRC. 28 April 2004. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
^ "Tahamata ruilt Ajax voor jeugd Al-Ahli" (in Dutch). De Gelderlander. 11 April 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
^ "Simon Tahamata terug bij Ajax" (in Dutch). Trouw. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
^ Talentendag Simon Tahamata bij KFC 11 May 2015. Retrieved on 27 February 2017.
^ "Simon Tahamata – International Appearances". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.
^ "Ajax | Prijzenkast".
^ "Standard de Liège | Palmares".
^ "Wildstat | Intertoto Cup 1980".
^ "Wildstat | Intertoto Cup 1982".
^ "Beerschot | Palmares".
^ "Homme de la saison belge".
^ "Palmares Profvoetballer van het Jaar".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Simon Tahamata.
Profile (in Dutch)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Netherlands national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Belgian nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Simon Melkianus Tahamata (born 26 May 1956) is a football coach and former professional player who played for Dutch and Belgian clubs. He also played 22 times for the Netherlands national team, scoring twice. Tahamata was born in the Netherlands, but took Belgian nationality in 1990.[1]","title":"Simon Tahamata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tahamata made his debut for the Netherlands national team on 22 May 1979 in Bern, Switzerland in the 75th Anniversary Match of the FIFA against Argentina.[2]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Germinal Beerschot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerschot_A.C."},{"link_name":"AFC Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Al-Ahli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahli_(Jeddah)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After his career as a professional football player Tahamata went on to work as a youth coach for Standard Liège, Germinal Beerschot and AFC Ajax.[3] Occasionally he also played for the team of old Ajax players, named Lucky Ajax. From 2009 he worked for a period as a technical coach for the youth teams of under-10 until under-15 of the Saudi Arabian football club Al-Ahli.[4] Since October 2014 Tahamata is back at Ajax.[5]Since September 2015, next to his duties at Ajax, he also has a football academy, Simon Tahamata Soccer Academy.[6]","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tahamata goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurosport36-8"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1976–77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%E2%80%9377_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"KNVB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNVB_Cup"},{"link_name":"1978–79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_KNVB_Cup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurosport323-9"},{"link_name":"Belgian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Cup_finals"},{"link_name":"Belgian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yashin_Award222-10"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yashin_Award223-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurosport3232-12"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Man of the Season (Belgian First Division)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_van_het_Seizoen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Belgian Fair Play Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair-Playprijs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurosport372-14"}],"text":"Ajax[8]Eredivisie: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80\nKNVB Cup: 1978–79Standard Liège[9]Belgian First Division: 1981–82, 1982–83\nBelgian Cup: 1980–81; runner-up 1983–84\nBelgian Super Cup: 1981, 1983\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1981–82\nIntertoto Cup Group Winners: 1980,[10] 1982[11]Beerschot[12]Belgian Cup runner-up: 1994–95IndividualMan of the Season (Belgian First Division): 1990–91[13]\nBelgian Fair Play Award: 1993–94, 1994–95[14]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Tekulve
|
Kent Tekulve
|
["1 Career","2 Records","3 Post-playing career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American baseball player (born 1947)
Baseball player
Kent TekulveTekulve in 2007PitcherBorn: (1947-03-05) March 5, 1947 (age 77)Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutMay 20, 1974, for the Pittsburgh PiratesLast MLB appearanceJuly 16, 1989, for the Cincinnati RedsMLB statisticsWin–loss record94–90Earned run average2.85Strikeouts779Saves184
Teams
Pittsburgh Pirates (1974–1985)
Philadelphia Phillies (1985–1988)
Cincinnati Reds (1989)
Career highlights and awards
All-Star (1980)
World Series champion (1979)
Pirates Hall of Fame
Kenton Charles Tekulve (/təˈkʌlˌviː/ tə-KUL-vee; born March 5, 1947), nicknamed "Teke", is an American former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. Pitching with an unusual submarine delivery, Tekulve was known as a workhorse relief pitcher who holds several records for number of games pitched and innings pitched.
Career
Tekulve is a 1969 graduate of Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio. He signed that year as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates and remained with that organization until 1985. He made his major league debut against the Montreal Expos on May 20, 1974. He pitched an inning of relief and allowed one hit in the 4–2 loss.
His best seasons came in 1978 and 1979, in both of which he saved 31 games and posted ERAs of 2.33 and 2.75, respectively. He won National League Pitcher of the Month for August 1978. He saved three games in the 1979 World Series, including the winner, as the Pirates defeated the Baltimore Orioles 4 games to 3. He was selected as an All-Star in 1980.
He was traded from the Pirates to the Phillies for Al Holland and minor-league left-handed pitcher Frankie Griffin on April 20, 1985. He continued to be an effective reliever into his 40s. Only in his first season (1974) and his last season (1989) did he post an ERA above 4. While with the Phillies, he led the NL in games pitched for the fourth time, with 90 in 1987 at the age of 40.
Tekulve signed with the Cincinnati Reds before the 1989 season and pitched in 37 games before retiring in July.
Records
Tekulve led the National League in games pitched four times, appearing in 90 or more games three times. He and Mike Marshall are the only pitchers in baseball history to appear in 90 or more games more than once, having each done the feat three times. Tekulve is also the oldest pitcher ever to appear in 90 games, when he did so in 1987 at age 40. Tekulve's three saves in the 1979 World Series tied the single-Series mark set by Roy Face in the 1960 World Series; it was broken by John Wetteland in 1996. He holds the National League record for career innings pitched in relief (1,436+2⁄3), and formerly held the major league record for career relief appearances; his 1,050 career games, all in relief, ranked second in major league history to Hoyt Wilhelm's 1,070 when he retired. Tekulve owns the career records for most appearances and innings pitched without making a single start. In 1986, he broke Roy Face's NL record of 846 career games pitched; he held the record until John Franco passed him in 2004. In August of 1987, he pitched on nine consecutive days, a record for pitchers.
Tekulve holds the record for most career losses without having given up any earned runs, with 12, as well as the record for most intentional walks issued, with 179.
Post-playing career
Tekulve with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1977
Tekulve appeared in a 1983 episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood to explain how people play baseball.
Tekulve was a member of the Philadelphia Phillies television broadcast team from 1991 to 1997.
After several years involvement with the Washington Wild Things of the independent Frontier League, Tekulve took a job as the Pittsburgh Pirates' advance scout in 2006.
Tekulve worked for AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh (formerly FSN Pittsburgh and later Root Sports Pittsburgh) and appeared as an analyst after each Pittsburgh Pirates game from 2008 to 2017. However, in the early to mid part of the 2014 Pirates season, he took a hiatus for personal reasons.
Tekulve underwent successful heart transplantation surgery on September 5, 2014, after spending eight months on the transplant list. The surgery was performed at Allegheny General Hospital.
Tekulve threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the National League Wild Card Game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the San Francisco Giants on October 1, 2014.
Tekulve announced his retirement from broadcasting on September 6, 2017.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders
List of Pittsburgh Pirates team records
References
^ "The Story of Marietta College Baseball". Marietta College Athletics. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
^ "Kent Tekulve 1974 Pitching Game Logs". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
^ "Kent Tekulve 1978 Pitching Game Logs". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ "Kent Tekulve 1979 Pitching Game Logs". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ "Major League Baseball Pitchers of the Month". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ "1979 World Series - Pittsburgh Pirates over Baltimore Orioles (4-3)". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
^ "1980 MLB All-Star Game Roster - Major League Baseball - ESPN". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
^ "In a trade involving two of baseball's top relief... - UPI Archives". UPI. April 20, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
^ "1987 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
^ "Kent Tekulve 1989 Pitching Game Logs". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Tekulve, Holder of Reliever Mark, Retires". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 18, 1989. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
^ "1978 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ "1979 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ "1982 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ "1987 National League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ Newberry, Paul (October 25, 1996). "Wetteland: Man With The Messy Hat". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ "MLB Relief Pitching Records". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
^ Schoenfield, David (April 17, 2014). "Pitching four days in a row: A history". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
^ Siwoff, Seymour (1990). The 1990 Elias Baseball Analyst. Simon & Schuster Books For Young Readers. ISBN 9780020287124. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
^ "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood - Games: A Robot Factory". www.thetvdb.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
^ Barrist, Adam (June 27, 1996). "Teke talks". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
^ Robinson III, Edward G. (December 11, 2001). "Frontier League: Tekulve to lead Wild Things". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
^ a b Rotstein, Gary (September 16, 2014). "Former Pirates pitcher Kent Tekulve recovering from heart transplant". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
^ Gentille, Sean (October 1, 2014). "NL wild-card game: After transplant, Kent Tekulve throws first pitch". www.sportingnews.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ Nesbitt, Stephen J. (September 6, 2017). "Kent Tekulve will sign off at the end of the Pirates season". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Kent Tekulve at the SABR Baseball Biography Project
vtePittsburgh Pirates 1979 World Series champions
3 Phil Garner
5 Bill Madlock
6 Rennie Stennett
8 Willie Stargell (NL, NLCS, and World Series MVP)
10 Tim Foli
14 Ed Ott
15 Enrique Romo
16 Steve Nicosia
17 Lee Lacy
18 Omar Moreno
19 Jim Rooker
22 Bert Blyleven
23 Grant Jackson
24 Mike Easler
25 Bruce Kison
26 Jim Bibby
27 Kent Tekulve
28 Bill Robinson
34 John Milner
35 Manny Sanguillén
36 Matt Alexander
39 Dave Parker
43 Don Robinson
45 John Candelaria
49 Dave Roberts
Manager
7 Chuck Tanner
Coaches
31 Harvey Haddix
32 Joe Lonnett
42 Alex Monchak
48 Bob Skinner
Regular season
National League Championship Series
vtePhiladelphia Phillies
Established in 1883
Formerly the Philadelphia Quakers and the Philadelphia Blue Jays
Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Franchise
History
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Kid Gleason
Ryan Howard
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Jimmy Rollins
Curt Schilling
Kent Tekulve
Chase Utley
Retired numbers
1
14
15
20
32
34
36
42
P
P
Key personnel
Owner: Limited partnership (John S. Middleton, Jim & Pete Buck, Stanley Middleman, Estate of David Montgomery, & Pat Gillick)
President: David Dombrowski
General Manager: Sam Fuld
Manager: Rob Thomson
World Serieschampionships (2)
1980
2008
NL pennants (8)
1915
1950
1980
1983
1993
2008
2009
2022
Divisionchampionships (11)
1976
1977
1978
1980
1983
1993
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Wild Card titles (2)
2022
2023
Minor league affiliates
Triple-A
Lehigh Valley IronPigs
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Reading Fightin Phils
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DSL Phillies White
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Radio
94 WIP (English flagship station)
El Pasaporte (Spanish flagship station)
Phillies radio network affiliates
Broadcasters
Tom McCarthy
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Seasons (142)1880s
1880 · 1881 · 1882 · 1883
1884
1885
1886
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Category
vteMembers of the Pittsburgh Pirates Hall of FamePitchers
Blass
Brown
Face
Friend
Tekulve
Catchers
Gibson
Sanguillén
Infielders
Beckley
Leonard
Groat
Mazeroski
Traynor
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Bonds
Carey
Charleston
Clemente
Kiner
Parker
Stargell
L. Waner
P. Waner
Managers
Clarke
Leyland
Murtaugh
Footnotes
^ a b c d Homestead Grays/Pittsburgh Crawfords member
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/təˈkʌlˌviː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"tə-KUL-vee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"games pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_pitched"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"}],"text":"Baseball playerKenton Charles Tekulve (/təˈkʌlˌviː/ tə-KUL-vee; born March 5, 1947), nicknamed \"Teke\", is an American former professional baseball right-handed relief pitcher who played 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies and Cincinnati Reds. Pitching with an unusual submarine delivery, Tekulve was known as a workhorse relief pitcher who holds several records for number of games pitched and innings pitched.","title":"Kent Tekulve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marietta College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_College"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"ERAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1979 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Pittsburgh_Pirates_season"},{"link_name":"Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Philadelphia_Phillies_season"},{"link_name":"Al Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Holland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"games pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_pitched"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Tekulve is a 1969 graduate of Marietta College in Marietta, Ohio.[1] He signed that year as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates and remained with that organization until 1985. He made his major league debut against the Montreal Expos on May 20, 1974. He pitched an inning of relief and allowed one hit in the 4–2 loss.[2]His best seasons came in 1978 and 1979, in both of which he saved 31 games and posted ERAs of 2.33 and 2.75, respectively.[3][4] He won National League Pitcher of the Month for August 1978.[5] He saved three games in the 1979 World Series, including the winner, as the Pirates defeated the Baltimore Orioles 4 games to 3.[6] He was selected as an All-Star in 1980.[7]He was traded from the Pirates to the Phillies for Al Holland and minor-league left-handed pitcher Frankie Griffin on April 20, 1985.[8] He continued to be an effective reliever into his 40s. Only in his first season (1974) and his last season (1989) did he post an ERA above 4. While with the Phillies, he led the NL in games pitched for the fourth time, with 90 in 1987 at the age of 40.[9]Tekulve signed with the Cincinnati Reds before the 1989 season and pitched in 37 games before retiring in July.[10][11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"games pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_pitched"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mike Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Marshall_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"1979 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"1960 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_World_Series"},{"link_name":"John Wetteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wetteland"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"innings pitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Roy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Face"},{"link_name":"John Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Franco"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"losses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"earned runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_runs"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Tekulve led the National League in games pitched four times, appearing in 90 or more games three times.[12][13][14][15] He and Mike Marshall are the only pitchers in baseball history to appear in 90 or more games more than once, having each done the feat three times. Tekulve is also the oldest pitcher ever to appear in 90 games, when he did so in 1987 at age 40. Tekulve's three saves in the 1979 World Series tied the single-Series mark set by Roy Face in the 1960 World Series; it was broken by John Wetteland in 1996.[16] He holds the National League record for career innings pitched in relief (1,436+2⁄3),[17] and formerly held the major league record for career relief appearances; his 1,050 career games, all in relief, ranked second in major league history to Hoyt Wilhelm's 1,070 when he retired. Tekulve owns the career records for most appearances and innings pitched without making a single start. In 1986, he broke Roy Face's NL record of 846 career games pitched; he held the record until John Franco passed him in 2004. In August of 1987, he pitched on nine consecutive days, a record for pitchers.[18]Tekulve holds the record for most career losses without having given up any earned runs, with 12, as well as the record for most intentional walks issued, with 179.[19]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kent_Tekulve_Pirates.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"1983 episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood_(season_13)"},{"link_name":"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Rogers%27_Neighborhood"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Washington Wild Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wild_Things"},{"link_name":"Frontier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotstein-23"},{"link_name":"heart transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplantation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotstein-23"},{"link_name":"National League Wild Card Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_National_League_Wild_Card_Game"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Tekulve with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1977Tekulve appeared in a 1983 episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood to explain how people play baseball.[20]Tekulve was a member of the Philadelphia Phillies television broadcast team from 1991 to 1997.[21]After several years involvement with the Washington Wild Things of the independent Frontier League, Tekulve took a job as the Pittsburgh Pirates' advance scout in 2006.[22]Tekulve worked for AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh (formerly FSN Pittsburgh and later Root Sports Pittsburgh) and appeared as an analyst after each Pittsburgh Pirates game from 2008 to 2017. However, in the early to mid part of the 2014 Pirates season, he took a hiatus for personal reasons.[23]Tekulve underwent successful heart transplantation surgery on September 5, 2014, after spending eight months on the transplant list. The surgery was performed at Allegheny General Hospital.[23]Tekulve threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the National League Wild Card Game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the San Francisco Giants on October 1, 2014.[24]Tekulve announced his retirement from broadcasting on September 6, 2017.[25]","title":"Post-playing career"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tekulve with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Kent_Tekulve_Pirates.jpg/200px-Kent_Tekulve_Pirates.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_games_finished_leaders"},{"title":"List of Pittsburgh Pirates team records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pittsburgh_Pirates_team_records"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Story of Marietta College Baseball\". Marietta College Athletics. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120714102133/http://pioneers.marietta.edu/news/2012/1/18/BB_0118121147.aspx","url_text":"\"The Story of Marietta College Baseball\""},{"url":"https://pioneers.marietta.edu/news/2012/1/18/BB_0118121147.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Tekulve 1974 Pitching Game Logs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1974","url_text":"\"Kent Tekulve 1974 Pitching Game Logs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214139/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1974","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Tekulve 1978 Pitching Game Logs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1978","url_text":"\"Kent Tekulve 1978 Pitching Game Logs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214020/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1978","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Tekulve 1979 Pitching Game Logs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1979","url_text":"\"Kent Tekulve 1979 Pitching Game Logs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422213959/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1979","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Pitchers of the Month\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/mlb-pitchers-of-the-month.shtml","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Pitchers of the Month\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062524/https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/mlb-pitchers-of-the-month.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1979 World Series - Pittsburgh Pirates over Baltimore Orioles (4-3)\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1979_WS.shtml","url_text":"\"1979 World Series - Pittsburgh Pirates over Baltimore Orioles (4-3)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628124938/https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/1979_WS.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1980 MLB All-Star Game Roster - Major League Baseball - ESPN\". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/mlb/allstargame/history/results/_/year/1980","url_text":"\"1980 MLB All-Star Game Roster - Major League Baseball - ESPN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190809185050/http://www.espn.com/mlb/allstargame/history/results/_/year/1980","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In a trade involving two of baseball's top relief... - UPI Archives\". UPI. April 20, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/04/20/In-a-trade-involving-two-of-baseballs-top-relief/6128482821200/","url_text":"\"In a trade involving two of baseball's top relief... - UPI Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 National League Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1987-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1987 National League Pitching Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190814172924/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1987-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Tekulve 1989 Pitching Game Logs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1989","url_text":"\"Kent Tekulve 1989 Pitching Game Logs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422213058/https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=tekulke01&t=p&year=1989","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tekulve, Holder of Reliever Mark, Retires\". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 18, 1989. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/sports/tekulve-holder-of-reliever-mark-retires.html","url_text":"\"Tekulve, Holder of Reliever Mark, Retires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190828133514/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/18/sports/tekulve-holder-of-reliever-mark-retires.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1978 National League Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1978-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1978 National League Pitching Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230620195529/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1978-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1979 National League Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1979-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1979 National League Pitching Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230620195435/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1979-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1982 National League Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1982-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1982 National League Pitching Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082302/http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1982-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1987 National League Pitching Leaders\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1987-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"\"1987 National League Pitching Leaders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230620195540/https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NL/1987-pitching-leaders.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Newberry, Paul (October 25, 1996). \"Wetteland: Man With The Messy Hat\". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/84e6038313a02c54e82d7c02b30bb17d","url_text":"\"Wetteland: Man With The Messy Hat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190326080324/https://www.apnews.com/84e6038313a02c54e82d7c02b30bb17d","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MLB Relief Pitching Records\". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_rlief.shtml","url_text":"\"MLB Relief Pitching Records\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230313075905/https://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_rlief.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schoenfield, David (April 17, 2014). \"Pitching four days in a row: A history\". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/sweetspot/print?id=46159","url_text":"\"Pitching four days in a row: A history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306081533/http://espn.go.com/blog/sweetspot/print?id=46159","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Siwoff, Seymour (1990). The 1990 Elias Baseball Analyst. Simon & Schuster Books For Young Readers. ISBN 9780020287124. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aDqLKMv-rnQC&q=tekulve+179+intentional+walks","url_text":"The 1990 Elias Baseball Analyst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780020287124","url_text":"9780020287124"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230704174412/https://books.google.com/books?id=aDqLKMv-rnQC&q=tekulve+179+intentional+walks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood - Games: A Robot Factory\". www.thetvdb.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mister-rogers-neighborhood/episodes/257065","url_text":"\"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood - Games: A Robot Factory\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816145114/https://www.thetvdb.com/series/mister-rogers-neighborhood/episodes/257065","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barrist, Adam (June 27, 1996). \"Teke talks\". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedp.com/article/1996/06/teke_talks","url_text":"\"Teke talks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829134018/https://www.thedp.com/article/1996/06/teke_talks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robinson III, Edward G. (December 11, 2001). \"Frontier League: Tekulve to lead Wild Things\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.post-gazette.com/pirates/20011211wild1211p4.asp","url_text":"\"Frontier League: Tekulve to lead Wild Things\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822130148/http://old.post-gazette.com/pirates/20011211wild1211p4.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rotstein, Gary (September 16, 2014). \"Former Pirates pitcher Kent Tekulve recovering from heart transplant\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/pirates/2014/09/16/Former-Pirates-pitcher-Tekulve-recovering-from-open-heart-surgery/stories/201409160154","url_text":"\"Former Pirates pitcher Kent Tekulve recovering from heart transplant\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190827133101/https://www.post-gazette.com/sports/pirates/2014/09/16/Former-Pirates-pitcher-Tekulve-recovering-from-open-heart-surgery/stories/201409160154","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gentille, Sean (October 1, 2014). \"NL wild-card game: After transplant, Kent Tekulve throws first pitch\". www.sportingnews.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/mlb-playoffs-2014-pirates-giants-score-nl-wild-card-game-kent-tekulve-first-pitch-heart-transplan/dl7xi21wchgd1wtyzo6zdkvh1","url_text":"\"NL wild-card game: After transplant, Kent Tekulve throws first pitch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820124929/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/mlb-playoffs-2014-pirates-giants-score-nl-wild-card-game-kent-tekulve-first-pitch-heart-transplan/dl7xi21wchgd1wtyzo6zdkvh1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nesbitt, Stephen J. (September 6, 2017). \"Kent Tekulve will sign off at the end of the Pirates season\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave
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Gorham's Cave
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["1 Discovery","2 Description","3 Archaeology","3.1 Discovery and early work","3.2 Periods, dates, human species","3.3 Scratched floor","4 UNESCO World Heritage Site","5 Fauna","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 36°07′13″N 5°20′31″W / 36.120397°N 5.342075°W / 36.120397; -5.342075Cave and archaeological site in Gibraltar
Gorham's CaveView of the Alboran Sea from inside Gorham's Cave, GibraltarMap showing location of Gorham's Cave in GibraltarLocationSoutheast face of the Rock of Gibraltar, GibraltarCoordinates36°07′13″N 5°20′31″W / 36.120397°N 5.342075°W / 36.120397; -5.342075Depth18 metres (59 ft)Discovery1907GeologyLimestone
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameGorham's Cave ComplexTypeCulturalCriteriaiiiDesignated2016 (40th session)Reference no.1500RegionEurope
Gorham's Cave (Spanish: Cueva de Gorham, pronounced ) is a sea-level cave in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Though not a sea cave, it is often mistaken for one. Considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals in Europe, the cave gives its name to the Gorham's Cave complex, which is a combination of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only one in Gibraltar. The three other caves are Vanguard Cave, Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.
It is located at Governor's Beach on the southeastern face of the Rock of Gibraltar. When first inhabited some 55,000 years ago, it would have been approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) from the shore, but, due to changes in sea level, it is now only a few metres from the Mediterranean Sea.
Discovery
View of Gorham's Cave on the east face of the Rock of Gibraltar
The cave is named after Captain A. Gorham of the 2nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers, who discovered it in 1907 while opening a fissure at the rear of a sea cavern. Gorham inscribed his name and the date of his discovery in lamp-black on the wall of the cave, which has borne his name ever since. After this initial discovery, it seems the cave was forgotten—at least at an official level—as Gibraltarian historian and potholer George Palao recalls an inscription on the cave wall that read J. J. Davies 1943.
Description
Gorham's Cave is a cave situated on the east side of Gibraltar a few meters above sea level which has formed in Jurassic limestone. Total length of this cave is approximately 100 m (330 ft) and at the entrance it is approximately 35 m (115 ft) high. Further inside the cave becomes narrower and turns per approximately 90 degrees. From the entrance of cave opens a view on the Alboran Sea. It is possible that during further research the cave will become longer.
Archaeology
Discovery and early work
Gorham's Cave has been a site of archaeological interest since its importance was first recognised. The beach below the cave (Governor's Beach) had been inaccessible from the cliffs above; however, after one episode of a tunnelling project in the rock, the beach and cave became accessible due to the pile of spoil that was created.
Royal Engineers Keighley and Ward were the first to report artefacts of archaeological interest in the cave via the Gibraltar newspapers. They had found pottery and stone tools. Moreover, they reported that human and animal remains had been discovered in Gorham's cave. Rev. F. E. Brown of the Gibraltar Society reported these findings to the governor of Gibraltar who requested further investigations after a site visit. These investigations were reported to the British Museum for their deliberation.
Lieutenant George Baker Alexander, Royal Engineer and a graduate geologist from the University of Cambridge, arrived in Gibraltar in 1945. He decided to make a geological survey of Gibraltar that resulted in a detailed geological map. Alexander was the first to excavate Gorham’s Cave, before his departure from Gibraltar in 1948 after the Gibraltar Museum challenged his methods. There are no preserved materials about these excavations.
In 1945, the governor wrote to the British Museum requesting that they continue further explorations of the cave. The museum had no resources, however, so they forwarded his enquiry to Professor Dorothy Garrod at Cambridge, who had found a Neanderthal skull at Devil's Tower Cave during her earlier work in Gibraltar in the 1920s. Garrod sought the assistance of Dr. John d'Arcy Waechter, a fellow of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Waechter arrived in September 1948 and spent two months digging test pits to see if further excavation would be justified. Waechter's success resulted in his return in June 1950. He went back to England in 1951, without concluding the work and returned from February to July 1952. During a final visit in 1954 he successfully requested financial assistance from the local government to complete his work.
In September 2021, archaeologists from the Gibraltar National Museum led by Prof Clive Finlayson announced the discovery of a 40,000 year-old Neanderthal cave chamber in the Gorham's Cave Complex, including a carving that may have been early Neanderthal artwork.
Periods, dates, human species
Excavation of this site has resulted in the discovery of four layers of stratigraphy, one below the other:
Level I has produced evidence for eighth to third centuries BC use by Phoenicians.
Level II produced evidence for brief Neolithic use.
Level III has yielded at least 240 Upper Paleolithic artefacts of Magdalenian and Solutrean origin.
Level IV has produced 103 items, including spear-points, knives, and scraping devices that are identified as Mousterian, and shows repeated use over thousands of years.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating gives dates for level IV of between 33 and 23 thousand years before the present (kyr BP)—the researchers felt that the uncertainties at this time depth made calibration impractical. They suggest occupation until at least 28 kyr BP and possibly 24 kyr BP.
No fossil remains have been found that would allow identification pointing to either Neanderthal or anatomically modern human inhabitants, nor associated with findings of a modern human in a site at nearby Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal of 24,500 years ago who may have featured Neanderthal genetic admixtures, although Mousterian culture normally is identified with Neanderthals in Europe.
Scratched floor
The scratched floor of Gorham's Cave
In July 2012, the floor of the cave was found to be deeply scratched. Researchers uncovered a series of criss-crossing lines over ~1 m2 (11 sq ft), cut into the surface of a ledge about 100 metres (330 ft) from its entrance. The scratches consist of eight lines arranged in two groups of three long lines and intersected by two shorter ones, which has been used to suggest it is a symbol. The scratches are thought to be at least 39,000 years old, because they were found below a layer of undisturbed sediment of that age in which hundreds of Neanderthal stone tools were discovered.
The attribution of the scratches to Neanderthals is disputed. Matt Pope of University College London cautions that "linking them directly to Neanderthal populations, or proving Neanderthals made them without any contact with modern humans is harder. The dates were indirectly obtained and refer to the material from within sediments covering the scratches and not the marks themselves. Given the dates also span a period when we know modern humans have reached Europe, a period where we have unresolved 'transitional' archaeological evidence difficult to attribute to either population, I'd be cautious in accepting Neanderthal authorship." Harold Dibble of the University of Pennsylvania also questioned the accuracy of the dating. He suggests that the scratches could have been made by modern humans and subsequently been covered by older sediments shifting within the cave.
Nevertheless, it has been described as "abstract art" by Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal of the University of Huelva, for whom it is "the first directly demonstrable example of an abstract work, carried out consistently and with care and requiring prolonged and concentrated work, that has been produced in a cave." He claims that "creating paintings or carvings in caves is seen as a cognitive step in human development. This behaviour was considered exclusive to modern humans and has been used as an argument to distinguish our direct ancestors from ancient man, including Neanderthals."
The issue of the artistic abilities of Neanderthals has been a long-running topic of controversy. Other alleged examples of Neanderthal art have been found in other caves in Europe, including motifs in Spain, and possible "jewellery" in France.
The team researching the Gorham's Cave scratches sought to determine whether it might have been produced accidentally, for example as a by-product of using the rock as a surface for cutting meat or fur. They carried out experiments with tools similar to those that would have been available at the time to carve grooves into blocks of similar dolomite rock, to identify how the scratches might have been made. They decided that the lines were most likely created by using a pointed tool or cutting edge to scrape repeatedly along, and deepen, an existing groove, taking as many as 300 strokes and requiring at least an hour's work. In addition, the scratches are in what would have been a very visible location and would have been immediately noticeable to anyone entering the cave.
Those who claim it has symbolic meaning cannot explain what it would have meant. Clive Finlayson of the Gibraltar Museum notes that "the engraving is at the point in the cave where the cave's orientation changes by 90 degrees" and speculates whether the scratches were related to the location: "It's almost like Clapham Junction, like it's showing an intersection. I'm speculating, but it does make you wonder whether it has something to do with mapping, or saying: 'This is where you are'." Francesco d'Errico, the director of research at CRNS, comments: "It's in a fixed location so, for example, it could be something to indicate to other Neanderthals visiting the cave that somebody was already using it, or that there was a group that owned that cave." Harrold Dibble comments that "It takes more than a few scratches—deliberate or not—to identify symbolic behaviour on the part of Neanderthals."
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Gorham's Cave gives its name to the Gorham's Cave complex, which is a grouping of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The three other caves are the nearby Vanguard Cave, the Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.
In November 2010, the Gorham's Cave complex was put forward to compete for a nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Professor Clive Finlayson, director of the Gibraltar Museum, was responsible for co-ordinating the efforts to obtain this nomination. The first step was a proposal to the United Kingdom cultural authorities to get Gorham's Cave complex added to the UK's World Heritage tentative list. Such a list is revised every ten years, and the process for a new list was ongoing at the date of the submission.
The ownership of land associated with Gorham's Cave was passed from the UK Ministry of Defence to the government of Gibraltar in 2011. The agreement swapped this MOD land and more than 300 MOD houses with the government of Gibraltar, who in exchange agreed to build 90 new houses on remaining MOD land.
In May 2012 Gorham's Cave complex was on the short list of two sites, along with the Forth Rail Bridge, that was forwarded for submission to UNESCO. The site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site on 15 July 2016, and is Gibraltar's only World Heritage site.
Fauna
The Gorham's Cave Complex is home to various species of bat, among them the European free-tailed bat.
The cave complex also forms the largest wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins in the world, peaking at 12,000 birds in the 2020-2021 winter season, making up 1-2% of the entire European population of this species.
See also
Gibraltar 1
Gibraltar 2
References
^ a b Gorham's Cave Complex, UNESCO tentative sites list. Retrieved 4 August 2014
^ a b Finlayson, Clive. "History of Gorham's Cave". Gibraltar Museum. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ Campbell, Peter B.; Flemming, Nic; Antonioli, Fabrizio (2017). "Prehistoric Archaeology, Palaeontology, and Climate Change Indicators Indicators from Caves Submerged by Change of Sea Level". In Campbell, Peter (ed.). The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Highfield Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-9926336-7-7. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023.
^ a b c "The Cave That Time Forgot". Visit Gibraltar (10): 3. June 2001.
^ J. d'A. Waechter: "Excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar", Paper no. 3. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 1951.
^ Jeevan Ravindran (30 September 2021). "Cave chamber closed for 40,000 years could hold the key to the lives of Neanderthals". CNN. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ Owen Jarus (2021-09-29). "Secret cave chamber may be one of the last Neanderthal hideouts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF). Nature. 443 (7113): 850–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..850F. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID 16971951. S2CID 4411186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-27.
^ Duarte C, Maurício J, Pettitt PB, et al. (June 1999). "The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7604–9. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7604D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.
^ Location diagrams at Anthropologynet and BBC News
^ Vergano, Dan (1 September 2014). "Newly Discovered Engraving May Revise Picture of Neanderthal Intelligence". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ a b c d Rincon, Paul (1 September 2014). "Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave". BBC News. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ a b Callaway, Ewen (1 September 2014). "Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art". Nature. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ a b Burgen, Stephen (2 September 2014). "Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
^ "UK Tentative List of Potential Sites for World Heritage Nomination: Application form" (PDF). UK Government. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Government Seek World Heritage Status for Gorham's Cave Archived 2011-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, Gibraltar Chronicle, 8 November 2010.
^ "Government announces details of the recent Lands Agreement with MOD". 29 July 2011. Government of Gibraltar. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
^ Gorham's Cave Short-Listed, BBC News, 28 May 2012
^ "Gorham's Cave Complex Reveals An Elusive Species". 2015-08-05. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
^ Bensusan, Keith; Holmes, Tyson Lee; Perez, Charles; Finlayson, Geraldine; Finlayson, Stewart; Guillem, Rhian; Finlayson, Clive (2021-08-19). "Crag Martin neontology complements taphonomy at the Gorham's Cave Complex". Scientific Reports. 11 (16851): 16851. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1116851B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95974-9. PMC 8377064. PMID 34413328.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorham's Cave.
Alfano S Did Neanderthals Last Longer? CBS News, 13 Sep 2006
Rock art found in Gorham's Cave. (in Spanish)
History of Gorham's Cave from Gibraltar Museum website
Current information on Gorham's Cave from the Gibraltar Museum website.
Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RN, et al. (September 2008). "Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (38): 14319–24. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514319S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805474105. PMC 2567146. PMID 18809913.
Rodriguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Jennings, R.P.; Queffelec, A.; Finlayson, G.; Fa, D.A.; Gutierrez Lopez, J.M.; Carrion, J. S.; Negro, J.J.; Finlayson, S.; Caceres, L.M.; Bernal, M.A.; Fernandez Jimenez, S.; Finlayson, C. (2014). "A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13301–06. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[ɡoˈɾam]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"British overseas territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"sea cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cave"},{"link_name":"one of the last known habitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthals_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Neanderthals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Vanguard Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Cave"},{"link_name":"Hyaena Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaena_Cave"},{"link_name":"Bennett's Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tentative-1"},{"link_name":"Rock of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"Cave and archaeological site in GibraltarGorham's Cave (Spanish: Cueva de Gorham, pronounced [ɡoˈɾam]) is a sea-level cave in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Though not a sea cave, it is often mistaken for one. Considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals in Europe, the cave gives its name to the Gorham's Cave complex, which is a combination of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the only one in Gibraltar. The three other caves are Vanguard Cave, Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.[1]It is located at Governor's Beach on the southeastern face of the Rock of Gibraltar. When first inhabited some 55,000 years ago, it would have been approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) from the shore, but, due to changes in sea level, it is now only a few metres from the Mediterranean Sea.","title":"Gorham's Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorham%27s_Cave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rock of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Royal Munster Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Munster_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(geology)"},{"link_name":"lamp-black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp-black"},{"link_name":"Gibraltarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_people"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"potholer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving"},{"link_name":"George Palao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Palao"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"}],"text":"View of Gorham's Cave on the east face of the Rock of GibraltarThe cave is named after Captain A. Gorham of the 2nd Battalion Royal Munster Fusiliers, who discovered it in 1907 while opening a fissure at the rear of a sea cavern. Gorham inscribed his name and the date of his discovery in lamp-black on the wall of the cave, which has borne his name ever since. After this initial discovery, it seems the cave was forgotten—at least at an official level—as Gibraltarian historian and potholer George Palao recalls an inscription on the cave wall that read J. J. Davies 1943.[2]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flemming-3"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Alboran Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Sea"}],"text":"Gorham's Cave is a cave situated on the east side of Gibraltar a few meters above sea level[3] which has formed in Jurassic limestone. Total length of this cave is approximately 100 m (330 ft) and at the entrance it is approximately 35 m (115 ft) high. Further inside the cave becomes narrower and turns per approximately 90 degrees. From the entrance of cave opens a view on the Alboran Sea. It is possible that during further research the cave will become longer.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"spoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overburden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cave-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"stone tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool"},{"link_name":"governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cave-4"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"geologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"geological survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_survey"},{"link_name":"geological map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_map"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cave-4"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Garrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod"},{"link_name":"Devil's Tower Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Tower_Cave"},{"link_name":"British Institute of Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Institute_of_Archaeology_at_Ankara"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waec-5"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Discovery and early work","text":"Gorham's Cave has been a site of archaeological interest since its importance was first recognised. The beach below the cave (Governor's Beach) had been inaccessible from the cliffs above; however, after one episode of a tunnelling project in the rock, the beach and cave became accessible due to the pile of spoil that was created.[4]Royal Engineers Keighley and Ward were the first[when?] to report artefacts of archaeological interest in the cave via the Gibraltar newspapers. They had found pottery and stone tools. Moreover, they reported that human and animal remains had been discovered in Gorham's cave. Rev. F. E. Brown of the Gibraltar Society reported these findings to the governor of Gibraltar who requested further investigations after a site visit. These investigations were reported to the British Museum for their deliberation.[4]Lieutenant George Baker Alexander, Royal Engineer and a graduate geologist from the University of Cambridge, arrived in Gibraltar in 1945. He decided to make a geological survey of Gibraltar that resulted in a detailed geological map. Alexander was the first to excavate Gorham’s Cave, before his departure from Gibraltar in 1948 after the Gibraltar Museum challenged his methods.[4] There are no preserved materials about these excavations.In 1945, the governor wrote to the British Museum requesting that they continue further explorations of the cave. The museum had no resources, however, so they forwarded his enquiry to Professor Dorothy Garrod at Cambridge, who had found a Neanderthal skull at Devil's Tower Cave during her earlier work in Gibraltar in the 1920s. Garrod sought the assistance of Dr. John d'Arcy Waechter, a fellow of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Waechter arrived in September 1948 and spent two months digging test pits to see if further excavation would be justified.[5] Waechter's success resulted in his return in June 1950. He went back to England in 1951, without concluding the work and returned from February to July 1952. During a final visit in 1954 he successfully requested financial assistance from the local government to complete his work.[2]In September 2021, archaeologists from the Gibraltar National Museum led by Prof Clive Finlayson announced the discovery of a 40,000 year-old Neanderthal cave chamber in the Gorham's Cave Complex, including a carving that may have been early Neanderthal artwork.[6][7]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stratigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Magdalenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian"},{"link_name":"Solutrean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutrean"},{"link_name":"Mousterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousterian"},{"link_name":"Accelerator mass spectrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"anatomically modern human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human"},{"link_name":"Abrigo do Lagar Velho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrigo_do_Lagar_Velho"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"genetic admixtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_admixture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Periods, dates, human species","text":"Excavation of this site has resulted in the discovery of four layers of stratigraphy, one below the other:Level I has produced evidence for eighth to third centuries BC use by Phoenicians.\nLevel II produced evidence for brief Neolithic use.\nLevel III has yielded at least 240 Upper Paleolithic artefacts of Magdalenian and Solutrean origin.\nLevel IV has produced 103 items, including spear-points, knives, and scraping devices that are identified as Mousterian, and shows repeated use over thousands of years.Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating gives dates for level IV of between 33 and 23 thousand years before the present (kyr BP)—the researchers felt that the uncertainties at this time depth made calibration impractical. They suggest occupation until at least 28 kyr BP and possibly 24 kyr BP.[8]No fossil remains have been found that would allow identification pointing to either Neanderthal or anatomically modern human inhabitants, nor associated with findings of a modern human in a site at nearby Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal of 24,500 years ago who may have featured Neanderthal genetic admixtures,[9] although Mousterian culture normally is identified with Neanderthals in Europe.[10]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neanderthal_Engraving_(Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar).jpg"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG2014-11"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1-Sep-2014-12"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibble2014-13"},{"link_name":"abstract art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"University of Huelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Huelva"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2-Sep-2014-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-2-Sep-2014-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1-Sep-2014-12"},{"link_name":"Clive Finlayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Finlayson"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Museum"},{"link_name":"Clapham Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misrah_Ghar_il-Kbir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1-Sep-2014-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1-Sep-2014-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dibble2014-13"}],"sub_title":"Scratched floor","text":"The scratched floor of Gorham's CaveIn July 2012, the floor of the cave[which?] was found to be deeply scratched. Researchers uncovered a series of criss-crossing lines over ~1 m2 (11 sq ft), cut into the surface of a ledge about 100 metres (330 ft) from its entrance.[11] The scratches consist of eight lines arranged in two groups of three long lines and intersected by two shorter ones, which has been used to suggest it is a symbol. The scratches are thought to be at least 39,000 years old, because they were found below a layer of undisturbed sediment of that age in which hundreds of Neanderthal stone tools were discovered.The attribution of the scratches to Neanderthals is disputed. Matt Pope of University College London cautions that \"linking them directly to Neanderthal populations, or proving Neanderthals made them without any contact with modern humans is harder. The dates were indirectly obtained and refer to the material from within sediments covering the scratches and not the marks themselves. Given the dates also span a period when we know modern humans have reached Europe, a period where we have unresolved 'transitional' archaeological evidence difficult to attribute to either population, I'd be cautious in accepting Neanderthal authorship.\"[12] Harold Dibble of the University of Pennsylvania also questioned the accuracy of the dating. He suggests that the scratches could have been made by modern humans and subsequently been covered by older sediments shifting within the cave.[13]Nevertheless, it has been described as \"abstract art\" by Joaquín Rodríguez-Vidal of the University of Huelva, for whom it is \"the first directly demonstrable example of an abstract work, carried out consistently and with care and requiring prolonged and concentrated work, that has been produced in a cave.\"[14] He claims that \"creating paintings or carvings in caves is seen as a cognitive step in human development. This behaviour was considered exclusive to modern humans and has been used as an argument to distinguish our direct ancestors from ancient man, including Neanderthals.\"[14]\nThe issue of the artistic abilities of Neanderthals has been a long-running topic of controversy. Other alleged examples of Neanderthal art have been found in other caves in Europe, including motifs in Spain, and possible \"jewellery\" in France.The team researching the Gorham's Cave scratches sought to determine whether it might have been produced accidentally, for example as a by-product of using the rock as a surface for cutting meat or fur. They carried out experiments with tools similar to those that would have been available at the time to carve grooves into blocks of similar dolomite rock, to identify how the scratches might have been made. They decided that the lines were most likely created by using a pointed tool or cutting edge to scrape repeatedly along, and deepen, an existing groove, taking as many as 300 strokes and requiring at least an hour's work. In addition, the scratches are in what would have been a very visible location and would have been immediately noticeable to anyone entering the cave.[12]Those who claim it has symbolic meaning cannot explain what it would have meant. Clive Finlayson of the Gibraltar Museum notes that \"the engraving is at the point in the cave where the cave's orientation changes by 90 degrees\" and speculates whether the scratches were related to the location: \"It's almost like Clapham Junction, like it's showing an intersection. I'm speculating, but it does make you wonder whether it has something to do with mapping, or saying: 'This is where you are'.\"[12] Francesco d'Errico, the director of research at CRNS, comments: \"It's in a fixed location so, for example, it could be something to indicate to other Neanderthals visiting the cave that somebody was already using it, or that there was a group that owned that cave.\"[12] Harrold Dibble comments that \"It takes more than a few scratches—deliberate or not—to identify symbolic behaviour on the part of Neanderthals.\"[13]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanguard Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Cave"},{"link_name":"Hyaena Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaena_Cave"},{"link_name":"Bennett's Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett%27s_Cave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tentative-1"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Clive Finlayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Finlayson"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Museum"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"cultural authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"UK's World Heritage tentative list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom#Tentative_list"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"government of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modgog-17"},{"link_name":"Forth Rail Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Rail_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Gorham's Cave gives its name to the Gorham's Cave complex, which is a grouping of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The three other caves are the nearby Vanguard Cave, the Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.[1]In November 2010, the Gorham's Cave complex was put forward to compete for a nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Professor Clive Finlayson, director of the Gibraltar Museum, was responsible for co-ordinating the efforts to obtain this nomination. The first step was a proposal to the United Kingdom cultural authorities to get Gorham's Cave complex added to the UK's World Heritage tentative list.[15] Such a list is revised every ten years, and the process for a new list was ongoing at the date of the submission.[16]The ownership of land associated with Gorham's Cave was passed from the UK Ministry of Defence to the government of Gibraltar in 2011. The agreement swapped this MOD land and more than 300 MOD houses with the government of Gibraltar, who in exchange agreed to build 90 new houses on remaining MOD land.[17]In May 2012 Gorham's Cave complex was on the short list of two sites, along with the Forth Rail Bridge, that was forwarded for submission to UNESCO.[18] The site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site on 15 July 2016, and is Gibraltar's only World Heritage site.","title":"UNESCO World Heritage Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European free-tailed bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_free-tailed_bat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eurasian crag martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_crag_martin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neontology-20"}],"text":"The Gorham's Cave Complex is home to various species of bat, among them the European free-tailed bat.[19]The cave complex also forms the largest wintering roost of Eurasian crag martins in the world, peaking at 12,000 birds in the 2020-2021 winter season, making up 1-2% of the entire European population of this species.[20]","title":"Fauna"}]
|
[{"image_text":"View of Gorham's Cave on the east face of the Rock of Gibraltar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gorham%27s_Cave.jpg/250px-Gorham%27s_Cave.jpg"},{"image_text":"The scratched floor of Gorham's Cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg/220px-Neanderthal_Engraving_%28Gorham%27s_Cave_Gibraltar%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Gibraltar 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_1"},{"title":"Gibraltar 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_2"}]
|
[{"reference":"Finlayson, Clive. \"History of Gorham's Cave\". Gibraltar Museum. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031122/http://www.gibmuseum.gi/Gorhams_History.html","url_text":"\"History of Gorham's Cave\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Museum","url_text":"Gibraltar Museum"},{"url":"http://www.gibmuseum.gi/Gorhams_History.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Peter B.; Flemming, Nic; Antonioli, Fabrizio (2017). \"Prehistoric Archaeology, Palaeontology, and Climate Change Indicators Indicators from Caves Submerged by Change of Sea Level\". In Campbell, Peter (ed.). The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Highfield Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-9926336-7-7. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417071507/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292977045_The_Archaeology_of_Underwater_Caves","url_text":"The Archaeology of Underwater Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9926336-7-7","url_text":"978-0-9926336-7-7"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YHVEjwEACAAJ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Cave That Time Forgot\". Visit Gibraltar (10): 3. June 2001.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jeevan Ravindran (30 September 2021). \"Cave chamber closed for 40,000 years could hold the key to the lives of Neanderthals\". CNN. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/neanderthals-cave-gibraltar-scn-scli-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Cave chamber closed for 40,000 years could hold the key to the lives of Neanderthals\""}]},{"reference":"Owen Jarus (2021-09-29). \"Secret cave chamber may be one of the last Neanderthal hideouts\". livescience.com. Retrieved 2022-08-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livescience.com/cave-chamber-gibraltar-last-neanderthal-hideout","url_text":"\"Secret cave chamber may be one of the last Neanderthal hideouts\""}]},{"reference":"Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). \"Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe\" (PDF). Nature. 443 (7113): 850–3. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..850F. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID 16971951. S2CID 4411186. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080827194258/http://www.jscarrion.com/pdf/neandertals_nature.pdf","url_text":"\"Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.443..850F","url_text":"2006Natur.443..850F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05195","url_text":"10.1038/nature05195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16971951","url_text":"16971951"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4411186","url_text":"4411186"},{"url":"http://www.jscarrion.com/pdf/neandertals_nature.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duarte C, Maurício J, Pettitt PB, et al. (June 1999). \"The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7604–9. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.7604D. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604. PMC 22133. PMID 10377462.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22133","url_text":"\"The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.7604D","url_text":"1999PNAS...96.7604D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.13.7604","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22133","url_text":"22133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10377462","url_text":"10377462"}]},{"reference":"Vergano, Dan (1 September 2014). \"Newly Discovered Engraving May Revise Picture of Neanderthal Intelligence\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903060829/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140901-neanderthal-engraving-gibraltar-science/","url_text":"\"Newly Discovered Engraving May Revise Picture of Neanderthal Intelligence\""},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140901-neanderthal-engraving-gibraltar-science/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rincon, Paul (1 September 2014). \"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave\". BBC News. Retrieved 2 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-28967746","url_text":"\"Neanderthal 'artwork' found in Gibraltar cave\""}]},{"reference":"Callaway, Ewen (1 September 2014). \"Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art\". Nature. Retrieved 2 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.com/news/neanderthals-made-some-of-europe-s-oldest-art-1.15805","url_text":"\"Neanderthals made some of Europe's oldest art\""}]},{"reference":"Burgen, Stephen (2 September 2014). \"Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/neanderthal-abstract-art-found-gibraltar-cave","url_text":"\"Neanderthal abstract art found in Gibraltar cave\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK Tentative List of Potential Sites for World Heritage Nomination: Application form\" (PDF). UK Government. Retrieved 24 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/WHAF_Gorhams_Cave.pdf","url_text":"\"UK Tentative List of Potential Sites for World Heritage Nomination: Application form\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government announces details of the recent Lands Agreement with MOD\". 29 July 2011. Government of Gibraltar. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113153308/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/archives/press-releases-archives/2011/1526-2302011-government-announces-details-of-the-recent-lands-agreement-with-mod-","url_text":"\"Government announces details of the recent Lands Agreement with MOD\""},{"url":"http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/archives/press-releases-archives/2011/1526-2302011-government-announces-details-of-the-recent-lands-agreement-with-mod-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gorham's Cave Complex Reveals An Elusive Species\". 2015-08-05. Retrieved 26 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yourgibraltartv.com/society/9804-aug-05-gorham-s-cave-complex-reveals-an-elusive-species","url_text":"\"Gorham's Cave Complex Reveals An Elusive Species\""}]},{"reference":"Bensusan, Keith; Holmes, Tyson Lee; Perez, Charles; Finlayson, Geraldine; Finlayson, Stewart; Guillem, Rhian; Finlayson, Clive (2021-08-19). \"Crag Martin neontology complements taphonomy at the Gorham's Cave Complex\". Scientific Reports. 11 (16851): 16851. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1116851B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95974-9. PMC 8377064. PMID 34413328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8377064","url_text":"\"Crag Martin neontology complements taphonomy at the Gorham's Cave Complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports","url_text":"Scientific Reports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1116851B","url_text":"2021NatSR..1116851B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-95974-9","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-021-95974-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8377064","url_text":"8377064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34413328","url_text":"34413328"}]},{"reference":"Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RN, et al. (September 2008). \"Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (38): 14319–24. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10514319S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805474105. PMC 2567146. PMID 18809913.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567146","url_text":"\"Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10514319S","url_text":"2008PNAS..10514319S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0805474105","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0805474105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567146","url_text":"2567146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18809913","url_text":"18809913"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez-Vidal, J.; d'Errico, F.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Blasco, R.; Rosell, J.; Jennings, R.P.; Queffelec, A.; Finlayson, G.; Fa, D.A.; Gutierrez Lopez, J.M.; Carrion, J. S.; Negro, J.J.; Finlayson, S.; Caceres, L.M.; Bernal, M.A.; Fernandez Jimenez, S.; Finlayson, C. (2014). \"A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (37): 13301–06. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113301R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411529111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4169962. PMID 25197076.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169962","url_text":"\"A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11113301R","url_text":"2014PNAS..11113301R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1411529111","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1411529111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169962","url_text":"4169962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197076","url_text":"25197076"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium
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Pithecellobium
|
["1 Species","1.1 Formerly placed here","2 References"]
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Genus of legumes
Pithecellobium
Pithecellobium keyense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Clade:
Mimosoid clade
Genus:
PithecellobiumMart. (1837), nom. cons.
Species
See text
Synonyms
Pithecelobium (orth.var.)
Pithecollobium Mart.
Pithecolobium (lapsus)
Spiroloba Raf. (1838)
Pithecellobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes approximately 23 species from the tropical Americas, ranging from Mexico to Peru and northern Brazil, including the Caribbean Islands and Florida.
The generic name is derived from the Greek words πίθηκος (pithêkos), meaning "ape" or "monkey," and ἐλλόβιον (ellobion), meaning "earring," which refers to the coiled shape of the fruit pods. Plants of the genus are known generally as blackbeads.
Species
Pithecellobium dulce
23 species are currently accepted:
Pithecellobium × bahamense Northr. – Bahamas, southern Florida, and northern Cuba
Pithecellobium bipinnatum L.Rico – Costa Rica
Pithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. – Cuba and Hispaniola
Pithecellobium cynodonticum Barneby & J.W.Grimes – Haiti
Pithecellobium diversifolium Benth. – northeastern Brazil
Pithecellobium domingense Alain – Dominican Republic
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. – guamúchil, ebony blackbead, monkeypod – Mexico, Central America, northern South America
Pithecellobium excelsum (Kunth) Mart. – Ecuador and Peru
Pithecellobium furcatum Benth. – southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Costa Rica
Pithecellobium histrix (A.Rich.) Benth. – Bahamas, Cuba, and Dominican Republic
Pithecellobium hymenaeafolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. – southern Mexico to Venezuela
Pithecellobium johansenii Standl. – Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras
Pithecellobium keyense Coker – Florida Keys blackbead – southern Florida, Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize
Pithecellobium lanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. – Mexico through Central America and Colombia to Venezuela
Pithecellobium macrandrium Donn.Sm. – southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize
Pithecellobium nicoyanum (Britton & Rose) Niezgoda & Nevling – Costa Rica
Pithecellobium oblongum Benth. – southern Mexico and northern Colombia
Pithecellobium peckii S.F.Blake – Guatemala and Belize
Pithecellobium roseum (Vahl) Barneby & J.W.Grimes – buche colorado – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and northern and west-central Brazil
Pithecellobium striolatum Urb. – Haiti
Pithecellobium subglobosum Pittier – northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela
Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. – catclaw blackbead – Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida
Pithecellobium velutinum Britton & Rose – western Mexico (Sinaloa to Michoacán)
Pithecellobium winzerlingii Britton & Rose – southern Mexico, Belize, and Honduras
Formerly placed here
Many species now in the genera Albizia and Abarema were formerly classified in Pithecellobium. Other species previously included:
Abarema cochliocarpos (as P. cochliocarpum)
Archidendron bigeminum (as P. bigeminum, P. gracile, P. nicobaricum)
Chloroleucon foliolosum (as P. foliolosum, P. grisebachianum, P. myriophyllum Malme, P. oligandrum)
Pseudalbizzia decandra (as P. decandrum)
Pseudosamanea cubana (as P. bacona)
Zygia cognata (as P. cognatum, P. stevensonii)
Zygia pithecolobioides (as P. pithecolobioides, P. reductum)
References
^ a b c Pithecellobium Mart. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ "Pithecellobium Mart". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
^ Austin, D. F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.
^ Pithecellobium. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Media related to Pithecellobium at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pithecellobium at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersPithecellobium
Wikidata: Q2717810
Wikispecies: Pithecellobium
APDB: 193766
APNI: 98570
BioLib: 108671
CoL: 6QYK
EPPO: 1PIFG
FNA: 125620
FoC: 125620
GBIF: 2962745
GRIN: 9455
iNaturalist: 123476
IPNI: 331859-2
IRMNG: 1020775
ITIS: 26870
NCBI: 58875
Open Tree of Life: 288515
PLANTS: PITHE
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331859-2
Tropicos: 40009723
uBio: 5875193
WFO: wfo-4000029904
This Mimosoideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Fabaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"fruit pods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pithecellobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes approximately 23 species from the tropical Americas, ranging from Mexico to Peru and northern Brazil, including the Caribbean Islands and Florida.[1]The generic name is derived from the Greek words πίθηκος (pithêkos), meaning \"ape\" or \"monkey,\" and ἐλλόβιον (ellobion), meaning \"earring,\" which refers to the coiled shape of the fruit pods.[3] Plants of the genus are known generally as blackbeads.[4]","title":"Pithecellobium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070206-4139_Pithecellobium_dulce.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_dulce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium × bahamense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_%C3%97_bahamense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium bipinnatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_bipinnatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium circinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_circinale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium cynodonticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_cynodonticum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium diversifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_diversifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium domingense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_domingense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_dulce"},{"link_name":"Roxb.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roxburgh"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium excelsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_excelsum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium furcatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_furcatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium histrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_histrix&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium hymenaeafolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_hymenaeafolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium johansenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_johansenii"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium keyense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_keyense"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium lanceolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_lanceolatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium macrandrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_macrandrium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium nicoyanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_nicoyanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium oblongum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_oblongum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium peckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_peckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium roseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_roseum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium striolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_striolatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium subglobosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_subglobosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium unguis-cati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_unguis-cati"},{"link_name":"Benth.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bentham"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium velutinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_velutinum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pithecellobium winzerlingii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium_winzerlingii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Pithecellobium dulce23 species are currently accepted:[1]Pithecellobium × bahamense Northr. – Bahamas, southern Florida, and northern Cuba\nPithecellobium bipinnatum L.Rico – Costa Rica\nPithecellobium circinale (L.) Benth. – Cuba and Hispaniola\nPithecellobium cynodonticum Barneby & J.W.Grimes – Haiti\nPithecellobium diversifolium Benth. – northeastern Brazil\nPithecellobium domingense Alain – Dominican Republic\nPithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. – guamúchil, ebony blackbead, monkeypod – Mexico, Central America, northern South America\nPithecellobium excelsum (Kunth) Mart. – Ecuador and Peru\nPithecellobium furcatum Benth. – southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Costa Rica\nPithecellobium histrix (A.Rich.) Benth. – Bahamas, Cuba, and Dominican Republic\nPithecellobium hymenaeafolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. – southern Mexico to Venezuela\nPithecellobium johansenii Standl. – Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras\nPithecellobium keyense Coker – Florida Keys blackbead – southern Florida, Bahamas, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize\nPithecellobium lanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. – Mexico through Central America and Colombia to Venezuela\nPithecellobium macrandrium Donn.Sm. – southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize\nPithecellobium nicoyanum (Britton & Rose) Niezgoda & Nevling – Costa Rica\nPithecellobium oblongum Benth. – southern Mexico and northern Colombia\nPithecellobium peckii S.F.Blake – Guatemala and Belize\nPithecellobium roseum (Vahl) Barneby & J.W.Grimes – buche colorado – Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and northern and west-central Brazil\nPithecellobium striolatum Urb. – Haiti\nPithecellobium subglobosum Pittier – northeastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela\nPithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. – catclaw blackbead – Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida\nPithecellobium velutinum Britton & Rose – western Mexico (Sinaloa to Michoacán)\nPithecellobium winzerlingii Britton & Rose – southern Mexico, Belize, and Honduras","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia"},{"link_name":"Abarema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarema"},{"link_name":"Abarema cochliocarpos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarema_cochliocarpos"},{"link_name":"Archidendron bigeminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidendron_bigeminum"},{"link_name":"Chloroleucon foliolosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroleucon_foliolosum"},{"link_name":"Pseudalbizzia decandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudalbizzia_decandra"},{"link_name":"Pseudosamanea cubana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosamanea_cubana"},{"link_name":"Zygia cognata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygia_cognata"},{"link_name":"Zygia pithecolobioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygia_pithecolobioides"}],"sub_title":"Formerly placed here","text":"Many species now in the genera Albizia and Abarema were formerly classified in Pithecellobium. Other species previously included:Abarema cochliocarpos (as P. cochliocarpum)\nArchidendron bigeminum (as P. bigeminum, P. gracile, P. nicobaricum)\nChloroleucon foliolosum (as P. foliolosum, P. grisebachianum, P. myriophyllum Malme, P. oligandrum)\nPseudalbizzia decandra (as P. decandrum)\nPseudosamanea cubana (as P. bacona)\nZygia cognata (as P. cognatum, P. stevensonii)\nZygia pithecolobioides (as P. pithecolobioides, P. reductum)","title":"Species"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pithecellobium dulce","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Starr_070206-4139_Pithecellobium_dulce.jpg/220px-Starr_070206-4139_Pithecellobium_dulce.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Pithecellobium Mart\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2010-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090507030633/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9455","url_text":"\"Pithecellobium Mart\""},{"url":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9455","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Austin, D. F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC","url_text":"Florida Ethnobotany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2332-4","url_text":"978-0-8493-2332-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331859-2","external_links_name":"Pithecellobium Mart."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090507030633/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9455","external_links_name":"\"Pithecellobium Mart\""},{"Link":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9455","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC","external_links_name":"Florida Ethnobotany"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26870","external_links_name":"Pithecellobium."},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/193766","external_links_name":"193766"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/98570","external_links_name":"98570"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id108671","external_links_name":"108671"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6QYK","external_links_name":"6QYK"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PIFG","external_links_name":"1PIFG"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125620","external_links_name":"125620"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=125620","external_links_name":"125620"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2962745","external_links_name":"2962745"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=9455","external_links_name":"9455"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/123476","external_links_name":"123476"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/331859-2","external_links_name":"331859-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1020775","external_links_name":"1020775"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26870","external_links_name":"26870"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=58875","external_links_name":"58875"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=288515","external_links_name":"288515"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PITHE","external_links_name":"PITHE"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A331859-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331859-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40009723","external_links_name":"40009723"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5875193","external_links_name":"5875193"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000029904","external_links_name":"wfo-4000029904"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithecellobium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Armijo
|
Alberto Armijo
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Basketball","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
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Costa Rican footballer (1926-2021)
Alberto ArmijoPersonal informationFull name
Alberto Armijo PujolDate of birth
(1926-09-27)27 September 1926Place of birth
Nicoya, Costa RicaDate of death
9 August 2021(2021-08-09) (aged 94)Place of death
San Jose, Costa RicaPosition(s)
StrikerYouth career1937–1939
SaprissaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1944
Orión
1945–1951
UCR
Gimnástica Española
La Libertad
–1962
Cartaginés
International career‡1948–1960
Costa Rica
16
(6)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 28 April 2015
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Armijo and the second or maternal family name is Pujol.
Alberto Armijo Pujol (27 September 1926 – 9 August 2021) was a Costa Rican football striker.
Club career
Nicknamed El Gallego, Armijo was born in Nicoya, Guanacaste Province, but moved to San José when he was young and played in the junior leagues with Saprissa. He made his senior debut for Orión and was the league's top goalscorer twice, in 1950 with 25 goals for Universidad and in 1961 with 16 goals for Cartaginés.
International career
He also played for Costa Rica at three CCCF Championships, the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games and the 1951 Pan American Games. He earned a total of 16 caps, scoring 6 goals.
Basketball
Armijo also was a basketball player, playing for Seminario E. L. and Orión.
Personal life
Armijo was married and had 4 children. After his football career he worked at the Banco Nacional and Banco Central de Costa Rica.
He died on 9 August 2021, aged 94.
References
^ a b c Figuras del ayer: Alberto Armijo Pujol - Nación (in Spanish)
^ Goleadores de Campeonato Nacional Archived 2017-09-26 at the Wayback Machine - UNAFUT (in Spanish)
^ a b El "Gallego" Armijo - Nación (in Spanish)
^ "Historial de Alberto "Gallego" Armijo". Diario Extra. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
External links
Alberto Armijo Pujol (Bio) - Nación (in Spanish)
Alberto Armijo Pujol (GALLEGO) Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine - Salon de la Fama del Deporte Costarricense (Costa Rican Sports Hall of Fame)
vteCosta Rican Primera División Top goalscorers
1925: Arguedas
1929: Madrigal
1938: Piedra / Meza
1939: Morera
1940: Meza
1941: Cordero / Araya
1942: Fernández / Solano
1943: Zeledón
1945: Rodríguez
1948: Muñoz
1949: Zeledón
1950: Armijo
1951: J. Meza / Goñi / Ovares
1952: J. Meza / J.R. Meza / Zeledón / Zúñiga
1953: Herrera
1955: González
1957: J. Soto
1958: J.L. Soto
1959: Ulloa
1960: Ulloa
1961 Fed: Armijo
1961 Aso: Bolaños / Meléndez / Soto
1962: Monge / Jiménez
1963: Elizondo
1964: Daniels
1965: Daniels
1966: Daniels / Ulloa
1967: Daniels
1968: Daniels / Chavarría
1969: Sáenz
1970: Daniels
1971: Sáenz
1972: Odir
1973: Hernández
1974: Montero
1975: Cordero
1976: Solano
1977: Mansilla
1978: Gutiérrez
1979: Rooper / Izquierdo
1980: Torres
1981: Coronado
1982: Guardia
1983: Chacón
1984: Ulate
1985: Ulate
1986: Flores
1987: Jara
1988: Coronado
1989: Rodríguez
1991: Hilario
1992: Astúa
1992–93: Nildeson de Melo
1993–94: Astúa
1994–95: Arguedas
1995–96: Gómez
1996–97: Oviedo
1997–98: Larrea
1998–99: Mahía / Miso
1999–00: Arguedas
2000–01: Díaz
2001–02: Cubero
2002–03: Ciccia
2003–04: Saborío
2004–05: Brenes
2005–06: Bernard
2006–07: Solís
2007-08 I: Núñez
2008–09 V: Alpizar
2008–09 I: Núñez
2009–10 V: Camacho / Herron
2009–10 I: Núñez
2010–11 V: Sequeira
2010–11 I: Alfaro / Brenes
2011–12 V: Díaz
2011–12 I: Brenes
2012–13 V: Lagos / Cancela
2012–13 I: Lagos
2013–14 V: Núñez
2013–14 I: Núñez
This biographical article related to Costa Rican association football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Costa Rican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striker_(association_football)"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Armijo and the second or maternal family name is Pujol.Alberto Armijo Pujol (27 September 1926 – 9 August 2021) was a Costa Rican football striker.","title":"Alberto Armijo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoya"},{"link_name":"Guanacaste Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacaste_Province"},{"link_name":"San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Saprissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Saprissa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"Orión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ori%C3%B3n_F.C."},{"link_name":"Universidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Universidad_de_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Cartaginés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Cartagin%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Nicknamed El Gallego, Armijo was born in Nicoya, Guanacaste Province, but moved to San José when he was young and played in the junior leagues with Saprissa.[1] He made his senior debut for Orión and was the league's top goalscorer twice, in 1950 with 25 goals for Universidad and in 1961 with 16 goals for Cartaginés.[2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"CCCF Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCCF_Championship"},{"link_name":"1950 Central American and Caribbean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1950_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games"},{"link_name":"1951 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1951_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gallego-3"}],"text":"He also played for Costa Rica at three CCCF Championships, the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games and the 1951 Pan American Games.[1] He earned a total of 16 caps, scoring 6 goals.[3]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gallego-3"}],"text":"Armijo also was a basketball player, playing for Seminario E. L. and Orión.[3]","title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nacion-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Armijo was married and had 4 children. After his football career he worked at the Banco Nacional and Banco Central de Costa Rica.[1]He died on 9 August 2021, aged 94.[4]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Historial de Alberto \"Gallego\" Armijo\". Diario Extra. 14 August 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/457306/historial-de-alberto-gallego-armijo","url_text":"\"Historial de Alberto \"Gallego\" Armijo\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2003/septiembre/29/deportes19.html","external_links_name":"Figuras del ayer: Alberto Armijo Pujol"},{"Link":"http://unafut.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:goleadores-de-campeonato-nacional&catid=5:comision-de-historia-y-estadistica&Itemid=34","external_links_name":"Goleadores de Campeonato Nacional"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143234/http://unafut.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:goleadores-de-campeonato-nacional&catid=5:comision-de-historia-y-estadistica&Itemid=34","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/ln_ee/2002/agosto/25/deportes14.html","external_links_name":"El \"Gallego\" Armijo"},{"Link":"https://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/457306/historial-de-alberto-gallego-armijo","external_links_name":"\"Historial de Alberto \"Gallego\" Armijo\""},{"Link":"http://wvw.nacion.com/viva/1999/junio/21/cul4.html","external_links_name":"Alberto Armijo Pujol (Bio)"},{"Link":"http://www.salfadeco.or.cr/main.php?accion=un_deportista&el_miembro=65","external_links_name":"Alberto Armijo Pujol (GALLEGO)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306011159/http://www.salfadeco.or.cr/main.php?accion=un_deportista&el_miembro=65","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Armijo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFW_N-20
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EFW N-20
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["1 Design and development","1.1 EFW N-20.01","1.2 EFW N-20.02 Arbalète","1.3 EFW N-20.10 Aiguillon","1.4 EFW N-20.20 Harpon","2 Specifications (N-20.10 Aiguillon)","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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Swiss jet fighter aircraft
N-20 Aiguillon
The N-20.10 Aiguillon
Role
Fighter aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
Switzerland
Manufacturer
Eidgenössische Flugzeugwerke Emmen
First flight
8 April 1952
Status
Cancelled
Primary user
Swiss Air Force
Number built
1
The EFW N-20 Aiguillon (in English: "Stinger") was Switzerland's first indigenous jet fighter project. The Swiss Federal Aircraft Factory developed a design for a four-engined swept winged fighter following the end of the Second World War. An unpowered sub-scale N-20.01 glider and a turbojet powered test aircraft, also sub-scale and known as the N-20.02 Arbalète ("Crossbow"), were test flown. A fighter prototype N-20.10 Aiguillon was built but never flown, and a twin-engines N.20.20 Harpon was also proposed but not followed up.
The Arbalète and Aiguillon are on public display at the Flieger-Flab-Museum, Dübendorf.
Design and development
The aircraft was to be powered by four turbofan engines buried in the wings, with the bypass air feeding cold-air pipes each side of the engines, being routed through a combustion chamber where additional fuel could be burned as a form of reheat, or deflected though large slots on the upper and lower wings to act as aerodynamic flaps or thrust reversers. Two engines could be shut down in flight to increase range. It was planned that the N-20 would carry its armament in a detachable weapons bay, capable of carrying large loads of cannons, rockets or bombs.
SM-1 engine on display
It was initially planned that the aircraft's engines would be designed and built by the Swiss company Sulzer. The initial engine choice was a small turbojet, the Sulzer D45, with a thrust of 7.38 kN (1,660 lbf), which was abandoned in 1947. Only two prototype D45 engines were built in 1948. The first engine, D45.01 was used in a test rig between 1950 and 1951 and the second engine, D45.04 (of limited airworthiness) was used until 1955 in a test rig. The D45.04 is also part of the Dübendorf museum N-20 display.
The Armstrong Siddeley Mamba turboprop was then chosen as the basis for the N-20's engines, with the propeller reduction gear replaced by a low pressure compressor. This powerplant was named Swiss Mamba SM-1; the conversion was carried out in 1948 by EFW, with only six engines built (four fitted to the N-20 with two spares). One of the spare engines is today part of the Swiss Museum of Transport, at the Flieger-Flab-Museum Dübendorf.
EFW N-20.01
Since Swiss industry still had no experience with the aircraft and aerodynamics of jet aircraft, several wind tunnel models were produced. In addition, a 3/5th scale wooden glider, the EFW N-20.01 was built to allow testing of the novel wing shape; this flew on 17 April 1948. The aircraft was equipped with a JATO solid rocket motor, which was able to be started independently to reach the necessary altitude for tests. The nose gear came from a de Havilland Vampire and the main landing gear from a Messerschmitt Bf 109; both were electromechanical retractable. The body was made from wood and fabric covered. The N-20.01 was destroyed in a landing accident on 1 July 1949 at Emmen air force base.
EFW N-20.02 Arbalète
N-20.02 Arbalète on display
The glider had successfully proven the design and was followed by a similar sized powered test aircraft, the EFW N-20.02 Arbalète ("Crossbow"), powered by four 0.98 kN (220 lbf) Turboméca Piméné turbojets mounted above and below the wings. This aircraft first flew on 16 November 1951. It proved to have good manoeuvrability and reached a maximum speed of 750 km/h (466 mph).
EFW N-20.10 Aiguillon
The full scale aircraft was estimated to have a maximum speed of 1,095 km/h (680 mph), but the initial converted Mamba, the SM-1, which was test-flown under a de Havilland Mosquito in 1948 and was the first turbofan to fly, did not generate adequate thrust. Considerable further work was required for the definitive two-shaft SM-5 engine, which was meant to generate 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf) thrust. The prototype was completed in 1952 and, fitted with four SM-1 engines, flew briefly during a taxi test on 8 April 1952 but development of the engine and the N-20 aircraft was cancelled soon afterwards.
EFW N-20.20 Harpon
During testing it was discovered that the engines would not produce the required thrust, so the N-20.20 project was started. The aircraft was similar to the N-20.10, but had one conventional engine, a Rolls-Royce Avon or Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire turbojet in each wing root. The wing was a little thinner and the main landing gear came a little closer to the fuselage because now there was no need to place the engines within the wing. The N 20:20 was never completed, although some wind tunnel models were manufactured.
Specifications (N-20.10 Aiguillon)
Sulzer D45.04 engine
Data from The Swiss N-20 Jet Fighter Bomber. General characteristics
Crew: 1
Length: 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in)
Wingspan: 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in)
Height: 3.13 m (12 ft 0 in)
Wing area: 54 m2 (570 sq ft)
Empty weight: 9,000 kg (19,842 lb)
Gross weight: 8,709 kg (19,200 lb)
Powerplant: 4 × Sulzer Swiss Mamba turbofan, 6.2 kN (1,400 lbf) thrust each
Performance
Maximum speed: 1,000 km/h (620 mph, 540 kn)
Range: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)
Service ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
Notes
^ a b c Haller 1962, p.203.
^ a b Haller 1962, p. 204.
^ a b Haller 1964, pp. 203–4.
^ Cockpit Number 2 February 1984, pp. 40–43.
^ Cockpit Nr2 February 1984, pp. 40–43.
^ Jagdbomben- und Erdkampfflugzeug EFW N-20 ,,Aiguillon“". Retrieved 30 December 2009.
Bibliography
Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012. ISBN 978-1-902-10921-3
Haller, Ullrich. "The Swiss N-20 Jet Fighter-Bomber". Air Pictorial, July 1964. pp. 203–4.
Munziger, Ernst. Düsentriebwerke. Luzern: Baden Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-85545-056-0.
Schürmann, Roman. Helvetische Jäger. Dramen und Skandale am Militärhimmel. Zürich: Rotpunktverlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-85869-406-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to N-20.
Lesser known jet fighters – Swiss Guards: the Federal Aircraft Factory N-20 and the FFA P-16
vteFlug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein (FFA) aircraft
AS 202 Bravo
D-3800
Diamant
N-20
P-16
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"jet fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fighter"},{"link_name":"swept winged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"Flieger-Flab-Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum"},{"link_name":"Dübendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCbendorf"}],"text":"The EFW N-20 Aiguillon (in English: \"Stinger\") was Switzerland's first indigenous jet fighter project. The Swiss Federal Aircraft Factory developed a design for a four-engined swept winged fighter following the end of the Second World War. An unpowered sub-scale N-20.01 glider and a turbojet powered test aircraft, also sub-scale and known as the N-20.02 Arbalète (\"Crossbow\"), were test flown. A fighter prototype N-20.10 Aiguillon was built but never flown, and a twin-engines N.20.20 Harpon was also proposed but not followed up.The Arbalète and Aiguillon are on public display at the Flieger-Flab-Museum, Dübendorf.","title":"EFW N-20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"bypass air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratio"},{"link_name":"reheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburner"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_p203-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N-20_Triebwerk_mit_Auslass_f%C3%BCr_nebenTriebwerke.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzer_(manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"turbojet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbojet"},{"link_name":"Sulzer D45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulzer_D45&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Mamba"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"propeller reduction gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_reduction_gear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_p204-2"},{"link_name":"Swiss Museum of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Museum_of_Transport"},{"link_name":"Flieger-Flab-Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flieger-Flab-Museum"}],"text":"The aircraft was to be powered by four turbofan engines buried in the wings, with the bypass air feeding cold-air pipes each side of the engines, being routed through a combustion chamber where additional fuel could be burned as a form of reheat, or deflected though large slots on the upper and lower wings to act as aerodynamic flaps or thrust reversers. Two engines could be shut down in flight to increase range. It was planned that the N-20 would carry its armament in a detachable weapons bay, capable of carrying large loads of cannons, rockets or bombs.[1]SM-1 engine on displayIt was initially planned that the aircraft's engines would be designed and built by the Swiss company Sulzer. The initial engine choice was a small turbojet, the Sulzer D45, with a thrust of 7.38 kN (1,660 lbf), which was abandoned in 1947. Only two prototype D45 engines were built in 1948. The first engine, D45.01 was used in a test rig between 1950 and 1951 and the second engine, D45.04 (of limited airworthiness) was used until 1955 in a test rig. The D45.04 is also part of the Dübendorf museum N-20 display.The Armstrong Siddeley Mamba turboprop was then chosen as the basis for the N-20's engines, with the propeller reduction gear replaced by a low pressure compressor.[2] This powerplant was named Swiss Mamba SM-1; the conversion was carried out in 1948 by EFW, with only six engines built (four fitted to the N-20 with two spares). One of the spare engines is today part of the Swiss Museum of Transport, at the Flieger-Flab-Museum Dübendorf.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_p203-1"},{"link_name":"JATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Vampire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"}],"sub_title":"EFW N-20.01","text":"Since Swiss industry still had no experience with the aircraft and aerodynamics of jet aircraft, several wind tunnel models were produced. In addition, a 3/5th scale wooden glider, the EFW N-20.01 was built to allow testing of the novel wing shape; this flew on 17 April 1948.[1] The aircraft was equipped with a JATO solid rocket motor, which was able to be started independently to reach the necessary altitude for tests. The nose gear came from a de Havilland Vampire and the main landing gear from a Messerschmitt Bf 109; both were electromechanical retractable. The body was made from wood and fabric covered. The N-20.01 was destroyed in a landing accident on 1 July 1949 at Emmen air force base.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N-20_Front.JPG"},{"link_name":"Turboméca Piméné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbom%C3%A9ca_Pim%C3%A9n%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_203-4-3"}],"sub_title":"EFW N-20.02 Arbalète","text":"N-20.02 Arbalète on displayThe glider had successfully proven the design and was followed by a similar sized powered test aircraft, the EFW N-20.02 Arbalète (\"Crossbow\"), powered by four 0.98 kN (220 lbf) Turboméca Piméné turbojets mounted above and below the wings. This aircraft first flew on 16 November 1951. It proved to have good manoeuvrability and reached a maximum speed of 750 km/h (466 mph).[3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_p203-1"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Mosquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_p204-2"}],"sub_title":"EFW N-20.10 Aiguillon","text":"The full scale aircraft was estimated to have a maximum speed of 1,095 km/h (680 mph),[1] but the initial converted Mamba, the SM-1, which was test-flown under a de Havilland Mosquito in 1948 and was the first turbofan to fly,[citation needed] did not generate adequate thrust. Considerable further work was required for the definitive two-shaft SM-5 engine, which was meant to generate 14.7 kN (3,300 lbf) thrust. The prototype was completed in 1952 and, fitted with four SM-1 engines, flew briefly during a taxi test on 8 April 1952 but development of the engine and the N-20 aircraft was cancelled soon afterwards.[2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Avon"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Sapphire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_203-6-4"}],"sub_title":"EFW N-20.20 Harpon","text":"During testing it was discovered that the engines would not produce the required thrust, so the N-20.20 project was started. The aircraft was similar to the N-20.10, but had one conventional engine, a Rolls-Royce Avon or Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire turbojet in each wing root. The wing was a little thinner and the main landing gear came a little closer to the fuselage because now there was no need to place the engines within the wing. The N 20:20 was never completed, although some wind tunnel models were manufactured.[4]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulzer_Triebwerk_D45.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_203-4-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pict_203-5-5"},{"link_name":"Sulzer Swiss Mamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzer_Swiss_Mamba"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sulzer D45.04 engineData from The Swiss N-20 Jet Fighter Bomber. [3][5]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in)\nWingspan: 12.6 m (41 ft 4 in)\nHeight: 3.13 m (12 ft 0 in)\nWing area: 54 m2 (570 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 9,000 kg (19,842 lb)\nGross weight: 8,709 kg (19,200 lb)\nPowerplant: 4 × Sulzer Swiss Mamba turbofan, 6.2 kN (1,400 lbf) thrust each [6]PerformanceMaximum speed: 1,000 km/h (620 mph, 540 kn)\nRange: 500 km (310 mi, 270 nmi)\nService ceiling: 11,000 m (36,000 ft)","title":"Specifications (N-20.10 Aiguillon)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_p203_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_p203_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_p203_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_p204_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_p204_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_203-4_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_203-4_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_203-6_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pict_203-5_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Jagdbomben- und Erdkampfflugzeug EFW N-20 ,,Aiguillon“","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eichhorn.ws/html/body_n20_aiguillon.htm"}],"text":"^ a b c Haller 1962, p.203.\n\n^ a b Haller 1962, p. 204.\n\n^ a b Haller 1964, pp. 203–4.\n\n^ Cockpit Number 2 February 1984, pp. 40–43.\n\n^ Cockpit Nr2 February 1984, pp. 40–43.\n\n^ Jagdbomben- und Erdkampfflugzeug EFW N-20 ,,Aiguillon“\". Retrieved 30 December 2009.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-902-10921-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902-10921-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85545-056-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85545-056-0"},{"link_name":"Rotpunktverlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotpunktverlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-85869-406-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-85869-406-5"}],"text":"Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012. ISBN 978-1-902-10921-3\nHaller, Ullrich. \"The Swiss N-20 Jet Fighter-Bomber\". Air Pictorial, July 1964. pp. 203–4.\nMunziger, Ernst. Düsentriebwerke. Luzern: Baden Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-85545-056-0.\nSchürmann, Roman. Helvetische Jäger. Dramen und Skandale am Militärhimmel. Zürich: Rotpunktverlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-85869-406-5","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"SM-1 engine on display","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/N-20_Triebwerk_mit_Auslass_f%C3%BCr_nebenTriebwerke.JPG/220px-N-20_Triebwerk_mit_Auslass_f%C3%BCr_nebenTriebwerke.JPG"},{"image_text":"N-20.02 Arbalète on display","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/N-20_Front.JPG/220px-N-20_Front.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sulzer D45.04 engine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sulzer_Triebwerk_D45.jpg/220px-Sulzer_Triebwerk_D45.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.eichhorn.ws/html/body_n20_aiguillon.htm","external_links_name":"Jagdbomben- und Erdkampfflugzeug EFW N-20 ,,Aiguillon“"},{"Link":"http://worldatwar.net/chandelle/v2/v2n2/switzers.html","external_links_name":"Lesser known jet fighters – Swiss Guards: the Federal Aircraft Factory N-20 and the FFA P-16"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7860231-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightray_(DC_Comics)
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Lightray (character)
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["1 Characterization","2 Fictional character biography","3 Powers and abilities","4 Alternate versions","4.1 Seven Soldiers of Victory","4.2 Captain Carrot","4.3 JLA: The Nail","5 Influence","6 In other media","6.1 Television","6.2 Film","7 References"]
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DC Comics hero
Comics character
LightrayLightray as depicted in New Gods #2 (April 1971). Art by Jack KirbyPublication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceNew Gods #1 (February 1971)Created byJack Kirby (writer/artist)In-story informationAlter egoSolisSpeciesNew GodPlace of originNew GenesisTeam affiliationsNew GodsJustice LeagueJustice League InternationalAbilities
Immortality
Superhuman physical attributes
Light-speed flight
Solar powers
Carries a Mother Box
Lightray (Solis) is a DC Comics superhero. Created by Jack Kirby for the Jack Kirby's Fourth World meta-series, he first appeared in New Gods #1 (February 1971). Lightray was a major character in New Gods volume 1 (1971–1978), as well as volume 2 (1984), volume 3 (1989–1991) and volume 4 (1995–1997). He has also appeared with Orion in the Cosmic Odyssey limited series (1988–1989), Jack Kirby's Fourth World (1997–1998) and Orion (2000–2002).
Seven years after the character's creation, Lightray's origin story was revealed in DC Special Series #10, a Secret Origins of Super-Heroes issue that was published in January 1978.
The version of the character in current DC continuity was introduced in Green Lantern/New Gods: Godhead #1 in December 2014.
Characterization
For the fourth volume of New Gods created by in 1995, Rachel Pollack and Tom Peyer discussed with Back Issue magazine how Lightray changed after Darkseid is killed by Orion in issue #2:
The most telling effect of this event is that it drives many of the residents of New Genesis slightly insane, none more so than Lightray, who becomes extremely violent and seems to enjoy cruelty. In their first issue, the writing duo had emphasized Lightray's... lightness, if you will, making him a very jovial, happy character. As it turns out, this was not an accident. "To me, Lightray is not so much childish as innocent. He sees only the light", Pollack tells Back Issue. "That's why he was so easily corrupted". Tom Peyer agrees, feeling: "I think the main purpose Kirby gave Lightray was to make Orion seem grim and dark by comparison. So we probably played Lightray's notes loudly to make the contrast obvious".
Walt Simonson, who wrote the Orion series starting in 2000, says that his conception of Lightray and Orion was based on the relationship that Kirby established in New Gods volume 1. In 2018, Simonson said: "I saw Lightray as a strategist, whereas Orion is more a tactician. Jack actually had Orion refer to Lightray as a planner at the climax of the Deep Six story, "The Glory Boat!" (New Gods #6, Jan. 1972). I tried basing my notions of Lightray primarily on that story".
In Superheroes of the Round Table, Jason Tondro characterizes Lightray's place in Kirby's New Gods work: "We have characters like... the amazing Lightray, a denizen of New Genesis who embodies light with all of its creativity, bright humor, and intelligence... Lightray embodies illumination". Tondro says Lightray "and other characters, both good and evil, hint at the full dimensions of Kirby's epic pantheon".
Fictional character biography
Lightray is the shining star of New Genesis and a high-spirited New God. Unlike his grim friend Orion, Lightray is cheerful and optimistic and prefers to solve problems through compromise rather than combat. He uses the speed of light to his advantage in eluding foes.
Cover art for Countdown #48, art by Andy Kubert.
Lightray has served one stint as a member of the Justice League. He joined the international branch along with Orion on the same night as a membership drive failed to find other new recruits. The difference between the two was illustrated in battle. While Lightray desires a minimum of fuss in battle by dispatching his foe Crowbar with a simple expenditure of energy to the man's face, Orion preferred to destroy the pavement around Blackrock, only to then be angered when his opponent surrendered instead of fighting to the death.
In this same issue, Lightray demonstrates his knowledge of chess. Lightray's long hair causes him to be mistaken for a girl by the old-fashioned General Glory. They stay with the team until just after the battle with General Glory's old foe the Evil Eye.
As Solis his idea of fun is protecting New Genesis from Apokolips, Darkseid, and his minions. He resides on New Genesis and is active in adventuring. He returns to Earth briefly in JLA #27 (March 1999), as part of an emergency expansion of the Justice League. The team battles the android Amazo in the Florida Everglades. Most of them are subdued and their powers copied, Lightray included. Amazo loses his powers when Superman, as the chairman, officially disbands the League, thus ending Lightray's membership.
He would appear again to aid the League alongside Orion and Big Barda when the planet Qward attacked Earth with a giant ship.
In Countdown #48, Lightray falls to Earth after an off stage fight with the New Gods Killer (later revealed to be Infinity-Man). He dies holding Jimmy Olsen's hand, repeating the word "infinite" and glowing brighter.
In Final Crisis #7, Lightray is depicted standing alongside Barda and Mister Miracle following the reincarnation of New Genesis on the ruins of Apokolips.
Powers and abilities
Like all the New Gods, Lightray is functionally immortal and possesses great superhuman strength, endurance and reflexes. Lightray is able to lift several tons with ease. His reflexes and durability are also more than amazing and he has a limited degree of invulnerability. Lightray flies at the speed of light or even faster, and can generate and project solar energy. Thus, he can create brilliant light and extraordinarily high levels of heat. He can focus his solar energy into beams of laser-like intensity. Lightray can also use his powers of light to create life-like illusions.
Using his power to the maximum, he can generate a huge sun or a nova explosion. Although Lightray has a pacifist personality and isn't a highly experienced warrior, he is well trained in hand-to-hand combat, but he prefers to use his solar powers in battle. In his headgear Lightray carries one of the powerful "living computers" called Mother Box.
Alternate versions
Seven Soldiers of Victory
Lightray makes several brief, non-speaking appearances in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory series, where his human form is a frail man on crutches.
Captain Carrot
In the miniseries Captain Carrot and the Final Ark, Lightray's counterpart in the "New Dogs" is an anthropomorphic dog named Lightstray.
JLA: The Nail
In the 1998 Elseworlds JLA: The Nail, Lightray is depicted fighting in a war between New Genesis and Apokolips.
Influence
Jack Kirby's 1971 design for Lightray's costume influenced the look of artist Al Milgrom's creation of Firestorm in 1978. In an interview from 2019, Milgrom admitted: "The facemask on Firestorm, the way it comes around the chin, was probably inspired by Lightray more than anything... I liked the head-covering thing; I said, "I'm stealin' it!"
A July 1971 New Gods story featuring Lightray has been noted as an example of racial bias in 1970s superhero storytelling. In "Death and the Black Racer" (New Gods #3), Lightray — a blond white man — is running desperately to escape the Black Racer, portrayed as a person of color. José Alaniz and Scott T. Smith noted in Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability that the story "suggests a racial dichotomy... in which blackness presents as a threatening force".
In other media
Television
Lightray appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):
Lightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Legacy".
Lightray appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Twilight", voiced by Rob Paulsen. Batman and Wonder Woman meet him after arriving on New Genesis, and he later accompanies them and Orion in meeting Highfather.
Lightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Destroyer". Lex Luthor and the Secret Society encounter him after Darkseid destroys their base, subsequently stealing his Mother Box to return to Earth and help thwart Darkseid's invasion.
Lightray was originally planned to appear in the Harley Quinn episode "Inner (Para) Demons" where Darkseid would have killed him for his incompetence, but DC Comics objected and his cameo was replaced by Forager.
Lightray appears in Young Justice, voiced by Nolan North.
Film
An alternate universe version of Lightray appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Trevor Devall.
References
^ a b Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0.
^ Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1605490564.
^ a b c Martin, Brian (June 2018). "The Return of the New Gods". Back Issue (#104): 5, 13, 23. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Tondro, Jason (2011). Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. McFarland & Co. p. 77. ISBN 978-0786460687.
^ Justice League America #42 (September 1990)
^ Ibid #44
^ Ibid #50 (May 1991)
^ Disharoon, Cecil (May 2019). "The Firestorm Interviews". Back Issue (#112): 8. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Alaniz, José; Smith, Scott T., eds. (2019). "Introduction". Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0271084756. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ a b "Lightray Voices (Superman)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved December 5, 2023. A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its opening and/or closing credits and/or other reliable sources of information.
^ (2020). "Harley Quinn EPS Talk the Evolution of Harlivy and Plans for Season 3". SYFY. Retrieved 27 June 2020
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby's Fourth World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby%27s_Fourth_World"},{"link_name":"New Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gods"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Odyssey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Odyssey_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jack Kirby's Fourth World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby%27s_Fourth_World"},{"link_name":"DC Special Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Special_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI-104-3"},{"link_name":"DC continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern/New Gods: Godhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-1"}],"text":"Comics characterLightray (Solis) is a DC Comics superhero. Created by Jack Kirby for the Jack Kirby's Fourth World meta-series, he first appeared in New Gods #1 (February 1971).[1] Lightray was a major character in New Gods volume 1 (1971–1978),[2] as well as volume 2 (1984), volume 3 (1989–1991) and volume 4 (1995–1997). He has also appeared with Orion in the Cosmic Odyssey limited series (1988–1989), Jack Kirby's Fourth World (1997–1998) and Orion (2000–2002).Seven years after the character's creation, Lightray's origin story was revealed in DC Special Series #10, a Secret Origins of Super-Heroes issue that was published in January 1978.[3]The version of the character in current DC continuity was introduced in Green Lantern/New Gods: Godhead #1 in December 2014.[1]","title":"Lightray (character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rachel Pollack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Pollack"},{"link_name":"Tom Peyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Peyer"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI-104-3"},{"link_name":"Walt Simonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Simonson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI-104-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the fourth volume of New Gods created by in 1995, Rachel Pollack and Tom Peyer discussed with Back Issue magazine how Lightray changed after Darkseid is killed by Orion in issue #2:The most telling effect of this event is that it drives many of the residents of New Genesis slightly insane, none more so than Lightray, who becomes extremely violent and seems to enjoy cruelty. In their first issue, the writing duo had emphasized Lightray's... lightness, if you will, making him a very jovial, happy character. As it turns out, this was not an accident. \"To me, Lightray is not so much childish as innocent. He sees only the light\", Pollack tells Back Issue. \"That's why he was so easily corrupted\". Tom Peyer agrees, feeling: \"I think the main purpose Kirby gave Lightray was to make Orion seem grim and dark by comparison. So we probably played Lightray's notes loudly to make the contrast obvious\".[3]Walt Simonson, who wrote the Orion series starting in 2000, says that his conception of Lightray and Orion was based on the relationship that Kirby established in New Gods volume 1. In 2018, Simonson said: \"I saw Lightray as a strategist, whereas Orion is more a tactician. Jack actually had Orion refer to Lightray as a planner at the climax of the Deep Six story, \"The Glory Boat!\" (New Gods #6, Jan. 1972). I tried basing my notions of Lightray primarily on that story\".[3]In Superheroes of the Round Table, Jason Tondro characterizes Lightray's place in Kirby's New Gods work: \"We have characters like... the amazing Lightray, a denizen of New Genesis who embodies light with all of its creativity, bright humor, and intelligence... Lightray embodies illumination\". Tondro says Lightray \"and other characters, both good and evil, hint at the full dimensions of Kirby's epic pantheon\".[4]","title":"Characterization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Genesis"},{"link_name":"New God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_God"},{"link_name":"Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(comics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countdown48.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Kubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kubert"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Crowbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Blackrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"General Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Glory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Apokolips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokolips"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"Amazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazo"},{"link_name":"Big Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Barda"},{"link_name":"Qward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qward"},{"link_name":"Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Infinity-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity-Man"},{"link_name":"Final Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Barda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Barda"},{"link_name":"Mister Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Miracle"},{"link_name":"New Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Genesis"}],"text":"Lightray is the shining star of New Genesis and a high-spirited New God. Unlike his grim friend Orion, Lightray is cheerful and optimistic and prefers to solve problems through compromise rather than combat. He uses the speed of light to his advantage in eluding foes.Cover art for Countdown #48, art by Andy Kubert.Lightray has served one stint as a member of the Justice League. He joined the international branch along with Orion on the same night as a membership drive failed to find other new recruits.[5] The difference between the two was illustrated in battle. While Lightray desires a minimum of fuss in battle by dispatching his foe Crowbar with a simple expenditure of energy to the man's face, Orion preferred to destroy the pavement around Blackrock, only to then be angered when his opponent surrendered instead of fighting to the death.[6]In this same issue, Lightray demonstrates his knowledge of chess. Lightray's long hair causes him to be mistaken for a girl by the old-fashioned General Glory. They stay with the team until just after the battle with General Glory's old foe the Evil Eye.[7]As Solis his idea of fun is protecting New Genesis from Apokolips, Darkseid, and his minions. He resides on New Genesis and is active in adventuring. He returns to Earth briefly in JLA #27 (March 1999), as part of an emergency expansion of the Justice League. The team battles the android Amazo in the Florida Everglades. Most of them are subdued and their powers copied, Lightray included. Amazo loses his powers when Superman, as the chairman, officially disbands the League, thus ending Lightray's membership.He would appear again to aid the League alongside Orion and Big Barda when the planet Qward attacked Earth with a giant ship.In Countdown #48, Lightray falls to Earth after an off stage fight with the New Gods Killer (later revealed to be Infinity-Man). He dies holding Jimmy Olsen's hand, repeating the word \"infinite\" and glowing brighter.In Final Crisis #7, Lightray is depicted standing alongside Barda and Mister Miracle following the reincarnation of New Genesis on the ruins of Apokolips.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pacifist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifism"}],"text":"Like all the New Gods, Lightray is functionally immortal and possesses great superhuman strength, endurance and reflexes. Lightray is able to lift several tons with ease. His reflexes and durability are also more than amazing and he has a limited degree of invulnerability. Lightray flies at the speed of light or even faster, and can generate and project solar energy. Thus, he can create brilliant light and extraordinarily high levels of heat. He can focus his solar energy into beams of laser-like intensity. Lightray can also use his powers of light to create life-like illusions.\nUsing his power to the maximum, he can generate a huge sun or a nova explosion. Although Lightray has a pacifist personality and isn't a highly experienced warrior, he is well trained in hand-to-hand combat, but he prefers to use his solar powers in battle. In his headgear Lightray carries one of the powerful \"living computers\" called Mother Box.","title":"Powers and abilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Alternate versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seven Soldiers of Victory","text":"Lightray makes several brief, non-speaking appearances in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory series, where his human form is a frail man on crutches.","title":"Alternate versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Captain Carrot","text":"In the miniseries Captain Carrot and the Final Ark, Lightray's counterpart in the \"New Dogs\" is an anthropomorphic dog named Lightstray.","title":"Alternate versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elseworlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elseworlds"},{"link_name":"JLA: The Nail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JLA:_The_Nail"}],"sub_title":"JLA: The Nail","text":"In the 1998 Elseworlds JLA: The Nail, Lightray is depicted fighting in a war between New Genesis and Apokolips.","title":"Alternate versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Al Milgrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Milgrom"},{"link_name":"Firestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm_(character)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jack Kirby's 1971 design for Lightray's costume influenced the look of artist Al Milgrom's creation of Firestorm in 1978. In an interview from 2019, Milgrom admitted: \"The facemask on Firestorm, the way it comes around the chin, was probably inspired by Lightray more than anything... I liked the [Lightray] head-covering thing; I said, \"I'm stealin' it!\"[8]A July 1971 New Gods story featuring Lightray has been noted as an example of racial bias in 1970s superhero storytelling. In \"Death and the Black Racer\" (New Gods #3), Lightray — a blond white man — is running desperately to escape the Black Racer, portrayed as a person of color. José Alaniz and Scott T. Smith noted in Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability that the story \"suggests a racial dichotomy... in which blackness presents as a threatening force\".[9]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Animated Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe"},{"link_name":"Superman: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"Justice League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rob Paulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Paulsen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-10"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Highfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highfather"},{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Lex Luthor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_Luthor"},{"link_name":"Secret Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Mother Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Box"},{"link_name":"Harley Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Quinn_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Forager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forager_(character)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Young Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Justice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nolan North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_North"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-btva-10"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Lightray appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):\nLightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode \"Legacy\".\nLightray appears in the Justice League two-part episode \"Twilight\", voiced by Rob Paulsen.[10] Batman and Wonder Woman meet him after arriving on New Genesis, and he later accompanies them and Orion in meeting Highfather.\nLightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode \"Destroyer\". Lex Luthor and the Secret Society encounter him after Darkseid destroys their base, subsequently stealing his Mother Box to return to Earth and help thwart Darkseid's invasion.\nLightray was originally planned to appear in the Harley Quinn episode \"Inner (Para) Demons\" where Darkseid would have killed him for his incompetence, but DC Comics objected and his cameo was replaced by Forager.[11]\nLightray appears in Young Justice, voiced by Nolan North.[10]","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League: Gods and Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League:_Gods_and_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"An alternate universe version of Lightray appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Trevor Devall.","title":"In other media"}]
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[{"image_text":"Cover art for Countdown #48, art by Andy Kubert.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d9/Countdown48.jpg/200px-Countdown48.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Korte, Steve; Manning, Matt; Wiacek, Win; Wilson, Sven (2016). The DC Comics Encyclopedia: The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe. DK Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4654-5357-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5357-0","url_text":"978-1-4654-5357-0"}]},{"reference":"Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014). American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 39. ISBN 978-1605490564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490564","url_text":"978-1605490564"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Brian (June 2018). \"The Return of the New Gods\". Back Issue (#104): 5, 13, 23. Retrieved 27 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4VXDwAAQBAJ&q=lightray%20","url_text":"\"The Return of the New Gods\""}]},{"reference":"Tondro, Jason (2011). Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. McFarland & Co. p. 77. ISBN 978-0786460687.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786460687","url_text":"978-0786460687"}]},{"reference":"Disharoon, Cecil (May 2019). \"The Firestorm Interviews\". Back Issue (#112): 8. Retrieved 27 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FqGWDwAAQBAJ&dq=lightray+dc+comics&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"The Firestorm Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"Alaniz, José; Smith, Scott T., eds. (2019). \"Introduction\". Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0271084756. Retrieved 27 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T-bEDwAAQBAJ&q=lightray","url_text":"Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271084756","url_text":"978-0271084756"}]},{"reference":"\"Lightray Voices (Superman)\". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Superman/Lightray/","url_text":"\"Lightray Voices (Superman)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b4VXDwAAQBAJ&q=lightray%20","external_links_name":"\"The Return of the New Gods\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FqGWDwAAQBAJ&dq=lightray+dc+comics&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"\"The Firestorm Interviews\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T-bEDwAAQBAJ&q=lightray","external_links_name":"Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability"},{"Link":"https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/Superman/Lightray/","external_links_name":"\"Lightray Voices (Superman)\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_(U.S._TV_series)
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Clarence (American TV series)
|
["1 Premise","2 Characters","2.1 Main characters","2.2 Aberdale Elementary students","2.3 Aberdale Elementary staff","2.4 Sumouski family","2.5 Noles family","2.6 Randell family","2.7 Extended Wendle family","2.8 Extended Shoop family","2.9 West Aberdale Elementary staff","2.10 Breehn's family","2.11 Others","3 Production","3.1 Crossover","3.2 Sexual assault allegations against Page and firing from Cartoon Network","3.3 LGBT representation","4 Cancellation","5 Episodes","6 Broadcast and reception","6.1 Awards and nominations","7 Home media","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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American animated television series
Not to be confused with Clarence (British TV series).
ClarenceGenreComedyAdventureSlice of lifeCreated bySkyler PageVoices ofSkyler PageSpencer RothbellSean GiambroneTom KennyRoger Craig SmithKatie CrownEric EdelsteinTheme music composerSimon PanruckerOpening theme"King of the World"Ending theme"Good Habits (And Bad)", (performed by Saba Lou)Composers
James L. Venable
Simon Panrucker
Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons3No. of episodes130 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersSkyler Page (episodes 1–26)Curtis LelashJennifer PelphreyBrian A. MillerRob SorcherProducerKeith MackAnimatorSaerom AnimationEditorPaul DouglasRunning time11 minutesProduction companyCartoon Network StudiosOriginal releaseNetworkCartoon NetworkReleaseApril 14, 2014 (2014-04-14) –June 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)
Clarence is an American animated television series created by Skyler Page for Cartoon Network. The series revolves around the title character and his two best friends, Jeff and Sumo. Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome, developed the series at Cartoon Network Studios as part of their shorts development program in 2012.
The pilot aired after the 2014 Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014. Clarence officially premiered on April 14, 2014, and was seen by approximately 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot. The series' pilot was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award. It completed its four-year run on June 24, 2018, after three seasons and 130 episodes.
Premise
The series focuses on the daily life of Clarence Wendle, a fun-loving and spirited 10-year-old boy, and his best friends: Jeff, who is the more intellectual type, and Sumo, who often uses drastic measures when solving problems.
Clarence lives with his divorced mother Mary and her boyfriend Chad in the fictional town of Aberdale, Arizona. Each episode focuses on the daily-life situations and problems that Clarence and his friends encounter, and their everyday adventures and life experiences as kids.
Other characters include students and faculty at Aberdale Elementary, Clarence's school. Certain episodes focus on the life of supporting characters, like the citizens of Aberdale and Clarence's classmates.
Characters
Main characters
The main characters, from left to right: Sumo, Jeff, and Clarence
Clarence Wendle (voiced by Skyler Page in Season 1 and Spencer Rothbell in Late Season 1-onwards) – An extroverted, optimistic, and wide-eyed 10-year-old boy who wants to bring out the best in everything and everyone. In the pilot episode, he was the "new kid" in Aberdale and could not wait to make friends. He often follows his heart, reacting towards life with unfailing excitement and enthusiasm. A "nice guy" at heart, Clarence aspires to help people, especially his fellow kids, have fun and live freely, often by using unorthodox methods to do so. He can, however, occasionally let his imagination get the better of him, and has a bad habit of meddling into people's personal lives, unintentionally making their troubles worse. Clarence has a wide range of interests and hobbies, and despite sometimes coming off as a goofball, he more often than not displays an underlying intelligence. Nick Pitera provides Clarence's singing voice in "Jeff Wins".
Jeffrey "Jeff" Randell (voiced by Sean Giambrone) – Clarence's 10-year-old best friend who is intelligent, levelheaded, and morally inclined of the trio and tries his best to prevent Clarence from going down a bad road. Jeff's most well-known trait is that he has a cube-shaped head which represents his "square" personality. He is an avid fan of game shows and enjoys playing along with them.
Ryan "Peter" Sumouski (voiced by Tom Kenny) – Clarence's 10-year-old best friend, who is fearless, unpredictable, and often takes drastic and crude measures when trying to solve problems. Despite this often being a drawback, Sumo is loyal to Jeff and Clarence and available when they need support. He and Jeff tend to quarrel with each other due to their opposing personalities, but Clarence acts as the glue that holds the boys' friendships together. In the third season, Sumo was transferred to the new school called West Aberdale. Jason Marsden voiced Sumo in the pilot.
Mary Wendle (voiced by Katie Crown) – Clarence's 37-year-old mother who is always there to support her son no matter the difficulty. She lives with her boyfriend Chad and her son Clarence. It is revealed In "Hurricane Dilliss" she has an overbearing mother which makes her very annoyed by her taking over her life, and that she has been seeing a therapist for 15 years.
Charles "Chad" Caswell (voiced by Eric Edelstein) – Mary's 36-year-old boyfriend who works at various odd-jobs and acts as Clarence's father figure (although Clarence mostly calls him Chad). Also has a fondness for guitar playing and rock music that is shown in the pilot.
Aberdale Elementary students
Belson Noles (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – An 11-year-old bully who is more likely to use insults, quips, and pranks rather than physical violence. Selfish, inconsiderate, spoiled, obese, lazy, a show-off, no respect to his teachers or mother and very superficial, Belson is very unpopular among his peers because of this, yet Clarence is the only one that likes him, though the same can't be said for him. Belson is also prone to envy, as he is aggravated by the fact that Clarence is the "popular kid" at Aberdale Elementary School and has occasionally tried to ruin his reputation. He is also named after Nelson Boles, who helped create the series. He likely takes after his father, who appears in "Company Man" because they both show a desire for complete control over others. The same voice actor who played Sumo in the pilot, Jason Marsden, voiced Belson as well.
Crendle (voiced by Gavin Pierce) – A boy who attends Aberdale school and is 9 years old. Crendle is incredibly quiet, and it is shown that he fiddles with a stick in "Zoo".
Chelsea Keezheekoni (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – A plucky and outspoken 11-year-old girl who insists that she is superior to any boy, mainly Sumo. She and Sumo have shared a kiss in Clarence, Jeff and Sumo's treehouse in "Too Gross for Comfort".
Ashley (voiced by Anastasia James) – A 10-year-old girl who was once the girlfriend of Clarence, but they have since ended their relationship, though they remain friends, she likes looking for frogs and attending art class. she has a ponytail, a pink shirt, and blue overalls.
Debbie – A 9 year old (voiced by Grace Kaufman) who wears a bright pink shirt, yellow hair, a green skirt, and reddish shoes.
Amy Gillis (voiced by Ava Acres) – A nice, 11-year-old girl who is a good friend to Clarence. However, she never appears after her debut in the second episode, "Pretty Great Day With a Girl", due to her moving away, save for a cameo in "Rough Riders Elementary" and a flashback in "Clarence For President".
Amy Shutzger (voiced by Skyler Page and Damien Haas) – A big girl who, along with Mavis, is the only recurring female character to be voiced by a man. She wears her hair in a ponytail and is taller than most of her classmates. She has a crush on Jeff.
Nathan (voiced by Skyler Page and Damien Haas) – One of Belson's friends. He's a big 12-year-old boy who is considered dim-witted and has been held back 2 years. He becomes friends with Clarence as well, often participating in his escapades.
Dustin Conway (voiced by Kyle Arem) – An 11-year-old karate aficionado who is one of Clarence's classmates and Belson's friends. He later becomes friends with Clarence.
Rita Hall (voiced by Maddy McGraw) – A playful skateboarding 9-year-old who is friends with Chelsea.
Percy Dahmer (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – A short, wimpy, 10-year-old boy who speaks in a weak voice and is friends with Clarence and Belson. He lacks fingers. Like Clarence, he tends to let his imagination get the better of him.
Breehn (voiced by Joshua Rush) – A 10-year-old overachiever who is more of Jeff's friend than Clarence's, and keeps himself well grounded at all times. However, in later episodes he warms up to Clarence and joins him on some of his misadventures. He becomes a better friend of Clarence, and lets loose when with him.
Camden (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A boy who has deflating cheeks, he has a dad named Sherly who has deflating cheeks as well. He enjoys camping.
Kimby (voiced by Isabella Niems) – Another of Clarence's classmates. Kimby is shown as an introverted, awkward, insecure, yet lovely 9-year-old girl who constantly strokes her hair. (Which when she gets nervous, she strokes it hard, as revealed in "Plant Daddies") As a girly girl, kimby often collects dolls and stuffed animals, and enjoys giving and receiving makeovers. Jeff considers her as an enemy as she was wearing a disguise. It is shown that she was once friends with Clarence along with Malessica and Courtlin in episode "Slumber Party". She has brownish hair, wears a blue full skirt with a white collar in the center, white socks, and black mary jane shoes.
Malessica (voiced by Ivy Bishop) – a 9-10-year-old. One of Kimby's friends who is the object of Jeff's affection. She used to be in love with Jeff. She plays the electric guitar, as revealed in "Turtle Hats".
Courtlin (voiced by Tayler Buck) – A 9-year-old girl, another of Kimby's friends. She has a confident personality and isn't afraid to speak her mind, in "honk" she told clarence that the horn is super unbecoming of him. She also seems to care about her education and future. She has brown hair with pigtails on it, wears a orange tank top, purple shorts, and magenta shoes.
Reed (voiced by Bryson Barretto) – A dark-skinned boy who wears glasses.
Vu (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – A black-haired, skinny boy who speaks in a loud, exclaiming voice. He has a brother, as revealed in "Chadsgiving".
Tinia (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – An 8-year-old girl whom Clarence meets at the hospital. She presents as sweet and naïve, but has a greedy and selfish soul.
Regis Gilben – A silent and motionless 12-year-old boy who communicates with an eerie wind sound. Everyone can seemingly understand this; also, somehow he is ghost-like and can touch without moving.
Guyler (voiced by Skyler Page and Spencer Rothbell) – A blond-haired boy with a long neck and a big nose. Although generally silent, he does make occasional grunts. He is friends with Clarence, and joins him on his escapades. At first a minor character, he becomes more prominent in later episodes; specifically in "A Nightmare on Aberdale Street: Balance's Revenge", it is shown that he is Dutch.
Mavis (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A squat, noseless, red-haired, 10-year-old girl who speaks in unintelligible grunts and has a fear of fire hydrants.
Brady Brown (voiced by Daniel DiMaggio) – A shy, quiet, self-isolating student who has a crush on Mavis. He is also handy and intelligent. He's possibly a parody of Charlie Brown.
Aberdale Elementary staff
Ms. Melanie Baker (voiced by Katie Crown) – The 32-year-old 5th grade teacher at Aberdale Elementary who is shown to be helpful and caring, yet easily overwhelmed.
Mr. Jim Reese (voiced by Skyler Page and Donovan Patton) – The gruff yet dim-witted, 55-year-old vice-principal of the school. He is a former police officer with a voracious appetite.
Ms. Brenda Shoop (voiced by Katie Crown) – The inattentive, irresponsible, possibly 56-year-old guidance counselor who cares less about the students and more about the rules, safety, control, and herself as seen in "Freedom Cactus", where she thought Clarence's harmless comic was offensive, but when no parents said it was, she pretended to be an offended parent to cancel it. She has been working at the school for 30 years, as revealed in "The Substitute", but in " Lost Playground" her mother stated that she wasn't allowed to play on the playground 49 years prior.
Ms. Meg Julep (voiced by Kate Berlant) – A substitute teacher who is extremely nervous and gullible and is unable to control the students.
Sumouski family
Mel Sumouski (voiced by John DiMaggio) – Sumo's strict father, a 45-year-old hillbilly who is extremely rough around the edges and has a tough personality, but is very understanding with his kids.
Tinona Sumouski (voiced by Christine Lakin) – Sumo's extremely protective mother who speaks with a southern accent.
Brandi Sumouski (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – is Sumo's cherish, good, confident 8-year-old sister who gave Clarence a wrench to fight for self-defense, she loves looking through the aquarium and being a mermaid, she has a Scottish-like hillbilly like accent. Although Sumo and Brandi don't get along together, Brandi also loves watching wrestling and is quiet. She wears a pink skirt, a pink shirt, and a pink bow on her head.
Tanner Sumouski (voiced by Ari Rubin) – Sumo's muscular, dim-witted, 21-year-old older brother who frequently bullies Sumo.
Noles family
Cynthia Noles (voiced by Mena Suvari) – Belson's kind mother who doesn't stand up to anyone and doesn't notice her son's mean behavior, until she sees how he acts to Clarence in the episode "Dust Buddies" and punishes him by not only making him do the chores he called their maid to do because of his laziness, but also ruining his game save files and avatars. She resembles him down to their noses. Jeff is implied to have a crush on her.
Mr. Noles (voiced by Rick Zieff) – Belson's greedy, workaholic father who never spends any time with his son, to the point that he doesn't recognize the boy. He has a very aggressive and violent personality.
Randell family
EJ and Sue Randell (voiced by Lea DeLaria and Tig Notaro) – Jeff's lesbian mothers who are free-spirited and always patient with their son.
Rosie Randell (voiced by June Squibb) – EJ's mother and Jeff's grandmother. She is extremely overbearing.
Extended Wendle family
Dilliss Wendle (voiced by Maria Bamford) – Mary's fast-talking, scatterbrained, extremely selfish, overbearing, 68-year-old mother who suffers from dementia and insists that she do everything for everyone. In "Plane Excited", she is revealed to have died, although it's never specified how.
Seymour Wendle (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – Mary's father. He calls Clarence "Creedence", implying that he may be suffering from dementia just like his wife.
Fern and Star Caswell (voiced by Eric Edelstein and Cree Summer respectively) — Chad's calm, laid-back hippie parents who live in a dome-shaped house and have pet emus.
Extended Shoop family
Millie Shoop (voiced by Katie Crown) – Ms. Shoop's extremely protective mother who would never let her play outside as a child. She very much resembles an elderly version of her daughter.
West Aberdale Elementary staff
Mr. Craig Mozer (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – Sumo's relaxed teacher at West Aberdale Elementary who is involved with Ms. Baker.
Ms. Lofton (voiced by Jenelle Lynn Randall) – The principal of West Aberdale Elementary.
Breehn's family
Walt and Tiffany (voiced by Dave Wittenberg and Abigail Revasch respectively) – Breehn's parents who are emotionally abusive towards their son and believe themselves to be superior to everyone around them because of their vintage house. They constantly brag about their home. They try to control everything their son does, all to make him "perfect" in their eyes
Others
Joshua "Josh" Maverick (voiced by Brent Popolizio) – A grumpy 27-year-old man who doesn't like children, especially Sumo, and later Clarence. He is shown to be very accident prone and constantly gets severe injuries during every one of his appearances, usually accidentally caused by Clarence's hijinks. In later episodes of the first season he went from a lanky young man to overweight, it is unknown why.
Sandy (voiced by Katie Crown) – A stuffy, unsatisfiable, rude, irritable, morbidly obese woman who rides around on a scooter and speaks with an upper-class English accent. She is a frequent customer at Mary's hair parlor, where she often runs over employees and always demands that the most expensive shampoo be used for her.
Larry (voiced by Skyler Page and Spencer Rothbell) — An odd 70-year-old man who goes on a date with Ms. Baker in "Neighborhood Grill". He is known for not being fazed by anything.
Cooter and Seabass (voiced by Gunnar Sizemore and Atticus Shaffer respectively) — A pair of 13-year-old bullies who are rivals of Sumo's.
Lauren (voiced by Rachel Eggleston) – An extremely smart girl who has been homeschooled since she was 6 years old and doesn't know much about the outside world.
Lauren's Dad (voiced by Jeff Witzke) – Lauren's dignified yet gentle and open-minded hippie father who encourages Lauren to talk about her feelings.
Jeremy (voiced by Henry Kaufman) – Clarence's zany doppelgänger who appears in his dreams, which he tries to trap Clarence in.
Balance (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A violent, short-tempered circus performer with dwarfism who loves to terrorize children and has a hook for a right hand. He is very acrobatic and possesses mind control powers.
The Mayor of Aberdale (voiced by Dave Boat) – The selfish, idiotic, and corrupt mayor.
Marianio (voiced by John DiMaggio) – The town's pizza chef who is beloved by all. He may be insane, seeing as he dresses up as Jeff to badmouth himself as a prank.
Production
At their 2013 upfront, Clarence was announced along with various other series.
The series was created by Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome.
He is the fourth creator on the network who graduated from the California Institute of the Arts, and at age 24, he is also the youngest.
As part of their shorts development program in 2012, the series was developed at Cartoon Network Studios; four others, Steven Universe, Over the Garden Wall, We Bare Bears and Long Live the Royals also came from this initiative.
Page, together with creative director Nelson Boles, conceived the series at CalArts. It was further considered when Page became hired at Cartoon Network Studios. A crew of two or three polished the pilot episode; after it had been picked up, a crew of 30 to 35 writers, storyboard artists, revisionists, colorists and designers were employed. Meanwhile, animation is outsourced to South Korea through the Saerom Animation.: 20 Page explained that the hardest part of production was keeping pace, especially where once an episode is completed, one must start over. He called this "exciting", but "very challenging".: 21
According to writer Spencer Rothbell, the series was created with a naturalistic tone, similar to cartoons of the 1990s, combined with a more modern feeling. Given this naturalism, writers can reference works that have inspired for them or fit the genre of an episode. He ultimately felt that it was about "empowering kids and having fun". Rothbell also avoids "pigeonholing" into one type of story, and that while some plots are mostly character-driven, others are "based on one idea that we think is really funny". Inspiration also came from the shows Page watched as a child, which invoked more poignant and relatable situations. Despite this, elements of fantasy are allowed, and that conveying both incongruous to one another was one technique he particularly enjoyed. Boles noted that the art direction called for inconsistent character design to avoid having to fit model sheet with the universe perfectly—a result of what he dubs The Simpsons effect.: 20 Attention is also paid to background characters in order to expand variety in its plot and universe.: 20–21
Crossover
In the end of the Steven Universe/Uncle Grandpa crossover episode, "Say Uncle", UG looks over the list of characters from former and current Cartoon Network shows and saw Clarence is the last on his list.
Clarence, Jeff, Sumo, and Belson appeared in "The Grampies", the short accompanying the Uncle Grandpa episode "Pizza Eve", along with other Cartoon Network characters from currently running and ended cartoons. Belson had a speaking role in that short.
In The Amazing World of Gumball episode "The Boredom", Clarence and Mary make an appearance, alongside Uncle Grandpa and Regular Show characters.
In the OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus", Jeff made an appearance, along with other Cartoon Network characters.
Sexual assault allegations against Page and firing from Cartoon Network
In July 2014, Skyler Page was fired from Cartoon Network Studios amid allegations that he had sexually assaulted a female coworker, Emily Partridge, now (Lyle Partridge), a former storyboard revisionist Adventure Time. A Cartoon Network spokesperson confirmed that the series would continue despite his absence. Spencer Rothbell later became head of story and the voice of Clarence. Nelson Boles, who was previously the series creative director, served as series showrunner for the remainder of the first season. Stephen P. Neary, one of the storyboard artists for the series, took over as showrunner for the second season and onward after Boles left the series early in the second season.
In June 2021, Page admitted that the allegations were true and issued a public apology.
LGBT representation
See also: Cartoon Network and LGBT representation
In September 2014, Spencer Rothbell, a writer, head of storywriting, and voice actor of multiple characters for Clarence, said that they had to change a scene in the episode "Neighborhood Grill", which showed two gay characters after pushback from Cartoon Network executives. According to Rothbell, the original scene showed the two characters kissing on the lips, noting that "originally the guy had flowers and they kissed on the mouth." Later he lamented that the scene in the episode is "better than nothing", adding that "maybe one day the main character can be gay and it won't be a big deal." Despite this step back, there were some moves forward.
On December 4, 2014, EJ and Sue Randell were introduced as Jeff's mothers in the episode "Jeff Wins".
Cancellation
On April 4, 2017, Spencer Rothbell confirmed on his Twitter page that the series' third season would be its last as Cartoon Network did not renew the series for a fourth season, which ended on June 24, 2018.
Episodes
Main article: List of Clarence episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotMay 21, 2013 (2013-05-21) (online)February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17) (TV)151April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)239January 18, 2016 (2016-01-18)February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)340February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)June 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)Shorts14July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)June 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)
Broadcast and reception
Clarence was originally previewed at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International.
Cartoon Network had commissioned twelve quarter-hour episodes, with the pilot episode airing after the Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014.
The pilot was nominated for an "Outstanding Short-format Animated Program" at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2013.
The first episode, broadcast April 14, 2014, was met with an estimated 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot by double and triple-digit percentages.
Meanwhile, preliminary data identified it as the most watched series premiere for the network that year.
From September 7 to September 30, 2020, reruns of the series aired on Boomerang.
In Canada, Clarence premiered on Cartoon Network on April 14 and on Teletoon on September 4, but it was later moved exclusively to Cartoon Network. The series premiered on October 6 on Cartoon Network in Australia and New Zealand and on November 3 on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In India, the series debuted on June 1, 2015 on Cartoon Network. The last 13 episodes of the series aired first in Germany before airing in the United States.
Critical response for Clarence was mixed, with Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media, in a three-star review, alerted parents of "a similar brand of absurdity and crudeness" as Adventure Time—though less severe—but praised the cast as "oddly likable".
Nancy Basile of About.com applauded the dialogue for its lengthiness, and considered the relationships between the characters to be dynamic and genuine, with some comedy thrown in. Whitney Matheson of USA Today found Clarence to blend optimism and surreal humor in "just the right amount", and encouraged children and parents alike to watch its premiere.
In Animation Magazine, Mercedes Milligan described it as "a breath of fresh suburban air" and a celebration of childhood.: 20
Nivea Serrao of TV Guide contrasted the show with most fantasy animated series.
Brian Lowry of Variety called it "so quirky and idiosyncratic as to feel fresh", although it sometimes tread in "well-worn territory", but found the character designs unattractive.
The series gained considerable press after featuring a gay couple in the episode "Neighborhood Grill", with coverage in various tabloid and entertainment news sites, and in LGBT-oriented sites as well.
The scene involves two male characters greeting each other with kisses on the cheek while at a restaurant.
Rothbell originally had the couple kiss on the lips after receiving flowers from the other, but this went unapproved by the network.
He added that the scene was a "minor throwaway moment", albeit "better than nothing", and anticipated that "one day the main character can be gay and it won't be a big deal".
Joe Morgan of Gay Star News called the buildup to the scene "an old joke", a notion shared by Dan Tracer of Queerty, although he praised their portrayal "just as normal people".
In 2017, the Kenya Film Classification Board banned Clarence, together with the cartoon series The Loud House, The Legend of Korra, Hey Arnold!, Steven Universe and Adventure Time, from being broadcast in Kenya. According to the Board, the reason was that these series were "glorifying homosexual behavior".
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2013
Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Short-Format Animated Program
"Clarence" (Pilot)
Nominated
2015
British Academy Children's Awards
International
Clarence
Nominated
2016
Annie Awards
Best Animated TV/Broadcast Production for Children's Audience
"Turtle Hats"
Nominated
Home media
Title
Season(s)
Episode count
Running time(minutes)
Release dates( United States)
Episodes
Cartoon Network Holiday Collection
1
1
11
October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07)
3
Mystery Piñata
12
132
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
Pilot, 1–2, 4–5, 7, 11–12, 15–16, 18, 21, 23
Dust Buddies
September 15, 2015 (2015-09-15)
3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 19–20, 25–26, 29, 36
The series was made available on HBO Max on May 27, 2020. It was later removed from the streaming service on December 6, 2022 in the US; it was later brought back on the service on December 20. The series was removed from it again on May 8, 2023.
Notes
^ Page, Peter Browngardt, Robert Alvarez, Brian A. Miller, Jennifer Pelphrey, Curtis Lelash and Rob Sorcher were the recipients.
^ E! Online, El Universal, the Huffington Post (both in their UK and US editions), MTV News and Refinery29.
^ Coverage in these sites include Pink News, Gay Star News and Queerty.
References
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^ Mordecai626 Alt (16 April 2016). "Cartoon Network Shows Cameo on Uncle Grandpa". Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016 – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Variety Staff (3 July 2014). "Cartoon Network Fires Creator of 'Clarence' Amid Sexual Assault Allegations". Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ Yamato, Jen (3 July 2014). "'Clarence' Creator-Star Out At Cartoon Network Following Sexual Assault Allegations". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "The Creator Of "Clarence" On Cartoon Network Has Been Fired After Allegations Of Sexual Assault". BuzzFeed. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
^ Aurthur, Kate (July 3, 2014). "Exclusive: The Creator of Clarence on Cartoon Network Has Been Fired After Allegations of Sexual Assault". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
^ a b Milligan, Mercedes (September 22, 2014). "Cartoon Network Plans Surprise-Packed NYCC Panel". Animation Magazine. ISSN 1041-617X. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
^ "Spencer Rothbell — Beyond the Cartoons". Archived from the original on 2016-11-18.
^ Page, Skyler (2021-06-17). "The Page Page: Skyler Page Apology 2021". The Page Page. Archived from the original on 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
^ "💀Skyler Page Art💀 on Instagram: "Long overdue apology. Link in bio. Please share with people you think it applies to. Thanks #skylerpage #apology #clarence #animation #cartoonnetwork"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
^ Yahr, Emily (October 29, 2014). "Cartoon Network voice actor says series 'Clarence' had to change a scene with two men kissing". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
^ Manzella, Sam (February 27, 2018). "9 Cartoons That Were Censored For Being Too Gay". NewNowNext. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^ Atkinson, Sophia (November 5, 2015). "The Complete History of Queer Characters in Cartoon Shows". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^ Barquin, Juan (January 15, 2015). "Clarence Episode "Jeff Wins" Has Some Pretty Cool Queer Representation". YAM Magazine. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020.
^ Ewart, Asia (July 10, 2015). "Four cartoons that are leading the way in LGBT visibility". Metro. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
^ Rothbell, Spencer (April 4, 2017). "got the go ahead so just to confirm - It's a wrap for Clarence but don't worry, new episodes will continue to air through 2018". Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ Wolfe, Jennifer (July 22, 2013). "CN Sneak Peeks Rebecca Sugar's Steven Universe". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ a b "Clarence". Television Academy. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. September 15, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (April 16, 2014). "Clarence Is Cartoon Network's Most-Watched Series Premiere to Date in 2014". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ Cartoon Network Canada (April 4, 2015). "There's a new kid coming to @CartoonCAN & he's SUPER EXCITED to be your friend! Meet #Clarence April 14 at 8pm ET/PT!". Twitter. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "Gotta Gotta See It: TELETOON Launches 2014 Fall Slate" (Press release). Corus Entertainment. August 27, 2014. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
^ "FAQ". Teletoon. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "CARTOON NETWORK TOON MACHINE COMING TO AUSTRALIA". Turner Pressroom (Press release). Melbourne: Turner Broadcasting System Asia-Pacific. August 21, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "See the world through the eyes of Clarence, a boy excited by life". Eckfactor. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "Everyone's new best friend is coming to Cartoon Network!". Turner Media Innovations (Press release). Turner Broadcasting System Europe. October 8, 2014. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "Cartoon Network launches new show 'Clarence'". The Times of India. May 27, 2015. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "Clarence Staffel 3 Episodenguide". Fernsehserien (in German). Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
^ Ashby, Emily (24 March 2014). "Clarence". Common Sense Media. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^
Basile, Nancy (May 6, 2014). "Clarence". About.com. IAC. Archived from the original on July 11, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ Matheson, Whitney (April 14, 2014). "Clarence: Preview Cartoon Network's fun new series". USA Today. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ Lowry, Brian (April 8, 2014). "TV Review: Cartoon Network's Clarence, The Tom and Jerry Show". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
^ Harrison, Lily (October 28, 2014). "Cartoon Network Censors Its First Gay Kiss on New Show Clarence". E! Online. NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ "Cartoon Network censuró un beso de la serie animada Clarence" . El Universal. Epalisticia S.L. October 28, 2014. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ a b Bagwell, Matt (October 28, 2014). "Cartoon Network Feature First Ever Gay Characters In Clarence, but Kiss Is Censored". Huffington Post (United Kingdom ed.). Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Nichols, James (October 28, 2014). "Cartoon Network Allegedly Censors First On-Screen Gay Kiss". United Kingdom. AOL Inc. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Bobb, Maurice (October 29, 2014). "Clarence Almost Featured Cartoon Network's First Gay Kiss". MTV News. Viacom International. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Barna, Daniel (October 28, 2014). "The Cartoon Network's First-Ever Gay Kiss Was Censored". Refinery29. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Day, Aaron (October 28, 2014). "Cartoon Network debuts first ever gay characters—but censors the kiss". Pink News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ a b Morgan, Joe (October 28, 2014). "Cartoon Network feature first gay characters in new show, but they were banned from kissing on the mouth". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ a b Tracer, Dan (October 27, 2014). "Cartoon Network Airs First Gay Characters Only After Making Sure They Aren't Too Gay". Queerty. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
^ Anyango, Jennifer (June 15, 2016). "Films board bans six TV programs 'for promoting homosexuality'". The Standard. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
^ "Cartoon Network: Clarence - Mystery Piñata". Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2023-05-07 – via Amazon.
^ "Cartoon Network: Clarence - Dust Buddies V2". 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2017 – via Amazon.
^ "Spencer Rothbell - Entire Clarence Series on HBOMax!". Spencer Rothbell. May 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.
^ @thecartoonbase (December 6, 2022). "'CLARENCE' has been removed from HBO MAX in the US" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ @momonster2014 (December 21, 2022). "@srothbell Looks like #Clarence is back on #HBOMax! Wooo!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ @srothbell (December 21, 2022). "Tweet" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "HBO Max". HBO Max. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Clarence (American TV series).
Official website
Clarence at IMDb
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Current original series
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Portals: Cartoon Animation Television Cartoon Network
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence (British TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"Skyler Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyler_Page"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Adventure Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Time"},{"link_name":"Secret Mountain Fort Awesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Mountain_Fort_Awesome"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios"},{"link_name":"Hall of Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"Creative Arts Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Arts_Emmy_Award"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Clarence (British TV series).Clarence is an American animated television series created by Skyler Page for Cartoon Network. The series revolves around the title character and his two best friends, Jeff and Sumo. Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome, developed the series at Cartoon Network Studios as part of their shorts development program in 2012.The pilot aired after the 2014 Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014. Clarence officially premiered on April 14, 2014, and was seen by approximately 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot. The series' pilot was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award. It completed its four-year run on June 24, 2018, after three seasons and 130 episodes.","title":"Clarence (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"}],"text":"The series focuses on the daily life of Clarence Wendle, a fun-loving and spirited 10-year-old boy, and his best friends: Jeff, who is the more intellectual type, and Sumo, who often uses drastic measures when solving problems.Clarence lives with his divorced mother Mary and her boyfriend Chad in the fictional town of Aberdale, Arizona. Each episode focuses on the daily-life situations and problems that Clarence and his friends encounter, and their everyday adventures and life experiences as kids.Other characters include students and faculty at Aberdale Elementary, Clarence's school. Certain episodes focus on the life of supporting characters, like the citizens of Aberdale and Clarence's classmates.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarence_(2014)_screenshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skyler Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyler_Page"},{"link_name":"nice guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice_guy"},{"link_name":"Nick Pitera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Pitera"},{"link_name":"Sean Giambrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Giambrone"},{"link_name":"game shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_shows"},{"link_name":"Tom Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Jason Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Katie Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Crown"},{"link_name":"Eric Edelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Edelstein"}],"sub_title":"Main characters","text":"The main characters, from left to right: Sumo, Jeff, and ClarenceClarence Wendle (voiced by Skyler Page in Season 1 and Spencer Rothbell in Late Season 1-onwards) – An extroverted, optimistic, and wide-eyed 10-year-old boy who wants to bring out the best in everything and everyone. In the pilot episode, he was the \"new kid\" in Aberdale and could not wait to make friends. He often follows his heart, reacting towards life with unfailing excitement and enthusiasm. A \"nice guy\" at heart, Clarence aspires to help people, especially his fellow kids, have fun and live freely, often by using unorthodox methods to do so. He can, however, occasionally let his imagination get the better of him, and has a bad habit of meddling into people's personal lives, unintentionally making their troubles worse. Clarence has a wide range of interests and hobbies, and despite sometimes coming off as a goofball, he more often than not displays an underlying intelligence. Nick Pitera provides Clarence's singing voice in \"Jeff Wins\".\nJeffrey \"Jeff\" Randell (voiced by Sean Giambrone) – Clarence's 10-year-old best friend who is intelligent, levelheaded, and morally inclined of the trio and tries his best to prevent Clarence from going down a bad road. Jeff's most well-known trait is that he has a cube-shaped head which represents his \"square\" personality. He is an avid fan of game shows and enjoys playing along with them.\nRyan \"Peter\" Sumouski (voiced by Tom Kenny) – Clarence's 10-year-old best friend, who is fearless, unpredictable, and often takes drastic and crude measures when trying to solve problems. Despite this often being a drawback, Sumo is loyal to Jeff and Clarence and available when they need support. He and Jeff tend to quarrel with each other due to their opposing personalities, but Clarence acts as the glue that holds the boys' friendships together. In the third season, Sumo was transferred to the new school called West Aberdale. Jason Marsden voiced Sumo in the pilot.\nMary Wendle (voiced by Katie Crown) – Clarence's 37-year-old mother who is always there to support her son no matter the difficulty. She lives with her boyfriend Chad and her son Clarence. It is revealed In \"Hurricane Dilliss\" she has an overbearing mother which makes her very annoyed by her taking over her life, and that she has been seeing a therapist for 15 years.\nCharles \"Chad\" Caswell (voiced by Eric Edelstein) – Mary's 36-year-old boyfriend who works at various odd-jobs and acts as Clarence's father figure (although Clarence mostly calls him Chad). Also has a fondness for guitar playing and rock music that is shown in the pilot.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Craig Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Craig_Smith"},{"link_name":"envy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy"},{"link_name":"Jason Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Grace Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Ava Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Acres"},{"link_name":"Maddy McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Joshua Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Rush"},{"link_name":"girly girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girly_girl"},{"link_name":"Mckenna Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mckenna_Grace"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Daniel DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_DiMaggio"},{"link_name":"Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown"}],"sub_title":"Aberdale Elementary students","text":"Belson Noles (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – An 11-year-old bully who is more likely to use insults, quips, and pranks rather than physical violence. Selfish, inconsiderate, spoiled, obese, lazy, a show-off, no respect to his teachers or mother and very superficial, Belson is very unpopular among his peers because of this, yet Clarence is the only one that likes him, though the same can't be said for him. Belson is also prone to envy, as he is aggravated by the fact that Clarence is the \"popular kid\" at Aberdale Elementary School and has occasionally tried to ruin his reputation. He is also named after Nelson Boles, who helped create the series. He likely takes after his father, who appears in \"Company Man\" because they both show a desire for complete control over others. The same voice actor who played Sumo in the pilot, Jason Marsden, voiced Belson as well.\nCrendle (voiced by Gavin Pierce) – A boy who attends Aberdale school and is 9 years old. Crendle is incredibly quiet, and it is shown that he fiddles with a stick in \"Zoo\".\nChelsea Keezheekoni (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – A plucky and outspoken 11-year-old girl who insists that she is superior to any boy, mainly Sumo. She and Sumo have shared a kiss in Clarence, Jeff and Sumo's treehouse in \"Too Gross for Comfort\".\nAshley (voiced by Anastasia James) – A 10-year-old girl who was once the girlfriend of Clarence, but they have since ended their relationship, though they remain friends, she likes looking for frogs and attending art class. she has a ponytail, a pink shirt, and blue overalls.\nDebbie – A 9 year old (voiced by Grace Kaufman) who wears a bright pink shirt, yellow hair, a green skirt, and reddish shoes.\nAmy Gillis (voiced by Ava Acres) – A nice, 11-year-old girl who is a good friend to Clarence. However, she never appears after her debut in the second episode, \"Pretty Great Day With a Girl\", due to her moving away, save for a cameo in \"Rough Riders Elementary\" and a flashback in \"Clarence For President\".\nAmy Shutzger (voiced by Skyler Page and Damien Haas) – A big girl who, along with Mavis, is the only recurring female character to be voiced by a man. She wears her hair in a ponytail and is taller than most of her classmates. She has a crush on Jeff.\nNathan (voiced by Skyler Page and Damien Haas) – One of Belson's friends. He's a big 12-year-old boy who is considered dim-witted and has been held back 2 years. He becomes friends with Clarence as well, often participating in his escapades.\nDustin Conway (voiced by Kyle Arem) – An 11-year-old karate aficionado who is one of Clarence's classmates and Belson's friends. He later becomes friends with Clarence.\nRita Hall (voiced by Maddy McGraw) – A playful skateboarding 9-year-old who is friends with Chelsea.\nPercy Dahmer (voiced by Roger Craig Smith) – A short, wimpy, 10-year-old boy who speaks in a weak voice and is friends with Clarence and Belson. He lacks fingers. Like Clarence, he tends to let his imagination get the better of him.\nBreehn (voiced by Joshua Rush) – A 10-year-old overachiever who is more of Jeff's friend than Clarence's, and keeps himself well grounded at all times. However, in later episodes he warms up to Clarence and joins him on some of his misadventures. He becomes a better friend of Clarence, and lets loose when with him.\nCamden (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A boy who has deflating cheeks, he has a dad named Sherly who has deflating cheeks as well. He enjoys camping.\nKimby (voiced by Isabella Niems) – Another of Clarence's classmates. Kimby is shown as an introverted, awkward, insecure, yet lovely 9-year-old girl who constantly strokes her hair. (Which when she gets nervous, she strokes it hard, as revealed in \"Plant Daddies\") As a girly girl, kimby often collects dolls and stuffed animals, and enjoys giving and receiving makeovers. Jeff considers her as an enemy as she was wearing a disguise. It is shown that she was once friends with Clarence along with Malessica and Courtlin in episode \"Slumber Party\". She has brownish hair, wears a blue full skirt with a white collar in the center, white socks, and black mary jane shoes.\nMalessica (voiced by Ivy Bishop) – a 9-10-year-old. One of Kimby's friends who is the object of Jeff's affection. She used to be in love with Jeff. She plays the electric guitar, as revealed in \"Turtle Hats\".\nCourtlin (voiced by Tayler Buck) – A 9-year-old girl, another of Kimby's friends. She has a confident personality and isn't afraid to speak her mind, in \"honk\" she told clarence that the horn is super unbecoming of him. She also seems to care about her education and future. She has brown hair with pigtails on it, wears a orange tank top, purple shorts, and magenta shoes.\nReed (voiced by Bryson Barretto) – A dark-skinned boy who wears glasses.\nVu (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – A black-haired, skinny boy who speaks in a loud, exclaiming voice. He has a brother, as revealed in \"Chadsgiving\".\nTinia (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – An 8-year-old girl whom Clarence meets at the hospital. She presents as sweet and naïve, but has a greedy and selfish soul.\nRegis Gilben – A silent and motionless 12-year-old boy who communicates with an eerie wind sound. Everyone can seemingly understand this; also, somehow he is ghost-like and can touch without moving.\nGuyler (voiced by Skyler Page and Spencer Rothbell) – A blond-haired boy with a long neck and a big nose. Although generally silent, he does make occasional grunts. He is friends with Clarence, and joins him on his escapades. At first a minor character, he becomes more prominent in later episodes; specifically in \"A Nightmare on Aberdale Street: Balance's Revenge\", it is shown that he is Dutch.\nMavis (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A squat, noseless, red-haired, 10-year-old girl who speaks in unintelligible grunts and has a fear of fire hydrants.\nBrady Brown (voiced by Daniel DiMaggio) – A shy, quiet, self-isolating student who has a crush on Mavis. He is also handy and intelligent. He's possibly a parody of Charlie Brown.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donovan Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Patton"},{"link_name":"Kate Berlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Berlant"}],"sub_title":"Aberdale Elementary staff","text":"Ms. Melanie Baker (voiced by Katie Crown) – The 32-year-old 5th grade teacher at Aberdale Elementary who is shown to be helpful and caring, yet easily overwhelmed.\nMr. Jim Reese (voiced by Skyler Page and Donovan Patton) – The gruff yet dim-witted, 55-year-old vice-principal of the school. He is a former police officer with a voracious appetite.\nMs. Brenda Shoop (voiced by Katie Crown) – The inattentive, irresponsible, possibly 56-year-old guidance counselor who cares less about the students and more about the rules, safety, control, and herself as seen in \"Freedom Cactus\", where she thought Clarence's harmless comic was offensive, but when no parents said it was, she pretended to be an offended parent to cancel it. She has been working at the school for 30 years, as revealed in \"The Substitute\", but in \" Lost Playground\" her mother stated that she wasn't allowed to play on the playground 49 years prior.\nMs. Meg Julep (voiced by Kate Berlant) – A substitute teacher who is extremely nervous and gullible and is unable to control the students.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DiMaggio"},{"link_name":"Christine Lakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lakin"}],"sub_title":"Sumouski family","text":"Mel Sumouski (voiced by John DiMaggio) – Sumo's strict father, a 45-year-old hillbilly who is extremely rough around the edges and has a tough personality, but is very understanding with his kids.\nTinona Sumouski (voiced by Christine Lakin) – Sumo's extremely protective mother who speaks with a southern accent.\nBrandi Sumouski (voiced by Mckenna Grace) – is Sumo's cherish, good, confident 8-year-old sister who gave Clarence a wrench to fight for self-defense, she loves looking through the aquarium and being a mermaid, she has a Scottish-like hillbilly like accent. Although Sumo and Brandi don't get along together, Brandi also loves watching wrestling and is quiet. She wears a pink skirt, a pink shirt, and a pink bow on her head.\nTanner Sumouski (voiced by Ari Rubin) – Sumo's muscular, dim-witted, 21-year-old older brother who frequently bullies Sumo.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mena Suvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena_Suvari"},{"link_name":"Rick Zieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Zieff"}],"sub_title":"Noles family","text":"Cynthia Noles (voiced by Mena Suvari) – Belson's kind mother who doesn't stand up to anyone and doesn't notice her son's mean behavior, until she sees how he acts to Clarence in the episode \"Dust Buddies\" and punishes him by not only making him do the chores he called their maid to do because of his laziness, but also ruining his game save files and avatars. She resembles him down to their noses. Jeff is implied to have a crush on her.\nMr. Noles (voiced by Rick Zieff) – Belson's greedy, workaholic father who never spends any time with his son, to the point that he doesn't recognize the boy. He has a very aggressive and violent personality.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lea DeLaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_DeLaria"},{"link_name":"Tig Notaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tig_Notaro"},{"link_name":"June Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Squibb"}],"sub_title":"Randell family","text":"EJ and Sue Randell (voiced by Lea DeLaria and Tig Notaro) – Jeff's lesbian mothers who are free-spirited and always patient with their son.\nRosie Randell (voiced by June Squibb) – EJ's mother and Jeff's grandmother. She is extremely overbearing.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Bamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bamford"},{"link_name":"Jeff Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Cree Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_Summer"}],"sub_title":"Extended Wendle family","text":"Dilliss Wendle (voiced by Maria Bamford) – Mary's fast-talking, scatterbrained, extremely selfish, overbearing, 68-year-old mother who suffers from dementia and insists that she do everything for everyone. In \"Plane Excited\", she is revealed to have died, although it's never specified how.\nSeymour Wendle (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – Mary's father. He calls Clarence \"Creedence\", implying that he may be suffering from dementia just like his wife.\nFern and Star Caswell (voiced by Eric Edelstein and Cree Summer respectively) — Chad's calm, laid-back hippie parents who live in a dome-shaped house and have pet emus.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended Shoop family","text":"Millie Shoop (voiced by Katie Crown) – Ms. Shoop's extremely protective mother who would never let her play outside as a child. She very much resembles an elderly version of her daughter.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlos Alazraqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alazraqui"}],"sub_title":"West Aberdale Elementary staff","text":"Mr. Craig Mozer (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) – Sumo's relaxed teacher at West Aberdale Elementary who is involved with Ms. Baker.\nMs. Lofton (voiced by Jenelle Lynn Randall) – The principal of West Aberdale Elementary.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Wittenberg"}],"sub_title":"Breehn's family","text":"Walt and Tiffany (voiced by Dave Wittenberg and Abigail Revasch respectively) – Breehn's parents who are emotionally abusive towards their son and believe themselves to be superior to everyone around them because of their vintage house. They constantly brag about their home. They try to control everything their son does, all to make him \"perfect\" in their eyes","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Atticus Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atticus_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Dave Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Boat"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Joshua \"Josh\" Maverick (voiced by Brent Popolizio) – A grumpy 27-year-old man who doesn't like children, especially Sumo, and later Clarence. He is shown to be very accident prone and constantly gets severe injuries during every one of his appearances, usually accidentally caused by Clarence's hijinks. In later episodes of the first season he went from a lanky young man to overweight, it is unknown why.\nSandy (voiced by Katie Crown) – A stuffy, unsatisfiable, rude, irritable, morbidly obese woman who rides around on a scooter and speaks with an upper-class English accent. She is a frequent customer at Mary's hair parlor, where she often runs over employees and always demands that the most expensive shampoo be used for her.\nLarry (voiced by Skyler Page and Spencer Rothbell) — An odd 70-year-old man who goes on a date with Ms. Baker in \"Neighborhood Grill\". He is known for not being fazed by anything.\nCooter and Seabass (voiced by Gunnar Sizemore and Atticus Shaffer respectively) — A pair of 13-year-old bullies who are rivals of Sumo's.\nLauren (voiced by Rachel Eggleston) – An extremely smart girl who has been homeschooled since she was 6 years old and doesn't know much about the outside world.\nLauren's Dad (voiced by Jeff Witzke) – Lauren's dignified yet gentle and open-minded hippie father who encourages Lauren to talk about her feelings.\nJeremy (voiced by Henry Kaufman) – Clarence's zany doppelgänger who appears in his dreams, which he tries to trap Clarence in.\nBalance (voiced by Spencer Rothbell) – A violent, short-tempered circus performer with dwarfism who loves to terrorize children and has a hook for a right hand. He is very acrobatic and possesses mind control powers.\nThe Mayor of Aberdale (voiced by Dave Boat) – The selfish, idiotic, and corrupt mayor.\nMarianio (voiced by John DiMaggio) – The town's pizza chef who is beloved by all. He may be insane, seeing as he dresses up as Jeff to badmouth himself as a prank.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson_et._al_2013-2"},{"link_name":"Adventure Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Time"},{"link_name":"Secret Mountain Fort Awesome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Mountain_Fort_Awesome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2012-3"},{"link_name":"California Institute of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amidi_2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rusak_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_Studios"},{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"Over the Garden Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Garden_Wall_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"We Bare Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Bare_Bears"},{"link_name":"Long Live the Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Live_the_Royals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreeva_2012-6"},{"link_name":"Saerom Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saerom_Animation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014a-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014a-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serrao_2014-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cartoon_Network_2014b-9"},{"link_name":"art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014a-7"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014a-7"}],"text":"At their 2013 upfront, Clarence was announced along with various other series.[2]\nThe series was created by Page, a former storyboard artist for Adventure Time and revisionist for Secret Mountain Fort Awesome.[3]\nHe is the fourth creator on the network who graduated from the California Institute of the Arts,[4] and at age 24, he is also the youngest.[5]\nAs part of their shorts development program in 2012, the series was developed at Cartoon Network Studios; four others, Steven Universe, Over the Garden Wall, We Bare Bears and Long Live the Royals also came from this initiative.[6]Page, together with creative director Nelson Boles, conceived the series at CalArts. It was further considered when Page became hired at Cartoon Network Studios. A crew of two or three polished the pilot episode; after it had been picked up, a crew of 30 to 35 writers, storyboard artists, revisionists, colorists and designers were employed. Meanwhile, animation is outsourced to South Korea through the Saerom Animation.[7]: 20 Page explained that the hardest part of production was keeping pace, especially where once an episode is completed, one must start over. He called this \"exciting\", but \"very challenging\".[7]: 21According to writer Spencer Rothbell, the series was created with a naturalistic tone, similar to cartoons of the 1990s, combined with a more modern feeling. Given this naturalism, writers can reference works that have inspired for them or fit the genre of an episode. He ultimately felt that it was about \"empowering kids and having fun\".[8] Rothbell also avoids \"pigeonholing\" into one type of story, and that while some plots are mostly character-driven, others are \"based on one idea that we think is really funny\".[9] Inspiration also came from the shows Page watched as a child, which invoked more poignant and relatable situations. Despite this, elements of fantasy are allowed, and that conveying both incongruous to one another was one technique he particularly enjoyed. Boles noted that the art direction called for inconsistent character design to avoid having to fit model sheet with the universe perfectly—a result of what he dubs The Simpsons effect.[7]: 20 Attention is also paid to background characters in order to expand variety in its plot and universe.[7]: 20–21","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"Say Uncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Uncle_(Steven_Universe)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Grandpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Grandpa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The Amazing World of Gumball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_World_of_Gumball"},{"link_name":"Uncle Grandpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Grandpa"},{"link_name":"Regular Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Show"},{"link_name":"OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK_K.O.!_Let%27s_Be_Heroes"}],"sub_title":"Crossover","text":"In the end of the Steven Universe/Uncle Grandpa crossover episode, \"Say Uncle\", UG looks over the list of characters from former and current Cartoon Network shows and saw Clarence is the last on his list.Clarence, Jeff, Sumo, and Belson appeared in \"The Grampies\", the short accompanying the Uncle Grandpa episode \"Pizza Eve\", along with other Cartoon Network characters from currently running and ended cartoons. Belson had a speaking role in that short.[10]In The Amazing World of Gumball episode \"The Boredom\", Clarence and Mary make an appearance, alongside Uncle Grandpa and Regular Show characters.In the OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes episode \"Crossover Nexus\", Jeff made an appearance, along with other Cartoon Network characters.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexually assaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aurthur_2014-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014b-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Sexual assault allegations against Page and firing from Cartoon Network","text":"In July 2014, Skyler Page was fired from Cartoon Network Studios amid allegations that he had sexually assaulted a female coworker, Emily Partridge, now (Lyle Partridge), a former storyboard revisionist Adventure Time. [11][12][13] A Cartoon Network spokesperson confirmed that the series would continue despite his absence.[14] Spencer Rothbell later became head of story and the voice of Clarence.[15] Nelson Boles, who was previously the series creative director, served as series showrunner for the remainder of the first season. Stephen P. Neary, one of the storyboard artists for the series, took over as showrunner for the second season and onward after Boles left the series early in the second season.[16]In June 2021, Page admitted that the allegations were true and issued a public apology.[17][18]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartoon Network and LGBT representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_and_LGBT_representation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014b-15"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manzella-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ewart-23"}],"sub_title":"LGBT representation","text":"See also: Cartoon Network and LGBT representationIn September 2014, Spencer Rothbell, a writer, head of storywriting,[15] and voice actor of multiple characters for Clarence, said that they had to change a scene in the episode \"Neighborhood Grill\", which showed two gay characters after pushback from Cartoon Network executives.[19][20][21] According to Rothbell, the original scene showed the two characters kissing on the lips, noting that \"originally the guy had flowers and they kissed on the mouth.\" Later he lamented that the scene in the episode is \"better than nothing\", adding that \"maybe one day the main character can be gay and it won't be a big deal.\" Despite this step back, there were some moves forward.On December 4, 2014, EJ and Sue Randell were introduced as Jeff's mothers in the episode \"Jeff Wins\".[22][23]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"On April 4, 2017, Spencer Rothbell confirmed on his Twitter page that the series' third season would be its last as Cartoon Network did not renew the series for a fourth season,[24] which ended on June 24, 2018.","title":"Cancellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clarence_episodes#Pilot_(2013)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clarence_episodes#Season_1_(2014%E2%80%9315)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clarence_episodes#Season_2_(2016%E2%80%9317)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clarence_episodes#Season_3_(2017%E2%80%9318)"},{"link_name":"Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clarence_episodes#Shorts"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotMay 21, 2013 (2013-05-21) (online)February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17) (TV)151April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)239January 18, 2016 (2016-01-18)February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)340February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)June 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)Shorts14July 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)June 24, 2018 (2018-06-24)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfe_2013-25"},{"link_name":"Hall of Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreeva_2012-6"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Short-format Animated Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Short-format_Animation"},{"link_name":"65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Television_Academy_2013-26"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bibel_2014-28"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Teletoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletoon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(UK_%26_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(India)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Common Sense Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_Media"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashby_2014-37"},{"link_name":"About.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basile_2014-38"},{"link_name":"Whitney Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Matheson"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matheson_2014-39"},{"link_name":"Animation Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milligan_2014a-7"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Serrao_2014-8"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry_2014-40"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagwell_2014-43"},{"link_name":"Gay Star News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Star_News"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan_2014-49"},{"link_name":"Queerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queerty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracer_2014-50"},{"link_name":"Kenya Film Classification Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Film_Classification_Board"},{"link_name":"The Loud House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loud_House"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Korra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Korra"},{"link_name":"Hey Arnold!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Arnold!"},{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"Adventure Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Time"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"Clarence was originally previewed at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International.[25]\nCartoon Network had commissioned twelve quarter-hour episodes, with the pilot episode airing after the Hall of Game Awards show on February 17, 2014.[6]\nThe pilot was nominated for an \"Outstanding Short-format Animated Program\" at the 65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2013.[26][a]\nThe first episode, broadcast April 14, 2014, was met with an estimated 2.3 million viewers, outperforming shows in its same demographic in the time slot by double and triple-digit percentages.\nMeanwhile, preliminary data identified it as the most watched series premiere for the network that year.[27]\nFrom September 7 to September 30, 2020, reruns of the series aired on Boomerang.In Canada, Clarence premiered on Cartoon Network on April 14[28] and on Teletoon on September 4, but it was later moved exclusively to Cartoon Network.[29][30] The series premiered on October 6 on Cartoon Network in Australia and New Zealand[31][32] and on November 3 on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[33] In India, the series debuted on June 1, 2015 on Cartoon Network.[34] The last 13 episodes of the series aired first in Germany before airing in the United States.[35]Critical response for Clarence was mixed, with Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media, in a three-star review, alerted parents of \"a similar brand of absurdity and crudeness\" as Adventure Time—though less severe—but praised the cast as \"oddly likable\".[36]\nNancy Basile of About.com applauded the dialogue for its lengthiness, and considered the relationships between the characters to be dynamic and genuine, with some comedy thrown in.[37] Whitney Matheson of USA Today found Clarence to blend optimism and surreal humor in \"just the right amount\", and encouraged children and parents alike to watch its premiere.[38]\nIn Animation Magazine, Mercedes Milligan described it as \"a breath of fresh suburban air\" and a celebration of childhood.[7]: 20 \nNivea Serrao of TV Guide contrasted the show with most fantasy animated series.[8]\nBrian Lowry of Variety called it \"so quirky and idiosyncratic as to feel fresh\", although it sometimes tread in \"well-worn territory\", but found the character designs unattractive.[39]The series gained considerable press after featuring a gay couple in the episode \"Neighborhood Grill\", with coverage in various tabloid and entertainment news sites,[b] and in LGBT-oriented sites as well.[c]\nThe scene involves two male characters greeting each other with kisses on the cheek while at a restaurant.\nRothbell originally had the couple kiss on the lips after receiving flowers from the other, but this went unapproved by the network.\nHe added that the scene was a \"minor throwaway moment\", albeit \"better than nothing\", and anticipated that \"one day the main character can be gay and it won't be a big deal\".[42]\nJoe Morgan of Gay Star News called the buildup to the scene \"an old joke\",[47] a notion shared by Dan Tracer of Queerty, although he praised their portrayal \"just as normal people\".[48]In 2017, the Kenya Film Classification Board banned Clarence, together with the cartoon series The Loud House, The Legend of Korra, Hey Arnold!, Steven Universe and Adventure Time, from being broadcast in Kenya. According to the Board, the reason was that these series were \"glorifying homosexual behavior\".[49]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"The series was made available on HBO Max on May 27, 2020.[52] It was later removed from the streaming service on December 6, 2022 in the US;[53] it was later brought back on the service on December 20.[54][55] The series was removed from it again on May 8, 2023.[56]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Peter Browngardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Browngardt"},{"link_name":"Robert Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Brian A. Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_A._Miller"},{"link_name":"Rob Sorcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Sorcher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Television_Academy_2013-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"E! Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!_Online"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison_2014-41"},{"link_name":"El Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Universal_2014-42"},{"link_name":"the Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagwell_2014-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols_2014-44"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobb_2014-45"},{"link_name":"Refinery29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinery29"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barna_2014-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Pink News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_News"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Day_2014-48"},{"link_name":"Gay Star News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Star_News"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan_2014-49"},{"link_name":"Queerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queerty"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tracer_2014-50"}],"text":"^ Page, Peter Browngardt, Robert Alvarez, Brian A. Miller, Jennifer Pelphrey, Curtis Lelash and Rob Sorcher were the recipients.[26]\n\n^ E! Online,[40] El Universal,[41] the Huffington Post (both in their UK[42] and US editions[43]), MTV News[44] and Refinery29.[45]\n\n^ Coverage in these sites include Pink News,[46] Gay Star News[47] and Queerty.[48]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The main characters, from left to right: Sumo, Jeff, and Clarence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Clarence_%282014%29_screenshot.jpg/220px-Clarence_%282014%29_screenshot.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Amazon.com: Watch Clarence Season 1 | Prime Video\". Amazon. Archived from the original on 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190123185402/https://www.amazon.com/Clarence-Season-1/dp/B00JAOCNRK","url_text":"\"Amazon.com: Watch Clarence Season 1 | Prime Video\""},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Clarence-Season-1/dp/B00JAOCNRK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, James; Swaney, Joe; D'Amato, Adrienne; Palaski, Courtenay (January 28, 2013). \"Cartoon Network Gets in Front of the Upfront\". Business Wire. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130128005823/en/Cartoon-Network-Front-Upfront","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network Gets in Front of the Upfront\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141023203851/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130128005823/en/Cartoon-Network-Front-Upfront","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (December 13, 2012). \"Cartoon Network Greenlights Clarence\". Animation Magazine. ISSN 1041-617X. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. 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Thanks #skylerpage #apology #clarence #animation #cartoonnetwork\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030842/https://www.instagram.com/p/CQPRw4hj0pN/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yahr, Emily (October 29, 2014). \"Cartoon Network voice actor says series 'Clarence' had to change a scene with two men kissing\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. 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Meet #Clarence April 14 at 8pm ET/PT!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208093106/https://twitter.com/CartoonCAN/status/452204316804128768","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gotta Gotta See It: TELETOON Launches 2014 Fall Slate\" (Press release). Corus Entertainment. August 27, 2014. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210653/http://www.corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?ID=2785","url_text":"\"Gotta Gotta See It: TELETOON Launches 2014 Fall Slate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment","url_text":"Corus Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2785","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ\". Teletoon. Archived from the original on August 24, 2015. 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Retrieved October 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141029050822/http://www.refinery29.com/2014/10/76974/clarence-cartoon-network-gay-couple-kiss-censored","url_text":"\"The Cartoon Network's First-Ever Gay Kiss Was Censored\""},{"url":"https://www.refinery29.com/2014/10/76974/clarence-cartoon-network-gay-couple-kiss-censored","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Day, Aaron (October 28, 2014). \"Cartoon Network debuts first ever gay characters—but censors the kiss\". Pink News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028135750/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/10/28/watch-cartoon-network-debuts-first-ever-gay-characters-but-censors-the-kiss/","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network debuts first ever gay characters—but censors the kiss\""},{"url":"http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/10/28/watch-cartoon-network-debuts-first-ever-gay-characters-but-censors-the-kiss/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Joe (October 28, 2014). \"Cartoon Network feature first gay characters in new show, but they were banned from kissing on the mouth\". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141029050727/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/cartoon-network-feature-first-gay-characters-new-show-they-were-banned-kissing-mouth281014","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network feature first gay characters in new show, but they were banned from kissing on the mouth\""},{"url":"http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/cartoon-network-feature-first-gay-characters-new-show-they-were-banned-kissing-mouth281014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tracer, Dan (October 27, 2014). \"Cartoon Network Airs First Gay Characters Only After Making Sure They Aren't Too Gay\". Queerty. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. 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Retrieved June 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001243666/films-board-bans-six-tv-programs-for-promoting-homosexuality","url_text":"\"Films board bans six TV programs 'for promoting homosexuality'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170617070626/https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001243666/films-board-bans-six-tv-programs-for-promoting-homosexuality","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartoon Network: Clarence - Mystery Piñata\". Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2023-05-07 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Cartoon-Network-Clarence-Mystery-Pi%C3%B1ata/dp/B00OQRUAJ4/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1428456301&sr=8-2&keywords=clarence","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network: Clarence - Mystery Piñata\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221205212433/https://www.amazon.com/Cartoon-Network-Clarence-Mystery-Pi%C3%B1ata/dp/B00OQRUAJ4/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1428456301&sr=8-2&keywords=clarence","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cartoon Network: Clarence - Dust Buddies V2\". 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2017 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://amazon.com/Clarence-Dust-Buddies-Skyler-Page/dp/B00WUI3KAM/ref=sr_1_4?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1434206039&sr=1-4&K","url_text":"\"Cartoon Network: Clarence - Dust Buddies V2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207192309/https://www.amazon.com/Clarence-Dust-Buddies-Skyler-Page/dp/B00WUI3KAM/ref=sr_1_4?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1434206039&sr=1-4&K","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spencer Rothbell - Entire Clarence Series on HBOMax!\". Spencer Rothbell. May 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.srothbell.com/blog/2020/5/27/entire-clarence-series-on-hbomax","url_text":"\"Spencer Rothbell - Entire Clarence Series on HBOMax!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221209054215/https://www.srothbell.com/blog/2020/5/27/entire-clarence-series-on-hbomax","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"@thecartoonbase (December 6, 2022). \"'CLARENCE' has been removed from HBO MAX in the US\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/thecartoonbase/status/1600196156864499713","url_text":"\"'CLARENCE' has been removed from HBO MAX in the US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@momonster2014 (December 21, 2022). \"@srothbell Looks like #Clarence is back on #HBOMax! Wooo!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/momonster2014/status/1605397097653719042","url_text":"\"@srothbell Looks like #Clarence is back on #HBOMax! Wooo!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@srothbell (December 21, 2022). \"Tweet\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/srothbell/status/1605398747936043009","url_text":"\"Tweet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"HBO Max\". HBO Max. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2023-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.hbomax.com/page/urn:hbo:page:last-chance","url_text":"\"HBO Max\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230502033839/https://play.hbomax.com/page/urn:hbo:page:last-chance","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-rights_movement
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Animal rights movement
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["1 Terms and factions","2 History","3 Gender, class, and other factors","4 Current status of the movement","5 Philosophical and legal aims","6 Legal changes influenced by the movement","7 Strategy and tactics","7.1 Use of new information communication technologies (ICTs)","7.2 Undercover surveillance","7.3 Boycott","7.4 Moral shocks","7.5 Non-violent action","7.6 Direct action","7.7 Targeting researchers","8 Criminalization of direct action methods","9 Inter-movement activity","10 Countermovement","11 See also","12 Citations","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
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Animal consideration social movement
This article is about the social movement. For the concept, see Animal rights. For current animal rights around the world, see Animal rights by country or territory. For other uses, see Animal liberation (disambiguation).
Activists protesting outside the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus at the Civic Coliseum in Knoxville, Tennessee
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The animal rights movement, sometimes called the animal liberation, animal personhood, or animal advocacy movement, is a social movement that seeks an end to the rigid moral and legal distinction drawn between human and non-human animals, an end to the status of animals as property, and an end to their use in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries.
Terms and factions
All animal liberationists believe that the individual interests of non-human animals deserve recognition and protection, but the movement can be split into two broad camps. Animal rights advocates believe that these basic interests confer moral rights of some kind on the animals, and/or ought to confer legal rights on them; see, for example, the work of Tom Regan. Utilitarian liberationists, on the other hand, do not believe that animals possess moral rights, but argue, on utilitarian grounds — utilitarianism in its simplest form advocating that we base moral decisions on the greatest happiness of the greatest number — that, because animals have the ability to suffer, their suffering must be taken into account in any moral philosophy. To exclude animals from that consideration, they argue, is a form of discrimination that they call speciesism; see, for example, the work of Peter Singer.
Despite these differences, the terms "animal liberation" and "animal rights" are generally used interchangeably. Factional division has also been characterized as that between the reformist or mainstream faction and the radical abolitionist and direct action factions. The mainstream faction is largely professionalized and focuses on soliciting donations and gaining media representation. Actors in the reformist movement believe that humans should stop abusing animals. They employ activities that include moral shocks. It has been noted that the power of the animal rights movement in the United States is centralized in professionalized nonprofit organizations that aim to improve animal welfare.
The abolitionist faction believes that humans should stop using animals altogether. Gary Francione, a leader in abolitionism, formed his approach in response to the traditional movement's focus on policy reform. Members of the abolitionist faction view policy reform as counterproductive and rely on nonviolent education and moral persuasion in their activities. They see the promotion of veganism as a means of creating an antispeciesist culture and abolishing animal agriculture. The direct action or militant faction includes in its activities property damage, animal releases, intimidation, and direct violence, aiming to change society through force and fear. Animal rights actors often reject this faction, pointing to violence as a counterproductive tactic that invites repression (e.g., the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act) and does not economically or politically challenge extant systems. Smaller factions include groups focused around faith-based animal rights theory and veganarchists, whose approach is characterized by a critique of capitalism on the grounds that it has led to mass nonhuman, human, and environmental exploitation. Such factionalizing, researchers have pointed out, is common to social movements and plays a role in sustaining their health.
History
Further information: Animal rights § 20th century: Increase in animal use; animal rights movement, Gary Francione, Tom Regan, Richard D. Ryder, and Peter Singer
The modern animal rights movement traces back to the animal protection movement in Victorian England, which was initiated by crusaders in response to the poor treatment of urban workhorses, the conditions under which they were exported for slaughter and their use, along with stray cats and dogs, for vivisection. Public awareness was raised by, for example, Anna Sewell's 1877 novel Black Beauty and by the pioneer Ada Cole who fought for humane conditions for horses destined for slaughter. Other early influences include: Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle, which drew attention to slaughterhouse operations; Henry Stephens Salt's treatises on nonhuman animal rights, which drew from human abolitionist arguments for recognizing the personhood of people considered to be property; and the short-lived Fruitlands agrarian commune, which required its residents to eat a vegan diet.
Philosopher Peter Singer
The contemporary movement is regarded as having been founded in the UK in the early 1970s by a group of Oxford university post-graduate philosophy students, now known as the "Oxford Group". The group was led by Rosalind and Stanley Godlovitch, graduate students of philosophy who had recently become vegetarians. The Godlovitches met John Harris and David Wood, also philosophy graduates, who were soon persuaded of the arguments in favour of animal rights and themselves became vegetarian. The group began to actively raise the issue with pre-eminent Oxford moral philosophers, including Professor Richard Hare, both personally and in lectures. Their approach was based not on sentimentality ("kindness to dumb animals"), but on the moral rights of animals. They soon developed (and borrowed) a range of powerful arguments in support of their views, so that Oxford clinical psychologist Richard Ryder, who was shortly to become part of the group, writes that "rarely has a cause been so rationally argued and so intellectually well armed."
It was a 1965 article by novelist Brigid Brophy in The Sunday Times which was pivotal in helping to spark the movement. Brophy wrote:
The relationship of Homo sapiens to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation. We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions: whereas we used to sacrifice them to our gods and tear out their entrails in order to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment on their entrail in the hope—or on the mere offchance—that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present.
Philosopher Tom Regan
The philosophers found this article and were inspired by its vigorous unsentimental polemic. At about the same time, Ryder wrote three letters to The Daily Telegraph in response to Brophy's arguments. Brophy read Ryder's letters and put him in touch with the Godlovitches and John Harris, who had begun to plan a book about the issue which was also partly inspired by Brophy's polemic. The philosophers had also been to see Brophy about the possibility of a book of essays on the subject. They initially thought that a book with contributions from Brophy, Ruth Harrison, Maureen Duffy, and other well-known writers might be of interest to publishers, but after an initial proposal was turned down by the first publisher they approached, Giles Gordon of Victor Gollancz suggested that the work would be more viable if it included their own writing. This was the idea that became "Animals, Men, and Morals". In 1970, Ryder coined the phrase "speciesism," first using it in a privately printed pamphlet to describe the assignment of value to the interests of beings on the basis of their membership of a particular species.
Ryder subsequently became a contributor to Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans (1972), edited by John Harris and the Godlovitches, a work that became highly influential, as did Rosalind Godlovitch's essay "Animal and Morals," published the same year. It was in a review of Animals, Men and Morals for the New York Review of Books that Australian philosopher Peter Singer first put forward his basic arguments, based on utilitarianism and drawing an explicit comparison between women's liberation and animal liberation. Out of the review came Singer's Animal Liberation, published in 1975, now regarded by many as the "bible" of the movement. Other books regarded as important include philosopher Tom Regan's The Case for Animal Rights (1983); Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism by James Rachels (1990); Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) by legal scholar Gary Francione, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals by another legal scholar Steven M. Wise (2000); and Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy by Julian H. Franklin (2005).
Gender, class, and other factors
Another factor feeding the animal rights movement was revulsion to televised slaughters. In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Organization. Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being needlessly and wastefully killed.
The movement predominately comprises upper-class and middle-class white female members, owing this to its associations with the Victorian English animal protection movement and American feminism and environmentalism movements. As such, the movement is widely associated in public spheres with women, femininity, and effeminacy. Public perception of the movement is influenced by gendered evaluations; movement outsiders tend to view activists as irrational by virtue of overly emotional sentiments. Aware of this, activists have strategically incorporated men into positions of leadership and theory production, in order to legitimize the movement and counter popular beliefs about the primacy of emotion in the animal rights movement. This tactic relies on the popular perception of men as rational and not given to emotion, and follows a trend in social movement activism that seeks to counter traditional associations with femininity and private spheres by emphasizing rationality, rights, and justice. In one case study, targets of anti-hunting activism used class and gender markers to evaluate activists' claims. Hunters' associations of irrationality with femininity and of inexperience in hunting and wilderness with white-collar positions constituted the reasons for their dismissal of activists' claims. In contrast, hunters framed hunting in logical, scientific, and altruistic terms, thus legitimating hunting, termed wildlife management, as a protective measure.
It has been noted that the composition of the movement may discourage the mobilization of particular demographics. A content analysis of magazine covers from highly visible animal rights organizations (PeTA and VegNews) revealed that most featured members were white, female, and thin. With this, and with the composition of the movement being mostly white, female, and thin, it has been suggested that animal rights media depict an activist ideal-type with such characteristics, and that this may mobilize thin white females while deterring others. Racialized, sexualized, and size-focused campaign tactics may also serve to deter potential members from joining the movement. Racialized tactics include the appropriation of African slavery and Holocaust language and imagery, and have been deemed insensitive and impugned by nonwhite communities. In addition, the movement has maintained racist stereotypes about nonwhite individuals' predisposition toward animal cruelty; these stereotypes arose in post-slavery U.S. and Britain, where nonwhites were deemed by law and by society to have a tendency toward animal cruelty. Sexualization of "ideal" women is used as a mobilization tactic, but reduces support for ethics-based campaigns and may be counterproductive, alienating women that do not have "ideal" body types. Sizeism is used as a tactic to frame veganism as a healthy and positive lifestyle, aligning with a popular association of fatness with moral failure. These tactics may contribute to gender inequality because unrealistic and sexualized representations of women are linked to their societal devaluation. Its lack of diverse membership may decrease the movement's legitimacy and ability to mobilize, as members of marginalized groups are more likely to mobilize when they are represented in the movement. An inclusive movement with strong group solidarity would decrease opportunity costs associated with participating (e.g., social stigmatization, lack of alternatives, legal persecution) and thus serve to increase and sustain participation in the movement.
Current status of the movement
Banner carried during the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw in 2022
The movement is no longer viewed as hovering on the fringe. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was joined by a wide variety of academics and professionals, including lawyers, physicians, psychologists, veterinarians, and former vivisectionists,
and is now a common subject of study in philosophy departments in Europe and North America. Animal law courses are taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the United States, and the movement has gained the support of senior legal scholars, including Alan Dershowitz and Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School. Chapters of animal rights law have been created in several state bar associations, and resolutions related to animal rights are regularly proposed within the American Bar Association.
In the 1980s, the movement became associated with punk subculture and ideologies, particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the United States and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe.
Michael Socarras of Greenberg Traurig told the Association of American Medical Colleges: "There is a very important shift under way in the manner in which many people in law schools and in the legal profession think about animals. This shift has not yet reached popular opinion. However, in , social change has and can occur through the courts, which in many instances do not operate as democratic institutions. Therefore, the evolution in elite legal opinion is extremely significant ..."
Philosophical and legal aims
Further information: Animal rights § Main philosophical approaches, and Veganarchism
The movement aims to include animals in the moral community by putting the basic interests of non-human animals on an equal footing with the basic interests of human beings. A basic interest would be, for example, not being made to suffer pain on behalf of other individual human or non-human animals. The aim is to remove animals from the sphere of property and to award them personhood; that is, to see them awarded legal rights to protect their basic interests.
Who are we that we have set ourselves up on this pedestal and we believe that we have a right to take from others everything—including their life—simply because we want to do it? Shouldn't we stop and think for a second that maybe they are just others like us? Other nations, other individuals, other cultures. Just others. Not sub-human, but just different from being human.
Liberationists argue that animals appear to have value in law only in relation to their usefulness or benefit to their owners, and are awarded no intrinsic value whatsoever. In the United States, for example, state and federal laws formulate the rules for the treatment of animals in terms of their status as property. Liberationists point out that Texas Animal Cruelty Laws apply only to pets living under the custody of human beings and exclude birds, deer, rabbits, squirrels, and other wild animals not owned by humans, ignoring that jurisdiction for such creatures comes under the domain of state wildlife officers. The U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes "pet stores ... state and country fairs, livestock shows, rodeos, purebred dog and cat shows, and any fairs or exhibitions intended to advance agricultural arts and sciences." There is no mention in the law that such activities already fall under the jurisdiction of state agriculture departments. The Department of Agriculture interprets the Act as also excluding cold-blooded animals, and warm-blooded animals not "used for research, teaching, testing, experimentation ... exhibition purposes, or as a pet, farm animals used for food, fiber, or production purposes".
The Seattle-based Great Ape Project (GAP), founded by Peter Singer, is campaigning for the United Nations to adopt its Declaration on Great Apes, which would see chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans included in a "community of equals" with human beings. The declaration wants to extend to the non-human apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture
Legal changes influenced by the movement
See also: Great ape personhood
Regarding the campaign to change the status of animals as property, the animal liberation movement has seen success in several countries. In 1992, Switzerland amended its constitution to recognize animals as beings and not things. However, in 1999 the Swiss constitution was completely rewritten. A decade later, Germany guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 amendment to its constitution, becoming the first European Union member to do so. The German Civil Code had been amended correspondingly in 1997.
Perhaps the greatest success of the animal liberation movement has been the granting of basic rights to five great ape species in New Zealand in 1999. Their use is now forbidden in research, testing or teaching. Other governments had also previously implemented a ban on these experiments, such as the UK government in 1986. Some other countries have also banned or severely restricted the use of non-human great apes in research. Also, on 17 May 2013, India declared that all cetaceans have the status of "nonhuman persons."
In the United States, there is an Animal Welfare Act that was produced in 1966. This law protects animals in acts of research, transportation, and sale. Generally, animals are protected from any torture, neglect, or killing. There have been many amendments made towards this act to keep it updated. While there is only one act covering the entire United States, there are more current laws surrounding animal rights, which vary by state.
Strategy and tactics
Anarchists and anti fascists protesting for animal liberation.
Use of new information communication technologies (ICTs)
New media, such as the Internet and email, have been used by Animal Rights Movement actors and countermovement actors in a variety of capacities. Radical factions in the movement rely on websites, blogs, podcasts, videos, and online forums to engage in vegan outreach and other mobilization efforts and build alliances, thus overcoming exclusion by dominant factions. The use of Internet has allowed the animal rights movement to spread transnationally. For example, the Istanbul Animal Rights Movement's theory and activities draw from those of various countries that have spread through the use of Internet. The Internet is also used by activists to build community and avoid stigmatization, and may be a preferred means of activism for marginalized members, such as individuals who are fat.
In 2001, Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), an animal rights group founded in the UK with the aim of ending vivisection practices by Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), published the names of targets associated with HLS on its website. SHAC.net listed targets for "naming and shaming", emphasized and sent email action alerts, and facilitated written and digital communication between activists and targets. When the UK government later prevented SHAC from publishing reports from the ALF on its website, an activist created the Bite Back website, which was registered in the US and thus allowed the ALF to publish reports without reprisal. Countermovement actors have also used ICTs; law enforcement officers have tracked SHAC activists and admitted electronic communications as evidence in criminal trials. Dylan Barr, who jammed email inboxes at Washington Mutual Bank with 5,000 emails, caused $5,000 in losses and was convicted for extortion.
ICTs have facilitated undercover surveillance efforts by activists who use video cameras, Internet, and television to collect and disseminate evidence of cruelty to animals, in order to attract publicity to and mobilize support for the movement.
Undercover surveillance
In 1981, animal rights activists exposed supposedly unhealthy and cruel conditions of monkeys in a research laboratory in Silver Spring, Maryland. Police raided the research facility, and because the activists had (illegally) notified media of the raid, it was televised, attracting publicity to the activists' cause. In the UK in 1990, Mike Huskisson and Melody McDonald videotaped Wilhelm Feldberg performing illegal research; the video evidence was made public and Feldberg's lab was summarily closed down. SHAC was founded after Zoe Broughton conducted undercover surveillance of vivisectionists and discovered evidence of nonhuman animal abuse. Footage and images from undercover surveillance activity are often circulated offline and on the Internet and used to deliver a moral shock that will mobilize viewers to participate in the movement. Members in the abolitionist faction, specifically those in Francione's camp, argue that the graphic depictions of suffering discovered in undercover work result in a focus on treatment, as opposed to use, and that this focus, while useful in securing welfare reform, is counterproductive to abolishing animal exploitation.
Boycott
Further information: Factory farming, Live export, Veganism, Vegetarianism, and Veganarchism
Animal liberationists usually boycott industries that use animals. Foremost among these is factory farming, which produces the majority of meat, dairy products, and eggs in industrialized nations. The transportation of farm animals for slaughter, which often involves their live export, has in recent years been a major issue for animal rights groups, particularly in the UK and Scandinavia.
The vast majority of animal rights advocates adopt vegetarian or vegan diets. They may also avoid clothes made of animal skins, such as leather shoes, and will not use products known to contain animal byproducts. Goods containing ingredients that have been tested on animals are also avoided where possible. Company-wide boycotts are common. The Procter & Gamble corporation, for example, tests many of its products on animals, leading many animal rights advocates to boycott the company's products entirely, whether tested on animals or not.
There is a growing trend in the American movement towards devoting all resources to vegetarian outreach. The 9.8 billion animals killed there for food every year far exceeds the number of animals used in other ways. Groups such as Vegan Outreach and Compassion Over Killing devote their time to exposing factory-farming practices by publishing information for consumers and by organizing undercover investigations.
Moral shocks
Moral shock is a tactic that involves drawing targets' attention to a particular depiction of a situation in order to cause outrage and catalyze targets to support a movement or claim. In the Animal Rights Movement, moral shocks are often used in the form of graphic depictions that detail the brutalization of nonhuman animals. Farm Animal Rights Movement (FARM), a popular animal rights organization, has used moral shocks in its pay-per-view campaign, in which passersby were paid a dollar to watch a graphic video of nonhuman animal suffering. Nonhuman animals depicted in moral shocks often display characteristics similar to those of human infants (e.g., large heads and eyes, crying or whimpering, small, mammalian). There is an ongoing debate within the Movement about the effectiveness of moral shocks. It has been found that many animal rights activists join after being exposed to moral shocks, and that moral shocks given to strangers are more likely to mobilize potential participants than are preexisting social networks; there is research that has found the opposite, however. Conversely, moral shocks that target the public at large (e.g., those used in vegan outreach) are less likely to be effective than those that have targets more distant from and less visible to the public (e.g., vivisectors).
Non-violent action
Non-violent resistance or civil disobedience consists of breaking the law without using violence. This may include the blocking of public roads or entrances, sometimes by chaining or gluing oneself to the ground or to doors. The animal rights movement has espoused these tactics during the 2019 Animal Rebellion protests in London, leading to several dozen arrests.
Direct action
Further information: Direct action, Animal Liberation Front, SPEAK campaign, Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, List of animal rights groups, Leaderless resistance, Anarchism and animal rights, and Timeline of Animal Liberation Front actions
A fire, claimed by the Oxford Arson Squad, caused £500,000 damage to Londbridges boathouse, Oxfordshire on 4 July 2005.
The movement espouses a number of approaches, and is bitterly divided on the issue of direct action and violence, with very few activists or writers publicly advocating the latter tactic as a justified method to use. Most groups reject violence against persons, intimidation, threats, and the destruction of property: for example, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) and Animal Aid. These groups concentrate on education and research, including carrying out undercover investigations of animal-testing facilities. There is some evidence of cooperation between the BUAV and the ALF: for example, the BUAV used to donate office space for the use of the ALF in London in the early 1980s.
Other groups concentrate on education, research, media campaigns, and undercover investigations. See, for example, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).
A third category of activists operates using the leaderless resistance model, working in covert cells consisting of small numbers of trusted friends, or of one individual acting alone. These cells engage in direct action: for example by carrying out raids to release animals from laboratories and farms, using names like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF); or by boycotting and targeting anyone or any business associated with the controversial animal testing lab, Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), using a campaign name like Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC). Some arson, property destruction and vandalism has been linked to various animal rights groups
Activists who have carried out or threatened acts of physical violence have operated using the names; Animal Rights Militia (ARM), Justice Department, Revolutionary Cells—Animal Liberation brigade (RCALB), Hunt Retribution Squad (HRS) and the Militant Forces Against Huntingdon Life Sciences (MFAH).
Some activists have attempted blackmail and other illegal activities, such as the intimidation campaign to close Darley Oaks farm, which involved hate mail, malicious phonecalls, bomb threats, arson attacks and property destruction, climaxing in the theft of the corpse of Gladys Hammond, the owners' mother-in-law, from a Staffordshire grave. Over a thousand ALF attacks in one year in the UK alone caused £2.6M of damage to property, prompting some experts to state that animal rights now tops the list of causes that prompt violence in the UK.
There are also a growing number of "open rescues," in which liberationists enter businesses to remove animals without trying to hide their identities. Open rescues tend to be carried out by committed individuals willing to go to jail if prosecuted, but so far no farmer has been willing to press charges.
Targeting researchers
Activists have targeted individual researchers and have shown up at homes in the middle of the night, threatening their families and children. Nevertheless, the animal rights movement claims to be overwhelmingly peaceful, and that such instances of violence have been used in efforts to try to tarnish the entire movement.
Criminalization of direct action methods
The U.S. Justice Department labels underground groups the Animal Liberation Front and the Earth Liberation Front as terrorist organizations. A 13 November 2003 edition of CBS News' 60 Minutes charged that "eco-terrorists," a term used by the United States government to refer to the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front, are considered by the FBI to be "the country's biggest domestic terrorist threat." John Lewis, a Deputy Assistant Director for Counterterrorism at the FBI, stated in a 60 Minutes interview that these groups "have caused over $100 million worth of damage nationwide", and that "there are more than 150 investigations of eco-terrorist crimes underway". "Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act", the legislation which allows federal authorities to "help prevent, better investigate, and prosecute individuals who seek to halt biomedical research through acts of intimidation, harassment, and violence" was adopted in the USA in 2006. It has also been described as having 'a chilling effect' on free speech.
Inter-movement activity
Animal rights factions address injustices against a variety of groups, therein emphasizing a connection between discrimination against humans and discrimination against nonhuman animals. An intersectional orientation is seen online, on websites and social media, and also in offline activity. In Turkey, animal rights groups commonly join other social movements by aligning with online and offline campaigns. In Istanbul's 2013 Gezi Park protests, which began as an environmental movement against urban development efforts, various social movement groups participated. Among them were animal rights activists that saw the protests as an opportunity to raise concerns about speciesism. Animal rights activists' involvement in the protests changed the opinions of animal rights movement outsiders who had previously viewed vegan animal rights activists as elitist. This allowed for increased legitimacy and network expansion; the animal rights movement in Istanbul is composed of multi-movement actors from the feminist movement, LGBT+ movement, and antimilitarist movement, and such inter-movement interaction has led to increased coverage of veganism and animal rights by leftist news sites in Turkey.
Countermovement
Opposition to the animal rights movement comes primarily from corporate and state actors. Mass media, agribusiness, and biomedicine industries often portray activists in a negative light, characterizing the movement as misanthropic, sensationalist, and dangerous to scientific endeavors and human well-being because of activists' high levels of expressed empathy for nonhuman animals. Mass media also frequently portray nonhuman animals as objects. Major pharmaceutical companies have taken legal measures to disallow protestors from targeting their companies.
The abolitionist faction of the animal rights movement often faces counterframing by dominant reformist organizations of the movement that frame radical advocacy as idealistic and schismatic. These reform-oriented nonhuman rights organizations direct resources to countering abolitionist claims and blocking abolitionists' access to discursive spheres. Another example of counterframing from opposition movement actors is found in Switzerland's 1998 referendum cycle, in which antivivisectionists' claims that animal research should be abolished were contested with claims that mobilized the public more. Antivivisection claims, which framed animal research as facilitating the genetic engineering of foods in hopes of seizing on public fear of genetic engineering, were countered by scientists and animal researchers, who framed vivisection as medically necessary to ensure human well-being.
See also
Animals portalSociety portal
Abolitionism (animal rights)
Animal–industrial complex
Animal research
Animal rights
Critical animal studies
Cruelty to animals
International Primate Day
List of animal rights advocates
Open rescue
Veganism
Citations
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^ "Animal rights," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
^ Taylor, Angus. Animals and Ethics. Broadview Press, 2003, pp. 153 ff.
^ a b c d e Wolf, Silvia Ilonka (May 2015). "Beyond nonhuman animal rights: A grassroots movement in Istanbul and its alignment with other causes". Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements. 7 (1): 40–69.
^ a b c d e f g h i Wrenn, Corey Lee (October 2012). "Applying Social Movement Theory to Nonhuman Rights Mobilization and the Importance of Faction Hierarchies". Peace Studies Journal. 5 (3): 27–44.
^ a b c d e f g h Wrenn, Corey Lee (1 January 2013). "Resonance of Moral Shocks in Abolitionist Animal Rights Advocacy: Overcoming Contextual Constraints". Society & Animals. 21 (4): 379–394. doi:10.1163/15685306-12341271. ISSN 1568-5306. S2CID 54538659. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
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^ Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Great Ape Project.
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^ "Germany guarantees animal rights". CNN. 21 June 2002. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
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^
Helene Guldberg (29 March 2001). "The great ape debate". Spiked online. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
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^ Cruelty To Animals Archived 25 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine, GoVeg.com.
^ Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation, second edition, Random House, 1975; this edition 1990, p. 160ff.
^ Jasper, James M.; Poulsen, Jane D. (November 1995). "Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests". Social Problems. 42 (4): 493–512. doi:10.2307/3097043. JSTOR 3097043.
^ "Arrests after fish market protests". 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^ Today, interview with Jerry Vlasak, BBC Radio 4, 26 July 2004, cited in Best, Steven. "Who's Afraid of Jerry Vlasak?" Archived 21 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Animal Liberation Press Office, undated. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the animals. Lantern Books, 2000. ISBN 1-930051-22-0
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^ Best, Steven; Nocella II, Anthony J., eds. (2004). Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals. Lantern Books. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-59056-054-9.
^ Animal rights, terror tactics Archived 6 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 30 August 2007.
^ Anti-terror law 'could trap animal extremists' Archived 5 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 25 October 2005.
^ "Animal Rights Activists Shift Tactics, Targeting Individual Scientists & Businesses". Huffington Post. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
^ "The Threat Of Extremism To Medical Research" (PDF). Federation of American Societies For Experimental biology. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
^ Miller, G. (2010). "A Tricky Balance Between Activists' and Researchers' Rights". Science. 329 (5999): 1589–1590. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1589M. doi:10.1126/science.329.5999.1589. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20929820.
^ "Animal Pride" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Animal Aid.
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^ Burning Rage Archived 26 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine, CBS News, 18 June 2006.
^ "Analysis of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act.Using "terrorism" rhetoric to chill free speech and protect corporate profits by WILL POTTER" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Further reading
Articles
"A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals" by Jeff Sebo, AnimalLiberationFront.com, undated, retrieved 4 September 2005
"Burning Rage" by Ed Bradley, CBS 60 Minutes, 5 November 2005
"FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, 19 May 2005
Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions?, No Compromise, Issue 15, 1999
Movement Watch, Friends of Animals, 2003
Animal Cruelty is the Price We Pay for Cheap Meat. Rolling Stone, 10 December 2013.
Nicolas Kristof, "Turning the Tide on Animal Suffering". The New York Times. June 10, 2023.
Books
Steven Best and Anthony J. Nocella, eds., Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?: Reflections on the Liberation of Animals (Lantern Books, 2004). ISBN 978-1590560549.
Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994). ISBN 0-8057-3884-3.
Gary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996). ISBN 1-56639-461-9.
Harold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998). ISBN 0-8093-2199-8.
James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992). ISBN 0-02-916195-9.
Keith Mann, From Dusk 'Til Dawn: An Insiders View of the Growth of the Animal Liberation Movement (Puppy Pincher Press 2007). ISBN 978-0-9555850-0-5.
Ingrid Newkirk, Free the Animals: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (Lantern Books, 2000). ISBN 1-930051-22-0.
Peter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998). ISBN 0-8476-9073-3.
External links
Quotations related to Animal rights movement at Wikiquote
vteAnimal rightsTopics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)Overviews
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Advocates (academics, writers, activists)Academicsand writersContemporary
Carol J. Adams
Aysha Akhtar
Kristin Andrews
Tom Beauchamp
Marc Bekoff
Steven Best
Stephen St. C. Bostock
Paola Cavalieri
Stephen R. L. Clark
Alasdair Cochrane
J. M. Coetzee
Alice Crary
David DeGrazia
Daniel Dombrowski
Sue Donaldson
Josephine Donovan
Joan Dunayer
Mylan Engel
Catia Faria
Lawrence Finsen
Gary L. Francione
Robert Garner
Valéry Giroux
Lori Gruen
John Hadley
Oscar Horta
Dale Jamieson
Kyle Johannsen
Melanie Joy
Hilda Kean
Will Kymlicka
Renan Larue
Thomas Lepeltier
Andrew Linzey
Clair Linzey
Dan Lyons
David Nibert
Martha Nussbaum
Clare Palmer
Charles Patterson
David Pearce
Jessica Pierce
Evelyn Pluhar
Mark Rowlands
Richard D. Ryder
Steve F. Sapontzis
Jeff Sebo
Jérôme Segal
Peter Singer
Gary Steiner
Cass Sunstein
David Sztybel
Michael Tye
Tatjana Višak
Paul Waldau
Corey Lee Wrenn
Historical
Jeremy Bentham
David Renaud Boullier
Brigid Brophy
Peter Buchan
Mona Caird
Priscilla Cohn
Henry Crowe
Herman Daggett
Richard Dean
Wilhelm Dietler
William Hamilton Drummond
Edward Payson Evans
Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster
John Galsworthy
Thomas G. Gentry
Arthur Helps
John Hildrop
John Zephaniah Holwell
Soame Jenyns
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
John Lawrence
Charles R. Magel
Jean Meslier
Mary Midgley
J. Howard Moore
José Ferrater Mora
Leonard Nelson
Edward Nicholson
Siobhan O'Sullivan
Rod Preece
Humphrey Primatt
James Rachels
Tom Regan
Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
Bernard Rollin
Henry Stephens Salt
Arthur Schopenhauer
Laurids Smith
John Styles
Thomas Tryon
Gary Varner
Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
Mary Anne Warren
Adam Gottlieb Weigen
Johann Heinrich Winckler
Steven M. Wise
Jon Wynne-Tyson
ActivistsContemporary
James Aspey
Greg Avery
Matt Ball
Martin Balluch
Carole Baskin
Barbi Twins
Brigitte Bardot
Gene Baur
Yves Bonnardel
Joey Carbstrong
Aymeric Caron
Jake Conroy
Rod Coronado
Karen Dawn
Chris DeRose
John Feldmann
Bruce Friedrich
Juliet Gellatley
Tal Gilboa
Antoine Goetschel
Mark Gold
Brigitte Gothière
Wayne Hsiung
Charlotte Laws
Ronnie Lee
Howard Lyman
Evanna Lynch
Bill Maher
Keith Mann
Jim Mason
Dan Mathews
Jo-Anne McArthur
Luísa Mell
Virginia McKenna
Ingrid Newkirk
Heather Nicholson
Jack Norris
Ric O'Barry
David Olivier
Alex Pacheco
Craig Rosebraugh
Nathan Runkle
Jasmin Singer
Kim Stallwood
Lynda Stoner
Marianne Thieme
Darren Thurston
Christine Townend
Wendy Turner-Webster
Jerry Vlasak
Louise Wallis
Gary Yourofsky
That Vegan Teacher
Historical
Cleveland Amory
Henry B. Amos
Bob Barker
Ernest Bell
Edith Carrington
Frances Power Cobbe
Joan Court
Karen Davis
Royal Dixon
Muriel Dowding
Elizabeth Farians
Emarel Freshel
André Géraud
Lewis Gompertz
James Granger
Nina Douglas-Hamilton
Barry Horne
Marie Huot
Lizzy Lind af Hageby
Jessie Mackay
Norm Phelps
Jill Phipps
Maud Ingersoll Probasco
Hans Ruesch
Nell Shipman
Henry Spira
Andrew Tyler
Gretchen Wyler
Movement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary
American Anti-Vivisection Society
Animal Aid
Animal Ethics
Animal Justice
Animal Justice Project
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal Liberation
Animal Liberation Front
Animal Rising
AnimaNaturalis
Anti-Vivisection Coalition
Anonymous for the Voiceless
Beauty Without Cruelty
Born Free Foundation
Centre for Animals and Social Justice
Chinese Animal Protection Network
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Every Animal
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Voice for Animals Humane Society
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Oxford Group
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Animal Justice Party (Australia)
Animal Politics EU (Europe)
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Animalist Movement (Italy)
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DierAnimal (Belgium)
Human Environment Animal Protection (Germany)
Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
People Animals Nature (Portugal)
V-Partei³ (Germany)
Activism
Animal Rights National Conference
Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)Books
On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
The Rights of Animals (1838)
Animals' Rights (1892)
Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
The Universal Kinship (1906)
The New Ethics (1907)
Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
Animal Liberation (1975)
The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
The Lives of Animals (1999)
Eternal Treblinka (2001)
Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
Striking at the Roots (2008)
An American Trilogy (2009)
An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
Animal (De)liberation (2016)
Sentientist Politics (2018)
Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
Films
The Animals Film (1981)
A Cow at My Table (1998)
Shores of Silence (2000)
The Witness (2000)
Meet Your Meat (2002)
Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
The Meatrix (2003)
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
Earthlings (2005)
Behind the Mask (2006)
Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
The Cove (2009)
Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
Forks Over Knives (2011)
Vegucated (2011)
An Apology to Elephants (2013)
Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
Unlocking the Cage (2016)
Dominion (2018)
Seaspiracy (2021)
PeriodicalsJournals
Animal Sentience
Between the Species
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Etica & Animali
Journal of Animal Ethics
Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
The Animals' Defender
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Arkangel
Bite Back
Muutoksen kevät
No Compromise
Satya
Albums
Animal Liberation (1987)
Tame Yourself (1991)
Manifesto (2008)
Salvation of Innocents (2014)
Onward to Freedom (2014)
Fairs and exhibitions
Holocaust on your Plate (2003)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Animal rights by country or territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Animal liberation (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_liberation_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peta-anti-ringling-circus-protesters-tn1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_farming"},{"link_name":"entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment#animals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the social movement. For the concept, see Animal rights. For current animal rights around the world, see Animal rights by country or territory. For other uses, see Animal liberation (disambiguation).Activists protesting outside the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus at the Civic Coliseum in Knoxville, TennesseeThe animal rights movement, sometimes called the animal liberation, animal personhood, or animal advocacy movement, is a social movement that seeks an end to the rigid moral and legal distinction drawn between human and non-human animals, an end to the status of animals as property, and an end to their use in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries.[1]","title":"Animal rights movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB2007-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Regan"},{"link_name":"utilitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"speciesism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor153-3"},{"link_name":"moral shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_shock"},{"link_name":"animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"veganarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganarchists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"}],"text":"All animal liberationists believe that the individual interests of non-human animals deserve recognition and protection, but the movement can be split into two broad camps. Animal rights advocates believe that these basic interests confer moral rights of some kind on the animals, and/or ought to confer legal rights on them;[2] see, for example, the work of Tom Regan. Utilitarian liberationists, on the other hand, do not believe that animals possess moral rights, but argue, on utilitarian grounds — utilitarianism in its simplest form advocating that we base moral decisions on the greatest happiness of the greatest number — that, because animals have the ability to suffer, their suffering must be taken into account in any moral philosophy. To exclude animals from that consideration, they argue, is a form of discrimination that they call speciesism; see, for example, the work of Peter Singer.[3]Despite these differences, the terms \"animal liberation\" and \"animal rights\" are generally used interchangeably. Factional division has also been characterized as that between the reformist or mainstream faction and the radical abolitionist and direct action factions. The mainstream faction is largely professionalized and focuses on soliciting donations and gaining media representation. Actors in the reformist movement believe that humans should stop abusing animals. They employ activities that include moral shocks. It has been noted that the power of the animal rights movement in the United States is centralized in professionalized nonprofit organizations that aim to improve animal welfare.[4][5][6][7]The abolitionist faction believes that humans should stop using animals altogether. Gary Francione, a leader in abolitionism, formed his approach in response to the traditional movement's focus on policy reform. Members of the abolitionist faction view policy reform as counterproductive and rely on nonviolent education and moral persuasion in their activities. They see the promotion of veganism as a means of creating an antispeciesist culture and abolishing animal agriculture.[5][6][8] The direct action or militant faction includes in its activities property damage, animal releases, intimidation, and direct violence, aiming to change society through force and fear. Animal rights actors often reject this faction, pointing to violence as a counterproductive tactic that invites repression (e.g., the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act) and does not economically or politically challenge extant systems.[5][8] Smaller factions include groups focused around faith-based animal rights theory and veganarchists, whose approach is characterized by a critique of capitalism on the grounds that it has led to mass nonhuman, human, and environmental exploitation.[4][8] Such factionalizing, researchers have pointed out, is common to social movements and plays a role in sustaining their health.[5][9]","title":"Terms and factions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal rights § 20th century: Increase in animal use; animal rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights#20th_century:_Increase_in_animal_use;_animal_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Gary Francione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Francione"},{"link_name":"Tom Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Regan"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"Anna Sewell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sewell"},{"link_name":"Black Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Ada Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Cole"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Upton Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"The Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle"},{"link_name":"Henry Stephens Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt"},{"link_name":"Fruitlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Singer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"Oxford Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1-11"},{"link_name":"Richard Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder6-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cox-13"},{"link_name":"Brigid Brophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Brophy"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TomRegan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Regan"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder6-12"},{"link_name":"speciesism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryder-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New York Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"utilitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"women's liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)"},{"link_name":"Tom Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Regan"},{"link_name":"James Rachels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rachels"},{"link_name":"Gary Francione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Francione"},{"link_name":"Steven M. Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Wise"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB3-18"}],"text":"Further information: Animal rights § 20th century: Increase in animal use; animal rights movement, Gary Francione, Tom Regan, Richard D. Ryder, and Peter SingerThe modern animal rights movement traces back to the animal protection movement in Victorian England, which was initiated by crusaders in response to the poor treatment of urban workhorses, the conditions under which they were exported for slaughter and their use, along with stray cats and dogs, for vivisection. Public awareness was raised by, for example, Anna Sewell's 1877 novel Black Beauty and by the pioneer Ada Cole who fought for humane conditions for horses destined for slaughter.[10] Other early influences include: Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle, which drew attention to slaughterhouse operations; Henry Stephens Salt's treatises on nonhuman animal rights, which drew from human abolitionist arguments for recognizing the personhood of people considered to be property; and the short-lived Fruitlands agrarian commune, which required its residents to eat a vegan diet.[5]Philosopher Peter SingerThe contemporary movement is regarded as having been founded in the UK in the early 1970s by a group of Oxford university post-graduate philosophy students, now known as the \"Oxford Group\".[11] The group was led by Rosalind and Stanley Godlovitch, graduate students of philosophy who had recently become vegetarians. The Godlovitches met John Harris and David Wood, also philosophy graduates, who were soon persuaded of the arguments in favour of animal rights and themselves became vegetarian. The group began to actively raise the issue with pre-eminent Oxford moral philosophers, including Professor Richard Hare, both personally and in lectures. Their approach was based not on sentimentality (\"kindness to dumb animals\"), but on the moral rights of animals. They soon developed (and borrowed) a range of powerful arguments in support of their views, so that Oxford clinical psychologist Richard Ryder, who was shortly to become part of the group, writes that \"rarely has a cause been so rationally argued and so intellectually well armed.\"[12][13]It was a 1965 article by novelist Brigid Brophy in The Sunday Times which was pivotal in helping to spark the movement. Brophy wrote:The relationship of Homo sapiens to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation. We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions: whereas we used to sacrifice them to our gods and tear out their entrails in order to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment on their entrail in the hope—or on the mere offchance—that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present.[14]Philosopher Tom ReganThe philosophers found this article and were inspired by its vigorous unsentimental polemic. At about the same time, Ryder wrote three letters to The Daily Telegraph in response to Brophy's arguments.[15] Brophy read Ryder's letters and put him in touch with the Godlovitches and John Harris, who had begun to plan a book about the issue which was also partly inspired by Brophy's polemic. The philosophers had also been to see Brophy about the possibility of a book of essays on the subject.[12] They initially thought that a book with contributions from Brophy, Ruth Harrison, Maureen Duffy, and other well-known writers might be of interest to publishers, but after an initial proposal was turned down by the first publisher they approached, Giles Gordon of Victor Gollancz suggested that the work would be more viable if it included their own writing. This was the idea that became \"Animals, Men, and Morals\". In 1970, Ryder coined the phrase \"speciesism,\" first using it in a privately printed pamphlet to describe the assignment of value to the interests of beings on the basis of their membership of a particular species.[16]Ryder subsequently became a contributor to Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans (1972), edited by John Harris and the Godlovitches, a work that became highly influential,[17] as did Rosalind Godlovitch's essay \"Animal and Morals,\" published the same year. It was in a review of Animals, Men and Morals for the New York Review of Books that Australian philosopher Peter Singer first put forward his basic arguments, based on utilitarianism and drawing an explicit comparison between women's liberation and animal liberation. Out of the review came Singer's Animal Liberation, published in 1975, now regarded by many as the \"bible\" of the movement. Other books regarded as important include philosopher Tom Regan's The Case for Animal Rights (1983); Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism by James Rachels (1990); Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) by legal scholar Gary Francione, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals by another legal scholar Steven M. Wise (2000); and Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy by Julian H. Franklin (2005).[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Farmers Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farmers_Organization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-20"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"}],"text":"Another factor feeding the animal rights movement was revulsion to televised slaughters. In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Organization. Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being needlessly and wastefully killed.[19]The movement predominately comprises upper-class and middle-class white female members, owing this to its associations with the Victorian English animal protection movement and American feminism and environmentalism movements.[7][20] As such, the movement is widely associated in public spheres with women, femininity, and effeminacy. Public perception of the movement is influenced by gendered evaluations; movement outsiders tend to view activists as irrational by virtue of overly emotional sentiments. Aware of this, activists have strategically incorporated men into positions of leadership and theory production, in order to legitimize the movement and counter popular beliefs about the primacy of emotion in the animal rights movement. This tactic relies on the popular perception of men as rational and not given to emotion, and follows a trend in social movement activism that seeks to counter traditional associations with femininity and private spheres by emphasizing rationality, rights, and justice.[6][7][21] In one case study, targets of anti-hunting activism used class and gender markers to evaluate activists' claims. Hunters' associations of irrationality with femininity and of inexperience in hunting and wilderness with white-collar positions constituted the reasons for their dismissal of activists' claims. In contrast, hunters framed hunting in logical, scientific, and altruistic terms, thus legitimating hunting, termed wildlife management, as a protective measure.[20]It has been noted that the composition of the movement may discourage the mobilization of particular demographics. A content analysis of magazine covers from highly visible animal rights organizations (PeTA and VegNews) revealed that most featured members were white, female, and thin. With this, and with the composition of the movement being mostly white, female, and thin, it has been suggested that animal rights media depict an activist ideal-type with such characteristics, and that this may mobilize thin white females while deterring others. Racialized, sexualized, and size-focused campaign tactics may also serve to deter potential members from joining the movement. Racialized tactics include the appropriation of African slavery and Holocaust language and imagery, and have been deemed insensitive and impugned by nonwhite communities. In addition, the movement has maintained racist stereotypes about nonwhite individuals' predisposition toward animal cruelty; these stereotypes arose in post-slavery U.S. and Britain, where nonwhites were deemed by law and by society to have a tendency toward animal cruelty. Sexualization of \"ideal\" women is used as a mobilization tactic, but reduces support for ethics-based campaigns and may be counterproductive, alienating women that do not have \"ideal\" body types. Sizeism is used as a tactic to frame veganism as a healthy and positive lifestyle, aligning with a popular association of fatness with moral failure. These tactics may contribute to gender inequality because unrealistic and sexualized representations of women are linked to their societal devaluation. Its lack of diverse membership may decrease the movement's legitimacy and ability to mobilize, as members of marginalized groups are more likely to mobilize when they are represented in the movement. An inclusive movement with strong group solidarity would decrease opportunity costs associated with participating (e.g., social stigmatization, lack of alternatives, legal persecution) and thus serve to increase and sustain participation in the movement.[5][6][7]","title":"Gender, class, and other factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Stop_animal_agriculture.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jonsson-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB3-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jonsson-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alan Dershowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DershowitzAA-24"},{"link_name":"Laurence Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"bar associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAMC-26"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"ideologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_ideologies"},{"link_name":"straight edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_edge"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"anarcho-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-punk"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Fluff Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluff_Fest"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sober-30"},{"link_name":"Greenberg Traurig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenberg_Traurig"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAMC-26"}],"text":"Banner carried during the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw in 2022The movement is no longer viewed as hovering on the fringe.[22] In the 1980s and 1990s, it was joined by a wide variety of academics and professionals, including lawyers, physicians, psychologists, veterinarians, and former vivisectionists,[18]\nand is now a common subject of study in philosophy departments in Europe and North America.[22] Animal law courses are taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the United States,[23] and the movement has gained the support of senior legal scholars, including Alan Dershowitz[24] and Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School.[25] Chapters of animal rights law have been created in several state bar associations, and resolutions related to animal rights are regularly proposed within the American Bar Association.[26]In the 1980s, the movement became associated with punk subculture and ideologies, particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the United States[27][28] and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom.[29] This association continues on into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe.[30]Michael Socarras of Greenberg Traurig told the Association of American Medical Colleges: \"There is a very important shift under way in the manner in which many people in law schools and in the legal profession think about animals. This shift has not yet reached popular opinion. However, in [the U.S.], social change has and can occur through the courts, which in many instances do not operate as democratic institutions. Therefore, the evolution in elite legal opinion is extremely significant ...\"[26]","title":"Current status of the movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal rights § Main philosophical approaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights#Main_philosophical_approaches"},{"link_name":"Veganarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganarchism"},{"link_name":"moral community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_community"},{"link_name":"personhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personhood"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Animal Welfare Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"rodeos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodeo"},{"link_name":"Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Great Ape Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ape_Project"},{"link_name":"Declaration on Great Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_Great_Apes"},{"link_name":"chimpanzees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee"},{"link_name":"gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla"},{"link_name":"orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan"},{"link_name":"human beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Further information: Animal rights § Main philosophical approaches, and VeganarchismThe movement aims to include animals in the moral community by putting the basic interests of non-human animals on an equal footing with the basic interests of human beings. A basic interest would be, for example, not being made to suffer pain on behalf of other individual human or non-human animals. The aim is to remove animals from the sphere of property and to award them personhood; that is, to see them awarded legal rights to protect their basic interests.Who are we that we have set ourselves up on this pedestal and we believe that we have a right to take from others everything—including their life—simply because we want to do it? Shouldn't we stop and think for a second that maybe they are just others like us? Other nations, other individuals, other cultures. Just others. Not sub-human, but just different from being human.Liberationists argue that animals appear to have value in law only in relation to their usefulness or benefit to their owners, and are awarded no intrinsic value whatsoever. In the United States, for example, state and federal laws formulate the rules for the treatment of animals in terms of their status as property. Liberationists point out that Texas Animal Cruelty Laws apply only to pets living under the custody of human beings and exclude birds, deer, rabbits, squirrels, and other wild animals not owned by humans, ignoring that jurisdiction for such creatures comes under the domain of state wildlife officers. The U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes \"pet stores ... state and country fairs, livestock shows, rodeos, purebred dog and cat shows, and any fairs or exhibitions intended to advance agricultural arts and sciences.\" There is no mention in the law that such activities already fall under the jurisdiction of state agriculture departments. The Department of Agriculture interprets the Act as also excluding cold-blooded animals, and warm-blooded animals not \"used for research, teaching, testing, experimentation ... exhibition purposes, or as a pet, [and] farm animals used for food, fiber, or production purposes\".[31]The Seattle-based Great Ape Project (GAP), founded by Peter Singer, is campaigning for the United Nations to adopt its Declaration on Great Apes, which would see chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans included in a \"community of equals\" with human beings. The declaration wants to extend to the non-human apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture[32]","title":"Philosophical and legal aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great ape personhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape_personhood"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APBerlin-33"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APBerlin-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"German Civil Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Civil_Code"},{"link_name":"great ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"banned or severely restricted the use of non-human great apes in research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"See also: Great ape personhoodRegarding the campaign to change the status of animals as property, the animal liberation movement has seen success in several countries. In 1992, Switzerland amended its constitution to recognize animals as beings and not things.[33] However, in 1999 the Swiss constitution was completely rewritten. A decade later, Germany guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 amendment to its constitution, becoming the first European Union member to do so.[33][34][35] The German Civil Code had been amended correspondingly in 1997.Perhaps the greatest success of the animal liberation movement has been the granting of basic rights to five great ape species in New Zealand in 1999. Their use is now forbidden in research, testing or teaching.[36] Other governments had also previously implemented a ban on these experiments, such as the UK government in 1986.[37][better source needed] Some other countries have also banned or severely restricted the use of non-human great apes in research. Also, on 17 May 2013, India declared that all cetaceans have the status of \"nonhuman persons.\"[38]In the United States, there is an Animal Welfare Act that was produced in 1966. This law protects animals in acts of research, transportation, and sale. Generally, animals are protected from any torture, neglect, or killing. There have been many amendments made towards this act to keep it updated. While there is only one act covering the entire United States, there are more current laws surrounding animal rights, which vary by state.[39]","title":"Legal changes influenced by the movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_liberation_antifa_demo_(10761915335).jpg"},{"link_name":"Anarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchists"},{"link_name":"anti fascists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"}],"text":"Anarchists and anti fascists protesting for animal liberation.","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"ALF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Bite Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_Back"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-42"}],"sub_title":"Use of new information communication technologies (ICTs)","text":"New media, such as the Internet and email, have been used by Animal Rights Movement actors and countermovement actors in a variety of capacities. Radical factions in the movement rely on websites, blogs, podcasts, videos, and online forums to engage in vegan outreach and other mobilization efforts and build alliances, thus overcoming exclusion by dominant factions.[4][5][6][8] The use of Internet has allowed the animal rights movement to spread transnationally.[8] For example, the Istanbul Animal Rights Movement's theory and activities draw from those of various countries that have spread through the use of Internet.[4] The Internet is also used by activists to build community and avoid stigmatization, and may be a preferred means of activism for marginalized members, such as individuals who are fat.[40]In 2001, Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), an animal rights group founded in the UK with the aim of ending vivisection practices by Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), published the names of targets associated with HLS on its website. SHAC.net listed targets for \"naming and shaming\", emphasized and sent email action alerts, and facilitated written and digital communication between activists and targets. When the UK government later prevented SHAC from publishing reports from the ALF on its website, an activist created the Bite Back website, which was registered in the US and thus allowed the ALF to publish reports without reprisal. Countermovement actors have also used ICTs; law enforcement officers have tracked SHAC activists and admitted electronic communications as evidence in criminal trials. Dylan Barr, who jammed email inboxes at Washington Mutual Bank with 5,000 emails, caused $5,000 in losses and was convicted for extortion.[41]ICTs have facilitated undercover surveillance efforts by activists who use video cameras, Internet, and television to collect and disseminate evidence of cruelty to animals, in order to attract publicity to and mobilize support for the movement.[42]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silver Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"}],"sub_title":"Undercover surveillance","text":"In 1981, animal rights activists exposed supposedly unhealthy and cruel conditions of monkeys in a research laboratory in Silver Spring, Maryland. Police raided the research facility, and because the activists had (illegally) notified media of the raid, it was televised, attracting publicity to the activists' cause.[43] In the UK in 1990, Mike Huskisson and Melody McDonald videotaped Wilhelm Feldberg performing illegal research; the video evidence was made public and Feldberg's lab was summarily closed down.[42] SHAC was founded after Zoe Broughton conducted undercover surveillance of vivisectionists and discovered evidence of nonhuman animal abuse.[41] Footage and images from undercover surveillance activity are often circulated offline and on the Internet and used to deliver a moral shock that will mobilize viewers to participate in the movement. Members in the abolitionist faction, specifically those in Francione's camp, argue that the graphic depictions of suffering discovered in undercover work result in a focus on treatment, as opposed to use, and that this focus, while useful in securing welfare reform, is counterproductive to abolishing animal exploitation.[6][7][21]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Factory farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farming"},{"link_name":"Live export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_export"},{"link_name":"Veganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"},{"link_name":"Vegetarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism"},{"link_name":"Veganarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganarchism"},{"link_name":"boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"factory farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farming"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"live export","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_export"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-45"},{"link_name":"byproducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byproduct"},{"link_name":"tested on animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"link_name":"boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Vegan Outreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan_Outreach"},{"link_name":"Compassion Over Killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion_Over_Killing"}],"sub_title":"Boycott","text":"Further information: Factory farming, Live export, Veganism, Vegetarianism, and VeganarchismAnimal liberationists usually boycott industries that use animals. Foremost among these is factory farming,[44] which produces the majority of meat, dairy products, and eggs in industrialized nations. The transportation of farm animals for slaughter, which often involves their live export, has in recent years been a major issue for animal rights groups, particularly in the UK and Scandinavia.The vast majority of animal rights advocates adopt vegetarian or vegan diets.[45] They may also avoid clothes made of animal skins, such as leather shoes, and will not use products known to contain animal byproducts. Goods containing ingredients that have been tested on animals are also avoided where possible. Company-wide boycotts are common. The Procter & Gamble corporation, for example, tests many of its products on animals, leading many animal rights advocates to boycott the company's products entirely, whether tested on animals or not.There is a growing trend in the American movement towards devoting all resources to vegetarian outreach. The 9.8 billion animals killed there for food every year far exceeds the number of animals used in other ways. Groups such as Vegan Outreach and Compassion Over Killing devote their time to exposing factory-farming practices by publishing information for consumers and by organizing undercover investigations.","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm Animal Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Moral shocks","text":"Moral shock is a tactic that involves drawing targets' attention to a particular depiction of a situation in order to cause outrage and catalyze targets to support a movement or claim. In the Animal Rights Movement, moral shocks are often used in the form of graphic depictions that detail the brutalization of nonhuman animals. Farm Animal Rights Movement (FARM), a popular animal rights organization, has used moral shocks in its pay-per-view campaign, in which passersby were paid a dollar to watch a graphic video of nonhuman animal suffering. Nonhuman animals depicted in moral shocks often display characteristics similar to those of human infants (e.g., large heads and eyes, crying or whimpering, small, mammalian). There is an ongoing debate within the Movement about the effectiveness of moral shocks. It has been found that many animal rights activists join after being exposed to moral shocks, and that moral shocks given to strangers are more likely to mobilize potential participants than are preexisting social networks; there is research that has found the opposite, however. Conversely, moral shocks that target the public at large (e.g., those used in vegan outreach) are less likely to be effective than those that have targets more distant from and less visible to the public (e.g., vivisectors).[6][21][46]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-violent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"civil disobedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience"},{"link_name":"Animal Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Non-violent action","text":"Non-violent resistance or civil disobedience consists of breaking the law without using violence. This may include the blocking of public roads or entrances, sometimes by chaining or gluing oneself to the ground or to doors. The animal rights movement has espoused these tactics during the 2019 Animal Rebellion protests in London, leading to several dozen arrests.[47]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"SPEAK campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPEAK_campaign"},{"link_name":"Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty"},{"link_name":"List of animal rights groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_groups"},{"link_name":"Leaderless resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaderless_resistance"},{"link_name":"Anarchism and animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Timeline of Animal Liberation Front actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Animal_Liberation_Front_actions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Longbridges_Fire.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oxford Arson Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Arson_Squad"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Union_for_the_Abolition_of_Vivisection"},{"link_name":"Animal Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Aid"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newkirk-49"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"leaderless resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaderless_resistance"},{"link_name":"covert cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_cell"},{"link_name":"direct action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty"},{"link_name":"property destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_destruction"},{"link_name":"vandalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Animal Rights Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Rights_Militia"},{"link_name":"Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Department_(animal_rights_group)"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Cells—Animal Liberation brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(RCALB)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail"},{"link_name":"hate mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_mail"},{"link_name":"bomb threats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_threats"},{"link_name":"theft of the corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-snatching"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"open rescues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_rescue"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Direct action","text":"Further information: Direct action, Animal Liberation Front, SPEAK campaign, Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, List of animal rights groups, Leaderless resistance, Anarchism and animal rights, and Timeline of Animal Liberation Front actionsA fire, claimed by the Oxford Arson Squad, caused £500,000 damage to Londbridges boathouse, Oxfordshire on 4 July 2005.The movement espouses a number of approaches, and is bitterly divided on the issue of direct action and violence, with very few activists or writers publicly advocating the latter tactic as a justified method to use.[48] Most groups reject violence against persons, intimidation, threats, and the destruction of property: for example, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) and Animal Aid. These groups concentrate on education and research, including carrying out undercover investigations of animal-testing facilities. There is some evidence of cooperation between the BUAV and the ALF: for example, the BUAV used to donate office space for the use of the ALF in London in the early 1980s.[49]Other groups concentrate on education, research, media campaigns, and undercover investigations.[citation needed] See, for example, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).A third category of activists operates using the leaderless resistance model, working in covert cells consisting of small numbers of trusted friends, or of one individual acting alone. These cells engage in direct action: for example by carrying out raids to release animals from laboratories and farms, using names like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF); or by boycotting and targeting anyone or any business associated with the controversial animal testing lab, Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), using a campaign name like Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC). Some arson, property destruction and vandalism has been linked to various animal rights groups[50][51]Activists who have carried out or threatened acts of physical violence have operated using the names; Animal Rights Militia (ARM), Justice Department, Revolutionary Cells—Animal Liberation brigade (RCALB), Hunt Retribution Squad (HRS) and the Militant Forces Against Huntingdon Life Sciences (MFAH).[52]Some activists have attempted blackmail and other illegal activities, such as the intimidation campaign to close Darley Oaks farm, which involved hate mail, malicious phonecalls, bomb threats, arson attacks and property destruction, climaxing in the theft of the corpse of Gladys Hammond, the owners' mother-in-law, from a Staffordshire grave. Over a thousand ALF attacks in one year in the UK alone caused £2.6M of damage to property, prompting some experts to state that animal rights now tops the list of causes that prompt violence in the UK.[53]There are also a growing number of \"open rescues,\" in which liberationists enter businesses to remove animals without trying to hide their identities. Open rescues tend to be carried out by committed individuals willing to go to jail if prosecuted, but so far no farmer has been willing to press charges.[54]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2010-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Targeting researchers","text":"Activists have targeted individual researchers and have shown up at homes in the middle of the night, threatening their families and children.[55][56][57] Nevertheless, the animal rights movement claims to be overwhelmingly peaceful, and that such instances of violence have been used in efforts to try to tarnish the entire movement.[58]","title":"Strategy and tactics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Justice Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Earth Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"terrorist organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_organisations"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"eco-terrorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Earth Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Counterterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Enterprise_Terrorism_Act"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"The U.S. Justice Department labels underground groups the Animal Liberation Front and the Earth Liberation Front as terrorist organizations.[59] A 13 November 2003 edition of CBS News' 60 Minutes charged that \"eco-terrorists,\" a term used by the United States government to refer to the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front, are considered by the FBI to be \"the country's biggest domestic terrorist threat.\"[60] John Lewis, a Deputy Assistant Director for Counterterrorism at the FBI, stated in a 60 Minutes interview that these groups \"have caused over $100 million worth of damage nationwide\", and that \"there are more than 150 investigations of eco-terrorist crimes underway\".[61] \"Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act\", the legislation which allows federal authorities to \"help prevent, better investigate, and prosecute individuals who seek to halt biomedical research through acts of intimidation, harassment, and violence\" was adopted in the USA in 2006. It has also been described as having 'a chilling effect' on free speech.[62]","title":"Criminalization of direct action methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gezi Park protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"Animal rights factions address injustices against a variety of groups, therein emphasizing a connection between discrimination against humans and discrimination against nonhuman animals. An intersectional orientation is seen online, on websites and social media, and also in offline activity. In Turkey, animal rights groups commonly join other social movements by aligning with online and offline campaigns. In Istanbul's 2013 Gezi Park protests, which began as an environmental movement against urban development efforts, various social movement groups participated. Among them were animal rights activists that saw the protests as an opportunity to raise concerns about speciesism. Animal rights activists' involvement in the protests changed the opinions of animal rights movement outsiders who had previously viewed vegan animal rights activists as elitist. This allowed for increased legitimacy and network expansion; the animal rights movement in Istanbul is composed of multi-movement actors from the feminist movement, LGBT+ movement, and antimilitarist movement, and such inter-movement interaction has led to increased coverage of veganism and animal rights by leftist news sites in Turkey.[4]","title":"Inter-movement activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agribusiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness"},{"link_name":"biomedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-41"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-9"}],"text":"Opposition to the animal rights movement comes primarily from corporate and state actors. Mass media, agribusiness, and biomedicine industries often portray activists in a negative light, characterizing the movement as misanthropic, sensationalist, and dangerous to scientific endeavors and human well-being because of activists' high levels of expressed empathy for nonhuman animals. Mass media also frequently portray nonhuman animals as objects. Major pharmaceutical companies have taken legal measures to disallow protestors from targeting their companies.[5][21][41]The abolitionist faction of the animal rights movement often faces counterframing by dominant reformist organizations of the movement that frame radical advocacy as idealistic and schismatic. These reform-oriented nonhuman rights organizations direct resources to countering abolitionist claims and blocking abolitionists' access to discursive spheres.[5][6] Another example of counterframing from opposition movement actors is found in Switzerland's 1998 referendum cycle, in which antivivisectionists' claims that animal research should be abolished were contested with claims that mobilized the public more. Antivivisection claims, which framed animal research as facilitating the genetic engineering of foods in hopes of seizing on public fear of genetic engineering, were countered by scientists and animal researchers, who framed vivisection as medically necessary to ensure human well-being.[9]","title":"Countermovement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Animal Rights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=s2g1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"Denver, 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Retrieved 9 January 2011.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.animalliberationfront.com/Philosophy/A%20Critique%20of%20the%20Kantian%20Theory.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Burning Rage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/10/60minutes/main1036067.shtml"},{"link_name":"Ed Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bradley"},{"link_name":"\"FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/19/domestic.terrorism/"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060116192022/http://www.nocompromise.org/issues/15/15anmllib_tunions.html"},{"link_name":"No Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Movement Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060930134515/http://www.friendsofanimals.org/actionline/fall-2003/movement-watch.html"},{"link_name":"Animal Cruelty is the Price We Pay for Cheap Meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rollingstone.com/feature/belly-beast-meat-factory-farms-animal-activists"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Kristof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Kristof"},{"link_name":"Turning the Tide on Animal Suffering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2023/06/10/opinion/animal-rights-movement-welfare.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Steven Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Best"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1590560549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590560549"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8057-3884-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-3884-3"},{"link_name":"Gary L. Francione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_L._Francione"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56639-461-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-461-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8093-2199-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-2199-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-02-916195-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-916195-9"},{"link_name":"Keith Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Mann"},{"link_name":"From Dusk 'Til Dawn: An Insiders View of the Growth of the Animal Liberation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fromdusktildawn.org.uk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9555850-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555850-0-5"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Newkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk"},{"link_name":"Lantern Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-930051-22-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930051-22-0"},{"link_name":"Peter Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8476-9073-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9073-3"}],"text":"Articles\"A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals\" by Jeff Sebo, AnimalLiberationFront.com, undated, retrieved 4 September 2005\n\"Burning Rage\" by Ed Bradley, CBS 60 Minutes, 5 November 2005\n\"FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism\", by Terry Frieden, CNN, 19 May 2005\nAnimal Liberation Through Trade Unions?, No Compromise, Issue 15, 1999\nMovement Watch, Friends of Animals, 2003\nAnimal Cruelty is the Price We Pay for Cheap Meat. Rolling Stone, 10 December 2013.\nNicolas Kristof, \"Turning the Tide on Animal Suffering\". The New York Times. June 10, 2023.BooksSteven Best and Anthony J. Nocella, eds., Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?: Reflections on the Liberation of Animals (Lantern Books, 2004). ISBN 978-1590560549.\nLawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994). ISBN 0-8057-3884-3.\nGary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996). ISBN 1-56639-461-9.\nHarold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998). ISBN 0-8093-2199-8.\nJames M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992). ISBN 0-02-916195-9.\nKeith Mann, From Dusk 'Til Dawn: An Insiders View of the Growth of the Animal Liberation Movement (Puppy Pincher Press 2007). ISBN 978-0-9555850-0-5.\nIngrid Newkirk, Free the Animals: The Story of the Animal Liberation Front (Lantern Books, 2000). ISBN 1-930051-22-0.\nPeter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998). ISBN 0-8476-9073-3.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Activists protesting outside the Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Circus at the Civic Coliseum in Knoxville, Tennessee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Peta-anti-ringling-circus-protesters-tn1.jpg/220px-Peta-anti-ringling-circus-protesters-tn1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philosopher Peter Singer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Peter_Singer.jpg/180px-Peter_Singer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Philosopher Tom Regan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TomRegan.jpg/180px-TomRegan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banner carried during the Animal Liberation March in Warsaw in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Stop_animal_agriculture.jpg/220px-Marsz_Wyzwolenia_Zwierzat_-_Stop_animal_agriculture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anarchists and anti fascists protesting for animal liberation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Animal_liberation_antifa_demo_%2810761915335%29.jpg/220px-Animal_liberation_antifa_demo_%2810761915335%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A fire, claimed by the Oxford Arson Squad, caused £500,000 damage to Londbridges boathouse, Oxfordshire on 4 July 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Longbridges_Fire.jpg/210px-Longbridges_Fire.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg"},{"title":"Animals portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"title":"Abolitionism (animal rights)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)"},{"title":"Animal–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"title":"Animal research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_research"},{"title":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"title":"Critical animal studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_animal_studies"},{"title":"Cruelty to animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals"},{"title":"International Primate Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Primate_Day"},{"title":"List of animal rights advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates"},{"title":"Open rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_rescue"},{"title":"Veganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"}]
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[{"reference":"Stooksbury, Kara E.; Scheb II, John M.; Stephens Jr., Otis H. (2019) [2017]. \"Animal Rights\". In Stooksbury, Kara E.; Scheb II, John M.; Stephens, Otis H. Jr. (eds.). Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties: Revised and Expanded Edition. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California and Denver, Colorado: ABC-Clio. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4408-4110-1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sever_Voinescu
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Sever Voinescu
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and career","1.2 Support for President Băsescu and related controversy","1.3 Political candidature","1.4 Chamber Secretary and Băsescu's spokesman","1.5 Anastase scandal and conflict with Vântu","1.6 Conservative pundit","1.7 2011 vote on PDL ideology","1.8 People's Movement projects and 2012 riots","2 References","3 External links"]
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Romanian journalist, political analyst, diplomat and politician
Sever Voinescu (March 2013)
Sever Voinescu (Romanian pronunciation: , full last name Voinescu-Cotoi; born June 19, 1969) is a Romanian journalist, political analyst, diplomat and right-wing politician. A Foreign Affairs Ministry figure during the mid-1990s, he was later a Consul General of Romania in Chicago, United States. Voinescu became known as a columnist for Dilema Veche weekly and Cotidianul daily, and worked for the Institute for Public Policies, a political think tank. As pundit, Voinescu supports conservative ideas, and criticizes left-wing and welfare state solutions as applied to his country.
Often described as a member of the intellectual faction close to President Traian Băsescu, Voinescu was characterized by political opponents as a person lacking in independence, a verdict which, in 2007, cost him advancement in the diplomatic service. He subsequently joined the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), running in the 2008 legislative election and earning a deputy seat for Ploieşti. From April 2009 to February 2011, he was Secretary of the Deputies' Chamber.
During his time in office, Sever Voinescu became known as a supporter of inner-party reform and pressed for the PDL's transformation into a conservative group, although he is still noted for taking sides against stronger critics of the party line. He also regularly spoke out against media opponents of Băsescu and the PDL, accusing part of the press of being politically controlled by the opposition parties. Voinescu was subsequently involved in several political controversies, including claims that he has used his Chamber position to push for electoral fraud.
Biography
Early life and career
Born in Ploieşti, Sever Voinescu stated having grown up in a public housing area, and being a "child of the tower block". Baptized Romanian Orthodox, and identifying himself with liberal Orthodoxy, he grew up into a supporter of the social and political involvement of religious individuals, and recommends tolerance between believers and non-believers. Voinescu graduated from the Pedagogic High School's primary school, the Alexandru Ioan Cuza High School's gymnasium, and the Mihai Viteazul National College, while training in parallel with an amateur basketball team.
A graduate of the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law in 1992, he was a practicing lawyer until 1996. Initially, Voinescu was a trainee lawyer in his native city, but later joined a female colleague in opening a law firm, based in Bucharest. In parallel, he became noted for his cultural and political column in Dilema Veche (known then as just Dilema). His debut, Voinescu recalls, occurred in 1994, and resulted in his "addiction" to writing. According to a presentation for Înapoi la argument, the Romanian Television talk show of philosopher Horia-Roman Patapievici: "Sever Voinescu is one of the distinct voices in Romanian cultural journalism. His writing is in fact a moral attitude from a well-defined perspective, with no conjectural ambiguities." In the political climate following the 1989 Revolution, Voinescu also became active on the public scene, originally as a member of the civil society platform known as Group for Social Dialogue (a membership which, in 2008, he listed as one of the "tidbits in my biography that I take pride in").
Voinescu joined the Bucharest bar association in 1994. In 1995-1997, he was Assistant Professor for the Academy of Economic Studies (ASE) Law Faculty. He had previously given seminar-level classes at the ASE and several private universities. For a while in 1997, some months after the 1996 legislative election, which were won by the right-wing Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR), he was Counselor to the General Secretariat of the Victor Ciorbea government, answering to Remus Opriş. He referred to this point in his career as "an interesting turn", and recounts that the CDR victory had made him "enthusiastic". From 1998 to 2000, during the CDR premierships of Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu, Voinescu served as General Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under Ministers Andrei Pleşu and Petre Roman. Voinescu recounts that he accepted the request because it had been voiced by Dilema Veche editor Pleşu, a man whom he calls his "mentor".
Between 2000 and 2003, he was assigned the diplomatic office in Chicago, returning to lead the Institute for Public Policies' Foreign Policies and International Relations Program. He had been relieved from diplomatic office by the new Social Democratic executive of Adrian Năstase, and reflects back on the period: "I left the diplomatic career without a scandal and without regrets." During the following period, Sever Voinescu began contributing a political column to Cotidianul. He also became noted a supporter of America's War on Terror, including the Second Iraq War. These sentiments were echoed in his columns for Dilema, and criticized from a Francophile position by academic Roxana Ologeanu. Voinescu's articles covered a wide range of subjects, among which reviewers highlight his interventions on the topic of Romanian economy, his posthumous homage to American literary theorist Susan Sontag, and his defense of Chalcedonian Christianity against neo-Gnosticism.
Support for President Băsescu and related controversy
Voinescu established himself on the political scene after the 2004 legislative and presidential elections, when the Social Democrats were defeated by the Justice and Truth coalition (DA), which also successfully endorsed Băsescu as President. As DA split into the Democratic Party (later PDL) and the National Liberals, the latter of which unsuccessfully endorsed the anti-Băsescu impeachment referendum of 2007, Voinescu expressed his support for the president. At that time, he joined 49 other intellectuals in signing an open letter addressed to the National Liberal Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu government, questioning its policies and supporting those of the president. Among the other signatories were Patapievici, Adriana Babeţi, Hannelore Baier, Mircea Cărtărescu, Magda Cârneci, Ruxandra Cesereanu, Livius Ciocârlie, Andrei Cornea, Sabina Fati, Florin Gabrea, Sorin Ilieşiu, Gabriel Liiceanu, Mircea Mihăieş, Dan C. Mihăilescu, Virgil Nemoianu, Andrei Oişteanu, Dan Perjovschi, Andrei Pippidi, Şerban Rădulescu-Zoner, Victor Rebengiuc, Dan Tapalagă, Vladimir Tismăneanu, Florin Ţurcanu, Traian Ungureanu and Alexandru Zub.
Just days before the referendum was carried by the pro-Băsescu option, the president endorsed Sever Voinescu for the office of Romanian Ambassador to the United States. This was coupled with his proposal to have journalist Traian Ungureanu appointed for the similar office in the United Kingdom. The proposals were presented to the Senate's Foreign Policy Committee, where Voinescu was rejected with 16 votes to 7. On the occasion, Social Democratic senator and Committee President Mircea Geoană, himself a former Ambassador to Washington, claimed that Voinescu's support for Băsescu made him a partisan option, and therefore unsuited for the office. In a November 2008 interview with Evenimentul Zilei, Voinescu provided his own take on the event, commenting that the reason presented by the Committee was "purely political", and arguing that: "In that context they would have outvoted God himself, had he been supported by Băsescu. I had come forth with a serious program, one I intended to discuss over with the Committee. I was suggesting a number of alternatives as a framework for our future relationship with the USA, but the Committee members were rather more interested in evaluating my activities as a journalist. They couldn't care less about my diplomatic program, but they were heartbroken over what I had published as a political commentator." According to România Liberă newspaper, Voinescu was specifically rejected for the "colums favorable to President Băsescu that he had published in the press."
While the Constitution gave Băsescu the power of decision in the matter, his temporary loss of office and replacement with Nicolae Văcăroiu meant that Voinescu's name was no longer an option. In summer 2007, the new Minister, Adrian Cioroianu, was engaged in a lengthy debate with reconfirmed President Băsescu, during which time no new ambassadors were appointed in several world capitals.
Political candidature
On July 23, 2008, Voinescu published his final Cotidianul column, announcing that he had agreed to run as a PDL candidate for the Chamber of Deputies in his native Prahova County. This was in view of the 2008 legislative election, the first such suffrage in Romania to be based on mixed member proportional representation and electoral colleges. In that article, Voinescu stated: "I have decided to run in my native city of Ploieşti. The college comprises the neighborhood where I was born, grew up, lived through the first ages of youth and here my parents still live." Commenting on his motivation, Voinescu also wrote: "our politicians are trapped in moral and intellectual darkness which reaches the level of national catastrophe. I enter the arena because I want to bring clarity within the nebula."
In a 2008 interview with Evenimentul Zilei, he elaborated: "There are moments in life when one wants to see if one is capable of doing what he requires others to do." At the same time, he clarified that his choice to rally with the PDL was motivated by the party representing "the authentic Right", and by the National Liberals experiencing "a temporary drift", arguing that he found a post-electoral alliance with the Social Democrats "impossible stinking", whereas the National Liberal Party had the "moral obligation" of joining the PDL in a new coalition. He also pointed out that, although a member of a faction politically allied with Băsescu, he did not intend to placate the latter in his public statements, and criticized his party for resorting to "suspicious borrowings bizarre additions" in order to meet the necessary number of candidates. Believed by Evenimentul Zilei to be the natural choice for a PDL Foreign Minister, he spoke in favor of continuing a close cooperation with the United States, and justified Romania's traditional qualms toward Russia. After joining the party, Voinescu became an Administrative Board member for its think tank, the Institute for People Studies.
The candidature sparked negative comments from Jurnalul Naţional columnist Victor Ciutacu, who paralleled it with news that journalists Ungureanu and Cătălin Avramescu were also planning to run in elections as PDL affiliates. Although describing Voinescu as "a coherent journalist", Ciutacu alleged that all three were basing their actions on their support for Băsescu, and that they were thus comparable to lăutari singers, "who, depending on how good their showmanship is, are rewarded by the man sitting at the head of the table." In contrast, journalists at Gândul concluded that both Voinescu and Avramescu were electoral assets coveted by PDL leader Emil Boc, who, like other public figures from non-politicized areas, could bring help the party earn extra votes in the post-party-list era.
Voinescu won the seat in the 10th Electoral College for Prahova County. România Liberă also noted that his constituency was already favorable to the PDL. All other seats in Ploieşti were claimed by PDL members—Andrei Sava and Roberta Alma Anastase as the other two deputies, Gabriel Sandu as senator. In a January 2009 interview with Academia Caţavencu's Eugen Istodor, Voinescu stated his dissatisfaction with the post-election Emil Boc cabinet, founded around a PDL-PSD alliance at the end of failed negotiations between the PDL and the National Liberals. He argued: "I am not part of any decision structure within the PDL, so there was no reason for me to be asked . Within the PDL, there is a majority sentiment that it was the best of rationally possible solutions. The party is now in a Panglossian moment. But there also exists a lucid minority which continues to believe that it was not at all the best best of rationally possible solutions." He added: "For my case, of what was said during the campaign, as well as from things before, nothing has changed. I have no reason to believe that the PSD is better now than when it was impeaching the president. The new PSD elite is different from the old one only in the sense that it is more flexible, more versatile, more chameleonic."
Chamber Secretary and Băsescu's spokesman
Voinescu was confirmed Chamber Secretary in April 2009, after a prolonged dispute within the coalition: although his candidature had been approved on principle by both coalition partners, several PSD and PDL parliamentarians refused to vote in favor during consecutive sessions. The vote was ultimately carried by 154 to 106. In October of the same year, Voinescu also became spokesman for Traian Băsescu's second-term presidential campaign. He was cited in the press stating: "I accepted this position for at least two reasons, the first being that I am a supporter of Traian Băsescu as a political project and that as both a politician and a citizen I wish to apply all my forces so that Traian Băsescu will win in these elections". In late November, during the two rounds of voting, Voinescu presented the official PDL viewpoint on the publicized video sample which seemed to show Băsescu punching a child. Voinescu's suggested that the images had been faked by the PDL's political rivals and, in reference to the press' reaction, argued: "the electoral campaign has fully entered its most despicable stage. Instead of debates between the candidates and letting the citizens decide, in the absence of any other influences, who should be the one to lead the country for the next five years, we have come to discuss a dubious, murky film, promoted on the screens of mogul television stations with an obvious electioneering purpose." Following Băsescu's eventual reelection, Voinescu also subjected to public ridicule the claims of various PSD members that their candidate, Mircea Geoană, had been a victim of negative parapsychological techniques, such as "energy attacks" and "violet flame" power.
In January, Voinescu had supported the initiative of fellow junior PDL-ists Cristian Preda and Monica Macovei to reform the PDL from within by imposing new recruitment and internal promotion policies, and also gave backing to Sorin Frunzăverde's suggestion of reconstituting the PDL into a "People's Party". Their collective criticism of the Boc leadership was responded to by the Premier, who stated that both Preda and Voinescu needed to attend more party conferences and, through "clarification", come to terms with the party line. The verdict was reviewed negatively by political scientist Aurelian Giugăl, a critic of the Boc cabinet, who contrasted Boc's statement with the PDL having just welcomed into its ranks the "pathetic" nonconformist Honorius Prigoană, and concluded that "the presidential party" was only mimicking institutional reform.
In early 2010, Voinescu was involved in a publicized polemic with his PDL colleague Cristian Preda, regarding the party's doctrines and the measure of involvement on the part of President Băsescu. The debate was sparked in February by Voinescu's own comments, according to which the PDL needed to emphasize its support for Băsescu's political agenda and, as a consequence, adopt "a larger measure of Băsescianism". Preda reacted against the statement on his blog, where the wording used by Voinescu was referred to as "an unfortunate choice". Preda noted that he partly shared Voinescu's apprehension of "some PDL practices". He argued instead that there existed an inner-party struggle between old and new PDL members, in which the former category, "claiming lineage precisely from Traian Băsescu", could block the newer members out of power. Voinescu, who stated his dissatisfaction at being attacked on Preda's blog, noted: "I don't know why Cristian Preda wishes at all costs for us to quarrel in public. I have been following his quest for media glory for a while now and I'm bemused. If he has something to tell me, he knows where to find me." Discussing the core of Preda's objection, he added: "I understand that he is annoyed by the political adjectivization of the president's name . That's his business. From what I found out, he says that there's now a need for answers to social issues and not invented words. I cannot believe that a phrase this trite, a phrase so much like a putrid slogan, could have been written down by Cristian Preda."
In reply, Preda noted "regretting" that Voinescu "has joined the team who are intimated by public dialogue within the new media" (a group he identified with PDL activist Ioan Oltean). However, in an October interview with Istodor, Preda suggested that he still identified his own political partisanship with "the triad" of Voinescu, Macovei and Teodor Baconschi within a "collective identity" of PDL reformists, noting that he rejected the opposition parties as merely "preservers of the welfare state."
By then, Voinescu had also joined those PDL politicians who publicly asked for the new Boc executive (formed by the PDL and the Hungarian Democratic Union, with the PSD in opposition) to resign and be replaced with a "more flexible" variant, in line with the core electorate's wishes. During summer 2010, when Boc survived a motion of no confidence initiated by the PSD, Voinescu expressed a reserved position on the political consequences. Speaking at the time for B1 TV, he called the referred to the PSD's motion as "a poorly written lampoon", but warned that a cabinet reshuffle was in order. In September of that year, Voinescu and Elena Udrea were among those PDL parliamentarians who voted in favor of deposing the Boc cabinet, while others considered a reshuffling option. Voinescu's rationale was that the government policies had managed to erode grassroots support for the PDL, and the defeat of his option was reported by observers as a failure of the PDL's reform-minded wing.
Anastase scandal and conflict with Vântu
In September 2010, Sever Voinescu became involved in a political controversy, centered on Chamber President Roberta Alma Anastase. The scandal formed part of a national debate on the government-proposed measures to counter the post-2007 economic slump and public spending with right-wing policies, against the opposition-backed social security system. According to media and opposition reports, during the prolonged Chamber vote on the revised Law on Pensions, after opposition representatives had chosen to leave the hall in protest and the voting machine went out of order, Anastase over-counted the number of parliamentarians present in the hall, and PDL legislation was passed against consensus. As a result, the Social Democrats filed a legal complaint, citing malfeasance in office, electoral fraud and forgery.
Speaking for his party, PSD deputy Radu Moldovan alleged that the two Chamber leaders had implicitly "admitted" the deed they stood accused of, further accusing them of having displayed "illegal and criminal behavior against 6 million ", and calling for the maximum sentence of 15 years in prison. In reply, PDL politicians expressed support for both figures, and argued that there was no proof of illegality in their actions. Early on, PDL Chamber group leader Mircea Toader stated that the chaotic procedures and the presence of unruly deputies around the rostrum meant that CCTV footage of the procedure was inconclusive. Cristian Preda spoke of the voting inaccuracies as "an error" on the part of Anastase and Voinescu, claiming that the illegal but allegedly commonplace absentee ballot had rendered unreliable all Chamber attendance reports. In a November interview with Radio France Internationale, Preda elaborated that the party as a whole needed to apologize for the "embarrassing" incident, and, while noting that Anastase's removal was not an option, asked Voinescu to present a formal explanation. The scandal reverberated at Dilema Veche, when poet Şerban Foarţă announced that he ceased contributing, not wishing for his name to feature alongside that of Voinescu, "an unfrequentable character".
During October 2010, Voinescu resumed his political conflict with the anti-Băsescu media outlets: Dan Voiculescu's Intact Media Group and Sorin Ovidiu Vântu's Realitatea-Caţavencu. In a public statement, the deputy accused both "moguls" of intending to "rob the public treasury" with backing from the PSD, and of staging an intense "defamation campaign" against President Băsescu, who would not assist them in deferring formal investigations into their businesses. As a result, Sorin Ovidiu Vântu announced that he was going to file a civil suit against Voinescu, Premier Boc and Elena Udrea, noting that he was not going to tolerate any further accusations that he himself was organizing a putsch (as once stated by Udrea). Vântu reportedly considered requesting 250,000 euro in damages from Voinescu, who had qualified Vântu's 1990s Gelsor-Fondul Naţional de Investiţii investment scheme as a "mega-confidence trick" and had alleged that Vântu made a profit withdrawing his assets before the scheme crashed.
At the time, Voinescu made controversial live appearances on another private network, Oglinda Television (OTV), which critics, including Voinescu himself, regard as a low-brow enterprise in the realm of tabloid media. In a Dilema Veche piece, Voinescu himself described the station as usually exploring "the shady and humid underground" of human expectations; he implied that everyone watches OTV, but that only some will admit it. Reacting to this characterization, Observator Cultural editor Carmen Muşat accused Voinescu of using a questionable media resource to increase Băsescu's exposure, against his own beliefs. TV critic and Dilema colleague Cezar Paul-Bădescu, who describes OTV as "a station specializing in cadavers and characters on the fringe of humanity", declared himself puzzled by Voinescu's rationale, but noted: "maybe the same ones that prompted president Băsescu to conclude, back in the day, that said channel was frequentable". Other cultural magazines also reacted negatively to Voinescu's explanation of OTV's secret fan base: România Literară called his analysis "useless and dangerous", while Luceafărul took offense from the implication "that we are all headless beings with morbid inclinations".
In February 2011, Voinescu withdrew from the post of Chamber Secretary, as it was due to fall to a deputy of the Romanian ethnic minorities parties in the ensuing legislative session. In July, the High Court of Cassation and Justice ruled that prosecution in the Voinescu-Anastase case was unwarranted, since the contestants had not contested the vote through parliamentary procedure, as described by Chamber's internal regulations.
Conservative pundit
By 2008, Voinescu's Dilema Veche column was giving significant coverage to American politics, and were noted as a countercritique of Marxist takes on the world crisis, with suggestions that the memory of communism as a "criminal utopia" needed to be preserved in unadulterated fashion, for the benefit of future generations. In 2009, he contributed to a Humanitas homage volume for Andrei Pleşu, titled O filozofie a intervalului ("A Philosophy of the Interval"). Invited by Vladimir Tismăneanu, he was also a contributor to Verso review. His political essay was later included in the anthology Anatomia resentimentului ("The Anatomy of Resentment", Editura Curtea Veche, 2010).
The renewed contributions in these fields received criticism from various cultural and political reviewers. His severity in reacting to news that Barack Obama was considering a détente with the Taliban was covered, with irony, by Luceafărul magazine. It noted: "our specialists in the headbutting industry have for a main mental preoccupation the handing of unneeded advice and moral slaps to the world's greatest leaders." In commentary he posted on the Voxpublica platform, Voinescu illustrated his defense of capitalism with suggestions that multinational corporations were still hiring, recommending Romanians to seek retraining; these views were criticized as specious and uncompassionate by essayist Liviu Ornea, who suggested that Voinescu's radicalism was even harming the PDL. Voinescu's activity as panelist was touched by another kind of controversy: in August 2010, Voinescu was described in the press as a "plagiarist", for a Dilema article on the Yemeni crackdown, which, it was argued, closely resembled a New York Times editorial; Voinescu defended his piece as a metanarrative. One of Voinescu's parables on the crisis issue was ridiculed by Luceafărul, who noted that it made the same point as an earlier contribution by Vintilă Mihăilescu, and concluded that Voinescu was no longer in the habit of actually reading Dilema Veche. Voinescu's other pursuits were in classical culture: an opera fan, he published a 2011 book of interviews with soprano Virginia Zeani, which received positive reviews from music critics.
In summer 2011, with fellow pundits Valeriu Stoica and Cătălin Avramescu, Sever Voinescu attended the conference tour on "Issues of the Romanian Right", jointly organized by the PDL's Institute for People's Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation. During one such event in Focşani, he and Stoica debated policy: Stoica expressed the belief that PDL, a "cocktail" of liberalism, conservatism and Christian democracy, needed to stand united behind Boc's economic measures; contrarily, Voinescu assessed that cabinet ministers less committed to laissez-faire needed to be discarded. Voinescu also had a debate with senator and senior PDL member Radu F. Alexandru. A critic of Băsescu's continued involvement with the PDL, Alexandru spoke out against the reformists' alleged practice of venting out complaints through mass media, but not at party conferences.
Shortly after, responding to criticism of Boc's governing practice, Băsescu publicized a reaction to inner PDL conflicts which nominated Voinescu and Preda as factors of disturbance: "Had I been the involved, the PDL would have been more adroit in its political action. There would have been no PDL politician not to follow the golden rule. We would be discussing these issues on the inside and, once something were set, we would all be abiding by it. No matter if they're named Preda, Sever Voinescu Radu F. Alexandru, they would not be in the party had I been the one running it. Such things display the cowardice of these people. It's easy to issue a statement on TV and then grow in importance". Băsescu added that, instead of focusing on Boc, Voinescu should have spoken out against the "BVB triad" of PDL-ists who resist a change of platform: Radu Berceanu, Adriean Videanu and Vasile Blaga. In reply, Voinescu noted that the statement had troubled him, and that he even gave thought to resigning from the PDL.
Writing in a guest editorial for Revista 22 in September of that year, Voinescu referred to the need for a conservative pole to emerge in modern Romanian politics. His text argues: "In today's Romania, it is not at all hard to be a liberal or a socialist. What's hard is being a conservative. On another level, in today's Romania it is not at all hard to be an egotist, nor to cement yourself, forevermore, into the condition of a socially-assisted person. What's hard is to be a man of common sense, capable of balancing his own interest against that of others, after taking charge of his own destiny." According to Voinescu, there is an untapped electorate that consistently votes against left-wing policies, but is increasingly disenchanted with the effects of right-wing governance, and tacitly supporting any conservative, conviction politics, "Thatcherite" solution to Romania's woes. He suggested that its recovery by the PDL would be that party's "great chance". Voinescu also argued that old-school Romanian conservatism had been hijacked in the 1990s by Dan Voiculescu's eponymous party: "Can one imagine a more scandalous usurpation?"
2011 vote on PDL ideology
Beginning in spring 2011, Voinescu was again involved with the PDL's inner reform project, alongside Macovei and Preda, supporting the motion presented to the PDL's May Congress with the aim of regaining electoral support and public trust before the 2012 election. He sketched out and advanced a proposal for a PDL Code of Conduct, which is supposed to regulate the party's response to criminal charges brought up against its politicians (past cases include Monica Iacob Ridzi or Dan Păsat), in what he described as an effort to increase transparency. On the occasion, Voinescu expressed discontent that the document, although nominally backed by Boc and by Macovei, had failed to gather majority support at earlier party reunions. He supported Băsescu's message to the PDL, which counseled the party to find itself a candidate (and successor to Băsescu) on par with Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher, and reiterated the call for politicians "of conviction". The reformist group obtained the revision of charters which prevented junior members from running in party elections, but their main motion on party policies was defeated by the PDL's Berceanu-Blaga "old guard".
Additionally, Voinescu expressed disapproval for some Boc cabinet policies which he sees as deviating from the PDL's right-wing credentials, including the "pensioners' basket" welfare program, and publicly called for a radical change of the Romanian Constitution, deeming it "profoundly flawed" for what he interprets as a chronic failure to uphold the separation of powers. His endorsement of a project to award the Romanian Orthodox Church a say in the allocation of welfare programs generated criticism among secularist analysts, who commented that it bastardized the concept of social justice and effectively reduced the separation of church and state, or that it offered the Church an inflated role in politics and civil society.
A parallel dispute ensued, between Voinescu and Preda: Voinescu is a noted critic of party-list proportional representation and endorses first-past-the-post voting; in contrast, Preda dismisses his colleague's project as "populist mythology", arguing that further election reform would do little to address the realities of political corruption. The two figures were opposed by their attitudes on Boc, when Preda, unlike Macovei and Voinescu, chose not to endorse Boc's candidature for a new term as PDL leader. There was also a disagreement between Voinescu and President Băsescu in matters of world politics, after the latter went on record with a claim that Romania's future development depended on a hypothetical United States of Europe federation. Tracing the mixed results of Federal Europe concepts through history, Voinescu replied: "My personal opinion is that this goal is as beautiful as it is unreachable." Voinescu took a middle ground in the disputes between Băsescu and Dilema's Andrei Pleşu, arguing that the President's criticism of his mentor contained "uninspired metaphors"—in reaction, anti-Băsescu writer Bedros Horasangian asked: "How is it that Sever Voinescu can still face up to Andrei Pleşu?"
People's Movement projects and 2012 riots
Speaking in September 2011, Voinescu dismissed criticism of the PDL coming from outgoing Labor Minister Sebastian Lăzăroiu, an independent politician. When asked to reply about Lăzăroiu's alternative proposals that the PDL transform itself into a "People's Movement" or perish, Voinescu stated his amusement, and noted: "I never did preoccupy myself with Mr. Lăzăroiu's prophecies." Confronted with speculation that the People's Movement project would attract into its ranks rogue members of the PNL who opposed the PSD alliance, Voinescu replied (in English): "Too soon to tell!"
Voinescu later returned with more explicit remarks, clarifying that the Movement was a sound project, which could help coagulate the Romanian right. He was also directing criticism toward the PDL's partner in government, the nominally left-wing National Union for the Progress of Romania, arguing that it could not expect to be included in the emerging party: "rest assured, nobody asked you in." In public statements, Voinescu ridiculed the political aspirations of OTV owner Dan Diaconescu and his own People's Party, viewing them as demagogic; he rejected suggestions of an alliance between Diaconescu and the PDL. When Lăzăroiu and Mihail Neamţu launched their own platform, Noua Republică, Voinescu admitted that it could win over a sizable portion of the PDL electorate.
In October 2011, Voinescu was head of the Romanian delegation at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly meeting, held in Bucharest. In this capacity, he signed the protocol which gave Romanian support for Georgia's Euro-Atlantic integration, and expressed the official viewpoint that Russia had no reason to fear the national missile defense developed in Eastern Europe.
As PDL spokesman, Voinescu tackled the spontaneous anti-government protests of January 2012. He suggested that there was "much to learn" for his party from the street reaction to the ongoing austerity measures, while also accusing the coalesced opposition, or Social Liberal Union (USL), of trying to capitalize on these events: "I'm not sure if those gathering in the square would want USL to win the elections." He and the party initially rallied behind Premier Boc: Voinescu expressed the viewpoint that popular indignation was not solely aimed at the PDL administration, but at the entire ruling class, and argued that the street demands for early elections were impractical. On February 6, however, he acknowledged Boc's resignation, calling it proof of political responsibility; he also favored continuity in matters of economic policy. During the demonstrations, anti-Voinescu slogans were specifically chanted by the 100 demonstrators gathering in his constituency of Ploieşti.
References
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External links
(in Romanian) Voinescu's articles in Dilema Veche
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Italy
United States
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A Foreign Affairs Ministry figure during the mid-1990s, he was later a Consul General of Romania in Chicago, United States. Voinescu became known as a columnist for Dilema Veche weekly and Cotidianul daily, and worked for the Institute for Public Policies, a political think tank. As pundit, Voinescu supports conservative ideas, and criticizes left-wing and welfare state solutions as applied to his country.Often described as a member of the intellectual faction close to President Traian Băsescu, Voinescu was characterized by political opponents as a person lacking in independence, a verdict which, in 2007, cost him advancement in the diplomatic service. He subsequently joined the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL), running in the 2008 legislative election and earning a deputy seat for Ploieşti. From April 2009 to February 2011, he was Secretary of the Deputies' Chamber.During his time in office, Sever Voinescu became known as a supporter of inner-party reform and pressed for the PDL's transformation into a conservative group, although he is still noted for taking sides against stronger critics of the party line. He also regularly spoke out against media opponents of Băsescu and the PDL, accusing part of the press of being politically controlled by the opposition parties. Voinescu was subsequently involved in several political controversies, including claims that he has used his Chamber position to push for electoral fraud.","title":"Sever Voinescu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing"},{"link_name":"tower block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_block"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Mihai Viteazul National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Viteazul_National_College,_Ploie%C5%9Fti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"University of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"Romanian Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Television"},{"link_name":"Horia-Roman Patapievici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia-Roman_Patapievici"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sviatvr-7"},{"link_name":"1989 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989"},{"link_name":"civil society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society"},{"link_name":"Group for Social Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_for_Social_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"bar association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"Academy of Economic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_Academy_of_Economic_Studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sviatvr-7"},{"link_name":"seminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"1996 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Romanian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"Romanian Democratic Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Democratic_Convention"},{"link_name":"Victor Ciorbea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ciorbea"},{"link_name":"Remus Opriş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remus_Opri%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sviatvr-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"premierships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Radu Vasile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Vasile"},{"link_name":"Mugur Isărescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugur_Is%C4%83rescu"},{"link_name":"Andrei Pleşu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Ple%C5%9Fu"},{"link_name":"Petre Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petre_Roman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sviatvr-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sviatvr-7"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Năstase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdepcv-1"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror"},{"link_name":"Second Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Francophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophile"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Romanian economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Susan Sontag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chalcedonian Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity"},{"link_name":"neo-Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Early life and career","text":"Born in Ploieşti, Sever Voinescu stated having grown up in a public housing area, and being a \"child of the tower block\".[3] Baptized Romanian Orthodox, and identifying himself with liberal Orthodoxy,[4] he grew up into a supporter of the social and political involvement of religious individuals, and recommends tolerance between believers and non-believers.[5] Voinescu graduated from the Pedagogic High School's primary school, the Alexandru Ioan Cuza High School's gymnasium, and the Mihai Viteazul National College, while training in parallel with an amateur basketball team.[6]A graduate of the University of Bucharest Faculty of Law in 1992, he was a practicing lawyer until 1996. Initially, Voinescu was a trainee lawyer in his native city, but later joined a female colleague in opening a law firm, based in Bucharest.[6] In parallel, he became noted for his cultural and political column in Dilema Veche (known then as just Dilema). His debut, Voinescu recalls, occurred in 1994, and resulted in his \"addiction\" to writing.[6] According to a presentation for Înapoi la argument, the Romanian Television talk show of philosopher Horia-Roman Patapievici: \"Sever Voinescu is one of the distinct voices in Romanian cultural journalism. His writing is in fact a moral attitude from a well-defined perspective, with no conjectural ambiguities.\"[7] In the political climate following the 1989 Revolution, Voinescu also became active on the public scene, originally as a member of the civil society platform known as Group for Social Dialogue (a membership which, in 2008, he listed as one of the \"tidbits in my biography that I take pride in\").[6]Voinescu joined the Bucharest bar association in 1994.[1] In 1995-1997, he was Assistant Professor for the Academy of Economic Studies (ASE) Law Faculty.[1][6][7] He had previously given seminar-level classes at the ASE and several private universities.[6] For a while in 1997, some months after the 1996 legislative election, which were won by the right-wing Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR), he was Counselor to the General Secretariat of the Victor Ciorbea government, answering to Remus Opriş.[1][6][7] He referred to this point in his career as \"an interesting turn\", and recounts that the CDR victory had made him \"enthusiastic\".[6] From 1998 to 2000, during the CDR premierships of Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu, Voinescu served as General Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, under Ministers Andrei Pleşu and Petre Roman.[1][3][6][7] Voinescu recounts that he accepted the request because it had been voiced by Dilema Veche editor Pleşu, a man whom he calls his \"mentor\".[6]Between 2000 and 2003, he was assigned the diplomatic office in Chicago, returning to lead the Institute for Public Policies' Foreign Policies and International Relations Program.[1][6][7] He had been relieved from diplomatic office by the new Social Democratic executive of Adrian Năstase, and reflects back on the period: \"I left the diplomatic career without a scandal and without regrets.\"[6] During the following period, Sever Voinescu began contributing a political column to Cotidianul.[1] He also became noted a supporter of America's War on Terror, including the Second Iraq War. These sentiments were echoed in his columns for Dilema, and criticized from a Francophile position by academic Roxana Ologeanu.[8] Voinescu's articles covered a wide range of subjects, among which reviewers highlight his interventions on the topic of Romanian economy,[9] his posthumous homage to American literary theorist Susan Sontag,[10] and his defense of Chalcedonian Christianity against neo-Gnosticism.[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Romanian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Romanian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Justice and Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Truth_Alliance"},{"link_name":"National Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"impeachment referendum of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Romanian_presidential_impeachment_referendum"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu"},{"link_name":"Adriana Babeţi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adriana_Babe%C5%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hannelore Baier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannelore_Baier&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mircea Cărtărescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_C%C4%83rt%C4%83rescu"},{"link_name":"Magda Cârneci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_C%C3%A2rneci"},{"link_name":"Ruxandra Cesereanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruxandra_Cesereanu"},{"link_name":"Livius Ciocârlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livius_Cioc%C3%A2rlie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrei Cornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Cornea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabina Fati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Fati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Florin Gabrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florin_Gabrea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sorin Ilieşiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorin_Ilie%C5%9Fiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Liiceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Liiceanu"},{"link_name":"Mircea Mihăieş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Mih%C4%83ie%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan C. Mihăilescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_C._Mih%C4%83ilescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Virgil Nemoianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Nemoianu"},{"link_name":"Andrei Oişteanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Oi%C5%9Fteanu"},{"link_name":"Dan Perjovschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Perjovschi"},{"link_name":"Andrei Pippidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Pippidi"},{"link_name":"Şerban Rădulescu-Zoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerban_R%C4%83dulescu-Zoner"},{"link_name":"Victor Rebengiuc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Rebengiuc"},{"link_name":"Dan Tapalagă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Tapalag%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Tismăneanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu"},{"link_name":"Florin Ţurcanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florin_%C5%A2urcanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Traian Ungureanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian_Ungureanu"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Zub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Zub"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Romanian Ambassador to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"similar office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Romania_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miaambasad-13"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evzseveramb-14"},{"link_name":"Mircea Geoană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Geoan%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evzseveramb-14"},{"link_name":"Evenimentul Zilei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenimentul_Zilei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"România Liberă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Liber%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolnotoriet-15"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Văcăroiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_V%C4%83c%C4%83roiu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evzseveramb-14"},{"link_name":"Adrian Cioroianu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miaambasad-13"}],"sub_title":"Support for President Băsescu and related controversy","text":"Voinescu established himself on the political scene after the 2004 legislative and presidential elections, when the Social Democrats were defeated by the Justice and Truth coalition (DA), which also successfully endorsed Băsescu as President. As DA split into the Democratic Party (later PDL) and the National Liberals, the latter of which unsuccessfully endorsed the anti-Băsescu impeachment referendum of 2007, Voinescu expressed his support for the president. At that time, he joined 49 other intellectuals in signing an open letter addressed to the National Liberal Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu government, questioning its policies and supporting those of the president. Among the other signatories were Patapievici, Adriana Babeţi, Hannelore Baier, Mircea Cărtărescu, Magda Cârneci, Ruxandra Cesereanu, Livius Ciocârlie, Andrei Cornea, Sabina Fati, Florin Gabrea, Sorin Ilieşiu, Gabriel Liiceanu, Mircea Mihăieş, Dan C. Mihăilescu, Virgil Nemoianu, Andrei Oişteanu, Dan Perjovschi, Andrei Pippidi, Şerban Rădulescu-Zoner, Victor Rebengiuc, Dan Tapalagă, Vladimir Tismăneanu, Florin Ţurcanu, Traian Ungureanu and Alexandru Zub.[12]Just days before the referendum was carried by the pro-Băsescu option, the president endorsed Sever Voinescu for the office of Romanian Ambassador to the United States. This was coupled with his proposal to have journalist Traian Ungureanu appointed for the similar office in the United Kingdom.[13] The proposals were presented to the Senate's Foreign Policy Committee, where Voinescu was rejected with 16 votes to 7.[14] On the occasion, Social Democratic senator and Committee President Mircea Geoană, himself a former Ambassador to Washington, claimed that Voinescu's support for Băsescu made him a partisan option, and therefore unsuited for the office.[3][14] In a November 2008 interview with Evenimentul Zilei, Voinescu provided his own take on the event, commenting that the reason presented by the Committee was \"purely political\", and arguing that: \"In that [pre-referendum] context they would have outvoted God himself, had he been supported by Băsescu. I had come forth with a serious program, one I intended to discuss over with the Committee. I was suggesting a number of alternatives as a framework for our future relationship with the USA, but the Committee members were rather more interested in evaluating my activities as a journalist. They couldn't care less about my diplomatic program, but they were heartbroken over what I had published as a political commentator.\"[3] According to România Liberă newspaper, Voinescu was specifically rejected for the \"colums favorable to President Băsescu that he had published in the press.\"[15]While the Constitution gave Băsescu the power of decision in the matter, his temporary loss of office and replacement with Nicolae Văcăroiu meant that Voinescu's name was no longer an option.[14] In summer 2007, the new Minister, Adrian Cioroianu, was engaged in a lengthy debate with reconfirmed President Băsescu, during which time no new ambassadors were appointed in several world capitals.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Prahova County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahova_County"},{"link_name":"2008 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Romanian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"mixed member proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_member_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"electoral colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_college"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svlareved-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svlareved-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilmmsvpolitic-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svoffbio-6"},{"link_name":"Jurnalul Naţional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalul_Na%C5%A3ional"},{"link_name":"Victor Ciutacu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ciutacu"},{"link_name":"Cătălin Avramescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Avramescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lăutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83utari"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gândul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A2ndul"},{"link_name":"Emil Boc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Boc"},{"link_name":"party-list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rolnotoriet-15"},{"link_name":"Andrei Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sava"},{"link_name":"Roberta Alma Anastase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Alma_Anastase"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Sandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Sandu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Academia Caţavencu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Ca%C5%A3avencu"},{"link_name":"Eugen Istodor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Istodor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panglossian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Panglossian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Political candidature","text":"On July 23, 2008, Voinescu published his final Cotidianul column, announcing that he had agreed to run as a PDL candidate for the Chamber of Deputies in his native Prahova County. This was in view of the 2008 legislative election, the first such suffrage in Romania to be based on mixed member proportional representation and electoral colleges. In that article, Voinescu stated: \"I have decided to run [...] in my native city of Ploieşti. The college comprises the neighborhood where I was born, grew up, lived through the first ages of youth and here my parents still live.\"[16] Commenting on his motivation, Voinescu also wrote: \"our politicians are trapped in moral and intellectual darkness which reaches the level of national catastrophe. I enter the arena because I want to bring clarity within the nebula.\"[16]In a 2008 interview with Evenimentul Zilei, he elaborated: \"There are moments in life when one wants to see if one is capable of doing what he requires others to do.\"[3] At the same time, he clarified that his choice to rally with the PDL was motivated by the party representing \"the authentic Right\", and by the National Liberals experiencing \"a temporary drift\", arguing that he found a post-electoral alliance with the Social Democrats \"impossible [and] stinking\", whereas the National Liberal Party had the \"moral obligation\" of joining the PDL in a new coalition.[3] He also pointed out that, although a member of a faction politically allied with Băsescu, he did not intend to placate the latter in his public statements, and criticized his party for resorting to \"suspicious borrowings [and] bizarre additions\" in order to meet the necessary number of candidates.[3] Believed by Evenimentul Zilei to be the natural choice for a PDL Foreign Minister, he spoke in favor of continuing a close cooperation with the United States, and justified Romania's traditional qualms toward Russia.[3] After joining the party, Voinescu became an Administrative Board member for its think tank, the Institute for People Studies.[6]The candidature sparked negative comments from Jurnalul Naţional columnist Victor Ciutacu, who paralleled it with news that journalists Ungureanu and Cătălin Avramescu were also planning to run in elections as PDL affiliates. Although describing Voinescu as \"a coherent journalist\", Ciutacu alleged that all three were basing their actions on their support for Băsescu, and that they were thus comparable to lăutari singers, \"who, depending on how good their showmanship is, are rewarded by the man sitting at the head of the table.\"[17] In contrast, journalists at Gândul concluded that both Voinescu and Avramescu were electoral assets coveted by PDL leader Emil Boc, who, like other public figures from non-politicized areas, could bring help the party earn extra votes in the post-party-list era.[18]Voinescu won the seat in the 10th Electoral College for Prahova County. România Liberă also noted that his constituency was already favorable to the PDL.[15] All other seats in Ploieşti were claimed by PDL members—Andrei Sava and Roberta Alma Anastase as the other two deputies, Gabriel Sandu as senator.[19] In a January 2009 interview with Academia Caţavencu's Eugen Istodor, Voinescu stated his dissatisfaction with the post-election Emil Boc cabinet, founded around a PDL-PSD alliance at the end of failed negotiations between the PDL and the National Liberals. He argued: \"I am not part of any decision structure within the PDL, so there was no reason for me to be asked [what I though about the PSD alliance]. [...] Within the PDL, there is a majority sentiment that it was the best of rationally possible solutions. The party is now in a Panglossian moment. But there also exists a lucid minority which continues to believe that it was not at all the best best of rationally possible solutions.\" He added: \"For my case, of what was said during the campaign, as well as from things before, nothing has changed. I have no reason to believe that the PSD is better now than when it was impeaching the president. [...] The new PSD elite is different from the old one only in the sense that it is more flexible, more versatile, more chameleonic.\"[20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgales-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lgales-21"},{"link_name":"second-term presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Romanian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mircea Geoană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mircea_Geoan%C4%83"},{"link_name":"parapsychological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cristian Preda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Preda"},{"link_name":"Monica Macovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Macovei"},{"link_name":"Sorin Frunzăverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorin_Frunz%C4%83verde"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agridicol-27"},{"link_name":"Honorius Prigoană","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honorius_Prigoan%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agridicol-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpregret-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpregret-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"adjectivization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gloriahotn-28"},{"link_name":"Ioan Oltean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Oltean"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpregret-29"},{"link_name":"Teodor Baconschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Baconschi"},{"link_name":"welfare state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eicperoare-30"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"motion of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"B1 TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1_TV"},{"link_name":"cabinet reshuffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_shuffle"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Elena Udrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Udrea"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotnwscatifea-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotnwscatifea-33"}],"sub_title":"Chamber Secretary and Băsescu's spokesman","text":"Voinescu was confirmed Chamber Secretary in April 2009, after a prolonged dispute within the coalition: although his candidature had been approved on principle by both coalition partners, several PSD and PDL parliamentarians refused to vote in favor during consecutive sessions.[21] The vote was ultimately carried by 154 to 106.[21] In October of the same year, Voinescu also became spokesman for Traian Băsescu's second-term presidential campaign. He was cited in the press stating: \"I accepted this position for at least two reasons, the first being that I am a supporter of Traian Băsescu as a political project and that as both a politician and a citizen I wish to apply all my forces so that Traian Băsescu will win in these elections\".[22] In late November, during the two rounds of voting, Voinescu presented the official PDL viewpoint on the publicized video sample which seemed to show Băsescu punching a child. Voinescu's suggested that the images had been faked by the PDL's political rivals and, in reference to the press' reaction, argued: \"the electoral campaign has fully entered its most despicable stage. Instead of debates between the candidates and letting the citizens decide, in the absence of any other influences, who should be the one to lead the country for the next five years, we have come to discuss a dubious, murky film, promoted on the screens of [media] mogul television stations with an obvious electioneering purpose.\"[23] Following Băsescu's eventual reelection, Voinescu also subjected to public ridicule the claims of various PSD members that their candidate, Mircea Geoană, had been a victim of negative parapsychological techniques, such as \"energy attacks\" and \"violet flame\" power.[24]In January, Voinescu had supported the initiative of fellow junior PDL-ists Cristian Preda and Monica Macovei to reform the PDL from within by imposing new recruitment and internal promotion policies, and also gave backing to Sorin Frunzăverde's suggestion of reconstituting the PDL into a \"People's Party\".[25] Their collective criticism of the Boc leadership was responded to by the Premier, who stated that both Preda and Voinescu needed to attend more party conferences and, through \"clarification\", come to terms with the party line.[26][27] The verdict was reviewed negatively by political scientist Aurelian Giugăl, a critic of the Boc cabinet, who contrasted Boc's statement with the PDL having just welcomed into its ranks the \"pathetic\" nonconformist Honorius Prigoană, and concluded that \"the presidential party\" was only mimicking institutional reform.[27]In early 2010, Voinescu was involved in a publicized polemic with his PDL colleague Cristian Preda, regarding the party's doctrines and the measure of involvement on the part of President Băsescu. The debate was sparked in February by Voinescu's own comments, according to which the PDL needed to emphasize its support for Băsescu's political agenda and, as a consequence, adopt \"a larger measure of Băsescianism\".[28] Preda reacted against the statement on his blog, where the wording used by Voinescu was referred to as \"an unfortunate choice\".[28][29] Preda noted that he partly shared Voinescu's apprehension of \"some PDL practices\".[28][29] He argued instead that there existed an inner-party struggle between old and new PDL members, in which the former category, \"claiming lineage precisely from Traian Băsescu\", could block the newer members out of power.[28] Voinescu, who stated his dissatisfaction at being attacked on Preda's blog, noted: \"I don't know why Cristian Preda wishes at all costs for us to quarrel in public. I have been following his quest for media glory for a while now and I'm bemused. If he has something to tell me, he knows where to find me.\"[28] Discussing the core of Preda's objection, he added: \"I understand that he is annoyed by the political adjectivization of the president's name [as Băsescianism]. That's his business. From what I found out, he says that there's now a need for answers to social issues and not invented words. I cannot believe that a phrase this trite, a phrase so much like a putrid slogan, could have been written down by Cristian Preda.\"[28]In reply, Preda noted \"regretting\" that Voinescu \"has joined the team [of PDL members] who are intimated by public dialogue within the new media\" (a group he identified with PDL activist Ioan Oltean).[29] However, in an October interview with Istodor, Preda suggested that he still identified his own political partisanship with \"the triad\" of Voinescu, Macovei and Teodor Baconschi within a \"collective identity\" of PDL reformists, noting that he rejected the opposition parties as merely \"preservers of the welfare state.\"[30]By then, Voinescu had also joined those PDL politicians who publicly asked for the new Boc executive (formed by the PDL and the Hungarian Democratic Union, with the PSD in opposition) to resign and be replaced with a \"more flexible\" variant, in line with the core electorate's wishes.[31] During summer 2010, when Boc survived a motion of no confidence initiated by the PSD, Voinescu expressed a reserved position on the political consequences. Speaking at the time for B1 TV, he called the referred to the PSD's motion as \"a poorly written lampoon\", but warned that a cabinet reshuffle was in order.[32] In September of that year, Voinescu and Elena Udrea were among those PDL parliamentarians who voted in favor of deposing the Boc cabinet, while others considered a reshuffling option.[33] Voinescu's rationale was that the government policies had managed to erode grassroots support for the PDL, and the defeat of his option was reported by observers as a failure of the PDL's reform-minded wing.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roberta Alma Anastase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Alma_Anastase"},{"link_name":"post-2007 economic slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010"},{"link_name":"public spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_spending"},{"link_name":"social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"},{"link_name":"voting machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_machine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iccjnup-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlplangere-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdvdrplegea-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msdosarul-36"},{"link_name":"malfeasance in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office"},{"link_name":"electoral fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fraud"},{"link_name":"forgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iccjnup-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlplangere-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdvdrplegea-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msdosarul-36"},{"link_name":"Radu Moldovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radu_Moldovan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlplangere-34"},{"link_name":"Mircea Toader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Toader&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdvdrplegea-35"},{"link_name":"absentee ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absentee_ballot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eicperoare-30"},{"link_name":"Radio France Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Şerban Foarţă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerban_Foar%C5%A3%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Dan Voiculescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Voiculescu"},{"link_name":"Intact Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intact_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Sorin Ovidiu Vântu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorin_Ovidiu_V%C3%A2ntu"},{"link_name":"Realitatea-Caţavencu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realitatea-Ca%C5%A3avencu"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintucoup-39"},{"link_name":"putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putsch"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintucoup-39"},{"link_name":"euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Gelsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gelsor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fondul Naţional de Investiţii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fondul_Na%C5%A3ional_de_Investi%C5%A3ii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vintucoup-39"},{"link_name":"Oglinda Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglinda_Television"},{"link_name":"tabloid media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_television"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-critiasalmaata-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romlit27-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpbindragostiti-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmseveraxa-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmseveraxa-43"},{"link_name":"Observator Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observator_Cultural"},{"link_name":"Carmen Muşat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Mu%C5%9Fat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmseveraxa-43"},{"link_name":"Cezar Paul-Bădescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cezar_Paul-B%C4%83descu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpbindragostiti-42"},{"link_name":"România Literară","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia_Literar%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romlit27-41"},{"link_name":"Luceafărul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luceaf%C4%83rul_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-critiasalmaata-40"},{"link_name":"Romanian ethnic minorities parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_ethnic_minorities_parties"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"High Court of Cassation and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iccjnup-2"}],"sub_title":"Anastase scandal and conflict with Vântu","text":"In September 2010, Sever Voinescu became involved in a political controversy, centered on Chamber President Roberta Alma Anastase. The scandal formed part of a national debate on the government-proposed measures to counter the post-2007 economic slump and public spending with right-wing policies, against the opposition-backed social security system. According to media and opposition reports, during the prolonged Chamber vote on the revised Law on Pensions, after opposition representatives had chosen to leave the hall in protest and the voting machine went out of order, Anastase over-counted the number of parliamentarians present in the hall, and PDL legislation was passed against consensus.[2][34][35][36] As a result, the Social Democrats filed a legal complaint, citing malfeasance in office, electoral fraud and forgery.[2][34][35][36]Speaking for his party, PSD deputy Radu Moldovan alleged that the two Chamber leaders had implicitly \"admitted\" the deed they stood accused of, further accusing them of having displayed \"illegal and criminal behavior against 6 million [old age pensioners]\", and calling for the maximum sentence of 15 years in prison.[34] In reply, PDL politicians expressed support for both figures, and argued that there was no proof of illegality in their actions. Early on, PDL Chamber group leader Mircea Toader stated that the chaotic procedures and the presence of unruly deputies around the rostrum meant that CCTV footage of the procedure was inconclusive.[35] Cristian Preda spoke of the voting inaccuracies as \"an error\" on the part of Anastase and Voinescu, claiming that the illegal but allegedly commonplace absentee ballot had rendered unreliable all Chamber attendance reports.[30] In a November interview with Radio France Internationale, Preda elaborated that the party as a whole needed to apologize for the \"embarrassing\" incident, and, while noting that Anastase's removal was not an option, asked Voinescu to present a formal explanation.[37] The scandal reverberated at Dilema Veche, when poet Şerban Foarţă announced that he ceased contributing, not wishing for his name to feature alongside that of Voinescu, \"an unfrequentable character\".[38]During October 2010, Voinescu resumed his political conflict with the anti-Băsescu media outlets: Dan Voiculescu's Intact Media Group and Sorin Ovidiu Vântu's Realitatea-Caţavencu. In a public statement, the deputy accused both \"moguls\" of intending to \"rob the public treasury\" with backing from the PSD, and of staging an intense \"defamation campaign\" against President Băsescu, who would not assist them in deferring formal investigations into their businesses.[39] As a result, Sorin Ovidiu Vântu announced that he was going to file a civil suit against Voinescu, Premier Boc and Elena Udrea, noting that he was not going to tolerate any further accusations that he himself was organizing a putsch (as once stated by Udrea).[39] Vântu reportedly considered requesting 250,000 euro in damages from Voinescu, who had qualified Vântu's 1990s Gelsor-Fondul Naţional de Investiţii investment scheme as a \"mega-confidence trick\" and had alleged that Vântu made a profit withdrawing his assets before the scheme crashed.[39]At the time, Voinescu made controversial live appearances on another private network, Oglinda Television (OTV), which critics, including Voinescu himself, regard as a low-brow enterprise in the realm of tabloid media.[40][41][42][43] In a Dilema Veche piece, Voinescu himself described the station as usually exploring \"the shady and humid underground\" of human expectations; he implied that everyone watches OTV, but that only some will admit it.[43] Reacting to this characterization, Observator Cultural editor Carmen Muşat accused Voinescu of using a questionable media resource to increase Băsescu's exposure, against his own beliefs.[43] TV critic and Dilema colleague Cezar Paul-Bădescu, who describes OTV as \"a station specializing in cadavers and characters on the fringe of humanity\", declared himself puzzled by Voinescu's rationale, but noted: \"maybe [his reasons are] the same ones that prompted president Băsescu to conclude, back in the day, that said channel was frequentable\".[42] Other cultural magazines also reacted negatively to Voinescu's explanation of OTV's secret fan base: România Literară called his analysis \"useless and dangerous\",[41] while Luceafărul took offense from the implication \"that we are all headless beings with morbid inclinations\".[40]In February 2011, Voinescu withdrew from the post of Chamber Secretary, as it was due to fall to a deputy of the Romanian ethnic minorities parties in the ensuing legislative session.[44] In July, the High Court of Cassation and Justice ruled that prosecution in the Voinescu-Anastase case was unwarranted, since the contestants had not contested the vote through parliamentary procedure, as described by Chamber's internal regulations.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Humanitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitas_publishing_house"},{"link_name":"Andrei Pleşu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Ple%C5%9Fu"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Tismăneanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu"},{"link_name":"Editura Curtea Veche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editura_Curtea_Veche"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"détente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"multinational corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"retraining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraining"},{"link_name":"Liviu Ornea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liviu_Ornea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"plagiarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"Yemeni crackdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_al-Qaeda_crackdown"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"metanarrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanarrative"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Vintilă Mihăilescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintil%C4%83_Mih%C4%83ilescu"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"Virginia Zeani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Zeani"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Valeriu Stoica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriu_Stoica"},{"link_name":"Cătălin Avramescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C4%83t%C4%83lin_Avramescu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hanns Seidel Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Focşani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foc%C5%9Fani"},{"link_name":"liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Christian democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy"},{"link_name":"laissez-faire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laissez-faire"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Radu F. Alexandru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radu_F._Alexandru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdpredavoinescu-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpvoinescupreda-57"},{"link_name":"Radu Berceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Berceanu"},{"link_name":"Adriean Videanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriean_Videanu"},{"link_name":"Vasile Blaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Blaga"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpvoinescupreda-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdpredavoinescu-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lpvoinescupreda-57"},{"link_name":"Revista 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_22"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svproectco-58"},{"link_name":"conviction politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction_politics"},{"link_name":"Thatcherite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcherism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svfilonul-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svfilonul-59"},{"link_name":"eponymous party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svproectco-58"}],"sub_title":"Conservative pundit","text":"By 2008, Voinescu's Dilema Veche column was giving significant coverage to American politics, and were noted as a countercritique of Marxist takes on the world crisis,[45] with suggestions that the memory of communism as a \"criminal utopia\" needed to be preserved in unadulterated fashion, for the benefit of future generations.[46] In 2009, he contributed to a Humanitas homage volume for Andrei Pleşu, titled O filozofie a intervalului (\"A Philosophy of the Interval\").[47] Invited by Vladimir Tismăneanu, he was also a contributor to Verso review. His political essay was later included in the anthology Anatomia resentimentului (\"The Anatomy of Resentment\", Editura Curtea Veche, 2010).[48]The renewed contributions in these fields received criticism from various cultural and political reviewers. His severity in reacting to news that Barack Obama was considering a détente with the Taliban was covered, with irony, by Luceafărul magazine. It noted: \"our specialists in the headbutting industry [...] have for a main mental preoccupation the handing of unneeded advice and moral slaps to the world's greatest leaders.\"[49] In commentary he posted on the Voxpublica platform, Voinescu illustrated his defense of capitalism with suggestions that multinational corporations were still hiring, recommending Romanians to seek retraining; these views were criticized as specious and uncompassionate by essayist Liviu Ornea, who suggested that Voinescu's radicalism was even harming the PDL.[50] Voinescu's activity as panelist was touched by another kind of controversy: in August 2010, Voinescu was described in the press as a \"plagiarist\", for a Dilema article on the Yemeni crackdown, which, it was argued, closely resembled a New York Times editorial; Voinescu defended his piece as a metanarrative.[51] One of Voinescu's parables on the crisis issue was ridiculed by Luceafărul, who noted that it made the same point as an earlier contribution by Vintilă Mihăilescu, and concluded that Voinescu was no longer in the habit of actually reading Dilema Veche.[52] Voinescu's other pursuits were in classical culture: an opera fan, he published a 2011 book of interviews with soprano Virginia Zeani, which received positive reviews from music critics.[53]In summer 2011, with fellow pundits Valeriu Stoica and Cătălin Avramescu, Sever Voinescu attended the conference tour on \"Issues of the Romanian Right\", jointly organized by the PDL's Institute for People's Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation. During one such event in Focşani, he and Stoica debated policy: Stoica expressed the belief that PDL, a \"cocktail\" of liberalism, conservatism and Christian democracy, needed to stand united behind Boc's economic measures; contrarily, Voinescu assessed that cabinet ministers less committed to laissez-faire needed to be discarded.[54] Voinescu also had a debate with senator and senior PDL member Radu F. Alexandru. A critic of Băsescu's continued involvement with the PDL, Alexandru spoke out against the reformists' alleged practice of venting out complaints through mass media, but not at party conferences.[55]Shortly after, responding to criticism of Boc's governing practice, Băsescu publicized a reaction to inner PDL conflicts which nominated Voinescu and Preda as factors of disturbance: \"Had I been the involved, the PDL would have been more adroit in its political action. There would have been no PDL politician not to follow the golden rule. We would be discussing these issues on the inside and, once something were set, we would all be abiding by it. No matter if they're named Preda, Sever Voinescu [or] Radu F. Alexandru, they would not be in the party had I been the one running it. Such things display the cowardice of these people. It's easy to issue a statement on TV and then grow in importance\".[56][57] Băsescu added that, instead of focusing on Boc, Voinescu should have spoken out against the \"BVB triad\" of PDL-ists who resist a change of platform: Radu Berceanu, Adriean Videanu and Vasile Blaga.[57] In reply, Voinescu noted that the statement had troubled him, and that he even gave thought to resigning from the PDL.[56][57]Writing in a guest editorial for Revista 22 in September of that year, Voinescu referred to the need for a conservative pole to emerge in modern Romanian politics. His text argues: \"In today's Romania, it is not at all hard to be a liberal or a socialist. What's hard is being a conservative. On another level, in today's Romania it is not at all hard to be an egotist, nor to cement yourself, forevermore, into the condition of a socially-assisted person. What's hard is to be a man of common sense, capable of balancing his own interest against that of others, after taking charge of his own destiny.\"[58] According to Voinescu, there is an untapped electorate that consistently votes against left-wing policies, but is increasingly disenchanted with the effects of right-wing governance, and tacitly supporting any conservative, conviction politics, \"Thatcherite\" solution to Romania's woes.[59] He suggested that its recovery by the PDL would be that party's \"great chance\".[59] Voinescu also argued that old-school Romanian conservatism had been hijacked in the 1990s by Dan Voiculescu's eponymous party: \"Can one imagine a more scandalous usurpation?\"[58]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Romanian_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-predadezac-60"},{"link_name":"Monica Iacob 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sketched out and advanced a proposal for a PDL Code of Conduct, which is supposed to regulate the party's response to criminal charges brought up against its politicians (past cases include Monica Iacob Ridzi or Dan Păsat), in what he described as an effort to increase transparency.[61] On the occasion, Voinescu expressed discontent that the document, although nominally backed by Boc and by Macovei, had failed to gather majority support at earlier party reunions.[61] He supported Băsescu's message to the PDL, which counseled the party to find itself a candidate (and successor to Băsescu) on par with Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher, and reiterated the call for politicians \"of conviction\".[62][63] The reformist group obtained the revision of charters which prevented junior members from running in party elections,[64] but their main motion on party policies was defeated by the PDL's Berceanu-Blaga \"old guard\".[65]Additionally, Voinescu expressed disapproval for some Boc cabinet policies which he sees as deviating from the PDL's right-wing credentials, including the \"pensioners' basket\" welfare program,[66] and publicly called for a radical change of the Romanian Constitution, deeming it \"profoundly flawed\" for what he interprets as a chronic failure to uphold the separation of powers.[67] His endorsement of a project to award the Romanian Orthodox Church a say in the allocation of welfare programs generated criticism among secularist analysts, who commented that it bastardized the concept of social justice and effectively reduced the separation of church and state,[68] or that it offered the Church an inflated role in politics and civil society.[69]A parallel dispute ensued, between Voinescu and Preda: Voinescu is a noted critic of party-list proportional representation and endorses first-past-the-post voting; in contrast, Preda dismisses his colleague's project as \"populist mythology\", arguing that further election reform would do little to address the realities of political corruption.[60] The two figures were opposed by their attitudes on Boc, when Preda, unlike Macovei and Voinescu, chose not to endorse Boc's candidature for a new term as PDL leader.[63] There was also a disagreement between Voinescu and President Băsescu in matters of world politics, after the latter went on record with a claim that Romania's future development depended on a hypothetical United States of Europe federation. Tracing the mixed results of Federal Europe concepts through history, Voinescu replied: \"My personal opinion is that this goal is as beautiful as it is unreachable.\"[70] Voinescu took a middle ground in the disputes between Băsescu and Dilema's Andrei Pleşu, arguing that the President's criticism of his mentor contained \"uninspired metaphors\"—in reaction, anti-Băsescu writer Bedros Horasangian asked: \"How is it that Sever Voinescu [...] can still face up to Andrei Pleşu?\"[71]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labor Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Labor,_Family_and_Social_Protection_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Lăzăroiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_L%C4%83z%C4%83roiu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cddulceotrava-74"},{"link_name":"National Union for the Progress of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_for_the_Progress_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Dan Diaconescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Diaconescu"},{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cddulceotrava-74"},{"link_name":"Mihail Neamţu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Neam%C5%A3u&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Noua Republică","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noua_Republic%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"NATO Parliamentary Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Parliamentary_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvranti-racheta-78"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Euro-Atlantic integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93NATO_relations"},{"link_name":"national missile defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_missile_defense"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvranti-racheta-78"},{"link_name":"spontaneous anti-government protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Romanian_protests"},{"link_name":"Social Liberal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Liberal_Union"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"People's Movement projects and 2012 riots","text":"Speaking in September 2011, Voinescu dismissed criticism of the PDL coming from outgoing Labor Minister Sebastian Lăzăroiu, an independent politician. When asked to reply about Lăzăroiu's alternative proposals that the PDL transform itself into a \"People's Movement\" or perish, Voinescu stated his amusement, and noted: \"I never did preoccupy myself with Mr. Lăzăroiu's prophecies.\"[72] Confronted with speculation that the People's Movement project would attract into its ranks rogue members of the PNL who opposed the PSD alliance, Voinescu replied (in English): \"Too soon to tell!\"[73]Voinescu later returned with more explicit remarks, clarifying that the Movement was a sound project, which could help coagulate the Romanian right.[74] He was also directing criticism toward the PDL's partner in government, the nominally left-wing National Union for the Progress of Romania, arguing that it could not expect to be included in the emerging party: \"rest assured, nobody asked you in.\"[75] In public statements, Voinescu ridiculed the political aspirations of OTV owner Dan Diaconescu and his own People's Party, viewing them as demagogic; he rejected suggestions of an alliance between Diaconescu and the PDL.[74] When Lăzăroiu and Mihail Neamţu launched their own platform, Noua Republică, Voinescu admitted that it could win over a sizable portion of the PDL electorate.[76]In October 2011, Voinescu was head of the Romanian delegation at the NATO Parliamentary Assembly meeting, held in Bucharest.[77][78] In this capacity, he signed the protocol which gave Romanian support for Georgia's Euro-Atlantic integration, and expressed the official viewpoint that Russia had no reason to fear the national missile defense developed in Eastern Europe.[78]As PDL spokesman, Voinescu tackled the spontaneous anti-government protests of January 2012. He suggested that there was \"much to learn\" for his party from the street reaction to the ongoing austerity measures, while also accusing the coalesced opposition, or Social Liberal Union (USL), of trying to capitalize on these events: \"I'm not sure if those gathering in the square would want USL to win the elections.\"[79] He and the party initially rallied behind Premier Boc: Voinescu expressed the viewpoint that popular indignation was not solely aimed at the PDL administration, but at the entire ruling class, and argued that the street demands for early elections were impractical.[80] On February 6, however, he acknowledged Boc's resignation, calling it proof of political responsibility; he also favored continuity in matters of economic policy.[81] During the demonstrations, anti-Voinescu slogans were specifically chanted by the 100 demonstrators gathering in his constituency of Ploieşti.[82]","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_International_University
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Okinawa International University
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["1 Alumni","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°15′43″N 127°45′13″E / 26.26194°N 127.75361°E / 26.26194; 127.75361Okinawa International University (沖縄国際大学, Okinawa kokusai daigaku, often abbreviated as (沖国大 Okikokudai), is a private university in Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1959, and it was chartered as a university in 1972. The current President is Eiken Maetsu.
Alumni
Ryo Kiyuna (born 1990), Japanese karateka
Shukichi Hokama (born 1949), Yonaguni Mayor
External links
Official website
26°15′43″N 127°45′13″E / 26.26194°N 127.75361°E / 26.26194; 127.75361
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Japan
Academics
CiNii
This article on an Okinawa Prefecture institute of higher education or related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Ginowan, Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginowan,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Okinawa International University (沖縄国際大学, Okinawa kokusai daigaku, often abbreviated as (沖国大 Okikokudai), is a private university in Ginowan, Okinawa, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1959, and it was chartered as a university in 1972. The current President is Eiken Maetsu.","title":"Okinawa International University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryo Kiyuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryo_Kiyuna"},{"link_name":"Shukichi Hokama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni"}],"text":"Ryo Kiyuna (born 1990), Japanese karateka\nShukichi Hokama (born 1949), Yonaguni Mayor","title":"Alumni"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_for_one_(business_model)
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One for one
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["1 History","2 Concept","3 References"]
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Business and economics portalvte
One for one (also known as "buy-one give-one") is a social entrepreneurship business model reputedly developed by Blake Mycoskie of TOMS Shoes, in which one needed item is given away for each item purchased.
History
The One for One business model is largely credited to TOMS Shoes. Founded by Blake Mycoskie in 2006, TOMS Shoes donates one pair of shoes to a child in a developing country for each pair sold to consumers. Based on the success of TOMS Shoes, other companies began following the business model. Warby Parker began donating eyeglasses to people in need while companies like Soapbox Soaps and Two Degrees Food employ the model to help with poor hygiene and hunger.
Concept
The One for One model is a viable way to create commercial and social value. A study conducted by Stanford Social Innovation Review stated that trends in consumer behavior that put high values on social issues are a way for companies to leverage their competencies for a social cause. It also showed that market saturation and adoption by larger companies make it more difficult for consumers to differentiate between competing companies and also cause them to question the authenticity of the concept. It was also criticized by Fast Company as only being a band-aid in addressing social change and that companies use it as "selling ego boosts disguised as social change."
References
^ Joyner, April (7 April 2014). "Beyond Buy-One-Give-One Retail". The New Yorker. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ a b c d Marquis, Christopher; Park, Andrew (2014). "Inside the Buy One Give One Model" (PDF). Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
^ Janzer, Cinnamon; Weinstein, Lauren (17 November 2015). "The Buy-One-Give-One Model Might Make You Feel Good, But It Doesn't Make The World Better". Fast Company. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(word)
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Football (word)
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["1 Etymology","2 National usage","2.1 Australia","2.2 Canada","2.3 Caribbean","2.4 Ireland","2.5 New Zealand","2.6 South Africa","2.7 United Kingdom","2.8 United States","3 \"Football\" as a loanword","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 Further reading"]
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Any one of several team sports
The English word football may mean any one of several team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport), depending on the national or regional origin and location of the person using the word; the unqualified use of the word football usually refers to the most popular code of football in that region. The sports most frequently referred to as simply football are association football, American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league football and rugby union football.
Of the 45 national FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, 43 use football in their organisations' official names, while Canada and the United States use soccer. In those two countries, other codes of football are dominant, and soccer is the prevailing term for association football. In 2005, Australia's association football governing body changed its name from soccer to football to align with the general international usage of the term. In 2006, New Zealand decided to follow suit.
There are also many other languages where the common term for association football is phonetically similar to the English term football. (See Names for association football.)
Some of the many different codes of football
Etymology
An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham, Northumberland, England: "Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David". Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a "football game" at Newcastle, County Down, Northern Ireland, being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard. Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham, Norfolk, England: "during the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself".
A French card circa 1750, depicting "Foot Ball"
Although the popularly believed etymology of the word football, or "foot ball", originated in reference to the action of a foot kicking a ball, this may be a false etymology. An alternative explanation has it that the word originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot. These sports were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports more often enjoyed by aristocrats. In some cases, the word has been applied to games which involved carrying a ball and specifically banned kicking. For example, the English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding a game – which Hone refers to as "Foot-Ball" – played in the parish of Scone, Perthshire:
The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it.
Conversely, in 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning "...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games", suggesting that "football" may have been differentiated from games that involved other parts of the body.
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) traces the written use of the word "football" (as "foteballe"), referring to the game, to 1409. The first recorded use of the word to refer to the ball was in 1486, and the first use as a verb in 1599.
The word "soccer" originated as an Oxford "-er" slang abbreviation of "association", and is credited to late nineteenth century English footballer, Charles Wreford-Brown. It has been speculated that both this story and the William Webb Ellis rugby story are apocryphal, however this appears to be a revision of history as the English term "soccer" fell out of favor while England differentiated their language from America's (where the term soccer had become widely used) English in the 20th century due to growing American popularity. The New York Times, published in 1905: "It was a fad at Oxford and Cambridge to use 'er' at the end of many words, such as foot-er, sport-er, and as Association did not take an 'er' easily, it was, and is, sometimes spoken of as Soccer." There is also the sometimes-heard variation, "soccer football".
National usage
Australia
Further information: Football in Australia
Within Australia the term "football" is ambiguous and can mean up to four different codes of football in Australian English, depending on the context, geographical location and cultural factors; this includes soccer, Australian rules football, rugby league and rugby union. In the states of Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania the slang term footy is also used in an unofficial context, while in these states the two rugby football codes are called rugby. There is a different situation in New South Wales, Queensland and ACT, where rugby union or rugby league are most popular, and football can refer to those codes. Australia-wide, soccer is commonly used to describe association football, with this usage going back more than a century, with football gaining traction amongst soccer followers since Soccer Australia was renamed Football Federation Australia in 2005.
Canada
In Canada, football refers to Canadian football or American football, often differentiated as either "CFL" (from the Canadian Football League) or "NFL" (from the US National Football League). Because of the similarity between the games, many people in both countries do not consider the two styles of gridiron football separate sports per se, but rather different codes of the same sport which has a shared origin in the Harvard vs McGill game played in 1874 credited with the creation of this sport. If a Canadian were to say, "My brother plays football in the States", it would be clear from context that American football is meant. Canadian French usage parallels English usage, with le football usually referring to Canadian or American football, and le soccer referring to association football. When there is ambiguity, le football canadien or le football américain is used.
Rugby union football in Canada is almost always referred to simply as "rugby".
Caribbean
In most of the English-speaking Caribbean, "football" and "soccer" are both used to refer to association football, but use of the word "football" is far more common. The exception is the Bahamas, where the term "football" is used exclusively (while not actually in the Caribbean, usage in Bermuda follows that of the Bahamas). The nickname of the Trinidad and Tobago team, "The Soca Warriors", refers to a style of music, not the word soccer.
Ireland
In Ireland, "football" can mean Association football, Gaelic football, or Rugby union.
New Zealand
A haka performed before a match by the All Blacks
New Zealand Football is the governing body for Association football in the country. The term can also be used to refer to rugby league or union, better-known as simply rugby. The slang term footy generally only means either of the two codes of rugby football, while rugby league is traditionally known as rugby league or just league. Usage of the term soccer has gone through a period of transition in recent times as the federation changed its name to New Zealand Football from New Zealand Soccer and the nickname of its women's team to Football Ferns from SWANZ.
South Africa
In South Africa, the word football generally refers to Association football. However, Association football is commonly known as soccer despite this. The domestic first division is the Premier Soccer League and both in conversation and the media (see e.g. The Sowetan or Independent Online), the term "soccer" is used. The stadium used for the final of the 2010 FIFA World Cup was known as Soccer City. Despite this, the country's national association is called the South African Football Association and "football" is mostly used in official contexts.
Rugby union is another popular football code in South Africa, but it is commonly known as just rugby as rugby league has a smaller presence in the country.
United Kingdom
An example of the word soccer used in London in August 2006
The general use of football in the United Kingdom tends to refer to the most popular code of football in the country, which in the cases of England and Scotland is association football. However the term soccer is understood by most as an alternative name for association football. The word soccer was a recognised way of referring to association football in the UK until around the 1970s, when it began to be perceived incorrectly as an Americanism.
For fans who are more interested in other codes of football, within their sporting community, the use of the word football may refer to their own code. However even within such sporting communities an unqualified mention of football would usually be a reference to association football. In its heartlands, rugby league is referred to as either football or just league.
Fans of Gaelic football in Northern Ireland may use football for the sport (see above). Outside the nationalist community in Northern Ireland, Gaelic football is usually known by its full name.
American football is usually known by that name or gridiron, a name made familiar to a wider British audience by Channel 4, when it showed American football on Sunday evenings in the period 1982–1992.
United States
An American football
In the United States, the word football almost exclusively refers to the sport of American football. This is due to the history of American Football originating from versions of rugby football and association football. As in Canada, football is used inclusively of Canadian football with American and Canadian football generally seen as two variants of the same sport. The term "gridiron football" is sometimes used to refer to both games together.
The sport of association football is commonly called "soccer" in the United States. The word derives from "association" – as in The Football Association – in contrast to "rugger", or rugby football. It is English in origin, and caught on in the United States to distinguish the game from the locally better known American football; it also became predominant in other countries where another sport is known as football, such as Australia with Australian rules football. The term was in use in Britain throughout the early 20th century and became especially prominent in the decades after World War II, but by the 1980s British fans had begun avoiding the term, largely because it was erroneously seen as an Americanism.
Both rugby union and rugby league are generally known as rugby. Union is the more commonly played variant in the United States. Rugby league and Gaelic football have very small, albeit growing, numbers of adherents.
"Football" as a loanword
Main article: Names for association football
Many languages use phonetic approximations of the English word "football" for association football. Examples include:
Albanian: futboll
Bengali: ফুটবল (Futbol)
Filipino: futbol
Hungarian : futball
Lithuanian: futbolas
Persian: فوتبال fuwtbal
Russian: футбол futbol
Romanian: fotbal
Spanish: fútbol or futbol
Thai: ฟุตบอล (fút-bon)
Turkish: futbol
This commonality is reflected in the auxiliary languages Esperanto and Interlingua, which utilise futbalo and football, respectively.
These loanwords bear little or no resemblance to the native words for "foot" and "ball". By contrast, some languages have calques of "football": their speakers use equivalent terms that combine their words for "foot" and "ball". An example is the Greek ποδόσφαιρο (podósfero), the Chinese 足球 (zú qíu), or the Estonian jalgpall.
In German, "Football" is a loanword for American football, while the German word Fußball, a calque of "football" (Fuß = "foot", Ball = "ball"), means association football. The same goes for Dutch voetbal (voet = "foot", bal = "ball"), Swedish fotboll (fot = "foot", boll = "ball"), and so on – the words for "foot" and "ball" are very similar in all the Germanic languages. Only two Germanic languages do not use "football" or a calque thereof as their primary word for association football:
Afrikaans — sokker. This echoes the predominant use of "soccer" in South African English.
Icelandic — knattspyrna (knatt- = ball- and spyrna = kicking) is one of the two most common terms; this reflects a tendency to create indigenous words for foreign concepts. However, the calque fótbolti is at least equally common.
The Celtic languages also generally refer to association football with calques of "football" — an example is the Welsh pêl-droed. However, Irish, which like Afrikaans is native to a country where "soccer" is the most common English term for the sport, uses sacar.
See also
Look up football in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Names for association football
Names of Australian rules football
Nuclear football
Political football
Notes and references
^ Soccer to become football in Australia (SMH.com.au. 17 December 2004) "ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football".
^ NZ Football - The Local Name Of The Global Game Archived 22 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006) "The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football".
^ a b Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, "Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature" (The American Historical Review, v. 35, No. 1).
^ Irish inventions: fact and fiction
^
(a.) ICONS Online (commissioned by the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport; no date) "History of Football" Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine;
(b.) Bill Murray (sports historian), quoted by The Sports Factor, 2002, "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport" Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 31 May 2002) and Michael Scott Moore, "Naming the Beautiful Game: It's Called Soccer" (Der Spiegel, 7 June 2006);
(c.) Professional Football Researchers Association (U.S.A.), (no date) "A Freendly Kinde of Fight: The Origins of Football to 1633" Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Access date for all references: 11 February 2007.
^
William Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, "February 15." Archived January 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Access date: March 15, 2007.
^ Derek Baker (England in the Later Middle Ages). 1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-85115-648-4
^ Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287. Ekblom mentions that while he was up at Oxford, Charles Wreford-Brown was asked at breakfast if he was playing rugger "No" he replied "I'm playing soccer" (Granville, 1969, p. 29). Ekblom opinions that like the William Webb Ellis rugby story it is most likely apocryphal.
^ Ekblom (27 July 1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287.
^ "Why do Americans Call It Soccer Instead of Football? Blame England". Time.
^ Baker, William Joseph (1988). Sports in the Western world (revised, illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-252-06042-3.
^ ABS staff (3 December 2009), Feature Article 1: Four games one name, Australian Bureau of Statistics, retrieved 6 September 2016
^ Football in Australia, Australian Government, 2008, archived from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 9 May 2015
^ "14 Jun 1901 - Football. Australian Game. Senior Council Meeting". Trove. 14 June 1901. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^ Gorman, Joe (28 May 2013). "The drive for 'football' to be king in Australia". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^ "Harvard Rugby Football Club : They Picked Up The Ball". Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
^ "THIS DAY IN HISTORY". mcgill.ca. 14 May 2012.
^
The Canadian Soccer Association / L'Association canadienne de soccer Archived 21 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ LCF.ca :: Site Officiel de la Ligue Canadienne de Football(in French)Fédération de soccer du Québec Archived 4 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine(in French)"Le soccer gagne du terrain!" (in French). Société Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2008. (Soccer gains ground!)Sometimes le football and le soccer are interchangeable: "Sport le plus regardé ..., le football ou soccer ..." (Société Radio-Canada)
^ "U2: Put 'em Under Pressure. Republic of Ireland Football Squad. FIFA World Cup song". Retrieved 20 February 2010. Cause Ireland are the greatest football team.
^
"DCU footballers". Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^
McGee, Eugene (10 February 2007). "French invasion of Croker mirrors our historical past". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^
"O'Sullivan wary of Paterson ploy". RTÉ News. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^ "History of Skerries RFC". Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
^ About NZ Football Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Football, 2015. Accessed 22 November 2015.
^
"Maori Personalities in Sport". TeAoHou.natlib.govt.nz. 8 January 2008.
^
"Soccer gets the boot". The Press. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
^
"Football Ferns step out with new name". YellowFever.co.nz. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.
^ Football in South Africa Archived 17 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "History of the game". South African Rugby Union. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^
"South African Rugby League: History". SARugbyLeague.co.za. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.
^ Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287. "Although not so widely used as the term 'football,' in England the term 'soccer' is widely understood. It is not so widely understood in continental Europe or Central and Southern America"
^ Oxford English Dictionary:Soccer "The game of football as played under Association rules." and Rugger "Slang or colloquial alteration of RUGBY (in the sense of 'Rugby football'). Freq. attrib. rugger-tackle"
^ Kuper, Simon; Szymanski, Stefan (2009). Soccernomics. New York: Nation Books. p. 158. ISBN 978-1568584256.
^ a b
Tony Collins. Football, rugby or rugger?, BBC sound recording with written transcript, and a comment in prose by Jonnie Robinson, Curator, English accents and dialects, British Library Sound Archive.
^ Campbell, Denis (8 April 2001). "My team - Derry City: An interview with Martin McGuinness". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ Simon Hart, Chambers pursues old path to gridiron glory, The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 2004
^ Matt Tench, California dreaming Archived 1 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Observer 2 September 2001.
^ "Football entry". Oxford British & world English dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.
^ "Football". Oxford American English dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013.
^ a b Rielly, Edward J. (2009). Football: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 53–55, 285. ISBN 978-0-8032-2630-2. Canadian.
^ Steinberg, Shirley R. (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-313-35081-8.
^ Friedman, Uri (13 June 2014). "Why Americans Call Soccer 'Soccer'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^
Both spellings are used. See also futbol.
Further reading
Steve Boughey Soccer: Alan Shearer in town this week, Auckland Herald on Sunday, 3 October 2006. This article shows how soccer is used for association football in New Zealand and Australia and how Alan Shearer, a former captain of the English association football team, uses the term soccer to avoid confusion while visiting Australia and New Zealand.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"team sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(ball)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"rugby league football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_Association"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Names for association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_for_association_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football4.png"}],"text":"The English word football may mean any one of several team sports (or the ball used in that respective sport), depending on the national or regional origin and location of the person using the word; the unqualified use of the word football usually refers to the most popular code of football in that region. The sports most frequently referred to as simply football are association football, American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby league football and rugby union football.Of the 45 national FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) affiliates in which English is an official or primary language, 43 use football in their organisations' official names, while Canada and the United States use soccer. In those two countries, other codes of football are dominant, and soccer is the prevailing term for association football. In 2005, Australia's association football governing body changed its name from soccer to football to align with the general international usage of the term.[1] In 2006, New Zealand decided to follow suit.[2]There are also many other languages where the common term for association football is phonetically similar to the English term football. (See Names for association football.)Some of the many different codes of football","title":"Football (word)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulgham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulgham"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magoun-3"},{"link_name":"Newcastle, County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shouldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shouldham"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magoun-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Football_gravure_1750.jpg"},{"link_name":"false etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_etymology"},{"link_name":"medieval Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"horse-riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"aristocrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"William Hone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hone"},{"link_name":"Frederick Morton Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Morton_Eden"},{"link_name":"Scone, Perthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Oxford \"-er\" slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_%22-er%22"},{"link_name":"Charles Wreford-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wreford-Brown"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"William Webb Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Webb_Ellis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"An early reference to a ball game that was probably football comes from 1280 at Ulgham, Northumberland, England: \"Henry... while playing at ball.. ran against David\".[3] Football was played in Ireland in 1308, with a documented reference to John McCrocan, a spectator at a \"football game\" at Newcastle, County Down, Northern Ireland, being charged with accidentally stabbing a player named William Bernard.[4] Another reference to a football game comes in 1321 at Shouldham, Norfolk, England: \"during the game at ball as he kicked the ball, a lay friend of his... ran against him and wounded himself\".[3]A French card circa 1750, depicting \"Foot Ball\"Although the popularly believed etymology of the word football, or \"foot ball\", originated in reference to the action of a foot kicking a ball, this may be a false etymology. An alternative explanation has it that the word originally referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot.[5] These sports were usually played by peasants, as opposed to the horse-riding sports more often enjoyed by aristocrats. In some cases, the word has been applied to games which involved carrying a ball and specifically banned kicking. For example, the English writer William Hone, writing in 1825 or 1826, quotes the social commentator Sir Frederick Morton Eden, regarding a game – which Hone refers to as \"Foot-Ball\" – played in the parish of Scone, Perthshire:The game was this: he who at any time got the ball into his hands, run [sic] with it till overtaken by one of the opposite part; and then, if he could shake himself loose from those on the opposite side who seized him, he run on; if not, he threw the ball from him, unless it was wrested from him by the other party, but no person was allowed to kick it.[6] [Emphasis added.]Conversely, in 1363, King Edward III of England issued a proclamation banning \"...handball, football, or hockey; coursing and cock-fighting, or other such idle games\",[7] suggesting that \"football\" may have been differentiated from games that involved other parts of the body.The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) traces the written use of the word \"football\" (as \"foteballe\"), referring to the game, to 1409. The first recorded use of the word to refer to the ball was in 1486, and the first use as a verb in 1599.The word \"soccer\" originated as an Oxford \"-er\" slang abbreviation of \"association\", and is credited to late nineteenth century English footballer, Charles Wreford-Brown.[8] It has been speculated that both this story and the William Webb Ellis rugby story are apocryphal, however this appears to be a revision of history as the English term \"soccer\" fell out of favor while England differentiated their language from America's (where the term soccer had become widely used) English in the 20th century due to growing American popularity.[9] The New York Times, published in 1905: \"It was a fad at Oxford and Cambridge to use 'er' at the end of many words, such as foot-er, sport-er, and as Association did not take an 'er' easily, it was, and is, sometimes spoken of as Soccer.\"[10] There is also the sometimes-heard variation, \"soccer football\".[11]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-12"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"rugby football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"ACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Further information: Football in AustraliaWithin Australia the term \"football\" is ambiguous and can mean up to four different codes of football in Australian English, depending on the context, geographical location and cultural factors; this includes soccer, Australian rules football, rugby league and rugby union.[12] In the states of Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia and Tasmania the slang term footy is also used in an unofficial context, while in these states the two rugby football codes are called rugby. There is a different situation in New South Wales, Queensland and ACT, where rugby union or rugby league are most popular, and football can refer to those codes.[13] Australia-wide, soccer is commonly used to describe association football, with this usage going back more than a century,[14] with football gaining traction amongst soccer followers since Soccer Australia was renamed Football Federation Australia in 2005.[15]","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"gridiron football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Canadian French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_French"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"In Canada, football refers to Canadian football or American football, often differentiated as either \"CFL\" (from the Canadian Football League) or \"NFL\" (from the US National Football League). Because of the similarity between the games, many people in both countries do not consider the two styles of gridiron football separate sports per se, but rather different codes of the same sport which has a shared origin in the Harvard vs McGill game played in 1874 credited with the creation of this sport.[16][17] If a Canadian were to say, \"My brother plays football in the States\", it would be clear from context that American football is meant.[18] Canadian French usage parallels English usage, with le football usually referring to Canadian or American football, and le soccer referring to association football. When there is ambiguity, le football canadien or le football américain is used.[19]Rugby union football in Canada is almost always referred to simply as \"rugby\".","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Soca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soca_music"}],"sub_title":"Caribbean","text":"In most of the English-speaking Caribbean, \"football\" and \"soccer\" are both used to refer to association football, but use of the word \"football\" is far more common. The exception is the Bahamas, where the term \"football\" is used exclusively (while not actually in the Caribbean, usage in Bermuda follows that of the Bahamas). The nickname of the Trinidad and Tobago team, \"The Soca Warriors\", refers to a style of music, not the word soccer.","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"In Ireland, \"football\" can mean Association football,[20] Gaelic football,[21][22] or Rugby union.[23][24]","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Blacks_Haka.jpg"},{"link_name":"haka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka_of_the_All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"rugby football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Football"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newzealand-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"A haka performed before a match by the All BlacksNew Zealand Football is the governing body for Association football in the country.[25] The term can also be used to refer to rugby league or union, better-known as simply rugby.[26] The slang term footy generally only means either of the two codes of rugby football, while rugby league is traditionally known as rugby league or just league. Usage of the term soccer has gone through a period of transition in recent times as the federation changed its name to New Zealand Football from New Zealand Soccer and the nickname of its women's team to Football Ferns from SWANZ.[27][28]","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"The Sowetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sowetan"},{"link_name":"Independent Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Online_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Soccer City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_City"},{"link_name":"South African Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_game-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"In South Africa, the word football generally refers to Association football. However, Association football is commonly known as soccer despite this.[29] The domestic first division is the Premier Soccer League and both in conversation and the media (see e.g. The Sowetan or Independent Online), the term \"soccer\" is used. The stadium used for the final of the 2010 FIFA World Cup was known as Soccer City. Despite this, the country's national association is called the South African Football Association and \"football\" is mostly used in official contexts.Rugby union is another popular football code in South Africa, but it is commonly known as just rugby as rugby league has a smaller presence in the country.[30][31]","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newspaper-soccer.jpg"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC-BBC-SA-35"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC-BBC-SA-35"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ireland"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell-2001-04-08-36"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"An example of the word soccer used in London in August 2006The general use of football in the United Kingdom tends to refer to the most popular code of football in the country, which in the cases of England and Scotland is association football. However the term soccer is understood by most as an alternative name for association football.[32][33] The word soccer was a recognised way of referring to association football in the UK until around the 1970s, when it began to be perceived incorrectly as an Americanism.[34]For fans who are more interested in other codes of football, within their sporting community, the use of the word football may refer to their own code. However even within such sporting communities an unqualified mention of football would usually be a reference to association football.[35] In its heartlands, rugby league is referred to as either football or just league.[35]Fans of Gaelic football in Northern Ireland may use football for the sport (see above).[36] Outside the nationalist community in Northern Ireland, Gaelic football is usually known by its full name.[citation needed]American football is usually known by that name or gridiron,[37] a name made familiar to a wider British audience by Channel 4, when it showed American football on Sunday evenings in the period 1982–1992.[38]","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson_American_football.jpg"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_Football"},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rielly-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rielly-41"},{"link_name":"gridiron football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"\"soccer\" in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"An American footballIn the United States, the word football almost exclusively refers to the sport of American football.[39][40] This is due to the history of American Football originating from versions of rugby football and association football. As in Canada, football is used inclusively of Canadian football[41] with American and Canadian football generally seen as two variants of the same sport.[41] The term \"gridiron football\" is sometimes used to refer to both games together.[42]The sport of association football is commonly called \"soccer\" in the United States. The word derives from \"association\" – as in The Football Association – in contrast to \"rugger\", or rugby football. It is English in origin, and caught on in the United States to distinguish the game from the locally better known American football; it also became predominant in other countries where another sport is known as football, such as Australia with Australian rules football. The term was in use in Britain throughout the early 20th century and became especially prominent in the decades after World War II, but by the 1980s British fans had begun avoiding the term, largely because it was erroneously seen as an Americanism.[43]Both rugby union and rugby league are generally known as rugby. Union is the more commonly played variant in the United States. Rugby league and Gaelic football have very small, albeit growing, numbers of adherents.","title":"National usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Esperanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto"},{"link_name":"Interlingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua"},{"link_name":"loanwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword"},{"link_name":"calques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"South African English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_English"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language"},{"link_name":"Celtic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"}],"text":"Many languages use phonetic approximations of the English word \"football\" for association football. Examples include:Albanian: futboll\nBengali: ফুটবল (Futbol)\nFilipino: futbol\nHungarian : futball\nLithuanian: futbolas\nPersian: فوتبال fuwtbal\nRussian: футбол futbol\nRomanian: fotbal\nSpanish: fútbol or futbol[44]\nThai: ฟุตบอล (fút-bon)\nTurkish: futbolThis commonality is reflected in the auxiliary languages Esperanto and Interlingua, which utilise futbalo and football, respectively.These loanwords bear little or no resemblance to the native words for \"foot\" and \"ball\". By contrast, some languages have calques of \"football\": their speakers use equivalent terms that combine their words for \"foot\" and \"ball\". An example is the Greek ποδόσφαιρο (podósfero), the Chinese 足球 (zú qíu), or the Estonian jalgpall.In German, \"Football\" is a loanword for American football, while the German word Fußball, a calque of \"football\" (Fuß = \"foot\", Ball = \"ball\"), means association football. The same goes for Dutch voetbal (voet = \"foot\", bal = \"ball\"), Swedish fotboll (fot = \"foot\", boll = \"ball\"), and so on – the words for \"foot\" and \"ball\" are very similar in all the Germanic languages. Only two Germanic languages do not use \"football\" or a calque thereof as their primary word for association football:Afrikaans — sokker. This echoes the predominant use of \"soccer\" in South African English.\nIcelandic — knattspyrna (knatt- = ball- and spyrna = kicking) is one of the two most common terms; this reflects a tendency to create indigenous words for foreign concepts. However, the calque fótbolti is at least equally common.The Celtic languages also generally refer to association football with calques of \"football\" — an example is the Welsh pêl-droed. 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'Soccer'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/why-we-call-soccer-soccer/372771"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=football&dict=enes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lema.rae.es/drae/?val=f%C3%BAtbol"},{"link_name":"futbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol"}],"text":"^ Soccer to become football in Australia (SMH.com.au. 17 December 2004) \"ASA chairman Frank Lowy said the symbolic move would bring Australia into line with the vast majority of other countries which call the sport football\".\n\n^ NZ Football - The Local Name Of The Global Game Archived 22 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (NZFootball.co.nz. 27 April 2006) \"The international game is called football and were part of the international game so the game in New Zealand should be called football\".\n\n^ a b Francis Peabody Magoun, 1929, \"Football in Medieval England and Middle-English literature\" (The American Historical Review, v. 35, No. 1).\n\n^ Irish inventions: fact and fiction\n\n^ \n(a.) ICONS Online (commissioned by the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport; no date) \"History of Football\" Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine;\n(b.) Bill Murray (sports historian), quoted by The Sports Factor, 2002, \"Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport\" Archived 11 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Radio National, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 31 May 2002) and Michael Scott Moore, \"Naming the Beautiful Game: It's Called Soccer\" (Der Spiegel, 7 June 2006);\n(c.) Professional Football Researchers Association (U.S.A.), (no date) \"A Freendly Kinde of Fight: The Origins of Football to 1633\" Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Access date for all references: 11 February 2007.\n\n^ \nWilliam Hone, 1825–26, The Every-Day Book, \"February 15.\" Archived January 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Access date: March 15, 2007.\n\n^ Derek Baker (England in the Later Middle Ages). 1995. Boydell & Brewer. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-85115-648-4\n\n^ Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287. Ekblom mentions that while he was up at Oxford, Charles Wreford-Brown was asked at breakfast if he was playing rugger \"No\" he replied \"I'm playing soccer\" (Granville, 1969, p. 29). Ekblom opinions that like the William Webb Ellis rugby story it is most likely apocryphal.\n\n^ Ekblom (27 July 1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287.\n\n^ \"Why do Americans Call It Soccer Instead of Football? Blame England\". Time.\n\n^ Baker, William Joseph (1988). Sports in the Western world (revised, illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-252-06042-3.\n\n^ ABS staff (3 December 2009), Feature Article 1: Four games one name, Australian Bureau of Statistics, retrieved 6 September 2016\n\n^ Football in Australia, Australian Government, 2008, archived from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 9 May 2015\n\n^ \"14 Jun 1901 - Football. Australian Game. Senior Council Meeting\". Trove. 14 June 1901. Retrieved 5 April 2015.\n\n^ Gorman, Joe (28 May 2013). \"The drive for 'football' to be king in Australia\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2016.\n\n^ \"Harvard Rugby Football Club : They Picked Up The Ball\". Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.\n\n^ \"THIS DAY IN HISTORY\". mcgill.ca. 14 May 2012.\n\n^ \nThe Canadian Soccer Association / L'Association canadienne de soccer Archived 21 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ LCF.ca :: Site Officiel de la Ligue Canadienne de Football(in French)Fédération de soccer du Québec Archived 4 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine(in French)\"Le soccer gagne du terrain!\" (in French). Société Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2008. (Soccer gains ground!)Sometimes le football and le soccer are interchangeable: \"Sport le plus regardé ..., le football ou soccer ...\" (Société Radio-Canada)\n\n^ \"U2: Put 'em Under Pressure. Republic of Ireland Football Squad. FIFA World Cup song\". Retrieved 20 February 2010. Cause Ireland are the greatest football team.\n\n^ \n\"DCU footballers\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.\n\n^ \nMcGee, Eugene (10 February 2007). \"French invasion of Croker mirrors our historical past\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2008.\n\n^ \n\"O'Sullivan wary of Paterson ploy\". RTÉ News. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.\n\n^ \"History of Skerries RFC\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2008.\n\n^ About NZ Football Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, New Zealand Football, 2015. Accessed 22 November 2015.\n\n^ \n\"Maori Personalities in Sport\". TeAoHou.natlib.govt.nz. 8 January 2008.\n\n^ \n\"Soccer gets the boot\". The Press. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2008.\n\n^ \n\"Football Ferns step out with new name\". YellowFever.co.nz. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.\n\n^ Football in South Africa Archived 17 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"History of the game\". South African Rugby Union. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.\n\n^ \n\"South African Rugby League: History\". SARugbyLeague.co.za. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.\n\n^ Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287. \"Although not so widely used as the term 'football,' in England the term 'soccer' is widely understood. It is not so widely understood in continental Europe or Central and Southern America\"\n\n^ Oxford English Dictionary:Soccer \"The game of football as played under Association rules.\" and Rugger \"Slang or colloquial alteration of RUGBY (in the sense of 'Rugby football'). Freq. attrib. rugger-tackle\"\n\n^ Kuper, Simon; Szymanski, Stefan (2009). Soccernomics. New York: Nation Books. p. 158. ISBN 978-1568584256.\n\n^ a b \nTony Collins. Football, rugby or rugger?, BBC sound recording with written transcript, and a comment in prose by Jonnie Robinson, Curator, English accents and dialects, British Library Sound Archive.\n\n^ Campbell, Denis (8 April 2001). \"My team - Derry City: An interview with Martin McGuinness\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.\n\n^ Simon Hart, Chambers pursues old path to gridiron glory, The Daily Telegraph, 20 March 2004\n\n^ Matt Tench, California dreaming Archived 1 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Observer 2 September 2001.\n\n^ \"Football entry\". Oxford British & world English dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Football\". Oxford American English dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013.\n\n^ a b Rielly, Edward J. (2009). Football: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 53–55, 285. ISBN 978-0-8032-2630-2. Canadian.\n\n^ Steinberg, Shirley R. (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-313-35081-8.\n\n^ Friedman, Uri (13 June 2014). \"Why Americans Call Soccer 'Soccer'\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 April 2018.\n\n^ \nBoth spellings are used.[1][2] See also futbol.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccer: Alan Shearer in town this week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzherald.co.nz/section/4/story.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10404048"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Herald on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald#Herald_on_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Alan Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shearer"}],"text":"Steve Boughey Soccer: Alan Shearer in town this week, Auckland Herald on Sunday, 3 October 2006. This article shows how soccer is used for association football in New Zealand and Australia and how Alan Shearer, a former captain of the English association football team, uses the term soccer to avoid confusion while visiting Australia and New Zealand.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Some of the many different codes of football","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Football4.png/225px-Football4.png"},{"image_text":"A French card circa 1750, depicting \"Foot Ball\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Football_gravure_1750.jpg/220px-Football_gravure_1750.jpg"},{"image_text":"A haka performed before a match by the All Blacks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/All_Blacks_Haka.jpg/220px-All_Blacks_Haka.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of the word soccer used in London in August 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Newspaper-soccer.jpg/220px-Newspaper-soccer.jpg"},{"image_text":"An American football","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wilson_American_football.jpg/220px-Wilson_American_football.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/football"},{"title":"Names for association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_for_association_football"},{"title":"Names of Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Australian_rules_football"},{"title":"Nuclear football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_football"},{"title":"Political football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_football"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IA4DIgY_cqoC&pg=PA1","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780632033287","url_text":"9780632033287"}]},{"reference":"Ekblom (27 July 1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IA4DIgY_cqoC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780632033287","url_text":"9780632033287"}]},{"reference":"\"Why do Americans Call It Soccer Instead of Football? Blame England\". Time.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/5335799/soccer-word-origin-england/","url_text":"\"Why do Americans Call It Soccer Instead of Football? Blame England\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, William Joseph (1988). Sports in the Western world (revised, illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-252-06042-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rkuAiv3LoR4C&dq=%22soccer+Football%22&pg=PA119","url_text":"119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06042-3","url_text":"0-252-06042-3"}]},{"reference":"ABS staff (3 December 2009), Feature Article 1: Four games one name, Australian Bureau of Statistics, retrieved 6 September 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4156.0.55.001Feature+Article1May%202009","url_text":"Feature Article 1: Four games one name"}]},{"reference":"Football in Australia, Australian Government, 2008, archived from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 9 May 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093930/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/football-in-australia","url_text":"Football in Australia"},{"url":"http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/football-in-australia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"14 Jun 1901 - Football. Australian Game. Senior Council Meeting\". Trove. 14 June 1901. Retrieved 5 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article24752752","url_text":"\"14 Jun 1901 - Football. Australian Game. Senior Council Meeting\""}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Joe (28 May 2013). \"The drive for 'football' to be king in Australia\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/may/28/football-soccer-debate-in-australia","url_text":"\"The drive for 'football' to be king in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harvard Rugby Football Club : They Picked Up The Ball\". Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130612171338/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/rugby/articles/they-picked-up-the-ball/","url_text":"\"Harvard Rugby Football Club : They Picked Up The Ball\""},{"url":"http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/rugby/articles/they-picked-up-the-ball/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"THIS DAY IN HISTORY\". mcgill.ca. 14 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcgill.ca/channels/news/date-history-first-football-game-was-may-14-1874-106694","url_text":"\"THIS DAY IN HISTORY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le soccer gagne du terrain!\" (in French). Société Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606162108/http://archives.radio-canada.ca/sports/soccer/dossiers/1831/","url_text":"\"Le soccer gagne du terrain!\""},{"url":"http://archives.radio-canada.ca/sports/soccer/dossiers/1831/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U2: Put 'em Under Pressure. Republic of Ireland Football Squad. FIFA World Cup song\". Retrieved 20 February 2010. Cause Ireland are the greatest football team.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u2tour.de/discographie/lyrics/Put_em_Under_Pressure.html","url_text":"\"U2: Put 'em Under Pressure. Republic of Ireland Football Squad. FIFA World Cup song\""}]},{"reference":"\"DCU footballers\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208172959/http://www.dcu.ie/alumni/summer02/p30.html","url_text":"\"DCU footballers\""},{"url":"http://www.dcu.ie/alumni/summer02/p30.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGee, Eugene (10 February 2007). \"French invasion of Croker mirrors our historical past\". Irish Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-football/french-invasion-of-croker-mirrors-our-historical-past-54234.html","url_text":"\"French invasion of Croker mirrors our historical past\""}]},{"reference":"\"O'Sullivan wary of Paterson ploy\". RTÉ News. 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080229145946/http://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/sixnations/2008/0220/osullivane.html","url_text":"\"O'Sullivan wary of Paterson ploy\""},{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/sixnations/2008/0220/osullivane.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Skerries RFC\". Archived from the original on 19 November 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071119010636/http://skerriesrfc.ie/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Skerries RFC\""},{"url":"http://www.skerriesrfc.ie/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maori Personalities in Sport\". TeAoHou.natlib.govt.nz. 8 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://teaohou.natlib.govt.nz/teaohou/issue/Mao04TeA/c53.html","url_text":"\"Maori Personalities in Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soccer gets the boot\". The Press. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044530/http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/thepress/4053983a6429.html","url_text":"\"Soccer gets the boot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press","url_text":"The Press"},{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/thepress/4053983a6429.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football Ferns step out with new name\". YellowFever.co.nz. 10 May 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081021203043/http://www.yellowfever.co.nz/show-news.asp?ID=804","url_text":"\"Football Ferns step out with new name\""},{"url":"http://www.yellowfever.co.nz/show-news.asp?ID=804","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the game\". South African Rugby Union. Archived from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sarugby.co.za/content.aspx?contentid=7535","url_text":"\"History of the game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160321142228/http://www.sarugby.co.za/content.aspx?contentid=7535","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South African Rugby League: History\". SARugbyLeague.co.za. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004181754/http://www.sarugbyleague.co.za/history.htm","url_text":"\"South African Rugby League: History\""},{"url":"http://www.sarugbyleague.co.za/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ekblom, Björn (1994). Handbook of sports medicine and science. Football (soccer). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. ISBN 9780632033287.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IA4DIgY_cqoC&pg=PA1","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780632033287","url_text":"9780632033287"}]},{"reference":"Kuper, Simon; Szymanski, Stefan (2009). Soccernomics. New York: Nation Books. p. 158. ISBN 978-1568584256.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soccernomicswhye00kupe_0/page/158","url_text":"Soccernomics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soccernomicswhye00kupe_0/page/158","url_text":"158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568584256","url_text":"978-1568584256"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Denis (8 April 2001). \"My team - Derry City: An interview with Martin McGuinness\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071209213349/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0%2C%2C468041%2C00.html","url_text":"\"My team - Derry City: An interview with Martin McGuinness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,468041,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football entry\". Oxford British & world English dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121226052430/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/football?q=football","url_text":"\"Football entry\""},{"url":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/football?q=Football","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football\". Oxford American English dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130131085417/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/football?q=Football","url_text":"\"Football\""},{"url":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/football?region=us&q=Football","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rielly, Edward J. (2009). Football: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 53–55, 285. ISBN 978-0-8032-2630-2. Canadian.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/footballencyclop0000riel","url_text":"Football: An Encyclopedia of Popular Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press","url_text":"University of Nebraska Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/footballencyclop0000riel/page/53","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2630-2","url_text":"978-0-8032-2630-2"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, Shirley R. (17 June 2010). Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-313-35081-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnSBRxsjn_4C&q=%22North+American+football%22&pg=PA157","url_text":"Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35081-8","url_text":"978-0-313-35081-8"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_(2021_film)
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Tina (film)
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["1 Synopsis","2 Production","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
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2021 documentary film about Tina Turner
TinaTelevision release posterDirected by
Dan Lindsay
T. J. Martin
Produced by
Diane Becker
Jonathan Chinn
Simon Chinn
StarringTina TurnerCinematography
Dimitri Karakatsansis
Megan Stacey
Edited by
Taryn Gould
Carter Gunn
T. J. Martin
Music by
Danny Bensi
Saunder Jurriaans
Productioncompanies
HBO Documentary Films
Lightbox Entertainment
Distributed by
HBO (United States)
Altitude Film Distribution
Sky Documentaries (United Kingdom and Ireland)
Release dates
March 2, 2021 (2021-03-02) (Berlinale)
March 27, 2021 (2021-03-27) (United States)
March 28, 2021 (2021-03-28) (United Kingdom)
Running time118 minutesCountries
United States
United Kingdom
LanguageEnglishBox office$241,581
Tina is a 2021 documentary film directed by Dan Lindsay and T. J. Martin. It follows the life and career of musician Tina Turner. The film marked the final appearance of Turner before her death on May 24, 2023.
A world premiere was held at the Berlin International Film Festival on March 2, 2021. It was released in the United States on March 27, 2021, by HBO, and in the United Kingdom on March 28, 2021, by Altitude Film Distribution.
Synopsis
The film follows the life and career of musician Tina Turner, with Turner appearing in the film alongside Angela Bassett, Oprah Winfrey, Kurt Loder, Katori Hall, Erwin Bach, Carl Arrington, Jimmy Thomas, Le'Juene Fletcher, Rhonda Graam, Roger Davies and Terry Britten.
In a March 2021 interview with Today, Turner described the film as a parallel story to her memoir Happiness Becomes You, which was released in December 2020 by Atria Books. The film is dedicated to Tina Turner's son Craig Turner and to Rhonda Graam who was Tina Turner's close friend, road manager and personal assistant for over 45 years.
Production
In May 2018, it was announced Dan Lindsay and T.J. Martin would direct the film, with Tina Turner set to participate with Altitude Film Distribution set to distribute in the United Kingdom.
Release
Tina had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on March 2, 2021. It was released in the United States on March 27, 2021, by HBO. The film drew 1.1 million viewers, the best ratings for an HBO documentary since Leaving Neverland (2019), which had 1.3 million viewers tune into part one. It was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on March 28, 2021, by Altitude Film Distribution, and simulcast on Sky Documentaries. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the documentary elsewhere.
Reception
Upon its premiere at the 2021 Berlin Film Festival, the film received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 92% of 86 reviews of the film were positive, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's consensus reads, "Tina recounts the ups and downs of the singer's life with startling candor and insight, providing an inspiring testament to resilience."
Reportedly, Turner's son Ronnie Turner and his wife Afida Turner felt the film was "well done" in that it "credited Ike for his success as a singer-songwriter." The couple, as well as Turner's adopted sons Ike Turner Jr. and Michael Turner, were disappointed that her sons were not asked to be involved in the film and it didn't examine Turner's estranged relationship with her children.
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2021
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special
Nancy Abraham, Erwin Bach, Lisa Heller, Tali Pelman, Simon Chinn, Jonathan Chinn and Diane Becker
Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Documentary/Nonfiction Program
Dan Lindsay and T. J. Martin
Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Nonfiction or Reality Program (Single or Multi-Camera)
Lawrence Everson and Phil McGowan
Nominated
References
^ a b c Ramachandran, Naman (10 February 2021). "Tina Turner Doc to Bow on HBO in the U.S., Universal, Altitude to Release Theatrically". Variety. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ "Tina". HBO. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ "Tina (2021)". The Numbers. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ "Berlin International Film Festival Press Dossier" (PDF). Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ Abrahamson, Rachel Paula (March 4, 2021). "Tina Turner Shares Her Secrets For Being Truly Happy". Today.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
^ Wiseman, Andreas (May 4, 2018). "Tina Turner Doc Heads To Cannes With 'Whitney' Producers & 'Undefeated' Directors". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ Grater, Tom (February 11, 2021). "Berlinale Unveils Competition Line-Up: New Pics From Daniel Bruhl, Celine Sciamma, Radu Jude, Xavier Beauvois & Hong Sang-soo". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ White, Peter (February 10, 2021). "HBO's Tina Turner Feature Doc To Debut This Spring; Universal Pictures Content Group Takes World Rights". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
^ SMITH, DYLAN (March 31, 2021). "HBO's Tina Turner Documentary Draws an Impressive 1.1 Million Viewers — Best Ratings Since 'Leaving Neverland'". Digitalmusicnews. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
^ "Tina". Film Distributors Association. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ "Tina to premiere at Berlinale Special (Berlin International Film Festival)". Lightbox. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
^ "Tina (2021)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Roberto, Melissa (April 13, 2021). "Tina Turner documentary fails to examine her absence as a mother, source says: 'She doesn't speak to anybody'". Fox News. Retrieved 2021-04-14.
^ "Tina". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
External links
Official website
Tina at IMDb
Tina at Rotten Tomatoes
vteTina TurnerStudio albums
Tina Turns the Country On!
Acid Queen
Rough
Love Explosion
Private Dancer
Break Every Rule
Foreign Affair
Wildest Dreams
Twenty Four Seven
Live albums
Tina Live in Europe
VH1 Divas Live '99
Tina Live
Soundtracks
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
What's Love Got to Do with It
Compilation albums
Simply the Best
The Collected Recordings: Sixties to Nineties
All the Best
Tina!
Love Songs
Queen of Rock 'n' Roll
Singles
"Baby, Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
"Under My Thumb"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
"Back Stabbers"
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Boxtop"
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Videography
One Last Time Live in Concert
All the Best: The Live Collection
Tina Live
Tours
Private Dancer Tour
Break Every Rule World Tour
Foreign Affair: The Farewell Tour
What's Love? Tour
Wildest Dreams Tour
Twenty Four Seven Tour
Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs written
Awards
Ike & Tina Turner
Ike & Tina Turner discography
I, Tina
What's Love Got to Do with It
Tina (musical)
Tina (documentary)
Bolic Sound
vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Television Documentary or Special
If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise (2011)
The Wiz Live! (2016)
Lemonade / Time: The Kalief Browder Story (2017)
The Defiant Ones (2018)
Surviving R. Kelly (2019)
The Last Dance (2020)
Tina (2021)
We Need to Talk About Cosby (2022)
Dear Mama (2023)
|
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Martin would direct the film, with Tina Turner set to participate with Altitude Film Distribution set to distribute in the United Kingdom.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Leaving Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Neverland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Altitude Film Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude_Film_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Sky Documentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Documentaries"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uni-1"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uni-1"}],"text":"Tina had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival on March 2, 2021.[7] It was released in the United States on March 27, 2021, by HBO.[8] The film drew 1.1 million viewers, the best ratings for an HBO documentary since Leaving Neverland (2019), which had 1.3 million viewers tune into part one.[9] It was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on March 28, 2021, by Altitude Film Distribution, and simulcast on Sky Documentaries.[10][1] Universal Pictures Home Entertainment distributed the documentary elsewhere.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 Berlin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Afida Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afida_Turner"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Upon its premiere at the 2021 Berlin Film Festival, the film received positive reviews from critics.[11] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 92% of 86 reviews of the film were positive, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's consensus reads, \"Tina recounts the ups and downs of the singer's life with startling candor and insight, providing an inspiring testament to resilience.\"[12]Reportedly, Turner's son Ronnie Turner and his wife Afida Turner felt the film was \"well done\" in that it \"credited Ike for his success as a singer-songwriter.\" The couple, as well as Turner's adopted sons Ike Turner Jr. and Michael Turner, were disappointed that her sons were not asked to be involved in the film and it didn't examine Turner's estranged relationship with her children.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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Retrieved March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.today.com/popculture/tina-turner-shares-her-secrets-being-truly-happy-t210635","url_text":"\"Tina Turner Shares Her Secrets For Being Truly Happy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210306212449/https://www.today.com/popculture/tina-turner-shares-her-secrets-being-truly-happy-t210635","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Andreas (May 4, 2018). \"Tina Turner Doc Heads To Cannes With 'Whitney' Producers & 'Undefeated' Directors\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/05/tina-turner-doc-heads-to-cannes-with-whitney-producers-undefeated-directors-1202382158/","url_text":"\"Tina Turner Doc Heads To Cannes With 'Whitney' Producers & 'Undefeated' Directors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214032833/https://deadline.com/2018/05/tina-turner-doc-heads-to-cannes-with-whitney-producers-undefeated-directors-1202382158/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grater, Tom (February 11, 2021). \"Berlinale Unveils Competition Line-Up: New Pics From Daniel Bruhl, Celine Sciamma, Radu Jude, Xavier Beauvois & Hong Sang-soo\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/02/berlinale-unveils-competition-line-up-follow-live-1234692026/","url_text":"\"Berlinale Unveils Competition Line-Up: New Pics From Daniel Bruhl, Celine Sciamma, Radu Jude, Xavier Beauvois & Hong Sang-soo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210214001149/https://deadline.com/2021/02/berlinale-unveils-competition-line-up-follow-live-1234692026/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (February 10, 2021). \"HBO's Tina Turner Feature Doc To Debut This Spring; Universal Pictures Content Group Takes World Rights\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/02/hbo-tina-turner-feature-documentary-sets-premiere-1234690840/","url_text":"\"HBO's Tina Turner Feature Doc To Debut This Spring; Universal Pictures Content Group Takes World Rights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210210195257/https://deadline.com/2021/02/hbo-tina-turner-feature-documentary-sets-premiere-1234690840/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"SMITH, DYLAN (March 31, 2021). \"HBO's Tina Turner Documentary Draws an Impressive 1.1 Million Viewers — Best Ratings Since 'Leaving Neverland'\". Digitalmusicnews. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/03/31/tina-turner-documentary-ratings/","url_text":"\"HBO's Tina Turner Documentary Draws an Impressive 1.1 Million Viewers — Best Ratings Since 'Leaving Neverland'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210331214142/https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2021/03/31/tina-turner-documentary-ratings/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tina\". Film Distributors Association. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmdistributorsassociation.com/release-schedule/past-present-and-future-releases/","url_text":"\"Tina\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210114220122/https://filmdistributorsassociation.com/release-schedule/past-present-and-future-releases/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tina to premiere at Berlinale Special (Berlin International Film Festival)\". Lightbox. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lightboxent.com/2021/02/11/tina-to-premiere-at-berlinale-special-berlin-international-film-festival/","url_text":"\"Tina to premiere at Berlinale Special (Berlin International Film Festival)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tina (2021)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tina","url_text":"\"Tina (2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"Roberto, Melissa (April 13, 2021). \"Tina Turner documentary fails to examine her absence as a mother, source says: 'She doesn't speak to anybody'\". Fox News. Retrieved 2021-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/tina-turner-hbo-documentary-fails-absence-mother-source","url_text":"\"Tina Turner documentary fails to examine her absence as a mother, source says: 'She doesn't speak to anybody'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tina\". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/tina","url_text":"\"Tina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Whittaker
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Jodie Whittaker
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2017–2022: Doctor Who","2.3 2023–present","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Stage","4.4 Radio and podcast","4.5 Video games","4.6 Music videos","5 Discography","6 Awards and nominations","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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English actress (born 1982)
Jodie WhittakerJodie Whittaker at GalaxyCon Columbus in 2022BornJodie Auckland Whittaker (1982-06-17) 17 June 1982 (age 42)Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire, EnglandAlma materGuildhall School of Music and DramaOccupationActressYears active2005–presentNotable credit(s)Doctor Who (2017–22)Broadchurch (2013–2017)Black Mirror (2011)Spouse
Christian Contreras (m. 2008)Children2
Jodie Whittaker's voice
from the BBC Radio 4 programme Front Row, 5 October 2018
Signature
Jodie Auckland Whittaker (born 17 June 1982) is an English actress, best known for her roles in television as the Thirteenth Doctor in Doctor Who (2017–2022) and Beth Latimer in Broadchurch (2013–2017).
She came to prominence in her 2006 feature film debut Venus, for which she received British Independent Film Award and Satellite Award nominations. She was later praised for her roles in the cult science fiction film Attack the Block (2011) and the Black Mirror episode "The Entire History of You" (2011).
In 2017, the BBC announced that Whittaker would be the thirteenth lead actor to play the Doctor in Doctor Who. She formally assumed the role from Peter Capaldi in "Twice Upon a Time". Whittaker appeared in her first full series in the eleventh series, which premiered in 2018. She continued in the role in the twelfth series in 2020 and thirteenth series in 2021. She stepped down after three special episodes in 2022, alongside showrunner Chris Chibnall.
Early life
Jodie Auckland Whittaker was born on 17 June 1982 in Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire. She is the second child and only daughter of Yvonne (née Auckland) and Adrian Whittaker. She attended Scissett Middle School and Shelley High School before training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2005 with an acting gold medal.
Career
Early career
Whittaker made her professional debut in The Storm at Shakespeare's Globe in 2005. She has since worked in film, television, radio and theatre. In 2007, she stood in at short notice for an unwell Carey Mulligan in the Royal Court's production of The Seagull, and appeared in a fundraising play at the Almeida Theatre.
In Whittaker's first major role, she co-starred as Jessie in the film Venus (2006), receiving British Independent Film Award and Satellite Award nominations. Her radio credits at that time included a 2008 adaptation of Blinded by the Sun by Stephen Poliakoff and playing Lydia Bennett in Unseen Austen, an original drama by Judith French. In 2009, she worked on the films Ollie Kepler's Expanding Purple World and Perrier's Bounty, as well as the BBC Two drama Royal Wedding and the short film Wish 143, which was nominated for Best Live Action Short Film at the 83rd Academy Awards.Whittaker at the 2014 British Independent Film AwardsIn the early 2010s, Whittaker co-starred in the anthology series Accused (2010) and the adaptation of Sarah Waters's novel The Night Watch, followed by the role of Ffion in the Black Mirror episode "The Entire History of You". In film, she starred in the cult science fiction comedy horror Attack the Block, as well as in projects like The Kid (2010), One Day (2011), Hello Carter (2013) and Good Vibrations (2013). She also returned to the stage in the contemporary staging of the classic Greek tragedy Antigone, playing the title role opposite Christopher Eccleston as Creon.
In 2014, she appeared as Sandra Grimes in the reality-based spy drama miniseries The Assets and as Anna in the BAFTA-nominated short film Emotional Fusebox, later reprising the role in its feature-length version, Adult Life Skills, and earning nominations in the Best Actress category at both the British Independent Film Awards and the National Film Awards. She also took one of the lead roles in the hit ITV crime drama Broadchurch (2013–2017) and the four-part BBC One medical drama Trust Me (2017).
2017–2022: Doctor Who
On 16 July 2017, Whittaker was announced as the Thirteenth Doctor in the science fiction television series Doctor Who; she is the first woman to play the character of the Doctor. She had previously worked with incoming Doctor Who showrunner Chris Chibnall on Broadchurch. She admitted that she had to "tell a lot of lies" after being cast to keep the information secret and used the codeword "Clooney" when talking about the role. Whittaker kept her mother in "the inner circle" regarding knowledge of the role, as her father, Adrian, "would have the ability to tell the world".
She urged fans not to be afraid of her gender, saying "Doctor Who represents everything that's exciting about change. The fans have lived through so many changes, and this is only a new, different one, not a fearful one." Chibnall said that he always wanted a woman for the part and that Whittaker was their first choice.Whittaker at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con promoting Doctor Who
Reaction to Whittaker's casting was mostly positive, although a "sizeable minority" was unhappy. Some said that a female Doctor would be a good role model for young girls, while others felt the Doctor was only ever meant to be male, or criticised the casting as an exercise in political correctness. Whittaker debuted in the 2017 Christmas special "Twice Upon a Time".
In November 2018, the BBC confirmed that the twelfth series, Whittaker's second series, began production. Whittaker returned for the thirteenth series, and also voiced the Doctor in the 2022 BBC Sounds podcast Doctor Who: Redacted. She departed the programme following the series and three associated specials in 2022.
2023–present
In February 2023, a press release indicated that Whittaker was filming for a six-part Australian drama series One Night for Paramount+. The series was released on Paramount+ in Australia on September 1 2023 and in the UK and Ireland on November 24 2023. In April 2023, it was announced that she would star alongside Bella Ramsey and Siobhan Finneran in the second series of the BBC prison drama Time and that filming would start in the spring of 2023 in and around Liverpool. The series premiered on BBC One in October 2023. In August 2023, Whittaker joined the main cast of the Netflix limited series Toxic Town, based on the Corby toxic waste case.
Personal life
Whittaker met Christian Contreras, a Belizean-American actor and writer, in drama school, and they married in Arizona in 2008. She gave birth to their daughter in April 2015, and had their second child in 2022. As of 2018, they reside in London.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2006
Venus
Jessie
2007
St Trinian's
Beverly
2008
Good
Anne Hartman
2009
White Wedding
Rose
Thrush
Ruby's Friend
Short film
Swansong: Story of Occi Byrne
Bridget Byrne
Roar
Eva
Short film
Perrier's Bounty
Brenda
Wish 143
Maggie
Short film
Mr. Dorothy
Mitch's Wife
St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold
Beverly
2010
The Kid
Jackie
Ollie Kepler's Expanding Purple World
Noreen Stokes
2011
Attack the Block
Samantha Adams
Two Minutes
Juliette
Short film
One Day
Tilly
A Thousand Kisses Deep
Mia Selva
Also video operator
Hello Carter
Susie
Short film
2012
Ashes
Ruth
Dust
Jessica's Mum
Short film
Smoke
Woman
2013
Hello Carter
Jenny
Spike Island
Suzanne
Good Vibrations
Ruth
2014
Get Santa
Alison
Emotional Fusebox
Anna
Short film
Black Sea
Chrissy
2016
Adult Life Skills
Anna
Also executive producer
2017
Journeyman
Emma
2018
Untitled
Mary
Short film
2019
Rachel
Rachel
2022
Type
Franny (voice)
2024
That Christmas
Mrs. Williams (voice)
Television
Key
†
Denotes productions that have not yet been released
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2006
The Afternoon Play
Sam
Episode: "The Last Will and Testament of Billy Two-Sheds"
Doctors
Louise Clancy
Episode: "Ignorance Is Bliss"
Dalziel and Pascoe
Kirsty Richards
Episode: "Fallen Angel"
2007
This Life + 10
Clare
Television film
2008
Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Izz Huett
3 episodes
Wired
Louise Evans
3 episodes
The Shooting of Thomas Hurndall
Sophie
Television film
Consuming Passion: 100 Years of Mills & Boon
Mary Boon
2009
Return to Cranford
Peggy Bell
2 episodes
2010
Accused
Emma Croft
Episode: "Liam's Story"
Royal Wedding
Linda Caddock
Television film
2011
Marchlands
Ruth Bowen
5 episodes
Black Mirror
Ffion
Episode: "The Entire History of You"
The Night Watch
Vivian Pearce
Television film
2013–2017
Broadchurch
Beth Latimer
24 episodes
2014
The Assets
Sandy Grimes
8 episodes
The Smoke
Trish Tooley
8 episodes
2017
Trust Me
Cath Hardacre / Dr Ally Sutton
4 episodes
2017–2022
Doctor Who
Thirteenth Doctor
Debut in "Twice Upon a Time", series 11–13, 2022 specials
2023
Ready Eddie Go!
Narrator (voice)
26 episodes
One Night
Tess
6 episodes
Time
Orla O'Riordan
3 episodes (Series 2)
Tabby McTat
Narrator (voice)
Television film
2024
The Great Celebrity Bake Off for Stand Up To Cancer
Herself / contestant
1 episode
TBA
Toxic Town †
Susan McIntyre
4 episodes
Stage
Year
Title
Role
Venue
Notes
Ref.
2005
The Storm
Ampelisca
Shakespeare's Globe
2006
Enemies
Nadya
Almeida Theatre
2007
A Gaggle of Saints
Sue
Trafalgar Studios
Awake and Sing!
Hennie Berger
Almeida Theatre
2012
Antigone
Antigone
National Theatre
2021
Doctor Who: Time Fracture
Thirteenth Doctor
Immersive LDN
Pre-recorded video
2024
The Duchess
Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi
Trafalgar Theatre
Radio and podcast
Year
Title
Role
Production
Notes
Ref.
2008
Blinded by the Sun
Joanna
BBC Radio 4
Unseen Austen
Lydia Bennett
2012
Bite
Julie
2016
Special Deliveries
Narrator
Episode: "Second Class, Signed For"
2022
Doctor Who: Redacted
Thirteenth Doctor
BBC Sounds
5 episodes
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Developer
Notes
Ref.
2019
Doctor Who: The Runaway
Thirteenth Doctor (voice)
BBC Media Applications Technologies
Virtual reality game
Doctor Who: The Edge of Time
Maze Theory
2020
Coding with the Thirteenth Doctor
BBC Learning / Tynker
2021
Doctor Who: The Lonely Assassins
Kaigan Games
Cameo
Doctor Who: The Edge of Reality
Maze Theory
Music videos
Year
Title
Artist
Director
Ref.
2012
"All of You" (feat. Aruba Red and Plan B)
Riz MC
Tom McKay and Richard Pengelley
Discography
Year
Title
Album
Notes
Ref.
2019
"Yellow"
BBC Children in Need: Got It Covered
Single (#5 on the Official Big Top 40)
Awards and nominations
Award
Year
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
Ian Charleson Awards
2006
—
Enemies
Nominated
Royal Television Society Midlands Awards
Best Actress
The Afternoon Play
Won
British Independent Film Awards
2006
Most Promising Newcomer
Venus
Nominated
Satellite Awards
2006
Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated
Critics' Circle Film Awards
2007
British Newcomer of the Year
Nominated
Online Film & Television Association's Television Awards
2010
Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Miniseries (shared with the cast)
Return to Cranford
Nominated
Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
2012
Best Supporting Actress
Attack the Block
Nominated
Black Reel Awards
2012
Best Ensemble (shared with the cast)
Nominated
Crime Thriller Awards
2013
Best Supporting Actress
Broadchurch
Nominated
Royal Television Society Programme Awards
2014
Best Actress
Nominated
British Independent Film Awards
2016
Best Actress
Adult Life Skills
Nominated
National Film Awards UK
2017
Best Actress
Nominated
Best Breakthrough Performance in a Film
Nominated
Evening Standard British Film Awards
2018
Best Actress
Journeyman
Nominated
Satellite Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Doctor Who
Nominated
Heat's Unmissables Awards
Unmissable Actress of the Year
Won
National Television Awards
2019
Drama Performance
Nominated
Saturn Awards
2019
Best Actress on Television
Nominated
BAFTA Cymru Awards
2019
Outstanding Actress
Nominated
Critics' Choice Super Awards
2021
Best Actress in a Science Fiction/Fantasy Series
Nominated
2022
Nominated
DIVA Awards
Celebrity Ally of the Year
—
Nominated
RTS Awards
2024
Leading Actor: Female
Time
Nominated
Notes
^ Year refers to the ceremony at which the award was given.
References
^ "Jodie Whittaker on Doctor Who, Quentin Blake, Haruki Murakami's Killing Commendatore". Front Row. 5 October 2018. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ a b Iley, Chrissy (18 March 2018). "Exclusive interview: Jodie Whittaker on being the first woman to play Doctor Who". The Times. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ Collis, Clark (22 January 2020). "Doctor Who star Jodie Whittaker will play time traveler for at least one more season". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
^ "Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker and Chris Chibnall to leave in 2022". BBC News. 29 July 2021.
^ a b "Today in Entertainment History". Associated Press. 11 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
^ a b Gilbert, Gerard (18 June 2011). "Jodie Whittaker: 'I work a lot and no one knows who I am'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
^ Atkinson, Neil (23 June 2009). "Skelmanthorpe actress Jodi Whittaker wows them in Africa". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ Watch Jodie Whittaker explain to Hollywood stars on the Graham Norton Show why she is a 'Shat lass', Yorkshire Live, 29 September 2018
^ "Who do you think you are? Series 17, Episode 1: Jodie Whittaker". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ a b "Jodie Whittaker: Rise of a venus with her feet on the ground". The Yorkshire Post. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
^ "Radio 4 – The Saturday Play". BBC. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
^ Leigh Holmwood (11 September 2009). "New BBC drama set to recall 1981 royal wedding | Media". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
^ a b ""Wish 143" Review". The Independent Critic. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "Leyland's Tom Bidwell up for an Oscar for Wish 143". BBC. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "Antigone – review". The Guardian. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ a b c Fuller, Lisa (23 January 2017). "National Film Awards UK announce 2017 nominations – Camdenmonthly".
^ "Dan Sefton's new psychological thriller starring Jodie Whittaker". BBC Media Centre. 26 July 2017.
^ "Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game". The Daily Telegraph. 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "The next Doctor Who has been announced". The Independent. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "Doctor Who's 13th Time Lord to be a woman". BBC. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
^ a b c "Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker becomes 13th Time Lord, urging fans 'not to be scared by my gender'". The Telegraph. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "More heroic?!": Doctor Who's Jodie Whittaker on her not-so-epic poster poses & becoming The Doctor, archived from the original on 14 December 2021, retrieved 2 January 2020
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (16 July 2017). "'Doctor Who': Jodie Whittaker Revealed As 13th Time Lord, First Female In Role". Deadline Hollywood.
^ "How Jodie Whittaker 'missed' fan reactions to Doctor Who role". BBC News. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "Doctor Who: Fans react to Jodie Whittaker casting". BBC News. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ Sturgis, India (17 July 2017). "The good, bad and ugly responses to Jodie Whittaker as the new Dr Who". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game". The Telegraph. 16 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ "BBC – The Doctors will return at Christmas – Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ Royce, Jordan (17 November 2018). "DOCTOR WHO: BBC Confirm Series 12 to Broadcast in 2019". Starburst Magazine. Starburst Publishing Limited. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ Jeffrey, Morgan (7 December 2018). "Jodie Whittaker confirms she'll be back for Doctor Who series 12". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
^ Collis, Clark (22 January 2020). "Doctor Who star Jodie Whittaker will play time traveler for at least one more season". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
^ Fullerton, Huw (8 April 2022). "Jodie Whittaker to star in new Doctor Who audio drama spin-off". RadioTimes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker and Chris Chibnall to leave in 2022". BBC News. 29 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
^ a b "Cameras roll on One Night, new local drama for Paramount+". TVTonight.com.au. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Enker, Debi (24 August 2023). "Jodie Whittaker finds an antidote to the Doctor Down Under". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
^ Hibbs, James (23 November 2023). "Jodie Whittaker stars in tense first look at thriller One Night". RadioTimes. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
^ a b "Bella Ramsey, Jodie Whittaker, Tamara Lawrance and Siobhan Finneran to star in Jimmy McGovern's BBC drama Time". www.bbc.co.uk. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ Mangan, Lucy (29 October 2023). "Time series two review – Jodie Whittaker shines a light on the idiocy of our legal system". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ a b "'Toxic Town': Netflix Greenlights Jack Thorne-Penned Corby Poisonings Series Starring Aimee Lou Wood, Jodie Whittaker, Robert Carlyle". www.deadline.com. 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ Smith, Riess (27 February 2017). "Broadchurch cast: Who is Jodie Whittaker? Life, career, husband and more". Daily Express. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ Wilson, Benji (22 October 2022). "Jodie Whittaker: 'If I don't go back to Doctor Who, I'll be devastated'". Radio Times. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Jodie Whittaker". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Jodie Whittaker". Independent Talent. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ a b c Burt, Kayti (16 July 2017). "Doctor Who: 5 Jodie Whittaker Roles to Check Out". Den of Geek. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "British Council Film: Two Minutes". film-directory.britishcouncil.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ Andreas Wiseman (25 May 2011). "Stars in shorts". Screen. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ Pike, Rebecca. "Ashes – Review". Radio Times. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ Jake Russell (16 July 2014). "DUST – Short film starring Alan Rickman & Jodie Whittaker". Archived from the original on 14 December 2021 – via YouTube.
^ A Tentative LGBT Love Story Starring Jodie Whittaker (Queer Short Film) . YouTube. Tall Tales. 11 December 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ "UNTITLED | London Short Film Festival". archive.shortfilms.org.uk. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ "shorts". Fiona Brands. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ "lesley-anne rose". lesley-anne rose. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ "The Last Will and Testament of Billy Two-sheds (2006)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "Consuming Passion: 100 Years of Mills & Boon". BBC Genome. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ Nast, Condé (8 January 2010). "Return to Cranford". Vogue. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ "BBC announces Tabby McTat, a star-studded animation based on the book by Julia Donaldson and Axel Scheffler". bbc.co.uk/mediacentre. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ "The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off". thegreatbritishbakeoff.co.uk. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ Oswald, Peter (2005). The Storm Or, the Howler (after Plautus). Oberon Books. p. 6. ISBN 9781849438506.
^ Spencer, Charles (12 January 2007). "Chilling glimpses of nastiness". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "Antigone: Family versus State". National Theatre. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "ALL the Doctors join the immersive west end show 'Doctor Who: Time Fracture'! | Doctor Who". www.doctorwho.tv. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Tess of the D'Urbervilles – Characters and Cast". BBC. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "Unseen Austen". BBC. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
^ "Afternoon Drama: Bite". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
^ "BBC Radio 4 – Special Deliveries, Second Class, Signed For by Colin Carberry". BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Weiss, Josh (8 April 2022). "Brilliant! Jodie Whittaker back for more Time Lord hijinks in podcast spinoff 'Doctor Who: Redacted'". SyFy. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ "BBC launches Doctor Who VR experience". digitaltveurope.com. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^ a b c "Maze Theory Developing DW: The Edge of Time". Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^ "Learn to code with the Thirteenth Doctor! | Doctor Who". www.doctorwho.tv. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Promonews. "Riz MC ft Aruba Red & Plan B 'All Of You' by Tom McKay & Richard Pengelley | Videos". Promonewstv. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ Bassett, Sean (5 September 2021). "Doctor Who: 9 Best Things Jodie Whittaker Has Done". ScreenRant. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ "Got it Covered". BBC Children in Need. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Jodie Whittaker's amazing Coldplay cover for Children in Need album". Radio Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
^ "Ian Charleson Awards 2006". London theatre tickets. 30 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
^ "Jodie takes Brum road to the stars; showbiz". Free Online Library. Sunday Mercury. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ a b c d "Jodie Whittaker: Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "14th Annual TV Awards (2009–10) – Online Film & Television Association". Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Chapman, Tom (21 June 2021). "Where are the cast of Attack the Block now?". Digital Spy. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ "Winners unmasked at Specsavers Crime Thriller Awards 2013 on ITV3". ITV Press Centre. 25 October 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "RTS Awards: winners in full". BBC News. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "I, Daniel Blake leads British independent film award nominations". The Guardian. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Dex, Robert (12 January 2018). "Discover all the nominations for this year's Evening Standard British Film Awards". Evening Standard. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "2018 Winners | International Press Academy". Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "The Opening Scene From BBC Drama Bodyguard Scoops 'TV Moment of the Year'". Bauer Media. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ "Ant and Dec shortlisted for National Television Awards". BBC News. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Anderton, Ethan (16 July 2019). "45th Saturn Awards Nominations: 'Avengers: Endgame' Leads With 14 Nods, 'Game Of Thrones' Tops TV Category". /Film. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
^ "Sir Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Whittaker on Bafta Cymru shortlist". BBC News. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Kit, Borys (19 November 2020). "'Palm Springs,' 'Lovecraft Country' Lead Nominations for Inaugural Critics Choice Super Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ "Nominations Announced for 2nd Annual Critics Choice Super Awards Honoring Superhero, Science Fiction/Fantasy, Horror, and Action Movies and Series – Critics Choice Awards". Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ EDITOR (17 March 2022). "Voting for the DIVA Awards is now open!". diva-magazine.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ Rufo, Yasmin (27 March 2024). "Gary Oldman, Hannah Waddingham, Bella Ramsey Among Royal Television Society Programme Awards Nominees". Variety.com. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
External links
Jodie Whittaker at IMDb
Jodie Whittaker at the British Film Institute
Portals: Biography Doctor Who YorkshireJodie Whittaker at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thirteenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Broadchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadchurch"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"British Independent Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Satellite Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture#Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy_(1996%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Attack the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_the_Block"},{"link_name":"Black Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mirror"},{"link_name":"The Entire History of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entire_History_of_You"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Capaldi"},{"link_name":"Twice Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_Upon_a_Time_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"eleventh series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_11)"},{"link_name":"twelfth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_12)"},{"link_name":"thirteenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_13)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"three special episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(2022_specials)"},{"link_name":"Chris Chibnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chibnall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jodie Auckland Whittaker (born 17 June 1982) is an English actress, best known for her roles in television as the Thirteenth Doctor in Doctor Who (2017–2022) and Beth Latimer in Broadchurch (2013–2017).She came to prominence in her 2006 feature film debut Venus, for which she received British Independent Film Award and Satellite Award nominations. She was later praised for her roles in the cult science fiction film Attack the Block (2011) and the Black Mirror episode \"The Entire History of You\" (2011).In 2017, the BBC announced that Whittaker would be the thirteenth lead actor to play the Doctor[2] in Doctor Who. She formally assumed the role from Peter Capaldi in \"Twice Upon a Time\". Whittaker appeared in her first full series in the eleventh series, which premiered in 2018. She continued in the role in the twelfth series in 2020 and thirteenth series in 2021.[3] She stepped down after three special episodes in 2022, alongside showrunner Chris Chibnall.[4]","title":"Jodie Whittaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-5"},{"link_name":"Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelmanthorpe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-indep-2011-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lass-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-do-you-9"},{"link_name":"Shelley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_College"},{"link_name":"Guildhall School of Music and Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YP20130321-10"}],"text":"Jodie Auckland Whittaker[5] was born on 17 June 1982[5] in Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire. She is the second child and only daughter of Yvonne (née Auckland) and Adrian Whittaker.[6][7][8][9] She attended Scissett Middle School and Shelley High School before training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2005 with an acting gold medal.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare's Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YP20130321-10"},{"link_name":"Carey Mulligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Mulligan"},{"link_name":"Royal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre"},{"link_name":"The Seagull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seagull"},{"link_name":"Almeida Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"British Independent Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Satellite Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture#Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Musical_or_Comedy_(1996%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Poliakoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Poliakoff"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lydia Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Bennet"},{"link_name":"Perrier's Bounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrier%27s_Bounty"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wish 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_143"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W143-13"},{"link_name":"Best Live Action Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Live_Action_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"83rd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jodie_Whittaker_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"2014 British Independent Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards_2014"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"Accused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accused_(2010_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Waters"},{"link_name":"The Night Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Watch_(Waters_novel)"},{"link_name":"Black Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mirror"},{"link_name":"The Entire History of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entire_History_of_You"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"comedy horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror"},{"link_name":"Attack the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_the_Block"},{"link_name":"The Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"One Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Hello Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Carter"},{"link_name":"Good Vibrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Vibrations_(film)"},{"link_name":"Antigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles_play)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Eccleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston"},{"link_name":"Creon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creon_(king_of_Thebes)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Sandra Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Grimes"},{"link_name":"The Assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assets"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"Adult Life Skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Life_Skills"},{"link_name":"British Independent Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards_UK"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camdenmonthly.com-16"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Broadchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadchurch"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Trust Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Me_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Whittaker made her professional debut in The Storm at Shakespeare's Globe in 2005.[10] She has since worked in film, television, radio and theatre. In 2007, she stood in at short notice for an unwell Carey Mulligan in the Royal Court's production of The Seagull, and appeared in a fundraising play at the Almeida Theatre.In Whittaker's first major role, she co-starred as Jessie in the film Venus (2006), receiving British Independent Film Award and Satellite Award nominations. Her radio credits at that time included a 2008 adaptation of Blinded by the Sun by Stephen Poliakoff[11] and playing Lydia Bennett in Unseen Austen, an original drama by Judith French. In 2009, she worked on the films Ollie Kepler's Expanding Purple World and Perrier's Bounty, as well as the BBC Two drama Royal Wedding[12] and the short film Wish 143,[13] which was nominated for Best Live Action Short Film at the 83rd Academy Awards.[14]Whittaker at the 2014 British Independent Film AwardsIn the early 2010s, Whittaker co-starred in the anthology series Accused (2010) and the adaptation of Sarah Waters's novel The Night Watch, followed by the role of Ffion in the Black Mirror episode \"The Entire History of You\". In film, she starred in the cult science fiction comedy horror Attack the Block, as well as in projects like The Kid (2010), One Day (2011), Hello Carter (2013) and Good Vibrations (2013). She also returned to the stage in the contemporary staging of the classic Greek tragedy Antigone, playing the title role opposite Christopher Eccleston as Creon.[15]In 2014, she appeared as Sandra Grimes in the reality-based spy drama miniseries The Assets and as Anna in the BAFTA-nominated short film Emotional Fusebox, later reprising the role in its feature-length version, Adult Life Skills, and earning nominations in the Best Actress category at both the British Independent Film Awards and the National Film Awards.[16] She also took one of the lead roles in the hit ITV crime drama Broadchurch (2013–2017) and the four-part BBC One medical drama Trust Me (2017).[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thirteenth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThirteenthDoctorCasting-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"Chris Chibnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chibnall"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gender-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gender-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gender-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jodie_Whittaker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"political correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCFansReact-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Twice Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_Upon_a_Time_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"twelfth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_12)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"thirteenth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_13)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"BBC Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sounds"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who: Redacted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_audio_releases#Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"three associated specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(2022_specials)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2017–2022: Doctor Who","text":"On 16 July 2017, Whittaker was announced as the Thirteenth Doctor in the science fiction television series Doctor Who; she is the first woman to play the character of the Doctor.[18][19][20] She had previously worked with incoming Doctor Who showrunner Chris Chibnall on Broadchurch.[21] She admitted that she had to \"tell a lot of lies\" after being cast to keep the information secret and used the codeword \"Clooney\" when talking about the role.[21] Whittaker kept her mother in \"the inner circle\" regarding knowledge of the role, as her father, Adrian, \"would have the ability to tell the world\".[22]She urged fans not to be afraid of her gender, saying \"Doctor Who represents everything that's exciting about change. The fans have lived through so many changes, and this is only a new, different one, not a fearful one.\"[21] Chibnall said that he always wanted a woman for the part and that Whittaker was their first choice.[23]Whittaker at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con promoting Doctor WhoReaction to Whittaker's casting was mostly positive, although a \"sizeable minority\" was unhappy.[24] Some said that a female Doctor would be a good role model for young girls, while others felt the Doctor was only ever meant to be male, or criticised the casting as an exercise in political correctness.[25][26] Whittaker debuted in the 2017 Christmas special \"Twice Upon a Time\".[27][28]In November 2018, the BBC confirmed that the twelfth series, Whittaker's second series, began production.[29][30] Whittaker returned for the thirteenth series,[31] and also voiced the Doctor in the 2022 BBC Sounds podcast Doctor Who: Redacted.[32] She departed the programme following the series and three associated specials in 2022.[33]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Paramount+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%2B_Australia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OneNightRef-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bella Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Siobhan Finneran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhan_Finneran"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimeRef-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Toxic Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_Town"},{"link_name":"Corby toxic waste case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby_toxic_waste_case"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToxicTownRef-39"}],"sub_title":"2023–present","text":"In February 2023, a press release indicated that Whittaker was filming for a six-part Australian drama series One Night for Paramount+.[34] The series was released on Paramount+ in Australia on September 1 2023[35] and in the UK and Ireland on November 24 2023.[36] In April 2023, it was announced that she would star alongside Bella Ramsey and Siobhan Finneran in the second series of the BBC prison drama Time and that filming would start in the spring of 2023 in and around Liverpool.[37] The series premiered on BBC One in October 2023.[38] In August 2023, Whittaker joined the main cast of the Netflix limited series Toxic Town, based on the Corby toxic waste case.[39]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belizean-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean-American"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the-indep-2011-6"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Times-2"}],"text":"Whittaker met Christian Contreras, a Belizean-American actor and writer, in drama school, and they married in Arizona in 2008.[6] She gave birth to their daughter in April 2015,[40] and had their second child in 2022.[41] As of 2018, they reside in London.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Stage","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio and podcast","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"}],"text":"^ Year refers to the ceremony at which the award was given.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Whittaker at the 2014 British Independent Film Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jodie_Whittaker_2014.jpg/220px-Jodie_Whittaker_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whittaker at the 2018 San Diego Comic-Con promoting Doctor Who","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jodie_Whittaker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Jodie_Whittaker_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jodie Whittaker on Doctor Who, Quentin Blake, Haruki Murakami's Killing Commendatore\". Front Row. 5 October 2018. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000mpq","url_text":"\"Jodie Whittaker on Doctor Who, Quentin Blake, Haruki Murakami's Killing Commendatore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Row_(radio_programme)","url_text":"Front Row"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4","url_text":"BBC Radio 4"}]},{"reference":"Iley, Chrissy (18 March 2018). \"Exclusive interview: Jodie Whittaker on being the first woman to play Doctor Who\". The Times. 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BBC News. 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57940451","url_text":"\"Doctor Who: Jodie Whittaker and Chris Chibnall to leave in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today in Entertainment History\". Associated Press. 11 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191103080328/https://apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b","url_text":"\"Today in Entertainment History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://www.apnews.com/6d072f494a3649f18cbafc97efdab80b","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Gerard (18 June 2011). \"Jodie Whittaker: 'I work a lot and no one knows who I am'\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Joyful_Noise_(Gossip_album)
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A Joyful Noise (Gossip album)
|
["1 Critical reception","2 Commercial performance","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","4.1 Gossip","4.2 Additional musicians","4.3 Technical","4.4 Artwork","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Year-end charts","6 Certifications","7 Release history","8 References"]
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2012 studio album by GossipA Joyful NoiseStudio album by GossipReleasedMay 11, 2012 (2012-05-11)Studio
KBC (Portland, Oregon)
Xenomania (Kent, England)
GenreDance-punkindie rocksynth-popalternative danceLength44:04LabelColumbiaProducerBrian HigginsGossipGossip chronology
Music for Men(2009)
A Joyful Noise(2012)
Real Power(2024)
Singles from A Joyful Noise
"Perfect World"Released: March 13, 2012
"Move in the Right Direction"Released: June 29, 2012
"Get a Job"Released: April 5, 2013
A Joyful Noise is the fifth studio album by American indie rock band Gossip, released on May 11, 2012, by Columbia Records. The album was produced by Xenomania founder Brian Higgins.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic60/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash6/10Drowned in Sound4/10Entertainment WeeklyB−The GuardianThe IndependentNME3/10Pitchfork5.9/10PopMatters5/10Slant Magazine
A Joyful Noise received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 60, based on 24 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Andy Gill of The Independent gave the album four out of five stars, writing that "the involvement of Brian Higgins on A Joyful Noise enables the group to break new ground with confidence". The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan gave the album three out of five stars and stated that "it's Girls Aloud producer Higgins to the rescue, with a sound influenced by Abba and Madonna. Having said that, Gossip—especially Beth Ditto, in waspishly fine voice here—seem very much at home with it." However, Priya Elan of NME felt that "ood moments are squandered by unsatisfying choruses and/or weak lyrics." The Independent on Sunday's Simon Price expressed that after a few years of career, Ditto "already feels like a footnote", adding that the band pairing up with Higgins "should be a stroke of genius, but Higgins has caught Ditto & co at a point where they appear to have disastrously lost their fire."
Commercial performance
A Joyful Noise debuted at number 100 on the Billboard 200, selling 5,000 copies in its first week. In Europe, the album debuted at number 47 on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 2,822 copies, while reaching number one in Switzerland, number two in Germany, number three in France, number four in Austria and number eight in Belgium.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Beth Ditto, Nathan Howdeshell, and Hannah Blilie, except where notedNo.TitleLength1."Melody Emergency"3:512."Perfect World" (writers: Gossip, Brian Higgins, Luke Fitton, Toby Scott)4:273."Get a Job"4:594."Move in the Right Direction" (writers: Gossip, Xenomania)3:315."Casualties of War"4:156."Into the Wild"3:137."Get Lost"4:078."Involved"4:159."Horns"3:4510."I Won't Play"3:1911."Love in a Foreign Place"4:22
European iTunes Store bonus tracksNo.TitleLength12."Perfect World" (Rory Phillips Mix)5:0413."Move in the Right Direction" (Classixx Remix)4:3814."Perfect World" (video)3:49
Amazon Germany digital bonus tracksNo.TitleLength12."Heavy Cross"4:0213."Standing in the Way of Control" (live)4:4914."Listen Up" (live)4:42
German extended edition bonus trackNo.TitleLength12."Seems So Bad"4:03
German extended edition bonus discNo.TitleLength1."Love Long Distance" (1LIVE in Dortmund)4:212."Listen Up!" (1LIVE in Dortmund)5:103."Melody Emergency" (1LIVE in Dortmund)3:594."Men in Love" (1LIVE in Dortmund)3:375."Get a Job" (1LIVE in Dortmund)4:526."Perfect World" (RAC Mix)4:137."Perfect World" (Seamus Haji Remix Radio Edit)3:048."Perfect World" (Playgroup Nude Mix)8:069."Move in the Right Direction" (CSS Remix)4:0210."Move in the Right Direction" (Seamus Haji Radio Edit)3:5311."Move in the Right Direction" (Gossip vs Kaz James Remix)6:3412."Get a Job" (Peter Rauhofer Remix)8:4713."Get a Job" (Scissor Sisters Remix)6:1414."Get a Job" (Wankelmut Remix)7:21
Japanese edition bonus tracksNo.TitleLength12."Perfect World" (RAC Mix)4:1413."Move in the Right Direction" (Classixx Remix)4:3814."Perfect World" (Seamus Haji Remix)6:24
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Joyful Noise.
Gossip
Beth Ditto – vocals
Hannah Blilie – drums, percussion
Nathan Howdeshell – live bass, guitars, keyboards, programming
Additional musicians
Jeremy Sherrer – additional percussion
Brian Higgins – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)
Luke Fitton – additional programming
Owen Parker – additional programming
Toby Scott – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)
Matt Gray – additional programming
Joshua Jenkin – additional programming
Sam Martin – additional programming
Jerry Bouthier – additional programming
Andrea Gorgerino – additional programming
Fred Falke – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)
Jason Resch – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)
Kieran Jones – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)
Technical
Brian Higgins – production (all tracks); mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–11)
Gossip – additional production
Toby Scott – special production assistance, engineering (all tracks); mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–11)
Jeremy Sherrer – engineering
Ben Taylor – recording engineering assistance
Matt Gray – mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–10)
Rich Costey – mixing (tracks 1–3)
Chris Kasych – logic engineering (tracks 1–3)
Serban Ghenea – mixing (track 8)
John Hanes – engineering for mix (track 8)
Phil Seaford – engineering assistance (track 8)
Tom Coyne – mastering
Artwork
Rankin – photography
Mike Larremore – additional photography
Jeri Lynn – art direction
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for A Joyful Noise
Chart (2012)
Peakposition
Argentine Albums (CAPIF)
10
Australian Albums (ARIA)
35
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
4
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
8
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
14
Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)
87
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)
37
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
35
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)
44
French Albums (SNEP)
3
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
2
Greek Albums (IFPI)
39
Irish Albums (IRMA)
66
Italian Albums (FIMI)
48
Polish Albums (ZPAV)
34
Scottish Albums (OCC)
51
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
38
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
UK Albums (OCC)
47
US Billboard 200
100
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
20
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
35
Year-end charts
Year-end chart performance for A Joyful Noise
Chart (2012)
Position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
53
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
59
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
92
French Albums (SNEP)
62
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
36
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
42
Certifications
Certifications for A Joyful Noise
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
France (SNEP)
Gold
50,000*
Germany (BVMI)
Gold
100,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
Gold
15,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Release dates and formats for A Joyful Noise
Region
Date
Format
Edition
Label
Ref(s)
Germany
May 11, 2012
CDLPdigital download
Standard
Sony
Ireland
CDdigital download
Columbia
France
May 14, 2012
CDLPdigital download
Sony
United Kingdom
Columbia
Australia
May 18, 2012
CDdigital download
Sony
United States
May 22, 2012
Columbia
Japan
June 13, 2012
CD
Sony
Germany
November 2, 2012
2-CDdigital download
Extended
References
^ "Perfect World: Gossip: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. United States. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Move In The Right Direction by Gossip". 7digital. Ireland. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "Get a Job (Remixes) – EP by Gossip". iTunes Store. France. 5 April 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ a b "Critic Reviews for A Joyful Noise". Metacritic. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
^ Phares, Heather. "A Joyful Noise – The Gossip". AllMusic. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ Levine, Nick (May 14, 2012). "Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Clash. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^ Calvert, John (May 18, 2012). "Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ Markovitz, Adam (May 16, 2012). "A Joyful Noise". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ a b Sullivan, Caroline (May 10, 2012). "Gossip: A Joyful Noise – review". The Guardian. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ a b Gill, Andy (May 12, 2012). "Album: Gossip, A Joyful Noise (Columbia)". The Independent. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ a b Priya, Elan (May 15, 2012). "Gossip – 'A Joyful Noise'". NME. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ Ryce, Andrew (June 4, 2012). "Gossip: A Joyful Noise". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 18, 2012.
^ Cober-Lake, Justin (May 21, 2012). "Gossip: A Joyful Noise". PopMatters. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ Henderson, Eric (May 21, 2012). "Gossip: A Joyful Noise". Slant Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ Price, Simon (May 13, 2012). "Album: Gossip, A Joyful Noise (Columbia)". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
^ Caulfield, Keith (June 1, 2012). "Chart Moves: Kimbra Debuts in Top 20 on Billboard 200, McCartney's 'Ram' Returns". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ Jones, Alan (May 21, 2012). "Official Charts Analysis: UK suffers lowest album sales week since 1996". Music Week. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ a b "Ultratop.be – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "A Joyful Noise by Gossip". iTunes Store. United Kingdom. 11 May 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "A Joyful Noise (inkl. Bonustracks / exklusiv bei Amazon.de): Gossip: MP3-Downloads". Amazon (in German). Germany. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ a b c d "Gossip – A Joyful Noise – Extended Edition" (in German). Sony Music Entertainment Germany. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
^ a b ア・ジョイフル・ノイズ (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ A Joyful Noise (liner notes). Gossip. Columbia Records. 2012. 88691982652.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Ranking Semanal Pop" (in Spanish). Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers. May 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2013. Note: Define search parameters as "Ranking Semanal Pop" and "20/05/2012".
^ "Australiancharts.com – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "Ultratop.be – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "Albums : Top 100". Jam!. May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2004. Retrieved June 1, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Danishcharts.dk – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "Gossip: A Joyful Noise" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Lescharts.com – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Top-75 Albums Sales Chart – Εβδομάδα 20/2012" (in Greek). IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 20, 2012". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "Italiancharts.com – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Gossip – A Joyful Noise". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ "Gossip | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Gossip Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Gossip Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Gossip Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Jahreshitparade Alben 2012". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Jaaroverzichten 2012 – Albums" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
^ "Rapports annuels 2012 – Albums" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
^ "Top Albums annuel (physique + téléchargement + streaming) – 2012" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 2012" (in German). Offizielle Deutsche Charts. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012". hitparade.ch (in German). Retrieved April 1, 2022.
^ "French album certifications – Gossip – A Joyful Noise" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Gossip; 'A Joyful Noise')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('A Joyful Noise')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
^ "A Joyful Noise: Gossip: MP3-Downloads". Amazon (in German). Germany. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise – Gossip (CD)". HMV Ireland. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
^ "A Joyful Noise by Gossip". 7digital. Ireland. Archived from the original on July 8, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A joyful noise – Gossip – CD album" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A joyful noise – Gossip – Vinyle album" (in French). Fnac. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "A Joyful Noise: Gossip: Téléchargements MP3". Amazon (in French). France. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise : Gossip". Amazon. United Kingdom. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "A Joyful Noise : Gossip". Amazon. United Kingdom. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "A Joyful Noise: Gossip: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise". Sanity. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise by Gossip". zdigital. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise: Gossip". Amazon. United States. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
^ "A Joyful Noise: Gossip: MP3 Downloads". Amazon. United States. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
^ "A Joyful Noise – Extended Edition: Gossip: MP3-Downloads". Amazon (in German). Germany. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
vteGossip
Beth Ditto
Brace Paine
Hannah Blilie
Kathy Mendonça
Albums
That's Not What I Heard
Movement
Standing in the Way of Control
Music for Men
A Joyful Noise
Real Power
Live albums
Undead in NYC
Singles
"Standing in the Way of Control"
"Jealous Girls"
"Listen Up!"
"Heavy Cross"
"Love Long Distance"
"Men in Love"
"Perfect World"
"Move in the Right Direction"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_(band)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Xenomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomania"},{"link_name":"Brian Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Higgins_(producer)"}],"text":"A Joyful Noise is the fifth studio album by American indie rock band Gossip, released on May 11, 2012, by Columbia Records. The album was produced by Xenomania founder Brian Higgins.","title":"A Joyful Noise (Gossip album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-4"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-10"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"Abba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Beth Ditto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Ditto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-9"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nme-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A Joyful Noise received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 60, based on 24 reviews, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\".[4] Andy Gill of The Independent gave the album four out of five stars, writing that \"the involvement of Brian Higgins on A Joyful Noise enables the group to break new ground with confidence\".[10] The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan gave the album three out of five stars and stated that \"it's Girls Aloud producer Higgins to the rescue, with a sound influenced by Abba and Madonna. Having said that, Gossip—especially Beth Ditto, in waspishly fine voice here—seem very much at home with it.\"[9] However, Priya Elan of NME felt that \"[g]ood moments are squandered by unsatisfying choruses and/or weak lyrics.\"[11] The Independent on Sunday's Simon Price expressed that after a few years of career, Ditto \"already feels like a footnote\", adding that the band pairing up with Higgins \"should be a stroke of genius, but Higgins has caught Ditto & co at a point where they appear to have disastrously lost their fire.\"[15]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultratop-18"}],"text":"A Joyful Noise debuted at number 100 on the Billboard 200, selling 5,000 copies in its first week.[16] In Europe, the album debuted at number 47 on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 2,822 copies,[17] while reaching number one in Switzerland, number two in Germany, number three in France, number four in Austria and number eight in Belgium.[18]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beth Ditto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Ditto"},{"link_name":"Hannah Blilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Blilie"},{"link_name":"Perfect World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_World_(Gossip_song)"},{"link_name":"Brian Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Higgins_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Move in the Right Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move_in_the_Right_Direction"},{"link_name":"Xenomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenomania"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes-19"},{"link_name":"Classixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classixx"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Heavy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Standing in the Way of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_in_the_Way_of_Control_(song)"},{"link_name":"Listen Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen_Up!_(Gossip_song)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonymusic.de-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sonymusic.de-21"},{"link_name":"Love Long Distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Long_Distance"},{"link_name":"1LIVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1LIVE"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Men in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"RAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_Artist_Collective"},{"link_name":"Seamus Haji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Haji"},{"link_name":"Playgroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playgroup_(band)"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kaz James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz_James"},{"link_name":"Peter Rauhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rauhofer"},{"link_name":"Scissor Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissor_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Wankelmut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankelmut"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan-22"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Beth Ditto, Nathan Howdeshell, and Hannah Blilie, except where notedNo.TitleLength1.\"Melody Emergency\"3:512.\"Perfect World\" (writers: Gossip, Brian Higgins, Luke Fitton, Toby Scott)4:273.\"Get a Job\"4:594.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (writers: Gossip, Xenomania)3:315.\"Casualties of War\"4:156.\"Into the Wild\"3:137.\"Get Lost\"4:078.\"Involved\"4:159.\"Horns\"3:4510.\"I Won't Play\"3:1911.\"Love in a Foreign Place\"4:22European iTunes Store bonus tracks[19]No.TitleLength12.\"Perfect World\" (Rory Phillips Mix)5:0413.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (Classixx Remix)4:3814.\"Perfect World\" (video)3:49Amazon Germany digital bonus tracks[20]No.TitleLength12.\"Heavy Cross\"4:0213.\"Standing in the Way of Control\" (live)4:4914.\"Listen Up\" (live)4:42German extended edition bonus track[21]No.TitleLength12.\"Seems So Bad\"4:03German extended edition bonus disc[21]No.TitleLength1.\"Love Long Distance\" (1LIVE in Dortmund)4:212.\"Listen Up!\" (1LIVE in Dortmund)5:103.\"Melody Emergency\" (1LIVE in Dortmund)3:594.\"Men in Love\" (1LIVE in Dortmund)3:375.\"Get a Job\" (1LIVE in Dortmund)4:526.\"Perfect World\" (RAC Mix)4:137.\"Perfect World\" (Seamus Haji Remix Radio Edit)3:048.\"Perfect World\" (Playgroup Nude Mix)8:069.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (CSS Remix)4:0210.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (Seamus Haji Radio Edit)3:5311.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (Gossip vs Kaz James Remix)6:3412.\"Get a Job\" (Peter Rauhofer Remix)8:4713.\"Get a Job\" (Scissor Sisters Remix)6:1414.\"Get a Job\" (Wankelmut Remix)7:21Japanese edition bonus tracks[22]No.TitleLength12.\"Perfect World\" (RAC Mix)4:1413.\"Move in the Right Direction\" (Classixx Remix)4:3814.\"Perfect World\" (Seamus Haji Remix)6:24","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the liner notes of A Joyful Noise.[23]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beth Ditto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Ditto"},{"link_name":"Hannah Blilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Blilie"}],"sub_title":"Gossip","text":"Beth Ditto – vocals\nHannah Blilie – drums, percussion\nNathan Howdeshell – live bass, guitars, keyboards, programming","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Higgins_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Jerry Bouthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Bouthier"},{"link_name":"Fred Falke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Falke"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Jeremy Sherrer – additional percussion\nBrian Higgins – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)\nLuke Fitton – additional programming\nOwen Parker – additional programming\nToby Scott – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)\nMatt Gray – additional programming\nJoshua Jenkin – additional programming\nSam Martin – additional programming\nJerry Bouthier – additional programming\nAndrea Gorgerino – additional programming\nFred Falke – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)\nJason Resch – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)\nKieran Jones – additional programming (all tracks); additional composition (track 4)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rich Costey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Costey"}],"sub_title":"Technical","text":"Brian Higgins – production (all tracks); mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–11)\nGossip – additional production\nToby Scott – special production assistance, engineering (all tracks); mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–11)\nJeremy Sherrer – engineering\nBen Taylor – recording engineering assistance\nMatt Gray – mixing (tracks 4–7, 9–10)\nRich Costey – mixing (tracks 1–3)\nChris Kasych – logic engineering (tracks 1–3)\nSerban Ghenea – mixing (track 8)\nJohn Hanes – engineering for mix (track 8)\nPhil Seaford – engineering assistance (track 8)\nTom Coyne – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin_(photographer)"}],"sub_title":"Artwork","text":"Rankin – photography\nMike Larremore – additional photography\nJeri Lynn – art direction","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Joyful_Noise_(Gossip_album)&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"CAPIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Phonograms_and_Videograms_Producers"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Gossip-25"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Gossip-26"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultratop-18"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Gossip-27"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Denmark_Gossip-29"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Gossip-30"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Gossip-31"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Gossip-32"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Gossip-33"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_-35"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Italy_Gossip-36"},{"link_name":"ZPAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Poland_-37"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-38"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Gossip-39"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Gossip-40"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK_Gossip-41"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Gossip-42"},{"link_name":"Top Alternative Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Alternative_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardAlternative_Gossip-43"},{"link_name":"Top Rock Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Rock_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRock_Gossip-44"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Joyful_Noise_(Gossip_album)&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for A Joyful Noise\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentine Albums (CAPIF)[24]\n\n10\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[25]\n\n35\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[26]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[18]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[27]\n\n14\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[28]\n\n87\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[29]\n\n37\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[30]\n\n35\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[31]\n\n44\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[32]\n\n3\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[33]\n\n2\n\n\nGreek Albums (IFPI)[34]\n\n39\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[35]\n\n66\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[36]\n\n48\n\n\nPolish Albums (ZPAV)[37]\n\n34\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[38]\n\n51\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[39]\n\n38\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[41]\n\n47\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[42]\n\n100\n\n\nUS Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)[43]\n\n20\n\n\nUS Top Rock Albums (Billboard)[44]\n\n35\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for A Joyful Noise\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[45]\n\n53\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[46]\n\n59\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[47]\n\n92\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[48]\n\n62\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[49]\n\n36\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[50]\n\n42","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Perfect World: Gossip: MP3 Downloads\". Amazon. United States. Retrieved December 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Perfect-World-Album-Version-Gossip/dp/B007HIF030","url_text":"\"Perfect World: Gossip: MP3 Downloads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)","url_text":"Amazon"}]},{"reference":"\"Move In The Right Direction by Gossip\". 7digital. Ireland. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190021/https://ie.7digital.com/artist/gossip/release/move-in-the-right-direction","url_text":"\"Move In The Right Direction by Gossip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7digital","url_text":"7digital"},{"url":"https://ie.7digital.com/artist/gossip/release/move-in-the-right-direction","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Get a Job (Remixes) – EP by Gossip\". iTunes Store. France. 5 April 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/get-a-job-remixes-ep/id625269601?l=en","url_text":"\"Get a Job (Remixes) – EP by Gossip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"}]},{"reference":"\"Critic Reviews for A Joyful Noise\". Metacritic. Retrieved May 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/a-joyful-noise/critic-reviews","url_text":"\"Critic Reviews for A Joyful Noise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"A Joyful Noise – The Gossip\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-joyful-noise-mw0002334769","url_text":"\"A Joyful Noise – The Gossip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Levine, Nick (May 14, 2012). \"Gossip – A Joyful Noise\". Clash. Retrieved July 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/gossip-a-joyful-noise","url_text":"\"Gossip – A Joyful Noise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Calvert, John (May 18, 2012). \"Gossip – A Joyful Noise\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17001/reviews/4144958","url_text":"\"Gossip – A Joyful Noise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120523190710/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/17001/reviews/4144958","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Markovitz, Adam (May 16, 2012). \"A Joyful Noise\". Entertainment Weekly. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_Letters
|
Nano Letters
|
["1 Abstracting and indexing","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Academic journalNano LettersDisciplineNanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, chemistryLanguageEnglishEdited byTeri W. OdomPublication detailsHistory2001–presentPublisherAmerican Chemical Society (United States)FrequencyMonthlyOpen accessHybridImpact factor10.8 (2022)Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Nano Lett.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusCODENNALEFDISSN1530-6984 (print)1530-6992 (web)LCCN00215436Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Online archive
Nano Letters is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society. It was established in January 2001. The editor-in-chief is Teri W. Odom (Northwestern University). The journal covers all aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology and their subdisciplines.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is currently abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index, and Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences.
References
^ a b "About this journal". Nano Letters. American Chemical Society. August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
^ "Scopus title list". Elsevier. Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
^ "Nano Letters". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
^ "Master Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
External links
Official website
vteAmerican Chemical Society journalsJournals
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Materials Research
ACS Agricultural Science & Technology
ACS Applied Bio Materials
ACS Applied Electronic Materials
ACS Applied Energy Materials
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
ACS Applied Nano Materials
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
ACS Catalysis
ACS Central Science
ACS Chemical Biology
ACS Chemical Neuroscience
ACS Combinatorial Science
ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
ACS Energy Letters
ACS Infectious Diseases
ACS Macro Letters
ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters
ACS Nano
ACS Omega
ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science
ACS Photonics
ACS Sensors
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
ACS Synthetic Biology
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Bioconjugate Chemistry
Biomacromolecules
Bulletin for the History of Chemistry
Biotechnology Progress
Chemical Research in Toxicology
Chemical Reviews
Chemistry of Materials
Crystal Growth & Design
Energy & Fuels
Environmental Science & Technology
Environmental Science & Technology Letters
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
Inorganic Chemistry
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Journal of Chemical Education
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Journal of Natural Products
Journal of Organic Chemistry
Journal of Physical Chemistry
A
B
C
Letters
Journal of Proteome Research
Langmuir
Macromolecules
Molecular Pharmaceutics
Nano Letters
Organic Letters
Organic Process Research & Development
Organometallics
Au journals
ACS Engineering Au
ACS Environmental Au
ACS Materials Au
ACS Measurement Science Au
ACS Nanoscience Au
ACS Organic & Inorganic Au
ACS Physical Chem Au
ACS Polymers Au
ACS Bio & Med Chem Au
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabelle_Zone
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Shabelle Zone
|
["1 Overview","2 Region","3 Demographics","4 Agriculture","5 Notes","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750Place in Somali, EthiopiaShabelle Zone
Gobalka ShabelleMap of Shabelle ZoneShabelle ZoneLocation within EthiopiaCoordinates: 6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750CountryEthiopiaRegionSomaliZoneGodePopulation (2007) • Total464,253Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Shabelle is one of nine Zones of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was previously known as Gode (Somali: Godey, Arabic: غودي), so named after its largest city, Gode. Shabelle is bordered on the west by Afder, on the north by Fiq, on the northeast by Korahe. On the south it borders the Provisional Administrative Line of Somalia along the borders of the Hirshabelle and Galmudug federal states.
Overview
Grazing land for pastoralists make up the majority of Shabelle Zone. Six of its seven woredas are located along the banks of the Shebelle river, which flows out of the highlands through the Zone and into Somalia. 40-50% of the population depend on irrigated farming, 25-30% on agro-pastoralism and 20-30% on pastoralism and less than 1% on urban service activities. Shabelle is characterised by an "extensive flat to gently sloping topography" that accounts for about 94% of the Zone’s total area. An estimated 56% of the area of the zone is occupied by pasturage which consists of open grass land, bush and shrub grass land, and wooded grass land, while 33% is occupied by wood land, shrub land and bush land. The remaining 11% is considered arable or cultivated.
Region
The famous Shebelle River runs through this zone. Shabelle Zone has ten woredas which consists of: Gode, Kelafo, Mustahīl, Ferfer, Adadle, Imi, Danan, Beercaano, Elele and Abaaqarow.
Al-Nejah Relief, CHF International began a program to restore and dig shallow wells and improve sanitation habits in the Gode and Afder Zones of the Somali Region.
Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 464,253, of whom 258,558 are men and 205,695 women. While 89,593 or 19.3% are urban inhabitants, a further 118,608 or 25.55% were pastoralists. The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somalis (98.62%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.38% of the population. Somali language is spoken as a first language by 98.98%; the remaining 1.02% spoke all other primary languages reported. 98.76% of the population said they were Muslim.
The 1997 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 327,156 in 43,337 households, of whom 179,352 were men and 147,804 were women; 70,499 or 21.55% of its population were urban dwellers. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of 21 rural kebeles, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 31,059 inhabitants, of whom 16,772 were men and 14,287 women.) The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somali (99.55%); a similar proportion spoke Somali (99.16%) as their primary language. Only 19,702 or 6.65% were literate.
According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 2% of the inhabitants of Gode have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 18.3 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.8 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 2.25 for pastoral Regions) and the equivalent of 2.9 heads of livestock. 28.2% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and an average of 28% for pastoral Regions. 42% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 3% in secondary schools. 100% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and none to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 726.
Agriculture
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
On 5–23 November 2003, the CSA conducted the first ever national agricultural census, of which the livestock census was an important component. For the Somali Region, the CSA generated estimated figures for the livestock population (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and equids) and their distribution by commissioning an aerial survey. For the Gode Zone, their results included:
Animal
Estimated total
number per sqk.
cattle
165,277
4.7
sheep
517,668
42.4 (including goats)
goats
985,869
42.4 (including sheep)
camels
115,498
3.3
asses
10,758
0.3 (all equids)
mules
58
0.3 (all equids)
horses
0
Notes
^ Ayele Gebre-Mariam, The Critical Issue of Land Ownership, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 14f (accessed 19 January 2009)
^ CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Aug. 2006), p. 7 (accessed 12 December 2008)
^ Census 2007 Tables: Somali Region Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.
^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Somali Region, Vol. 1 Archived November 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.13 (accessed 12 January 2009). The results of the 1994 census in the Somali Region were not satisfactory, so the census was repeated in 1997.
^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication,
Klaus Deininger et al. "Tenure Security and Land Related Investment", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006) This publication defines Benishangul-Gumaz, Afar and Somali as "pastoral Regions".
^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006)
^ "Livestock aerial survey in the Somali Region" Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, CSA (November 2003), Tables 4, 6 (accessed 17 May 2009)
External links
Permanent agricultural settlements along the Webi Shabelle River in the Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional state, report of the UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia.
6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750
vteZones and Woredas of the Somali Region List of districts in the Somali RegionAfder Zone
Afder
Bare
Chereti
Dolobay
Elekere
GodGod
Hargelle
Iligdheere
Mirab Imi
Raaso
Qooxle
Dhawa Zone
Hudet
Moyale
Mubaarak
Qadhaadhumo
Dollo Zone
Boh
Danot
Daratole
Gal-Hamur
Geladin
Lehel-Yucub
Warder
Erer Zone
Fiq
Lagahida
Mayaa-muluqo
Qubi
Salahad
Waangaay
Xamaro
Yaxoob
Fafan Zone
Awbare
Babille
Goljano
Gursum
Harawo
Haroorayso
Harshin
Jijiga
Kebri Beyah special woreda
Qooraan/Mulla
Shabeeley
Wajale special woreda
Tuli Guled
Jarar Zone
Araarso
Awaare
Bilcil buur
Bir-qod
Daroor
Degehabur
Dhagaxmadow
Dig
Gunagado
Misraq Gashamo
Yoocaale
Korahe Zone
Boodaley
Ceel-Ogadeen
Debeweyin
Higloley
Kebri Dahar special woreda
Kudunbuur
Laas-dhankayre
Marsin
Shekosh
Shilavo
Liben Zone
Bokolmayo
Deka Softi
Dolo Odo
Filtu
Goro Bekeksa
Guradamole
Kersa Dula
Nogob Zone
Ayun
Dihun
Elweyne
Gerbo
Hararey/Xaraarey
Hora-shagax
Segeg
Shabelle Zone
Abaaqoorow
Adadle
Beercaano
Danan
Elele
Ferfer
Gode special woreda
Imiberi
Kelafo
Mustahil
Sitti Zone
Adigala
Afdem
Ayesha
Bike
Dambel
Erer
Gablalu
Mieso
Shinile
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somali Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Gode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gode"},{"link_name":"Afder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afder_Zone"},{"link_name":"Fiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiq_Zone"},{"link_name":"Korahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korahe_Zone"},{"link_name":"Provisional Administrative Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Administrative_Line"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Hirshabelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle"},{"link_name":"Galmudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug"}],"text":"Place in Somali, EthiopiaShabelle is one of nine Zones of the Somali Region of Ethiopia. It was previously known as Gode (Somali: Godey, Arabic: غودي), so named after its largest city, Gode. Shabelle is bordered on the west by Afder, on the north by Fiq, on the northeast by Korahe. On the south it borders the Provisional Administrative Line of Somalia along the borders of the Hirshabelle and Galmudug federal states.","title":"Shabelle Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Grazing land for pastoralists make up the majority of Shabelle Zone. Six of its seven woredas are located along the banks of the Shebelle river, which flows out of the highlands through the Zone and into Somalia. 40-50% of the population depend on irrigated farming, 25-30% on agro-pastoralism and 20-30% on pastoralism and less than 1% on urban service activities. Shabelle is characterised by an \"extensive flat to gently sloping topography\" that accounts for about 94% of the Zone’s total area. An estimated 56% of the area of the zone is occupied by pasturage which consists of open grass land, bush and shrub grass land, and wooded grass land, while 33% is occupied by wood land, shrub land and bush land. The remaining 11% is considered arable or cultivated.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shebelle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebelle_River"},{"link_name":"woredas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woredas"},{"link_name":"Gode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gode"},{"link_name":"Kelafo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelafo"},{"link_name":"Mustahīl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustah%C4%ABl_(town)"},{"link_name":"Ferfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferfer"},{"link_name":"Adadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adadle"},{"link_name":"Imi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Danan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danan,_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Beercaano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beercaano"},{"link_name":"Elele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elele"},{"link_name":"CHF International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHF_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The famous Shebelle River runs through this zone. Shabelle Zone has ten woredas which consists of: Gode, Kelafo, Mustahīl, Ferfer, Adadle, Imi, Danan, Beercaano, Elele and Abaaqarow.Al-Nejah Relief, CHF International began a program to restore and dig shallow wells and improve sanitation habits in the Gode and Afder Zones of the Somali Region.[2]","title":"Region"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Statistical Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistical_Agency_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"Somalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Somali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"kebeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebele"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Tsetse fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 464,253, of whom 258,558 are men and 205,695 women. While 89,593 or 19.3% are urban inhabitants, a further 118,608 or 25.55% were pastoralists. The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somalis (98.62%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.38% of the population. Somali language is spoken as a first language by 98.98%; the remaining 1.02% spoke all other primary languages reported. 98.76% of the population said they were Muslim.[3]The 1997 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 327,156 in 43,337 households, of whom 179,352 were men and 147,804 were women; 70,499 or 21.55% of its population were urban dwellers. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of 21 rural kebeles, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 31,059 inhabitants, of whom 16,772 were men and 14,287 women.) The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somali (99.55%); a similar proportion spoke Somali (99.16%) as their primary language. Only 19,702 or 6.65% were literate.[4]According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 2% of the inhabitants of Gode have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 18.3 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.8 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 2.25 for pastoral Regions)[5] and the equivalent of 2.9 heads of livestock. 28.2% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and an average of 28% for pastoral Regions. 42% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 3% in secondary schools. 100% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and none to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 726.[6]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Map of the regions and zones of EthiopiaOn 5–23 November 2003, the CSA conducted the first ever national agricultural census, of which the livestock census was an important component.[7] For the Somali Region, the CSA generated estimated figures for the livestock population (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and equids) and their distribution by commissioning an aerial survey. For the Gode Zone, their results included:","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Critical Issue of Land Ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chfhq.org/files/3707_file_Somali_Region_Assessment_8.4.06.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110726084227/http://www.chfhq.org/files/3707_file_Somali_Region_Assessment_8.4.06.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Somali Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=274&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121114110154/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=274&format=raw&Itemid=521"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Somali Region, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck05%5Ck05.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081119230720/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck05%5Ck05.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Livestock aerial survey in the Somali Region\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livestock%20Aerial%20Survey%20in%20the%20Somali%20Region%20November%202003.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110716090912/http://www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livestock%20Aerial%20Survey%20in%20the%20Somali%20Region%20November%202003.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ Ayele Gebre-Mariam, The Critical Issue of Land Ownership, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 14f (accessed 19 January 2009)\n\n^ CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Aug. 2006), p. 7 (accessed 12 December 2008)\n\n^ Census 2007 Tables: Somali Region Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2 and 3.4.\n\n^ 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Somali Region, Vol. 1 Archived November 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.13 (accessed 12 January 2009). The results of the 1994 census in the Somali Region were not satisfactory, so the census was repeated in 1997.\n\n^ Comparative national and regional figures comes from the World Bank publication, \nKlaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991 Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 23 March 2006) This publication defines Benishangul-Gumaz, Afar and Somali as \"pastoral Regions\".\n\n^ World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization (accessed 23 March 2006)\n\n^ \"Livestock aerial survey in the Somali Region\" Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, CSA (November 2003), Tables 4, 6 (accessed 17 May 2009)","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg/220px-Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shabelle_Zone¶ms=6_00_N_43_45_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shabelle_Zone¶ms=6_00_N_43_45_E_region:ET_type:city(464253)","external_links_name":"6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf","external_links_name":"The Critical Issue of Land Ownership"},{"Link":"http://www.chfhq.org/files/3707_file_Somali_Region_Assessment_8.4.06.pdf","external_links_name":"Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726084227/http://www.chfhq.org/files/3707_file_Somali_Region_Assessment_8.4.06.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=274&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Census 2007 Tables: Somali Region"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114110154/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=274&format=raw&Itemid=521","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck05%5Ck05.pdf","external_links_name":"1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Somali Region, Vol. 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081119230720/http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck05%5Ck05.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Klaus Deininger et al. \"Tenure Security and Land Related Investment\", WP-2991"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150244/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000094946_03032704080562&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477938&piPK=64210520","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTETHIOPIA/Resources/PREM/FourEthiopiasrev6.7.5.May24.pdf","external_links_name":"World Bank, Four Ethiopias: A Regional Characterization"},{"Link":"http://www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livestock%20Aerial%20Survey%20in%20the%20Somali%20Region%20November%202003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Livestock aerial survey in the Somali Region\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090912/http://www.dppc.gov.et/Livelihoods/Somali/Downloadable/Livestock%20Aerial%20Survey%20in%20the%20Somali%20Region%20November%202003.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/Godezone.htm","external_links_name":"Permanent agricultural settlements along the Webi Shabelle River in the Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional state"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shabelle_Zone¶ms=6_00_N_43_45_E_type:adm2nd_region:ET","external_links_name":"6°00′N 43°45′E / 6.000°N 43.750°E / 6.000; 43.750"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko!_Jakamoko!_Toto!
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Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!
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["1 Plot","2 Broadcast","3 Development","4 Awards","5 UK Voice Cast","6 Episode listing","6.1 Season 1 (2003-2005)","7 References","8 External links"]
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U.K. TV series
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!Yoko Jakamoko TotoGenreChildren's TV seriesCreated byTony CollingwoodWritten byJimmy HibbertTrevor RickettsTony CollingwoodMoya O'SheaJames MasonChris DrewDirected byTony CollingwoodAndrea O'TranVoices ofAlex KellyRob RackstrawAlistair McGowanGary MartinMaria DarlingColin McFarlaneAlan MarriottKate HarbourMoya O'SheaTheme music composerRoger JacksonComposerRoger JacksonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languagesEnglishNoneNo. of series2No. of episodes56ProductionProducerChristopher O'HareEditorFred ZieckerRunning time5 minutes per episode (approx.)Production companyCollingwood O'Hare Productions LimitedOriginal releaseNetworkITV (CITV)Release2 June 2003 (2003-06-02) –29 August 2005 (2005-08-29)
Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! is a British animated children's television series, produced by Collingwood O'Hare Productions Limited, originally distributed by HIT Entertainment and currently distributed by Foothill Entertainment, which aired from 6 January 2003 until 29 August 2005 on CITV, and then rebroadcast on CBeebies from 26 January 2009 to 2 June 2013.
Plot
The television series is about a bird-of-paradise named Yoko, an armadillo named Jakamoko, and a spider monkey named Toto, who live and go on adventures in the wilderness where they all live and can only communicate by saying each other's names.
Broadcast
An animated short film from the series made its American debut on 2 June 2003 as part of the New York International Children's Film Festival.
The show has aired on ABC in Australia (as well as its digital networks ABC Kids and ABC 2) from 24 February 2003 to 27 November 2006, TVOKids in Canada, Kids Central in Singapore, ATV in Hong Kong, e-Junior in the U.A.E., TBS in Japan, MiniMini in Poland, Super3 in Spain, Canal Once in Mexico, Super RTL in Germany, Pakapaka in Argentina, ETTV in Taiwan, SVT in Sweden, NRK1 in Norway, RTP2 in Portugal, Piwi in France and Cartoon Network (in the former Tickle-U block) in the US. Unlike most animated series, when the show was sold to several countries that don't speak English and have English as their first language it was never dubbed or translated into different languages or redubbed with a different range of voices as the characters in the show only had limited dialogue and can only communicate by saying anybody's names making all the voices retained and left alone.
Development
While the series was in production, the distribution was done by Gullane Entertainment (formally known as The Britt Allcroft Company, the company that made Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends) up until July 2002, when the company was bought by HIT Entertainment.
Awards
Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! has won numerous industry awards including Best Pilot at the Annecy International Festival of Animation, Best Writer at the British Animation Awards and two British Academy Children's Awards, including Best Writer and Best Pre-School Animation.
UK Voice Cast
Alex Kelly - Yoko the Bird of Paradise
Gary Martin - Jakamoko the Armadillo
Rob Rackstraw - Toto the Spider Monkey
Alistair McGowan, Kate Harbour, Moya O'Shea, Alan Marriott, Colin McFarlane and Maria Darling - additional voices
Episode listing
Season 1 (2003-2005)
1. The Special Thing/The Scary Monster/The Water-Hole/The Patient
2. The Whale/The Night/The Shell/The Very Sticky Thing
3. The Fly/The Egg/The Blip/The Visit
4. The Naughty Noise/The New Best Friend/The Girlfriend/The Cave
5. The Other Side/The Longest Day/The Lesson/The Song
6. The Meal/The Windy Day/The Hiccups/The Copycat
7. The New King/The Other Monkey/The Nightmare/The Oyster
8. The Smell/The Babysitters/The Seeds/The Traveller
9. The Hole/The Rival/The Island/The Voice
10. The Beetle/The Coconut/The Puzzle/The Late Night
11. The Sand/The Leaf/The Dreamers/The Migration
12. The Tallest/The Snow/The Log/The Contest
13. The Meerkats/The Mango/The Bad Word/The In-Crowd
14. The Butterfly/The Dance/The Chick/The Show
References
^ "CBeebies Acquires Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!".
External links
Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! at BBC Online
Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! at IMDb
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated"},{"link_name":"children's television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"Collingwood O'Hare Productions Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"HIT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIT_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"CITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITV"},{"link_name":"CBeebies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBeebies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! is a British animated children's television series, produced by Collingwood O'Hare Productions Limited, originally distributed by HIT Entertainment and currently distributed by Foothill Entertainment, which aired from 6 January 2003 until 29 August 2005 on CITV, and then rebroadcast on CBeebies from 26 January 2009 to 2 June 2013.[1]","title":"Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird-of-paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird-of-paradise"},{"link_name":"armadillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo"},{"link_name":"spider monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_monkey"}],"text":"The television series is about a bird-of-paradise named Yoko, an armadillo named Jakamoko, and a spider monkey named Toto, who live and go on adventures in the wilderness where they all live and can only communicate by saying each other's names.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"New York International Children's Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_International_Children%27s_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"ABC Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Kids_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"ABC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_TV_Plus"},{"link_name":"TVOKids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVOKids"},{"link_name":"Kids Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Television"},{"link_name":"e-Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Junior"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"MiniMini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniMini"},{"link_name":"Super3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super3"},{"link_name":"Canal Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Once"},{"link_name":"Super RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_RTL"},{"link_name":"Pakapaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakapaka"},{"link_name":"ETTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"NRK1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK1"},{"link_name":"RTP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP2"},{"link_name":"Piwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi%2B"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Tickle-U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonito#Tickle-U_(2005%E2%80%932006)"}],"text":"An animated short film from the series made its American debut on 2 June 2003 as part of the New York International Children's Film Festival.The show has aired on ABC in Australia (as well as its digital networks ABC Kids and ABC 2) from 24 February 2003 to 27 November 2006, TVOKids in Canada, Kids Central in Singapore, ATV in Hong Kong, e-Junior in the U.A.E., TBS in Japan, MiniMini in Poland, Super3 in Spain, Canal Once in Mexico, Super RTL in Germany, Pakapaka in Argentina, ETTV in Taiwan, SVT in Sweden, NRK1 in Norway, RTP2 in Portugal, Piwi in France and Cartoon Network (in the former Tickle-U block) in the US. Unlike most animated series, when the show was sold to several countries that don't speak English and have English as their first language it was never dubbed or translated into different languages or redubbed with a different range of voices as the characters in the show only had limited dialogue and can only communicate by saying anybody's names making all the voices retained and left alone.","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gullane Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullane_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Britt Allcroft Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Britt_Allcroft_Company"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Tank_Engine_and_Friends"},{"link_name":"HIT Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIT_Entertainment"}],"text":"While the series was in production, the distribution was done by Gullane Entertainment (formally known as The Britt Allcroft Company, the company that made Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends) up until July 2002, when the company was bought by HIT Entertainment.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"British Academy Children's Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Children%27s_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Pre-School Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Children%27s_Award_for_Pre-School_Animation"}],"text":"Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto! has won numerous industry awards including Best Pilot at the Annecy International Festival of Animation, Best Writer at the British Animation Awards and two British Academy Children's Awards, including Best Writer and Best Pre-School Animation.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Martin_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rob Rackstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Rackstraw"},{"link_name":"Alistair McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_McGowan"},{"link_name":"Kate Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Alan Marriott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Marriott_(voice_actor)"},{"link_name":"Colin McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"Maria Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Darling"}],"text":"Alex Kelly - Yoko the Bird of Paradise\nGary Martin - Jakamoko the Armadillo\nRob Rackstraw - Toto the Spider Monkey\nAlistair McGowan, Kate Harbour, Moya O'Shea, Alan Marriott, Colin McFarlane and Maria Darling - additional voices","title":"UK Voice Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2003-2005)","text":"1. The Special Thing/The Scary Monster/The Water-Hole/The Patient\n2. The Whale/The Night/The Shell/The Very Sticky Thing\n3. The Fly/The Egg/The Blip/The Visit\n4. The Naughty Noise/The New Best Friend/The Girlfriend/The Cave\n5. The Other Side/The Longest Day/The Lesson/The Song\n6. The Meal/The Windy Day/The Hiccups/The Copycat\n7. The New King/The Other Monkey/The Nightmare/The Oyster\n8. The Smell/The Babysitters/The Seeds/The Traveller\n9. The Hole/The Rival/The Island/The Voice\n10. The Beetle/The Coconut/The Puzzle/The Late Night\n11. The Sand/The Leaf/The Dreamers/The Migration\n12. The Tallest/The Snow/The Log/The Contest\n13. The Meerkats/The Mango/The Bad Word/The In-Crowd\n14. The Butterfly/The Dance/The Chick/The Show","title":"Episode listing"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"CBeebies Acquires Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/cbeebies-acquires-yoko-jakamoko-toto","url_text":"\"CBeebies Acquires Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Espinal
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Marcos Espinal
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Career"]
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Marcos Espinal is currently the Director of the Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO). Dr Espinal's portfolio includes several areas of work: neglected, tropical & vector-borne diseases; risk and outbreak communication; HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis & STIs; health information & analysis; water & sanitation, and veterinary public health.
Biography
Education
Dr Espinal, a national of the Dominican Republic, holds a medical degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1985); he is a pediatrician, with three years of residency at the Robert Reid Children's Hospital of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He obtained a master's degree in public health (1990) and a doctorate in public health (1995) from the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health.
Career
Dr. Espinal's work experience includes positions in the Ministry of Health of the Dominican Republic and the National Center for Research on Maternal and Child Health; the New York City Public Health Department; and the WHO. Before joining PAHO, Dr Espinal served as Executive Secretary of the WHO Stop TB Partnership, a global movement aiming at the elimination of TB as a public health problem.
Dr. Espinal has published more than 100 publications in the field of communicable diseases and is a recipient of the Scientific Prize of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the Albert and Mildred Krueger Memorial Fellowship, and a graduate scholarship from the John E. Fogarty International Center. In 2008, Dr. Espinal was awarded the Walter and Elise A. Hass International Award by the University of California at Berkeley for a distinguished record of service in international health; and in 2012, he was awarded the Princess Chichibu Memorial TB Global Award by the Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marcos Espinal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Dr Espinal, a national of the Dominican Republic, holds a medical degree from the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (1985); he is a pediatrician, with three years of residency at the Robert Reid Children's Hospital of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He obtained a master's degree in public health (1990) and a doctorate in public health (1995) from the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stop TB Partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stoptb.org/"},{"link_name":"International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_Against_Tuberculosis_and_Lung_Disease"},{"link_name":"John E. Fogarty International Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Fogarty_International_Center"},{"link_name":"University of California at Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jata.or.jp/eindex/home.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6757847#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/33826961"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx69FCBvrbC8gxWqrDv3"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002151893"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"Dr. Espinal's work experience includes positions in the Ministry of Health of the Dominican Republic and the National Center for Research on Maternal and Child Health; the New York City Public Health Department; and the WHO. Before joining PAHO, Dr Espinal served as Executive Secretary of the WHO Stop TB Partnership, a global movement aiming at the elimination of TB as a public health problem. \nDr. Espinal has published more than 100 publications in the field of communicable diseases and is a recipient of the Scientific Prize of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, the Albert and Mildred Krueger Memorial Fellowship, and a graduate scholarship from the John E. Fogarty International Center. In 2008, Dr. Espinal was awarded the Walter and Elise A. Hass International Award by the University of California at Berkeley for a distinguished record of service in international health; and in 2012, he was awarded the Princess Chichibu Memorial TB Global Award by the Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.paho.org/cha","external_links_name":"Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis"},{"Link":"http://www.stoptb.org/","external_links_name":"Stop TB Partnership"},{"Link":"http://www.jata.or.jp/eindex/home.html","external_links_name":"Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33826961","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx69FCBvrbC8gxWqrDv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2002151893","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotutu
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Borututu
|
["1 Uses","2 References","3 External links"]
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Medicinal tree bark
Syrup preparation made from borututu
Borotutu is traditional medicine made from the African tree Cochlospermum angolense. It is widespread in parts of Angola, where it is known as mburututu in the Chokwe and Kimbundu languages.
Uses
Borututu bark is claimed to have hepatic healing properties and a general cleansing effect. Borotutu bark pills and herbal teas are sold in health stores. The bark showed activity against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in laboratory tests.
In Ghana, where the bark locally known as paajawu, it is added to Shea Butter during the boiling process for a vibrant yellow coloring.
References
^ Videira C, Pedro JM, Vaz Nery S, Rastreio etnobotânico nas comunas de Caxito, Mabubas e Úcua (Província do Bengo) – resultados preliminares, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 2010. PDF
^ Presber W, Herrmann DK, Hegenscheid B (1991). "". Angew Parasitol (in German). 32 (1): 7–9. PMID 2039095.
External links
"The hepatoprotective cytochrome P-450 enzyme inhibitor isolated from the Nigerian medicinal plant Cochlospermum planchonii is a zinc salt". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 48: 89–97. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(95)01290-t.
vteMedicinal herbs and fungiHerbs
Alfalfa
Aloe vera
Anise
Borututu
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Astragalus
Cannabis
medical use
Caraway
Cardamom
Chamomile
Chaparral
Fenugreek
Feverfew
Flaxseed
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Ginkgo
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Goldenseal
Lemon balm
Liquorice
Marigold
Marsh-mallow
Neem
Opium poppy
Oregano
Peppermint
Purple coneflower
Rosemary
Sage
Star anise
Summer savory
Tea tree oil
Thyme
Turmeric
Umckaloabo
Valerian
Verbena
White willow
Yarrow
Za'atar
Fungi
Almond mushroom
Chaga mushroom
Echigoshirayukidake
Lingzhi mushroom
Maitake
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Regional practices
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Medicinal plants
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burututu.jpg"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Cochlospermum angolense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlospermum_angolense"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Chokwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokwe_language"},{"link_name":"Kimbundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbundu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Syrup preparation made from borututuBorotutu is traditional medicine made from the African tree Cochlospermum angolense. It is widespread in parts of Angola, where it is known as mburututu in the Chokwe and Kimbundu languages.[1]","title":"Borututu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hepatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic"},{"link_name":"herbal teas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_tea"},{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"malaria parasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium"},{"link_name":"Plasmodium berghei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_berghei"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shea Butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Butter"}],"text":"Borututu bark is claimed to have hepatic healing properties and a general cleansing effect. Borotutu bark pills and herbal teas are sold in health stores. The bark showed activity against the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in laboratory tests.[2]In Ghana, where the bark locally known as paajawu, it is added to Shea Butter during the boiling process for a vibrant yellow coloring.","title":"Uses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Syrup preparation made from borututu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Burututu.jpg/220px-Burututu.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Presber W, Herrmann DK, Hegenscheid B (1991). \"[The effect of an extract from Cochlospermum angolense (\"Burututu\") on Plasmodium berghei in the mouse malaria suppression test]\". Angew Parasitol (in German). 32 (1): 7–9. PMID 2039095.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2039095","url_text":"2039095"}]},{"reference":"\"The hepatoprotective cytochrome P-450 enzyme inhibitor isolated from the Nigerian medicinal plant Cochlospermum planchonii is a zinc salt\". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 48: 89–97. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(95)01290-t.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2895%2901290-t","url_text":"10.1016/0378-8741(95)01290-t"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstream/10400.21/261/1/Rastreio%20etnobot%C3%A2nico%20nas%20comunas%20de%20Caxito.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2039095","external_links_name":"2039095"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2895%2901290-t","external_links_name":"10.1016/0378-8741(95)01290-t"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_(Rome)
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Santi Apostoli, Rome
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["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Interior","3.1 Frescoes of Melozzo da Forlì","3.2 Chapels","4 Burials","5 List of Cardinal-priests since 1059","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°53′53.18″N 12°28′59.54″E / 41.8981056°N 12.4832056°E / 41.8981056; 12.4832056This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Santi Apostoli, Rome" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy
Church in Rome, ItalySanti XII ApostoliChurch of the Twelve Holy ApostlesSS. XII Apostolorum (in Latin)View of the church from the Vittoriano.Click on the map for a fullscreen view41°53′53.18″N 12°28′59.54″E / 41.8981056°N 12.4832056°E / 41.8981056; 12.4832056LocationPiazza Dei Santi Apostoli, RomeCountryItalyDenominationRoman CatholicTraditionRoman RiteWebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryStatusParish church, titulus, minor basilicaDedicationTwelve ApostlesArchitectureArchitect(s)Baccio Pontelli, Carlo Rainaldi, Carlo FontanaArchitectural typeChurchStyleBaroqueGroundbreaking6th centuryCompleted1714SpecificationsLength75 metres (246 ft)Width40 metres (130 ft)Nave width18 metres (59 ft)AdministrationProvinceDiocese of RomeClergyCardinal protectorFather Mario Peruzzo
Santi Dodici Apostoli (Church of the Twelve Holy Apostles; Latin: SS. Duodecim Apostolorum), commonly known simply as Santi Apostoli, is a 6th-century Roman Catholic parish and titular church and minor basilica in Rome, Italy, dedicated originally to St. James and St. Philip, whose remains are kept here, and later to all Apostles. Today, the basilica is under the care of the Conventual Franciscans, whose headquarters in Rome is in the adjacent building. It is the Station church for Friday, the first week of Lent.
The Cardinal Priest of the Titulus XII Apostolorum is Angelo Scola. Among the previous Cardinal Priests are Pope Clement XIV, whose tomb by Canova is in the basilica, and Henry Benedict Stuart.
History
The first church dedicated to the Holy Apostles was one built under Pope Julius I in the mid-fourth century near Trajan's Forum. It is listed as "Titulus SS Apostolorum" in the acts of the synod of 499. Its successor was built by Pope Pelagius I, on the present site, to celebrate the victory of Narses over the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae in 552. General Narses contributed to the construction of the building. It was dedicated around 570 by Pope John III to St. James and Saint Philip the Apostle. Santi Apostoli was ruined by the earthquake of 1348, and left abandoned.
In 1417, Pope Martin V, whose Colonna family owned the adjacent Palazzo Colonna, restored the church. The Franciscans took charge of the church in 1463. A more extensive restoration was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV and his nephew, Giuliano della Rovere, from 1471 to 1484.
The inscriptions found in SS. XII Apostoli, a valuable source illustrating the history of the church, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.
Architecture
The 15th century portico that precedes the present facade is by Baccio Pontelli. In 1665, Carlo Rainaldi walled up the arches in the upper level and installed statues on the parapet.
The church was later restored again, with the facade completed by Giuseppe Valadier in 1827.
On the wall of the portico on the right side, is an antique bas-relief of an eagle surrounded by an oak crown that it holds in its talons. Opposite is the monument of the Venetian engraver Giovanni Volpato sculpted and erected by his friend and countryman Antonio Canova. It consists of a large bas-relief, representing "Friendship in Mourning" in the form of a woman weeping before the bust of the deceased Volpato.
Interior
Facade of the Basilica and plan
Triumph of the Franciscan Order, Baciccio
Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (Roma) - Interior
Around 1700, Pope Clement XI instigated dramatic renovations of the church. A new Baroque interior was designed by Carlo Fontana and completed in 1714. The fresco on the vaulted ceiling is the Triumph of Franciscan Order by Baciccio. Above the sanctuary is a fresco from 1709 by Giovanni Odazzi, representing the "Fall of Lucifer and his Angels".
There are also later frescoes of the Evangelists by Luigi Fontana in the apse. The main altar had a baldacchino with four porphyry columns. The altarpiece is by Domenico Maria Muratori and depicts the
Martyrdoms of the Apostles Philip and James the Less.
To the right of the high altar are the tombs of Count Giraud de Caprières (died 1505) and Cardinal Raffaele Riario (died 1521), tentatively attributed to Michelangelo. To the left is a monument to Cardinal Pietro Riario, nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, by the school of Andrea Bregno and possible designed by Andrea Bregno himself. There is also a Madonna by Mino da Fiesole.
Next to a pier of the nave on the right-hand side, near the first chapel, is enshrined the heart of Maria Klementyna Sobieska, wife of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart. Her tomb is in St Peter's Basilica. Her monument is by Filippo della Valle. Her husband used to pray here every morning; it was his parish church when he lived at the nearby Palazzo Muti.
Entrance to the crypt
The confessio was constructed in 1871. During its construction, the relics of St James and St Philip, which were taken from the catacombs in the 9th century to protect them from invaders, were rediscovered under the high altar. The wall paintings are reproductions of ancient catacomb paintings. An inscription explains that Pope Stephen IV walked barefoot in 886 from the catacombs to the church carrying the relics on his shoulders.
Frescoes of Melozzo da Forlì
A fragment of the removed fresco by Melozzo da Forlì
About 1472, Melozzo da Forlì was commissioned by Cardinal Pietro Riario to paint the vault of the apse, his subject being the Ascension of Christ. It is one of the earliest known examples of perspective applied to the human figure on roof or ceiling decoration.
According to Giorgio Vasari, "the figure of Christ is so admirably foreshortened as to appear to pierce the vault; and in the same manner the angels are seen sweeping through the field of air in two opposite directions."
This fresco was taken down in 1711 when Clement IX enlarged the choir. The figure of Christ is now in the Quirinal Palace. Some of the other portions, which influenced Raphael, are in the sacristy of St Peter's. A hall in the Vatican Museums, holds designs of angels and apostles by Melozzo, taken from the same fresco.
Chapels
The twelve side chapels were reduced in number during the renovations of Clement IX.
The first chapel on the left is dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows.
The second chapel was dedicated to St. Joseph of Cupertino. The altarpiece from 1777 is by Giuseppe Cades. The two columns of verde antico, green marble, are reputed to be the largest known in that type of stone.
The third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, containing The Ecstasy of St Francis by Giuseppe Chiari.
Pope Clement XIV (1769–1774) is buried at the end of the left side aisle, near the door of the sacristy. His Neo-Classical tomb is by Antonio Canova, made in 1783-1787. Besides the statue of that Pope, there are two uncommonly fine figures of "Temperance" and "Clemency". This was the first major work Canova did in Rome.
The first chapel on the right-hand side of the nave is dedicated to St Bonaventure. The altarpiece is by Niccolò Lapiccola. It also contains Antoniazzo Romano's Madonna, moved from the Bessarion chapel.
The second chapel on the right is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception; the altarpiece is by Corrado Giaquinto.
The third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua; the altarpiece (1723) is by Benedetto Luti. It is the chapel of the Odescalchi, whose palazzo was nearby.
Behind the Odescalchi chapel is the funerary chapel of Cardinal Bessarion. Antoniazzo Romano completed the decoration in 1467. It contained a 15th-century Madonna donated by Bessarion, now relocated to the Chapel of St. Bonaventure.
The Chapel of the Crucifixion is to the right of the main altar. Designed as a small basilica, it has a nave and two aisles. The 8 columns are from the 6th-century church.
Basilica dei Santi Apostoli
Volpato monument by Canova (portico)
Tomb of Pope Clement XIV by Antonio Canova
Madonna of Constantinople, Antoniazzo Romano
Burials
Cardinal Bessarion (1403–1472)
Prospero Colonna (cardinal) (died 1463)
Raffaele Riario (died 1521)
Pope Clement XIV (1769–1774)
Count Giraud de Caprières (died 1505)
Cardinal Pietro Riario (died 1474)
For a short time, the basilica housed the tomb of Michelangelo, before its transportation to the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Upon the death of James Francis Edward Stuart in 1766, his body lay in state here before he was buried with his wife at St. Peter's Basilica.
List of Cardinal-priests since 1059
List of the cardinal titulars of the church
Bernardus (attested in 1059)
Gregorius (by 1102 - 1112) went into schism against Pope Paschal II.
Hugo (Ugone d'Alatri) (by 1116 - after 10 November 1121)
Gregorius (restored) (by 6 April 1123 - 1138) He followed Anacletus II in the schism of 1130.
Ildebrandus (1156 - 1178)
Pandulfus de Masca (1182 - 1201)
Stephanus de Ceccano, O.Cist. (1213 - 1227)
Guilelmus Talliante O.S.B. (1244 - 1250)
Annibale Annibaldi de Molaria O.P. (1262 - 1272)
Gerardo Bianchi O.Cist. (March 1278 - 1281)
Imbertus de Puteo (Dupuis) (18 December 1327 - 26 May 1348)
Pectin de Montesquieu (17 December 1350 – 1 February 1355)
Pierre de La Forêt (23 December 1356 – 7 June 1361)
Bernard du Bosquet (22 September 1368 – 19 April 1371)
Robert de Genève (30 May 1371 – 20 September 1378)
Jan Očko of Vlašim (18 September 1378 – 14 January 1380)
Pietro Filargis (12 June 1405 – 26 June 1409)
Basilios Bessarion (8 January 1440 – 18 November 1472)
Clemente Grosso della Rovere (6 December 1503 – 18 August 1504)
Leonardo Grosso della Rovere (17 December 1505 – 15 September 1508)
Francesco Soderini (15 September 1508 – 29 October 1511)
Pompeo Colonna (13 November 1517 – 28 June 1532)
Alonso Manrique de Lara (12 July 1532 – 28 September 1538)
Pedro Sarmiento (15 November 1538 – 13 October 1541)
Miguel da Silva (6 February 1542 – 5 October 1543)
Durante Duranti (9 January 1545 – 24 December 1557)
Markus Sitticus von Hohenems Altemps (10 March 1561 – 15 May 1565)
Marcantonio Colonna (15 May 1565 – 5 December 1580)
Rodrigo de Castro Osorio (20 May 1585 – 18 September 1600)
François de Sourdis (20 December 1600 – 30 January 1606)
Domenico Ginnasi (30 January 1606 – 16 September 1624)
Desiderio Scaglia(9 February 1626 – 6 October 1627)
Francesco Maria Brancaccio (9 January 1634 – 2 July 1663)
Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (15 March 1666 – 1 December 1681)
Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria (1 December 1681 – 30 November 1693)
Giorgio Cornaro (7 April 1698 – 10 August 1722)
Benedetto Erba Odescalchi (29 January 1725 – 13 December 1740)
Domenico Riviera (2 January 1741 – 2 November 1752)
Henry Benedict Stuart (18 December 1752 – 13 July 1761)
Pope Clement XIV (29 March 1762 – 19 May 1769)
Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (26 June 1769 – 21 March 1775)
Giovanni Archinto (15 July 1776 – 1 June 1795)
Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana (24 July 1797 – 17 April 1804)
Dionisio Bardaxí y Azara (29 April 1816 – 27 September 1822)
Carlo Odescalchi (16 May 1823 – 15 April 1833)
Francesco Serra Casano (29 July 1833 – 17 August 1850)
Antonio Francesco Orioli (30 September 1850 – 20 February 1852)
Giusto Recanati (10 March 1853 – 17 November 1861)
Antonio Maria Panebianco (23 December 1861 – 21 November 1885)
José Sebastião de Almeida Neto (10 June 1886 – 7 December 1920)
Pietro La Fontaine (7 March 1921 – 9 July 1935)
Ignatius Gabriel I Tappuni (19 December 1935 – 11 February 1965)
Francesco Roberti (26 June 1967 – 16 July 1977)
Agostino Casaroli (30 June 1979 – 25 May 1985)
Giovanni Battista Re (21 February 2001 – 1 October 2002)
Angelo Scola (21 October 2003 – incumbent)
References
^ Official website of the vicariate of Rome Archived February 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Basilica dei Santi XII Apostoli", Religiana
^ a b c "Friday: Santi XII Apostoli", PNAC
^ V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chese e d' altre edifici di Roma, dal secolo XI fino al secolo XVI Volume II (Roma: Fratelli Bencini, 1873), pp. 219-298.
^ a b c "The Basilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department
^ Vasi, Mariano (1824), A new picture of Rome and its environs in the form of an itinerary, Cradock, & Joy, p. 176
^ Vasta, Daniela. La pittura sacra in Italia nell’Ottocento: Dal Neoclassicismo al Simbolismo, p. 102.
^ Gillet, Louis. "Melozzo da Forlí." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 19 January 2023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Lanzi, Luigi (1828), The History of Painting in Italy: The schools of Bologna, Ferrara, Genoa, and Piedmont, W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, p. 43
^ a b c "Santi Apostoli", Churches of Rome
^ Rudolf Hüls, Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms , 1049-1130 (Tubingen: Max Niemeyer 1977), pp. 150-153.
^ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913) pp. 39-40.
^ GCatholic Cardinal Title Santi XII Apostoli
^ Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: XII Apostolorum Archived 2017-12-05 at archive.today Retrieved 03/08/2016
^ Angelo Fumagalli, Delle Istituzioni Diplomatiche (Milano: Al Genio Tipografico 1802), p. 140.
Bibliography
Giovanni Antonio Bonelli, Memorie storiche della Basilica costantiniana dei SS. XII.: Apostoli di Roma e dei nuovi suoi ristauri (Roma: Tipi del Salviucci, 1879).
Rezio Buscaroli, Melozzo da Forlì nei documenti (Roma: Reale accademia l'Italia, 1938).
Emma Zocca, La basilica dei S.S. Apostoli in Roma (Roma: F. Canella, 1959).
Nicholas Clark, Melozzo da Forlì: pictor papalis (London: Sotheby's Publications 1990).
L. Finocchi Ghersi, La Basilica dei Santi Apostoli a Roma tra il XV e il XIX secolo (Roma: La Sapienza 1990)
Isabelle Jennifer Frank, Melozzo Da Forli and the Rome of Pope Sixtus IV: (1471 - 84) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1991).
L. Finocchi Ghersi, "Francesco Fontana e la basilica dei Santi Apostoli a Roma," Storia dell'Arte no. 73 (1991), pp. 332–60.
Lorenzo Finocchi Ghersi, La basilica dei SS. Apostoli a Roma: storia, arte e architettura (Roma: Artemide, 2011).
External links
Santi Apostoli, in Mariano Armellini, Le chiese di Roma dal secolo IV al XIX.
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.
Media related to Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"titular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_church"},{"link_name":"minor basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_basilica"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Less"},{"link_name":"St. Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles"},{"link_name":"Conventual Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Station church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_days"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pnac-3"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Priest"},{"link_name":"Angelo Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Scola"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"link_name":"Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"Henry Benedict Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart"}],"text":"Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, ItalyChurch in Rome, ItalySanti Dodici Apostoli (Church of the Twelve Holy Apostles; Latin: SS. Duodecim Apostolorum), commonly known simply as Santi Apostoli, is a 6th-century Roman Catholic parish and titular church and minor basilica in Rome, Italy, dedicated originally to St. James and St. Philip, whose remains are kept here, and later to all Apostles. Today, the basilica is under the care of the Conventual Franciscans, whose headquarters in Rome is in the adjacent building.[2] It is the Station church for Friday, the first week of Lent.[3]The Cardinal Priest of the Titulus XII Apostolorum is Angelo Scola. Among the previous Cardinal Priests are Pope Clement XIV, whose tomb by Canova is in the basilica, and Henry Benedict Stuart.","title":"Santi Apostoli, Rome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Julius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_I"},{"link_name":"Trajan's Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum"},{"link_name":"Pope Pelagius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I"},{"link_name":"Narses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narses"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoth"},{"link_name":"Battle of Taginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pnac-3"},{"link_name":"Pope John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_III"},{"link_name":"St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Less"},{"link_name":"Saint Philip the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"earthquake of 1348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_of_1348"},{"link_name":"Pope Martin V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Martin_V"},{"link_name":"Colonna family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Giuliano della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The first church dedicated to the Holy Apostles was one built under Pope Julius I in the mid-fourth century near Trajan's Forum. It is listed as \"Titulus SS Apostolorum\" in the acts of the synod of 499. Its successor was built by Pope Pelagius I, on the present site, to celebrate the victory of Narses over the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae in 552. General Narses contributed to the construction of the building.[3] It was dedicated around 570 by Pope John III to St. James and Saint Philip the Apostle. Santi Apostoli was ruined by the earthquake of 1348, and left abandoned.In 1417, Pope Martin V, whose Colonna family owned the adjacent Palazzo Colonna, restored the church. The Franciscans took charge of the church in 1463. A more extensive restoration was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV and his nephew, Giuliano della Rovere, from 1471 to 1484.The inscriptions found in SS. XII Apostoli, a valuable source illustrating the history of the church, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baccio Pontelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccio_Pontelli"},{"link_name":"Carlo Rainaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rainaldi"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Valadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Valadier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turismo-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Volpato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Volpato"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 15th century portico that precedes the present facade is by Baccio Pontelli. In 1665, Carlo Rainaldi walled up the arches in the upper level and installed statues on the parapet.\nThe church was later restored again, with the facade completed by Giuseppe Valadier in 1827.[5]On the wall of the portico on the right side, is an antique bas-relief of an eagle surrounded by an oak crown that it holds in its talons. Opposite is the monument of the Venetian engraver Giovanni Volpato sculpted and erected by his friend and countryman Antonio Canova. It consists of a large bas-relief, representing \"Friendship in Mourning\" in the form of a woman weeping before the bust of the deceased Volpato.[6]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dodici_Apostoli.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_(Rome)_-_Ceiling.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_(Roma)_-_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clement XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_XI"},{"link_name":"Carlo Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Fontana"},{"link_name":"Baciccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Gaulli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turismo-5"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Odazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Odazzi"},{"link_name":"Luigi Fontana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Fontana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Domenico Maria Muratori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Maria_Muratori"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Riario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Riario"},{"link_name":"Pietro Riario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Riario"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bregno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bregno"},{"link_name":"Andrea Bregno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Bregno"},{"link_name":"Mino da Fiesole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino_da_Fiesole"},{"link_name":"Maria Klementyna Sobieska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Klementyna_Sobieska"},{"link_name":"James Francis Edward Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Filippo della Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_della_Valle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franc_XII_Apostoli_fc03.jpg"},{"link_name":"confessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"St James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Less"},{"link_name":"St Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Philip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pnac-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Stephen IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV"}],"text":"Facade of the Basilica and planTriumph of the Franciscan Order, BaciccioBasilica dei Santi Apostoli (Roma) - InteriorAround 1700, Pope Clement XI instigated dramatic renovations of the church. A new Baroque interior was designed by Carlo Fontana and completed in 1714. The fresco on the vaulted ceiling is the Triumph of Franciscan Order by Baciccio.[5] Above the sanctuary is a fresco from 1709 by Giovanni Odazzi, representing the \"Fall of Lucifer and his Angels\".There are also later frescoes of the Evangelists by Luigi Fontana in the apse.[7] The main altar had a baldacchino with four porphyry columns. The altarpiece is by Domenico Maria Muratori and depicts the\nMartyrdoms of the Apostles Philip and James the Less.To the right of the high altar are the tombs of Count Giraud de Caprières (died 1505) and Cardinal Raffaele Riario (died 1521), tentatively attributed to Michelangelo. To the left is a monument to Cardinal Pietro Riario, nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, by the school of Andrea Bregno and possible designed by Andrea Bregno himself. There is also a Madonna by Mino da Fiesole.Next to a pier of the nave on the right-hand side, near the first chapel, is enshrined the heart of Maria Klementyna Sobieska, wife of the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart. Her tomb is in St Peter's Basilica. Her monument is by Filippo della Valle. Her husband used to pray here every morning; it was his parish church when he lived at the nearby Palazzo Muti.Entrance to the cryptThe confessio was constructed in 1871. During its construction, the relics of St James and St Philip, which were taken from the catacombs in the 9th century to protect them from invaders, were rediscovered under the high altar.[3] The wall paintings are reproductions of ancient catacomb paintings. An inscription explains that Pope Stephen IV walked barefoot in 886 from the catacombs to the church carrying the relics on his shoulders.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Forli_-_Angel_with_Lute_head.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melozzo da Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"Melozzo da Forlì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melozzo_da_Forl%C3%AC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Frescoes of Melozzo da Forlì","text":"A fragment of the removed fresco by Melozzo da ForlìAbout 1472, Melozzo da Forlì was commissioned by Cardinal Pietro Riario to paint the vault of the apse, his subject being the Ascension of Christ. It is one of the earliest known examples of perspective applied to the human figure on roof or ceiling decoration. [8]\nAccording to Giorgio Vasari, \"the figure of Christ is so admirably foreshortened as to appear to pierce the vault; and in the same manner the angels are seen sweeping through the field of air in two opposite directions.\"[9]This fresco was taken down in 1711 when Clement IX enlarged the choir. The figure of Christ is now in the Quirinal Palace. Some of the other portions, which influenced Raphael, are in the sacristy of St Peter's. A hall in the Vatican Museums, holds designs of angels and apostles by Melozzo, taken from the same fresco.","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"Joseph of Cupertino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Cupertino"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Cades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Cades"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-10"},{"link_name":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Chiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Chiari"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"link_name":"Antonio Canova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Canova"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turismo-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-10"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Lapiccola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Lapiccola"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Luti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Luti"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Bessarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarion"},{"link_name":"Antoniazzo Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniazzo_Romano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_canova,_monumento_a_giovanni_volpato,_1807,_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Clemens_XIV_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ss._apostoli,_int.,_antoniazzo_romano,_madonna_col_bambino,_xv_sec.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Chapels","text":"The twelve side chapels were reduced in number during the renovations of Clement IX.The first chapel on the left is dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows.\nThe second chapel was dedicated to St. Joseph of Cupertino. The altarpiece from 1777 is by Giuseppe Cades. The two columns of verde antico, green marble, are reputed to be the largest known in that type of stone.[10]\nThe third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, containing The Ecstasy of St Francis by Giuseppe Chiari.Pope Clement XIV (1769–1774) is buried at the end of the left side aisle, near the door of the sacristy. His Neo-Classical tomb is by Antonio Canova, made in 1783-1787.[5] Besides the statue of that Pope, there are two uncommonly fine figures of \"Temperance\" and \"Clemency\". This was the first major work Canova did in Rome.[10]The first chapel on the right-hand side of the nave is dedicated to St Bonaventure. The altarpiece is by Niccolò Lapiccola. It also contains Antoniazzo Romano's Madonna, moved from the Bessarion chapel.\nThe second chapel on the right is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception; the altarpiece is by Corrado Giaquinto.\nThe third chapel of the left is dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua; the altarpiece (1723) is by Benedetto Luti. It is the chapel of the Odescalchi, whose palazzo was nearby.\nBehind the Odescalchi chapel is the funerary chapel of Cardinal Bessarion. Antoniazzo Romano completed the decoration in 1467. It contained a 15th-century Madonna donated by Bessarion, now relocated to the Chapel of St. Bonaventure.\nThe Chapel of the Crucifixion is to the right of the main altar. Designed as a small basilica, it has a nave and two aisles. The 8 columns are from the 6th-century church.Basilica dei Santi Apostoli\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVolpato monument by Canova (portico)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb of Pope Clement XIV by Antonio Canova\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna of Constantinople, Antoniazzo Romano","title":"Interior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal Bessarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Bessarion"},{"link_name":"Prospero Colonna (cardinal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_Colonna_(cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Raffaele Riario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffaele_Riario"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"link_name":"Pietro Riario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Riario"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Croce_di_Firenze"},{"link_name":"James Francis Edward Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart"},{"link_name":"lay in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_repose"},{"link_name":"his wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Clementina_Sobieska"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cor-10"}],"text":"Cardinal Bessarion (1403–1472)\nProspero Colonna (cardinal) (died 1463)\nRaffaele Riario (died 1521)\nPope Clement XIV (1769–1774)\nCount Giraud de Caprières (died 1505)\nCardinal Pietro Riario (died 1474)For a short time, the basilica housed the tomb of Michelangelo, before its transportation to the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze. Upon the death of James Francis Edward Stuart in 1766, his body lay in state here before he was buried with his wife at St. Peter's Basilica.[10]","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Pope Paschal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II"},{"link_name":"Gregorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Victor_IV_(1138)"},{"link_name":"Anacletus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Anacletus_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pandulfus de Masca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandolfo_da_Lucca"},{"link_name":"Annibale Annibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibale_Annibaldi"},{"link_name":"Gerardo Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"Bernard du Bosquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_du_Bosquet"},{"link_name":"Robert de Genève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Jan Očko of Vlašim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_O%C4%8Dko_of_Vla%C5%A1im"},{"link_name":"Basilios Bessarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilios_Bessarion"},{"link_name":"Clemente Grosso della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemente_Grosso_della_Rovere"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Grosso della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Grosso_della_Rovere"},{"link_name":"Francesco Soderini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Soderini"},{"link_name":"Pompeo Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeo_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Alonso Manrique de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Manrique_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"Miguel da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Durante Duranti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durante_Duranti"},{"link_name":"Markus Sitticus von Hohenems Altemps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Sitticus_von_Hohenems_Altemps"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo de Castro Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Castro_Osorio"},{"link_name":"François de Sourdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Sourdis"},{"link_name":"Domenico Ginnasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Domenico_Ginnasi"},{"link_name":"Desiderio Scaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderio_Scaglia"},{"link_name":"Francesco Maria Brancaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Brancaccio"},{"link_name":"Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluzzo_Paluzzi_Altieri_degli_Albertoni"},{"link_name":"Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Lorenzo_Brancati_di_Lauria"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Cornaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Cornaro"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Erba Odescalchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi"},{"link_name":"Henry Benedict Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV"},{"link_name":"Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_de_Lorenzana"},{"link_name":"Carlo Odescalchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Odescalchi"},{"link_name":"Antonio Francesco Orioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Francesco_Orioli"},{"link_name":"Antonio Maria Panebianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Panebianco"},{"link_name":"José Sebastião de Almeida Neto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sebasti%C3%A3o_de_Almeida_Neto"},{"link_name":"Pietro La Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_La_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Gabriel I Tappuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Gabriel_I_Tappuni"},{"link_name":"Francesco Roberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Roberti"},{"link_name":"Agostino Casaroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Casaroli"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Re"},{"link_name":"Angelo Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Scola"}],"text":"List of the cardinal titulars of the church [11][12][13][14]Bernardus (attested in 1059)\nGregorius (by 1102 - 1112) went into schism against Pope Paschal II.\nHugo (Ugone d'Alatri) (by 1116 - after 10 November 1121)\nGregorius (restored) (by 6 April 1123 - 1138) He followed Anacletus II in the schism of 1130.\nIldebrandus (1156 - 1178)[15]\nPandulfus de Masca (1182 - 1201)\nStephanus de Ceccano, O.Cist. (1213 - 1227)\nGuilelmus Talliante O.S.B. (1244 - 1250)\nAnnibale Annibaldi de Molaria O.P. (1262 - 1272)\nGerardo Bianchi O.Cist. (March 1278 - 1281)\nImbertus de Puteo (Dupuis) (18 December 1327 - 26 May 1348)\nPectin de Montesquieu (17 December 1350 – 1 February 1355)\nPierre de La Forêt (23 December 1356 – 7 June 1361)\nBernard du Bosquet (22 September 1368 – 19 April 1371)\nRobert de Genève (30 May 1371 – 20 September 1378)\nJan Očko of Vlašim (18 September 1378 – 14 January 1380)\nPietro Filargis (12 June 1405 – 26 June 1409)\nBasilios Bessarion (8 January 1440 – 18 November 1472)\nClemente Grosso della Rovere (6 December 1503 – 18 August 1504)\nLeonardo Grosso della Rovere (17 December 1505 – 15 September 1508)\nFrancesco Soderini (15 September 1508 – 29 October 1511)\nPompeo Colonna (13 November 1517 – 28 June 1532)\nAlonso Manrique de Lara (12 July 1532 – 28 September 1538)\nPedro Sarmiento (15 November 1538 – 13 October 1541)\nMiguel da Silva (6 February 1542 – 5 October 1543)\nDurante Duranti (9 January 1545 – 24 December 1557)\nMarkus Sitticus von Hohenems Altemps (10 March 1561 – 15 May 1565)\nMarcantonio Colonna (15 May 1565 – 5 December 1580)\nRodrigo de Castro Osorio (20 May 1585 – 18 September 1600)\nFrançois de Sourdis (20 December 1600 – 30 January 1606)\nDomenico Ginnasi (30 January 1606 – 16 September 1624)\nDesiderio Scaglia(9 February 1626 – 6 October 1627)\nFrancesco Maria Brancaccio (9 January 1634 – 2 July 1663)\nPaluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (15 March 1666 – 1 December 1681)\nFrancesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria (1 December 1681 – 30 November 1693)\nGiorgio Cornaro (7 April 1698 – 10 August 1722)\nBenedetto Erba Odescalchi (29 January 1725 – 13 December 1740)\nDomenico Riviera (2 January 1741 – 2 November 1752)\nHenry Benedict Stuart (18 December 1752 – 13 July 1761)\nPope Clement XIV (29 March 1762 – 19 May 1769)\nFrancisco de Solís Folch de Cardona (26 June 1769 – 21 March 1775)\nGiovanni Archinto (15 July 1776 – 1 June 1795)\nFrancisco Antonio de Lorenzana (24 July 1797 – 17 April 1804)\nDionisio Bardaxí y Azara (29 April 1816 – 27 September 1822)\nCarlo Odescalchi (16 May 1823 – 15 April 1833)\nFrancesco Serra Casano (29 July 1833 – 17 August 1850)\nAntonio Francesco Orioli (30 September 1850 – 20 February 1852)\nGiusto Recanati (10 March 1853 – 17 November 1861)\nAntonio Maria Panebianco (23 December 1861 – 21 November 1885)\nJosé Sebastião de Almeida Neto (10 June 1886 – 7 December 1920)\nPietro La Fontaine (7 March 1921 – 9 July 1935)\nIgnatius Gabriel I Tappuni (19 December 1935 – 11 February 1965)\nFrancesco Roberti (26 June 1967 – 16 July 1977)\nAgostino Casaroli (30 June 1979 – 25 May 1985)\nGiovanni Battista Re (21 February 2001 – 1 October 2002)\nAngelo Scola (21 October 2003 – incumbent)","title":"List of Cardinal-priests since 1059"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Giovanni Antonio Bonelli, Memorie storiche della Basilica costantiniana dei SS. XII.: Apostoli di Roma e dei nuovi suoi ristauri (Roma: Tipi del Salviucci, 1879).\nRezio Buscaroli, Melozzo da Forlì nei documenti (Roma: Reale accademia l'Italia, 1938).\nEmma Zocca, La basilica dei S.S. Apostoli in Roma (Roma: F. Canella, 1959).\nNicholas Clark, Melozzo da Forlì: pictor papalis (London: Sotheby's Publications 1990).\nL. Finocchi Ghersi, La Basilica dei Santi Apostoli a Roma tra il XV e il XIX secolo (Roma: La Sapienza 1990) [dissertation]\nIsabelle Jennifer Frank, Melozzo Da Forli and the Rome of Pope Sixtus IV: (1471 - 84) (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1991).\nL. Finocchi Ghersi, \"Francesco Fontana e la basilica dei Santi Apostoli a Roma,\" Storia dell'Arte no. 73 (1991), pp. 332–60.\nLorenzo Finocchi Ghersi, La basilica dei SS. Apostoli a Roma: storia, arte e architettura (Roma: Artemide, 2011).","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Facade of the Basilica and plan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dodici_Apostoli.jpg/220px-Dodici_Apostoli.jpg"},{"image_text":"Triumph of the Franciscan Order, Baciccio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_%28Rome%29_-_Ceiling.jpg/220px-Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_%28Rome%29_-_Ceiling.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basilica dei Santi Apostoli (Roma) - Interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_%28Roma%29_-_Interior.jpg/220px-Basilica_dei_Santi_Apostoli_%28Roma%29_-_Interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to the crypt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Franc_XII_Apostoli_fc03.jpg/220px-Franc_XII_Apostoli_fc03.jpg"},{"image_text":"A fragment of the removed fresco by Melozzo da Forlì","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Da_Forli_-_Angel_with_Lute_head.jpg/170px-Da_Forli_-_Angel_with_Lute_head.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Vasi, Mariano (1824), A new picture of Rome and its environs in the form of an itinerary, Cradock, & Joy, p. 176","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cbwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA176","url_text":"A new picture of Rome and its environs in the form of an itinerary"}]},{"reference":"Lanzi, Luigi (1828), The History of Painting in Italy: The schools of Bologna, Ferrara, Genoa, and Piedmont, W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, p. 43","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088","url_text":"9781623710088"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_British_Guiana
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List of governors of British Guiana
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["1 Governors of British Guiana (1831–1966)","2 See also","3 References"]
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The governor of British Guiana was the Crown representative in British Guiana. The office existed from 1831 when the colonies of Demerara-Essequibo (see Demerara and Essequibo (colony)) and Berbice united as British Guiana until 1966 when Guyana attained independence.
Governors of British Guiana (1831–1966)
Term
Incumbent
Notes
21 July 1831 – 26 June 1833
Sir Benjamin d'Urban
26 June 1833 – 27 June 1838
Sir James Carmichael Smyth
27 June 1838 – 19 May 1848
Sir Henry Light
19 May 1848–12 February 1849
William Walker
acting, first time
12 February 1849 – 11 May 1853
Henry Barkly
11 May 1853–23 May 1854
William Walker
acting, second time
23 May 1854 – 7 January 1862
Sir Philip Wodehouse
7 January 1862 – 25 January 1869
Sir Francis Hincks
25 January 1869 – 26 December 1873
Sir John Scott
27 December 1873–10 March 1874
Edward Rushworth
acting
10 March 1874 – 8 March 1877
James Robert Longden
8 March 1877–3 April 1877
William A. G. Young
acting, first time
3 April 1877 – 13 December 1881
Sir Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright
13 December 1881–4 May 1882
William A. G. Young
acting, second time
4 May 1882 – 1887
Sir Henry Turner Irving
26 April 1884–1884
Sir William Frederick Haynes-Smith
acting for Irving
1887–1888
Charles Bruce
acting
1888–23 March 1893
The Viscount Gormanston
April 1891–15 October 1891
Sir Charles Bruce
acting for Viscount Gormanston, second time
23 March 1893–5 July 1893
Sir Charles Bruce
acting, third time
5 July 1893–September 1895
Sir Charles Cameron Lees
15 December 1894–29 January 1895
Charles Cavendish Boyle
acting for Lees, first time
September 1895–March 1896
Charles Cavendish Boyle
acting, second time
March 1896–27 March 1898
Sir Augustus William Lawson Hemming
1 October 1896–18 November 1896
Charles Cavendish Boyle
acting for Hemming, third time
27 May 1897–28 July 1897
Charles Cavendish Boyle
acting for Hemming, fourth time
27 March 1898 – 3 July 1901
Sir Walter Joseph Sendall
3 July 1901 – 26 September 1904
Sir James Alexander Swettenham
26 September 1904 – 5 July 1912
Sir Frederick Mitchell Hodgson
5 July 1912 – 15 April 1917
Sir Walter Egerton
15 April 1917 – 4 April 1923
Sir Wilfred Collet
4 April 1923 – 31 August 1925
Sir Graeme Thomson
31 August 1925 – 7 November 1928
Sir Cecil Hunter-Rodwell
7 November 1928 – 9 June 1930
Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg
9 June 1930 – 26 March 1935
Sir Edward Brandis Denham
26 March 1935 – 19 November 1937
Sir Geoffry Alexander Stafford Northcote
acting from 1936
19 November 1937 – 7 November 1941
Sir Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson
7 November 1941 – 1947
Sir Gordon James Lethem
acting from 1946
12 April 1947 – 14 April 1953
Sir Charles Campbell Woolley
14 April 1953 – 25 October 1955
Sir Alfred William Lungley Savage
25 October 1955 – 22 December 1958
Sir Patrick Muir Renison
22 December 1958 – 7 March 1964
Sir Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey
7 March 1964 – 26 May 1966
Sir Richard Edmonds Luyt
On 26 May 1966, the colony achieved independence from the United Kingdom as Guyana. After independence, the viceroy in Guyana was the Governor-General of Guyana.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of British Guiana.
President of Guyana
List of heads of state of Guyana
List of prime ministers of Guyana
References
^ "No. 27330". The London Gazette. 5 July 1901. p. 4469.
http://rulers.org/rulg2.html#guyana
vteGovernors, civil commissioners and administrators of British dependenciesCrownDependencies
Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
Overseasterritories
Governor of Anguilla
Governor of Ascension (Administrator of Ascension)
Governor of Bermuda
Commissioner for the British Antarctic Territory
Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory
Governor of the Virgin Islands
Governor of the Cayman Islands
Governor of the Falkland Islands
Governor of Gibraltar
Governor of Montserrat
Governor of Pitcairn
Administrator of the Pitcairn Islands
Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Governor of Saint Helena
Governor of Tristan da Cunha (Administrator of Tristan da Cunha)
Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands
former(Africa)
Governor of British Mauritius
Governor of British Cameroons
Governor of the Gambia
Governor of Gold Coast
Lieutenant Governor of Griqualand West
Governor of Kenya
Governor of Lagos Colony
Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
Governor of Northern Rhodesia
Governor of Nyasaland
Governor of Southern Rhodesia
Governor of Nigeria
Governor of Senegal
Governor of the Seychelles
Governor of Sierra Leone
Governor-General of South Africa
High Commissioner for Southern Africa
Governors of British South African colonies
Governor of British Somaliland
Governor of Tanganyika
Governor of Uganda
Resident in Zanzibar
former(Americas)
Governor of the Bahamas
Governor of Barbados
Lieutenant Governor of Grenada
Lieutenant-Governor of Berbice
Governor of British Guiana
Governor of British Honduras
Governor of Cuba
Governor of Dominica
Lieutenant-Governor of Demerara-Essequibo
Governor of Grenada
Governor of Jamaica
Governor of the Leeward Islands
Governor of St. Lucia
Governor of St. Vincent
Governor of Trinidad and Tobago
Lieutenant governors of Tobago
Governor of Trinidad
Governor of Newfoundland
Governor General of Canada
Governor of British Columbia
Governor of New Brunswick
Governor of Nova-Scotia
Governor of Prince Edward Island
Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
Governor of Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla
Governor-in-Chief of the Windward Islands
Governor-General of the West Indies Federation
Governor of Connecticut
Governor of Delaware
Governor of Florida
Governor of Georgia
Governor of Maryland
Governor of Massachusetts-Bay
Governor of New Hampshire
Governor of New-Jersey
Governor of New-York
Governor of North-Carolina
Governor of Pennsylvania
Governor of Rhode-island and Providence Plantations
Governor of South-Carolina
Governor of Virginia
former(Asia)
Governor of Aden
Governor of Burma
Governor of Ceylon
High Commissioner for the Federated Malay States
Senior British representatives in the constituent protected states
Senior British representatives in the neighbouring Malayan protected states
General Adviser to the Government of Johore
Adviser to the Sultan of Kedah
Adviser to the Government of Kelantan
Adviser to the Government of Perlis
Adviser, Trengganu
Governor of Hong Kong
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
Heads of the provinces of British India
Governor of Aden
Governor of Bengal
Governor of Bombay
Governor of Madras
Governor of Sindh
Senior British representatives in neighbouring protected states
Resident of Gwalior
High Commissioner for Iraq
Governor of Labuan
Representative in Muscat and Oman
High Commissioner for Malaya
Governor of the Malayan Union
Governor of North Borneo
Resident Minister in Nepal
High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan
Governor of Penang
Representative in the Raj of Sarawak
Governor of the Crown Colony of Sarawak
Governor of Singapore
Representative in the Trucial States
former(Europe)
Governor of Cyprus
Lieutenant Governor of Heligoland
High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands
Governor of the Isle of Wight
Civil Commissioner of Malta
Governor of Malta
Governor of Minorca
Governor of Northern Ireland
former(Oceania)
Governor of Fiji
Governor-General of New Zealand
Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Governor of the Solomon Islands
Consul in Tonga
High Commissioner for the Western Pacific
former(Australia)
Governor-General of Australia
Government Resident of Central Australia
Governor of New South Wales
Government Resident of North Australia
Governor of Queensland
Governor of South Australia
Governor of Tasmania
Governor of Victoria
Governor of Western Australia
Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony
category
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of governors of British Guiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Guyana#Governors-General"}],"text":"On 26 May 1966, the colony achieved independence from the United Kingdom as Guyana. After independence, the viceroy in Guyana was the Governor-General of Guyana.","title":"Governors of British Guiana (1831–1966)"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Governors of British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Governors_of_British_Guiana"},{"title":"President of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Guyana"},{"title":"List of heads of state of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Guyana"},{"title":"List of prime ministers of Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Guyana"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(David_Bowie_song)
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Beauty and the Beast (David Bowie song)
|
["1 Music and lyrics","2 Release and aftermath","3 Track listing","3.1 7\" single","3.2 12\" single","4 Personnel","5 Live versions","6 Cover versions","7 Other releases","8 Notes","9 References"]
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Song by David Bowie
"Beauty and the Beast"Single by David Bowiefrom the album "Heroes" B-side"Sense of Doubt"Released6 January 1978RecordedJuly–August 1977StudioHansa Studio by the Wall, West BerlinGenreArt rock, dance-rockLength3:325:18 (12" extended version)LabelRCA PB 1190 PC 1204 (12" Spain) JD 11204 (12" US promo)Songwriter(s)David BowieProducer(s)
David Bowie
Tony Visconti
David Bowie singles chronology
""Heroes"" (1977)
"Beauty and the Beast" (1978)
"Breaking Glass" (1978)
"Beauty and the Beast" is a song by David Bowie, the first track on his 1977 album "Heroes". It was issued as the second single from the album in January 1978, becoming a minor UK hit, peaking at No. 39 on the UK Singles Chart.
Music and lyrics
The opening music, a disjointed combination of piano, guitar, electronics and voice rising steadily to a crescendo, has been described as sounding like "Bowie is about to turn into The Incredible Hulk before your very ears". The song proper features Robert Fripp on lead guitar, with treatments and synthesizer work by Brian Eno. Fripp has stated that his guitar work on the track is a first take made straight upon arrival at the studio.
The lyrics have been interpreted as a look back at Bowie's severe mood swings during his cocaine addiction while living in Los Angeles from 1975 to 1976, with the line "Thank God Heaven left us standing on our feet" suggesting the singer's gratitude for making it through that period. The phrase "someone fetch a priest" alludes not to a desire for religious succour but to co-producer Tony Visconti's frequent expletive during the recording sessions for "Heroes", "someone fuck a priest".
In another interpretation, James E. Perone wrote:
"Beauty and the Beast" is one of those David Bowie songs with lyrics that can leave the listener scratching his or her head and wondering just what they mean. Bowie establishes a basic of feeling of evil in the air through his impressionistic and non-linear lyrics. Bowie's references allow the listener to read the Beauty and the Beast characters two possible ways. Either they are two entities, or perhaps, two sides of a single entity. In either case, the fact remains that the dark side—which Bowie paints as unavoidable—rules the situation he constructs. The listener must keep in mind that Bowie has created images based on the good-evil dialectic throughout his career: it is not unique to "Beauty and the Beast". However, it is interesting to consider the possible influence of Berlin on Bowie at this point in his career. Certainly, the East Berlin–West Berlin, Communism–Democracy dialectics fit conveniently in the listener's possible understanding of the song.
Release and aftermath
The follow-up single to "Heroes", "Beauty and the Beast" was considered an unconventional choice for release, and it just scraped into the UK Top 40. NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray remarked that its "jarring, threatening edge (and it was one of the most menacing singles of a menacing year) obviously put off a great many of the floating singles buyers attracted by the intoxicating romanticism of its immediate predecessor". The US release failed to chart, despite being augmented by a promo 12" single featuring Bowie's earlier US No. 1 hit "Fame" on the B-side.
Bowie performed the song live only on his Isolar II Tour, with a version appearing on Stage.
Track listing
7" single
"Beauty and the Beast" (David Bowie) – 3:32
"Sense of Doubt" (Bowie) – 3:57
12" single
"Beauty and the Beast (Special Extended Version)" (Bowie) – 5:18
"Fame" (Bowie, John Lennon, Carlos Alomar) – 3:30
12" was only released in US (as a 12" Promo) and Spain.
Personnel
David Bowie – vocals, piano, production
Robert Fripp – lead guitar
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar
George Murray – bass guitar
Dennis Davis – drums
Brian Eno – synthesizer, guitar treatments
Antonia Maass – backing vocals
Tony Visconti – production
Live versions
Performances from the Isolar II Tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).
Cover versions
The song was covered by the now-defunct Christian heavy metal band Deliverance on the album Camelot-in-Smithereens (1995).
Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)
Other releases
The song appeared on the following compilations:
Chameleon (Australia and New Zealand 1979)
The Singles Collection (1993)
The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 (1998)
The Collection (2005)
The Platinum Collection (2005/2006)
It was released as a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
The extended version of the song, previously available only on a US 12" promo single and as a limited 12" single release in Spain, was released for the first time in digital and CD formats on Re:Call 3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set (2017).
Notes
^ a b Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record: pp.91-93
^ Jones, Dylan (2017). David Bowie: a life (First ed.). New York. p. 265. ISBN 9780451497833. OCLC 974992385.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b c Nicholas Pegg (2000). The Complete David Bowie: p.35
^ James E. Perone, The words and music of David Bowie, p. 66. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 0-275-99245-4
^ Dorris, Jesse (23 October 2018). "A Surprising Tribute to David Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, Played in a Manhattan Mall". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
^ "A NEW CAREER IN A NEW TOWN (1977 – 1982) - David Bowie Latest News". DavidBowie.com. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
References
Beauty and the Beast at the Illustrated db Discography
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000, ISBN 1-903111-14-5
vteDavid Bowie singles
Discography
Songs
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Baby Loves That Way"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The London Boys"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"Station to Station" (French promo)
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"D.J."
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Magic Dance"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
"Everyone Says 'Hi'"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Rebel Never Gets Old"
2010s
"Golden Years David Bowie vs KCRW"
"Where Are We Now?"
"The Stars (Are Out Tonight)"
"The Next Day"
"Valentine's Day"
"Love Is Lost"
"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)"
"Blackstar"
"Lazarus"
"I Can't Give Everything Away"
Other songs
"Silly Boy Blue"
"Let Me Sleep Beside You"
"Karma Man"
"Unwashed and Somewhat Slightly Dazed"
"Cygnet Committee"
"Wild Eyed Boy from Freecloud"
"The Width of a Circle"
"All the Madmen"
"Black Country Rock"
"After All"
"She Shook Me Cold"
"The Man Who Sold the World"
"The Supermen"
"Oh! You Pretty Things"
"Kooks"
"Quicksand"
"Andy Warhol"
"Song for Bob Dylan"
"Queen Bitch"
"The Bewlay Brothers"
"Bombers"
"Five Years"
"Soul Love"
"Lady Stardust"
"Velvet Goldmine"
"Sweet Head"
"Amsterdam"
"Round and Round"
"Watch That Man"
"Aladdin Sane"
"Panic in Detroit"
"Cracked Actor"
"Lady Grinning Soul"
"All the Young Dudes"
"Future Legend"
"Sweet Thing"
"Big Brother"
"Can You Hear Me?"
"Right"
"Fascination"
"Word on a Wing"
"Speed of Life"
"What in the World"
"Always Crashing in the Same Car"
"Warszawa"
"Art Decade"
"Weeping Wall"
"Subterraneans"
"Joe the Lion"
"Sons of the Silent Age"
"Blackout"
"V-2 Schneider"
"Sense of Doubt"
"Neuköln"
"Fantastic Voyage"
"It's No Game"
"Teenage Wildlife"
"Scream Like a Baby"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Girls"
"Nite Flights"
"I'm Deranged"
"Nature Boy"
"Cactus"
"Pablo Picasso"
"The Loneliest Guy"
"Try Some, Buy Some"
"Fall Dog Bombs the Moon"
"Bring Me the Disco King"
"Girl Loves Me"
"Dollar Days"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"\"Heroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"}],"text":"\"Beauty and the Beast\" is a song by David Bowie, the first track on his 1977 album \"Heroes\". It was issued as the second single from the album in January 1978, becoming a minor UK hit, peaking at No. 39 on the UK Singles Chart.","title":"Beauty and the Beast (David Bowie song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Incredible Hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowie:_An_Illustrated_Record-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Complete_David_Bowie-3"},{"link_name":"Tony Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Visconti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Complete_David_Bowie-3"},{"link_name":"James E. Perone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_E._Perone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The opening music, a disjointed combination of piano, guitar, electronics and voice rising steadily to a crescendo, has been described as sounding like \"Bowie is about to turn into The Incredible Hulk before your very ears\".[1] The song proper features Robert Fripp on lead guitar, with treatments and synthesizer work by Brian Eno. Fripp has stated that his guitar work on the track is a first take made straight upon arrival at the studio.[2]The lyrics have been interpreted as a look back at Bowie's severe mood swings during his cocaine addiction while living in Los Angeles from 1975 to 1976, with the line \"Thank God Heaven left us standing on our feet\" suggesting the singer's gratitude for making it through that period.[3] The phrase \"someone fetch a priest\" alludes not to a desire for religious succour but to co-producer Tony Visconti's frequent expletive during the recording sessions for \"Heroes\", \"someone fuck a priest\".[3]In another interpretation, James E. Perone wrote:\"Beauty and the Beast\" is one of those David Bowie songs with lyrics that can leave the listener scratching his or her head and wondering just what they mean. Bowie establishes a basic of feeling of evil in the air through his impressionistic and non-linear lyrics. Bowie's references allow the listener to read the Beauty and the Beast characters two possible ways. Either they are two entities, or perhaps, two sides of a single entity. In either case, the fact remains that the dark side—which Bowie paints as unavoidable—rules the situation he constructs. The listener must keep in mind that Bowie has created images based on the good-evil dialectic throughout his career: it is not unique to \"Beauty and the Beast\". However, it is interesting to consider the possible influence of Berlin on Bowie at this point in his career. Certainly, the East Berlin–West Berlin, Communism–Democracy dialectics fit conveniently in the listener's possible understanding of the song.[4]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Heroes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Complete_David_Bowie-3"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Roy Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Carr"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaar Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shaar_Murray"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowie:_An_Illustrated_Record-1"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"Isolar II Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolar_II_%E2%80%93_The_1978_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(David_Bowie_album)"}],"text":"The follow-up single to \"Heroes\", \"Beauty and the Beast\" was considered an unconventional choice for release,[3] and it just scraped into the UK Top 40. NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray remarked that its \"jarring, threatening edge (and it was one of the most menacing singles of a menacing year) obviously put off a great many of the floating singles buyers attracted by the intoxicating romanticism of its immediate predecessor\".[1] The US release failed to chart, despite being augmented by a promo 12\" single featuring Bowie's earlier US No. 1 hit \"Fame\" on the B-side.Bowie performed the song live only on his Isolar II Tour, with a version appearing on Stage.","title":"Release and aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Sense of Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_Doubt"}],"sub_title":"7\" single","text":"\"Beauty and the Beast\" (David Bowie) – 3:32\n\"Sense of Doubt\" (Bowie) – 3:57","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alomar"}],"sub_title":"12\" single","text":"\"Beauty and the Beast (Special Extended Version)\" (Bowie) – 5:18\n\"Fame\" (Bowie, John Lennon, Carlos Alomar) – 3:3012\" was only released in US (as a 12\" Promo) and Spain.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Alomar"},{"link_name":"George Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murray_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Davis"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Tony Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Visconti"}],"text":"David Bowie – vocals, piano, production\nRobert Fripp – lead guitar\nCarlos Alomar – rhythm guitar\nGeorge Murray – bass guitar\nDennis Davis – drums\nBrian Eno – synthesizer, guitar treatments\nAntonia Maass – backing vocals\nTony Visconti – production","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isolar II Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolar_II_%E2%80%93_The_1978_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Blackout_(Live_London_%E2%80%9978)"}],"text":"Performances from the Isolar II Tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).","title":"Live versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_heavy_metal"},{"link_name":"Deliverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverance_(metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Shearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater_(band)"},{"link_name":"Berlin Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"WNYC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The song was covered by the now-defunct Christian heavy metal band Deliverance on the album Camelot-in-Smithereens (1995).\nShearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)[5]","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Singles Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singles_Collection_(David_Bowie_album)"},{"link_name":"The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_David_Bowie_1974/1979"},{"link_name":"The 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set.\nThe extended version of the song, previously available only on a US 12\" promo single and as a limited 12\" single release in Spain, was released for the first time in digital and CD formats on Re:Call 3, part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set (2017).[6]","title":"Other releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bowie:_An_Illustrated_Record_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bowie:_An_Illustrated_Record_1-1"},{"link_name":"Roy Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Carr"},{"link_name":"Charles Shaar 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Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pegg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-275-99245-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99245-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"A Surprising Tribute to David Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, Played in a Manhattan Mall\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pitchfork.com/thepitch/live-review-a-surprising-tribute-to-david-bowies-berlin-trilogy-played-in-a-manhattan-mall/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"A NEW CAREER IN A NEW TOWN (1977 – 1982) - David Bowie Latest News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140729155132/http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.davidbowie.com/news/new-career-new-town-1977-1982-57146"}],"text":"^ a b Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record: pp.91-93\n\n^ Jones, Dylan (2017). David Bowie: a life (First ed.). New York. p. 265. ISBN 9780451497833. OCLC 974992385.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c Nicholas Pegg (2000). The Complete David Bowie: p.35\n\n^ James E. Perone, The words and music of David Bowie, p. 66. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. ISBN 0-275-99245-4\n\n^ Dorris, Jesse (23 October 2018). \"A Surprising Tribute to David Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, Played in a Manhattan Mall\". Pitchfork.com. Retrieved 26 November 2022.\n\n^ \"A NEW CAREER IN A NEW TOWN (1977 – 1982) - David Bowie Latest News\". DavidBowie.com. 22 July 2016. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Zambia
|
United Church in Zambia
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
The United Church in Zambia is the largest Protestant church in Zambia with coverage of all the ten provinces of the country
The church formed on 16 January 1965, this is a result of the union of Church of Central Africa, Rhodesia (a mission of the Church of Scotland), the Union Church of Copperbelt, the Copperbelt Free Church Council, the Church of Barotseland and the Methodist church.
The United Church in Zambia has partnership relations with the United Church of Canada. The church maintains its own Theological Colleges in Zambia.
The United Church in Zambia has 3,000,000 members in 1,060 congregations. The United church has Presbyterian church government with 10 presbyteries and a Synod. It is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches and the World Methodist Council. Close contacts with the Church of Scotland and the Presbyterian Church (USA) were established.
References
^ "United Church of Zambia « UnitingWorld". Archived from the original on April 18, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
^ Christoph Fasse. "Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions". reformiert-online.net. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ "Zambia | the United Church of Canada". Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
^ "Zambia | the United Church of Canada". Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
^ "United Church of Zambia — World Council of Churches". oikoumene.org. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
External links
United Church website
vteChristianity in ZambiaProtestantism
Reformed Church in Zambia
United Church in Zambia
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zambia
Church of Central Africa Presbyterian – Synod of Zambia
Church of the Province of Central Africa
Evangelicalism
Assemblies of God in Zambia
Baptist Union of Zambia
Catholic ChurchCatholic Church in ZambiaMission Stations
Macha Mission
Namwianga Mission
Christian missionaries in Zambia
François Coillard
Jean Jacques Corbeil
Joseph Dupont
Arthur Morris Jones
Adam Kozłowiecki
Étienne-Benoît Larue
Luise Radlmeier
Bill Ritter
Interdenominationalorganisations
Council of Churches in Zambia
Evangelical Fellowship of Zambia
This Zambia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_(logic)
|
Logical truth
|
["1 Logical truths and analytic truths","2 Truth values and tautologies","3 Logical truth and logical constants","4 Logical truth and rules of inference","5 Logical truth and logical positivism","6 Non-classical logics","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Statement that is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions
This article is about propositions which are logically true. For the logical property, see Truth.
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic. Broadly speaking, a logical truth is a statement which is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions. In other words, a logical truth is a statement which is not only true, but one which is true under all interpretations of its logical components (other than its logical constants). Thus, logical truths such as "if p, then p" can be considered tautologies. Logical truths are thought to be the simplest case of statements which are analytically true (or in other words, true by definition). All of philosophical logic can be thought of as providing accounts of the nature of logical truth, as well as logical consequence.
Logical truths are generally considered to be necessarily true. This is to say that they are such that no situation could arise in which they could fail to be true. The view that logical statements are necessarily true is sometimes treated as equivalent to saying that logical truths are true in all possible worlds. However, the question of which statements are necessarily true remains the subject of continued debate.
Treating logical truths, analytic truths, and necessary truths as equivalent, logical truths can be contrasted with facts (which can also be called contingent claims or synthetic claims). Contingent truths are true in this world, but could have turned out otherwise (in other words, they are false in at least one possible world). Logically true propositions such as "If p and q, then p" and "All married people are married" are logical truths because they are true due to their internal structure and not because of any facts of the world (whereas "All married people are happy", even if it were true, could not be true solely in virtue of its logical structure).
Rationalist philosophers have suggested that the existence of logical truths cannot be explained by empiricism, because they hold that it is impossible to account for our knowledge of logical truths on empiricist grounds. Empiricists commonly respond to this objection by arguing that logical truths (which they usually deem to be mere tautologies), are analytic and thus do not purport to describe the world. The latter view was notably defended by the logical positivists in the early 20th century.
Logical truths and analytic truths
Main article: Analytic–synthetic distinction
Logical truths, being analytic statements, do not contain any information about any matters of fact. Other than logical truths, there is also a second class of analytic statements, typified by "no bachelor is married". The characteristic of such a statement is that it can be turned into a logical truth by substituting synonyms for synonyms salva veritate. "No bachelor is married" can be turned into "no unmarried man is married" by substituting "unmarried man" for its synonym "bachelor".
In his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism, the philosopher W. V. O. Quine called into question the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. It was this second class of analytic statements that caused him to note that the concept of analyticity itself stands in need of clarification, because it seems to depend on the concept of synonymy, which stands in need of clarification. In his conclusion, Quine rejects that logical truths are necessary truths. Instead he posits that the truth-value of any statement can be changed, including logical truths, given a re-evaluation of the truth-values of every other statement in one's complete theory.
Truth values and tautologies
Main article: Tautology (logic)
Considering different interpretations of the same statement leads to the notion of truth value. The simplest approach to truth values means that the statement may be "true" in one case, but "false" in another. In one sense of the term tautology, it is any type of formula or proposition which turns out to be true under any possible interpretation of its terms (may also be called a valuation or assignment depending upon the context). This is synonymous to logical truth.
However, the term tautology is also commonly used to refer to what could more specifically be called truth-functional tautologies. Whereas a tautology or logical truth is true solely because of the logical terms it contains in general (e.g. "every", "some", and "is"), a truth-functional tautology is true because of the logical terms it contains which are logical connectives (e.g. "or", "and", and "nor"). Not all logical truths are tautologies of such a kind.
Logical truth and logical constants
Main article: Logical constant
Logical constants, including logical connectives and quantifiers, can all be reduced conceptually to logical truth. For instance, two statements or more are logically incompatible if, and only if their conjunction is logically false. One statement logically implies another when it is logically incompatible with the negation of the other. A statement is logically true if, and only if its opposite is logically false. The opposite statements must contradict one another. In this way all logical connectives can be expressed in terms of preserving logical truth. The logical form of a sentence is determined by its semantic or syntactic structure and by the placement of logical constants. Logical constants determine whether a statement is a logical truth when they are combined with a language that limits its meaning. Therefore, until it is determined how to make a distinction between all logical constants regardless of their language, it is impossible to know the complete truth of a statement or argument.
Logical truth and rules of inference
The concept of logical truth is closely connected to the concept of a rule of inference.
Logical truth and logical positivism
Logical positivism was a movement in the early 20th century that tried to reduce the reasoning processes of science to pure logic. Among other things, the logical positivists claimed that any proposition that is not empirically verifiable is neither true nor false, but nonsense.
Non-classical logics
Main article: Non-classical logic
Non-classical logic is the name given to formal systems which differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic. There are several ways in which this is done, including by way of extensions, deviations, and variations. The aim of these departures is to make it possible to construct different models of logical consequence and logical truth.
See also
Contradiction
False (logic)
Logical truth table, a mathematical table used in logic
Satisfiability
Tautology (logic) (for symbolism of logical truth)
Theorem
Validity
References
^ Quine, Willard Van Orman, Philosophy of logic
^ MacFarlane, J. (May 16, 2005). Logical Constants. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ Alfred Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic
^ Theodore Sider, (2010). Logic for philosophy
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Logical truth.
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Logical Truth". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Logical truth at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
Logical truth at PhilPapers
vteLogic
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vteCommon logical connectives
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⊤
{\displaystyle \top }
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Philosophy portal
vteLogical truth ⊤Functional:
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vteCommon logical symbols
∧ or & and
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| nand
∀ universalquantification
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Philosophy portal Mathematics portal
|
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For the logical property, see Truth.Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic. Broadly speaking, a logical truth is a statement which is true regardless of the truth or falsity of its constituent propositions. In other words, a logical truth is a statement which is not only true, but one which is true under all interpretations of its logical components (other than its logical constants). Thus, logical truths such as \"if p, then p\" can be considered tautologies. Logical truths are thought to be the simplest case of statements which are analytically true (or in other words, true by definition). All of philosophical logic can be thought of as providing accounts of the nature of logical truth, as well as logical consequence.[1]Logical truths are generally considered to be necessarily true. This is to say that they are such that no situation could arise in which they could fail to be true. 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The latter view was notably defended by the logical positivists in the early 20th century.","title":"Logical truth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact"},{"link_name":"salva veritate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_veritate"},{"link_name":"Two Dogmas of Empiricism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism"},{"link_name":"W. V. O. Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"synonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"}],"text":"Logical truths, being analytic statements, do not contain any information about any matters of fact. Other than logical truths, there is also a second class of analytic statements, typified by \"no bachelor is married\". The characteristic of such a statement is that it can be turned into a logical truth by substituting synonyms for synonyms salva veritate. \"No bachelor is married\" can be turned into \"no unmarried man is married\" by substituting \"unmarried man\" for its synonym \"bachelor\".In his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism, the philosopher W. V. O. Quine called into question the distinction between analytic and synthetic statements. It was this second class of analytic statements that caused him to note that the concept of analyticity itself stands in need of clarification, because it seems to depend on the concept of synonymy, which stands in need of clarification. In his conclusion, Quine rejects that logical truths are necessary truths. Instead he posits that the truth-value of any statement can be changed, including logical truths, given a re-evaluation of the truth-values of every other statement in one's complete theory.","title":"Logical truths and analytic truths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interpretations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(logic)"},{"link_name":"truth value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value"},{"link_name":"\"false\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_(logic)"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed_formula"},{"link_name":"proposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition"},{"link_name":"valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(logic)"},{"link_name":"truth-functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_function"},{"link_name":"every","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification"},{"link_name":"some","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_quantification"},{"link_name":"logical connectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective"},{"link_name":"or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction"},{"link_name":"and","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction"},{"link_name":"nor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_denial"}],"text":"Considering different interpretations of the same statement leads to the notion of truth value. The simplest approach to truth values means that the statement may be \"true\" in one case, but \"false\" in another. In one sense of the term tautology, it is any type of formula or proposition which turns out to be true under any possible interpretation of its terms (may also be called a valuation or assignment depending upon the context). This is synonymous to logical truth.However, the term tautology is also commonly used to refer to what could more specifically be called truth-functional tautologies. Whereas a tautology or logical truth is true solely because of the logical terms it contains in general (e.g. \"every\", \"some\", and \"is\"), a truth-functional tautology is true because of the logical terms it contains which are logical connectives (e.g. \"or\", \"and\", and \"nor\"). Not all logical truths are tautologies of such a kind.","title":"Truth values and tautologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logical connectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective"},{"link_name":"quantifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)"},{"link_name":"logically incompatible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_NAND"},{"link_name":"if, and only if","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if"},{"link_name":"conjunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction"},{"link_name":"logically implies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_implication"},{"link_name":"negation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Logical constants, including logical connectives and quantifiers, can all be reduced conceptually to logical truth. For instance, two statements or more are logically incompatible if, and only if their conjunction is logically false. One statement logically implies another when it is logically incompatible with the negation of the other. A statement is logically true if, and only if its opposite is logically false. The opposite statements must contradict one another. In this way all logical connectives can be expressed in terms of preserving logical truth. The logical form of a sentence is determined by its semantic or syntactic structure and by the placement of logical constants. Logical constants determine whether a statement is a logical truth when they are combined with a language that limits its meaning. Therefore, until it is determined how to make a distinction between all logical constants regardless of their language, it is impossible to know the complete truth of a statement or argument.[2]","title":"Logical truth and logical constants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rule of inference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The concept of logical truth is closely connected to the concept of a rule of inference.[3]","title":"Logical truth and rules of inference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Logical positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism"},{"link_name":"nonsense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense"}],"text":"Logical positivism was a movement in the early 20th century that tried to reduce the reasoning processes of science to pure logic. Among other things, the logical positivists claimed that any proposition that is not empirically verifiable is neither true nor false, but nonsense.","title":"Logical truth and logical positivism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formal systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system"},{"link_name":"propositional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_logic"},{"link_name":"predicate logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_logic"},{"link_name":"logical consequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Non-classical logic is the name given to formal systems which differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic. There are several ways in which this is done, including by way of extensions, deviations, and variations. The aim of these departures is to make it possible to construct different models of logical consequence and logical truth.[4]","title":"Non-classical logics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Contradiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradiction"},{"title":"False (logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_(logic)"},{"title":"Logical truth table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_truth_table"},{"title":"Satisfiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability"},{"title":"Tautology (logic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(logic)"},{"title":"Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem"},{"title":"Validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)"}]
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[{"reference":"MacFarlane, J. (May 16, 2005). Logical Constants. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/","url_text":"Logical Constants"}]},{"reference":"Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). \"Logical Truth\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta","url_text":"Zalta, Edward N."},{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-truth/","url_text":"\"Logical Truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-constants/","external_links_name":"Logical Constants"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-truth/","external_links_name":"\"Logical Truth\""},{"Link":"https://www.inphoproject.org/taxonomy/2408","external_links_name":"Logical truth"},{"Link":"https://philpapers.org/browse/logical-semantics-and-logical-truth/","external_links_name":"Logical truth"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Logic&hidebots=0","external_links_name":"changes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusterla_di_Sant%27Ambrogio
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Pusterla di Sant'Ambrogio
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["1 Sources and links"]
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Coordinates: 45°27′43″N 9°10′26″E / 45.46194°N 9.17389°E / 45.46194; 9.17389Place in Lombardy, ItalyPusterla di Sant'Ambrogio (Milan)The Postern of Saint Ambrose from Via CarducciCountry ItalyRegionLombardyMunicipalityMilanConstruction1171 AD (restored in 1939)
The Pusterla di Sant’Ambrogio (Postern of Saint Ambrose in English) is a minor or secondary gate in the Medieval walls of Milan; the rebuilt Romanesque-style tower and pedestrian arches is located on Via Carducci #41, near the Castello Cova and some 50 meters west of the entrance of the Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in the center of Milan, region of Lombardy, Italy.
The medieval walls of Milan were constructed after multiple disasters had devastated Milan, including 11th-century urban fires and a highly destructive sack by the emperor Barbarossa in 1162. This postern was one of the ten secondary gates and until the 1930s, its outer face was near the bank of a navigli (canal), which ran along the present via Carducci.
In the 16th century, when a new larger set of walls and moats were completed under the Spanish administration of the city, and the Pusterla of Saint Ambrose was turned into a prison. In 1939 this postern was restored to a more original form, stripping buildings and homes that had been added over the centuries.
The Pusterla di Sant’Ambrogio is sited near the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, one of the most ancient and important churches in Milan. Above the two arches of the gate there is a tabernacle with three icons, depicting Saint Ambrose, the city's patron; Saint Gervase; and Saint Protase.
Sources and links
^ The navigli also served as moats.
Media related to Pusterla di Sant'Ambrogio (Milan) at Wikimedia Commons
Le città d'arte:Milano, Guide brevi Skira, ed.2008, autori vari. (Italian language edition)
Portal: Architecture
45°27′43″N 9°10′26″E / 45.46194°N 9.17389°E / 45.46194; 9.17389
This article about an Italian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pusterla_di_Sant%27Ambrogio¶ms=45_27_43_N_9_10_26_E_region:IT_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"45°27′43″N 9°10′26″E / 45.46194°N 9.17389°E / 45.46194; 9.17389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pusterla_di_Sant%27Ambrogio¶ms=45_27_43_N_9_10_26_E_region:IT_source:kolossus-itwiki","external_links_name":"45°27′43″N 9°10′26″E / 45.46194°N 9.17389°E / 45.46194; 9.17389"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pusterla_di_Sant%27Ambrogio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Special_Class_Short_Format_Daytime
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Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
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["1 Winners and nominees","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]
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Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama SeriesCountryUnited StatesPresented by
NATAS
ATAS
First awarded2011Last awarded2021Websiteemmyonline.org/daytime
The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series was an award presented by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) and Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS).
The first incarnation of the award was the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime, which was given to the soap opera web series Venice: The Series at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2011. The category became Outstanding New Approaches Original Daytime Program or Series in 2013, and evolved into Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series in 2014. It was renamed Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series in 2016. In 2015, Alina Adams of Entertainment Weekly attributed the addition and evolution of the category to the increasing audience for, and presence of, independent soap opera web series.
The associated category Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series was added for the 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2015, with Martha Byrne the first recipient for her role as Alexis Jordan/Joanne Edwards on Anacostia. In 2016, this was split into two categories, Outstanding Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series and Outstanding Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, with Mary Beth Evans and Kristos Andrews winning for their mother-son roles of Sara and Peter Garrett on The Bay. These performer categories were further expanded to four for the 44th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, and Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series. In 2018, the Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series categories became Outstanding Supporting Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, and a fifth performer category was added, Outstanding Guest Performer in a Digital Daytime Drama Series. New categories were also added for Outstanding Writing in a Digital Drama Series and Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series.
To be eligible for the Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series category, programming was required to be "continuous, episodic works of dramatic fiction from over-the-air, cable, satellite and internet broadcasters" which have more than three but less than 35 original episodes; 35 episodes was the minimum required for the main Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series category. The award recognized producers, directors, and writers credited on a minimum of 19 percent of total episodes first aired in the applicable year. The performer categories applied to actresses and actors who appeared in these series. The Digital Daytime Drama Series and related performer awards were typically awarded as part of the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony, a separate presentation of awards which included recognition of technical and craft categories.
In December 2021, the ATAS and the NATAS announced a major realignment of the Daytime and Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies. Other than daytime serial dramas (as defined as an episodic, multi-camera drama serial that airs on a weekday basis, or a reboot or spin-off of such a series) or children's programming (which will move to the new Children's & Family Emmy Awards), all categories for scripted comedies and dramas will now fall under Primetime Emmys, regardless of scheduling.
Winners and nominees
Crystal Chappell won the first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime in 2011 as an executive producer of Venice: The Series. She won again for Venice in 2014, when the category had been renamed Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series.
Martha Byrne was the first recipient of the newly established Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series award in 2015.
The winner in each category is in bold.
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Ref.
2011
38th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime
Venice: The Series (venicetheseries.com)
Gotham The Series (YouTube)
Tasty Time with ZeFronk (Disney Channel)
2012
39th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime
The Time I ... Got 322 Pairs of Shoes for my Birthday
The Bay (Blip)
Disney A Poem Is...
Nickelodeon's All Together Now Anti Bullying Campaign (Dora the Explorer Interstitial)
The Time I...(Dyslexia)
2013
40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding New Approaches Original Daytime Program or Series
The Beauty Inside
Chuck Vanderchuck
Design Squad Nation
Get the Math
2014
41st Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series
Venice: The Series (venicetheseries.com)
DeVanity (devanity.com)
Tainted Dreams (YouTube)
The Power Inside
2015
42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series
The Bay (Blip)
Anacostia (YouTube)
Beacon Hill the Series (beaconhilltheseries.com)
East Los High (Hulu)
Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series
Martha Byrne as Alexis Jordan/Joanne Edwards on Anacostia (YouTube)
Sarah Brown as Katherine Wesley on Beacon Hill the Series (beaconhilltheseries.com)
Andrea Evans as Vivian Price on DeVanity (devanity.com)
Alicia Minshew as Sara Preston on Beacon Hill the Series (beaconhilltheseries.com)
Vannessa Vasquez as Camila Barrios on East Los High (Hulu)
Danielle Vega as Ceci Camayo on East Los High (Hulu)
2016
43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
The Bay: The Series (thebaytheseries.com)
East Los High (Hulu)
EastSiders (Vimeo)
Vanity (YouTube)
Winterthorne (winterthorne.com)
Outstanding Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Mary Beth Evans as Sara Garrett on The Bay The Series (thebaytheseries.com)
Kathleen Gati as Valentina Winterthorne on Winterthorne (winterthorne.com)
Elizabeth Hubbard as Eva Montgomery on Anacostia (YouTube)
Lilly Melgar as Janice Ramos on The Bay The Series (thebaytheseries.com)
Patsy Pease as Lola Baker on The Bay The Series (thebaytheseries.com)
Outstanding Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Kristos Andrews as Peter Garrett on The Bay The Series (thebaytheseries.com)
Van Hansis as Thom on EastSiders (Vimeo)
Rick Hearst as Mr. Ryan on Youthful Daze (youthfuldaze.com)
J. D. Pardo as Jesús on East Los High (Hulu)
Kevin Spirtas as Dominic Delacort on Winterthorne (winterthorne.com)
2017
44th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
The Bay: The Series (Amazon.com)
Red Bird (Amazon.com)
Tainted Dreams (Amazon.com)
Tough Love (YouTube)
Venice: The Series (venicetheseries.com)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Mary Beth Evans as Sara Garrett on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Anne Marie Cummings as Michelle Macabee on Conversations in L.A. (conversationsinla.com)
Alexandra Goodman as Kitty Mae on Red Bird (Amazon.com)
Lilly Melgar as Janice Ramos on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Kelley Menighan Hensley as Veronica Ashford on Tainted Dreams (Amazon.com)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Kristos Andrews as Peter Garrett/Young Jack Madison on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Anthony Anderson as Sean Williams-Grey on Anacostia (YouTube)
Michael Lowry as Jordan Bradford on Tainted Dreams (Amazon.com)
Michael McShane as Sam on Red Bird (Amazon.com)
Gustavo Velasquez as Gus Borrero on Conversations in L.A. (conversationsinla.com)
Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Carolyn Hennesy as Karen Blackwell on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Jade Harlow as Lianna Ramos on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Vanita Harbour as Nicole Hampstead on Conversations in L.A. (conversationsinla.com)
Natalia Livingston as Liza Park on Tainted Dreams (Amazon.com)
Kym Whitley as Big Candi on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Nicolas Coster as Mayor Jack Madison on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Matthew Ashford as Steven Jensen on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Ronn Moss as John Blackwell on The Bay The Series (Amazon.com)
Armin Shimerman as Max on Red Bird (Amazon.com)
Anthony Wilkinson as Anthony DiGiacomo on Tainted Dreams (Amazon.com)
2018
45th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
The Bay: The Series (Amazon)
EastSiders (Netflix)
Ladies of the Lake (Amazon)
Tainted Dreams (Amazon)
Venice: The Series (venicetheseries.com)
Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Anne Winters as Mia Phillips on Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
Mary Beth Evans as Sara Garrett on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Vanessa Kelly as Journee on Giants (YouTube)
Lilly Melgar as Janice Ramos on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Alicia Minshew as Angelica Caruso on Tainted Dreams (Amazon)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Kristos Andrews as Peter Garrett on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
James Bland as Malachi on Giants (YouTube)
Richard Brooks as Augustus Barringer on The Rich and the Ruthless (UMC)
Van Hansis as Thom on EastSiders (Netflix)
Kian Lawley as Zac Meier on Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Jade Harlow as Lianna Ramos on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Molly Burnett as Laura on Relationship Status { (Verizon go90)
Terri Ivens as Orchid on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Kira Reed Lorsch as Jo Connors on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Alexis G. Zall as Zac Meier on Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Eric Nelsen as Daniel Garrett on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Brandon Beemer as Evan Blackwell on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Stephen Guarino as Quincy on EastSiders (Netflix)
John Halbach as Ian on EastSiders (Netflix)
Derrell Whitt as Will Campbell on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Outstanding Guest Performer in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
No award
Patrika Darbo as Mickey Walker on The Bay The Series (Amazon) (disqualified)
Jennifer Bassey as Beverly Newman on Anacostia (YouTube)
Thomas Calabro as Arthur Tobin on The Bay The Series (Amazon) (disqualified)
Chad Duell as Adam Kenway on The Bay The Series (Amazon)
Mike E. Winfield as Jeremy on Conversations in L. A. (conversationsinla.com)
Outstanding Writing in a Digital Drama Series
Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
The Bay: The Series (Amazon)
Conversations in L. A. (conversationsinla.com)
EastSiders (Netflix)
Relationship Status (Verizon go90)
Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series
The Bay: The Series (Amazon)
EastSiders (Netflix)
Relationship Status (Verizon go90)
Venice: The Series (venicetheseries.com)
Zac & Mia (Verizon go90)
2019
46th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
After Forever (Amazon Studios)
The Bay: The Series (Amazon Studios)
Giants (YouTube TV)
The New 30 (YouTube TV)
Youth & Consequences (YouTube Premium)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series
Vanessa Baden Kelly, as Journee on
Giants (YouTube)
Jade Harlow as Lianna Ramos on
The Bay The Series (Amazon Prime Video)
Liana Liberato, as McKenna Brady on
Light as a Feather (Hulu)
Shanti Lowry, as Yolanda Rodriguez on
Bronx SIU (UMC/Amazon Prime Video)
Liz Vassey, as Dr. Gillian Hunt on Riley Parra (tello Films)
2020
47th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series
The Bay: The Series (Amazon Prime)
After Forever (Amazon Prime)
Dark Web (Amazon Prime)
EastSiders (Netflix)
Studio City (Amazon Prime)
Notes
^ In 2018, Patrika Darbo initially won in this category for her performance as Mickey Walker on Amazon's The Bay The Series. The award was revoked and vacated after it was determined that Darbo appeared in a prior season of The Bay and entered scenes from multiple episodes for judging, both violations of the TV Academy's submission guidelines. An award was not given to runner-up Jennifer Bassey, portraying Beverly Newman on YouTube series Anacostia, because she too submitted scenes from multiple episodes. Thomas Calabro, nominated for his role as Arthur Tobin on The Bay, also had his nomination in this category rescinded for appearing in a prior season.
References
^ a b "38th Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 11, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-14. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ a b "38th Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. June 19, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ a b "The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 1, 2013. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b c Adams, Alina (February 3, 2015). "The 4 best soap operas on the web". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b "The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces the 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Nominations". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 24, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b "Young & Restless Leads Daytime Emmy Noms But Ceremony Won't Be on TV". Variety. March 24, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b c Newcomb, Roger (April 30, 2016). "43rd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winner's List". We Love Soaps. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b "The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 31, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ a b "The 42nd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
^ a b "CBS, PBS and The Bold and the Beautiful Lead Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Winners". Variety. April 25, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "The 43rd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
^ "The 44th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ Fairman, Michael (October 26, 2016). "44th Annual Daytime Emmys Competition Gets Underway!". On-Air On-Soaps. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ Newcomb, Roger (October 27, 2016). "44th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards: Changes and New Categories". We Love Soaps. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^ a b "2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ "Digital Daytime Drama Series" (PDF). 43rd Annual Daytime 2015–2016 Emmy Awards by Category Submission Guide. National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences: 5. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ "Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series". 43rd Annual Daytime 2015–2016 Emmy Awards by Category Submission Guide. NATAS: 36–37. January 27, 2016.
^ Hill, Libby (December 14, 2021). "Television Academies Announce Overhaul of Primetime and Daytime Emmy Award Categories". IndieWire. Archived from the original on December 14, 2021.
^ "The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces the 39th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy® Award Nominations". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 9, 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "The 39th Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "The 40th Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. June 14, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "The 41st Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "41st Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Winners" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. June 22, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations" (PDF). New York City: National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
^ "The 44th Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winners" (PDF). New York City: National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (April 29, 2018). "Daytime Emmy Awards Complete Winners List: Days Of Our Lives, The Talk, GMA Among Honorees". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ Hipes, Patrick (April 28, 2018). "Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: Bold And The Beautiful, Sesame Street Top Winners". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ Maloney, Michael (June 1, 2018). "The Bay Star Patrika Darbo's Emmy Revoked Over Submission Error". Variety. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 6, 2019). "Daytime Emmy Awards Full Winners List: The Young and the Restless, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Jeopardy's Alex Trebek Take Top Honors". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
^ Lewis, Hilary (June 26, 2020). "Daytime Emmys: The Young and the Restless Wins Best Drama Series". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
^ Evans, Greg (June 27, 2020). "Daytime Emmys: The Young & The Restless, Alex Trebek Take Top Prizes – Winners List". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 28, 2020.}
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Academy of Television Arts & Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Television_Arts_%26_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_38th_Noms-1"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"web series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_series"},{"link_name":"Venice: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice:_The_Series"},{"link_name":"38th Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Daytime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_38th_Wins-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATAS_40th_Noms-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATAS_43rd_Nom-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_43rd_Nom-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLS_43rd_Win-7"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-4"},{"link_name":"42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Daytime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Martha Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_42nd_Nom-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy_42nd_Win-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_Emmy_42_Win-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mary Beth Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Beth_Evans"},{"link_name":"Kristos Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristos_Andrews"},{"link_name":"The Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bay_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WLS_43rd_Win-7"},{"link_name":"44th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Daytime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_44-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_44_Fairman-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_44_WLS-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_noms-15"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Creative Arts Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Arts_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Children's & Family Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_%26_Family_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series was an award presented by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) and Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS).The first incarnation of the award was the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime,[1] which was given to the soap opera web series Venice: The Series at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards in 2011.[2] The category became Outstanding New Approaches Original Daytime Program or Series in 2013,[3] and evolved into Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series in 2014.[4] It was renamed Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series in 2016.[5][6][7] In 2015, Alina Adams of Entertainment Weekly attributed the addition and evolution of the category to the increasing audience for, and presence of, independent soap opera web series.[4]The associated category Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series was added for the 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2015, with Martha Byrne the first recipient for her role as Alexis Jordan/Joanne Edwards on Anacostia.[8][9][10] In 2016, this was split into two categories, Outstanding Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series and Outstanding Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series,[11] with Mary Beth Evans and Kristos Andrews winning for their mother-son roles of Sara and Peter Garrett on The Bay.[7] These performer categories were further expanded to four for the 44th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: Outstanding Lead Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actress in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, and Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series.[12][13][14] In 2018, the Outstanding Supporting or Guest Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series categories became Outstanding Supporting Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series, and a fifth performer category was added, Outstanding Guest Performer in a Digital Daytime Drama Series. New categories were also added for Outstanding Writing in a Digital Drama Series and Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series.[15]To be eligible for the Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series category, programming was required to be \"continuous, episodic works of dramatic fiction from over-the-air, cable, satellite and internet broadcasters\" which have more than three but less than 35 original episodes; 35 episodes was the minimum required for the main Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series category. The award recognized producers, directors, and writers credited on a minimum of 19 percent of total episodes first aired in the applicable year.[16] The performer categories applied to actresses and actors who appeared in these series.[17] The Digital Daytime Drama Series and related performer awards were typically awarded as part of the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony, a separate presentation of awards which included recognition of technical and craft categories.In December 2021, the ATAS and the NATAS announced a major realignment of the Daytime and Primetime Emmy Award ceremonies. Other than daytime serial dramas (as defined as an episodic, multi-camera drama serial that airs on a weekday basis, or a reboot or spin-off of such a series) or children's programming (which will move to the new Children's & Family Emmy Awards), all categories for scripted comedies and dramas will now fall under Primetime Emmys, regardless of scheduling.[18]","title":"Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Chappell_2010_Daytime_Emmy_Awards.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crystal Chappell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Chappell"},{"link_name":"Venice: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice:_The_Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATWTafscheid4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martha Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Byrne"}],"text":"Crystal Chappell won the first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime in 2011 as an executive producer of Venice: The Series. She won again for Venice in 2014, when the category had been renamed Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series.Martha Byrne was the first recipient of the newly established Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series award in 2015.The winner in each category is in bold.","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Patrika Darbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrika_Darbo"},{"link_name":"The Bay The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bay_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Bassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Bassey"},{"link_name":"Anacostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacostia_(web_series)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Calabro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Calabro"}],"text":"^ In 2018, Patrika Darbo initially won in this category for her performance as Mickey Walker on Amazon's The Bay The Series. The award was revoked and vacated after it was determined that Darbo appeared in a prior season of The Bay and entered scenes from multiple episodes for judging, both violations of the TV Academy's submission guidelines. An award was not given to runner-up Jennifer Bassey, portraying Beverly Newman on YouTube series Anacostia, because she too submitted scenes from multiple episodes. Thomas Calabro, nominated for his role as Arthur Tobin on The Bay, also had his nomination in this category rescinded for appearing in a prior season.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Crystal Chappell won the first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime in 2011 as an executive producer of Venice: The Series. She won again for Venice in 2014, when the category had been renamed Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Crystal_Chappell_2010_Daytime_Emmy_Awards.jpg/140px-Crystal_Chappell_2010_Daytime_Emmy_Awards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martha Byrne was the first recipient of the newly established Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series award in 2015.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ATWTafscheid4.jpg/140px-ATWTafscheid4.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"38th Daytime Emmy Award Nominations\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 11, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-14. Retrieved February 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060601/http://emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1011_nominations_v02.pdf","url_text":"\"38th Daytime Emmy Award Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Television_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1011_nominations_v02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"38th Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Winners\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. June 19, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160319064759/http://emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1011_telecast_winners.pdf","url_text":"\"38th Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_pdf/day_1011_telecast_winners.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations\". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. May 1, 2013. Archived from the original on June 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606100958/http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/daytime_40th_nominations.html","url_text":"\"The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations\""},{"url":"http://emmyonline.org/mediacenter/daytime_40th_nominations.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Alina (February 3, 2015). \"The 4 best soap operas on the web\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104105/http://community.ew.com/2015/02/03/4-best-soaps-on-the-web/","url_text":"\"The 4 best soap operas on the web\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://community.ew.com/2015/02/03/4-best-soaps-on-the-web/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces the 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Nominations\". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 24, 2016. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201211193508/http://emmyonline.com/day_43rd_nominations","url_text":"\"The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces the 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy® Award Nominations\""},{"url":"http://emmyonline.com/day_43rd_nominations","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Young & Restless Leads Daytime Emmy Noms But Ceremony Won't Be on TV\". Variety. March 24, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/daytime-emmy-nominations-young-and-the-restless-tv-pop-1201738398/","url_text":"\"Young & Restless Leads Daytime Emmy Noms But Ceremony Won't Be on TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Roger (April 30, 2016). \"43rd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winner's List\". We Love Soaps. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2016/04/43rd-annual-daytime-creative-arts-emmy.html","url_text":"\"43rd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Winner's List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Love_Soaps","url_text":"We Love Soaps"}]},{"reference":"\"The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. March 31, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160216141629/http://emmyonline.com/download/42nd%20Daytime%20_nominations_9_21_FINAL(2).pdf","url_text":"\"The 42nd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations\""},{"url":"http://emmyonline.com/download/42nd%20Daytime%20_nominations_9_21_FINAL(2).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 42nd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://emmyonline.com/download/42nd_Creative_Arts_winners_9_20_FINAL(2).pdf","url_text":"\"The 42nd Annual Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBS, PBS and The Bold and the Beautiful Lead Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Winners\". Variety. April 25, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/daytime-emmy-awards-bold-and-the-beautiful-cbs-alex-trebek-florence-henderson-1201479958/","url_text":"\"CBS, PBS and The Bold and the Beautiful Lead Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 43rd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322192920/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_category_submission_guide.pdf","url_text":"\"The 43rd Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?\""},{"url":"http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_whats_new.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 44th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?\" (PDF). National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060550/http://daytimeemmys.dmds.com/Content/documents/2016-2017WhatsNew.pdf","url_text":"\"The 44th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award: What's New?\""},{"url":"http://daytimeemmys.dmds.com/Content/documents/2016-2017WhatsNew.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fairman, Michael (October 26, 2016). \"44th Annual Daytime Emmys Competition Gets Underway!\". On-Air On-Soaps. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fairman_(journalist)","url_text":"Fairman, Michael"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053552/http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/44th-annual-daytime-emmys-competition-gets-underway/2016/10/26/","url_text":"\"44th Annual Daytime Emmys Competition Gets Underway!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Air_On-Soaps","url_text":"On-Air On-Soaps"},{"url":"http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/44th-annual-daytime-emmys-competition-gets-underway/2016/10/26/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Newcomb, Roger (October 27, 2016). \"44th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards: Changes and New Categories\". We Love Soaps. Retrieved February 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.welovesoaps.net/2016/10/44th-annual-daytime-emmy-awards-changes.html","url_text":"\"44th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards: Changes and New Categories\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees\". National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://emmyonline.tv/daytime-emmy-awards/nominees/","url_text":"\"2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital Daytime Drama Series\" (PDF). 43rd Annual Daytime 2015–2016 Emmy Awards by Category Submission Guide. National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences: 5. January 27, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160322192920/http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_category_submission_guide.pdf","url_text":"\"Digital Daytime Drama Series\""},{"url":"http://cdn.emmyonline.org/day_43rd_category_submission_guide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Actress/Actor in a Digital Daytime Drama Series\". 43rd Annual Daytime 2015–2016 Emmy Awards by Category Submission Guide. NATAS: 36–37. January 27, 2016.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hill, Libby (December 14, 2021). \"Television Academies Announce Overhaul of Primetime and Daytime Emmy Award Categories\". IndieWire. 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Retrieved June 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/tv/awards/natas-revokes-patrika-darbo-daytime-emmy-exclusive-1202827832/","url_text":"\"The Bay Star Patrika Darbo's Emmy Revoked Over Submission Error\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 6, 2019). \"Daytime Emmy Awards Full Winners List: The Young and the Restless, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Jeopardy's Alex Trebek Take Top Honors\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/05/daytime-emmy-awards-full-winners-list-updated-live-1202607640/","url_text":"\"Daytime Emmy Awards Full Winners List: The Young and the Restless, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Jeopardy's Alex Trebek Take Top Honors\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hilary (June 26, 2020). \"Daytime Emmys: The Young and the Restless Wins Best Drama Series\". The Hollywood Reporter. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry_Molasses
|
Blackberry Molasses
|
["1 Music video","2 Charts","2.1 Weekly charts","2.2 Year-end charts","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1996 single by Mista"Blackberry Molasses"Single by Mistafrom the album Mista ReleasedJune 18, 1996 (1996-06-18)Recorded1995GenreR&BLength4:06LabelEastWestSongwriter(s)
Marqueze Etheridge
Ray Murray
Rico Wade
Patrick Brown
Producer(s)Organized NoizeMista singles chronology
"Blackberry Molasses" (1996)
"Lady" (1996)
Music video"Blackberry Molasses" at MTV.com
"Blackberry Molasses" is a song performed by American R&B group Mista. It is the opening track on their eponymous debut album and serves as the album's first single. The song was the group's highest chart appearance on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #53 in 1996.
Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Hype Williams.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1996)
Peakposition
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
4
US Billboard Hot 100
53
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
13
Year-end charts
Chart (1996)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
42
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)
70
References
^ "Mista - Blackberry Molasses - Amazon.com Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Blackberry Molasses - Mista | Listen, Appearances, Song Review | AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Mista - Blackberry Molasses (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. Zink Media. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Mista | Awards | AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Mista | Blackberry Molasses | Music Video | MTV". MTV. Viacom International. October 31, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ "Mista – Blackberry Molasses". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ "Mista Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ "Mista Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
^ "End of Year Charts 1996". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1996". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
External links
"Blackberry Molasses" at AllMusic
"Blackberry Molasses" at Discogs (list of releases)
This 1990s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mista - Blackberry Molasses - Amazon.com Music\". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Blackberry-Molasses-Mista/dp/B000002HYK","url_text":"\"Mista - Blackberry Molasses - Amazon.com Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Blackberry Molasses - Mista | Listen, Appearances, Song Review | AllMusic\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/song/blackberry-molasses-mt0030434758","url_text":"\"Blackberry Molasses - Mista | Listen, Appearances, Song Review | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Mista - Blackberry Molasses (Vinyl) at Discogs\". Discogs. Zink Media. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Mista-Blackberry-Molasses/release/1668560","url_text":"\"Mista - Blackberry Molasses (Vinyl) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Mista | Awards | AllMusic\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/mista-mn0000423467/awards","url_text":"\"Mista | Awards | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mista | Blackberry Molasses | Music Video | MTV\". MTV. Viacom International. October 31, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/videos/mista/306979/blackberry-molasses.jhtml","url_text":"\"Mista | Blackberry Molasses | Music Video | MTV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_International","url_text":"Viacom International"}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Charts 1996\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/index.php/chart/?chart=3885","url_text":"\"End of Year Charts 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1996\". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1996/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs","url_text":"\"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1996\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Frylinck
|
Jan Frylinck
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
South African cricketer
Jan FrylinckPersonal informationFull nameJan Nicolaas FrylinckBorn (1994-04-06) 6 April 1994 (age 30)Bellville, South AfricaBattingLeft-handedBowlingLeft-arm medium-fastInternational information
National sideNamibia (2019-2022)ODI debut (cap 19)27 April 2019 v OmanLast ODI26 November 2022 v USAT20I debut (cap 5)20 May 2019 v GhanaLast T20I30 October 2023 v Zimbabwe
Domestic team information
YearsTeam2010–2013Boland2013–2016Northern Cape
Career statistics
Competition
ODI
T20I
FC
LA
Matches
23
38
45
82
Runs scored
399
241
1,571
1,403
Batting average
26.60
20.08
23.44
26.47
100s/50s
0/3
0/0
1/11
2/5
Top score
60*
44
158
126*
Balls bowled
1,059
762
5040
3,653
Wickets
34
54
97
113
Bowling average
22.05
15.55
27.40
25.14
5 wickets in innings
1
1
2
1
10 wickets in match
0
0
1
0
Best bowling
5/13
6/24
7/32
5/13
Catches/stumpings
8/–
15/–
15/–
31/–Source: Cricinfo, 29 November 2022
Jan Nicolaas Frylinck (born 6 April 1994) is a South African-born Namibian cricketer who currently plays for Namibia national cricket team. He is a left-handed batsman and left-arm medium-fast bowler. Frylinck made his first-class debut for Boland on 24 March 2011 against Western Province.
Biography
Frylinck represented the South Africa Under-19 cricket team in several youth One Day International matches. He was included in the Griqualand West cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup.
Frylinck is a Namibian citizen by descent, his father being born in Walvis Bay. He was named in Namibia's squad for an Intercontinental Cup game against Papua New Guinea in October 2016, but had to withdraw due to not receiving confirmation of his eligibility in time. He was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge tournament for Namibia, with 367 runs in eight matches. Frylinck was also the leading wicket-taker in the tournament for Namibia, with 16 dismissals in eight matches. In January 2018, he was named in Namibia's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament.
In August 2018, Frylinck was named in Namibia's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup. In October 2018, he was named as the captain of Namibia's squad for the Southern sub region group for the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Africa Qualifier tournament in Botswana.
In March 2019, he was named as the vice-captain of Namibia's squad for the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament. Namibia finished in the top four places in the tournament, therefore gaining One Day International (ODI) status. Frylinck made his ODI debut for Namibia on 27 April 2019, against Oman, in the tournament's final. In the match, he became the first bowler for Namibia to take a five-wicket haul on debut in an ODI, finishing with five wickets for thirteen runs from eight overs. He was the leading wicket-taker for Namibia in the tournament, with 14 dismissals in six matches.
In May 2019, he was named in Namibia's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier tournament in Uganda. He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Ghana on 20 May 2019.
In June 2019, he was one of twenty-five cricketers to be named in Cricket Namibia's Elite Men's Squad ahead of the 2019–20 international season. In September 2019, he was named in Namibia's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates. In September 2021, Frylinck was named in Namibia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. The following month, in the opening match of the 2021 Summer T20 Bash tournament, Frylinck took his first five-wicket haul in T20I cricket.
In May 2024, he was named in Namibia’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.
References
^ Griqualand West Squad / Players – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
^ Schutz, Helge (17 October 2016). "Namibia with backs against the wall". The Namibian. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
^ a b "CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge, 2017/18 Namibia: Batting and bowling averages". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ "Six teams vying for the final two spots in ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2018". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "Cricket Namibia to compete in T20 Africa Cup". The Namibian. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
^ "Namibian squad for World T20 Qualifier". The Namibian. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
^ "The Squad Participating In The ICC World League 2 Tournament". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
^ "Papua New Guinea secure top-four finish on dramatic final day". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "Final, ICC World Cricket League Division Two at Windhoek, Apr 27 2019". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "Namibia crowned ICC World Cricket League Division 2 champions with victory over Oman". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "Statistics: Five-wicket hauls on ODI debut". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "ICC World Cricket League Division Two, 2019 - Namibia, List A matches: Batting and bowling averages". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
^ "Namibia squad revealed for ICC T20 World Cup Africa finals". Xinhua News (Africa). Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ "African men in Uganda for T20 showdown". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ "5th Match, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Africa Region Final at Kampala, May 20 2019". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^ "Breaking News – Announcement of the 2019–2020 National Elite Training Squad". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Elite cricket training squad announced". Erongo. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier Send Off". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ "Namibia name T20 World Cup squad, include David Wiese". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
^ "Frylinck leads Namibia to victory". The Namibian. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
^ "Namibia is ready with their 15-Player Squad". ScoreWaves. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
External links
Jan Frylinck profile at CricketArchive
Jan Frylinck at ESPNcricinfo
Namibia squads
vteNamibia squad – 2021 Men's T20 World Cup
1 Scholtz
7 Erasmus (c)
11 Baard
12 Smit
19 Loftie-Eaton
23 Ya France
46 Williams
47 Shikongo
48 Green (wk)
49 Frylinck
55 Birkenstock
63 van Lingen
70 Trumpelmann
– du Preez (wk)
Coach: Pierre de Bruyn
Mauritius Ngupita as reserve for the team.
vteNamibia squad – 2022 Men's T20 World Cup
1 Scholtz
6 Louwrens (wk)
7 Erasmus (c)
9 Lungameni
11 Baard
12 Smit
15 la Cock
19 Loftie-Eaton
23 Ya France
47 Shikongo
48 Green (wk)
49 Frylinck
55 Birkenstock
63 van Lingen
70 Trumpelmann
96 Wiese
Coach: Pierre de Bruyn
vteNamibia squad – 2024 Men's T20 World Cup
1 Scholtz
4 Brassell
5 Kruger
7 Erasmus (c)
8 Kotze (wk)
9 Lungameni
12 Smit
22 Leicher
47 Shikongo
48 Green (wk)
49 Frylinck
63 van Lingen
64 Davin
70 Trumpelmann
96 Wiese
- Blignaut
Coach: Pierre de Bruyn
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Namibia national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"medium-fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_cricket_team"}],"text":"Jan Nicolaas Frylinck (born 6 April 1994) is a South African-born Namibian cricketer who currently plays for Namibia national cricket team. He is a left-handed batsman and left-arm medium-fast bowler. Frylinck made his first-class debut for Boland on 24 March 2011 against Western Province.","title":"Jan Frylinck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa Under-19 cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_Under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"Griqualand West cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griqualand_West_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2015 Africa T20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_T20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walvis Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis_Bay"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932017_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2017–18 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_CSA_Provincial_One-Day_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1718runs-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1718runs-3"},{"link_name":"2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAMWCL2-4"},{"link_name":"2018 Africa T20 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Africa_T20_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018ATC-5"},{"link_name":"2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Africa Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_World_Twenty20_Africa_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_ICC_World_Cricket_League_Division_Two"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI-9"},{"link_name":"five-wicket haul on debut in an ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cricketers_who_have_taken_five-wicket_hauls_on_One_Day_International_debut"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Regional Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_T20_World_Cup_Africa_Qualifier#Regional_Finals"},{"link_name":"2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_ICC_T20_World_Cup_Africa_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cricket Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Namibia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_ICC_T20_World_Cup_Qualifier"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2021 Summer T20 Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Summer_T20_Bash"},{"link_name":"five-wicket haul in T20I cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_five-wicket_hauls_in_Twenty20_International_cricket"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Frylinck represented the South Africa Under-19 cricket team in several youth One Day International matches. He was included in the Griqualand West cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup.[1]Frylinck is a Namibian citizen by descent, his father being born in Walvis Bay. He was named in Namibia's squad for an Intercontinental Cup game against Papua New Guinea in October 2016, but had to withdraw due to not receiving confirmation of his eligibility in time.[2] He was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge tournament for Namibia, with 367 runs in eight matches.[3] Frylinck was also the leading wicket-taker in the tournament for Namibia, with 16 dismissals in eight matches.[3] In January 2018, he was named in Namibia's squad for the 2018 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament.[4]In August 2018, Frylinck was named in Namibia's squad for the 2018 Africa T20 Cup.[5] In October 2018, he was named as the captain of Namibia's squad for the Southern sub region group for the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Africa Qualifier tournament in Botswana.[6]In March 2019, he was named as the vice-captain of Namibia's squad for the 2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two tournament.[7] Namibia finished in the top four places in the tournament, therefore gaining One Day International (ODI) status.[8] Frylinck made his ODI debut for Namibia on 27 April 2019, against Oman, in the tournament's final.[9] In the match, he became the first bowler for Namibia to take a five-wicket haul on debut in an ODI, finishing with five wickets for thirteen runs from eight overs.[10][11] He was the leading wicket-taker for Namibia in the tournament, with 14 dismissals in six matches.[12]In May 2019, he was named in Namibia's squad for the Regional Finals of the 2018–19 ICC T20 World Cup Africa Qualifier tournament in Uganda.[13][14] He made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against Ghana on 20 May 2019.[15]In June 2019, he was one of twenty-five cricketers to be named in Cricket Namibia's Elite Men's Squad ahead of the 2019–20 international season.[16][17] In September 2019, he was named in Namibia's squad for the 2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier tournament in the United Arab Emirates.[18] In September 2021, Frylinck was named in Namibia's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.[19] The following month, in the opening match of the 2021 Summer T20 Bash tournament, Frylinck took his first five-wicket haul in T20I cricket.[20]In May 2024, he was named in Namibia’s squad for the 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup tournament.[21]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/604943","url_text":"\"Six teams vying for the final two spots in ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cricket Namibia to compete in T20 Africa Cup\". The Namibian. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namibian.com.na/70730/read/Cricket-Namibia-to-compete-in-T20-Africa-Cup/","url_text":"\"Cricket Namibia to compete in T20 Africa Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namibian squad for World T20 Qualifier\". The Namibian. Retrieved 28 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namibian.com.na/72468/read/Namibian-squad-for-World-T20-Qualifier","url_text":"\"Namibian squad for World T20 Qualifier\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Squad Participating In The ICC World League 2 Tournament\". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketnamibia.com/the-squad-participating-in-the-icc-world-league-2-tournament/","url_text":"\"The Squad Participating In The ICC World League 2 Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papua New Guinea secure top-four finish on dramatic final day\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1198795","url_text":"\"Papua New Guinea secure top-four finish on dramatic final day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final, ICC World Cricket League Division Two at Windhoek, Apr 27 2019\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1174845.html","url_text":"\"Final, ICC World Cricket League Division Two at Windhoek, Apr 27 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namibia crowned ICC World Cricket League Division 2 champions with victory over Oman\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1200878","url_text":"\"Namibia crowned ICC World Cricket League Division 2 champions with victory over Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics: Five-wicket hauls on ODI debut\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmax1=10;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets","url_text":"\"Statistics: Five-wicket hauls on ODI debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC World Cricket League Division Two, 2019 - Namibia, List A matches: Batting and bowling averages\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?class=5;id=12897;team=28;type=tournament","url_text":"\"ICC World Cricket League Division Two, 2019 - Namibia, List A matches: Batting and bowling averages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namibia squad revealed for ICC T20 World Cup Africa finals\". Xinhua News (Africa). Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190514101353/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/14/c_138057695.htm","url_text":"\"Namibia squad revealed for ICC T20 World Cup Africa finals\""},{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/14/c_138057695.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"African men in Uganda for T20 showdown\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 18 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1222616","url_text":"\"African men in Uganda for T20 showdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"5th Match, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Africa Region Final at Kampala, May 20 2019\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1184258.html","url_text":"\"5th Match, ICC Men's T20 World Cup Africa Region Final at Kampala, May 20 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News – Announcement of the 2019–2020 National Elite Training Squad\". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketnamibia.com/breaking-news-announcement-of-the-2019-2020-national-elite-training-squad/","url_text":"\"Breaking News – Announcement of the 2019–2020 National Elite Training Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elite cricket training squad announced\". Erongo. Retrieved 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erongo.com.na/news/elite-cricket-training-squad-announced-2019-06-24","url_text":"\"Elite cricket training squad announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier Send Off\". Cricket Namibia. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketnamibia.com/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-qualifier-send-off/","url_text":"\"ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier Send Off\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namibia name T20 World Cup squad, include David Wiese\". International Cricket Council. Retrieved 10 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2247826","url_text":"\"Namibia name T20 World Cup squad, include David Wiese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frylinck leads Namibia to victory\". The Namibian. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_El_Bouni
|
Ibrahim El Bouni
|
["1 Kickboxing career","1.1 Early career","1.2 SUPERKOMBAT","1.3 K-1","1.4 ONE Championship","1.5 Glory","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 Kickboxing record","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Dutch-Moroccan kickboxer
Ibrahim El BouniBorn (1992-12-09) December 9, 1992 (age 31)Amsterdam, NetherlandsOther namesMr. CoolHeight1.94 m (6 ft 4+1⁄2 in)Weight95 kg (209 lb; 15.0 st)DivisionHeavyweight CruiserweightStyleKickboxingFighting out ofHaarlem, NetherlandsTeamGym HaarlemTrainerRidouan El AssroutiYears active2010 - presentKickboxing recordTotal52Wins41By knockout22Losses10By knockout3Draws1
Other informationWebsitehttps://www.ibrahimelbouni.com/Boxing record from BoxRecLast updated on: September 27, 2020
Ibrahim El Bouni (born 9 December 1992) is a Dutch-Moroccan kickboxer who currently fights for Glory. El Bouni has formerly competed for ONE Championship, SUPERKOMBAT and K-1.
As of 1 November 2023, El Bouni is ranked the #4 light-heavyweight in the world by Beyond Kick.
Kickboxing career
Early career
He fought Denis Marjanović during FFC 13. El Bouni won the fight by a unanimous decision.
SUPERKOMBAT
Ibrahim fought in the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix, facing Dawid Kasperski in the quarter-final. He lost a majority decision.
In November 2014, he scored a KO victory over Henry Brinkman.
El Bouni fought in the 2015 WFL 84 kg tournament. Despite defeating Clyde Brunswijk by decision in the semi-final, he in turn lost a decision to Hicham El Gaoui in the final.
He also took part in the A1 World Combat Cup 86 kg tournament. He won decision against Xheyal Ehmedov in the quarter-final, Boubaker El Bakouri in the semi-final, and knocked Ertugrul Bayrak out in the first round to win the tournament.
El Bouni fought Bogdan Stoica for the first time in 2015. He won the fight by a technical knockout, as Stoica suffered a leg injury in the first round, later deemed to be a knee ligament injury.
El Bouni fought for the Real Fighter World Heavyweight Championship against Redouan Cairo, but lost the fight by a late fifth-round knockout.
He fought the former WAKO World champion Dževad Poturak during W5 Grand Prix "Legends in Prague". Ibrahim won the fight by TKO.
K-1
El Bouni had his first fight at heavyweight against Makoto Uehara. He won the fight in the second round, with a left hook KO.
Ibrahim fought during the WFL Almere event, winning the fight in the third round by knockout.
El Bouni participated in the 2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix. After winning the first two bouts against Koichi and Roel Mannaart by first-round knockout, he faced Antonio Plazibat in the tournament finals. Plazibat won the fight by a unanimous decision.
After his loss to Plazibat, he took part in the WFL Reserve Tournament. In the semi-finals he beat Bogdan Stoica by decision, and won a unanimous decision against Fred Sikking in the finals.
ONE Championship
El Bouni signed for ONE Championship in June 2018, and fought Andre Meunir in his organizational debut. El Bouni won the fight by a first-round KO.
In his second fight with the organization, El Bouni fought Tarik Khbabez. Khabez won the fight in the third round, by a TKO.
El Bouni fought Andrei Stoica during ONE Championship: Roots of Honor. Stoica won the fight by a unanimous decision, although El Bouni complained of repeated fouls after the fight, as Stoica landed an inadvertent groin shot and eye poke during the bout.
Glory
In early 2021, El Bouni signed with Glory. He notched two unanimous decision victories, against Clyde Brunswijk at Glory Rivals 1 and Badr Ferdaous at Glory Rivals 2, before being booked to face Muhammed Balli in the main event of Glory Rivals 3 on November 5, 2022. He stopped Balli with a left hook at the 2:14 minute mark of the opening round.
El Bouni faced Felipe Micheletti at Glory: Collision 5 on June 17, 2023.
Championships and accomplishments
2015 World Fighting League 84 kg Tournament Runner-up
2015 A1 World Combat Cup 86 kg Tournament Winner
2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix Runner-up
Kickboxing record
Kickboxing record
41 Wins (22 (T)KO's), 10 Losses, 1 Draw
Date
Result
Opponent
Event
Location
Method
Round
Time
2024-06-08
Loss
Bahram Rajabzadeh
Glory Light Heavyweight Grand Prix, Quarterfinals
Rotterdam, Netherlands
TKO (Flying knee)
1
2:02
2023-11-04
Loss
Ștefan Lătescu
Glory: Collision 6
Arnhem, Netherlands
TKO (Three knockdowns)
2
1:00
Glory Light Heavyweight Title Eliminator
2023-06-17
Win
Felipe Micheletti
Glory: Collision 5
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2022-11-05
Win
Muhammed Balli
Glory Rivals 3
Amsterdam, Netherlands
KO (Left hook)
1
2:12
2022-09-17
Win
Badr Ferdaous
Glory Rivals 2
Alkmaar, Netherlands
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2022-06-11
Win
Clyde Brunswijk
Glory Rivals 1
Alkmaar, Netherlands
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2021-05-28
Win
Marciano Bhugwandass
World Fighting League
Netherlands
Disqualification
2
2019-04-12
Loss
Andrei Stoica
ONE Championship: Roots of Honor
Manila, Philippines
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2018-10-26
Loss
Tarik Khbabez
ONE Championship: Pursuit of Greatness
Myanmar
TKO (Referee Stoppage)
3
2018-07-07
Win
Andre Meunier
ONE Championship: Battle for the Heavens
Guangzhou, China
KO
1
2018-03-25
Win
Fred Sikking
WFL: Final 16
Almere, Netherlands
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2018-03-25
Win
Bogdan Stoica
WFL: El Bouni vs. Stoica, Final 16
Almere, Netherlands
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
2017-11-23
Loss
Antonio Plazibat
K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament, Final
Saitama, Japan
Decision (Unanimous)
3
3:00
For The K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament -100 kg.
2017-11-23
Win
Roel Mannaart
K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament, Semi-finals
Saitama, Japan
KO
1
2017-11-23
Win
Koichi
K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament, Quarter-finals
Saitama, Japan
KO (Left Hook)
1
2017-04-23
Win
Fabio Kwasi
WFL - Champion vs. Champion, Semi-finals
Almere, Netherlands
KO
3
2017-03-19
Win
Tomoslav Malencia
Fight Time Haarlem
Haarlem, Netherlands
KO
3
2017-02-26
Win
Makoto Uehara
K-1 World GP 2017 Lightweight Championship Tournament
Tokyo, Japan
KO (Left hook)
2
2016-12-23
Win
Davor Matarugic
EM Legend End of Year
China
KO
2016-11-19
Win
Xing WenXiu
EM Legend 14
China
KO
1
2016-10-08
Win
Dževad Poturak
W5 Grand Prix "Legends in Prague"
Prague, The Czech Republic
TKO (strikes)
1
2016-03-04
Win
Fred Sikking
WFL - Where Heroes Meet Legends
Hoofddorp, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2015-12-06
Loss
Redouan Cairo
Real Fighters: A Night 2 Remember
Hilversum, Netherlands
KO
5
For The Real Fighter World Championship -95 kg.
2015-10-18
Win
Bogdan Stoica
WFL "Unfinished Business"
Hoofddorp, Netherlands
TKO (knee ligament injury)
1
2015-05-16
Win
Ertugrul Bayrak
A1WCC -86 kg 8 Men Tournament Final
Eindhoven, Netherlands
KO
1
Wins the A1 WCC 86 kg Tournament.
2015-05-16
Win
Boubaker El Bakouri
A1WCC -86 kg 8 Men Tournament Semi-final
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2015-05-16
Win
Xheyal Ehmedov
A1WCC -86 kg 8 Men Tournament Quarter-final
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2015-04-19
Loss
Khalid El Bakouri
The Best of all Elements
Almere, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2015-04-12
Loss
Hicham El Gaoui
World Fighting League, Final
Hoofddorp
Decision
3
3:00
For The World Fighting League -84 kg Tournament Title.
2015-04-12
Win
Clyde Brunswijk
World Fighting League, Semi-finals
Hoofddorp
Decision
3
3:00
2014-11-25
Win
Henry Brinkman
Fight Night IJmuiden
IJmuiden
KO
2014-10-25
Loss
Dawid Kasperski
SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix 2014 Final Elimination, Quarter-finals
Geneva, Switzerland
Decision (majority)
3
3:00
2014-06-08
Win
Samir Boukhidous
Fight Fans 10
Amsterdam
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2014-06-06
Win
Denis Marjanović
FFC13: Jurković vs. Tavares
Zadar, Croatia
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2014-04-12
Win
Uroš Bogojević
SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix I 2014, Reserve Fight
Reșița, Romania
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2014-03-22
Loss
Igor Lyapin
KOK World GP 2014, Quarter-finals
Chișinău, Moldova
Decision (split)
3
3:00
2014-02-23
Win
Iwan Pang
Haarlem Fight Night V
Haarlem
TKO
3
2013-12-14
Win
Constantin Țuțu
KOK World Series - Eagles 12
Chișinău, Moldova
KO (punches)
1
2013-12-01
Win
Sem Braan
Fight Fans 7
Amsterdam
Decision
3
3:00
2013-11-15
Win
Miran Fabjan
FFC09: McSweeney vs. Traunmuller
Ljubljana, Slovenia
KO (left hook)
2
2013-08-30
Win
Ciprian Șchiopu
SUPERKOMBAT New Heroes 5
Târgoviște, Romania
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2013-06-14
Win
Igor Emkić
FFC06: Jurković vs. Poturak
Poreč, Croatia
KO (right cross)
1
2013-05-11
Win
Martin Reemeijer
Mejiro Gym Gala
Zaandam, Netherlands
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2013-04-14
Loss
Toni Milanović
FFC03: Jurković vs. Cătinaș
Split, Croatia
Decision (unanimous)
3
3:00
2013-03-24
Win
Ronnie Roomeijer
Haarlem Fight Night IV
Haarlem
Decision
3
3:00
Makes His A-class debut.
2012-09-01
Win
Geronimo de Groot
Fight For Victory
Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands
KO
2011-10-16
Draw
Tom Van Duivenvoorde
Top Team Gala
Beverwijk, Netherlands
Decision (draw)
3
3:00
Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes
See also
List of male kickboxers
References
^ "Ibrahim El Bouni". boxrec.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Ibrahim ElBouni".
^ "Ibrahim El Bouni Knocks Out Andre Meunier In Sensational Fashion". ONEFC.com. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
^ "Rankings November 2023". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ "FFC 13: Jurković nadmoćno protiv Tavaresa, Verunica pobijedio pred svojom publikom". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "SuperKombat: Andrei Stoica i Šljivar slavili nokautima, El Bouni poražen". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) Ibrahim El Bouni slavio nokautom u Nizozemskoj". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "WFL: El Gaoui u finalu turnira porazio Ibrahima El Bounija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Sahak Parparyan, Ibrahim El Bouni i Hicham El Gaoui na A1 WCC turniru osmorice". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Ismael Londt nokautirao Kreshnika, El Bouni osvojio turnir". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "WFL: Bogdan Stoica protiv Ibrahima El Bounija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "WFL: El Bouni pobijedio Stoicu, Denis Marjanović poražen, Khamal nokautirao El-Hadja". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Redouan Cairo nokautirao Ibrahima El Bounija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Dževad Poturak protiv Ibrahima El Bounija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "El Bouni slavio prekidom protiv Dževada Poturka". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) K-1: El Bouni nokautom debitirao u teškoj kategoriji". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "El Bouni zakazao mečeve s Verlindenom i Kwasijem". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) Ibrahim El Bouni teško nokautirao Fabija Kwasija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "World Fighting League: Champion vs. Champion Results". combatpress.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) Antonio Plazibat pobjednik K-1 Grand Prixa". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament Results". combatpress.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "El Bouni protiv Stoice na WFL-ovom turiru". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "World Fighting League: Final 8 Wildcard Tournament – Fight Card". perfectkickboxing.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Ibrahim El Bouni osvojio WFL-ov turnir i ušao u četvrtfinale turnira teškaša". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "I Ibrahim El Bouni potpisao za ONE Championship". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Australian kickboxer Andre Meunier to make ONE Super Series debut at 'ONE: Battle for the Heavens' in Guangzhou, China". globalasianews.com. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) El Bouni uvjerljiv u debiju za ONE Championship". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Tarik Khbabez promises to bring war at ONE: 'Age of Dragons'". asianmma.com. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) El Bouni izgubio nokautom od Khbabeza". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "Anderson Silva debitira za ONE, El Bouni protiv Stoice". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "(VIDEO) Stoica pobijedio Ibrahima El Bounija". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ "El Bouni: Ja sam se došao boriti, a Stoica gurati prste u oči". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
^ Reedijk, Tim (21 September 2022). "Endy Semeleer meldt zich in top weltergewichten bij Glory, ook promotie voor Ibrahim El Bouni". ad.nl. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
^ Reedijk, Tim. "Ibrahim El Bouni en Muhammed Balli vormen hoofdgevecht op Glory Rivals 3". bndestem.nl. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ Van Soest, Lars (6 November 2022). "El Bouni en Overmeer bonken op de deur met zeges tijdens Glory Rivals 3". telegraaf.nl. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
^ Azevedo, Zeca (9 May 2023). "No Glory Collision 5, em junho, Felipe Micheletti encara holandês". ge.globo.com. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Ștefan Lătescu, mare victorie la Glory. Românul va lupta pentru titlul mondial în kickboxing". Adevărul (in Romanian). 5 November 2023.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kickboxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickboxing"},{"link_name":"Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship"},{"link_name":"K-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ibrahim El Bouni (born 9 December 1992) is a Dutch-Moroccan[2] kickboxer who currently fights for Glory. El Bouni has formerly competed for ONE Championship, SUPERKOMBAT and K-1.[3]As of 1 November 2023, El Bouni is ranked the #4 light-heavyweight in the world by Beyond Kick.[4]","title":"Ibrahim El Bouni"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"He fought Denis Marjanović during FFC 13. El Bouni won the fight by a unanimous decision.[5]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dawid Kasperski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Kasperski"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hicham El Gaoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicham_El_Gaoui"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boubaker El Bakouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubaker_El_Bakouri"},{"link_name":"Ertugrul Bayrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertugrul_Bayrak"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Stoica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Stoica"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Redouan Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redouan_Cairo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dževad Poturak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEevad_Poturak"},{"link_name":"W5 Grand Prix \"Legends in Prague\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_version_W5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"SUPERKOMBAT","text":"Ibrahim fought in the SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix, facing Dawid Kasperski in the quarter-final. He lost a majority decision.[6]In November 2014, he scored a KO victory over Henry Brinkman.[7]El Bouni fought in the 2015 WFL 84 kg tournament. Despite defeating Clyde Brunswijk by decision in the semi-final, he in turn lost a decision to Hicham El Gaoui in the final.[8]He also took part in the A1 World Combat Cup 86 kg tournament.[9] He won decision against Xheyal Ehmedov in the quarter-final, Boubaker El Bakouri in the semi-final, and knocked Ertugrul Bayrak out in the first round to win the tournament.[10]El Bouni fought Bogdan Stoica for the first time in 2015.[11] He won the fight by a technical knockout, as Stoica suffered a leg injury in the first round, later deemed to be a knee ligament injury.[12]El Bouni fought for the Real Fighter World Heavyweight Championship against Redouan Cairo, but lost the fight by a late fifth-round knockout.[13]He fought the former WAKO World champion Dževad Poturak during W5 Grand Prix \"Legends in Prague\".[14] Ibrahim won the fight by TKO.[15]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makoto Uehara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Uehara"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Almere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almere"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_K-1#Heavyweight_GP_Championship"},{"link_name":"Koichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_(kickboxer)"},{"link_name":"Roel Mannaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roel_Mannaart"},{"link_name":"Antonio Plazibat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Plazibat"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Stoica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Stoica"},{"link_name":"Fred Sikking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Sikking"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"K-1","text":"El Bouni had his first fight at heavyweight against Makoto Uehara. He won the fight in the second round, with a left hook KO.[16]Ibrahim fought during the WFL Almere event,[17] winning the fight in the third round by knockout.[18][19]El Bouni participated in the 2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix. After winning the first two bouts against Koichi and Roel Mannaart by first-round knockout, he faced Antonio Plazibat in the tournament finals. Plazibat won the fight by a unanimous decision.[20][21]After his loss to Plazibat, he took part in the WFL Reserve Tournament.[22][23] In the semi-finals he beat Bogdan Stoica by decision, and won a unanimous decision against Fred Sikking in the finals.[24]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ONE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tarik Khbabez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarik_Khbabez"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Andrei Stoica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Stoica"},{"link_name":"ONE Championship: Roots of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONE_Championship:_Roots_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"ONE Championship","text":"El Bouni signed for ONE Championship in June 2018,[25] and fought Andre Meunir in his organizational debut.[26] El Bouni won the fight by a first-round KO.[27]In his second fight with the organization, El Bouni fought Tarik Khbabez.[28] Khabez won the fight in the third round, by a TKO.[29]El Bouni fought Andrei Stoica during ONE Championship: Roots of Honor.[30] Stoica won the fight by a unanimous decision,[31] although El Bouni complained of repeated fouls after the fight, as Stoica landed an inadvertent groin shot and eye poke during the bout.[32]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)"},{"link_name":"Glory Rivals 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Glory#Glory_Rivals_1"},{"link_name":"Glory Rivals 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Glory#Glory_Rivals_2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Glory Rivals 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_Glory#Glory_Rivals_3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Felipe Micheletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Micheletti"},{"link_name":"Glory: Collision 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_Glory#Glory:_Collision_5"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Glory","text":"In early 2021, El Bouni signed with Glory. He notched two unanimous decision victories, against Clyde Brunswijk at Glory Rivals 1 and Badr Ferdaous at Glory Rivals 2,[33] before being booked to face Muhammed Balli in the main event of Glory Rivals 3 on November 5, 2022.[34] He stopped Balli with a left hook at the 2:14 minute mark of the opening round.[35]El Bouni faced Felipe Micheletti at Glory: Collision 5 on June 17, 2023.[36]","title":"Kickboxing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix Runner-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_K-1#Heavyweight_GP_Championship"}],"text":"2015 World Fighting League 84 kg Tournament Runner-up\n2015 A1 World Combat Cup 86 kg Tournament Winner\n2017 K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix Runner-up","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing record"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of male kickboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_kickboxers"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni\". boxrec.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxrec.com/en/kickboxer/858675","url_text":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibrahim ElBouni\".","urls":[{"url":"http://finalfightchampionship.com/fighters/profile/ibrahim-el-bouni/","url_text":"\"Ibrahim ElBouni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni Knocks Out Andre Meunier In Sensational Fashion\". ONEFC.com. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://onefc.com/articles/ibrahim-el-bouni-knocks-out-andre-meunier-in-sensational-fashion","url_text":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni Knocks Out Andre Meunier In Sensational Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings November 2023\". beyondkick.com. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://beyondkick.com/rankings/","url_text":"\"Rankings November 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"FFC 13: Jurković nadmoćno protiv Tavaresa, Verunica pobijedio pred svojom publikom\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/ffc-13-jurkovic-nadmocno-protiv-tavaresa-verunica-pobijedio-pred-svojom-publikom/11053.aspx","url_text":"\"FFC 13: Jurković nadmoćno protiv Tavaresa, Verunica pobijedio pred svojom publikom\""}]},{"reference":"\"SuperKombat: Andrei Stoica i Šljivar slavili nokautima, El Bouni poražen\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/superkombat-andrei-stoica-i-sljivar-slavili-nokautima-el-bouni-porazen/11969.aspx","url_text":"\"SuperKombat: Andrei Stoica i Šljivar slavili nokautima, El Bouni poražen\""}]},{"reference":"\"(VIDEO) Ibrahim El Bouni slavio nokautom u Nizozemskoj\". croring.com. 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Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-el-bouni-uvjerljiv-u-debiju-za-one-championship/21671.aspx","url_text":"\"(VIDEO) El Bouni uvjerljiv u debiju za ONE Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tarik Khbabez promises to bring war at ONE: 'Age of Dragons'\". asianmma.com. 13 November 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://asianmma.com/tarik-khbabez-promises-to-bring-war-at-one-age-of-dragons/","url_text":"\"Tarik Khbabez promises to bring war at ONE: 'Age of Dragons'\""}]},{"reference":"\"(VIDEO) El Bouni izgubio nokautom od Khbabeza\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-el-bouni-izgubio-nokautom-od-khbabeza/22364.aspx","url_text":"\"(VIDEO) El Bouni izgubio nokautom od Khbabeza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderson Silva debitira za ONE, El Bouni protiv Stoice\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/anderson-silva-debitira-za-one-el-bouni-protiv-stoice/23547.aspx","url_text":"\"Anderson Silva debitira za ONE, El Bouni protiv Stoice\""}]},{"reference":"\"(VIDEO) Stoica pobijedio Ibrahima El Bounija\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-stoica-pobijedio-ibrahima-el-bounija/23615.aspx","url_text":"\"(VIDEO) Stoica pobijedio Ibrahima El Bounija\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Bouni: Ja sam se došao boriti, a Stoica gurati prste u oči\". croring.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croring.com/news/el-bouni-ja-sam-se-dosao-boriti-a-stoica-gurati-prste-u-oci/23629.aspx","url_text":"\"El Bouni: Ja sam se došao boriti, a Stoica gurati prste u oči\""}]},{"reference":"Reedijk, Tim (21 September 2022). \"Endy Semeleer meldt zich in top weltergewichten bij Glory, ook promotie voor Ibrahim El Bouni\". ad.nl. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/endy-semeleer-meldt-zich-in-top-weltergewichten-bij-glory-ook-promotie-voor-ibrahim-el-bouni~a79cc05c/","url_text":"\"Endy Semeleer meldt zich in top weltergewichten bij Glory, ook promotie voor Ibrahim El Bouni\""}]},{"reference":"Reedijk, Tim. \"Ibrahim El Bouni en Muhammed Balli vormen hoofdgevecht op Glory Rivals 3\". bndestem.nl. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bndestem.nl/vechtsport/ibrahim-el-bouni-en-muhammed-balli-vormen-hoofdgevecht-op-glory-rivals-3~abcd5048/","url_text":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni en Muhammed Balli vormen hoofdgevecht op Glory Rivals 3\""}]},{"reference":"Van Soest, Lars (6 November 2022). \"El Bouni en Overmeer bonken op de deur met zeges tijdens Glory Rivals 3\". telegraaf.nl. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/1937075311/el-bouni-en-overmeer-bonken-op-de-deur-met-zeges-tijdens-glory-rivals-3","url_text":"\"El Bouni en Overmeer bonken op de deur met zeges tijdens Glory Rivals 3\""}]},{"reference":"Azevedo, Zeca (9 May 2023). \"No Glory Collision 5, em junho, Felipe Micheletti encara holandês\". ge.globo.com. Retrieved 9 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/2023/05/09/no-glory-collision-5-em-junho-felipe-micheletti-encara-holandes.ghtml","url_text":"\"No Glory Collision 5, em junho, Felipe Micheletti encara holandês\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ștefan Lătescu, mare victorie la Glory. Românul va lupta pentru titlul mondial în kickboxing\". Adevărul (in Romanian). 5 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/amp/sport/stefan-latescu-mare-victorie-la-glory-romanul-va-2313734.html","url_text":"\"Ștefan Lătescu, mare victorie la Glory. Românul va lupta pentru titlul mondial în kickboxing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul","url_text":"Adevărul"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ibrahimelbouni.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.ibrahimelbouni.com/"},{"Link":"http://boxrec.com/en/boxer/858675","external_links_name":"Boxing record"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/kickboxer/858675","external_links_name":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni\""},{"Link":"http://finalfightchampionship.com/fighters/profile/ibrahim-el-bouni/","external_links_name":"\"Ibrahim ElBouni\""},{"Link":"https://onefc.com/articles/ibrahim-el-bouni-knocks-out-andre-meunier-in-sensational-fashion","external_links_name":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni Knocks Out Andre Meunier In Sensational Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://beyondkick.com/rankings/","external_links_name":"\"Rankings November 2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/ffc-13-jurkovic-nadmocno-protiv-tavaresa-verunica-pobijedio-pred-svojom-publikom/11053.aspx","external_links_name":"\"FFC 13: Jurković nadmoćno protiv Tavaresa, Verunica pobijedio pred svojom publikom\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/superkombat-andrei-stoica-i-sljivar-slavili-nokautima-el-bouni-porazen/11969.aspx","external_links_name":"\"SuperKombat: Andrei Stoica i Šljivar slavili nokautima, El Bouni poražen\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-ibrahim-el-bouni-slavio-nokautom-u-nizozemskoj/12340.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) Ibrahim El Bouni slavio nokautom u Nizozemskoj\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/wfl-el-gaoui-u-finalu-turnira-porazio-ibrahima-el-bounija/13431.aspx","external_links_name":"\"WFL: El Gaoui u finalu turnira porazio Ibrahima El Bounija\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/sahak-parparyan-ibrahim-el-bouni-i-hicham-el-gaoui-na-a1-wcc-turniru-osmorice/12918.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Sahak Parparyan, Ibrahim El Bouni i Hicham El Gaoui na A1 WCC turniru osmorice\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/ismael-londt-nokautirao-kreshnika-el-bouni-osvojio-turnir/13726.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ismael Londt nokautirao Kreshnika, El Bouni osvojio turnir\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/wfl-bogdan-stoica-protiv-ibrahima-el-bounija/14881.aspx","external_links_name":"\"WFL: Bogdan Stoica protiv Ibrahima El Bounija\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/wfl-el-bouni-pobijedio-stoicu-denis-marjanovic-porazen-khamal-nokautirao-el-hadja/14932.aspx","external_links_name":"\"WFL: El Bouni pobijedio Stoicu, Denis Marjanović poražen, Khamal nokautirao El-Hadja\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/redouan-cairo-nokautirao-ibrahima-el-bounija/15417.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Redouan Cairo nokautirao Ibrahima El Bounija\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/dzevad-poturak-protiv-ibrahima-el-bounija/17457.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Dževad Poturak protiv Ibrahima El Bounija\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/el-bouni-slavio-prekidom-protiv-dzevada-poturka/17517.aspx","external_links_name":"\"El Bouni slavio prekidom protiv Dževada Poturka\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-k-1-el-bouni-nokautom-debitirao-u-teskoj-kategoriji/18540.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) K-1: El Bouni nokautom debitirao u teškoj kategoriji\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/el-bouni-zakazao-meceve-s-verlindenom-i-kwasijem/18450.aspx","external_links_name":"\"El Bouni zakazao mečeve s Verlindenom i Kwasijem\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-ibrahim-el-bouni-tesko-nokautirao-fabija-kwasija/18927.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) Ibrahim El Bouni teško nokautirao Fabija Kwasija\""},{"Link":"https://combatpress.com/2017/04/world-fighting-league-champion-vs-champion-results/","external_links_name":"\"World Fighting League: Champion vs. Champion Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-antonio-plazibat-pobjednik-k-1-grand-prixa/20215.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) Antonio Plazibat pobjednik K-1 Grand Prixa\""},{"Link":"https://combatpress.com/2017/11/k-1-world-gp-2017-heavyweight-championship-tournament-results/","external_links_name":"\"K-1 World GP 2017 Heavyweight Championship Tournament Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/el-bouni-protiv-stoice-na-wfl-ovom-turiru/20919.aspx","external_links_name":"\"El Bouni protiv Stoice na WFL-ovom turiru\""},{"Link":"https://www.perfectkickboxing.com/world-fighting-league-final-8-wildcard-tournament-fight-card/","external_links_name":"\"World Fighting League: Final 8 Wildcard Tournament – Fight Card\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/ibrahim-el-bouni-osvojio-wfl-ov-turnir-i-usao-u-cetvrtfinale-turnira-teskasa/21024.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni osvojio WFL-ov turnir i ušao u četvrtfinale turnira teškaša\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/i-ibrahim-el-bouni-potpisao-za-one-championship/21606.aspx","external_links_name":"\"I Ibrahim El Bouni potpisao za ONE Championship\""},{"Link":"https://globalasianews.com/2018/07/03/australian-kickboxer-andre-meunier-to-make-one-super-series-debut-at-one-battle-for-the-heavens-in-guangzhou-china/","external_links_name":"\"Australian kickboxer Andre Meunier to make ONE Super Series debut at 'ONE: Battle for the Heavens' in Guangzhou, China\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-el-bouni-uvjerljiv-u-debiju-za-one-championship/21671.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) El Bouni uvjerljiv u debiju za ONE Championship\""},{"Link":"https://asianmma.com/tarik-khbabez-promises-to-bring-war-at-one-age-of-dragons/","external_links_name":"\"Tarik Khbabez promises to bring war at ONE: 'Age of Dragons'\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-el-bouni-izgubio-nokautom-od-khbabeza/22364.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) El Bouni izgubio nokautom od Khbabeza\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/anderson-silva-debitira-za-one-el-bouni-protiv-stoice/23547.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Anderson Silva debitira za ONE, El Bouni protiv Stoice\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/video-stoica-pobijedio-ibrahima-el-bounija/23615.aspx","external_links_name":"\"(VIDEO) Stoica pobijedio Ibrahima El Bounija\""},{"Link":"http://www.croring.com/news/el-bouni-ja-sam-se-dosao-boriti-a-stoica-gurati-prste-u-oci/23629.aspx","external_links_name":"\"El Bouni: Ja sam se došao boriti, a Stoica gurati prste u oči\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/vechtsport/endy-semeleer-meldt-zich-in-top-weltergewichten-bij-glory-ook-promotie-voor-ibrahim-el-bouni~a79cc05c/","external_links_name":"\"Endy Semeleer meldt zich in top weltergewichten bij Glory, ook promotie voor Ibrahim El Bouni\""},{"Link":"https://www.bndestem.nl/vechtsport/ibrahim-el-bouni-en-muhammed-balli-vormen-hoofdgevecht-op-glory-rivals-3~abcd5048/","external_links_name":"\"Ibrahim El Bouni en Muhammed Balli vormen hoofdgevecht op Glory Rivals 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraaf.nl/sport/1937075311/el-bouni-en-overmeer-bonken-op-de-deur-met-zeges-tijdens-glory-rivals-3","external_links_name":"\"El Bouni en Overmeer bonken op de deur met zeges tijdens Glory Rivals 3\""},{"Link":"https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/2023/05/09/no-glory-collision-5-em-junho-felipe-micheletti-encara-holandes.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"No Glory Collision 5, em junho, Felipe Micheletti encara holandês\""},{"Link":"https://adevarul.ro/amp/sport/stefan-latescu-mare-victorie-la-glory-romanul-va-2313734.html","external_links_name":"\"Ștefan Lătescu, mare victorie la Glory. Românul va lupta pentru titlul mondial în kickboxing\""},{"Link":"http://ibrahimelbouni.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_Corps_(Ireland)
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Corps of Engineers (Ireland)
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["1 History","2 Roles","3 Missions","4 Equipment","5 Corps of Engineers Units (2013)","6 Disbanded (Defence Forces Re-org 2012)","7 Future developments","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"]
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Irish Army Corps of EngineersIrish: An Cór InnealtóiríActive1 October 1924 – presentCountry IrelandBranchArmyNaval ServiceAir CorpsTypeMilitary engineeringRoleCamp construction, military bridgingSizeEngineer battalionPart of Defence ForcesGarrison/HQ1st Engineer Group - Cork 2nd Engineer Group - Athlone
Engineer Group, Logistics Base Curragh - Kildare Engineer Section, Air Corps - Casement Aerodrome Engineer Section, Naval Service - HaulbowlineWebsitewww.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/engineer-corps/InsigniaFlagAbbreviationENGRMilitary unit
Engineers constructing Camp Clara in Liberia
Detonation of explosives (demolition) in the Glen of Imaal for training purposes
The Corps of Engineers (ENGR) (Irish: An Cór Innealtóirí) is the military engineering branch of the Defence Forces of Ireland. The Corps is responsible for combat engineering, construction engineering, and fire fighting services within the Defence Forces. The main role of the combat engineers is to provide engineering on the battlefield; the Corps has successfully leveraged its skill and expertise in several of the Irish Army's deployments on United Nations operations.
History
Following the establishment of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922 General Routine Orders were issued which laid down the organisation of the first centralised Defence Forces. From an engineering point of view there were three particular problem areas to be overcome:-
The Barracks and Posts throughout the state were in great need of repair following the War of Independence and the Civil War.
There was a general shortage of materials.
Most of the railway system was in disarray with many towns cut off.
To meet these requirements three (3) Corps were set up:
The Works Corps - to carry out repairs and reconstruction.
The Salvage Corps - to recover materials from damaged buildings for use elsewhere.
The Railway Protection, Repair and Maintenance Corps - to rebuild the railway system.
The Corps of Engineers was established and took over from these three Corps with effect from 1 October 1924. In 1931 Field Engineer Companies and the School of Military Engineering were added to the establishment.
Roles
The Corps has a wide variety of roles, covering conventional warfare, and training for the Defence Forces. With such a wide range of skills, the Engineer Corps provide a variety of support to the Army. This support includes anything from the provision of:
Mobility
Clearing terrain obstacles
Constructing roads and bridges
Demining
Counter mobility
Planting landmines
Digging trenches and ditches
Demolishing roads and bridges
Demolitions
Survivability
Building fortifications
Camp Construction: Camp Clara (Monrovia, Liberia), Camp Clark (Kosovo)
General Engineer Support
Counter Terrorist Search
Fire fighting & RTA
EOD
CBRN defence
Humanitarian Demining
Missions
The Corps have seen active service in UNMIK), Somalia (UNOSOM II), Congo (ONUC), Lebanon (UNIFIL), Liberia (UNMIL) & Chad (EUFOR Tchad/RCA) - where the Engineer Corps was deployed to construct Camp Ciara in advance of a contingent of more than 500 troops.
Army engineers were deployed alongside personnel from the Naval Service and NSR in early 2020 as part of Ireland's response to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).
Equipment
Aardvark Midi Mine flail
DOK-ING MV-4 Remotely Operated Mine flail
Cyclops Mk4 Remotely Operated Vehicle
Remote Firing Demolitions Equipment (BIRIS, PRIME, DRFD)
Mabey Johnson Bridge
Infantry Assault Bridge
FFV 013 Area Defence Munition
Rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIBs) (Delta 7 metre, Lencraft 5.1 metre dive, and Lencraft 7.5&6.5 metre intruder RIBs)
Corps of Engineers Units (2013)
1st Engineer Group (Replaced 1st Field Engineer Company)
2nd Engineer Group (Replaced 4th Field Engineer Company)
Engineer Section, Air Corps. Attached Irish Air Corps
Engineer Section, Naval Service. Attached Irish Naval Service
Engineer Group, Logistics Base Curragh
Disbanded (Defence Forces Re-org 2012)
2nd Field Engineer Company
31st Field Engineer Company
62nd Field Engineer Company
54th Field Engineer Company
Future developments
As in all aspects of society, legislative changes and technological advances have required workforces to become more specialised and more highly skilled. The Irish Defence Forces is no exception - requiring specialist skilled engineers.
Compared with Defence Forces in other countries e.g. British and French Armies, the number of engineers in the Irish Defence Forces is low, 5.5% against 8.8% and 12.8% respectively.
Gallery
Bridge building
Demolition using Hayrick shaped charges
Aardvark Joint Service Flail detonating an Anti-Tank Landmine
Installing Lighting Towers
Fire Service DFTC
References
^ a b "Engineer Corps - Defence Forces". military.ie. Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 6 May 2019. The Corps of Engineers was established on the 1st October 1924
^ "Naval vessel to become coronavirus testing centre". The Irish Times. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ "Irish Naval Vessel To Become COVID-19 Testing Centre". Forces.net. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
External links
(in English) Official website
vte Irish ArmyArmy Brigades
1st Brigade
2nd Brigade
Defence Forces Training Centre
Army Reserve
Army Corps
Infantry Corps
Cavalry Corps
Artillery Corps
Communications & Information Services Corps
Corps of Engineers
Ordnance Corps
Medical Corps
Transport Corps
Equitation School
Military Police Corps
Specialist Units
Army Ranger Wing
Directorate of Military Intelligence
Bases & Facilities
Aiken Barracks
Cathal Brugha Barracks
Collins Barracks, Cork
Custume Barracks
Curragh Camp
Finner Camp
Glen of Imaal range
Gormanston Camp
McKee Barracks
Renmore Barracks
Sarsfield Barracks
St Bricin's Military Hospital
Stephens Barracks
Equipment
Equipment and vehicles
Historical vehicles
Uniform and Insignia
Awards and decorations
Military Medal for Gallantry
Distinguished Service Medal
Badges
Rank Insignia
Uniforms
Current DeploymentsAfrica
Democratic Republic of Congo
Ivory Coast
Mali
Western Sahara
Europe
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kosovo
Middle East
UNTSO
Golan Heights
Lebanon
HistoryPredecessors
Óglaigh na hÉireann
Irish Volunteers
Irish Republican Army
National Army
Battles & Conflicts
Easter Rising
Irish War of Independence
Irish Civil War
The Emergency
Congo Crisis
Niemba Ambush
Siege of Jadotville
At Tiri Incident
The Troubles
List of Irish military casualties overseas
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camp_Construction1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Explosion1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Glen of Imaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_of_Imaal"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"military engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering"},{"link_name":"Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"combat engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_engineering"},{"link_name":"construction engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering"},{"link_name":"fire fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting"},{"link_name":"Irish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"text":"Military unitEngineers constructing Camp Clara in LiberiaDetonation of explosives (demolition) in the Glen of Imaal for training purposesThe Corps of Engineers (ENGR) (Irish: An Cór Innealtóirí) is the military engineering branch of the Defence Forces of Ireland. The Corps is responsible for combat engineering, construction engineering, and fire fighting services within the Defence Forces. The main role of the combat engineers is to provide engineering on the battlefield; the Corps has successfully leveraged its skill and expertise in several of the Irish Army's deployments on United Nations operations.","title":"Corps of Engineers (Ireland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"}],"text":"Following the establishment of the Irish Free State on 6 December 1922 General Routine Orders were issued which laid down the organisation of the first centralised Defence Forces. From an engineering point of view there were three particular problem areas to be overcome:-The Barracks and Posts throughout the state were in great need of repair following the War of Independence and the Civil War.\nThere was a general shortage of materials.\nMost of the railway system was in disarray with many towns cut off.To meet these requirements three (3) Corps were set up:The Works Corps - to carry out repairs and reconstruction.\nThe Salvage Corps - to recover materials from damaged buildings for use elsewhere.\nThe Railway Protection, Repair and Maintenance Corps - to rebuild the railway system.The Corps of Engineers was established and took over from these three Corps with effect from 1 October 1924.[1] In 1931 Field Engineer Companies and the School of Military Engineering were added to the establishment.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-1"},{"link_name":"Demining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demining"},{"link_name":"Demolitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"fortifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"Camp Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fire fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting"},{"link_name":"EOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal"},{"link_name":"CBRN defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Demining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Demining"}],"text":"The Corps has a wide variety of roles, covering conventional warfare, and training for the Defence Forces.[1] With such a wide range of skills, the Engineer Corps provide a variety of support to the Army. This support includes anything from the provision of:Mobility\nClearing terrain obstacles\nConstructing roads and bridges\nDemining\nCounter mobility\nPlanting landmines\nDigging trenches and ditches\nDemolishing roads and bridges\nDemolitions\nSurvivability\nBuilding fortifications\nCamp Construction: Camp Clara (Monrovia, Liberia), Camp Clark (Kosovo)\nGeneral Engineer Support\nCounter Terrorist Search\nFire fighting & RTA\nEOD\nCBRN defence\nHumanitarian Demining","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNMIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMIK"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"UNOSOM II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNOSOM_II"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"ONUC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONUC"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"UNIFIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFIL"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"UNMIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMIL"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"EUFOR Tchad/RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUFOR_Tchad/RCA"},{"link_name":"Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Naval_Service"},{"link_name":"NSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Service_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Ireland's response to the coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Corps have seen active service in UNMIK), Somalia (UNOSOM II), Congo (ONUC), Lebanon (UNIFIL), Liberia (UNMIL) & Chad (EUFOR Tchad/RCA) - where the Engineer Corps was deployed to construct Camp Ciara in advance of a contingent of more than 500 troops.Army engineers were deployed alongside personnel from the Naval Service and NSR in early 2020 as part of Ireland's response to the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19).[2][3]","title":"Missions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aardvark Midi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_MK_4"},{"link_name":"Mine flail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_flail"},{"link_name":"DOK-ING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK-ING"},{"link_name":"Mine flail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_flail"},{"link_name":"Cyclops Mk4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclops_Mk4&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Remotely Operated Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Remote Firing Demolitions Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_Firing_Demolitions_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mabey Johnson Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabey_Johnson_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Infantry Assault Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantry_Assault_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FFV 013 Area Defence Munition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FFV_013_Area_Defence_Munition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIBs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat"}],"text":"Aardvark Midi Mine flail\nDOK-ING MV-4 Remotely Operated Mine flail\nCyclops Mk4 Remotely Operated Vehicle\nRemote Firing Demolitions Equipment (BIRIS, PRIME, DRFD)\nMabey Johnson Bridge\nInfantry Assault Bridge\nFFV 013 Area Defence Munition\nRigid-hulled inflatable boats (RIBs) (Delta 7 metre, Lencraft 5.1 metre dive, and Lencraft 7.5&6.5 metre intruder RIBs)","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"Irish Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Naval_Service"}],"text":"1st Engineer Group (Replaced 1st Field Engineer Company)\n2nd Engineer Group (Replaced 4th Field Engineer Company)\nEngineer Section, Air Corps. Attached Irish Air Corps\nEngineer Section, Naval Service. Attached Irish Naval Service\nEngineer Group, Logistics Base Curragh","title":"Corps of Engineers Units (2013)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31st Field Engineer Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Reserve_Engineer_Company_(Ireland)"}],"text":"2nd Field Engineer Company\n31st Field Engineer Company\n62nd Field Engineer Company\n54th Field Engineer Company","title":"Disbanded (Defence Forces Re-org 2012)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As in all aspects of society, legislative changes and technological advances have required workforces to become more specialised and more highly skilled. The Irish Defence Forces is no exception - requiring specialist skilled engineers.Compared with Defence Forces in other countries e.g. British and French Armies, the number of engineers in the Irish Defence Forces is low, 5.5% against 8.8% and 12.8% respectively.","title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Building_(4706573298).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Demolition.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aardvark_mine_flail_detonating_a_landmine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camp_Construction2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_Fighting.jpg"},{"link_name":"DFTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Forces_Training_Centre"}],"text":"Bridge building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDemolition using Hayrick shaped charges\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAardvark Joint Service Flail detonating an Anti-Tank Landmine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInstalling Lighting Towers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFire Service DFTC","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Engineers constructing Camp Clara in Liberia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Camp_Construction1.jpg/220px-Camp_Construction1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detonation of explosives (demolition) in the Glen of Imaal for training purposes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Explosion1.JPG/220px-Explosion1.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Engineer Corps - Defence Forces\". military.ie. Irish Defence Forces. Retrieved 6 May 2019. The Corps of Engineers was established on the 1st October 1924","urls":[{"url":"http://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/engineer-corps/","url_text":"\"Engineer Corps - Defence Forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval vessel to become coronavirus testing centre\". The Irish Times. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/naval-vessel-to-become-coronavirus-testing-centre-1.4209113","url_text":"\"Naval vessel to become coronavirus testing centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Naval Vessel To Become COVID-19 Testing Centre\". Forces.net. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces.net/news/irish-naval-vessel-become-covid-19-testing-centre","url_text":"\"Irish Naval Vessel To Become COVID-19 Testing Centre\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/engineer-corps/","external_links_name":"www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/engineer-corps/"},{"Link":"http://www.military.ie/en/who-we-are/army/army-corps/engineer-corps/","external_links_name":"\"Engineer Corps - Defence Forces\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/naval-vessel-to-become-coronavirus-testing-centre-1.4209113","external_links_name":"\"Naval vessel to become coronavirus testing centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.forces.net/news/irish-naval-vessel-become-covid-19-testing-centre","external_links_name":"\"Irish Naval Vessel To Become COVID-19 Testing Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.military.ie/army/organisation/army-corps/engineers/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigAir
|
BigAir
|
["1 Acquisition history","2 Products","2.1 BigAir Fixed Wireless","2.2 BigAir Community Broadband","2.3 Wireless Hotspots","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "BigAir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
BigAir Group LimitedCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedSydney (2002)HeadquartersSydneyArea servedAustraliaKey peopleJason Ashton (Founder)ProductsFixed wirelessInternet accessManaged accessVoIPNumber of employees220 (2015)ParentSuperloopWebsitewww.bigair.com.au
BigAir is a telecommunications company in Australia that was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The company was acquired by Superloop, with the last day of trading of Big Air shares being 9 December 2016.
BigAir manages one of the largest metropolitan fixed wireless networks in Australia.
They provide an alternative to the Australian terrestrial networks including DSL and the National Broadband Network with symmetric Internet access services at speeds up to 1 Gbit/s using WiMAX technology. A branch of the company; BigAir Community Broadband, manages residential style internet services provided to student accommodation and mining camps across Australia.
Acquisition history
In June 2006, BigAir acquired customers who used the iBurst technology from T3 Wireless, a subsidiary of Pacific Internet.
The iBurst business was shut down in 2009.
In April 2010 BigAir acquired Wizz Communications. The acquisition of this wholesale fixed wireless point-to-point business gave BigAir new base stations in the major cities.
In July 2010 BigAir announced it had acquired the assets and customer base of the wholesale broadband division of Star-Tech Communications.
In January 2011 BigAir acquired Clever Communications located in Melbourne, Australia.
Also in January 2011, BigAir announced its acquisition of AccessPlus. AccessPlus provided managed Internet services to tertiary student accommodation at more than 20 sites across Australia. The investment by BigAir was $5 million.
In May 2012 BigAir acquired wireless-broadband and student accommodation internet provider Allegro for $7.5 million and an additional sum of up to $3 million depending on the revenue from Allegro in the 2013 financial year; expected to be between 5–6 million. This extends the existing BigAir network in QLD and adds Gladstone and Mackay to the areas of coverage, as well as allowing BigAir to make use of Allegro's existing 3.5 GHz spectrum allocation for WiMAX services.
In August 2013 BigAir purchased Perth-based telecommunications provider, Intelligent IP Communications (IIPC) for $10 million with an additional sum of up to $10 million based on the performance of IIPC in 2014 and 2015 financial years. This secured BigAir 550 new customers including remote Australian mining site customers and contracts as well as an established voice and video communications platform deployed by IIPC Australia-wide.
Products
BigAir Fixed Wireless
The BigAir fixed wireless service is positioned as an alternative or backup solution for traditional fixed line (Copper and Fibre Optic services) which is characterized by the ability to offer services speeds from 1 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s with a reduced deployment time compared to traditional fixed line services, due to removal of the lengthy times normally involved with trenching cables.
BigAir Community Broadband
BigAir Community Broadband was formed from the acquisition of both StarTech Communications and AccessPlus in 2010 and 2011, and leverages existing BigAir fixed wireless infrastructure to service multi-tenanted properties including mining camps, retirement villages and higher education student housing providers including CLV, Unilodge and Urbanest covering 30,000 rooms
Wireless Hotspots
BigAir also manages a number of free access wireless hotspot networks in Australia. The public locations covered provide services to shopping centers, council libraries and caravan parks, retail store chains and pop-up services for temporary events (Festivals and Sporting events).
See also
List of VOIP companies
References
^ "BIGAIR GROUP LIMITED (BGL)". Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "AccessPlus has evolved into BigAir Community Broadband". BigAir Group Limited. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ "BigAir acquires iBurst customers". Computerworld. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Tim Lohman (16 March 2010). "BigAir touts wireless market opportunities". Computerworld. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Staff, ARN (5 July 2010). "BigAir acquires Star-Tech Communications division". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.
^ Televski, Julia (25 January 2011). "BigAir moves in on Clever buy". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.
^ Staff, ARN (6 January 2011). "BigAir acquires AccessPlus". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.
^ Tindal, Suzanne. "BigAir acquires Qld wireless carrier". ZDNet. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ a b Philipson, Graeme (7 August 2013). "BigAir acquires IIPC for $20 million". iTWire. IIPC has more than 550 customers, including ... mining, retail, franchising, tourism, manufacturing and service industries
^ Binning, David (6 August 2013). "BigAir buys big in WA". CRN.
^ Talevski, Julia (6 August 2013). "BigAir buys Intelligent IP Communications". IDG Communications Pty Ltd.
^ "BigAir: No Digging. No Delay". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "Case Study: Woodie Woodie Remote Mining Operation" (PDF). IIPC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "UNSW Village Optional Fees". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "Unilodge on Swanston FAQ's". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "Urbanest: Information For Parents". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ Binning, David (22 January 2013). "Does free wi-fi have a future?".
^ "Noosa Library Service Wireless Internet". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "Free WiFi for the Sunshine Coast". 14 October 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "BigAir Community Broadband: Events". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
External links
Official website
IIPC Website (Archived)
BigAir Community Broadband
vte Internet service providers of Australia
Economy of Australia
Internet censorship
Current
Aussie Broadband
Clear Networks
Connexus Internet
Dreamtilt
Vocus
aaNet
Amnet
Commander
ClubTelco
Dodo Services
Eftel
Engin
iPrimus
Nextgen Networks
Optus
Amaysim
Origin Net
SkyMesh
Superloop
Exetel
Telstra
Belong
Pacnet
TPG Telecom
iiNet
Internode
Lebara Australia
Vodafone
Westnet
Uniti Wireless
ZettaNet
Wholesale
nbn
Vocus
Nextgen Networks
TPG Telecom
AAPT
Agile Communications
Chime Communications
PIPE Networks
Origin Net
Telstra Wholesale
Former
Adam Internet
Amcom
AOL7
AusBBS
BigAir
Bigpond
Chariot
Connect.com.au
Grapevine
M2 Group
MyRepublic
Neighbourhood Cable
Netspace
OPEL Networks
OzEmail
Pacific Internet
Pegasus Networks
People Telecom
Virgin Broadband
Related topics
Internet in Australia
National Broadband Network
Metadata collection Act
Mass surveillance in Australia
Privacy in Australian law
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Superloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superloop_(company)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fixed wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_wireless"},{"link_name":"National Broadband Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Broadband_Network"},{"link_name":"Internet access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"BigAir is a telecommunications company in Australia that was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The company was acquired by Superloop, with the last day of trading of Big Air shares being 9 December 2016. [1]BigAir manages one of the largest metropolitan fixed wireless networks in Australia.\nThey provide an alternative to the Australian terrestrial networks including DSL and the National Broadband Network with symmetric Internet access services at speeds up to 1 Gbit/s using WiMAX technology. A branch of the company; BigAir Community Broadband, manages residential style internet services provided to student accommodation and mining camps across Australia.[2]","title":"BigAir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iBurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBurst"},{"link_name":"Pacific Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Internet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iipc-acquisition-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In June 2006, BigAir acquired customers who used the iBurst technology from T3 Wireless, a subsidiary of Pacific Internet.[3]\nThe iBurst business was shut down in 2009.[4]In April 2010 BigAir acquired Wizz Communications. The acquisition of this wholesale fixed wireless point-to-point business gave BigAir new base stations in the major cities.\nIn July 2010 BigAir announced it had acquired the assets and customer base of the wholesale broadband division of Star-Tech Communications.[5]In January 2011 BigAir acquired Clever Communications located in Melbourne, Australia.[6]\nAlso in January 2011, BigAir announced its acquisition of AccessPlus. AccessPlus provided managed Internet services to tertiary student accommodation at more than 20 sites across Australia. The investment by BigAir was $5 million.[7]In May 2012 BigAir acquired wireless-broadband and student accommodation internet provider Allegro for $7.5 million and an additional sum of up to $3 million depending on the revenue from Allegro in the 2013 financial year; expected to be between 5–6 million. This extends the existing BigAir network in QLD and adds Gladstone and Mackay to the areas of coverage, as well as allowing BigAir to make use of Allegro's existing 3.5 GHz spectrum allocation for WiMAX services.[8]In August 2013 BigAir purchased Perth-based telecommunications provider, Intelligent IP Communications (IIPC) for $10 million with an additional sum of up to $10 million based on the performance of IIPC in 2014 and 2015 financial years. This secured BigAir 550 new customers including remote Australian mining site customers and contracts as well as an established voice and video communications platform deployed by IIPC Australia-wide.[9][10][11]","title":"Acquisition history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"Fibre Optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"BigAir Fixed Wireless","text":"The BigAir fixed wireless service is positioned as an alternative or backup solution for traditional fixed line (Copper and Fibre Optic services) which is characterized by the ability to offer services speeds from 1 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s with a reduced deployment time compared to traditional fixed line services, due to removal of the lengthy times normally involved with trenching cables.[12]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"CLV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Living_Villages"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iipc-acquisition-9"}],"sub_title":"BigAir Community Broadband","text":"BigAir Community Broadband was formed from the acquisition of both StarTech Communications and AccessPlus in 2010 and 2011, and leverages existing BigAir fixed wireless infrastructure to service multi-tenanted properties including mining camps,[13] retirement villages and higher education student housing providers including CLV,[14] Unilodge[15] and Urbanest[16] covering 30,000 rooms[9]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Wireless Hotspots","text":"BigAir also manages a number of free access wireless hotspot networks in Australia. The public locations covered provide services to shopping centers,[17] council libraries[18] and caravan parks,[19] retail store chains and pop-up services for temporary events (Festivals and Sporting events).[20]","title":"Products"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of VOIP companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VOIP_companies"}]
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[{"reference":"\"BIGAIR GROUP LIMITED (BGL)\". Retrieved 13 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delisted.com.au/company/bigair-group-limited/","url_text":"\"BIGAIR GROUP LIMITED (BGL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"AccessPlus has evolved into BigAir Community Broadband\". BigAir Group Limited. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigair.net.au/Default.aspx?PageID=6151840&A=SearchResult&SearchID=5604707&ObjectID=6151840&ObjectType=1","url_text":"\"AccessPlus has evolved into BigAir Community Broadband\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigAir acquires iBurst customers\". Computerworld. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/158687/bigair_acquires_iburst_customers","url_text":"\"BigAir acquires iBurst customers\""}]},{"reference":"Tim Lohman (16 March 2010). \"BigAir touts wireless market opportunities\". Computerworld. Retrieved 21 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/158687/bigair_acquires_iburst_customers","url_text":"\"BigAir touts wireless market opportunities\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, ARN (5 July 2010). \"BigAir acquires Star-Tech Communications division\". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/351968/bigair_acquires_star-tech_communications_division/","url_text":"\"BigAir acquires Star-Tech Communications division\""}]},{"reference":"Televski, Julia (25 January 2011). \"BigAir moves in on Clever buy\". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/374439/bigair_moves_clever_buy/","url_text":"\"BigAir moves in on Clever buy\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, ARN (6 January 2011). \"BigAir acquires AccessPlus\". IDG Communications, idg.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/372516/bigair_acquires_accessplus/","url_text":"\"BigAir acquires AccessPlus\""}]},{"reference":"Tindal, Suzanne. \"BigAir acquires Qld wireless carrier\". ZDNet. Retrieved 22 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zdnet.com.au/bigair-acquires-qld-wireless-carrier-339338345.htm","url_text":"\"BigAir acquires Qld wireless carrier\""}]},{"reference":"Philipson, Graeme (7 August 2013). \"BigAir acquires IIPC for $20 million\". iTWire. IIPC has more than 550 customers, including ... mining, retail, franchising, tourism, manufacturing and service industries","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itwire.com/it-industry-news/deals/61037-bigair-acquires-iipc-for-$20-million","url_text":"\"BigAir acquires IIPC for $20 million\""}]},{"reference":"Binning, David (6 August 2013). \"BigAir buys big in WA\". CRN.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crn.com.au/News/352553,bigair-buys-big-in-wa.aspx","url_text":"\"BigAir buys big in WA\""}]},{"reference":"Talevski, Julia (6 August 2013). \"BigAir buys Intelligent IP Communications\". IDG Communications Pty Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arnnet.com.au/article/522917/bigair_buys_intelligent_ip_communications/","url_text":"\"BigAir buys Intelligent IP Communications\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigAir: No Digging. No Delay\". Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bigair.com.au/advantages/immediate","url_text":"\"BigAir: No Digging. No Delay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Case Study: Woodie Woodie Remote Mining Operation\" (PDF). IIPC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150228204032/http://www.iipc.com.au/downloads/Case_Study_-_Consolidated_Minerals.pdf","url_text":"\"Case Study: Woodie Woodie Remote Mining Operation\""},{"url":"http://www.iipc.com.au/downloads/Case_Study_-_Consolidated_Minerals.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UNSW Village Optional Fees\". Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unswvillage.com.au/fees/optional-fees.html","url_text":"\"UNSW Village Optional Fees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unilodge on Swanston FAQ's\". Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unilodge.com.au/","url_text":"\"Unilodge on Swanston FAQ's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urbanest: Information For Parents\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220055247/http://urbanest.com.au/about/information-for-parents","url_text":"\"Urbanest: Information For Parents\""},{"url":"http://urbanest.com.au/about/information-for-parents","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Binning, David (22 January 2013). \"Does free wi-fi have a future?\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crn.com.au/Feature/329616,does-free-wi-fi-have-a-future.aspx","url_text":"\"Does free wi-fi have a future?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noosa Library Service Wireless Internet\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220060623/http://www.libraries.noosa.qld.gov.au/wireless-internet","url_text":"\"Noosa Library Service Wireless Internet\""},{"url":"http://www.libraries.noosa.qld.gov.au/wireless-internet","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Free WiFi for the Sunshine Coast\". 14 October 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mysunshinecoast.com.au/articles/article-display/free-wifi-for-the-sunshine-coast,31840","url_text":"\"Free WiFi for the Sunshine Coast\""}]},{"reference":"\"BigAir Community Broadband: Events\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150220043659/http://www.bigaircommunitybroadband.com.au/events","url_text":"\"BigAir Community Broadband: Events\""},{"url":"http://www.bigaircommunitybroadband.com.au/events","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanstedt_(Samtgemeinde)
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Hanstedt (Samtgemeinde)
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[]
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Coordinates: 53°16′01″N 10°01′01″E / 53.267°N 10.017°E / 53.267; 10.017Hanstedt is a Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat is in the village Hanstedt.
The Samtgemeinde Hanstedt consists of the following municipalities:
Asendorf
Brackel
Egestorf
Hanstedt
Marxen
Undeloh
This Harburg district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
53°16′01″N 10°01′01″E / 53.267°N 10.017°E / 53.267; 10.017
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Lomonaco
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Juan Carlos Lomonaco
|
["1 Education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Juan Carlos Lomonaco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Juan Carlos LomonacoBorn1969 (age 54–55)Occupation(s)Music director, conductorMusical artist
Juan Carlos Lomonaco (born 1969) is Music Director and Conductor of the Yucatán Symphony Orchestra, in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
The repertory and versatility of Lomonaco's conducting covers diverse areas such as opera (Carmen, Traviata, Rigoletto, Boheme, Samson and Dalilah, Barber of Seville, Elixir of love) ballet (The Nutcracker, Cinderella, Onegin, Carmina Burana, Don Quixote), symphonic music, chamber music, and multimedia performances.
Many pre-eminent soloists have performed under his baton, such as, tenor Juan Diego Florez, Alexei Volodin, Erika Dobosiewicz, Vadim Brodsky, Jorge Federico Osorio, Carlos Prieto, tenor Fernando de la Mora, Cuarteto Latinoamericano, and the French multimedia group Art Zoyd.
Education
Lomonaco graduated from The Curtis Institute of Music, where he studied orchestra conducting with Otto-Werner Muller. He also studied with Charles Bruck at The Pierre Monteux School, Enrique Diemecke and Marc David.
He has participated in diverse international forums and festivals, such as the Festival Lírico Internacional de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain; the Contemporary Music Festival of Treviso, Italy; Cervantino International Festival, Mexico City International Festival, just to name a few. As well, he has been juror in different violin competitions in Hungary, France and Turkey: "The Canetti International Violin Competition"
Career
Since age 17, he has participated in and conducted various music ensembles and at the age of 23 he made his debut with The National Symphony Orchestra of Mexico, where he remained as Assistant Conductor for two years. Lomonaco has been music director of the Carlos Chavez Symphony, IPN Symphony, National Conservatory Symphony, the Ollin Yoliztli Symphony in Mexico and The Mexico-Philadelphia Ensemble, in the USA. In 1994, Lomonaco was Assistant Conductor at The Domaine Forget Academy of Music in Canada. He is founder and conductor of the chamber orchestra Ensamble Iberoamericano in Madrid.
Lomonaco made his European debut with the Orchestra Filarmonia Veneta in Italy in October 2002. He has performed as guest conductor with the following international orchestras: Polish Chamber, Radom Orchestra in Poland, Simon Bolivar Symphony in Venezuela, Vojvodina Symphony in Serbia, Gaia Philharmonic in Portugal, National Symphony of Peru, Lima Philharmonic, Youth Symphony of Ecuador. In the United States he has conducted Salt Lake Symphony, Longy Symphony, Garland Symphony, Arlington Symphony and Las Colinas Symphony. In his native country of Mexico he conducts regularly the National Symphony of Mexico, Mexico City Philharmonic, Opera Theatre Orchestra of Fine Arts, UNAM Philharmonic, Fine Arts Chamber Orchestra, Querétaro Philharmonic and Chamber, Guanajuato Symphony, Jalapa Symphony, Aguascalientes Symphony, Nuevo León Symphony and Coahuila Chamber, among others.
Over twelve recordings with the National Symphony of Mexico, UNAM Philharmonic and Carlos Chavez Symphony are musical testimony of the most outstanding Mexican composers of the 20th and 21st century: La Mulata de Córdoba (2007), Academy of Arts and National Symphony (2003 - 2010), Música Mexicana with OFUNAM Philharmonic (2010). He also has recorded chamber music from contemporary composers.
He has received several distinguishing scholarships from Mexico's National Council of Culture and Arts (FONCA) and The Presser Music Award from The Curtis Institute of Music.
In 2010, he was selected by the magazine Mexican Leaders as one of the 300 most influential leaders in Mexico.
Lomonaco's concerts as guest conductor for the season 2013 - 2014 are with Gaia Philharmonic in Portugal, the Opera "Der Kaiser von Atlantis" at the Cervantino International Festival, Krasnoyarsk Symphony in Russia, Academy Arts Concert with the National Symphony of Mexico, Ballet The Nutcracker at the National Auditorium with the National Dance Company, Radom Orchestra in Poland, Gaeta International Festival in Italy and UNAM Philharmonic.
References
^ "Orquesta Sinfónica de Yucatán". Sinfonicadeyucatan.com.mx. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
^ Lomonaco's biography
^ "CONCERTS - Juan Carlos Lomónaco Sitio Oficial". Juancarloslomonaco.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
External links
Juan Carlos Lomonaco website
Yucatan Symphony Orchestra website
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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He also studied with Charles Bruck at The Pierre Monteux School, Enrique Diemecke and Marc David.He has participated in diverse international forums and festivals, such as the Festival Lírico Internacional de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain; the Contemporary Music Festival of Treviso, Italy; Cervantino International Festival, Mexico City International Festival, just to name a few. As well, he has been juror in different violin competitions in Hungary, France and Turkey: \"The Canetti International Violin Competition\"","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Lake Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Since age 17, he has participated in and conducted various music ensembles and at the age of 23 he made his debut with The National Symphony Orchestra of Mexico, where he remained as Assistant Conductor for two years. Lomonaco has been music director of the Carlos Chavez Symphony, IPN Symphony, National Conservatory Symphony, the Ollin Yoliztli Symphony in Mexico and The Mexico-Philadelphia Ensemble, in the USA. In 1994, Lomonaco was Assistant Conductor at The Domaine Forget Academy of Music in Canada. He is founder and conductor of the chamber orchestra Ensamble Iberoamericano in Madrid.Lomonaco made his European debut with the Orchestra Filarmonia Veneta in Italy in October 2002. He has performed as guest conductor with the following international orchestras: Polish Chamber, Radom Orchestra in Poland, Simon Bolivar Symphony in Venezuela, Vojvodina Symphony in Serbia, Gaia Philharmonic in Portugal, National Symphony of Peru, Lima Philharmonic, Youth Symphony of Ecuador. In the United States he has conducted Salt Lake Symphony, Longy Symphony, Garland Symphony, Arlington Symphony and Las Colinas Symphony. In his native country of Mexico he conducts regularly the National Symphony of Mexico, Mexico City Philharmonic, Opera Theatre Orchestra of Fine Arts, UNAM Philharmonic, Fine Arts Chamber Orchestra, Querétaro Philharmonic and Chamber, Guanajuato Symphony, Jalapa Symphony, Aguascalientes Symphony, Nuevo León Symphony and Coahuila Chamber, among others.Over twelve recordings with the National Symphony of Mexico, UNAM Philharmonic and Carlos Chavez Symphony are musical testimony of the most outstanding Mexican composers of the 20th and 21st century: La Mulata de Córdoba (2007), Academy of Arts and National Symphony (2003 - 2010), Música Mexicana with OFUNAM Philharmonic (2010). He also has recorded chamber music from contemporary composers.He has received several distinguishing scholarships from Mexico's National Council of Culture and Arts (FONCA) and The Presser Music Award from The Curtis Institute of Music.In 2010, he was selected by the magazine Mexican Leaders as one of the 300 most influential leaders in Mexico.Lomonaco's concerts as guest conductor for the season 2013 - 2014 are with Gaia Philharmonic in Portugal, the Opera \"Der Kaiser von Atlantis\" at the Cervantino International Festival, Krasnoyarsk Symphony in Russia, Academy Arts Concert with the National Symphony of Mexico, Ballet The Nutcracker at the National Auditorium with the National Dance Company, Radom Orchestra in Poland, Gaeta International Festival in Italy and UNAM Philharmonic.[3]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Orquesta Sinfónica de Yucatán\". Sinfonicadeyucatan.com.mx. Retrieved 2015-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinfonicadeyucatan.com.mx/","url_text":"\"Orquesta Sinfónica de Yucatán\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONCERTS - Juan Carlos Lomónaco Sitio Oficial\". Juancarloslomonaco.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.juancarloslomonaco.com/general/concerts.html","url_text":"\"CONCERTS - Juan Carlos Lomónaco Sitio Oficial\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sope_Aluko
|
Sope Aluko
|
["1 Life and career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Nigerian-born British-American actress
Sope AlukoBorn (1975-07-05) July 5, 1975 (age 48)NigeriaOccupationActressYears active2009-present
Sope Aluko (/ˈʃoʊpwɛ əˈluːkoʊ/ SHOHP-weh ə-LOO-koh; born July 5, 1975) is a Nigerian-born British-American actress.
Life and career
Aluko was born in Nigeria. She was raised in the United Kingdom, as her father was in the diplomatic service, which resulted in her traveling many places. Ultimately, she began attending boarding school at ten and studied in the U.K. where she grew up and earned her master's degree in Marketing. Sope had previously tried theater, but her parents did not approve of it. She traveled to America while she was on holiday and ran into her future husband "by accident". She stayed and worked in Corporate America for fifteen years. After her parents died, she decided to pursue acting again. On her background, Sope said, "When I started off in this industry...they would say, “I love your accent but…” I just didn't trust myself enough. I started going to classes to try to get rid of my accent. One day, I just said, NO because this is me. If that doesn't work then maybe I'm just not cut out for this. The minute I did that, things just changed."like it was magic
Since then, Sope has made numerous appearances on television since then including Bloodline, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Parks and Recreation, Burn Notice, Graceland and Army Wives. She has also acted in feature films including Identity Thief and Pitch Perfect 2.
In early 2018, Sope began gaining attention for nabbing a role in the Marvel Studios film Black Panther as a Shaman. Her casting was met with praise in her home town in Nigeria. On being in the movie Sope stated, "I had to make sure I was fit for the role because one of my scenes that was going to involve some physical activity...And then for my role, I had to speak in a different accent. I made sure I did my research about the accent...I wanted to make sure I was prepared prior to coming on set." She expressed that being in the movie was a dream come true and hoped that she could expand her acting to Nollywood. Sope later appeared in Venom, her character was given the name Dr. Rosie Collins.
In 2022, Sope was cast in the lead for a new Hulu series titled Bammas.
Personal life
Sope Aluko is married and has two sons. She is a practicing Christian.
Due to her role in Black Panther, Miami-Dade County, Florida Mayor Carlos A. Giménez has labeled April 10 as "Sope Aluko Day".
Filmography
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009
Up in the Air
Software Woman
Uncredited
2009
Reckoning
Jennifer Carson
Short film
2009
Corporate Karma
Penny
Short film
2010
Realm
Alyssa's Teacher
Short film
2011
96 Minutes
Prison Worker
2011
Overruled: Government Invasion of Your Parental Rights
Spokeswoman
Short film
2012
Message in a Bottle
Angela
Short film
2013
Identity Thief
Secretary at Prominence Denver
2014
Sabotage
Receptionist
Uncredited
2014
Untold
Records Clerk
2014
The Good Lie
Processing Office Woman
2015
Pitch Perfect 2
French Commentator
2015
American Ultra
Krueger's Wife
Uncredited
2015
Joy
Fimi
Short film
2016
13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi
BBC News Anchor
Uncredited
2016
Remember When
Maggie
Short film
2017
All Summers End
Mrs. Morris
2018
Black Panther
Shaman
2018
Venom
Dr. Rosie Collins
2019
The Best of Enemies
Henrietta Kaye
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012
America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back
Sherly Pierre
Episode: "Emmana Michel"
2012
Burn Notice
Dr. Winnick
Episode: "Last Rites"
2012
Army Wives
Laura Oakley
Episode: "The War at Home"
2013
The Glades
Zombie Nurse
Episode: "Apocalypse Now"
2013
Parks and Recreation
Lisa
2 episodes
2013
The Arrangement
Mariana
TV movie
2013
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Reporter #2
Episode: "American Tragedy"
2013-2014
Ravenswood
Doctor
2 episodes
2015
Zoo
Host
Episode: "Eats, Shoots and Leaves"
2015
Graceland
Agent Avery Stanwood
4 episodes
2015
How to Get Away with Murder
Detective Shelby Diaz
Episode: "She's Dying"
2015
Satisfaction
Detective Lacy
Episode: "...Through Travel"
2015
The Mindy Project
Nadine
Episode: "Mindy and Nanny"
2017
The Inspectors
Professor Madeline Magoro
Episode: "Trial by Error"
2017
Shots Fired
Judge Margeaux Matthews
Episode: "Hour Six: The Fire This Time"
2017
Bloodline
Shana Wilson
2 episodes
2018
Counterpart
Nurse Jacqueline
Episode: "No Man's Land - Part Two"
2021
Legacies
Ayomi
3 episodes
References
^ "Sope Aluko". Explore Talent. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ Official Twitter account states she was born on July 5.
^ CBS Los Angeles (January 28, 2018). "Actress Sope Aluko Discusses Role In 'Black Panther' On KCAL9". YouTube. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
^ a b Vo, Thao (February 16, 2018). "Black Panther's Sope Aluko Gives Us Insight on Her Journey to Pursuing Her Passion". Sheen Magazine. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ a b Izuzu, Chidumga (March 3, 2018). "Nigerian-born actress lands role in another Marvel superhero film". Pulse. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Ndeche, Chidirim (March 12, 2018). "Sope Aluko: The Shaman Of Wakanda". The Guardian - Life. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Augoye, Jayne (February 17, 2018). "How I landed a role in the Black Panther movie – Nigerian-born actress, Sope Aluko". Premium Times. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ White, Peter (April 13, 2022). "'Black Panther's Sope Aluko Joins Hulu Pilot 'Bammas'". Deadline. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
^ Hallowell, Billy. "Sope Aluko Reveals Surprising Presence of God on the Set of 'Black Panther'". Light Workers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ Nan (April 11, 2018). "U.S. honours Sope Aluko, Nigerian-British actor". Vanguard. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
External links
Sope Aluko at IMDb
Sope Aluko on X
Authority control databases: People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_E._Geiger
|
Rod E. Geiger
|
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
American film director
Rod E. Geiger (1915–2000) was an American movie producer and director, Instrumental for his contributions to Italian Neorealism, working with Federico Fellini and Roberto Rossellini. Credited in the book "The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini, by Tag Gallagher" as the man who more than any single individual was to make Rossellini and the new Italian cinema famous around the world. He was also known for his marriage to Katja of Sweden, a Swedish fashion designer.
He was born Roland Ernest Geiger in New York City in 1915 and died in Tollarp, Sweden, 2000.
Filmography
Give Us This Day (1949)
Paisan (1946)
Rome, Open City (1945)
References
^ Gottlieb, Sidney (June 14, 2004). Roberto Rossellini's Rome Open City. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
^ Gallagher, Tag (1998). The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini: His Life and Films. Da Capo Press. pp. 802. ISBN 9780306808739.
^ Geiger, Katja (2000). Katja of Sweden: mode och design utan gränser: En Biografi. Dialogos Förlag. p. 198. ISBN 9789175041537.
External links
Rod E. Geiger at IMDb
This article about an American film producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a United States film director born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Gottlieb, Sidney (June 14, 2004). Roberto Rossellini's Rome Open City. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gallagher, Tag (1998). The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini: His Life and Films. Da Capo Press. pp. 802. ISBN 9780306808739.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adventuresofrobe00gall","url_text":"The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini: His Life and Films"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/adventuresofrobe00gall/page/802","url_text":"802"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306808739","url_text":"9780306808739"}]},{"reference":"Geiger, Katja (2000). Katja of Sweden: mode och design utan gränser: En Biografi. Dialogos Förlag. p. 198. ISBN 9789175041537.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789175041537","url_text":"9789175041537"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geppella
|
Geppella
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of algae
Geppella
Scientific classification
(unranked):
Viridiplantae
Division:
Chlorophyta
Class:
Ulvophyceae
Order:
Bryopsidales
Family:
Codiaceae
Genus:
GeppellaBørgesen, 1940
Type species
Geppella mortenseniiBørgesen, 1940
Species
Geppella prolifera
Geppella is a genus of green algae in the family Codiaceae.
The genus name of Geppella is in honour of Anthony Gepp (1862–1955), who was a British botanist (Algology, Bryology and Pteridology) and cryptogam researcher.
The genus was circumscribed by Frederik Christian Emil Børgesen in Kongl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Medd. Vol.15 (Issue 4) on page 55 in 1940.
References
^ a b Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2007). "Genus: Geppella taxonomy browser". AlgaeBase version 4.2 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
Taxon identifiersGeppella
Wikidata: Q5548707
AlgaeBase: 42746
GBIF: 2642658
IRMNG: 1305687
WoRMS: 369674
This green algae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Tippeligaen
|
1998 Tippeligaen
|
["1 Teams and locations","2 League table","3 Relegation play-offs","4 Results","5 Season statistics","5.1 Top scorers","5.2 Attendances","6 References"]
|
54th season of top-tier football league in Norway
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1998 Tippeligaen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football league seasonTippeligaenSeason1998Dates13 April – 25 OctoberChampionsRosenborg13th titleRelegatedSogndalHaugesundChampions LeagueRosenborgMoldeUEFA CupStabækVikingBodø/GlimtIntertoto CupVålerengaMatches played182Goals scored671 (3.69 per match)Top goalscorerSigurd Rushfeldt(27 goals)Biggest home winRosenborg 6–0 Moss(16 May 1998)
Rosenborg 7–1 Strømsgodset(19 July 1998)Biggest away winSogndal 0–9 Stabæk(25 October 1998)Highest scoringKongsvinger 2–8 Rosenborg(9 September 1998)Highest attendance21,230Rosenborg 6–0 Moss(16 May 1998)Lowest attendance841Sogndal 0–9 Stabæk(25 October 1998)Average attendance5,267 11.2%← 1997 1999 →
The 1998 Tippeligaen was the 54th completed season of top division football in Norway. Each team played 26 games with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Number thirteen and fourteen are relegated, number twelve has to play two qualification matches (home and away) against number three in the first division (where number one and two are directly promoted) for the last spot.
Teams and locations
Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.
Team
Ap.
Location
Stadium
Bodø/Glimt
10
Bodø
Aspmyra Stadion
Brann
42
Bergen
Brann Stadion
Haugesund
2
Haugesund
Haugesund Stadion
Kongsvinger
16
Kongsvinger
Gjemselund Stadion
Lillestrøm
35
Lillestrøm
Åråsen Stadion
Molde
23
Molde
Nye Molde Stadion
Moss
18
Moss
Melløs Stadion
Rosenborg
35
Trondheim
Lerkendal Stadion
Sogndal
8
Sogndal
Fosshaugane
Stabæk
4
Bærum
Nadderud Stadion
Strømsgodset
17
Drammen
Marienlyst Stadion
Tromsø
13
Tromsø
Alfheim Stadion
Vålerenga
39
Oslo
Ullevaal Stadion
Viking
49
Stavanger
Stavanger Stadion
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Rosenborg (C)
26
20
3
3
79
23
+56
63
Qualification for the Champions League group stage
2
Molde
26
16
6
4
70
34
+36
54
Qualification for the Champions League second qualifying round
3
Stabæk
26
16
5
5
63
29
+34
53
Qualification for the UEFA Cup first round
4
Viking
26
14
4
8
66
44
+22
46
Qualification for the UEFA Cup qualifying round
5
Bodø/Glimt
26
9
9
8
47
47
0
36
6
Brann
26
9
8
9
44
39
+5
35
Qualification for the Intertoto Cup second round
7
Vålerenga
26
10
3
13
44
48
−4
33
Qualification for the Intertoto Cup first round
8
Lillestrøm
26
9
6
11
41
49
−8
33
9
Moss
26
10
2
14
36
55
−19
32
10
Strømsgodset
26
9
5
12
40
61
−21
32
11
Tromsø
26
7
7
12
39
48
−9
28
12
Kongsvinger (O)
26
7
5
14
35
59
−24
26
Qualification for the relegation play-offs
13
Haugesund (R)
26
6
5
15
41
55
−14
23
Relegation to First Division
14
Sogndal (R)
26
4
4
18
26
80
−54
16
Source: fotball.noRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Stabæk qualified for the UEFA Cup as Norwegian Cup winners.
^ Bodø/Glimt qualified for the UEFA Cup qualifying round through their Fair play ranking.
Relegation play-offs
Kongsvinger won the play-offs against Kjelsås 7–2 on aggregate.
28 October 199814:00 CET (UTC+1)
Kongsvinger2–2Kjelsås
Bergman 30' (pen.) Gullerud 76'
Report
Theting 5' Skonnord 10'
Gjemselund Stadion, KongsvingerAttendance: 2,016Referee: Terje Hauge
31 October 199813:00 CET (UTC+1)
Kjelsås0–5Kongsvinger
Report
Bergman 7', 59' Alm 49' Dybendal 78' Solberg 87'
Grefsen Stadion, OsloAttendance: 3,293Referee: Roy Helge Olsen
Results
Home \ Away
BOD
BRA
HAU
KON
LIL
MOL
MOS
ROS
SOG
STB
STM
TRO
VÅL
VIK
Bodø/Glimt
—
2–2
3–2
0–0
1–1
0–2
2–1
2–6
3–0
1–3
6–2
3–2
2–1
3–1
Brann
2–1
—
2–2
3–0
1–2
2–2
0–1
0–0
4–0
2–0
0–1
3–1
3–0
1–4
Haugesund
5–4
2–3
—
1–1
0–2
2–3
5–1
0–3
4–0
0–1
1–1
1–1
3–1
1–4
Kongsvinger
0–0
2–2
0–1
—
3–0
0–3
2–4
2–8
3–2
1–5
2–1
2–1
1–3
1–1
Lillestrøm
0–0
1–1
5–0
0–3
—
1–1
3–4
0–3
0–1
2–3
2–4
2–1
3–2
2–3
Molde
1–0
2–2
4–1
4–1
4–0
—
6–0
0–2
4–0
1–1
1–3
2–2
4–1
4–4
Moss
0–1
3–0
2–0
2–0
1–2
0–2
—
1–3
1–1
1–0
3–1
3–2
3–2
0–1
Rosenborg
3–0
4–2
1–0
4–0
6–1
1–2
6–0
—
4–0
2–2
7–1
1–1
1–0
3–1
Sogndal
1–2
2–1
0–4
2–5
2–2
1–4
4–3
2–1
—
0–9
2–2
0–0
1–3
1–2
Stabæk
3–2
1–1
1–1
2–1
1–1
1–4
4–0
2–0
5–1
—
4–0
1–0
2–0
4–3
Strømsgodset
2–2
0–2
4–1
1–0
2–3
1–2
2–0
0–2
2–1
2–1
—
3–2
0–5
1–5
Tromsø
4–4
1–0
2–1
3–0
1–0
2–6
0–0
3–4
3–1
0–4
2–2
—
2–1
1–2
Vålerenga
2–2
3–2
3–2
2–3
1–5
3–1
1–0
0–2
4–0
2–0
1–1
1–0
—
2–2
Viking
1–1
2–3
3–1
4–2
0–1
3–1
5–2
1–2
5–1
1–3
4–1
1–2
3–0
—
Source: NIFS (in Norwegian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
Top scorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Sigurd Rushfeldt
Rosenborg
27
2
Rune Lange
Tromsø
20
3
Petter Belsvik
Stabæk
19
Jostein Flo
Strømsgodset
19
5
Andreas Lund
Molde
16
6
Ríkharður Daðason
Viking
15
7
Jahn Ivar "Mini" Jakobsen
Rosenborg
14
Attendances
Pos
Team
Total
High
Low
Average
Change
1
Rosenborg
171,129
21,230
8,864
13,164
+16.1%†
2
Brann
116,693
12,290
7,236
8,976
−20.7%†
3
Molde
110,712
13,308
6,036
8,516
+114.8%†
4
Vålerenga
102,242
12,318
3,331
7,865
n/a1
5
Viking
73,999
8,126
4,263
5,692
−12.8%†
6
Strømsgodset
56,715
6,537
3,309
4,363
−21.7%†
7
Haugesund
51,353
5,950
2,391
3,950
−18.2%†
8
Lillestrøm
51,133
7,008
2,313
3,933
−3.3%†
9
Tromsø
45,700
6,896
1,762
3,515
+9.9%†
10
Bodø/Glimt
45,393
5,020
2,263
3,492
+5.0%†
11
Stabæk
44,159
7,938
1,523
3,397
−0.4%†
12
Moss
37,537
5,139
1,442
2,887
n/a1
13
Kongsvinger
32,567
3,870
1,688
2,505
+2.6%†
14
Sogndal
19,336
2,336
841
1,487
−18.8%†
League total
958,668
21,230
841
5,267
+11.2%†
Source: nifs.noNotes:1: Team played last season in 1. divisjon.
References
^ a b c d "Ligastats Tippeligaen 1998". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.
^ "Rosenborg-Moss 6-0". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.
^ "Sogndal-Stabæk 0-9". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.
^ "Kongsvinger 2–2 Kjelsås". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Association (NFF). Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^ "Kjelsås 0–5 Kongsvinger". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Association (NFF). Retrieved 21 June 2022.
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Category
vte1998 in Norwegian football « 1997 1999 » League competitionsMen
Tippeligaen
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Club season articlesTippeligaen
Bodø/Glimt
Brann
Kongsvinger
Haugesund
Lillestrøm
Molde
Moss
Rosenborg
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Stabæk
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Poland
Portugal
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tippeligaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippeligaen"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"first division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._divisjon"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1998 Tippeligaen was the 54th completed season of top division football in Norway. Each team played 26 games with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Number thirteen and fourteen are relegated, number twelve has to play two qualification matches (home and away) against number three in the first division (where number one and two are directly promoted) for the last spot.","title":"1998 Tippeligaen"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.","title":"Teams and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fotball.no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fotball.no/fotballdata/turnering/tabell/?fiksId=82972"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_UC10.014703119180493_4-0"},{"link_name":"Stabæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Cup winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_UCQ0.014703119180493_5-0"},{"link_name":"Bodø/Glimt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bod%C3%B8/Glimt"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup qualifying round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_UEFA_Cup#Qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"Fair play ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_play_ranking"}],"text":"Source: fotball.noRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Stabæk qualified for the UEFA Cup as Norwegian Cup winners.\n\n^ Bodø/Glimt qualified for the UEFA Cup qualifying round through their Fair play ranking.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kongsvinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Kjelsås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjels%C3%A5s_Fotball"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Kongsvinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Kjelsås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjels%C3%A5s_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trym_Bergman"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Gullerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Gullerud"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.no/1998/po"},{"link_name":"Theting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stian_Theting"},{"link_name":"Skonnord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Petter_Skonnord"},{"link_name":"Gjemselund Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjemselund_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Kongsvinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger"},{"link_name":"Terje Hauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terje_Hauge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B01:00"},{"link_name":"Kjelsås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjels%C3%A5s_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Kongsvinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.no/1998/po"},{"link_name":"Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trym_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Alm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Alm"},{"link_name":"Grefsen Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grefsen_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Roy Helge Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Helge_Olsen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Kongsvinger won the play-offs against Kjelsås 7–2 on aggregate.28 October 199814:00 CET (UTC+1)\nKongsvinger2–2Kjelsås\nBergman 30' (pen.) Gullerud 76'\nReport\nTheting 5' Skonnord 10'\nGjemselund Stadion, KongsvingerAttendance: 2,016Referee: Terje Hauge[4]31 October 199813:00 CET (UTC+1)\nKjelsås0–5Kongsvinger\n\nReport\nBergman 7', 59' Alm 49' Dybendal 78' Solberg 87'\nGrefsen Stadion, OsloAttendance: 3,293Referee: Roy Helge Olsen[5]","title":"Relegation play-offs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bod%C3%B8/Glimt"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Brann"},{"link_name":"HAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Haugesund"},{"link_name":"KON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"LIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK"},{"link_name":"MOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"MOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_FK"},{"link_name":"ROS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_BK"},{"link_name":"SOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball"},{"link_name":"STB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball"},{"link_name":"STM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"TRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_IL"},{"link_name":"VÅL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball"},{"link_name":"VIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_FK"},{"link_name":"Bodø/Glimt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bod%C3%B8/Glimt"},{"link_name":"Brann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Brann"},{"link_name":"Haugesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Haugesund"},{"link_name":"Kongsvinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongsvinger_IL_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Lillestrøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK"},{"link_name":"3–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK%E2%80%93V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Molde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"0–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK%E2%80%93Rosenborg_BK_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_FK"},{"link_name":"Rosenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenborg_BK"},{"link_name":"1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK%E2%80%93Rosenborg_BK_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Sogndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogndal_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Stabæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab%C3%A6k_Fotball"},{"link_name":"Strømsgodset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8msgodset_Toppfotball"},{"link_name":"Tromsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_IL"},{"link_name":"Vålerenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball"},{"link_name":"1–5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m_SK%E2%80%93V%C3%A5lerenga_Fotball_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_FK"},{"link_name":"NIFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nifs.no/kamper.php?land=1&t=5&u=11"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nBOD\n\nBRA\n\nHAU\n\nKON\n\nLIL\n\nMOL\n\nMOS\n\nROS\n\nSOG\n\nSTB\n\nSTM\n\nTRO\n\nVÅL\n\nVIK\n\n\nBodø/Glimt\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–6\n\n3–0\n\n1–3\n\n6–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nBrann\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–4\n\n\nHaugesund\n\n5–4\n\n2–3\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–3\n\n5–1\n\n0–3\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–4\n\n\nKongsvinger\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n—\n\n3–0\n\n0–3\n\n2–4\n\n2–8\n\n3–2\n\n1–5\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nLillestrøm\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n5–0\n\n0–3\n\n—\n\n1–1\n\n3–4\n\n0–3\n\n0–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–4\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–3\n\n\nMolde\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–1\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n—\n\n6–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n4–1\n\n4–4\n\n\nMoss\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–2\n\n—\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nRosenborg\n\n3–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n6–1\n\n1–2\n\n6–0\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n7–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n\nSogndal\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–5\n\n2–2\n\n1–4\n\n4–3\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n0–9\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n\nStabæk\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–4\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n5–1\n\n—\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–3\n\n\nStrømsgodset\n\n2–2\n\n0–2\n\n4–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n—\n\n3–2\n\n0–5\n\n1–5\n\n\nTromsø\n\n4–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–6\n\n0–0\n\n3–4\n\n3–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–2\n\n—\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nVålerenga\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n3–2\n\n2–3\n\n1–5\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n—\n\n2–2\n\n\nViking\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n3–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n5–2\n\n1–2\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n—\n\nSource: NIFS (in Norwegian)Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top scorers","title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nifs.no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nifs.no/tilskuertall.php?land=1&t=5&fra=1998&til=1998&kamper=&sortering=avgt"}],"sub_title":"Attendances","text":"Source: nifs.noNotes:1: Team played last season in 1. divisjon.","title":"Season statistics"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Ligastats Tippeligaen 1998\". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nifs.no/ligastats.php?h2hskjul=1&land=1&t=5&u=1759&visou=","url_text":"\"Ligastats Tippeligaen 1998\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-pressen","url_text":"A-pressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Rosenborg-Moss 6-0\". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nifs.no/kampfakta.php?kamp_id=1927&land=1&t=5&u=11&lag1=5&lag2=2","url_text":"\"Rosenborg-Moss 6-0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-pressen","url_text":"A-pressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Sogndal-Stabæk 0-9\". nifs.no (in Norwegian). A-pressen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nifs.no/kampfakta.php?kamp_id=2054&land=1&t=5&u=11&lag1=10&lag2=4","url_text":"\"Sogndal-Stabæk 0-9\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-pressen","url_text":"A-pressen"}]},{"reference":"\"Kongsvinger 2–2 Kjelsås\". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Association (NFF). Retrieved 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/kamp/?fiksId=3480981","url_text":"\"Kongsvinger 2–2 Kjelsås\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kjelsås 0–5 Kongsvinger\". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Football Association (NFF). Retrieved 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/kamp/?fiksId=3480982","url_text":"\"Kjelsås 0–5 Kongsvinger\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221998+Tippeligaen%22","external_links_name":"\"1998 Tippeligaen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221998+Tippeligaen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221998+Tippeligaen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221998+Tippeligaen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221998+Tippeligaen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221998+Tippeligaen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/turnering/tabell/?fiksId=82972","external_links_name":"fotball.no"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.no/1998/po","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.no/1998/po","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.nifs.no/kamper.php?land=1&t=5&u=11","external_links_name":"NIFS"},{"Link":"https://www.nifs.no/tilskuertall.php?land=1&t=5&fra=1998&til=1998&kamper=&sortering=avgt","external_links_name":"nifs.no"},{"Link":"http://www.nifs.no/ligastats.php?h2hskjul=1&land=1&t=5&u=1759&visou=","external_links_name":"\"Ligastats Tippeligaen 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.nifs.no/kampfakta.php?kamp_id=1927&land=1&t=5&u=11&lag1=5&lag2=2","external_links_name":"\"Rosenborg-Moss 6-0\""},{"Link":"https://www.nifs.no/kampfakta.php?kamp_id=2054&land=1&t=5&u=11&lag1=10&lag2=4","external_links_name":"\"Sogndal-Stabæk 0-9\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/kamp/?fiksId=3480981","external_links_name":"\"Kongsvinger 2–2 Kjelsås\""},{"Link":"https://www.fotball.no/fotballdata/kamp/?fiksId=3480982","external_links_name":"\"Kjelsås 0–5 Kongsvinger\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempted_Micro_Enterprises
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Exempted Micro Enterprises
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["1 Turnover required for exemption","2 BEE recognition","3 References"]
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This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In South African law, Exempted Micro Enterprises (EMEs) are businesses that are exempt from measurement in terms of the DTI's codes of Good Practice for Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). They automatically qualify as 100% contributors towards BEE, this offers small South African businesses the opportunity to grow as a result of BEE irrespective of the make-up of the shareholding.
In terms of Paragraph 4 of the DTI's "Codes of Good Practice for BEE".
Turnover required for exemption
In terms of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Codes, businesses with a turnover of less than R5 Million qualify as EMEs, but in 2009, two sector charters were released that reduced the turnover required for exemption as follows:
The Tourism & Hospitality Charter reduced the turnover required for exemption to R2.5 million for all businesses that are considered to be part of the tourism and/or hospitality industry.
The Construction Charter reduced the turnover required for exemption to R1.5 million for Built Environment Professionals (BEPs), which "provide services related to but not limited to consulting engineering, architecture and quality surveying". Contractors are considered exempt if they have a turnover of less than R5 million.
BEE recognition
For preferential procurement purposes, EMEs offer clients at least 100% BEE recognition for any purchases that the client has made from that EME. They are required to prove to the client that they qualify, which commonly takes place through the presentation of an exempt certificate.
Businesses with a black shareholding of less than 50% automatically qualify as 100% contributors towards BEE.
Businesses with a black shareholding of more than 50% automatically qualify as 110% contributors towards BEE.
In terms of codes of good practice, BEE-exempt certificates can be issued by verification agents or auditors/accounting offices if enough supporting evidence is available to prove exemption. EMEs obtain an affidavit from an accredited verification agency to ensure that they qualify, which should signed by the commissioner of oaths. The affidavit is used in place of the BEE certificate and is valid for 12 months from the date it is signed by the commissioner.
References
^ "Tourism Sector Codes" (PDF).
^ "Construction Sector Codes" (PDF).
vteEconomy of South AfricaBy province
Western Cape
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Flag of South AfricaNatural resources
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Coal
Agriculture
Whaling
Industry
Automotive industry
Services
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Telecommunications
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Power stations
Economic history
Mineral Revolution
Witwatersrand Gold Rush
Great Depression
Disinvestment
Affirmative action
Black Economic Empowerment
Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment
Qualifying Small Enterprises
Scorecard
Exempted Micro Enterprises
Macroeconomics
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Foreign trade
Misc.
Corruption
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JSE Limited
Traded companies
Krugerrand
State-owned enterprises
National Budget of South Africa
National debt
Trade unions
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"DTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Black Economic Empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"}],"text":"In South African law, Exempted Micro Enterprises (EMEs) are businesses that are exempt from measurement in terms of the DTI's codes of Good Practice for Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). They automatically qualify as 100% contributors towards BEE, this offers small South African businesses the opportunity to grow as a result of BEE irrespective of the make-up of the shareholding.In terms of Paragraph 4 of the DTI's \"Codes of Good Practice for BEE\".","title":"Exempted Micro Enterprises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Economic Empowerment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Built Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In terms of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Codes, businesses with a turnover of less than R5 Million qualify as EMEs, but in 2009, two sector charters were released that reduced the turnover required for exemption as follows:The Tourism & Hospitality Charter reduced the turnover required for exemption to R2.5 million for all businesses that are considered to be part of the tourism and/or hospitality industry.[1]\nThe Construction Charter reduced the turnover required for exemption to R1.5 million for Built Environment Professionals (BEPs), which \"provide services related to but not limited to consulting engineering, architecture and quality surveying\".[2] Contractors are considered exempt if they have a turnover of less than R5 million.","title":"Turnover required for exemption"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For preferential procurement purposes, EMEs offer clients at least 100% BEE recognition for any purchases that the client has made from that EME. They are required to prove to the client that they qualify, which commonly takes place through the presentation of an exempt certificate.Businesses with a black shareholding of less than 50% automatically qualify as 100% contributors towards BEE.\nBusinesses with a black shareholding of more than 50% automatically qualify as 110% contributors towards BEE.In terms of codes of good practice, BEE-exempt certificates can be issued by verification agents or auditors/accounting offices if enough supporting evidence is available to prove exemption. EMEs obtain an affidavit from an accredited verification agency to ensure that they qualify, which should signed by the commissioner of oaths. The affidavit is used in place of the BEE certificate and is valid for 12 months from the date it is signed by the commissioner.","title":"BEE recognition"}]
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[{"image_text":"Flag of South Africa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tourism Sector Codes\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedti.gov.za/bee/beecharters/tourism.pdf","url_text":"\"Tourism Sector Codes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Construction Sector Codes\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedti.gov.za/bee/beecharters/construction.pdf","url_text":"\"Construction Sector Codes\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.thedti.gov.za/bee/beecharters/tourism.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tourism Sector Codes\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedti.gov.za/bee/beecharters/construction.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Construction Sector Codes\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giyur_Kehalacha
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Giyur Kehalacha
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["1 Creation","2 Legality","3 Halacha","4 Controversy","5 References"]
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Giyur KeHalacha (also stylised Giyur K'Halacha) is an Israeli-based organisation offering conversions outside of the state mandated Chief Rabbinate. It has elicited controversy around its desire to decentralise the conversion process and is associated with the Tzohar network of rabbis. At present they have received wide support around the Jewish world. but the Chief Rabbis are unwilling to accept their authority.
Creation
The organisation was started by a series of rabbis who wanted to challenge the existing monopoly that the Chief Rabbinate had over conversions to Judaism. These included rabbis Seth Farber, Chuck Davidson and Nahum Rabinovitch.
The organisation soon grew with the addition of several high-profile rabbis, including rabbis David Stav, Shlomo Riskin, Nahum Rabinovitch and Yisrael Rosen, amongst others.
The organisation has continued to grow, and as of the beginning of 2019 there are more than 70 rabbis who are actively converting people, with a particular focus on children prior to their bar or bat mitzvah.
Legality
In the Knesset, Elazar Stern presented a bill to legalise an alternative path to conversions outside of the Chief Rabbinate, although significant opposition existed to the passing of the law from the Haredi political parties, and their pressure was sufficient to prevent the bill passing into law. However, the status of the people converted by Giyur KeHalacha is a significant struggle today in Israel, with efforts, both legislative and legal, ongoing.
These political-legal manoeuvrings are significant in Israel since Halacha is strongly entwined in the day-to-day running of the state, and specifically the Chief Rabbinate, which controls the conversion process, and uses this power to decide who can get married, and who can be buried in a Jewish cemetery.
Halacha
Giyur KeHalacha follows Orthodox Halacha, while easing some of the harsh restrictions of the large centralised beth dins. In addition to Giyur KeHalacha there are other independent conversion courts, such as Ahavat HaGer. Darchei Israel also known as Ways Of Israel and in Spanish Los Caminos de Israel.
Controversy
The Chief Rabbinate courted significant controversy when they cancelled many of the conversions performed under the auspices of Giyur KeHalacha, or otherwise not accepting conversions done by the group. When the Supreme Court rejected the cancelling of conversions, the Haredi communities attempted to pass a new law to by-pass the courts.
In Australia, the local rabbis refused to accept the legitimate conversions performed through the Beth din of rabbi Yisrael Rosen, a member of Tzohar and Giyur Kehalacha.
References
^ a b "In first, Israeli judge recognizes conversion to Judaism by private court". The Times of Israel. 13 September 2018. Giyur K'halacha's rabbinical courts, which follow the precepts of Jewish law, were founded by Farber along with many of Modern Orthodoxy's biggest names — Efrat's Rabbi Shlomo Riskin; Rabbi Nachum Rabinovitch from Ma'ale Adumim; Rabbi Haim Amsalem; Otniel's Rabbi Re'em HaCohen; head of the Tzohar rabbinical movement Rabbi David Stav; and Prof. Benjamin Ish-Shalom, the founder of the Israel Defense Force's Nativ conversion program
^ a b "About Giyur Ke'Halacha - גיור כהלכה". גיור כהלכה (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ a b "Israeli secular court to rule on Orthodox conversions". The Canadian Jewish News. 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ "The Conversion Blacklist - Bios". JOFA | Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
^ "Establishment of Private Jewish Conversion Court an Important Initiative for Israel and the Jewish People, ADL Says". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ Erlich, Yifat (9 February 2019). "The trouble with Jewish conversions in Israel". Ynetnews.
^ "Double Indemnity - Zionist Federation of Australia". Zionist Federation of Australia. 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ "Knesset moves to decentralize conversion to Judaism". Retrieved 2018-01-01.
^ "Conversion, the Knesset and the Supreme Court". TZOHAR. 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
^ Levy, Gideon (2009-04-12). "A State Governed by Religious Law". Haaretz. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
^ "Avi Weiss and The End Of The Chief Rabbinate | Matzav.com". matzav.com. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
^ "A tolerant and traditional Jewish approach toward modernity". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ "Chuck Davidson, Author at My Jewish Learning". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
^ "Tzohar hits back against chief rabbinate, other critics in conversion imbroglio". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2017-11-22.
^ "Israeli Supreme Court rules state must accept non-Rabbinate Orthodox conversions". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
^ "Bill would end state recognition of private Orthodox conversions". Retrieved 2018-01-17.
^ "Ark conversions rejected - The Australian Jewish News". The Australian Jewish News. 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Giyur Kehalacha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rabbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Seth Farber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Farber"},{"link_name":"Chuck Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Davidson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nahum Rabinovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Rabinovitch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-1"},{"link_name":"David Stav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stav"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Riskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Riskin"},{"link_name":"Nahum Rabinovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Rabinovitch"},{"link_name":"Yisrael Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bar or bat mitzvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The organisation was started by a series of rabbis who wanted to challenge the existing monopoly that the Chief Rabbinate had over conversions to Judaism. These included rabbis Seth Farber, Chuck Davidson[4] and Nahum Rabinovitch.[1]The organisation soon grew with the addition of several high-profile rabbis, including rabbis David Stav, Shlomo Riskin, Nahum Rabinovitch and Yisrael Rosen, amongst others.[5]The organisation has continued to grow, and as of the beginning of 2019 there are more than 70 rabbis who are actively converting people, with a particular focus on children prior to their bar or bat mitzvah.[6]","title":"Creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Elazar Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazar_Stern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_burqa_sect"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Halacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the Knesset, Elazar Stern[7] presented a bill to legalise an alternative path to conversions outside of the Chief Rabbinate, although significant opposition existed to the passing of the law from the Haredi political parties,[8] and their pressure was sufficient to prevent the bill passing into law. However, the status of the people converted by Giyur KeHalacha is a significant struggle today in Israel, with efforts, both legislative and legal, ongoing.[3][9]These political-legal manoeuvrings are significant in Israel since Halacha is strongly entwined in the day-to-day running of the state,[10] and specifically the Chief Rabbinate, which controls the conversion process, and uses this power to decide who can get married, and who can be buried in a Jewish cemetery.[11]","title":"Legality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beth dins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_din"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ahavat HaGer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahavat_HaGer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Giyur KeHalacha follows Orthodox Halacha, while easing some of the harsh restrictions of the large centralised beth dins.[12] In addition to Giyur KeHalacha there are other independent conversion courts, such as Ahavat HaGer.[13] Darchei Israel also known as Ways Of Israel and in Spanish Los Caminos de Israel.","title":"Halacha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Yisrael Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Rosen"}],"text":"The Chief Rabbinate courted significant controversy when they cancelled many of the conversions performed under the auspices of Giyur KeHalacha, or otherwise not accepting conversions done by the group.[14] When the Supreme Court rejected the cancelling of conversions,[15] the Haredi communities attempted to pass a new law to by-pass the courts.[16]In Australia,[17] the local rabbis refused to accept the legitimate conversions performed through the Beth din of rabbi Yisrael Rosen, a member of Tzohar and Giyur Kehalacha.","title":"Controversy"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"In first, Israeli judge recognizes conversion to Judaism by private court\". The Times of Israel. 13 September 2018. Giyur K'halacha's rabbinical courts, which follow the precepts of Jewish law, were founded by Farber along with many of Modern Orthodoxy's biggest names — Efrat's Rabbi Shlomo Riskin; Rabbi Nachum Rabinovitch from Ma'ale Adumim; Rabbi Haim Amsalem; Otniel's Rabbi Re'em HaCohen; head of the Tzohar rabbinical movement Rabbi David Stav; and Prof. Benjamin Ish-Shalom, the founder of the Israel Defense Force's Nativ conversion program","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-israeli-judge-recognizes-conversion-to-judaism-by-private-court/","url_text":"\"In first, Israeli judge recognizes conversion to Judaism by private court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"\"About Giyur Ke'Halacha - גיור כהלכה\". גיור כהלכה (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://giyur.org.il/about-giyur-kehalacha/","url_text":"\"About Giyur Ke'Halacha - גיור כהלכה\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli secular court to rule on Orthodox conversions\". The Canadian Jewish News. 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cjnews.com/news/israel/israeli-secular-court-to-rule-on-orthodox-conversions","url_text":"\"Israeli secular court to rule on Orthodox conversions\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Conversion Blacklist - Bios\". JOFA | Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jofa.org/conversion-blacklist-bios","url_text":"\"The Conversion Blacklist - Bios\""}]},{"reference":"\"Establishment of Private Jewish Conversion Court an Important Initiative for Israel and the Jewish People, ADL Says\". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adl.org/news/press-releases/establishment-of-private-jewish-conversion-court-an-important-initiative-for","url_text":"\"Establishment of Private Jewish Conversion Court an Important Initiative for Israel and the Jewish People, ADL Says\""}]},{"reference":"Erlich, Yifat (9 February 2019). \"The trouble with Jewish conversions in Israel\". Ynetnews.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5458400,00.html","url_text":"\"The trouble with Jewish conversions in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Double Indemnity - Zionist Federation of Australia\". Zionist Federation of Australia. 2015-08-16. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zfa.com.au/double-indemnity/","url_text":"\"Double Indemnity - Zionist Federation of Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knesset moves to decentralize conversion to Judaism\". Retrieved 2018-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/knesset-mulls-decentralizing-conversion-to-judaism/","url_text":"\"Knesset moves to decentralize conversion to Judaism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conversion, the Knesset and the Supreme Court\". TZOHAR. 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2018-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tzohar.org.il/English/conversion-the-knesset-and-the-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"Conversion, the Knesset and the Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Gideon (2009-04-12). \"A State Governed by Religious Law\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/a-state-governed-by-religious-law-1.273941","url_text":"\"A State Governed by Religious Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avi Weiss and The End Of The Chief Rabbinate | Matzav.com\". matzav.com. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://matzav.com/avi-weiss-and-the-end-of-the-chief-rabbinate/","url_text":"\"Avi Weiss and The End Of The Chief Rabbinate | Matzav.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"A tolerant and traditional Jewish approach toward modernity\". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4690672,00.html","url_text":"\"A tolerant and traditional Jewish approach toward modernity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Davidson, Author at My Jewish Learning\". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 2018-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjewishlearning.com/author/chuck-davidson/","url_text":"\"Chuck Davidson, Author at My Jewish Learning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tzohar hits back against chief rabbinate, other critics in conversion imbroglio\". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2017-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Tzohar-hits-back-against-chief-rabbinate-other-critics-in-conversion-imbroglio-375319","url_text":"\"Tzohar hits back against chief rabbinate, other critics in conversion imbroglio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israeli Supreme Court rules state must accept non-Rabbinate Orthodox conversions\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 2018-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2016/03/31/default/israeli-supreme-court-rules-state-must-accept-non-rabbinate-orthodox-conversions","url_text":"\"Israeli Supreme Court rules state must accept non-Rabbinate Orthodox conversions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill would end state recognition of private Orthodox conversions\". Retrieved 2018-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/proposed-bill-to-end-recognition-of-private-orthodox-conversions/","url_text":"\"Bill would end state recognition of private Orthodox conversions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ark conversions rejected - The Australian Jewish News\". The Australian Jewish News. 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishnews.net.au/ark-conversions-rejected/67235","url_text":"\"Ark conversions rejected - The Australian Jewish News\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Smith_(engineer)
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Richard G. Smith (engineer)
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["1 References"]
|
American engineer (1929–2019)
Richard G. SmithBornOctober 22, 1929DiedMarch 14, 2019Known fordirector of Kennedy Space Center
Richard G. Smith (October 22, 1929 – March 14, 2019) was director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center from September 26, 1979 to August 2, 1986. Born in Durham, N.C., in 1929, Smith was educated in Alabama schools. After graduation from Decatur High School, he attended Florence State College and Auburn University. He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Auburn in 1951.
Smith became a member of the rocket research and development team at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, in June 1951. He transferred to NASA in July 1960 when the Development Operations Division of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency became the nucleus for the establishment of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center.
Smith served in positions of increasing responsibility at the Marshall Center. He held various assignments in the former Guidance and Control Laboratory and in the Systems Engineering Office prior to being appointed deputy manager and later manager of the Saturn Program. In January 1974 Smith became director of science and engineering and served in that position until he was named deputy director of the Marshall Center in 1974.
On August 15, 1978, Smith accepted a one-year assignment as deputy associate administrator for Space Transportation Systems at NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. He served as director of the Skylab Task Force appointed by the NASA administrator to represent NASA preceding and following the reentry of Skylab.
Smith was a member of the NASA Executive Development Education Panel, and he also served a three-year term as a member of the Auburn Alumni Engineering Council.
For his contributions to the Apollo Lunar Landing Program and the Skylab Program he received the NASA Medal for Exceptional Service in 1969 and the NASA Medal for Distinguished Service in 1973. In January 1980 he received NASA's Outstanding Leadership Medal for his management of the Skylab Reentry Program. In September 1980 he was awarded the rank of meritorious executive in the Senior Executive Service. In June 1981, he was awarded an honorary doctorate of science degree by Florida Institute of Technology. He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of science degree by his Alma Mater, Auburn University, on December 9, 1983.
Smith's administration covered the completion of the Space Shuttle buildup, the launch of 25 shuttle missions and the beginning of the planning effort for the original Space Station Freedom. Smith retired on Aug. 2, 1986.
References
^ "Richard G. Smith". Decatur Daily. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
This article incorporates public domain text from NASA
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Artists
ULAN
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Richard G. Smith\". Decatur Daily. Retrieved 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.decaturdaily.com/obituaries/richard-g-smith/article_63a50e37-f115-5fa1-97b1-ca4e19b108ac.html","url_text":"\"Richard G. Smith\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.decaturdaily.com/obituaries/richard-g-smith/article_63a50e37-f115-5fa1-97b1-ca4e19b108ac.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard G. Smith\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/biographies/smith-r.html","external_links_name":"NASA"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87942489","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcJCtv96pBFCyRCJFxjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX956238","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500007817","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Airlift_Squadron
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39th Airlift Squadron
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["1 History","1.1 Operations","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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"39th Transport Squadron" redirects here. For the 39th Transport Squadron (formerly 39th Ferrying Squadron), see 39th Military Airlift Squadron.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "39th Airlift Squadron" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
39th Airlift SquadronC-130s from the squadron and the Air National Guard taxi at Dyess AFBActive1942–1949; 1952–1971; 1971–1992; 1993–presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAirliftPart ofAir Mobility CommandGarrison/HQDyess Air Force BaseNickname(s)Trailblazers, Jungle SkippersEngagementsSouthwest Pacific TheaterDesert StormGlobal War on TerrorismDecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Philippine Presidential Unit Citation Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with PalmInsignia39th Airlift Squadron emblem (apoproved 27 October 1942)Military unit
The 39th Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force unit based at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas. The unit flies the Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules. It is primarily tasked to transport cargo and personnel, and where circumstances require, airdrop them. It traces its history to 1942 and fought in the Pacific during the Second World War.
History
The 39th conducted paratroop drops on Noemfoor, Luzon, as well as aerial transport in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II during World War II. The squadron participated in the Berlin Airlift in 1948. It was the squadron that provided disaster relief for the Peruvian earthquake in June 1970 conducting numerous missions to the people of Peru.
It was part of airlift missions to Grenada, in October 1983, to Panama, December 1989 – January 1990, and to Southwest Asia, August 1990 – March 1991.
Operations
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Southern Watch
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation New Dawn
Operation Enduring Freedom
Lineage
Constituted as the 39th Transport Squadron on 2 February 1942
Activated on 22 February 1942
Redesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942
Redesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy, on 21 May 1948
Inactivated on 14 September 1949
Redesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 3 July 1952
Activated on 14 July 1952
Redesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 March 1966
Redesignated 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 May 1967
Inactivated on 31 July 1971
Activated on 31 August 1971
Redesignated 39th Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992
Inactivated on 1 June 1992
Activated on 1 October 1993
Assignments
317th Transport Group (later 317th Troop Carrier Group), 22 February 1942 – 14 September 1949
317th Troop Carrier Group, 14 July 1952
465th Troop Carrier Wing, 12 March 1957
317th Troop Carrier Wing, 8 July 1957
322d Air Division, 25 September 1958
317 Troop Carrier Wing (later 317 Tactical Airlift Wing), 15 April 1963 – 31 July 1971 (attached to Detachment 1, 322d Air Division, February–May 1965; 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 13 May–18 July 1968; 7310th Tactical Airlift Wing (15 April–22 July 1969))
317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 31 August 1971 (attached to 322d Tactical Airlift Wing, 12 December 1973 – 17 February 1974; 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 9 July–15 September 1974, 12 July – 14 September 1975; 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 12 April–14 June 1976, 1 October–15 December 1977; 435th Tactical Airlift Group, 4 January–4 March 1977)
317th Tactical Airlift Group, 1 October 1978 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 5 June–14 August 1979)
317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 April 1980 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 8 October–13 December 1980, 3 February–14 April 1982, 4 June–13 August 1983, 1 October–12 December 1984, 2 February–15 April 1986), 3 March–15 May 1987, 3 June–10 August 1988, May–11 July 1991)
317 Operations Group, 1 January–1 June 1992 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 3 April–31 May 1992)
7th Operations Group, 1 October 1993
317th Airlift Group, 1 April 1997 – present
Stations
Duncan Field, Texas, 22 February 1942
Bowman Field, Kentucky, 9 October 1942
Lawson Field, Georgia, October 1942
Laurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 2–12 December 1942
Garbutt Field, Queensland, Australia, 22 January 1942
Archerfield Airport, Queensland, Australia, 22 February 1942
Port Moresby Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 28 September 1943
Finschhafen Airfield, New Guinea, 23 April 1944
Hollandia Airfield, New Guinea, July 1944
Leyte, Philippines, 19 November 1944
Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 28 March 1945
Okinawa, Ryuku Island, 19 August 1945
Fukuoka Air Base, Japan, 11 November 1945
Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, 15 January 1946
Yamoto Air Base, Japan, 17 July 1946
Carelus Army Air Field, Japan, 6 September 1946
Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, 16 October 1946 – 21 September 1948
Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany, 30 September 1948
RAF Celle, Germany, 23 December 1948 – 14 September 1949
Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, Germany, 14 July 1952
Neubiberg Air Base, Germany, 23 March 1953
Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France, 24 June 1956 – 20 June 1964
Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 20 June 1964 – 31 July 1971
Deployed to Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France, February–May 1965; RAF Mildenhall, England, 13 May-18 July 1968; Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany (15 April-22 July 1969)
Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 31 August 1971 – 1 June 1992
Deployed to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany , 12 December 1973 – 17 February 1974, 12 April–14 June 1976, 1 October–15 December 1977; RAF Mildenhall, England, 12 July–14 September 1975, 4 January–4 March 1977, 5 June–14 August 1979, 8 October–13 December 1980, 3 February–14 April 1982, 4 June–13 August 1983, 1 October–12 December 1984, 2 February–15 April 1986, 3 March–15 May 1987, 3 June–10 August 1988, May–11 July 1991, 3 April–31 May 1992)
Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, 1 October 1993 – present
Aircraft
Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1942–1946)
Curtiss C-46 Commando (1946–1948)
Douglas C-54 Skymaster (1946–1949)
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1952–1958)
Lockheed C-130 Hercules (1958–1971, 1971 – Present)
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). "Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) . Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
External links
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39th Military Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Military_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Dyess Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130J_Super_Hercules"},{"link_name":"airdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"\"39th Transport Squadron\" redirects here. For the 39th Transport Squadron (formerly 39th Ferrying Squadron), see 39th Military Airlift Squadron.Military unitThe 39th Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force unit based at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas. The unit flies the Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules. It is primarily tasked to transport cargo and personnel, and where circumstances require, airdrop them. It traces its history to 1942 and fought in the Pacific during the Second World War.","title":"39th Airlift Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paratroop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratroop"},{"link_name":"Noemfoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemfoor"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean theater of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Berlin Airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Airlift"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"}],"text":"The 39th conducted paratroop drops on Noemfoor, Luzon, as well as aerial transport in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II during World War II. The squadron participated in the Berlin Airlift in 1948. It was the squadron that provided disaster relief for the Peruvian earthquake in June 1970 conducting numerous missions to the people of Peru. \nIt was part of airlift missions to Grenada, in October 1983, to Panama, December 1989 – January 1990, and to Southwest Asia, August 1990 – March 1991.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Operation Southern Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Operation New Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_Dawn_(Iraq,_2010-2011)"},{"link_name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"}],"sub_title":"Operations","text":"Operation Desert Storm\nOperation Southern Watch\nOperation Iraqi Freedom\nOperation New Dawn\nOperation Enduring Freedom","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39ASfacts-1"}],"text":"Constituted as the 39th Transport Squadron on 2 February 1942Activated on 22 February 1942\nRedesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942\nRedesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy, on 21 May 1948\nInactivated on 14 September 1949Redesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 3 July 1952Activated on 14 July 1952\nRedesignated 39th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 March 1966\nRedesignated 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 May 1967\nInactivated on 31 July 1971Activated on 31 August 1971Redesignated 39th Airlift Squadron on 1 January 1992\nInactivated on 1 June 1992Activated on 1 October 1993[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"317th Transport Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Transport_Group"},{"link_name":"465th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/465th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"317th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/317th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"322d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"513th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/513th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"322d Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"435th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/435th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"435th Tactical Airlift Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/435th_Tactical_Airlift_Group"},{"link_name":"313th Tactical Airlift Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/313th_Tactical_Airlift_Group"},{"link_name":"7th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39ASfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"317th Transport Group (later 317th Troop Carrier Group), 22 February 1942 – 14 September 1949\n317th Troop Carrier Group, 14 July 1952\n465th Troop Carrier Wing, 12 March 1957\n317th Troop Carrier Wing, 8 July 1957\n322d Air Division, 25 September 1958\n317 Troop Carrier Wing (later 317 Tactical Airlift Wing), 15 April 1963 – 31 July 1971 (attached to Detachment 1, 322d Air Division, February–May 1965; 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 13 May–18 July 1968; 7310th Tactical Airlift Wing (15 April–22 July 1969))\n\n\n317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 31 August 1971 (attached to 322d Tactical Airlift Wing, 12 December 1973 – 17 February 1974; 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 9 July–15 September 1974, 12 July – 14 September 1975; 435th Tactical Airlift Wing, 12 April–14 June 1976, 1 October–15 December 1977; 435th Tactical Airlift Group, 4 January–4 March 1977)\n317th Tactical Airlift Group, 1 October 1978 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 5 June–14 August 1979)\n317th Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 April 1980 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 8 October–13 December 1980, 3 February–14 April 1982, 4 June–13 August 1983, 1 October–12 December 1984, 2 February–15 April 1986), 3 March–15 May 1987, 3 June–10 August 1988, May–11 July 1991)\n317 Operations Group, 1 January–1 June 1992 (attached to 313th Tactical Airlift Group, 3 April–31 May 1992)\n7th Operations Group, 1 October 1993\n317th Airlift Group, 1 April 1997 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duncan Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Field"},{"link_name":"Bowman Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowman_Field_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Lawson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson_Field"},{"link_name":"Laurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurinburg-Maxton_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Garbutt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbutt_Field"},{"link_name":"Archerfield Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archerfield_Airport"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby Airfield Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby_Airfield_Complex"},{"link_name":"Finschhafen Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finschhafen_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Hollandia Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte"},{"link_name":"Clark Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Field"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Yamoto Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamoto_Air_Base&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carelus Army Air Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carelus_Army_Air_Field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tachikawa Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"RAF Celle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Celle"},{"link_name":"Rhein-Main Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Main_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Neubiberg Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neubiberg_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Évreux-Fauville Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vreux-Fauville_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockbourne Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockbourne_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"RAF Mildenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Mildenhall"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Dyess Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39ASfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Duncan Field, Texas, 22 February 1942\nBowman Field, Kentucky, 9 October 1942\nLawson Field, Georgia, October 1942\nLaurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 2–12 December 1942\nGarbutt Field, Queensland, Australia, 22 January 1942\nArcherfield Airport, Queensland, Australia, 22 February 1942\nPort Moresby Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 28 September 1943\nFinschhafen Airfield, New Guinea, 23 April 1944\nHollandia Airfield, New Guinea, July 1944\nLeyte, Philippines, 19 November 1944\nClark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 28 March 1945\nOkinawa, Ryuku Island, 19 August 1945\nFukuoka Air Base, Japan, 11 November 1945\nTachikawa Air Base, Japan, 15 January 1946\nYamoto Air Base, Japan, 17 July 1946\nCarelus Army Air Field, Japan, 6 September 1946\nTachikawa Air Base, Japan, 16 October 1946 – 21 September 1948\nWiesbaden Air Base, Germany, 30 September 1948\n\n\nRAF Celle, Germany, 23 December 1948 – 14 September 1949\nRhein-Main Air Base, Germany, Germany, 14 July 1952\nNeubiberg Air Base, Germany, 23 March 1953\nÉvreux-Fauville Air Base, France, 24 June 1956 – 20 June 1964\nLockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, 20 June 1964 – 31 July 1971\nDeployed to Évreux-Fauville Air Base, France, February–May 1965; RAF Mildenhall, England, 13 May-18 July 1968; Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany (15 April-22 July 1969)\nPope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 31 August 1971 – 1 June 1992\nDeployed to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany , 12 December 1973 – 17 February 1974, 12 April–14 June 1976, 1 October–15 December 1977; RAF Mildenhall, England, 12 July–14 September 1975, 4 January–4 March 1977, 5 June–14 August 1979, 8 October–13 December 1980, 3 February–14 April 1982, 4 June–13 August 1983, 1 October–12 December 1984, 2 February–15 April 1986, 3 March–15 May 1987, 3 June–10 August 1988, May–11 July 1991, 3 April–31 May 1992)\nDyess Air Force Base, Texas, 1 October 1993 – present[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-54 Skymaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39ASfacts-1"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1942–1946)\nCurtiss C-46 Commando (1946–1948)\nDouglas C-54 Skymaster (1946–1949)\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1952–1958)\nLockheed C-130 Hercules (1958–1971, 1971 – Present)[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39ASfacts_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (ACC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432480/39-airlift-squadron-amc/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). \"Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2018.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.afhra.af.mil/"},{"link_name":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912799-02-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"61060979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/61060979"},{"link_name":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-405-12194-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"70605402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/70605402"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"72556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556"},{"link_name":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-912799-12-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9"}],"text":"This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research AgencyMaurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.\nMaurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.\nRavenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Dollman, TSG David (18 October 2016). \"Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (ACC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/432480/39-airlift-squadron-amc/","url_text":"\"Factsheet 39 Airlift Squadron (ACC)\""}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf","url_text":"Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12194-6","url_text":"0-405-12194-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/70605402","url_text":"70605402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72556","url_text":"72556"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoplastic_maxilla
|
Maxillary hypoplasia
|
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","5 Treatment","6 Prognosis","7 Recovery","8 Epidemiology","9 Research directions","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Medical conditionMaxillary hypoplasiaSpecialtyMaxillofacial surgery
Maxillary hypoplasia, or maxillary deficiency, is an underdevelopment of the bones of the upper jaw. It is associated with Crouzon syndrome, Angelman syndrome, as well as Fetal alcohol syndrome. It can also be associated with Cleft lip and cleft palate. Some people could develop it due to poor dental extractions.
Signs and symptoms
The underdevelopment of the bones in the upper jaw, which gives the middle of the face a sunken look. This same underdevelopment can make it difficult to eat and can lead to complications such as Nasopharyngeal airway restriction. This restriction causes forward head posture which can then lead to back pain, neck pain, and numbness in the hands and arms. The nasopharyngeal airway restriction can also lead to Sleep apnea and snoring. Sleep apnea can lead to heart problems, endocrine problems, increased weight, and cognition problems, among other issues.
Cause
Although the exact genetic link for isolated maxillary hypoplasia has not been identified, the structure of the facial bones as a whole relies on genetic inheritance and therefore there is likely an inheritance pattern. Maxillary hypoplasia can be present as part of genetic syndromes such as Angelman syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with maxillary hypoplasia. Injury to facial bones during childhood can lead to atypical growth. Exposure to Phenytoin in the first trimester of pregnancy has also been associated with the development of maxillary hypoplasia.
Pathophysiology
Abnormal development of the bones of the upper face which is usually a secondary effect of a different developmental abnormality. When associated with cleft lip and palate, the abnormal development can be due to deficiency in the ability to grow because of the cleft lip or palate. The underdevelopment can also be caused by scarring from surgical repair of a cleft lip or palate.
Diagnosis
Diagnosed mainly on visual inspection. The cheekbones and nose appear flat with thin lips and the lower jaw appears to be protruding even though it is normal in size. Computed tomography scan CT scan can be performed to compare the size of the Maxilla and Mandible. Computed tomography scan.
Treatment
Corrective surgery is the most common treatment to correct this disorder. It involves the repositioning of the upper jaw to align with the lower jaw, to provide symmetry. The surgery may be performed in consultation with an Orthodontist who works on repositioning the teeth in the mouth. Severe cases require surgical correction after completing craniofacial growth around age 17-21. Milder forms without obstruction can be corrected for cosmetic reasons using veneers, snap in smiles, and overlay dentures
Prognosis
When associated with nasopharyngeal occlusion, the person is more likely to spend their days in forward head posture which may lead to back pain, neck pain and numbness in the arms and hands. It can also lead to sleep apnea and snoring. People can generally live a relatively normal life with maxillary hypoplasia. Normal life expectancy.
Recovery
The recovery time after the surgery depends on the extent of the surgery itself. Patients are usually advised to eat soft foods for days, or sometimes weeks, to allow their jaw time to heal. They also require regular checkups with the doctor to monitor bone displacement, signs of infection, or other issues.
Epidemiology
Maxillary hypoplasia is the most common secondary deformity that results from cleft lip and cleft palate. Because of the subjective nature of the diagnosis, the incidence of maxillary hypoplasia in people with cleft lip and palate varies between 15-50%. It is estimated that 25-50% of these patients require surgical intervention.
Research directions
Research on the topic of maxillary hypoplasia is currently focused on the best way to treat and manage the disorder. A retrospective study was published in January 2020 that evaluated the accuracy of virtual surgical planning-assisted management of maxillary hypoplasia. The study found that virtual surgical planning was an acceptable alternative to conventional planning and demonstrated to be very accurate.
References
^ a b c d "What Is Maxillary Hypoplasia? (with picture)". Wisegeekhealth.com. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Maxillary Hypoplasia". Thinkbetterlife.com. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Ritchie, Helen E.; Oakes, Diana; Farrell, Emma; Ababneh, Deena; Howe, Andrew (September 2019). "Fetal hypoxia and hyperglycemia in the formation of phenytoin‐induced cleft lip and maxillary hypoplasia". Epilepsia Open. 4 (3): 443–451. doi:10.1002/epi4.12352. ISSN 2470-9239. PMC 6698684. PMID 31440725.
^ CDC (2020-12-28). "Facts about Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
^ "Predictors of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency After Surgical Advancement of the Maxilla Among Young Adults with Cleft Palate". Department of Epidemiology. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ a b Shapira, Dr (2014-09-26). "Maxillary Hypoplasia". SASPGB | Think Better Life | TMJ Chicago. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ Richardson, Sunil; Krishna, Shreya; Khandeparker, Rakshit V. (2018-02-01). "A comprehensive management protocol to treat cleft maxillary hypoplasia". Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 46 (2): 356–361. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2017.12.005. ISSN 1010-5182. PMID 29305090.
^ Wang, Yu; Li, Jingtao; Xu, Yinglin; Huang, Ning; Shi, Bing; Li, Jihua (2020-01-01). "Accuracy of virtual surgical planning-assisted management for maxillary hypoplasia in adult patients with cleft lip and palate". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 73 (1): 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2019.07.003. ISSN 1748-6815. PMID 31474475. S2CID 201179960.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: K07.0ICD-9-CM: 524.03DiseasesDB: 34904
vteDental disease involving the jawGeneral
Jaw abnormality
malocclusion
Orthodontics
Gnathitis
Size
Micrognathism
Maxillary hypoplasia
Maxilla and Mandible
Cherubism
Congenital epulis
Torus mandibularis
Torus palatinus
Other
Jaw and base of cranium
Prognathism
Retrognathism
Dental arch
Crossbite
Overbite
Temporomandibular joint disorder
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bones of the upper jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_bone"},{"link_name":"Crouzon syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouzon_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Angelman syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Fetal alcohol syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Cleft lip and cleft palate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisegeekhealth.com-1"}],"text":"Maxillary hypoplasia, or maxillary deficiency, is an underdevelopment of the bones of the upper jaw. It is associated with Crouzon syndrome, Angelman syndrome, as well as Fetal alcohol syndrome. It can also be associated with Cleft lip and cleft palate. Some people could develop it due to poor dental extractions.[1]","title":"Maxillary hypoplasia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisegeekhealth.com-1"},{"link_name":"Nasopharyngeal airway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway"},{"link_name":"Sleep apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea"},{"link_name":"cognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The underdevelopment of the bones in the upper jaw, which gives the middle of the face a sunken look.[1] This same underdevelopment can make it difficult to eat and can lead to complications such as Nasopharyngeal airway restriction. This restriction causes forward head posture which can then lead to back pain, neck pain, and numbness in the hands and arms. The nasopharyngeal airway restriction can also lead to Sleep apnea and snoring. Sleep apnea can lead to heart problems, endocrine problems, increased weight, and cognition problems, among other issues.[2]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelman syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Phenytoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenytoin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Although the exact genetic link for isolated maxillary hypoplasia has not been identified, the structure of the facial bones as a whole relies on genetic inheritance and therefore there is likely an inheritance pattern. Maxillary hypoplasia can be present as part of genetic syndromes such as Angelman syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with maxillary hypoplasia. Injury to facial bones during childhood can lead to atypical growth. Exposure to Phenytoin in the first trimester of pregnancy has also been associated with the development of maxillary hypoplasia.[3]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Abnormal development of the bones of the upper face which is usually a secondary effect of a different developmental abnormality. When associated with cleft lip and palate, the abnormal development can be due to deficiency in the ability to grow because of the cleft lip or palate. The underdevelopment can also be caused by scarring from surgical repair of a cleft lip or palate.[4]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"Maxilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxilla"},{"link_name":"Mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"}],"text":"Diagnosed mainly on visual inspection. The cheekbones and nose appear flat with thin lips and the lower jaw appears to be protruding even though it is normal in size. Computed tomography scan CT scan can be performed to compare the size of the Maxilla and Mandible. Computed tomography scan.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodontist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodontics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisegeekhealth.com-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Corrective surgery is the most common treatment to correct this disorder. It involves the repositioning of the upper jaw to align with the lower jaw, to provide symmetry. The surgery may be performed in consultation with an Orthodontist who works on repositioning the teeth in the mouth.[1] Severe cases require surgical correction after completing craniofacial growth around age 17-21.[5] Milder forms without obstruction can be corrected for cosmetic reasons using veneers, snap in smiles, and overlay dentures[6]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"When associated with nasopharyngeal occlusion, the person is more likely to spend their days in forward head posture which may lead to back pain, neck pain and numbness in the arms and hands. It can also lead to sleep apnea and snoring.[6] People can generally live a relatively normal life with maxillary hypoplasia. Normal life expectancy.","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisegeekhealth.com-1"}],"text":"The recovery time after the surgery depends on the extent of the surgery itself. Patients are usually advised to eat soft foods for days, or sometimes weeks, to allow their jaw time to heal. They also require regular checkups with the doctor to monitor bone displacement, signs of infection, or other issues.[1]","title":"Recovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Maxillary hypoplasia is the most common secondary deformity that results from cleft lip and cleft palate. Because of the subjective nature of the diagnosis, the incidence of maxillary hypoplasia in people with cleft lip and palate varies between 15-50%. It is estimated that 25-50% of these patients require surgical intervention.[7]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Research on the topic of maxillary hypoplasia is currently focused on the best way to treat and manage the disorder. A retrospective study was published in January 2020 that evaluated the accuracy of virtual surgical planning-assisted management of maxillary hypoplasia. The study found that virtual surgical planning was an acceptable alternative to conventional planning and demonstrated to be very accurate.[8]","title":"Research directions"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASTV
|
MASTV
|
["1 History","2 Channels","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Mexican wireless television company
Not to be confused with the Macanese television station, Macau Asia Satellite Television.
MVS Multivisión, S.A. de C.V.Company typeSociedad anonima de capital variableIndustryTelecommunicationFounded1989DefunctJuly 2014HeadquartersMéxicoProductsWireless cable television ParentMVS Comunicaciones Dish MexicoWebsiteMASTV old site
MASTV was a Mexican wireless television company. The company belonged to MVS Comunicaciones. The company offered service to 11 cities in Mexico; Mexico City, Guadalajara, Leon, Mérida, Monterrey, Pachuca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Toluca, Tuxtla Gutierrez, and Villahermosa. The company closed operations in July 2014, and subscribers were migrated to parent operator Dish Mexico.
History
MVS Multivision former logo (1989-2002).
The system started operations on September 1, 1989, as MVS Multivisión in Mexico City. It later expanded to 10 other markets across Mexico. In 2002, MVS Multivision changed its name to MASTV. MVS and Echostar Corporation operate the DTH system Dish Mexico.
Channels
Before the gradual shutdown of the company in 2014, the system offered 17 channels, including 5 of MVS own channels (52MX, Exa TV, Multicinema, Multipremier and Cinelatino) which are bolded on the list. All channels were transmitted either subtitled or in Spanish. MASTV distributes all these channels on the same number in all the cities it serves.
CH
Network
51
Cartoon Network
52
52MX
53
Universal Channel
54
Fox Sports
55
TNT
56
TLC
57
Exa TV
58
The Film Zone
59
Multicinema
60
Multipremier
61
History
62
Nick Jr.
63
Space
64
Cine Latino
65
TV Guide
66
SyFy
67
Utilisima
References
^ What is MASTV? Archived December 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ MASTV channels Archived December 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
External links
MASTV Web site (redirects to a video showing the end of the service) (in Spanish)
Official website MVS Comunicaciones (in Spanish)
vteCable television providersvteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Africa, Asia and OceaniaCable
Asianet Digital
Cable Networks Akita
Cablelink
DEN Networks
Docomo Pacific
Ethio telecom
Fil-Products
Cine Cebu
Fil-Products TV
First Media
GMM Z
Hathway
Hot
Inwi
Malitel
Parasat
PPCTV
Rostelecom
Safaricom
Siti Networks
Sky Cable
Sonatel
TACTV
Tokai Cable
TransACT
tn TV (Namibia)
TrueVisions
Unitel (Angola)
Vodacom (South Africa)
VTVCab
WorldCall
Satellite
Airtel digital TV
Astro (Malaysia)
Canal+ Afrique
Canal+ Calédonie
Canal+ (Myanmar)
Cignal
D2h
DD Free Dish
DDishTV
Dialog TV (Sri Lanka)
Dish TV (India)
Dish TV (Sri Lanka)
DishHome
DStv (Sub-Saharan Africa)
Foxtel (Australia)
GMM Z
G Sat
Independent TV (India)
Indosat
K+ (Vietnam)
beIN
KT SkyLife
ME Digital TV
MediaNet
MBC
MNC Vision
NJOI
NTV Plus
OSN (Middle East and North Africa)
Pacific Broadcasting Services Fiji
RealVU
SatLite
Sky Pacific
SKY PerfecTV!
Sky (New Zealand)
Sky Net
Sky Vision (Ivory Coast)
StarSat
StarTimes
Sun Direct
Tata Play
TelOne Zimbabwe
Transvision (Indonesia)
TrueVisions
Wowow
Yes (Israel)
ZAP
IPTV
B TV
Cignal
Cellcom TV (Israel)
DU
Fetch TV
Foxtel (Australia)
GTA Teleguam
LG Uplus
Maroc Telecom
My.T
Now TV (Hong Kong)
Olleh TV
Omantel
La TV d'Orange (Réunion, Mayotte)
Rostelecom
Saudi Telecom Company
SFR (Réunion, Mayotte)
Singtel TV (Singapore)
SKY Media
Sky On Demand
StarHub TV (Singapore)
Uganda Telecom
Unifi TV (Malaysia)
Vision (Philippines)
Terrestrial
ABS-CBN TV Plus
Baron Digital TV
Canal+ (Myanmar)
Freeview (Australia)
Freeview (New Zealand)
GMA Affordabox
MYTV (Malaysia)
StarTimes
Sulit TV
Defunct /inactive
ABNXcess
Aora
Austar
Cable TV (Hong Kong)
CTH (Thailand)
Destiny Cable
DishHD
Dream Satellite TV
Easy TV (Philippines)
Galaxy (Australia)
Global Cable
HKBN bbTV
HiTV
Home Cable
Igloo (New Zealand)
Kristal-Astro
Kwesé TV
Mega TV (Malaysia)
Multivision (Sri Lanka)
Neighbourhood Cable (Australia)
OrangeTV
Orbit
SelecTV (Australia)
Showtime
Sky Direct
TVB Network Vision
U Television (Malaysia)
Vodafone TV (New Zealand)
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Europe
Americas
Canada
United States
Latin America and the Caribbean
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in CanadaTerrestrial and satelliteSatellite
Bell Satellite TV
Shaw Direct
CableMajor1
Cogeco (ON, QC)
Eastlink (Atlantic, Northern Ontario, Western Canada)
Rogers Cable (ON, NB, NL, Western Canada)
Vidéotron (QC)
Minor
Access (SK)
Cable Axion (Magog, QC)
Cablevision (Val-d'Or, QC)
CityWest (Prince Rupert, BC)
DERYtelecom (Saguenay, QC)
MTS (MB)
Novus Cable (select areas of BC Lower Mainland)
Source (Hamilton, ON)
Westman (Brandon, MB)
See also : Defunct cable and DBS companies of CanadaIPTV
Bell
Fibe (Aliant)
Fibe TV (ON/QC)
MTS TV (MB)
Comwave
SaskTel MaxTV
TekSavvy TV
Telus Optik TV
Tbaytel TV
TotalTV
VMedia
MMDS
Craig Wireless
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Europe
1More than 400,000 television service subscribers.
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in EuropeCable
A1 Bulgaria
A1 Hrvatska
Caiway
Com Hem
Delta
Digi
DNA
Eir
Elisa
Elta-Kabel
ER-Telecom
Euskaltel
Get
Go
IPKO
Kabelnoord
Kazakhtelecom
Kujtesa
M&H Company
Magenta Telekom
Magnet Networks
Magyar Telekom
MaxTV
Melita
MEO
Miss.Net
Monaco Cable
Mtel Macedonia
Naxoo
NetCologne
NOS
Nowo
Orange Belgium
Orange Luxembourg
Post Telecom
Primacom
R
Rostelecom
SBB
SFR
STV AS
Swisscom
Tango TV
Tele2Vision
Telecable
Tele Columbus
Telekabel
Telekom Srbija
Telemach
Telenet
Tet
Toya
Turksat Kablo TV
UPC Poland
UPC Switzerland
Virgin Media Ireland
Virgin TV
Vodafone Czech Republic
Vodafone España
Vodafone Germany
Vodafone Hungary
Vodafone Romania
VodafoneZiggo
Voo
WightFibre
YouSee
Ziggo
Satellite
A1 Bulgaria
A1 Hrvatska
Allente
Bis Télévisions
Bulsatcom
Canal+
Canal+ Polska
Canal Digitaal
Cosmote TV
D-Smart
Digi
DigitAlb
Digiturk
Focus Sat
Fransat
Freesat
HD+
La TV d'Orange
M7
Magio TV
MagtiCom
MEO
Movistar Plus+
NOS
Nova
NTV Plus
Orange Polska
Orange Romania
Orange Slovakia
Polsat Box
Saorsat
Sky Germany
Sky Ireland
Sky Italy
Skylink
Sky UK
Telekom Hungary
Telekom Romania
Telekom Srbija
Télésat
Tivùsat
Total TV
Tricolor TV
Turksat
TV Vlaanderen
Viasat Ukraine
Vivacom
Fiber/IPTV
A1 Bulgaria
A1 Hrvatska
A1 Telekom Austria
Allente
Altibox
Amis
Andorra Telecom
Beeline
Bouygues Telecom
Bulsatcom
CytaVision
EE TV
eir Vision
Free
HT Eronet
iNES
KPN
La TV d'Orange
Magenta TV
Magnet Networks
MEO
Moja TV
Moldtelecom
Movistar Plus+
Nova
Odido
Orange España
Orange Polska
PrimeTel
Proximus TV
Scarlet
SFR
Síminn
Smart Telecom
Sunrise TV
Super TV
T-2
TalkTalk TV
Telekom Romania
Telekom Srbija
Telenor
Telia
Telia Digital-tv
Teo LT
TIMvision
Tivibu
Turkcell TV+
Vivacom
Vodafone Greece
Vodafone Ireland
Vodafone Italy
Vodafone North Cyprus
Vodafone Portugal
Vodafone Turkey
XS4ALL
YouView
Ziggo
Terrestrial
BoxerTV (SE)
Digea (GR)
Digitenne (NL)
EVOtv (HR)
Freeview (UK)
GO (MT)
PlusTV (FI)
PTDT (PT)
RiksTV (NO)
Saorview (IE)
TDT (ES)
TNT (FR)
TV Vlaanderen (BE)
Defunct
@Home
AKTA TV
Alice Home TV
Alpha Digital
Athina Sat
blizoo
BoomTV
BSB
Canal+ Spain
Canal Digital
Casema
CenterTelecom
CTV
Easy TV
Infostrada TV
ITV Digital
Joyne
Kabel BW
Madritel
Mediaset Premium
N
Neuf Cegetel TV
North-West Telecom
Numericable
ONO
On Telecoms
Real Digital
Quiero Television
Radijus Vektor
Southern Telecom
Stream TV
Starman
TDC
Telfort
TVTEL
TV di Fastweb
Unitymedia
UPC France
UPC Hungary
Ziggo
UPC Romania
Uralsvyazinform
Viasat
Vodafone Kabel Deutschland
VolgaTelecom
Wind Vision
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Canada
Latin America and the Caribbean
United States
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers in Ibero/Latin America and the CaribbeanSatelliteRegional
Claro TV
DirecTV
Movistar TV
Canal+ Caraïbes (Caribbean)
CANTV (Venezuela)
Dish (Mexico)
Entel (Chile)
Green Dot (Caribbean)
Inter Satélital (Venezuela)
Oi TV (Brazil)
SKY Brasil (Brazil)
Sky México (Mexico & Central America)
Vivo TV (Brazil)
Cable
Claro TV (Brazil & Colombia)
Columbus/FLOW (Caribbean)
Izzi Telecom (Mexico)
Megacable (Mexico)
Movistar TV (Argentina & Peru)
Personal Flow (Argentina)
Totalplay (Mexico)
TV-Cable (Ecuador)
Une (Colombia)
VTR (Chile)
Fiber/IPTV
bmobile (Trinidad and Tobago)
Claro tv+ (Brazil)
Digicel (Caribbean)
Flow (Caribbean)
Movistar TV (Argentina and Chile)
Oi TV (Brazil)
Sky+ (Brazil)
Vivo TV (Brazil)
Zapping (Brazil and Chile)
Defunct satellite
DirecTV Brazil
DirecTV Mexico
GVT TV (Brazil)
Sky Argentina
Sky Chile
Sky Colombia
Sky Ecuador
Sky Peru
Sky Venezuela
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Canada
Europe
United States
vteCable, satellite, and other specialty television providers (multi-channel video programming distributors) in the United StatesCable
Adams Cable
Altice USA
Optimum (TV/Internet)
Suddenlink Communications
Service Electric
Armstrong
Astound Broadband
Grande Communications
RCN Corporation
Wave Broadband
AT&T Alascom
Blue Ridge Communications
Blue Stream
Breezeline
Broadstripe
Buckeye Broadband
Cable One
Hargray
Comcast Xfinity
Consolidated Communications
Cox Communications
Docomo Pacific
Emery Telcom
Full Channel
GCI
Mediacom
Midco
Northland Communications
Liberty Puerto Rico
Satview Broadband
Shentel
Spectrum
SRT Communications
TDS Telecom
Troy Cablevision
TruVista Communications
WOW!
Satellite
Claro Puerto Rico
Dish Network
DirecTV
Glorystar
Headend in the Sky
Fiber/ IPTV
Cincinnati Bell Fioptics
Claro
Consolidated Communications
EPB
Frontier FiberOptic
GTA Teleguam
Hawaiian Telcom
Lumen
Prism TV
Midco
NEP Datastream TV
North State Communications
Sonic.net
TDS Telecom
Verizon FiOS
Whidbey Telecom
Windstream Kinetic
Ziply Fiber
VirtualMVPD
DirecTV Stream
Frndly TV
FuboTV
Hulu + Live TV
LocalBTV
Philo
Sling TV
Spectrum TV Stream
Vidgo
Xfinity Flex
YouTube TV
Over-the-topVOD
A&E Networks
Crime Central
History Vault
Lifetime Movie Club
Amazon
Prime Video
MGM+
Freevee
ScreenPix
AMC Networks
Acorn TV
AMC+
HIDIVE
IFC Films Unlimited
Shudder
Sundance Now
Allblk
WE TV+
Angel Studios
Apple TV+
BritBox
Brown Sugar
BroadwayHD
Crackle Plus
Crackle
Chicken Soup for the Soul
Popcornflix
Truli
Cineverse
CONtv
Docurama
Dove Channel
Fandor
Screambox
The Criterion Channel
Curiosity Stream
CW Seed
Dekkoo
Disney
Disney+
Hulu
ESPN+
DOGTV
Dropout
Eros Now
Facebook Watch
FilmRise
Fox Corporation
Fox Nation
Tubi
Hallmark Movies Now
Here TV
Kino Lorber
MHz Choice
Kino Film Collection
Kocowa
Local Now
MUBI
Netflix
NBCUniversal
Peacock
Vudu
Xumo
NFL+
Paramount Global
BET+
Paramount+
Noggin
Pluto TV
Showtime
Racetrack Television Network
Redbox
Revry
Roku Channel
Sony
Crunchyroll
Samsung TV Plus
Shout! Factory TV
Starz
Stirr
Univision
Pantaya
Univision NOW
ViX
Tivo Stream 4k
Topic
UFC Fight Pass
Viaplay
Viki
ViX
Warner Bros. Discovery
Boomerang
Cinemax
Discovery+
Food Network Kitchen
Max
Rooster Teeth
WOW Presents Plus
WWE Network
YuppTV
DefunctCable
Adelphia Communications Corporation
Alameda Power and Telecom
Astound Broadband
AT&T Broadband
MediaOne/Continental Cablevision
Tele-Communications Inc.
Baja Broadband
US Cable
Bresnan Communications
Bright House Networks
Cablevision
Champion Broadband
Cobridge Communications
Community Home Entertainment
FairPoint Communications
Graceba Total Communications
Insight Communications
Jones Intercable
King Videocable
Knology
Marcus Cable
NPG Cable
Paragon Cable
Rapid Communications
TelePrompTer/Group W Cable
Time Warner Cable
UA-Columbia Cablevision
Windjammer Communications
Satellite
AlphaStar
GlobeCast World TV
Orby TV
PrimeStar
United States Satellite Broadcasting
Voom HD Networks
IPTV
AT&T U-verse
Sky Angel
Virtual Digital Cable
Google Fiber (television)
Terrestrial
USDTV
MovieBeam
Virtual MVPD
HD HomeRun Premium TV
Lumen Technologies
TVision Live TV+
PlayStation Vue
Over-the-top
Aereo
Anime Network
CNN+
Comedy Central Now
DC Universe
DramaFever
FilmStruck
Funimation
FX+
go90
Locast
MTV Hits
NickHits
Quibi
Seeso
Smithsonian Channel Plus
SnagFilms
vteAdditional resources on North American televisionNorth America
List of local television stations in North America
DTV transition
North American TV mini-template
Canada
Canadian networks
List of Canadian television networks
List of Canadian television channels
List of Canadian specialty channels
Local Canadian TV stations
List of United States stations available in Canada
2001 Vancouver TV realignment
2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
Mexico
Mexican networks
Local Mexican TV stations
United States
American networks
List of American cable and satellite networks
List of American over-the-air networks
Local American TV stations (W)
Local American TV stations (K)
Spanish-language TV networks
1989 South Florida television affiliation switch
1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment
2006 U.S. TV realignment
List of Canadian television stations available in the United States
Middle East, Africa, Asia and Oceania
Americas
Europe
Television portalTelecom portalMexico portalCompanies portal
This article about Mexican television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macau Asia Satellite Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Asia_Satellite_Television"},{"link_name":"wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMDS"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"MVS Comunicaciones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVS_Comunicaciones"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon,_Guanajuato"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Pachuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachuca"},{"link_name":"Queretaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queretaro,_Queretaro"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potosi,_San_Luis_Potosi"},{"link_name":"Toluca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluca"},{"link_name":"Tuxtla Gutierrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuxtla_Gutierrez"},{"link_name":"Villahermosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villahermosa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dish Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_Mexico"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Macanese television station, Macau Asia Satellite Television.MASTV was a Mexican wireless television company. The company belonged to MVS Comunicaciones. The company offered service to 11 cities in Mexico; Mexico City, Guadalajara, Leon, Mérida, Monterrey, Pachuca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, Toluca, Tuxtla Gutierrez, and Villahermosa.[1] The company closed operations in July 2014, [citation needed] and subscribers were migrated to parent operator Dish Mexico.","title":"MASTV"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MVS_Multivision_former_logo_(1989-2002).png"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Echostar Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echostar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"MVS Multivision former logo (1989-2002).The system started operations on September 1, 1989, as MVS Multivisión in Mexico City. It later expanded to 10 other markets across Mexico. In 2002, MVS Multivision changed its name to MASTV.[citation needed] MVS and Echostar Corporation operate the DTH [clarification needed] system Dish Mexico.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"52MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52MX"},{"link_name":"Exa TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exa_TV"},{"link_name":"Multicinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicinema"},{"link_name":"Multipremier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipremier"},{"link_name":"Cinelatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinelatino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Before the gradual shutdown of the company in 2014, the system offered 17 channels, including 5 of MVS own channels (52MX, Exa TV, Multicinema, Multipremier and Cinelatino) which are bolded on the list. All channels were transmitted either subtitled or in Spanish. MASTV distributes all these channels on the same number in all the cities it serves.[2]","title":"Channels"}]
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[{"image_text":"MVS Multivision former logo (1989-2002).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/MVS_Multivision_former_logo_%281989-2002%29.png/140px-MVS_Multivision_former_logo_%281989-2002%29.png"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.mastv.com.mx/","external_links_name":"MASTV old site"},{"Link":"http://www.mastv.com.mx/quees_mastv.php","external_links_name":"What is MASTV?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111231152812/http://www.mastv.com.mx/quees_mastv.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mastv.com.mx/canales.php#","external_links_name":"MASTV channels"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111231152222/http://www.mastv.com.mx/canales.php%23","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mastv.com.mx/","external_links_name":"MASTV Web site (redirects to a video showing the end of the service)"},{"Link":"http://www.mvs.com.mx/","external_links_name":"Official website MVS Comunicaciones"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MASTV&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Front_Line
|
Operation Front Line
|
["1 Overview","2 See also","3 External links"]
|
U.S. national security operation
Operation Front Line is an initiative of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), a division of the Department of Homeland Security, that operated in the months leading up to the 2004 presidential election and through the 2005 Presidential Inauguration.
Overview
Little information about the program has been publicly revealed. An Office of Management and Budget cost–benefit analysis described the program as carried out "to address potential vulnerabilities in immigration and trade systems relative to the national security of the United States." An ICE spokesperson has noted that the program "focused on immigration violators that may have imposed an enhanced public safety or national security threat."
The cost of the program, the criteria used for arrest, and the overall scope of the program have not been publicly revealed.
See also
Illegal immigration to the United States
External links
New Haven Independent story about seeking information about the program
UPI wire story about lawsuit seeking information about the program
vteImmigration to the United States and related topicsRelevant colonial era,United States andinternational lawsColonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Immigration Act 1903
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Immigration Act 1918
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Section 212(f)
Section 287(g)
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
Real ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
Central American Minors
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
National Origins Formula
Expedited removal
Detention
Family
Unaccompanied children
Trump administration family separation policy
Governmentorganizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol (BORTAC)
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals
Office of Refugee Resettlement
Supreme Court cases
US v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Ozawa v. US (1922)
US v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
US v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Zadvydas v. Davis (2001)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Barton v. Barr (2020)
DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. / Wolf v. Vidal (2020)
Niz-Chavez v. Garland (2021)
Sanchez v. Mayorkas (2021)
Related issuesand events
2006 protests
Brooks County, Texas
Central American migrant caravans
Economic impact
Effects
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reduction
Immigration reform
List of people deported from the United States
Mexico-United States border crisis
Mexico–United States border wall
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
Reverse immigration
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
US Citizenship Act of 2021
Immigration stationsand points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Otay Mesa
San Ysidro
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmentalorganizations
Arizona Border Recon
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
CASA of Maryland
Center for Immigration Studies
Center for Migration Studies of New York
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
Community Change
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Improve The Dream
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Migration Policy Institute
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
Minuteman Project
National Immigration Forum
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
Negative Population Growth
No More Deaths
NumbersUSA
Save Our State
Utah Compact
Documentaries
Borderland (TV series)
Missing in Brooks County
This article relating to law in the United States or its constituent jurisdictions is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"}],"text":"Operation Front Line is an initiative of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), a division of the Department of Homeland Security, that operated in the months leading up to the 2004 presidential election and through the 2005 Presidential Inauguration.","title":"Operation Front Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"}],"text":"Little information about the program has been publicly revealed. An Office of Management and Budget cost–benefit analysis described the program as carried out \"to address potential vulnerabilities in immigration and trade systems relative to the national security of the United States.\" An ICE spokesperson has noted that the program \"focused on immigration violators that may have imposed an enhanced public safety or national security threat.\"The cost of the program, the criteria used for arrest, and the overall scope of the program have not been publicly revealed.","title":"Overview"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Illegal immigration to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.newhavenindependent.org/archives/2006/11/yale_sues_feds_1.php","external_links_name":"New Haven Independent story about seeking information about the program"},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20061130-111751-7641r","external_links_name":"UPI wire story about lawsuit seeking information about the program"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Front_Line&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromskoy_District
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Kromskoy District
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["1 References","1.1 Notes","1.2 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 52°41′N 35°46′E / 52.683°N 35.767°E / 52.683; 35.767District in Oryol Oblast, RussiaKromskoy District
Кромской районDistrictTrinity Church, Kromskoy District
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Kromskoy District in Oryol OblastCoordinates: 52°41′N 35°46′E / 52.683°N 35.767°E / 52.683; 35.767CountryRussiaFederal subjectOryol OblastAdministrative centerKromyArea • Total969 km2 (374 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total21,346 • Estimate (2018)20,233 (−5.2%) • Density22/km2 (57/sq mi) • Urban31.5% • Rural68.5%Administrative structure • Administrative divisions1 Urban-type settlements, 12 Selsoviets • Inhabited localities1 Urban-type settlements, 136 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asKromskoy Municipal District • Municipal divisions1 urban settlements, 12 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )OKTMO ID54625000Websitehttp://admkrom.ru/
Kromskoy District (Russian: Кромской райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 969 square kilometers (374 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Kromy. Population: 21,346 (2010 Census); 24,400 (2002 Census); 24,825 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kromy accounts for 31.5% of the district's total population.
References
Notes
^ a b c d e Law #522-OZ
^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ The count of urban-type settlements may include the work settlements, the resort settlements, the suburban (dacha) settlements, as well as urban-type settlements proper.
^ a b c Law #426-OZ
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
Sources
Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №522-ОЗ от 6 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Орловской области», в ред. Закона №1187-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в законодательные акты Орловской области». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №116, 13 июля 2005 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #522-OZ of July 6, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #1187-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending the Legislative Acts of Oryol Oblast. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
Орловский областной Совет народных депутатов. Закон №426-ОЗ от 3 сентября 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Кромского района Орловской области», в ред. Закона №523-ОЗ от 8 июля 2005 г. «О внесении изменений в Законы Орловской области о статусе и границах муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Орловская правда", №166, 15 сентября 2004 г. (Oryol Oblast Council of People's Deputies. Law #426-OZ of September 3, 2004 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Kromskoy District of Oryol Oblast, as amended by the Law #523-OZ of July 8, 2005 On Amending the Laws of Oryol Oblast on the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
vteAdministrative divisions of Oryol OblastAdministrative center: Oryol • Rural localitiesDistricts
Bolkhovsky
Dmitrovsky
Dolzhansky
Glazunovsky
Khotynetsky
Kolpnyansky
Korsakovsky
Krasnozorensky
Kromskoy
Livensky
Maloarkhangelsky
Mtsensky
Novoderevenkovsky
Novosilsky
Orlovsky
Pokrovsky
Shablykinsky
Soskovsky
Sverdlovsky
Trosnyansky
Uritsky
Verkhovsky
Zalegoshchensky
Znamensky
Cities and towns
Bolkhov
Dmitrovsk
Livny
Maloarkhangelsk
Mtsensk
Novosil
Oryol
Urban-type settlements
Dolgoye
Glazunovka
Khomutovo
Khotynets
Kolpna
Kromy
Naryshkino
Pokrovskoye
Shablykino
Verkhovye
Zalegoshch
Zmiyovka
Znamenka
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OryolO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OryolOKromskoyD_mun-5"},{"link_name":"raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"twenty-four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Oryol_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Oryol Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"urban locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Kromy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromy,_Oryol_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OryolO_adm-1"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-7"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"}],"text":"District in Oryol Oblast, RussiaKromskoy District (Russian: Кромской райо́н) is an administrative[1] and municipal[5] district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Oryol Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 969 square kilometers (374 sq mi).[citation needed] Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Kromy.[1] Population: 21,346 (2010 Census);[2] 24,400 (2002 Census);[7] 24,825 (1989 Soviet census).[8] The population of Kromy accounts for 31.5% of the district's total population.[2]","title":"Kromskoy District"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kromskoy_District¶ms=52_41_N_35_46_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"52°41′N 35°46′E / 52.683°N 35.767°E / 52.683; 35.767"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kromskoy_District¶ms=52_41_N_35_46_E_type:adm2nd_region:RU","external_links_name":"52°41′N 35°46′E / 52.683°N 35.767°E / 52.683; 35.767"},{"Link":"http://admkrom.ru/","external_links_name":"http://admkrom.ru/"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","external_links_name":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""},{"Link":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","external_links_name":"\"Об исчислении времени\""},{"Link":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","external_links_name":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","external_links_name":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89.2_FM
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89.2 FM
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["1 China","2 Sri Lanka","3 Turkey","4 United Kingdom","5 References"]
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The following radio stations broadcast at 89.2 MHz.
China
CNR Music Radio in Zhangjiajie
CNR The Voice of China in Lhasa
Sri Lanka
Lite 89.2
Turkey
Radyo 3 at Adana
United Kingdom
BBC Radio 2
vteLists of radio stations by frequencyStations that broadcast for public receptionContinuous wave/MorseVLFin kHz
17.2
20.5
23
25
25.1
25.5
LF (LW)Radio clocks
40
50
60
60
60
66.67
68.5
77.5
77.5
100
162
By AMfrequenciesLF (LW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing
153
162
1641
171
1771
180
1831
189
198
207
2091
216
225
2271
234
243
252
261
270
279
MF (MW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing
531
540
549
558
567
576
585
594
603
612
621
630
639
648
657
666
675
684
693
702
711
720
729
738
747
756
765
774
783
792
801
810
819
828
837
846
855
864
873
882
891
900
909
918
927
936
945
954
963
972
981
990
999
1008
1017
1026
1035
1044
1053
1062
1071
1080
1089
1098
1107
1116
1125
1134
1143
1152
1161
1170
1179
1188
1197
1206
1215
1224
1233
1242
1251
1260
1269
1278
1287
1296
1305
1314
1323
1332
1341
1350
1359
1368
1377
1386
1395
1404
1413
1422
1431
1440
1449
1458
1467
1476
1485
1494
1503
1512
1521
1530
1539
1548
1557
1566
1575
1584
1593
1602
1611
1620
1629
1638
1647
1656
1665
1674
1683
1692
1701
1710
Region 2, 10 kHz spacing
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
1210
1220
1230
1240
1250
1260
1270
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
High frequency shortwave frequencies in MHz120 m
2.5
2.5
2.5
90 m
3.2474
3.25
3.33
75 m
3.81
4.015
4.146
4.2075
4.213
4.363
4.372
4.387
4.414
60 m
4.8615
4.996
5
5
5
5
5
5
5.006
5.025
5.13
5.83
49 m
6.03
6.07
6.15
6.16
6.16
6.317
6.318
6.351
6.37
6.51
6.9
41 m
7.49
7.505
7.6
7.646
7.795
7.8
7.85
31 m
8.006
8.113
8.120
8.291
8.421
8.473
8.4785
8.625
8.646
8.686
8.728
8.728
8.746
8.749
8.809
9.265
9.275
9.33
9.395
9.475
9.955
9.835
9.996
10
10
10
10
25 m
12.5815
12.5905
12.6645
12.691
12.857
13.026
13.0425
13.14
13.173
13.146
13.191
19 m
14.67
14.996
15
15
15
15
15
15.42
15.77
16 m
16.809
16.905
16.957
16.9615
17.094
17.257
17.26
15 m
19.6855
20
13 m
22.3835
22.447
22.461
22.735
22.762
22.783
11 m
25
By FMfrequenciesVHF (Band I/ OIRT FM)Regions 1 and 3, 30 kHz spacing3
65.84
74.00
VHF (Band II/ CCIR FM)Regions 1 and 3, 50/100 kHz spacing3
87.5
87.6
87.7
87.8
87.9
88.0
88.2
88.4
88.6
88.8
89.0
89.2
89.4
89.6
89.8
90.0
90.2
90.4
90.6
90.8
91.0
91.2
91.4
91.6
91.8
92.0
92.2
92.4
92.6
92.8
93.0
93.2
93.4
93.6
93.8
94.0
94.2
94.4
94.6
94.8
95.0
95.2
95.4
95.6
95.8
96.0
96.2
96.4
96.6
96.8
97.0
97.2
97.4
97.6
97.8
98.0
98.2
98.4
98.6
98.8
99.0
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.8
100.0
100.2
100.4
100.6
100.8
101.0
101.2
101.4
101.6
101.8
102.0
102.2
102.4
102.6
102.8
103.0
103.2
103.4
103.6
103.8
104.0
104.2
104.4
104.6
104.8
105.0
105.2
105.4
105.6
105.8
106.0
106.2
106.4
106.6
106.8
107.0
107.2
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.0
Region 2, 200 kHz spacing
87.7
87.9
88.1
88.3
88.5
88.7
88.9
89.1
89.3
89.5
89.7
89.9
90.1
90.3
90.5
90.7
90.9
91.1
91.3
91.5
91.7
91.9
92.1
92.3
92.5
92.7
92.9
93.1
93.3
93.5
93.7
93.9
94.1
94.3
94.5
94.7
94.9
95.1
95.3
95.5
95.7
95.9
96.1
96.3
96.5
96.7
96.9
97.1
97.3
97.5
97.7
97.9
98.1
98.3
98.5
98.7
98.9
99.1
99.3
99.5
99.7
99.9
100.1
100.3
100.5
100.7
100.9
101.1
101.3
101.5
101.7
101.9
102.1
102.3
102.5
102.7
102.9
103.1
103.3
103.5
103.7
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.5
104.7
104.9
105.1
105.3
105.5
105.7
105.9
106.1
106.3
106.5
106.7
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.5
107.7
107.9
Japan FM, Brazil eFM
76.1
76.2
76.3
76.4
76.5
76.6
76.7
76.8
76.9
77.0
77.1
77.2
77.3
77.4
77.5
77.6
77.7
77.8
77.9
78.0
78.1
78.2
78.3
78.4
78.5
78.6
78.7
78.8
78.9
79.0
79.1
79.2
79.3
79.4
79.5
79.6
79.7
79.8
79.9
80.0
80.1
80.2
80.3
80.4
80.5
80.6
80.7
80.8
80.9
81.0
81.1
81.2
81.3
81.4
81.5
81.6
81.7
81.8
81.9
82.0
82.1
82.2
82.3
82.4
82.5
82.6
82.7
82.8
82.9
83.0
83.1
83.2
83.3
83.4
83.5
83.6
83.7
83.8
83.9
84.0
84.1
84.2
84.3
84.4
84.5
84.6
84.7
84.8
84.9
85.0
85.1
85.2
85.3
85.4
85.5
85.6
85.7
85.8
85.9
86.0
86.1
86.2
86.3
86.4
86.5
86.6
86.7
86.8
86.9
87.0
87.1
87.2
87.3
87.4
Weather radio
162.400
162.425
162.450
162.475
162.500
162.525
162.550
1 Non-standard frequency
2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at
3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing.
4 See also: Template:Audio broadcasting, Apex (radio band) and OIRT
Index of articles associated with the same name
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
References
^ "中央人民广播电台第三套节目（音乐之声）频率表". CNR. 1 Jan 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
|
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edlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.1_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.2_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.3_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.4_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.5_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.6_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.7_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.8_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"86.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=86.9_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"87.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87.0_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"87.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87.1_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"87.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87.2_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"87.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87.3_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"87.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=87.4_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Weather radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"162.550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radio"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"VSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigal_sideband"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_sideband"},{"link_name":"LSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_sideband"},{"link_name":"NB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_wave"},{"link_name":"morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"time signal stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signal_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eibispace.de/dx/freq-a16.txt"},{"link_name":"Template:Audio broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Audio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Apex (radio band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(radio_band)"},{"link_name":"OIRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIRT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/89.2_FM&namespace=0"}],"text":"BBC Radio 2vteLists of radio stations by frequencyStations that broadcast for public receptionContinuous wave/MorseVLFin kHz\n17.2\n20.5\n23\n25\n25.1\n25.5\nLF (LW)Radio clocks\n40\n50\n60\n60\n60\n66.67\n68.5\n77.5\n77.5\n100\n162\nBy AMfrequenciesLF (LW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing\n153\n162\n1641\n171\n1771\n180\n1831\n189\n198\n207\n2091\n216\n225\n2271\n234\n243\n252\n261\n270\n279\nMF (MW)Regions 1 and 3, 9 kHz spacing\n531\n540\n549\n558\n567\n576\n585\n594\n603\n612\n621\n630\n639\n648\n657\n666\n675\n684\n693\n702\n711\n720\n729\n738\n747\n756\n765\n774\n783\n792\n801\n810\n819\n828\n837\n846\n855\n864\n873\n882\n891\n900\n909\n918\n927\n936\n945\n954\n963\n972\n981\n990\n999\n1008\n1017\n1026\n1035\n1044\n1053\n1062\n1071\n1080\n1089\n1098\n1107\n1116\n1125\n1134\n1143\n1152\n1161\n1170\n1179\n1188\n1197\n1206\n1215\n1224\n1233\n1242\n1251\n1260\n1269\n1278\n1287\n1296\n1305\n1314\n1323\n1332\n1341\n1350\n1359\n1368\n1377\n1386\n1395\n1404\n1413\n1422\n1431\n1440\n1449\n1458\n1467\n1476\n1485\n1494\n1503\n1512\n1521\n1530\n1539\n1548\n1557\n1566\n1575\n1584\n1593\n1602\n1611\n1620\n1629\n1638\n1647\n1656\n1665\n1674\n1683\n1692\n1701\n1710\nRegion 2, 10 kHz spacing\n530\n540\n550\n560\n570\n580\n590\n600\n610\n620\n630\n640\n650\n660\n670\n680\n690\n700\n710\n720\n730\n740\n750\n760\n770\n780\n790\n800\n810\n820\n830\n840\n850\n860\n870\n880\n890\n900\n910\n920\n930\n940\n950\n960\n970\n980\n990\n1000\n1010\n1020\n1030\n1040\n1050\n1060\n1070\n1080\n1090\n1100\n1110\n1120\n1130\n1140\n1150\n1160\n1170\n1180\n1190\n1200\n1210\n1220\n1230\n1240\n1250\n1260\n1270\n1280\n1290\n1300\n1310\n1320\n1330\n1340\n1350\n1360\n1370\n1380\n1390\n1400\n1410\n1420\n1430\n1440\n1450\n1460\n1470\n1480\n1490\n1500\n1510\n1520\n1530\n1540\n1550\n1560\n1570\n1580\n1590\n1600\n1610\n1620\n1630\n1640\n1650\n1660\n1670\n1680\n1690\n1700\n1710\nHigh frequency shortwave frequencies in MHz120 m\n2.5\n2.5\n2.5\n90 m\n3.2474\n3.25\n3.33\n75 m\n3.81\n4.015\n4.146\n4.2075\n4.213\n4.363\n4.372\n4.387\n4.414\n60 m\n4.8615\n4.996\n5\n5\n5\n5\n5\n5\n5.006\n5.025\n5.13\n5.83\n49 m\n6.03\n6.07\n6.15\n6.16\n6.16\n6.317\n6.318\n6.351\n6.37\n6.51\n6.9\n41 m\n7.49\n7.505\n7.6\n7.646\n7.795\n7.8\n7.85\n31 m\n8.006\n8.113\n8.120\n8.291\n8.421\n8.473\n8.4785\n8.625\n8.646\n8.686\n8.728\n8.728\n8.746\n8.749\n8.809\n9.265\n9.275\n9.33\n9.395\n9.475\n9.955\n9.835\n9.996\n10\n10\n10\n10\n25 m\n12.5815\n12.5905\n12.6645\n12.691\n12.857\n13.026\n13.0425\n13.14\n13.173\n13.146\n13.191\n19 m\n14.67\n14.996\n15\n15\n15\n15\n15\n15.42\n15.77\n16 m\n16.809\n16.905\n16.957\n16.9615\n17.094\n17.257\n17.26\n15 m\n19.6855\n20\n13 m\n22.3835\n22.447\n22.461\n22.735\n22.762\n22.783\n11 m\n25\nBy FMfrequenciesVHF (Band I/ OIRT FM)Regions 1 and 3, 30 kHz spacing3\n65.84\n74.00\nVHF (Band II/ CCIR FM)Regions 1 and 3, 50/100 kHz spacing3\n87.5\n87.6\n87.7\n87.8\n87.9\n88.0\n88.2\n88.4\n88.6\n88.8\n89.0\n89.2\n89.4\n89.6\n89.8\n90.0\n90.2\n90.4\n90.6\n90.8\n91.0\n91.2\n91.4\n91.6\n91.8\n92.0\n92.2\n92.4\n92.6\n92.8\n93.0\n93.2\n93.4\n93.6\n93.8\n94.0\n94.2\n94.4\n94.6\n94.8\n95.0\n95.2\n95.4\n95.6\n95.8\n96.0\n96.2\n96.4\n96.6\n96.8\n97.0\n97.2\n97.4\n97.6\n97.8\n98.0\n98.2\n98.4\n98.6\n98.8\n99.0\n99.2\n99.4\n99.6\n99.8\n100.0\n100.2\n100.4\n100.6\n100.8\n101.0\n101.2\n101.4\n101.6\n101.8\n102.0\n102.2\n102.4\n102.6\n102.8\n103.0\n103.2\n103.4\n103.6\n103.8\n104.0\n104.2\n104.4\n104.6\n104.8\n105.0\n105.2\n105.4\n105.6\n105.8\n106.0\n106.2\n106.4\n106.6\n106.8\n107.0\n107.2\n107.4\n107.6\n107.8\n108.0\nRegion 2, 200 kHz spacing\n87.7\n87.9\n88.1\n88.3\n88.5\n88.7\n88.9\n89.1\n89.3\n89.5\n89.7\n89.9\n90.1\n90.3\n90.5\n90.7\n90.9\n91.1\n91.3\n91.5\n91.7\n91.9\n92.1\n92.3\n92.5\n92.7\n92.9\n93.1\n93.3\n93.5\n93.7\n93.9\n94.1\n94.3\n94.5\n94.7\n94.9\n95.1\n95.3\n95.5\n95.7\n95.9\n96.1\n96.3\n96.5\n96.7\n96.9\n97.1\n97.3\n97.5\n97.7\n97.9\n98.1\n98.3\n98.5\n98.7\n98.9\n99.1\n99.3\n99.5\n99.7\n99.9\n100.1\n100.3\n100.5\n100.7\n100.9\n101.1\n101.3\n101.5\n101.7\n101.9\n102.1\n102.3\n102.5\n102.7\n102.9\n103.1\n103.3\n103.5\n103.7\n103.9\n104.1\n104.3\n104.5\n104.7\n104.9\n105.1\n105.3\n105.5\n105.7\n105.9\n106.1\n106.3\n106.5\n106.7\n106.9\n107.1\n107.3\n107.5\n107.7\n107.9\nJapan FM, Brazil eFM\n76.1\n76.2\n76.3\n76.4\n76.5\n76.6\n76.7\n76.8\n76.9\n77.0\n77.1\n77.2\n77.3\n77.4\n77.5\n77.6\n77.7\n77.8\n77.9\n78.0\n78.1\n78.2\n78.3\n78.4\n78.5\n78.6\n78.7\n78.8\n78.9\n79.0\n79.1\n79.2\n79.3\n79.4\n79.5\n79.6\n79.7\n79.8\n79.9\n80.0\n80.1\n80.2\n80.3\n80.4\n80.5\n80.6\n80.7\n80.8\n80.9\n81.0\n81.1\n81.2\n81.3\n81.4\n81.5\n81.6\n81.7\n81.8\n81.9\n82.0\n82.1\n82.2\n82.3\n82.4\n82.5\n82.6\n82.7\n82.8\n82.9\n83.0\n83.1\n83.2\n83.3\n83.4\n83.5\n83.6\n83.7\n83.8\n83.9\n84.0\n84.1\n84.2\n84.3\n84.4\n84.5\n84.6\n84.7\n84.8\n84.9\n85.0\n85.1\n85.2\n85.3\n85.4\n85.5\n85.6\n85.7\n85.8\n85.9\n86.0\n86.1\n86.2\n86.3\n86.4\n86.5\n86.6\n86.7\n86.8\n86.9\n87.0\n87.1\n87.2\n87.3\n87.4\nWeather radio\n162.400\n162.425\n162.450\n162.475\n162.500\n162.525\n162.550\n\n1 Non-standard frequency\n2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at [1]\n3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing.\n4 See also: Template:Audio broadcasting, Apex (radio band) and OIRTIndex of articles associated with the same name\nThis article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"United Kingdom"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecourt_Wolverines_(2008%E2%80%932012)
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Whitecourt Wolverines (2008–2012)
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["1 History","2 Season-by-season record","3 Awards and trophies","4 Honoured members","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Canadian junior ice hockey team
Whitecourt WolverinesCityWhitecourt, Alberta, CanadaLeagueNWJHLFounded2007Home arenaScott Safety CentreColoursBlack, Vegas Gold, White General manager Brent StarkHead coach Normand LacombeWebsitewww.whitecourtwolverines.comFranchise history2008–2012Whitecourt Wolverines
The Whitecourt Wolverines were a junior "B" ice hockey team based in Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada. They were members of the North West Junior Hockey League (NWJHL) and played their home games out of the Scott Safety Centre.
History
Founded in August 2007, the Wolverines played their inaugural season in 2007–08, appearing in the league finals, losing in the seventh game to the Peace River Navigators.
The Wolverines have appeared in the NWJHL finals in each of its five seasons. Its four consecutive championships from 2008–09 to 2011–12 is a league record for consecutive championships by a team. The team also holds the league record for most championships by a team.
The Wolverines won silver medals in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 Hockey Alberta Junior "B" Provincial Championships, losing to the Russ Barnes Trophy winners Lloydminster Bandits and Beaumont Chiefs respectively. After losing in the bronze medal game in 2010–11, the team defeated the host Okotoks Bisons in the gold medal game in 2011–12 to win its first provincial title. The team proceeded to the Keystone Cup tournament where it took home the bronze medal.
On May 2, 2012, shortly after its first Keystone Cup appearance, the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) announced it approved a request to relocate the St. Albert Steel from St. Albert to Whitecourt for play in the 2012–2013 season. As a result, the junior "B" Wolverines disbanded and relinquished its team name to the relocated AJHL franchise, the Whitecourt Wolverines.
Season-by-season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes
Season
GP
W
L
OTL
Pts
GF
GA
PIM
Finish
Playoffs
2007–08
Lost in final, 3-4 (Navigators)
2008–09
35
32
3
0
64
247
92
1,225
1st, NWJHL
NWJHL champions, 4-0 (Huskies)
2009–10
35
34
1
0
68
228
80
1,344
1st, NWJHL
NWJHL champions, 4-0 (Wheelers)
2010-11
35
33
2
0
66
216
50
730
1st, NWJHL
NWJHL champions, 4-2 (Navigators)
2011–12
36
27
8
1
55
211
88
1,159
3rd, NWJHL
NWJHL champions, 4-0 (Navigators)
Awards and trophies
NWJHL championship
2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
Provincial championship
Russ Barnes Trophy (gold medal): 2011–12
Silver medal: 2008–09, 2009–10
Keystone Cup western Canada championship
Bronze medal: 2011–12
Honoured members
The number 22 was retired for Elias Lachance at the start of the 2011–12 season. Lachance, who played for the Wolverines during its 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons, died in a car accident in 2011.
See also
List of ice hockey teams in Alberta
References
^ a b c d e f "About Us". Whitecourt Wolverines. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
^ a b "Front Office". Whitecourt Wolverines. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
^ a b Brigette Jobin (2012-03-28). "League records set". Whitecourt Star. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
^ "Alberta Hockey provincials update". Whitecourt Wolverines. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ a b Remy Greer (2012-04-08). "Wolverines beat Bisons 5-1 in provincial final". Okotoks Western Wheel. Great West Newspapers LP. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
^ a b Brigette Jobin (2012-04-25). "Wolverines prove to be one of Canada's best". Whitecourt Star. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ "AJHL Moving to Whitecourt, Alberta". Alberta Junior Hockey League. 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ "Wolverines win NWJHL Championship in four straight". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: 2009–10 Standings". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: Individual Team Stats, 2009–10 (Whitecourt Wolverines)". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: 2010-11 Standings". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: Individual Team Stats, 2010-11 (Whitecourt Wolverines)". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: 2011-12 Standings". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "North West Junior Hockey League: Individual Team Stats, 2011-12 (Whitecourt Wolverines)". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
^ "Bracket". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "Wolverines win N.W.J.H.L championship". Whitecourt Wolverines. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
^ a b "Team History". Whitecourt Wolverines. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
^ Stuart Thomson (2011-09-29). "New foundation will honour former Wolverines player". Whitecourt Star. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
External links
Official website of the Whitecourt Wolverines
vteTeams and Leagues eligible for the Russ Barnes TrophyCalJHL
CBHA Blackhawks
CBHA Rangers
CNHA Blazers
CNHA Canucks
CRAA Blue
CRAA Gold
NWCAA Bruins
NWCAA Stampeders
CapJHL
West Division
Beverly Warriors
Edmonton Mustangs
Morinville Jets
North Edmonton Red Wings
Spruce Grove Regals
St. Albert Merchants
Stony Plain Flyers
East Division
Beaumont Chiefs
Edmonton Royals
Fort Saskatchewan Hawks
Leduc Schwab Riggers
Sherwood Park Knights
Strathcona Bruins
Wetaskiwin Icemen
HJHL
North Division
Airdrie Thunder
Mountainview Colts
Ponoka Stampeders
Red Deer Vipers
Stettler Lightning
Sylvan Lake Wranglers
Three Hills Thrashers
South Division
Coaldale Copperheads
Cochrane Generals
High River Flyers
Lomond Lakers
Medicine Hat Cubs
Okotoks Bisons
Strathmore Wheatland Kings
NEAJBHL
Cold Lake Ice
Frog Lake T-Birds
Killam Wheat Kings
Lloydminster Bandits
Onion Lake Border Chiefs
Saddle Lake Warriors
St. Paul Canadiens
Vegreville Rangers
Vermilion Tigers
Wainwright Bisons
NWJHL
Dawson Creek Kodiaks
Fairview Flyers
Fort St. John Huskies
Grande Prairie Kings
North Peace Navigators
Sexsmith Vipers
Beaverlodge Blades
Defunct teams
Slave Lake Wolves
Whitecourt Wolverines (NWJHL)
Hockey Alberta
Russ Barnes Trophy
Keystone Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junior \"B\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Whitecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecourt"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"North West Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"}],"text":"The Whitecourt Wolverines were a junior \"B\" ice hockey team based in Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada. They were members of the North West Junior Hockey League (NWJHL) and played their home games out of the Scott Safety Centre.[1]","title":"Whitecourt Wolverines (2008–2012)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace River Navigators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Peace_Navigators"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Records-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Records-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"},{"link_name":"Russ Barnes Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Barnes_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Lloydminster Bandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloydminster_Bandits"},{"link_name":"Beaumont Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaumont_Chiefs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Provincials-4"},{"link_name":"Okotoks Bisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okotoks_Bisons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldMedal-5"},{"link_name":"Keystone Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keystone-6"},{"link_name":"Alberta Junior Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Junior_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"St. Albert Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albert_Steel"},{"link_name":"St. Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Whitecourt Wolverines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecourt_Wolverines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-relocate-7"}],"text":"Founded in August 2007, the Wolverines played their inaugural season in 2007–08, appearing in the league finals, losing in the seventh game to the Peace River Navigators.[1]The Wolverines have appeared in the NWJHL finals in each of its five seasons. Its four consecutive championships from 2008–09 to 2011–12 is a league record for consecutive championships by a team.[3] The team also holds the league record for most championships by a team.[3]The Wolverines won silver medals in the 2008–09 and 2009–10 Hockey Alberta Junior \"B\" Provincial Championships,[1] losing to the Russ Barnes Trophy winners Lloydminster Bandits and Beaumont Chiefs respectively. After losing in the bronze medal game in 2010–11,[4] the team defeated the host Okotoks Bisons in the gold medal game in 2011–12 to win its first provincial title.[5] The team proceeded to the Keystone Cup tournament where it took home the bronze medal.[6]On May 2, 2012, shortly after its first Keystone Cup appearance, the Alberta Junior Hockey League (AJHL) announced it approved a request to relocate the St. Albert Steel from St. Albert to Whitecourt for play in the 2012–2013 season. As a result, the junior \"B\" Wolverines disbanded and relinquished its team name to the relocated AJHL franchise, the Whitecourt Wolverines.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes","title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4straight-16"},{"link_name":"Russ Barnes Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Barnes_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoldMedal-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"},{"link_name":"Keystone Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keystone-6"}],"text":"NWJHL championship2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12[16]Provincial championshipRuss Barnes Trophy (gold medal): 2011–12[5]\nSilver medal: 2008–09, 2009–10[1]Keystone Cup western Canada championshipBronze medal: 2011–12[6]","title":"Awards and trophies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The number 22 was retired for Elias Lachance at the start of the 2011–12 season.[17] Lachance, who played for the Wolverines during its 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons,[17] died in a car accident in 2011.[18]","title":"Honoured members"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of ice hockey teams in Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ice_hockey_teams_in_Alberta"}]
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Retrieved 2012-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whitecourtwolverines.com/news.php?id=162","url_text":"\"Alberta Hockey provincials update\""}]},{"reference":"Remy Greer (2012-04-08). \"Wolverines beat Bisons 5-1 in provincial final\". Okotoks Western Wheel. Great West Newspapers LP. Retrieved 2012-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westernwheel.com/article/20120408/WHE1101/304089999/-1/whe/wolverines-beat-bisons-5-1-in-provincial-final","url_text":"\"Wolverines beat Bisons 5-1 in provincial final\""}]},{"reference":"Brigette Jobin (2012-04-25). \"Wolverines prove to be one of Canada's best\". Whitecourt Star. Sun Media Corporation. Retrieved 2012-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whitecourtstar.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3543091","url_text":"\"Wolverines prove to be one of Canada's best\""}]},{"reference":"\"AJHL Moving to Whitecourt, Alberta\". Alberta Junior Hockey League. 2012-05-02. 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Retrieved 2012-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwjhl.com/leagues/standingsTotals.cfm?leagueID=15654&clientID=4594","url_text":"\"North West Junior Hockey League: 2011-12 Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"North West Junior Hockey League: Individual Team Stats, 2011-12 (Whitecourt Wolverines)\". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwjhl.com/leagues/stats_1team.cfm?leagueID=15654&teamID=312740&clientID=4594","url_text":"\"North West Junior Hockey League: Individual Team Stats, 2011-12 (Whitecourt Wolverines)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bracket\". North West Junior Hockey League. Retrieved 2012-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nwjhl.com/leagues/bracket.cfm?clientID=4594&leagueID=15654","url_text":"\"Bracket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolverines win N.W.J.H.L championship\". Whitecourt Wolverines. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whitecourtwolverines.com/news.php?id=161","url_text":"\"Wolverines win N.W.J.H.L championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team History\". Whitecourt Wolverines. Retrieved 2012-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://whitecourtwolverines.ca/tradition/team-history.html","url_text":"\"Team History\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart Thomson (2011-09-29). \"New foundation will honour former Wolverines player\". Whitecourt Star. Canoe Sun Media. Retrieved 2012-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whitecourtstar.com/2011/09/29/new-foundation-will-honour-former-wolverines-player","url_text":"\"New foundation will honour former Wolverines player\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_Sun_Media","url_text":"Canoe Sun Media"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_elections
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1856 United States elections
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["1 See also","2 References"]
|
1856 United States elections← 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 → Presidential election yearElection dayNovember 4Incumbent presidentFranklin Pierce (Democratic)Next Congress35thPresidential electionPartisan controlDemocratic holdPopular vote marginDemocratic +12.2%Electoral voteJames Buchanan (D)174John C. Frémont (R)114Millard Fillmore (A)81856 presidential election results. Red denotes states won by Frémont, blue denotes states won by Buchanan, and lilac denotes states won by Fillmore. Numbers indicate the electoral votes won by each candidate.Senate electionsOverall controlDemocratic holdSeats contested21 of 62 seatsNet seat changeRepublican +7House electionsOverall controlDemocratic gainSeats contestedAll 237 voting membersNet seat changeDemocratic +51
The 1856 United States elections elected the members of the 35th United States Congress and the President to serve from 1857 until 1861. The elections took place during a major national debate over slavery, with the issue of "Bleeding Kansas" taking center stage. Along with the 1854 elections, these elections occurred during the transitional period immediately preceding the Third Party System. Old party lines were broken; new party alignments along sectional lines were in the process of formation. The Republican Party absorbed the Northern anti-slavery representatives who had been elected in 1854 under the "Opposition Party" ticket (consisting largely of former Whigs) as the second-most powerful party in Congress. Minnesota and Oregon joined the union before the next election, and elected their respective congressional delegations to the 35th Congress.
In the presidential election, Democratic former Secretary of State James Buchanan defeated Republican General John Fremont and the American Party candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan swept the South and split the North with Fremont, while Fillmore won Maryland. Buchanan had defeated incumbent President Franklin Pierce (the first elected president to lose his party's presidential nomination) and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois on the 17th ballot at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Fremont defeated Supreme Court Justice John McLean at the 1856 Republican National Convention to take the Republican nomination. Fillmore's third-party candidacy took over twenty percent of the popular vote, the best popular vote showing by a third party until Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 candidacy.
In the House, the Democratic Party won several seats to take the plurality, but narrowly missed taking the majority. The Republican Party established itself as the second-largest party in the House, replacing the Opposition Party. The American Party lost numerous seats, but continued to maintain a presence in the House. Democrat James Lawrence Orr won election as Speaker of the House.
In the Senate, Democrats made minor gains, maintaining their commanding majority. The Republican Party replaced the Opposition Party as the second-largest party, while the American Party picked up a small number of seats.
See also
1856 United States presidential election
1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections
1856–57 United States Senate elections
References
^ Not counting special elections.
^ a b Congressional seat gain figures only reflect the results of the regularly-scheduled elections, and do not take special elections into account.
^ "Presidential elections". History.com. History Channel. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ a b "1856 Presidential Election". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ "Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". United States Senate. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
vteElections in the United States
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See also
Presidential elections
Senate elections
House elections
Gubernatorial elections
This American elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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The elections took place during a major national debate over slavery, with the issue of \"Bleeding Kansas\" taking center stage.[3] Along with the 1854 elections, these elections occurred during the transitional period immediately preceding the Third Party System. Old party lines were broken; new party alignments along sectional lines were in the process of formation. The Republican Party absorbed the Northern anti-slavery representatives who had been elected in 1854 under the \"Opposition Party\" ticket (consisting largely of former Whigs) as the second-most powerful party in Congress. Minnesota and Oregon joined the union before the next election, and elected their respective congressional delegations to the 35th Congress.In the presidential election, Democratic former Secretary of State James Buchanan defeated Republican General John Fremont and the American Party candidate, former President Millard Fillmore.[4] Buchanan swept the South and split the North with Fremont, while Fillmore won Maryland. Buchanan had defeated incumbent President Franklin Pierce (the first elected president to lose his party's presidential nomination) and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois on the 17th ballot at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Fremont defeated Supreme Court Justice John McLean at the 1856 Republican National Convention to take the Republican nomination. Fillmore's third-party candidacy took over twenty percent of the popular vote,[4] the best popular vote showing by a third party until Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 candidacy.In the House, the Democratic Party won several seats to take the plurality, but narrowly missed taking the majority. The Republican Party established itself as the second-largest party in the House, replacing the Opposition Party. The American Party lost numerous seats, but continued to maintain a presence in the House.[5] Democrat James Lawrence Orr won election as Speaker of the House.In the Senate, Democrats made minor gains, maintaining their commanding majority. The Republican Party replaced the Opposition Party as the second-largest party, while the American Party picked up a small number of seats.[6]","title":"1856 United States elections"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ElectoralCollege1856.svg/348px-ElectoralCollege1856.svg.png"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Siccard_von_Siccardsburg
|
August Sicard von Sicardsburg
|
["1 List of works","1.1 Along with Eduard van der Nüll","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Austrian architect (1813–1868)
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August Sicard von SicardsburgBorn6 December 1813 (1813-12-06)BudaDied11 June 1868 (1868-06-12) (aged 54)Weidling, AustriaNationalityAustrianOccupationArchitectKnown forVienna State Opera
August Sicard von Sicardsburg (6 December 1813 – 11 June 1868) was an Austrian architect. He is best remembered as the co-architect of the Vienna State Opera, together with Eduard van der Nüll.
Sicardsburg was born in Buda. He studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Peter von Nobile, and together with van der Nüll. In 1843, he became professor at the Vienna Academy.
Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer was one of his students.
Sicardsburg died in 1868 in Weidling, Austria, of tuberculosis, six weeks after his partner Eduard van der Nüll committed suicide; neither saw the opening of the Vienna State Opera in 1869.
List of works
Along with Eduard van der Nüll
Schutzengelbrunnen (fountain), 1843–1846
Sofiensaal, 1845
Carltheater, 1846–1847
Arsenal 1849–1855
Vienna State Opera, 1861–1869
Haas-Haus, 1866–1868 (now site of the unrelated Haas-Haus)
Palais Larisch-Mönich, 1867–1868
Industriepalast on the occasion of the World Exposition of 1873.
References
^ "August Sicard von Sicardsburg (1813 - 1868)". Structurae. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to August Sicard von Sicardsburg.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Vatican
Artists
Musée d'Orsay
RKD Artists
People
Deutsche Biographie
EUTA
Structurae
This article about an Austrian architect is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Futsal_Championship
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UEFA Women's Futsal Championship
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["1 Results by edition","2 Performance by nations","3 Participation details","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Football tournamentUEFA Women's Futsal ChampionshipOrganising bodyUEFAFounded2018RegionEuropeNumber of teamsMaximum of 55 (Qualifiers)4 (Finals)Current champions Spain (3rd title)Most successful team(s) Spain (3 titles)WebsiteOfficial website UEFA Women's Futsal Euro 2023
The UEFA European Women's Futsal Championship is the main futsal competition of the women's national futsal teams governed by UEFA (the Union of European Football Associations).
Trophy
The tournament is held every two years, with the first final tournament was held in February 2019 and featured four teams. The second edition, originally to be held in 2021, had been postponed a year to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Spain is the most successful team after winning the first three editions.
Results by edition
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
2019Details
Portugal
Spain
4–0
Portugal
Russia
2–23–2 (p)
Ukraine
2022Details
Portugal
Spain
3–3 (a.e.t.)4–1 (p)
Portugal
Ukraine
2–1
Hungary
2023Details
Hungary
Spain
5–1
Ukraine
Portugal
12–0
Hungary
Performance by nations
Team
Winners
Runners-up
Third-place
Fourth-place
Total
Spain
3 (2019, 2022, 2023)
–
–
–
3
Portugal
–
2 (2019, 2022)
1 (2023)
–
3
Ukraine
–
1 (2023)
1 (2022)
1 (2019)
3
Russia
–
–
1 (2019)
–
1
Hungary
–
–
–
2 (2022, 2023)
2
Participation details
Team
2019(4)
2022(4)
2023(4)
Years
Hungary
–
4th
4th
2
Portugal
2nd
2nd
3rd
3
Russia
3rd
–
DQ
1
Spain
1st
1st
1st
3
Ukraine
4th
3rd
2nd
3
^ Russia originally qualified for the 2022 tournament as a group winner, but on 2 May 2022 UEFA banned all Russian clubs and teams from European competitions due to the invasion of Ukraine. Russia was replaced by Hungary, who finished second in Group 1 of the Main Round, won by Russia.
See also
UEFS Futsal Women's Championship
UEFA Futsal Championship
References
^ "Regulations of the UEFA European Women's Futsal Championship 2020/21" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
^ "UEFA to revamp and expand futsal competitions". UEFA.com. 4 April 2017.
^ "Futsal entering an exciting era". UEFA.com. 30 January 2018.
^ "UEFA Women's Futsal EURO: full guide". UEFA.com.
^ "Portugal to host first Women's Futsal EURO finals". UEFA.com. 27 September 2018.
^ "Portugal to host Women's Futsal EURO finals in Gondomar, Porto". UEFA.com. 16 December 2021.
^ "Hungary to host Women's Futsal EURO finals in March". UEFA.com. 29 November 2022.
External links
Official website
vteUEFA Women's Futsal ChampionshipTournaments
Portugal 2019
Portugal 2022
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain_(Oregon)
|
Pine Mountain (Oregon)
|
["1 Geology","2 History","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 43°48′11″N 120°54′48″W / 43.8031°N 120.9134°W / 43.8031; -120.9134Mountain in Oregon
Pine MountainHighest pointElevation6,509 feet (1,984 m)Coordinates43°48′11″N 120°54′48″W / 43.8031°N 120.9134°W / 43.8031; -120.9134GeographyLocationDeschutes, Oregon, U.S.Topo mapUSGS Pine MountainGeologyAge of rock6.25 MaMountain typePyroclastic cone
Pine Mountain is a rhyolitic mountain east of Bend and south of U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in eastern Deschutes County, Oregon, United States. It is the site of an astronomical observatory called the Pine Mountain Observatory. The mountain is a part of the Deschutes Formation (which is related to Cascade volcanism) and is the southeasternmost exposure of the formation and is of similar age to Cline Buttes. Pine Mountain is also well known for its spectacular "glass off" weather conditions which are ideal for paragliding.
Geology
Pine Mountain shows considerable erosion and is covered with thick soil deposits. The mountain consists of basalt, rhyolite, andesite and dacite. Dunes mark the northwest flank of the mountain, consisting of pumiceous dust and lapilli.
History
On September 17, 1984 a large fireball was seen from the Pine Mountain Observatory heading northeasterly before breaking into six orange fragments.
References
^ a b "Pine Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
^ a b Ford, Mark T; Grunder, Anita L; Duncan, Robert A (2013). "Bimodal volcanism of the High Lava Plains and Northwestern Basin and Range of Oregon: Distribution and tectonic implications of age-progressive rhyolites". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (8): 2836–57. doi:10.1002/ggge.20175.
^ a b "Geology and Mineral Resources of Deschutes County, Oregon" (PDF). OregonGeology.org. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
^ a b "Paragliding Evening Glass Off". alpenglow.org. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
^ Higgins, Michael W.; Waters, Aaron C. (March 1967). "Newberry Caldera, Oregon: A Preliminary Report". The Ore Bin. 29 (3): 37–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.614.3401.
^ "Newberry Volcano, Oregon: A Cascade Range geothermal prospect" (PDF). OregonGeology.org. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
^ "Preliminary Report on the Geology and Water Resources of Central Oregon" (PDF). PUBS.USGS.GOV. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
^ "Large fireball sighted in Pacific Northwest: More information needed" (PDF). OregonGeology.org. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
This Deschutes County, Oregon state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1950_Toronto_municipal_election
|
December 1950 Toronto municipal election
|
["1 Toronto mayor","2 Board of Control","3 City council","4 Changes","5 References"]
|
December 1950 Toronto mayoral election
← 1950
December 4, 1950
1951 →
Candidate
Hiram E. McCallum
Allan Lamport
Popular vote
86,491
84,987
Percentage
50.4%
49.5%
Mayor of Toronto before election
Hiram E. McCallum
Elected Mayor of Toronto
Hiram E. McCallum
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 4, 1950. It was the second time the elections were held in December (the first was in 1936); traditionally elections occurred on New Year's Day. Incumbent mayor Hiram E. McCallum narrowly defeated Allan Lamport. The defeat of Norman Freed and the failure of Charles Sims to regain his seat would bring to a close the communist Labor-Progressive Party's presence on Toronto's City Council though the party, and its successor, the Communist Party of Canada would continue to elect members as school trustees for several decades.
Toronto mayor
McCallum, running for his fourth one-year term, was challenged by Controller Lamport. McCallum had faced only token opposition in his previous elections, but Lamport came surprisingly close to defeating him. For much of election night it looked as though Lamport would win, but it was swung by McCallum's ten thousand vote margin in the North Toronto Ward 9.
Results
Hiram E. McCallum - 86,491
Allan Lamport - 84,987
Board of Control
Lamport's decision to run for mayor left one vacancy on the Board of Control. This opening was won by Alderman Louis Shannon, with Ford Brand, secretary of the Toronto and District Labour Council finishing fifth and Alderman W.H. Collings in sixth. Former Controller and communist Stewart Smith made another attempt to return to the board, but finished seventh.
Results
John Innes (incumbent) - 93,656
David Balfour (incumbent) - 81,577
Leslie Saunders (incumbent) - 80,703
Louis Shannon - 74,859
Ford Brand - 66,235
W.H. Collings - 59,380
Stewart Smith - 28,309
Charles Henry Mahoney - 8,210
Frederick Vacher - 7,653
City council
Ward boundaries used in the 1950 election
Ward 1 (Riverdale)
John McMechan (incumbent) - 12,381
William Allen (incumbent) - 12,294
Titchener-Smith - 4,794
Ward 2 (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)
Joseph Cornish (incumbent) - 8,310
Beverley Sparling (incumbent) - 8,061
Sylvester Perry - 3,710
Ward 3 (West Downtown and Summerhill)
Harold Fishleigh (incumbent) - 6,294
Howard Phillips (incumbent) - 8,767
Massey Edwards - 1,938
Probert - 1,440
Ward 4 (The Annex, Kensington Market and Garment District)
Nathan Phillips (incumbent) - 8,767
Francis Chambers - 7,403
Norman Freed (incumbent) - 4,611
Friedman - 2,088
McConnell - 788
Francis Love - 437
Ward 5 (Trinity-Bellwoods)
Arthur Frost (incumbent) - 12,479
Joseph Gould (incumbent) - 12,362
Charles Sims - 5,646
Midanik - 1,585
Haddrall - 784
Ward 6 (Davenport and Parkdale)
Robert Colucci - 15,282
George Granell (incumbent) - 14,609
Lester Nelson (incumbent) - 14,129
Dewar Ferguson - 4,801
Ward 7 (West Toronto Junction)
Alfred Cowling (incumbent) - 8,971
William Davidson (incumbent) - 8,878
David Sanderson - 5,189
Ward 8 (The Beaches)
Ross Lipsett (incumbent) - 17,323
Alex Hodgins - 15,310
William Probert - 4,601
Maurice Punshon - 4,205
John Square - 1,443
Ward 9 (North Toronto)
Frank Nash (incumbent) - 19,493
Roy E. Belyea (incumbent) - 19,488
Lewis - 4,328
Results taken from the December 5, 1950 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.
Changes
Controller John Innes died July 16, 1951; Ward 7 Alderman Alfred Cowling was appointed Controller September 5 and David Sanderson was appointed Alderman September 17.
References
Election Coverage. Toronto Star. December 5, 1950
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It was the second time the elections were held in December (the first was in 1936); traditionally elections occurred on New Year's Day. Incumbent mayor Hiram E. McCallum narrowly defeated Allan Lamport. The defeat of Norman Freed and the failure of Charles Sims to regain his seat would bring to a close the communist Labor-Progressive Party's presence on Toronto's City Council though the party, and its successor, the Communist Party of Canada would continue to elect members as school trustees for several decades.","title":"December 1950 Toronto municipal election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Hiram E. McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_E._McCallum"},{"link_name":"Allan Lamport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Lamport"}],"text":"McCallum, running for his fourth one-year term, was challenged by Controller Lamport. McCallum had faced only token opposition in his previous elections, but Lamport came surprisingly close to defeating him. For much of election night it looked as though Lamport would win, but it was swung by McCallum's ten thousand vote margin in the North Toronto Ward 9.Results\n\nHiram E. McCallum - 86,491\nAllan Lamport - 84,987","title":"Toronto mayor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"Louis Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Ford Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Brand"},{"link_name":"W.H. Collings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.H._Collings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Smith_(politician)"},{"link_name":"John Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Innes_(Toronto,_Ontario_politician)"},{"link_name":"David Balfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Balfour_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Louis Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Ford Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Brand"},{"link_name":"W.H. Collings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.H._Collings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Smith_(politician)"}],"text":"Lamport's decision to run for mayor left one vacancy on the Board of Control. This opening was won by Alderman Louis Shannon, with Ford Brand, secretary of the Toronto and District Labour Council finishing fifth and Alderman W.H. Collings in sixth. Former Controller and communist Stewart Smith made another attempt to return to the board, but finished seventh.Results\nJohn Innes (incumbent) - 93,656\nDavid Balfour (incumbent) - 81,577\nLeslie Saunders (incumbent) - 80,703\nLouis Shannon - 74,859\nFord Brand - 66,235\nW.H. Collings - 59,380\nStewart Smith - 28,309\nCharles Henry Mahoney - 8,210\nFrederick Vacher - 7,653","title":"Board of Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toronto_ward_map_1964.PNG"},{"link_name":"Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"John McMechan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McMechan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Cabbagetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosedale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cornish"},{"link_name":"Beverley Sparling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverley_Sparling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Summerhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Harold Fishleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Fishleigh"},{"link_name":"Howard Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Phillips_(Toronto)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annex"},{"link_name":"Kensington Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Market"},{"link_name":"Garment District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_District,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Nathan Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Phillips_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Francis Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Norman Freed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Freed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trinity-Bellwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-Bellwoods"},{"link_name":"Arthur Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_George_Frost"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gould_(politician,_born_1911)"},{"link_name":"Charles Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Sims_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Parkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Robert Colucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Granell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Granell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lester Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lester_Nelson_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Toronto Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Toronto_Junction"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hozack_Cowling"},{"link_name":"William Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Davidson_(Toronto)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sanderson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beaches,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ross Lipsett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Lipsett"},{"link_name":"Alex Hodgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Hodgins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Probert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Probert"},{"link_name":"North Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Frank Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Nash_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roy E. Belyea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_E._Belyea"}],"text":"Ward boundaries used in the 1950 electionWard 1 (Riverdale)\nJohn McMechan (incumbent) - 12,381\nWilliam Allen (incumbent) - 12,294\nTitchener-Smith - 4,794Ward 2 (Cabbagetown and Rosedale)\nJoseph Cornish (incumbent) - 8,310\nBeverley Sparling (incumbent) - 8,061\nSylvester Perry - 3,710Ward 3 (West Downtown and Summerhill)\nHarold Fishleigh (incumbent) - 6,294\nHoward Phillips (incumbent) - 8,767\nMassey Edwards - 1,938\nProbert - 1,440Ward 4 (The Annex, Kensington Market and Garment District)\nNathan Phillips (incumbent) - 8,767\nFrancis Chambers - 7,403\nNorman Freed (incumbent) - 4,611\nFriedman - 2,088\nMcConnell - 788\nFrancis Love - 437Ward 5 (Trinity-Bellwoods)\nArthur Frost (incumbent) - 12,479\nJoseph Gould (incumbent) - 12,362\nCharles Sims - 5,646\nMidanik - 1,585\nHaddrall - 784Ward 6 (Davenport and Parkdale)\nRobert Colucci - 15,282\nGeorge Granell (incumbent) - 14,609\nLester Nelson (incumbent) - 14,129\nDewar Ferguson - 4,801Ward 7 (West Toronto Junction)\nAlfred Cowling (incumbent) - 8,971\nWilliam Davidson (incumbent) - 8,878\nDavid Sanderson - 5,189Ward 8 (The Beaches)\nRoss Lipsett (incumbent) - 17,323\nAlex Hodgins - 15,310\nWilliam Probert - 4,601\nMaurice Punshon - 4,205\nJohn Square - 1,443Ward 9 (North Toronto)\nFrank Nash (incumbent) - 19,493\nRoy E. Belyea (incumbent) - 19,488\nLewis - 4,328Results taken from the December 5, 1950 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.","title":"City council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Innes_(Toronto,_Ontario_politician)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hozack_Cowling"},{"link_name":"David Sanderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sanderson&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Controller John Innes died July 16, 1951; Ward 7 Alderman Alfred Cowling was appointed Controller September 5 and David Sanderson was appointed Alderman September 17.","title":"Changes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ward boundaries used in the 1950 election","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Toronto_ward_map_1964.PNG/300px-Toronto_ward_map_1964.PNG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor
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Walter H. Taylor
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["1 Early life","2 American Civil War","3 Personal life","4 Postwar career","5 \"Lost Cause\" proponent","6 Death and legacy","7 In popular media","8 References","9 Works by Taylor"]
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Confederate Army officer
Walter Herron TaylorLt. Col. Walter H. Taylor, Lee's aide-de-campMember of the Virginia Senatefrom the Norfolk, Virginia districtIn office1869–1873
Personal detailsBorn(1838-06-13)June 13, 1838Norfolk, Virginia, USDiedMarch 1, 1916(1916-03-01) (aged 77)Norfolk, Virginia, USResting placeElmwood Cemetery, Norfolk, VirginiaPolitical partyConservativeAlma materVirginia Military InstituteMilitary serviceAllegiance Confederate StatesBranch/service Confederate States ArmyYears of service1861–1865Rank ColonelCommandsAssistant Adjutant General, Army of Northern VirginiaBattles/warsAmerican Civil War
Walter Herron Taylor (June 13, 1838 – March 1, 1916) was an American banker, lawyer, soldier, politician, author, and railroad executive from Norfolk, Virginia. During the American Civil War, he fought with the Confederate States Army, became a key aide to General Robert E. Lee and rose to the rank of Colonel. After the war, Taylor became a senator in the Virginia General Assembly, and attorney for the Norfolk and Western Railway and later the Virginian Railway.
Early life
Taylor as a VMI cadet
Taylor was born on June 13, 1838, in Norfolk, Virginia. He was descended from the First Families of Virginia, being of entirely English descent. At least one of his paternal great-grandfathers, Capt. John Calvert, had fought for the Patriot cause in the American Revolutionary War. His maternal grandfather, Dr. Jonathan Cowdery, had been taken captive by pirates in Tripoli before the War of 1812 and lived to be the eldest officer in the U.S. Navy. He was a direct descendent of Richard Taylor an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in the 1660s as well as his father also named Richard Taylor who served in the House of Commons in the 1620s. Other ancestors included colonial era migrants William Farrar and Richard Cocke as well as English colonist Adam Thoroughgood and his wife Sarah. Throughgood (1604–1640) rose from buying his passage across the Atlantic Ocean by becoming an indentured servant, to become an early colonial leader (and militia captain) in Norfolk County. He helped name various areas in Norfolk County, particularly near the Lynnhaven River where he settled in the 17th century.
Following a local private education suitable for his class, including at Norfolk Academy, and despite his father's death, Walter Taylor went to Lexington, Virginia for higher studies. Walter H. Taylor Sr. probably owned 4 slaves during this Walter's youth. Cadet Taylor graduated from Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1857. He became a railroad clerk, and later a banker in Norfolk.
American Civil War
Colonel Taylor, c. 1864
After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, Taylor joined a local militia company. After Virginia voters approved secession in April 1861 during the early days of the American Civil War, Taylor joined the Confederate States Army, as did others in his militia company and his elder brother, Richard Cornelius Taylor (1835-1917; who would become a Major before the war's end).
Walter Taylor was soon assigned to the staff of General Robert E. Lee, shortly after the General was given command of Confederate forces. Taylor became no ordinary staff officer, but effectively the chief aide-de-camp to General Lee throughout the war. Since Lee was noted for his small, over-worked staff, the exceedingly capable and tireless Taylor had many responsibilities. He wrote dispatches and orders for Lee, performed personal reconnaissance, and often carried messages in person to corps and division commanders. (He verbally transmitted the famous "if practicable" order from Lee to General Richard S. Ewell below Cemetery Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg.) Taylor greeted all people who came to see Lee, and usually decided whether they would be announced to the General. When General Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign, Taylor became that army's assistant adjutant general. Taylor eventually attained a rank almost commensurate with his great staff responsibilities, being promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 12, 1863.
Ltc. Taylor accompanied General Lee during the surrender at Appomattox Court House. (In postbellum writings, he is generally referred to as "colonel", a customary abbreviated title.)Lithograph of Lee's Surrender, with Taylor standing behind General Lee. (Zoom)
Personal life
Taylor's fiancée was Elizabeth Selden "Bettie" Saunders, daughter of United States Navy Captain John Loyall Saunders and Mrs. Martha Bland Selden Saunders. During the war Miss Saunders lived with the family of Lewis D. Crenshaw in Richmond, Virginia, where she worked in the Confederate Mint and for the Surgeon General in the Confederate Medical Department.
In the last few days of the Siege of Petersburg, as Lee and his staff realized that Petersburg was lost and Richmond should be evacuated, General Lee gave the 26-year-old Taylor special permission to go to Richmond to give Miss Saunders "the protection of his name". A messenger sent ahead to Richmond advised his bride-to-be, who made arrangements with Reverend Dr. Charles Minnigerode, the rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church.
After midnight, in the wee hours of April 3, 1865, just before evacuating Confederates set fire to the city and looters ran wild in its streets, Taylor and Miss Saunders were married in the Crenshaw house parlor. Afterward, Lewis Crenshaw accompanied Taylor as far back toward the Confederate lines as safety permitted. One week after the surrender at Appomattox Court House, Taylor returned to Richmond with General Lee, picked up his bride, and drove her back to Norfolk in a buggy.
They would have at least two daughters and three sons who reached adulthood.
Postwar career
After the war, Taylor resumed his banking career in Norfolk, and also worked as an attorney, particularly for railroads which were rebuilding and consolidating after the war. He quickly received a pardon, then was elected to municipal offices and to the Virginia General Assembly as a Conservative (in the same election as adopted a new state Constitution which forbad slavery). Taylor served as a State Senator from 1869 until 1873, vehemently opposing the Readjuster Party.
On April 30, 1870, General Lee paid his last visit to the Norfolk area, accompanied by his daughter, Agnes Lee. He arrived in Portsmouth via railroad from North Carolina. Colonel Taylor met and escorted him through the waiting crowds to Norfolk, then to the Elizabeth River ferry. Lee would die less than five months later. In 1870, Taylor began his first term on the VMI Board of Visitors (serving until 1873); he would again serve on the VMI board from 1914 until his death.
In 1877, Taylor became president of the Marine Bank, where he would remain for 39 years. He later also served on the board of directors of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Near the end of the 19th century, Taylor helped develop the Ocean View area, located along the south shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Norfolk County. The project had been surveyed and laid out before the American Civil War by William Mahone, who also later became a Confederate General (serving under General Lee and then with the Readjusters whom Taylor had opposed after the war). Served by a narrow gauge railroad from Norfolk, which operated a steam locomotive named the "Walter H. Taylor", Ocean View blossomed as both a popular resort area and streetcar suburb of the City of Norfolk, which annexed the area in 1923.
In April 1907, while Taylor was the attorney for the new Virginian Railway, then under construction, he met the founder, millionaire industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers and humorist Mark Twain when they arrived in Hampton Roads aboard Rogers' steam yacht Kanawha. They were in Norfolk to attend the opening ceremonies of the Jamestown Exposition held at Sewell's Point. According to published newspaper reports of the day, Twain drove off with Taylor in an "infernal machine," better known in modern times as an automobile.
"Lost Cause" proponent
Taylor devoted a considerable portion of his postwar years to defending General Lee's reputation (which developed into the Lost Cause historiography), as well as settling controversies related to the Army of Northern Virginia. Although less vehement than the notoriously irascible former General Jubal Early, Taylor worked with the Louisiana-based Southern Historical Society. He was a member of several Confederate veterans organizations, including the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia and the United Confederate Veterans.
Former generals from both sides of the war made Taylor an unofficial court of last resort in settling disputes about their wartime reputations. Many generals petitioned him for information, so Taylor decided to write a book to set the record straight. He asked for permission from the U.S. government to view the national archives related to the Army of the Potomac and became the first Confederate granted such a privilege. Thus in 1877, he published Four Years with General Lee, which contained dozens of anecdotes about the former General. Because it contained much from the National Archives, it read more like a situation report than a novel, and was not widely popular at the time. Former Confederate General James Longstreet in particular claimed that if Col. Taylor ever wrote another book about the war, he hoped it would tell the "rest of the story." (Many former Confederates vilified Longstreet for not only his actions at Gettysburg, but also his postwar accommodation with the Republicans.) Col. Taylor did write another book, Robert E. Lee, His Campaign in Virginia, 1861–1865 (1906). Although it contained the same statistical information as his previous work, it read more like a novel, and quickly became a best seller.
Death and legacy
Walter H. Taylor died of cancer on March 1, 1916. Walter H. Taylor Elementary School of the Norfolk City Public Schools is named in his honor.
In popular media
This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (June 2023)
Taylor is a character in the novel "The Killer Angels" (1974) by Michael Shaara, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1975. He is portrayed by Bo Brinkman in the novel's film adaption Gettysburg, and in the prequel Gods and Generals.
Taylor is a character in the following alternate history novels:
The Guns of the South (1992) by Harry Turtledove
"Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War" (2003), "Grant Comes East" (2004), and "Never Call Retreat" (2005) by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.
References
^
Walter H. Taylor in Encyclopedia Virginia
^ Bellamy, Joe David (2005). The Bellamys of Early Virginia. iUniverse. p. 31. ISBN 0595360971.
^ 1840 U.S. Federal census for Norfolk, Virginia, either p. 59 ("W." or "N." Taylor owned 4 slaves) or 71 ("W.E. Taylor" owned 9 slaves) of 95
^ Virginia Biographical Encyclopedia (1902) at ancestry.com
^ "Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
^ Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in Virginia
^ "Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia".
^ Miller, John A. "Lee's Famous Staff Officer Walter Taylor Jr". Emmitsburg.net. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Works by Taylor
Media related to Walter H. Taylor at Wikimedia Commons
Taylor, Walter H., Belmont, John S., Tower, R. Lockwood, Lee's Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865, University of South Carolina Press, 1995, ISBN 1-57003-021-9.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Virginian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginian_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Walter Herron Taylor (June 13, 1838 – March 1, 1916) was an American banker, lawyer, soldier, politician, author, and railroad executive from Norfolk, Virginia. During the American Civil War, he fought with the Confederate States Army, became a key aide to General Robert E. Lee and rose to the rank of Colonel. After the war, Taylor became a senator in the Virginia General Assembly, and attorney for the Norfolk and Western Railway and later the Virginian Railway.[1]","title":"Walter H. Taylor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_H_Taylor_as_VMI_cadet,_1853-55.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"First Families of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"English descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Americans"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Richard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Royalist)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(died_1641)"},{"link_name":"William Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farrar_(settler)"},{"link_name":"Richard Cocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cocke"},{"link_name":"Adam Thoroughgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Thoroughgood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Norfolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Lynnhaven River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynnhaven_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Virginia Military Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Taylor as a VMI cadetTaylor was born on June 13, 1838, in Norfolk, Virginia. He was descended from the First Families of Virginia, being of entirely English descent. At least one of his paternal great-grandfathers, Capt. John Calvert, had fought for the Patriot cause in the American Revolutionary War. His maternal grandfather, Dr. Jonathan Cowdery, had been taken captive by pirates in Tripoli before the War of 1812 and lived to be the eldest officer in the U.S. Navy. He was a direct descendent of Richard Taylor an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in the 1660s as well as his father also named Richard Taylor who served in the House of Commons in the 1620s. Other ancestors included colonial era migrants William Farrar and Richard Cocke as well as English colonist Adam Thoroughgood and his wife Sarah.[2] Throughgood (1604–1640) rose from buying his passage across the Atlantic Ocean by becoming an indentured servant, to become an early colonial leader (and militia captain) in Norfolk County. He helped name various areas in Norfolk County, particularly near the Lynnhaven River where he settled in the 17th century.[citation needed]Following a local private education suitable for his class, including at Norfolk Academy, and despite his father's death, Walter Taylor went to Lexington, Virginia for higher studies. Walter H. Taylor Sr. probably owned 4 slaves during this Walter's youth.[3] Cadet Taylor graduated from Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1857. He became a railroad clerk, and later a banker in Norfolk.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter_H_Taylor.png"},{"link_name":"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"General Richard S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"Cemetery Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_Hill"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"adjutant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"Appomattox Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Surrenders_to_Grant_at_Appomattox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//toolserver.org/~dschwen/iip/wip.php?f=Lee_Surrenders_to_Grant_at_Appomattox.jpg"}],"text":"Colonel Taylor, c. 1864After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, Taylor joined a local militia company. After Virginia voters approved secession in April 1861 during the early days of the American Civil War, Taylor joined the Confederate States Army, as did others in his militia company and his elder brother, Richard Cornelius Taylor (1835-1917; who would become a Major before the war's end).[5]Walter Taylor was soon assigned to the staff of General Robert E. Lee, shortly after the General was given command of Confederate forces. Taylor became no ordinary staff officer, but effectively the chief aide-de-camp to General Lee throughout the war. Since Lee was noted for his small, over-worked staff, the exceedingly capable and tireless Taylor had many responsibilities. He wrote dispatches and orders for Lee, performed personal reconnaissance, and often carried messages in person to corps and division commanders. (He verbally transmitted the famous \"if practicable\" order from Lee to General Richard S. Ewell below Cemetery Hill during the Battle of Gettysburg.) Taylor greeted all people who came to see Lee, and usually decided whether they would be announced to the General. When General Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign, Taylor became that army's assistant adjutant general. Taylor eventually attained a rank almost commensurate with his great staff responsibilities, being promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 12, 1863.Ltc. Taylor accompanied General Lee during the surrender at Appomattox Court House. (In postbellum writings, he is generally referred to as \"colonel\", a customary abbreviated title.)Lithograph of Lee's Surrender, with Taylor standing behind General Lee. (Zoom)","title":"American Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Selden \"Bettie\" Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Selden_Saunders"},{"link_name":"Lewis D. Crenshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_D._Crenshaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Siege of Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charles Minnigerode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Minnigerode"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Richmond,_Virginia)"}],"text":"Taylor's fiancée was Elizabeth Selden \"Bettie\" Saunders, daughter of United States Navy Captain John Loyall Saunders and Mrs. Martha Bland Selden Saunders. During the war Miss Saunders lived with the family of Lewis D. Crenshaw in Richmond, Virginia, where she worked in the Confederate Mint and for the Surgeon General in the Confederate Medical Department.In the last few days of the Siege of Petersburg, as Lee and his staff realized that Petersburg was lost and Richmond should be evacuated, General Lee gave the 26-year-old Taylor special permission to go to Richmond to give Miss Saunders \"the protection of his name\". A messenger sent ahead to Richmond advised his bride-to-be, who made arrangements with Reverend Dr. Charles Minnigerode, the rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church.After midnight, in the wee hours of April 3, 1865, just before evacuating Confederates set fire to the city and looters ran wild in its streets, Taylor and Miss Saunders were married in the Crenshaw house parlor. Afterward, Lewis Crenshaw accompanied Taylor as far back toward the Confederate lines as safety permitted. One week after the surrender at Appomattox Court House, Taylor returned to Richmond with General Lee, picked up his bride, and drove her back to Norfolk in a buggy.They would have at least two daughters and three sons who reached adulthood.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Virginia_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Readjuster Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readjuster_Party"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ocean View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_View,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Norfolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"William Mahone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mahone"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railroad"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"Virginian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginian_Railway"},{"link_name":"industrialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialist"},{"link_name":"Henry Huttleston Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Rogers"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Kanawha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanawha_(1899)"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Sewell's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After the war, Taylor resumed his banking career in Norfolk, and also worked as an attorney, particularly for railroads which were rebuilding and consolidating after the war. He quickly received a pardon, then was elected to municipal offices and to the Virginia General Assembly as a Conservative (in the same election as adopted a new state Constitution which forbad slavery). Taylor served as a State Senator from 1869 until 1873, vehemently opposing the Readjuster Party.On April 30, 1870, General Lee paid his last visit to the Norfolk area, accompanied by his daughter, Agnes Lee. He arrived in Portsmouth via railroad from North Carolina. Colonel Taylor met and escorted him through the waiting crowds to Norfolk, then to the Elizabeth River ferry. Lee would die less than five months later. In 1870, Taylor began his first term on the VMI Board of Visitors (serving until 1873); he would again serve on the VMI board from 1914 until his death.In 1877, Taylor became president of the Marine Bank, where he would remain for 39 years. He later also served on the board of directors of the Norfolk and Western Railway. Near the end of the 19th century, Taylor helped develop the Ocean View area, located along the south shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Norfolk County. The project had been surveyed and laid out before the American Civil War by William Mahone, who also later became a Confederate General (serving under General Lee and then with the Readjusters whom Taylor had opposed after the war). Served by a narrow gauge railroad from Norfolk, which operated a steam locomotive named the \"Walter H. Taylor\", Ocean View blossomed as both a popular resort area and streetcar suburb of the City of Norfolk, which annexed the area in 1923.In April 1907, while Taylor was the attorney for the new Virginian Railway, then under construction, he met the founder, millionaire industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers and humorist Mark Twain when they arrived in Hampton Roads aboard Rogers' steam yacht Kanawha. They were in Norfolk to attend the opening ceremonies of the Jamestown Exposition held at Sewell's Point. According to published newspaper reports of the day, Twain drove off with Taylor in an \"infernal machine,\" better known in modern times as an automobile.[6]","title":"Postwar career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lost Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cause"},{"link_name":"Jubal Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_Early"},{"link_name":"Southern Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Association of the Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Confederate Veterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"court of last resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_last_resort"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"Taylor devoted a considerable portion of his postwar years to defending General Lee's reputation (which developed into the Lost Cause historiography), as well as settling controversies related to the Army of Northern Virginia. Although less vehement than the notoriously irascible former General Jubal Early, Taylor worked with the Louisiana-based Southern Historical Society. He was a member of several Confederate veterans organizations, including the Association of the Army of Northern Virginia and the United Confederate Veterans.[7]Former generals from both sides of the war made Taylor an unofficial court of last resort in settling disputes about their wartime reputations. Many generals petitioned him for information, so Taylor decided to write a book to set the record straight. He asked for permission from the U.S. government to view the national archives related to the Army of the Potomac and became the first Confederate granted such a privilege. Thus in 1877, he published Four Years with General Lee, which contained dozens of anecdotes about the former General. Because it contained much from the National Archives, it read more like a situation report than a novel, and was not widely popular at the time. Former Confederate General James Longstreet in particular claimed that if Col. Taylor ever wrote another book about the war, he hoped it would tell the \"rest of the story.\"[citation needed] (Many former Confederates vilified Longstreet for not only his actions at Gettysburg, but also his postwar accommodation with the Republicans.) Col. Taylor did write another book, Robert E. Lee, His Campaign in Virginia, 1861–1865 (1906). Although it contained the same statistical information as his previous work, it read more like a novel, and quickly became a best seller.","title":"\"Lost Cause\" proponent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Walter H. Taylor Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_H._Taylor_Elementary_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norfolk City Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_City_Public_Schools"}],"text":"Walter H. Taylor died of cancer on March 1, 1916.[8] Walter H. Taylor Elementary School of the Norfolk City Public Schools is named in his honor.","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Killer Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killer_Angels"},{"link_name":"Michael Shaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shaara"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Bo Brinkman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bo_Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)"},{"link_name":"Gods and Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"The Guns of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg:_A_Novel_of_the_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Grant Comes East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Comes_East"},{"link_name":"Never Call Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Call_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"William R. Forstchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Forstchen"}],"text":"Taylor is a character in the novel \"The Killer Angels\" (1974) by Michael Shaara, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1975. He is portrayed by Bo Brinkman in the novel's film adaption Gettysburg, and in the prequel Gods and Generals.Taylor is a character in the following alternate history novels:The Guns of the South (1992) by Harry Turtledove\n\"Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War\" (2003), \"Grant Comes East\" (2004), and \"Never Call Retreat\" (2005) by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.","title":"In popular media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Walter H. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walter_H._Taylor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57003-021-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-021-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_figures"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_figures"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_figures"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander"},{"link_name":"R. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)"},{"link_name":"G. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_T._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Archer"},{"link_name":"Armistead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead"},{"link_name":"Barksdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barksdale"},{"link_name":"Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Benning"},{"link_name":"Brockenbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough"},{"link_name":"Chambliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Chambliss"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis"},{"link_name":"Doles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Doles"},{"link_name":"Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_Early"},{"link_name":"Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Gordon"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_T._Hays"},{"link_name":"Heth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heth"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Hill"},{"link_name":"Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_Hood"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Imboden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Imboden"},{"link_name":"Iverson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)"},{"link_name":"J. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Jones"},{"link_name":"W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)"},{"link_name":"Kemper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Kemper"},{"link_name":"Kershaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw"},{"link_name":"Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evander_M._Law"},{"link_name":"F. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee"},{"link_name":"W. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee"},{"link_name":"Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"Mahone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mahone"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Marshall"},{"link_name":"McLaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws"},{"link_name":"O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Oates"},{"link_name":"Pender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender"},{"link_name":"Pettigrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew"},{"link_name":"Perrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin"},{"link_name":"Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pickett"},{"link_name":"Posey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_Posey"},{"link_name":"Ramseur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur"},{"link_name":"Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson"},{"link_name":"Rodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes"},{"link_name":"Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales"},{"link_name":"Semmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)"},{"link_name":"G. Steuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)"},{"link_name":"J. E. B. Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble"},{"link_name":"J. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Walker"},{"link_name":"R. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker"},{"link_name":"Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Wofford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Wofford"},{"link_name":"Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Meade"},{"link_name":"Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelbert_Ames"},{"link_name":"Ayres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres"},{"link_name":"Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow"},{"link_name":"Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)"},{"link_name":"Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Birney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Birney"},{"link_name":"Buford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buford"},{"link_name":"Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Candy"},{"link_name":"Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr"},{"link_name":"J. Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Claflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin"},{"link_name":"Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_E._Cross"},{"link_name":"Curtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin"},{"link_name":"Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Custer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer"},{"link_name":"Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysander_Cutler"},{"link_name":"Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Doubleday"},{"link_name":"Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"Geary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Geary"},{"link_name":"Gibbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbon"},{"link_name":"Gilsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Graham"},{"link_name":"Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Greene"},{"link_name":"Gregg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg"},{"link_name":"Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harrow"},{"link_name":"Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hays"},{"link_name":"Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard"},{"link_name":"Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Kilpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick"},{"link_name":"Krzyżanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Meredith"},{"link_name":"Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul"},{"link_name":"Pleasonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clay_Rice"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley"},{"link_name":"Ruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger"},{"link_name":"Schimmelfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig"},{"link_name":"Schurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schurz"},{"link_name":"Sedgwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sedgwick"},{"link_name":"Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sickles"},{"link_name":"Slocum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum"},{"link_name":"Stannard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Stannard"},{"link_name":"Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr"},{"link_name":"Steinwehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr"},{"link_name":"Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sykes"},{"link_name":"Tilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Tilton"},{"link_name":"Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler"},{"link_name":"Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth"},{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren"},{"link_name":"Weed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed"},{"link_name":"Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Willard"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams"},{"link_name":"Zook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook"},{"link_name":"Alger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_A._Alger"},{"link_name":"Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker"},{"link_name":"Belo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo"},{"link_name":"Berdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Berdan"},{"link_name":"Biddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Biddle"},{"link_name":"Broo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control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7965039#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/341412/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/000000005888177X"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/55844182"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfWXKCrRBkXdTvgk9YQMP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137835736"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007422054105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n94061476"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p141250666"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6639zhf"}],"text":"Media related to Walter H. Taylor at Wikimedia Commons\nTaylor, Walter H., Belmont, John S., Tower, R. Lockwood, Lee's Adjutant: The Wartime Letters of Colonel Walter Herron Taylor, 1862–1865, University of South Carolina Press, 1995, ISBN 1-57003-021-9.vteGettysburg figuresConfederate leaders\nLee\nAlexander\nR. Anderson\nG. Anderson\nArcher\nArmistead\nBarksdale\nBenning\nBrockenbrough\nChambliss\nDaniel\nDavis\nDoles\nEarly\nEwell\nGarnett\nGordon\nHampton\nHays\nHeth\nHill\nHood\nHumphreys\nImboden\nIverson\nJenkins\nJohnson\nJ. Jones\nW. Jones\nKemper\nKershaw\nLane\nLaw\nF. Lee\nW. Lee\nLongstreet\nMahone\nMarshall\nMcLaws\nO'Neal\nOates\nPender\nPettigrew\nPerrin\nPickett\nPosey\nRamseur\nRobertson\nRodes\nScales\nSemmes\nSmith\nG. Steuart\nJ. E. B. Stuart\nThomas\nTrimble\nJ. Walker\nR. Walker\nWilcox\nWofford\nWright\nUnion leaders\nMeade\nAmes\nAyres\nBarlow\nBarnes\nBaxter\nBiddle\nBirney\nBuford\nCaldwell\nCandy\nCarpenter\nCarr\nJ. Chamberlain\nClaflin\nCross\nCurtin\nCushing\nCuster\nCutler\nCrawford\nDoubleday\nFarnsworth\nGeary\nGibbon\nGilsa\nGraham\nGreene\nGregg\nHancock\nHarrow\nHays\nHooker\nHoward\nHumphreys\nHunt\nKilpatrick\nKrzyżanowski\nLincoln\nMeredith\nMerritt\nNewton\nNolan\nPaul\nPleasonton\nReynolds\nRice\nRobinson\nRowley\nRuger\nSchimmelfennig\nSchurz\nSedgwick\nSickles\nSlocum\nStannard\nStarr\nSteinwehr\nSykes\nTilton\nTyler\nVincent\nWadsworth\nWard\nWarren\nWeed\nWebb\nWillard\nWilliams\nZook\nOther notablemilitary personnel\nAlger\nAvery\nBaker\nBelo\nBerdan\nBiddle\nBrooke\nBrown\nBryan\nBurgwyn\nBurling\nCarroll\nCarter\nT. Chamberlain\nColvill\nCorby\nCoster\nDearing\nDevin\nEllis\nEnderlin\nLyon Fremantle\nFry\nGamble\nGarrard\nGodwin\nGoree\nGregg\nGrimes\nGwyn\nHall\nHarrison\nHaskell\nHazlett\nHowell\nHumiston\nJeffords\nJones\nKelly\nKeogh\nLang\nLatimer\nLewis\nMcCandless\nMcDougall\nMcFarland\nMcIntosh\nMayo\nMelcher\nMorrill\nMuhlenberg\nO'Rorke\nPardee\nPegram\nPerrin\nPoague\nSalomon\nSmith\nSorrel\nSpear\nStone\nTaylor\nTrobriand\nWainwright\nWard\nLocal civilians\nBroadhead\nBryan\nBurns\nMcClean\nMcConaughy\nMcPherson\nWade\nWillsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Works by Taylor"}]
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[{"image_text":"Taylor as a VMI cadet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Walter_H_Taylor_as_VMI_cadet%2C_1853-55.jpg/170px-Walter_H_Taylor_as_VMI_cadet%2C_1853-55.jpg"},{"image_text":"Colonel Taylor, c. 1864","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Walter_H_Taylor.png/170px-Walter_H_Taylor.png"},{"image_text":"Lithograph of Lee's Surrender, with Taylor standing behind General Lee. (Zoom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lee_Surrenders_to_Grant_at_Appomattox.jpg/350px-Lee_Surrenders_to_Grant_at_Appomattox.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Bellamy, Joe David (2005). The Bellamys of Early Virginia. iUniverse. p. 31. ISBN 0595360971.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XggfG3i-8pIC","url_text":"The Bellamys of Early Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595360971","url_text":"0595360971"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Taylor_Walter_H_1838-1916#start_entry","url_text":"\"Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Taylor_Walter_H_1838-1916#start_entry","url_text":"\"Taylor, Walter H. (1838–1916) – Encyclopedia Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, John A. \"Lee's Famous Staff Officer Walter Taylor Jr\". Emmitsburg.net. Archived from the original on July 27, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080727024116/http://www.emmitsburg.net/montereypass/contents/about_monterey/walter_taylor.htm","url_text":"\"Lee's Famous Staff Officer Walter Taylor Jr\""},{"url":"http://www.emmitsburg.net/montereypass/contents/about_monterey/walter_taylor.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk_Westerns
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Keokuk Westerns
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Defunct American baseball team
The Western baseball club of Keokuk, Iowa, or Keokuk Westerns in modern nomenclature, was a professional baseball team in the National Association in 1875, the last season of that first professional league. It is considered a major league team by those who count the NA as a major league. It was geographically the farthest west that major league baseball had progressed up to that time.
In 1875, the NA entry fee was $20 for one championship season. The Westerns won one of 13 games (1–12 record) before going out of business. On June 14, 1875, the Western club played their last game and dropped out of the league two days later. For 1876, stronger clubs in bigger cities, led by the Chicago White Stockings, organized the National League on a different basis, chiefly in order to exclude weaker clubs from smaller cities such as Keokuk.
The Westerns were managed by Joe Simmons and played their home games at Perry Park, which was located in a field located beyond Rand Park. Their top hitter was catcher Paddy Quinn, who went 14-for-43 for a batting average of .326.
See also
1875 Keokuk Westerns season
References
^ a b c d e Stein, Jeff (May 4, 2017). "Iowa Almanac for Thursday, May 4, 2017: "Batter Up"". Iowa Almanac. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b c d e Flinn, Jessica (May 4, 2017). "Iowa Almanac - Professional Baseball in Keokuk". KCWI Live. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b c d "1875 Keokuk Westerns Statistics". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b "The Leagues". 19cbaseball.com. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b "1875 Keokuk Westerns Schedule and Scores". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "Perry Park". retrosheet.org. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ a b "Keokuk Western roster". retrosheet.org. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "The History of Keokuk Baseball Web Site". keokuk.net. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
^ "1875 Keokuk Westerns". keokuk.net. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
External links
Keokuk Westerns Index
vteNational Association of Professional Base Ball PlayersTransferred toNational LeagueStill active
Boston Red Stockings (1871–1875)
Chicago White Stockings (1871–1875)
Now defunct
Hartford Dark Blues (1874–1875)
New York Mutuals (1871–1875)
Philadelphia Athletic (1871–1875)
St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875)
Defunct
Baltimore Canaries (1872–1874)
Baltimore Marylands (1873)
Brooklyn Atlantics (1872–1875)
Eckford of Brooklyn (1872)
Cleveland Forest Citys (1871–1872)
Elizabeth Resolutes (1873)
Fort Wayne Kekiongas (1871)
Keokuk Westerns (1875)
Middletown Mansfields (1872)
New Haven Elm Citys (1875)
Philadelphia Centennials (1875)
Philadelphia White Stockings (1873–1875)
Rockford Forest Citys (1871)
St. Louis Red Stockings (1875)
Troy Haymakers (1871–1872)
Washington Nationals (1872)
Washington Blue Legs (1873)
Washington Nationals (1875)
Washington Olympics (1871–1872)
Years in parentheses are years in the National Association
This article about a baseball team in Iowa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keokuk, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keokuk,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAalmanac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCWIlive-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875season-3"},{"link_name":"NA as a major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA_as_a_major_league"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leagues-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAalmanac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCWIlive-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875season-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAalmanac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCWIlive-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875schedule-5"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Stockings_(1870%E2%80%9389)"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leagues-4"},{"link_name":"Joe Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Simmons_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Perry Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Park_(Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAalmanac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCWIlive-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875season-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875schedule-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PerryPark-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roster-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keokuknetpark-8"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Paddy Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Quinn_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAalmanac-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCWIlive-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1875season-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roster-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keokuknet-9"}],"text":"The Western baseball club of Keokuk, Iowa, or Keokuk Westerns in modern nomenclature, was a professional baseball team in the National Association in 1875, the last season of that first professional league.[1][2][3] It is considered a major league team by those who count the NA as a major league.[4] It was geographically the farthest west that major league baseball had progressed up to that time.In 1875, the NA entry fee was $20 for one championship season. The Westerns won one of 13 games (1–12 record) before going out of business.[1][2][3] On June 14, 1875, the Western club played their last game and dropped out of the league two days later.[1][2][5] For 1876, stronger clubs in bigger cities, led by the Chicago White Stockings, organized the National League on a different basis, chiefly in order to exclude weaker clubs from smaller cities such as Keokuk.[4]The Westerns were managed by Joe Simmons and played their home games at Perry Park, which was located in a field located beyond Rand Park.[1][2][3][5][6][7][8] Their top hitter was catcher Paddy Quinn, who went 14-for-43 for a batting average of .326.[1][2][3][7][9]","title":"Keokuk Westerns"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"1875 Keokuk Westerns season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Keokuk_Westerns_season"}]
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[{"reference":"Stein, Jeff (May 4, 2017). \"Iowa Almanac for Thursday, May 4, 2017: \"Batter Up\"\". Iowa Almanac. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://iowaalmanac.com/","url_text":"\"Iowa Almanac for Thursday, May 4, 2017: \"Batter Up\"\""}]},{"reference":"Flinn, Jessica (May 4, 2017). \"Iowa Almanac - Professional Baseball in Keokuk\". KCWI Live. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weareiowa.com/cw-iowa-live/iowa-almanac-professional-baseball-in-keokuk/706558914","url_text":"\"Iowa Almanac - Professional Baseball in Keokuk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCWI-TV","url_text":"KCWI Live"}]},{"reference":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Statistics\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WES/1875.shtml","url_text":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball Reference"}]},{"reference":"\"The Leagues\". 19cbaseball.com. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.19cbaseball.com/leagues.html","url_text":"\"The Leagues\""}]},{"reference":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Schedule and Scores\". Baseball Reference. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WES/1875-schedule-scores.shtml","url_text":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Schedule and Scores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perry Park\". retrosheet.org. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/PK_KEO01.htm","url_text":"\"Perry Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosheet","url_text":"retrosheet.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Keokuk Western roster\". retrosheet.org. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1875/UKEO01875.htm","url_text":"\"Keokuk Western roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Keokuk Baseball Web Site\". keokuk.net. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keokuk.net/baseball/index.html","url_text":"\"The History of Keokuk Baseball Web Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns\". keokuk.net. Retrieved May 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.keokuk.net/baseball/1875.htm","url_text":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://iowaalmanac.com/","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Almanac for Thursday, May 4, 2017: \"Batter Up\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.weareiowa.com/cw-iowa-live/iowa-almanac-professional-baseball-in-keokuk/706558914","external_links_name":"\"Iowa Almanac - Professional Baseball in Keokuk\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WES/1875.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.19cbaseball.com/leagues.html","external_links_name":"\"The Leagues\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WES/1875-schedule-scores.shtml","external_links_name":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns Schedule and Scores\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/K/PK_KEO01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Perry Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1875/UKEO01875.htm","external_links_name":"\"Keokuk Western roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.keokuk.net/baseball/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Keokuk Baseball Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.keokuk.net/baseball/1875.htm","external_links_name":"\"1875 Keokuk Westerns\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WES/","external_links_name":"Keokuk Westerns Index"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keokuk_Westerns&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isireli_Naikelekelevesi
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Isireli Naikelekelevesi
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["1 Personal bests","2 International competitions","3 References","4 External links"]
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Fijian middle-distance runner
Isireli Naikelekelevesi (born 17 December 1976) is a Fijian former middle-distance runner who specialised in the 800 metres. He is the Fijian national record holder in that event.
Born in Suva, he represented his country at the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000 and 2004. In 1996 he anchored a 4 × 400 metres relay team including Soloveni Nakaunicina, Henry Semiti and Solomone Bole, while in the latter two years he ran in the heats of the 800 m. He competed in the 800 m heats at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and also appeared at the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and 2002 (reaching the semi-finals on his second attempt). He ran for Fiji at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in both 1996 and 1998.
His greatest successes came at regional level. He began with a 5000 metres bronze at the 1994 Oceania Junior Athletics Championships. He won three back-to-back middle-distance doubles at the South Pacific Games (1995, 1999, 2003) and also claimed a 400 metres bronze and relay silver in 2003. He remains the Games record holder in the 800 m. At the South Pacific Mini Games, he won a middle-distance double and took steeplechase bronze. The following edition in 2001 brought a sweep from 400 m to 1500 m and a fourth gold in the relay. At the 2005 edition he was edged out in the 1500 m by Samoa's Setefano Mika, but retained his 800 m and relay titles.
At the Oceania Athletics Championships he was a mainstay of distance running for a decade. He won his first 5000 metres title at the 1996 Oceania Athletics Championships and also won silver in the 10,000 metres. He won the 800 m title in 2000, but was beaten into second by New Zealander Gareth Hyett in 2002. He was again 800 m runner-up in 2006 finishing behind Samoa's Aunese Curreen.
In his last major international events he took two middle-distance silver medals behind Curreen at the 2007 Pacific Games and 2008 Oceania Athletics Championships.
Personal bests
400 metres – 48.86 (2001)
800 metres – 1:48.70 min (2004) NR
1500 metres – 3:53.22 min (2003)
Mile run – 4:14.24 min (2004) NR
5000 metres – 16:42.3 min (1994)
All information from All Athletics and IAAF
International competitions
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
1996
IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Stellenbosch, South Africa
257th
Senior race
44:18
Olympic Games
Atlanta, United States
6th (h)
4 × 400 m relay
3:10.67
Oceania Athletics Championships
Townsville, Australia
1st
5000 m
15:54.65
2nd
10,000 m
35:27.94
1998
Commonwealth Games
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
5th (h)
800 m
1:50.66
1999
IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Belfast, United Kingdom
153rd
Senior race
51:11
127th
Short race
15:15
2000
Olympic Games
Sydney, Australia
7th (h)
800 m
1:49.61
Oceania Championships
Adelaide, Australia
1st
800 m
1:51.49
2001
World Championships
Edmonton, Canada
6th
800 m
1:50.74
2002
Commonwealth Games
Manchester, United Kingdom
8th (sf)
800 m
1:50.00
Oceania Championships
Christchurch, New Zealand
2nd
800 m
1:54.11
2004
Olympic Games
Athens, Greece
7th (h)
800 m
1:49.08
2006
Oceania Championships
Apia, Samoa
2nd
800 m
1:55.30
2008
Oceania Championships
Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands
2nd
800 m
1:53.48
2nd
1500 m
4:03.79
References
^ Top 10 All Time. Athletics Fiji. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ a b Isireli Naikelekelevesi. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ Isire Naikelekelevesi. Commonwealth Games Federation. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ a b Isireli Naikelekelevesi. IAAF. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ Oceania Junior Championships. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ South Pacific Games. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ South Pacific Mini Games. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ Oceania Championships. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ 2008 Oceania Athletics Championships Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. Athletics Oceania. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
^ Isireli Naikelekelevesi Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. All Athletics. Retrieved on 2017-01-21.
External links
Isireli Naikelekelevesi at World Athletics
Isireli Naikelekelevesi at Olympedia
Isireli Naikelekelevesi at World Athletics
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
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He is the Fijian national record holder in that event.[1]Born in Suva,[2] he represented his country at the Summer Olympics in 1996, 2000 and 2004. In 1996 he anchored a 4 × 400 metres relay team including Soloveni Nakaunicina, Henry Semiti and Solomone Bole, while in the latter two years he ran in the heats of the 800 m.[2] He competed in the 800 m heats at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and also appeared at the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and 2002 (reaching the semi-finals on his second attempt).[3] He ran for Fiji at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in both 1996 and 1998.[4]His greatest successes came at regional level. He began with a 5000 metres bronze at the 1994 Oceania Junior Athletics Championships.[5] He won three back-to-back middle-distance doubles at the South Pacific Games (1995, 1999, 2003) and also claimed a 400 metres bronze and relay silver in 2003.[6] He remains the Games record holder in the 800 m. At the South Pacific Mini Games, he won a middle-distance double and took steeplechase bronze. The following edition in 2001 brought a sweep from 400 m to 1500 m and a fourth gold in the relay. At the 2005 edition he was edged out in the 1500 m by Samoa's Setefano Mika, but retained his 800 m and relay titles.[7]At the Oceania Athletics Championships he was a mainstay of distance running for a decade. He won his first 5000 metres title at the 1996 Oceania Athletics Championships and also won silver in the 10,000 metres. He won the 800 m title in 2000, but was beaten into second by New Zealander Gareth Hyett in 2002. He was again 800 m runner-up in 2006 finishing behind Samoa's Aunese Curreen.[8]In his last major international events he took two middle-distance silver medals behind Curreen at the 2007 Pacific Games and 2008 Oceania Athletics Championships.[9]","title":"Isireli Naikelekelevesi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"},{"link_name":"800 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_metres"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fijian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"Mile run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fijian_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAAF-4"}],"text":"400 metres – 48.86 (2001)\n800 metres – 1:48.70 min (2004) NR\n1500 metres – 3:53.22 min (2003)\nMile run – 4:14.24 min (2004) NR\n5000 metres – 16:42.3 min (1994)All information from All Athletics and IAAF[10][4]","title":"Personal bests"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competitions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth
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Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth
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["1 Awards","2 Gallery","3 References"]
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Norwegian military officer and painter
Marine (1885)
Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth (9 November 1847 – 12 January 1919) was a Norwegian military officer and painter who specialized in marine art.
Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of circuit judge Daniel Nikolaj Barth (1810–1880) and his wife Marie Cathrine Koefoed (1815–1853). Barth served in the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1863 until 1884; retiring as a first lieutenant.
Barth studied painting under Hans Gude at the Karlsruhe in Berlin from 1881 to 1883. He spent part of 1889 and 1890 in London, partly on study trips along the English coast, especially at Dover. He later traveled to Paris and Brittany in 1896 and 1897. He was in Italy and Tunisia from 1902 to 1903. In addition, he made numerous study trips along the Norwegian coast as well as to Skagen.
Barth served as the director of the Christiania Art Society from 1889 to 1895 and again from 1898 to 1902. He served as the society's chairman from 1898 to 1901. He was a member of the National Gallery in Oslo and chairman of the Artist Association from 1891 to 1898. He is represented by three works in the National Gallery of Norway; Losbåt i høy sjø (1882), Strand ved Dover (1889), and Marine (1885).
Awards
Honorable Mention at Paris Exposition – 1889
Order of St. Olav – 1895
Gallery
I Skip I Rom Sjø (undated)
I Havbrynet – Solgangsveir (undated)
Seilskuter og glitrende sjø (1893)
Strand ved Ogne, Jæderen (before 1919)
References
^ Carl Wilhelm Barth (Blomqvist Kunsthandel AS)
^ "Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
^ Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth (Frode Ernst Haverkamp. Norsk biografisk leksikon)
^ "Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth- tegner, maler (Oscar Thue, forfatter Norsk kunstnerleksikon)". Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
^ Jon Gunnar Arntzen (2007). "Barth". Store norske leksikon.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Wilhelm Barth.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
KulturNav
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This article about a Norwegian painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_Marine_(1885).jpg"},{"link_name":"marine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Christiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hans Gude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gude"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Marine (1885)Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth (9 November 1847 – 12 January 1919) was a Norwegian military officer and painter who specialized in marine art.[1]Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of circuit judge Daniel Nikolaj Barth (1810–1880) and his wife Marie Cathrine Koefoed (1815–1853). Barth served in the Royal Norwegian Navy from 1863 until 1884; retiring as a first lieutenant.[2]Barth studied painting under Hans Gude at the Karlsruhe in Berlin from 1881 to 1883. He spent part of 1889 and 1890 in London, partly on study trips along the English coast, especially at Dover. He later traveled to Paris and Brittany in 1896 and 1897. He was in Italy and Tunisia from 1902 to 1903. In addition, he made numerous study trips along the Norwegian coast as well as to Skagen.[3][4]Barth served as the director of the Christiania Art Society from 1889 to 1895 and again from 1898 to 1902. He served as the society's chairman from 1898 to 1901. He was a member of the National Gallery in Oslo and chairman of the Artist Association from 1891 to 1898. He is represented by three works in the National Gallery of Norway; Losbåt i høy sjø (1882), Strand ved Dover (1889), and Marine (1885).[5]","title":"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"}],"text":"Honorable Mention at Paris Exposition – 1889\nOrder of St. Olav – 1895","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_Skip_i_rom_sj%C3%B8_-_IMG_9300.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_I_Havbrynet_-_Solgangsveir_-_IMG_9372.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Barth-Seilskuter_og_glitrende_sj%C3%B8_1893.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_Strand_ved_Ogne,_J%C3%A6deren.jpg"}],"text":"I Skip I Rom Sjø (undated)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tI Havbrynet – Solgangsveir (undated)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeilskuter og glitrende sjø (1893)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStrand ved Ogne, Jæderen (before 1919)","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Marine (1885)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_Marine_%281885%29.jpg/300px-Carl_Wilhelm_Barth_-_Marine_%281885%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth\". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved April 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","url_text":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth- tegner, maler (Oscar Thue, forfatter Norsk kunstnerleksikon)\". Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2015-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819014923/https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","url_text":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth- tegner, maler (Oscar Thue, forfatter Norsk kunstnerleksikon)\""},{"url":"https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jon Gunnar Arntzen (2007). \"Barth\". Store norske leksikon.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Barth","url_text":"\"Barth\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150129071216/https://www.blomqvist.no/auksjon/Hoest-Auksjon-2012/Barth-Carl-Wilhelm-I-gondol-paa-Riva-di-Sciavoni-i-Venezia-1908","external_links_name":"Carl Wilhelm Barth (Blomqvist Kunsthandel AS)"},{"Link":"https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","external_links_name":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","external_links_name":"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth (Frode Ernst Haverkamp. Norsk biografisk leksikon)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160819014923/https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","external_links_name":"\"Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth- tegner, maler (Oscar Thue, forfatter Norsk kunstnerleksikon)\""},{"Link":"https://nkl.snl.no/Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Barth","external_links_name":"\"Barth\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2576148451575815970000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/112323941X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/bf2eeef1-f1bd-402c-be4c-04c2469cd1b5","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/af381cac-7b20-4960-b4bd-9001191b352c","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wilhelm_B%C3%B8ckmann_Barth&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolome_Sureda_y_Miserol
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Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Portrait of Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol by Francisco Goya, 1803–04.
Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol (1769–1851) was a Spanish manager of several royal artistic enterprises. He served as director of the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro and later the successor Royal Factory of La Moncloa, both making porcelain in Madrid, as well as the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara, and the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja, this making glass.
Biography
Sureda was trained in France in 1800 in the manufacture of porcelain and textiles. He returned to Spain in 1803, where he was made initially the Director of Labour, and the Director of the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro in 1807; here he developed hard-paste porcelain which helped in quality production and financial improvement of the company. With the French invasion in 1808 and eventual destruction of the factory in 1812, Sureda returned to France. He was known to be in Mallorca in 1817 and was involved in manufacturing "worsted cloth." He was recalled to Madrid to head the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara and was also given the charge as acting director of the Real Fabrica de la Moncloa. In 1817, Buen Retiro's successor became the new Royal Porcelain Factory at Moncloa. All the employees of the destroyed factory were reemployed in the new one, and Sureda returned to be its director until 1820. In 1822, he became director of the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja. After his retirement from the royal service on 13 November 1829, he moved back to Mallorca.
He was recalled to Buen Retiro from Paris, on 2 September 1803 and as per records he started working in the factory from October 1803. This establishes the dating of the portraits of Sureda and his wife, painted by Goya and dated 1803-1808; the costume worn for the portrait is of 1799 vintage which also establishes the dates.
When he worked in Buen Retiro, Sureda used for his porcelain works all the materials required in hard-paste porcelain, similar to that used in Sèvres porcelain, except for the kaolin and calcined Scapolite, its substitute; lead was not used by him in his works. He used pure feldspar flux (feldspar obtained from Colmenar de Oreja) for glazing. He drew raw materials from sites close to Madrid, Vallecas’s scapolite and Galagar's flint. The magnesium paste developed by him, which he used extensively in the manufacture of Buen Retiro Porcelain was considered unique for its chemical composition which permitted firing under varying temperatures.
He followed Goya’s style of painting, and after he retired to Mallorca devoted his time to his life’s ambition of painting of landscapes, religious themes and general scenes. He died on 10 March 1851. His son Alejandro Sureda became a noted architect.
References
^ a b c d Brown, Jonathan; Mann, Richard G. (29 March 1991). Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-521-40107-4. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ a b Campbell, Gordon (2006). The Volume 2 of The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780195189483.
^ Vicente González, José de (2009). Antiguas boticas españolas y sus recipientes. tresCtres. pp. 391–. ISBN 978-84-92727-03-2. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ Fort, Rafael; de Buergo, Mónica Álvarez; Heras, Miquel Gómez-; Calvo, Carmen Vázquez-. (2006). Heritage, Weathering and Conservation: Proceedings of the International Heritage, Weathering and Conservation Conference (HWC-2006), 21–24 June 2006, Madrid, Spain. Taylor & Francis. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9780415412728. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
^ Silva Suárez, Manuel. "Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol". Diccionario Biográfico Español. Real Academia de la Historia.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_F%C3%A1brica_del_Buen_Retiro"},{"link_name":"Royal Factory of La Moncloa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Factory_of_La_Moncloa"},{"link_name":"porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain"},{"link_name":"Real Fábrica de Paños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_F%C3%A1brica_de_Pa%C3%B1os&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_F%C3%A1brica_de_Cristales_de_La_Granja"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownMann1991-1"}],"text":"Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol (1769–1851) was a Spanish manager of several royal artistic enterprises. He served as director of the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro and later the successor Royal Factory of La Moncloa, both making porcelain in Madrid, as well as the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara, and the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja, this making glass.[1]","title":"Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownMann1991-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell,_2006-2"},{"link_name":"Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Real Fábrica de Paños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_F%C3%A1brica_de_Pa%C3%B1os&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell,_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VicenteGonz%C3%A1lez2009-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownMann1991-1"},{"link_name":"Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrownMann1991-1"},{"link_name":"Sèvres porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"kaolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolinite"},{"link_name":"calcined Scapolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapolite"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"Colmenar de Oreja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmenar_de_Oreja"},{"link_name":"glazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)"},{"link_name":"Vallecas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallecas"},{"link_name":"Galagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galagar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort_2006-4"},{"link_name":"Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Sureda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Sureda"}],"text":"Sureda was trained in France in 1800 in the manufacture of porcelain and textiles. He returned to Spain in 1803, where he was made initially the Director of Labour, and the Director of the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro in 1807; here he developed hard-paste porcelain which helped in quality production and financial improvement of the company. With the French invasion in 1808 and eventual destruction of the factory in 1812, Sureda returned to France.[1][2] He was known to be in Mallorca in 1817 and was involved in manufacturing \"worsted cloth.\" He was recalled to Madrid to head the Real Fábrica de Paños in Guadalajara and was also given the charge as acting director of the Real Fabrica de la Moncloa. In 1817, Buen Retiro's successor became the new Royal Porcelain Factory at Moncloa. All the employees of the destroyed factory were reemployed in the new one,[2] and Sureda returned to be its director until 1820.[3] In 1822, he became director of the Real Fábrica de Cristales de La Granja. After his retirement from the royal service on 13 November 1829, he moved back to Mallorca.[1]He was recalled to Buen Retiro from Paris, on 2 September 1803 and as per records he started working in the factory from October 1803. This establishes the dating of the portraits of Sureda and his wife, painted by Goya and dated 1803-1808; the costume worn for the portrait is of 1799 vintage which also establishes the dates.[1]When he worked in Buen Retiro, Sureda used for his porcelain works all the materials required in hard-paste porcelain, similar to that used in Sèvres porcelain, except for the kaolin and calcined Scapolite, its substitute; lead was not used by him in his works. He used pure feldspar flux (feldspar obtained from Colmenar de Oreja) for glazing. He drew raw materials from sites close to Madrid, Vallecas’s scapolite and Galagar's flint. The magnesium paste developed by him, which he used extensively in the manufacture of Buen Retiro Porcelain was considered unique for its chemical composition which permitted firing under varying temperatures.[4]He followed Goya’s style of painting, and after he retired to Mallorca devoted his time to his life’s ambition of painting of landscapes, religious themes and general scenes. He died on 10 March 1851.[5] His son Alejandro Sureda became a noted architect.","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Portrait of Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol by Francisco Goya, 1803–04.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Goya_-_Bartolom%C3%A9_Sureda_y_Miserol.jpg/220px-Goya_-_Bartolom%C3%A9_Sureda_y_Miserol.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Brown, Jonathan; Mann, Richard G. (29 March 1991). Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-521-40107-4. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spanishpaintings0000nati","url_text":"Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spanishpaintings0000nati/page/14","url_text":"14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40107-4","url_text":"978-0-521-40107-4"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gordon (2006). The Volume 2 of The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780195189483.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R8BMW6Au7pQC&q=Real+Fabrica+del+Buen+Retiro&pg=PA256","url_text":"The Volume 2 of The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195189483","url_text":"9780195189483"}]},{"reference":"Vicente González, José de (2009). Antiguas boticas españolas y sus recipientes. tresCtres. pp. 391–. ISBN 978-84-92727-03-2. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gZaeGVNjIfcC&pg=PA391","url_text":"Antiguas boticas españolas y sus recipientes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92727-03-2","url_text":"978-84-92727-03-2"}]},{"reference":"Fort, Rafael; de Buergo, Mónica Álvarez; Heras, Miquel Gómez-; Calvo, Carmen Vázquez-. (2006). Heritage, Weathering and Conservation: Proceedings of the International Heritage, Weathering and Conservation Conference (HWC-2006), 21–24 June 2006, Madrid, Spain. Taylor & Francis. pp. 140–141. ISBN 9780415412728. Retrieved 19 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h9pgL0JQFfQC&q=Bartolom%C3%A9+Sureda+y+Miserol&pg=PA141","url_text":"Heritage, Weathering and Conservation: Proceedings of the International Heritage, Weathering and Conservation Conference (HWC-2006), 21–24 June 2006, Madrid, Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415412728","url_text":"9780415412728"}]},{"reference":"Silva Suárez, Manuel. \"Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol\". Diccionario Biográfico Español. Real Academia de la Historia.","urls":[{"url":"http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/41593/bartolome-sureda-y-miserol","url_text":"\"Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanishpaintings0000nati","external_links_name":"Spanish Paintings of the Fifteenth through Nineteenth Centuries"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanishpaintings0000nati/page/14","external_links_name":"14"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R8BMW6Au7pQC&q=Real+Fabrica+del+Buen+Retiro&pg=PA256","external_links_name":"The Volume 2 of The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gZaeGVNjIfcC&pg=PA391","external_links_name":"Antiguas boticas españolas y sus recipientes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h9pgL0JQFfQC&q=Bartolom%C3%A9+Sureda+y+Miserol&pg=PA141","external_links_name":"Heritage, Weathering and Conservation: Proceedings of the International Heritage, Weathering and Conservation Conference (HWC-2006), 21–24 June 2006, Madrid, Spain"},{"Link":"http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/41593/bartolome-sureda-y-miserol","external_links_name":"\"Bartolomé Sureda y Miserol\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/456212/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079765698","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63848942","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppD8D4kYT6yh6dFfFMyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847780","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/141560614","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00036827","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/250209322","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netanyahu_corruption_investigations
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Trial of Benjamin Netanyahu
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["1 Overview","1.1 Case 1000","1.2 Case 2000","1.3 Case 4000","2 Protests","3 Indictment","3.1 Immunity bid","4 Prelude to the trial","5 Trial","6 See also","7 References"]
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Corruption trial of Israeli Prime Minister
Netanyahu (seen here in 2018) served as Prime Minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999, from 2009 to 2021 and from 2022 onwards.
The trial of Benjamin Netanyahu began following investigations into allegations of bribery, fraud, and breach of trust by him and close political allies within his inner circle during his fourth and fifth terms as Israel's Prime Minister. The Israel Police began investigating Netanyahu in December 2016 and subsequently recommended indictments against him.
On 21 November 2019, Netanyahu was officially indicted for breach of trust, accepting bribes, and fraud, leading him to legally relinquish his ministry portfolios other than prime minister. Netanyahu's trial in the Jerusalem District Court began on 24 May 2020, with witness testimony starting on 5 April 2021. The prosecution listed 333 witnesses. As of June 2024, the trial is still ongoing.
Overview
There are three separate cases being brought against Netanyahu. Case 1000, opened in December 2016, involves valuable gifts and presents that Netanyahu and his wife received from two wealthy businessmen over the years. In Case 2000, recorded conversations between Netanyahu and Arnon Mozes , the chairman and editor of Yedioth Ahronoth, one of the largest newspapers in Israel, were discussed. They talked about the possibility of legislation that could harm Israel Hayom, Yedioth's major competitor. Case 4000 relates to the relationship between telecommunications company Bezeq and its regulator, the communication ministry, which was headed by Netanyahu at the time.
On 21 November 2019, Netanyahu was officially charged with fraud and breach of trust in Cases 1000 and 2000, and with fraud, breach of trust, and receiving bribes in Case 4000.
Case 1000
In Case 1000, Netanyahu is accused of having a conflict of interest while he was the Minister of Communications and handled affairs related to Arnon Milchan's business interests. The prosecution alleges that Netanyahu received expensive cigars and champagne worth $195,000 from Milchan and James Packer, a friend of Milchan's, over a period of 20 years, as well as jewelry for Netanyahu's wife Sara worth $3,100. The charges cite three separate incidents in which Netanyahu allegedly assisted Milchan:
As per the allegations, in 2013, Prime Minister Netanyahu actively advocated for the extension of tax exemptions for returning residents, a measure that held significant financial advantages for Milchan. It is alleged that he engaged with officials from the Ministry of Finance on this matter. However, they opposed the initiative, citing its inconsistency with national interests, leading to the denial of the exemption extension.
As per the allegations, in the years 2013-2014, Netanyahu asked John Kerry on three separate occasions, to help Milchan in securing a US Visa.
As per the allegations, in 2015, Netanyahu instructed the Director General of the Ministry of Communications, Shlomo Filber , to aid Milchan in regulatory matters. This directive was related to a merger deal between the communications companies Reshet and Keshet, with the aim of ensuring the profitability of an investment that Milchan was considering.
Case 2000
Case 2000 (also known as the Netanyahu-Mozes affair) is a criminal investigation that concerns the relationship between Netanyahu and the publisher and controlling owner of Yedioth Ahronoth, Arnon Mozes . The investigation was conducted by the National Fraud Investigation Unit of the Israeli Police beginning in January 2017. As per the allegations, Mozes offered Netanyahu a significant change for the better in the way Netanyahu and his family members are covered in Yedioth Ahronoth, and a change for the worse in the way his political opponents are covered. In exchange Netanyahu should be using his influence to promote legislation that would impose restrictions on Israel Hayom and bring significant financial benefits to Mozes and his businesses.
In November 2019, Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit announced that he had decided to file an indictment against Netanyahu for fraud and breach of trust and against Moses for attempted bribery. The trial began In May 2020.
Case 4000
Case 4000 involves the communication conglomerate Bezeq. The investigation focused on allegations that Netanyahu had promised regulatory changes that would be favorable to the business interests of Shaul Elovitch, the owner of Bezeq, in exchange for positive coverage of Netanyahu and his family by Elovitch's news website, Walla!. Netanyahu was charged with fraud, breach of trust, and bribery in this case. Elovitch was also charged with bribery. The charges against Netanyahu include receiving bribes and acting in a conflict of interest as Minister of Communications. The Israeli police recommended bribery charges against Netanyahu in December 2018. On 21 November 2019, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit officially brought charges against Netanyahu and Elovitch.
During the 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests, Netanyahu removed Defense Minister Yoav Galant from his post on 26 March 2023. After this, Boaz Ben Zur, Netanyahu's lawyer in Case 4000, told Netanyahu he would quit if Netanyahu did not stop the proposed legislation.
Protests
Further information: 2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu and 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests
In September 2017, protesters started holding weekly Sunday rallies in Petah Tikva for 41 consecutive weeks, protesting what they perceived as interference with the investigations and delays by Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit. In addition, rallies against government corruption were held in Tel Aviv's Rabin Square. As Netanyahu remained in power despite being formally charged, the protests grew substantially in 2020 and 2021. These protests would later be linked to the 2023 demonstrations that were sparked by a proposed judicial reform.
Indictment
On 19 December 2018, Israeli State Prosecutor Shai Nitzan recommended to Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit that Netanyahu be indicted. On 20 December 2018, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit said he would "work quickly" on the case, but "not at the expense of quality decisions and professionalism".
On 28 February 2019, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected a motion filed by Netanyahu's Likud Party to stall the publication of the Attorney General's recommendations. The same day, Mandelblit announced that he had accepted police recommendations to indict Netanyahu on three of the charges and that the indictment will officially go into effect following a hearing.
The hearing took place in October 2019, and on 21 November, Netanyahu was indicted in cases 1000, 2000, and 4000 for charges including breach of trust, accepting bribes, and fraud.
As a result of the indictment, Netanyahu was legally required to relinquish of his ministry portfolios other than Prime Minister.
Immunity bid
Netanyahu submitted a request for immunity to the parliamentary speaker, Yuli Edelstein, on 1 January 2020. Many MKs, including Avigdor Lieberman of Yisrael Beiteinu, Benny Gantz of Blue and White, and Stav Shaffir of the Green Party, criticized the request. Lieberman called for the Knesset to bring back committees that had been dissolved (and also indicated that his party would vote against a bid for immunity); without a Knesset committee, there would be no action on Netanyahu's immunity until after the March election. According to The Times of Israel columnist Raoul Wootliff, the election had in effect become a race to gain enough seats so that Netanyahu can successfully request immunity from over half of the MKs. Knesset legal advisor Eyal Yinon ruled on 12 January 2020 that there was no impediment to forming a Knesset committee that could prevent Netanyahu from receiving immunity. If his immunity bid was not accepted, his trial could begin. Such a committee was formed the next day. Consequently, Netanyahu withdrew his bid for immunity on 28 January 2020; the charges against him were thus officially confirmed and filed in Jerusalem District Court on the same day.
Prelude to the trial
On 18 February 2020, the Justice Ministry announced that Netanyahu's trial would start in the Jerusalem District Court on 17 March 2020.
On 9 March 2020, Netanyahu filed a motion to delay the trial for 45 days. On 10 March, the court rejected this bid and affirmed the original trial date. However, on 15 March 2020, the beginning of the trial was pushed back until 24 May as a result of coronavirus-related restrictions. The Jerusalem District Court ordered Netanyahu to appear in person at the opening of his trial.
Trial
The trial began on 24 May 2020, in the Jerusalem District Court, with judges Rivka Friedman-Feldman, Moshe Bar-Am, and Oded Shaham presiding, and Friedman-Feldman serving as the lead judge. The prosecution team is headed by Deputy State Attorney Liat Ben-Ari, along with Yonatan Tadmor, Deputy Chief of the Tel Aviv District State Attorney's Office Economic Crimes Division, and Yehudit Tirosh, Director of the Securities Department of the Israel Securities Authority. Netanyahu's defense team initially included Amit Hadad, the chief defense attorney, along with Noa Milstein, Avichai Yehosef, and Yair Leshem, with Micha Fettman also on the team. However, Fettman left the defense team after the first hearing and was replaced by Yossi Segev, and Boaz Ben-Tzur joined the team after the second hearing.
The trial had four preliminary hearings in 2020. At the first hearing, Netanyahu and three other defendants, Shaul Elovitch, Iris Elovitch, and Arnon Mozes, were present, and the judges read out the charges. Netanyahu was exempted from appearing at most subsequent hearings. On 5 April 2021, the trial moved into the phase of hearing witness testimonies. In early 2022, reports surfaced about negotiations for a possible plea bargain, but that did not materialize. In April 2023, the prosecution and defense reached an agreement to cut non-essential prosecution witnesses, so as to reduce the number of prosecution witnesses who testify to around 60; with this agreement, the phase of hearing prosecution witnesses is expected to end in the first half of 2024.
Three former confidants of Netanyahu were implicated in criminal charges, and agreed to serve as state witnesses as part of plea bargain agreements: Shlomo Filber, the former director of the Ministry of Communications, Nir Hefetz, a former advisor, and Ari Harow, Netanyahu's former chief of staff. Other key witnesses include Ilan Yeshua, former CEO of Walla! News, Hadas Klein, Milchan's personal assistant who was in charge of purchasing and supplying the alleged illegal gifts and Arnon Milchan himself. Milchan's testimony, which took place in late June and early July 2023, took place via video from Brighton, United Kingdom, as he was allowed to be absent from appearing in person due to health concerns. Prior to Milchan's testimony, in a private meeting with the prosecution and the defense, the judges suggested that the bribery charges may be difficult to prove, and implored both sides to consider a plea bargain "for the sake of the country".
On December 5, 2023, trial judges agreed to reduce the number of court hearings to two days a week due to the security concerns related to the ongoing Israel–Hamas War. At the end of December 2023, it was decided that the number of days would increase to four in February 2024. In January they announced that there would be 3 days of discussions starting on the 22nd of that month. Former Israeli minister Tzipi Livni testified March 20, 2024, that she was surprised in 2014 when Netanyahu allowed ministers to vote as they saw fit a law that would have harmed the ardently pro-Netanyahu free newspaper, Israel Hayom, allegedly in exchange for better coverage by Yedioth Ahronoth.
The prosecution rested in June 2024. The schedule for the testimony of witnesses for the defense is scheduled to be determined on July 9, 2024.
See also
Corruption in Israel
References
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^ "High Court nixes Likud bid to halt AG recommendations on Netanyahu graft probes". Ynetnews. 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
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^ "Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to be indicted for corruption". CBS News. Associated Press. 28 February 2019. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ "Attorney general agrees to spread Netanyahu indictment hearings over two weeks". Times of Israel. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
^ "Israeli PM Netanyahu indicted on charges in corruption cases". KHOU. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
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^ Staff writer (23 November 2019). "Netanyahu said set to give up 4 ministry portfolios after charges announced". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ "Netanyahu submits immunity request to Knesset Speaker". The Jerusalem Post. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "MKs slam Netanyahu's immunity request: 'A new low', says Ya'alon". The Jerusalem Post. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ Raoul Wootliff (2 January 2020). "Seeking immunity and 61 MKs to back it, Netanyahu sets up a trial by election". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
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^ Staff writer. "Netanyahu corruption trial set to open on March 17, two weeks after election". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
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^ Holmes, Oliver (20 May 2020). "Benjamin Netanyahu ordered to appear at opening of criminal trial". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
^ Yonah Jeremy Bob (27 June 2020). "Who are the prosecutors for Benjamin Netanyahu's bribery trial?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ Staff writer (11 July 2020). "Ahead of 2nd hearing, attorney with tax conviction joins Netanyahu defense team". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ Bob, Yonah Jeremy (3 August 2020). "PM Benjamin Netanyahu adds third new lawyer to trial team". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
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^ "משפט נתניהו: שלב ההוכחות יחל שבועיים לאחר הבחירות - וואלה! חדשות". וואלה! (in Hebrew). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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vteBenjamin Netanyahu
9th Prime Minister of Israel (1996–1999; 2009–2021; 2022–)
Leader of the Opposition (1993–1996; 2006–2009; 2021–2022)
Chairman of Likud (1993–1999, 2005–)
Premiership
Governments
27 (1996–1999)
32 (2009–2013)
33 (2013–2015)
34 (2015–2020)
35 (2020–2021)
37 (2022–2023)
38 (war cabinet) (2023–)
2014 Gaza War
2018–2022 Israeli political crisis
Abraham Accords
Bahrain
United Arab Emirates
Morocco
Sudan
Operation Israel Guarantees
2023 Israeli judicial reform
protests
reactions
Israel–Hamas war
International trips
ElectionsLikud leadership
1993
January 1999
2002
2005
2007
2012
2014
2019
Knesset
1996
1999
2009
2013
2015
April 2019
September 2019
2020
2021
2022
Family
Sara Netanyahu (wife)
Yair Netanyahu (son)
Avner Netanyahu (son)
Benzion Netanyahu (father)
Yonatan Netanyahu (brother)
Iddo Netanyahu (brother)
Related
Trial
Project 315
2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
The Netanyahus
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benjamin_Netanyahu_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"bribery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bribery"},{"link_name":"fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trial-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Netanyahu (seen here in 2018) served as Prime Minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999, from 2009 to 2021 and from 2022 onwards.The trial of Benjamin Netanyahu began following investigations into allegations of bribery, fraud, and breach of trust by him and close political allies within his inner circle during his fourth and fifth terms as Israel's Prime Minister. The Israel Police began investigating Netanyahu in December 2016 and subsequently recommended indictments against him.On 21 November 2019, Netanyahu was officially indicted for breach of trust, accepting bribes, and fraud, leading him to legally relinquish his ministry portfolios other than prime minister. Netanyahu's trial in the Jerusalem District Court began on 24 May 2020, with witness testimony starting on 5 April 2021. The prosecution listed 333 witnesses.[1] As of June 2024, the trial is still ongoing.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Trial of Benjamin Netanyahu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnon Mozes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnon_Mozes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"he","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A1"},{"link_name":"Yedioth Ahronoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth"},{"link_name":"Israel Hayom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hayom"},{"link_name":"Bezeq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezeq"},{"link_name":"communication ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Israel)"}],"text":"There are three separate cases being brought against Netanyahu. Case 1000, opened in December 2016, involves valuable gifts and presents that Netanyahu and his wife received from two wealthy businessmen over the years. In Case 2000, recorded conversations between Netanyahu and Arnon Mozes [he], the chairman and editor of Yedioth Ahronoth, one of the largest newspapers in Israel, were discussed. They talked about the possibility of legislation that could harm Israel Hayom, Yedioth's major competitor. Case 4000 relates to the relationship between telecommunications company Bezeq and its regulator, the communication ministry, which was headed by Netanyahu at the time.On 21 November 2019, Netanyahu was officially charged with fraud and breach of trust in Cases 1000 and 2000, and with fraud, breach of trust, and receiving bribes in Case 4000.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnon Milchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnon_Milchan"},{"link_name":"James Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Packer"},{"link_name":"Sara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz20180118-7"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Filber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shlomo_Filber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"he","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8"},{"link_name":"Reshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshet"},{"link_name":"Keshet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshet_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Case 1000","text":"In Case 1000, Netanyahu is accused of having a conflict of interest while he was the Minister of Communications and handled affairs related to Arnon Milchan's business interests. The prosecution alleges that Netanyahu received expensive cigars and champagne worth $195,000 from Milchan and James Packer, a friend of Milchan's, over a period of 20 years, as well as jewelry for Netanyahu's wife Sara worth $3,100.[6][7] The charges cite three separate incidents in which Netanyahu allegedly assisted Milchan:As per the allegations, in 2013, Prime Minister Netanyahu actively advocated for the extension of tax exemptions for returning residents, a measure that held significant financial advantages for Milchan. It is alleged that he engaged with officials from the Ministry of Finance on this matter. However, they opposed the initiative, citing its inconsistency with national interests, leading to the denial of the exemption extension.[8]As per the allegations, in the years 2013-2014, Netanyahu asked John Kerry on three separate occasions, to help Milchan in securing a US Visa.[9][10]As per the allegations, in 2015, Netanyahu instructed the Director General of the Ministry of Communications, Shlomo Filber [he], to aid Milchan in regulatory matters. This directive was related to a merger deal between the communications companies Reshet and Keshet, with the aim of ensuring the profitability of an investment that Milchan was considering.[11][12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yedioth Ahronoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth"},{"link_name":"Arnon Mozes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnon_Mozes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"he","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-may-2020-13"},{"link_name":"Israeli Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Police"},{"link_name":"Israel Hayom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hayom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Avichai Mandelblit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avichai_Mandelblit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Case 2000","text":"Case 2000 (also known as the Netanyahu-Mozes affair) is a criminal investigation that concerns the relationship between Netanyahu and the publisher and controlling owner of Yedioth Ahronoth, Arnon Mozes [he].[13] The investigation was conducted by the National Fraud Investigation Unit of the Israeli Police beginning in January 2017. As per the allegations, Mozes offered Netanyahu a significant change for the better in the way Netanyahu and his family members are covered in Yedioth Ahronoth, and a change for the worse in the way his political opponents are covered. In exchange Netanyahu should be using his influence to promote legislation that would impose restrictions on Israel Hayom and bring significant financial benefits to Mozes and his businesses.[14][15]In November 2019, Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit announced that he had decided to file an indictment against Netanyahu for fraud and breach of trust and against Moses for attempted bribery.[16] The trial began In May 2020.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bezeq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezeq"},{"link_name":"Shaul Elovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaul_Elovitch"},{"link_name":"Walla!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla!_Communications_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2023 Israeli judicial reform protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israeli_judicial_reform_protests"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haa-fy-23-19"}],"sub_title":"Case 4000","text":"Case 4000 involves the communication conglomerate Bezeq. The investigation focused on allegations that Netanyahu had promised regulatory changes that would be favorable to the business interests of Shaul Elovitch, the owner of Bezeq, in exchange for positive coverage of Netanyahu and his family by Elovitch's news website, Walla!. Netanyahu was charged with fraud, breach of trust, and bribery in this case. Elovitch was also charged with bribery.[17] The charges against Netanyahu include receiving bribes and acting in a conflict of interest as Minister of Communications. The Israeli police recommended bribery charges against Netanyahu in December 2018.[18] On 21 November 2019, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit officially brought charges against Netanyahu and Elovitch.During the 2023 Israeli judicial reform protests, Netanyahu removed Defense Minister Yoav Galant from his post on 26 March 2023. After this, Boaz Ben Zur, Netanyahu's lawyer in Case 4000, told Netanyahu he would quit if Netanyahu did not stop the proposed legislation.[19]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"2023 Israeli judicial reform protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israeli_judicial_reform_protests"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Avichai Mandelblit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avichai_Mandelblit"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Further information: 2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu and 2023 Israeli judicial reform protestsIn September 2017, protesters started holding weekly Sunday rallies in Petah Tikva for 41 consecutive weeks, protesting what they perceived as interference with the investigations and delays by Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit.[20][21] In addition, rallies against government corruption were held in Tel Aviv's Rabin Square. As Netanyahu remained in power despite being formally charged, the protests grew substantially in 2020 and 2021. These protests would later be linked to the 2023 demonstrations that were sparked by a proposed judicial reform.","title":"Protests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shai Nitzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_Nitzan"},{"link_name":"Avichai Mandelblit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avichai_Mandelblit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netanyahuindict-23"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breach-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost21nov-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"On 19 December 2018, Israeli State Prosecutor Shai Nitzan recommended to Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit that Netanyahu be indicted.[22] On 20 December 2018, Israeli Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit said he would \"work quickly\" on the case, but \"not at the expense of quality decisions and professionalism\".[23]On 28 February 2019, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected a motion filed by Netanyahu's Likud Party to stall the publication of the Attorney General's recommendations.[24][25] The same day, Mandelblit announced that he had accepted police recommendations to indict Netanyahu on three of the charges and that the indictment will officially go into effect following a hearing.[26][27]The hearing took place in October 2019, and on 21 November, Netanyahu was indicted in cases 1000, 2000, and 4000 for charges including breach of trust, accepting bribes, and fraud.[28][29][30]As a result of the indictment, Netanyahu was legally required to relinquish of his ministry portfolios other than Prime Minister.[31][32]","title":"Indictment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_immunity"},{"link_name":"Yuli Edelstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Avigdor Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"Yisrael Beiteinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu"},{"link_name":"Benny Gantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Gantz"},{"link_name":"Blue and White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)"},{"link_name":"Stav Shaffir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stav_Shaffir"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"March election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Israeli_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Times of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi13jan-37"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel#District_courts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Immunity bid","text":"Netanyahu submitted a request for immunity to the parliamentary speaker, Yuli Edelstein, on 1 January 2020.[33] Many MKs, including Avigdor Lieberman of Yisrael Beiteinu, Benny Gantz of Blue and White, and Stav Shaffir of the Green Party, criticized the request. Lieberman called for the Knesset to bring back committees that had been dissolved (and also indicated that his party would vote against a bid for immunity); without a Knesset committee, there would be no action on Netanyahu's immunity until after the March election.[34] According to The Times of Israel columnist Raoul Wootliff, the election had in effect become a race to gain enough seats so that Netanyahu can successfully request immunity from over half of the MKs.[35] Knesset legal advisor Eyal Yinon ruled on 12 January 2020 that there was no impediment to forming a Knesset committee that could prevent Netanyahu from receiving immunity. If his immunity bid was not accepted, his trial could begin.[36] Such a committee was formed the next day.[37] Consequently, Netanyahu withdrew his bid for immunity on 28 January 2020; the charges against him were thus officially confirmed and filed in Jerusalem District Court on the same day.[38]","title":"Indictment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"On 18 February 2020, the Justice Ministry announced that Netanyahu's trial would start in the Jerusalem District Court on 17 March 2020.[39]On 9 March 2020, Netanyahu filed a motion to delay the trial for 45 days.[40] On 10 March, the court rejected this bid and affirmed the original trial date.[41] However, on 15 March 2020, the beginning of the trial was pushed back until 24 May as a result of coronavirus-related restrictions.[42] The Jerusalem District Court ordered Netanyahu to appear in person at the opening of his trial.[43]","title":"Prelude to the trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Securities Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Securities_Authority"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Large-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Large-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Ari Harow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Harow"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Brighton, United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Israel–Hamas War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trial-3"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Tzipi Livni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzipi_Livni"},{"link_name":"Israel Hayom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hayom"},{"link_name":"Yedioth Ahronoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"The trial began on 24 May 2020, in the Jerusalem District Court, with judges Rivka Friedman-Feldman, Moshe Bar-Am, and Oded Shaham presiding, and Friedman-Feldman serving as the lead judge. The prosecution team is headed by Deputy State Attorney Liat Ben-Ari, along with Yonatan Tadmor, Deputy Chief of the Tel Aviv District State Attorney's Office Economic Crimes Division, and Yehudit Tirosh, Director of the Securities Department of the Israel Securities Authority.[44] Netanyahu's defense team initially included Amit Hadad, the chief defense attorney, along with Noa Milstein, Avichai Yehosef, and Yair Leshem, with Micha Fettman also on the team. However, Fettman left the defense team after the first hearing and was replaced by Yossi Segev,[45] and Boaz Ben-Tzur joined the team after the second hearing.[46]The trial had four preliminary hearings in 2020.[47] At the first hearing, Netanyahu and three other defendants, Shaul Elovitch, Iris Elovitch, and Arnon Mozes, were present, and the judges read out the charges. Netanyahu was exempted from appearing at most subsequent hearings.[47][48] On 5 April 2021, the trial moved into the phase of hearing witness testimonies.[49] In early 2022, reports surfaced about negotiations for a possible plea bargain, but that did not materialize.[50] In April 2023, the prosecution and defense reached an agreement to cut non-essential prosecution witnesses, so as to reduce the number of prosecution witnesses who testify to around 60; with this agreement, the phase of hearing prosecution witnesses is expected to end in the first half of 2024.[51][52]Three former confidants of Netanyahu were implicated in criminal charges, and agreed to serve as state witnesses as part of plea bargain agreements: Shlomo Filber, the former director of the Ministry of Communications,[53] Nir Hefetz, a former advisor,[54] and Ari Harow, Netanyahu's former chief of staff.[55] Other key witnesses include Ilan Yeshua, former CEO of Walla! News,[56] Hadas Klein, Milchan's personal assistant who was in charge of purchasing and supplying the alleged illegal gifts and Arnon Milchan himself.[57] Milchan's testimony, which took place in late June and early July 2023, took place via video from Brighton, United Kingdom, as he was allowed to be absent from appearing in person due to health concerns. Prior to Milchan's testimony, in a private meeting with the prosecution and the defense, the judges suggested that the bribery charges may be difficult to prove, and implored both sides to consider a plea bargain \"for the sake of the country\".[58][59]On December 5, 2023, trial judges agreed to reduce the number of court hearings to two days a week due to the security concerns related to the ongoing Israel–Hamas War.[3] At the end of December 2023, it was decided that the number of days would increase to four in February 2024.[60] In January they announced that there would be 3 days of discussions starting on the 22nd of that month.[61] Former Israeli minister Tzipi Livni testified March 20, 2024, that she was surprised in 2014 when Netanyahu allowed ministers to vote as they saw fit a law that would have harmed the ardently pro-Netanyahu free newspaper, Israel Hayom, allegedly in exchange for better coverage by Yedioth Ahronoth.[62]The prosecution rested in June 2024. The schedule for the testimony of witnesses for the defense is scheduled to be determined on July 9, 2024.[63]","title":"Trial"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Netanyahu (seen here in 2018) served as Prime Minister of Israel from 1996 to 1999, from 2009 to 2021 and from 2022 onwards.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Benjamin_Netanyahu_2018.jpg/250px-Benjamin_Netanyahu_2018.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Corruption in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Israel"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"333 איש, כולל לפיד וארדן: מנדלבליט פירסם את רשימת העדים המלאה נגד נתניהו\". TheMarker. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarker.com/law/2019-12-02/ty-article/0000017f-e29b-d9aa-afff-fbdbc2000000","url_text":"\"333 איש, כולל לפיד וארדן: מנדלבליט פירסם את רשימת העדים המלאה נגד נתניהו\""}]},{"reference":"Marsden, Ariella (3 December 2023). \"Netanyahu's corruption trial resumes under shadow of war\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-776354","url_text":"\"Netanyahu's corruption trial resumes under shadow of war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judges in Netanyahu Corruption Trial Accept Reduction of Hearings Due to War\". Haaretz. 5 December 2023. 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Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/all-scandals-involving-netanyahu-where-they-stand-1.5448174","url_text":"\"Explainer All the Scandals Involving Netanyahu, and Where They Stand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180228054343/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/all-scandals-involving-netanyahu-where-they-stand-1.5448174","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"This Israeli Hollywood Mogul Didn't Pay Taxes for a Decade. Here's How\". Haaretz. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-07-18/ty-article-magazine/.premium/u-s-israeli-mogul-arnon-milchan-didnt-pay-taxes-anywhere-for-a-decade-heres-how/00000182-1046-d1ad-a1b7-1fe60f960000","url_text":"\"This Israeli Hollywood Mogul Didn't Pay Taxes for a Decade. Here's How\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Netanyahu asked Kerry 3 times to help his benefactor Arnon Milchan with US visa'\". Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-asked-kerry-3-times-to-help-his-benefactor-arnon-milchan-with-us-visa/","url_text":"\"'Netanyahu asked Kerry 3 times to help his benefactor Arnon Milchan with US visa'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Israel","url_text":"Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"\"I routinely gave Netanyahu gifts, Hollywood producer tells Israeli court\". The Guardian. Associated Press. 25 June 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. 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The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-703417","url_text":"\"Netanyahu ordered me to advise with Milchin on merger - Filber\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Netanyahu: What are the corruption charges?\". BBC News. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47409739","url_text":"\"Benjamin Netanyahu: What are the corruption charges?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201201021604/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47409739","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bachner, Michal (17 May 2018). \"Case 2000 said reopened over new evidence; PM to be questioned agai\". Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/case-2000-said-reopened-over-new-evidence-pm-to-be-questioned-again/","url_text":"\"Case 2000 said reopened over new evidence; PM to be questioned agai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Israel","url_text":"Times of Israel"}]},{"reference":"\"Benjamin Netanyahu: What are the corruption charges?\". 28 February 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47409739","url_text":"\"Benjamin Netanyahu: What are the corruption charges?\""}]},{"reference":"\"בית-הדין לאתיקה של מועצת העיתונות מורה ל\"ידיעות אחרונות\" להשעות את נוני מוזס\". העין השביעית (in Hebrew). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the7eye.org.il/400030","url_text":"\"בית-הדין לאתיקה של מועצת העיתונות מורה ל\"ידיעות אחרונות\" להשעות את נוני מוזס\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netanyahu Trial: Media Tycoon's Ex-company to Admit to Bribery in Plea Deal\". Haaretz. 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Haaretz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-26/ty-article-live/senior-likud-members-hint-at-opposing-judicial-overhaul/00000187-1c81-d4ca-afff-1d89ee5b0000#1745296345","url_text":"\"Boaz Ben Zur, Netanyahu's lawyer in case 4000, told the prime minister that he will stop representing him if the legislation continues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti-corruption protests continue for 38th week outside AG's home\". Ynet. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5001845,00.html","url_text":"\"Anti-corruption protests continue for 38th week outside AG's home\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201074717/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5001845,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alexander Fulbright (2 September 2017). \"Protesters call for PM to resign after Netanyahu derides anti-corruption demos\". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-call-for-pm-to-resign-after-netanyahu-derides-anti-corruption-demos/","url_text":"\"Protesters call for PM to resign after Netanyahu derides anti-corruption demos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023903/https://www.timesofisrael.com/protesters-call-for-pm-to-resign-after-netanyahu-derides-anti-corruption-demos/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jack Gold (20 December 2018). \"Israel State Prosecutor's Office recommends Netanyahu indictment\". World Israel News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4EAT-G
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Mazda G4A-EL transmission
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["1 G4A-HL","2 GF4A-EL","3 Applications","4 See also"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mazda G4A-EL transmission" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The G4A-EL was a 4-speed automatic transmission from Mazda. It was Mazda's first four-speed transmission on its introduction in 1987.
The original 1987 G4A-EL included three shift solenoids, a lockup solenoid, a vane-type pump, and a throttle cable. It was redesigned for 1988 and used in the Ford Probe the next year under the 4EAT-G name by Ford.
Applications:
1987–1992 Mazda 626
1989–1992 Mazda MX-6
1989–1992 Ford Probe
1990–1991 Mazda 323 AWD
G4A-HL
The G4A-HL was a governor controlled lighter-duty version produced in 1988 and 1989.
Applications:
1988–1989 Mazda 323
Mazda 323 for year 1989 File:1988_Mazda_323_(BF_Series_2)_Super_Deluxe_sedan_(2015-06-18).jpg
GF4A-EL
The transmission was reworked again for 1993 as the GF4A-EL with seven solenoids, a rotor-type pump, and the removal of the throttle cable, GF4A-EL It is referred to as the F-4EAT by Ford Motor Company
In 1994, all US-built 4-cylinder 626s and MX-6s began using the locally sourced ZF/Ford designed CD4E transmission, which Mazda given the code LA4A-EL.
Applications
Ford Motor Company
1991–1996 Ford Laser (EU AUS & NZ)
1991–2002 Ford Escort
1998–2003 Ford ZX2
1993–1997 Ford Probe
1991–1999 Mercury Tracer
1991–1994 Mercury Capri
Mazda
1990–2003 Mazda Protege
1993 Mazda 626 LX V6/ES V6
1990–1994 Mazda 323
1992–1995 Mazda MX-3
1995–2001 Mazda Millenia (non-Miller cycle engine)
1999–2001 Mazda MPV 2.5 Duratec (non-3.0 Duratec)
2007–2012 Ford Escape (ZC, ZD series, 2.3 L Duratec)
also known to be used in Mazda Xedos 6 and Mazda Xedos 9
Kia
1994–2001 Kia Sephia
2000–2003 Kia Spectra
2000–2005 Kia Rio
See also
List of Mazda transmissions
List of Ford transmissions
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automatic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"Ford Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Probe"},{"link_name":"Mazda 626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_626"},{"link_name":"Mazda MX-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-6"},{"link_name":"Ford Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Probe"},{"link_name":"Mazda 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_323"}],"text":"The G4A-EL was a 4-speed automatic transmission from Mazda. It was Mazda's first four-speed transmission on its introduction in 1987.The original 1987 G4A-EL included three shift solenoids, a lockup solenoid, a vane-type pump, and a throttle cable. It was redesigned for 1988 and used in the Ford Probe the next year under the 4EAT-G name by Ford.Applications:1987–1992 Mazda 626\n1989–1992 Mazda MX-6\n1989–1992 Ford Probe\n1990–1991 Mazda 323 AWD","title":"Mazda G4A-EL transmission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazda 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_323"},{"link_name":"File:1988_Mazda_323_(BF_Series_2)_Super_Deluxe_sedan_(2015-06-18).jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1988_Mazda_323_(BF_Series_2)_Super_Deluxe_sedan_(2015-06-18).jpg"}],"text":"The G4A-HL was a governor controlled lighter-duty version produced in 1988 and 1989.Applications:1988–1989 Mazda 323Mazda 323 for year 1989 File:1988_Mazda_323_(BF_Series_2)_Super_Deluxe_sedan_(2015-06-18).jpg","title":"G4A-HL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"LA4A-EL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_LA4A-EL_transmission"}],"text":"The transmission was reworked again for 1993 as the GF4A-EL with seven solenoids, a rotor-type pump, and the removal of the throttle cable, GF4A-EL It is referred to as the F-4EAT by Ford Motor CompanyIn 1994, all US-built 4-cylinder 626s and MX-6s began using the locally sourced ZF/Ford designed CD4E transmission, which Mazda given the code LA4A-EL.","title":"GF4A-EL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford Laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Laser"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Ford ZX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_ZX2#ZX2"},{"link_name":"Ford Probe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Probe"},{"link_name":"Mercury Tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Tracer"},{"link_name":"Mercury Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Capri"},{"link_name":"Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda"},{"link_name":"Mazda Protege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Protege"},{"link_name":"Mazda 626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_626"},{"link_name":"Mazda 323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_323"},{"link_name":"Mazda MX-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-3"},{"link_name":"Mazda Millenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Millenia"},{"link_name":"Miller cycle engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller_cycle_engine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mazda MPV 2.5 Duratec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda_MPV_2.5_Duratec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3.0 Duratec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3.0_Duratec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ford Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape"},{"link_name":"2.3 L Duratec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Duratec_engine#Duratec_23"},{"link_name":"Mazda Xedos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Xedos"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia"},{"link_name":"Kia Sephia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Sephia"},{"link_name":"Kia Spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Spectra"},{"link_name":"Kia Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Rio"}],"text":"Ford Motor Company1991–1996 Ford Laser (EU AUS & NZ)\n1991–2002 Ford Escort\n1998–2003 Ford ZX2\n1993–1997 Ford Probe\n1991–1999 Mercury Tracer\n1991–1994 Mercury CapriMazda1990–2003 Mazda Protege\n1993 Mazda 626 LX V6/ES V6\n1990–1994 Mazda 323\n1992–1995 Mazda MX-3\n1995–2001 Mazda Millenia (non-Miller cycle engine)\n1999–2001 Mazda MPV 2.5 Duratec (non-3.0 Duratec)\n2007–2012 Ford Escape (ZC, ZD series, 2.3 L Duratec)\nalso known to be used in Mazda Xedos 6 and Mazda Xedos 9Kia1994–2001 Kia Sephia\n2000–2003 Kia Spectra\n2000–2005 Kia Rio","title":"Applications"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Mazda transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mazda_transmissions"},{"title":"List of Ford transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ford_transmissions"}]
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[]
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