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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire
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Kemnay, Aberdeenshire
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["1 History","2 Notable people","3 Religion","4 Tourism","5 Granite","6 Places of interest","7 Sports","8 Education","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 57°14′02″N 2°26′56″W / 57.23392°N 2.44890°W / 57.23392; -2.44890
Human settlement in ScotlandKemnayScottish Gaelic: CamnaidhKemnay, war memorial and main street.KemnayLocation within AberdeenshirePopulation3,890 (mid-2020 est.)OS grid referenceNJ730158Council areaAberdeenshireLieutenancy areaAberdeenshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townINVERURIEPostcode districtAB51Dialling code01467PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentWest Aberdeenshire and KincardineScottish ParliamentAberdeenshire East
List of places
UK
Scotland
57°14′02″N 2°26′56″W / 57.23392°N 2.44890°W / 57.23392; -2.44890
Kemnay (Gaelic: Camnaidh) is a village 16 miles (26 km) west of Aberdeen in Garioch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
History
The village name Kemnay is believed to originate from the Celtic words that mean "little crook in the river" due to the village location on the bend of the River Don. Kemnay House is classified by Historic Scotland as a category A listed building.
The village was served by Kemnay railway station on the Alford Valley Railway from 1859 to 1950. The alignment through the village has been lost to housing developments.
The pre-Reformation church was dedicated to St Anne. The parish was united with Craigern in 1500 and both came under the umbrella of nearby Kinkell. The old church was extensively rebuilt in 1632.
The current parish church dates from 1844. The pre-1844 church was of unusual cruciform style, with the earth floor 1m below the surrounding ground, and prone to icing in winter. The two upper galleries were accessed by earth ramps in the graveyard. The church was enlarged in 1871 by Rev George Peter of St Cyrus.
The village was substantially rebuilt after the creation of Kemnay railway station in 1858.
It shares its name with 'Kemnay' a small community in Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the Rural Municipality of Whitehead about 10 kilometres west of Brandon on PTH 1A.
Notable people
David Leitch (b.1608) minister of the parish and Chaplain to King Charles II
Religion
Kemnay has church buildings available for the following religious groups:
Church of Scotland
Roman Catholic
Scottish Episcopal Church
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Tourism
Kemnay is popular with explorers of Aberdeenshire who can stay in numerous guest houses, hotels, and bed and breakfasts within the village. There are two pubs, the Bennachie Lodge and the Burnett Arms Hotel.
Granite
Kemnay Quarry was opened in 1830 by John Fyfe, and began commercial operation in 1858. Fyfe invented the Blondin aerial ropeway system at Kemnay in 1872.
Kemnay Granite has been used in many famous buildings and structures, including;
Cenotaph, Glasgow
Forth Railway Bridge, Edinburgh/Fife
Marischal College, Aberdeen
Kew Bridge and Putney Bridge, London
Thames Embankment, London
Granite workers from Kemnay helped to quarry and shape the Australian granite used in the Sydney Harbour Bridge. They also travelled to quarries in California, the Mississippi Levees and Odessa.
Places of interest
James Mitchell Memorial
Fetternear Estate
Fetternear Palace, archaeological dig site (Bishop's Palace)
Johnstone FM Monument
Kemnay Academy
View Point (Place of Origin)
War Memorial
Kemnay morthouse in the parish churchyard This is dated 1831 over its iron door.
Sports
Kemnay has various sports clubs, including;
Badminton
Bowling Club
Cricket
Football
Golf
Tennis
There are playing fields available for use by the public at Bogbeth Park, which is also home to the Kemnay Skate Park.
Golfer Paul Lawrie, who won the 1999 Open Championship is a former pupil of Kemnay Academy, as is former Aberdeen F.C. footballer Darren Mackie.
In April 2017, a gym opened in the village, Station 83.
Education
Kemnay Academy in 2005.
In Kemnay, there are two primary schools and one secondary school:
Kemnay Primary School
Alehousewells Primary School
Kemnay Academy, which unveiled a £14.3 million extension in 2015.
References
Citations
^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Milne (1912), p. 204
^
"Kemnay house, Ref: 9212". Historic Scotland. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
^ Aberdeenshire Epitaphs and Inscriptions; 1901
^ Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae; by Hew Scott ; vol. 6
^ Epitaphs and Inscriptions in Aberdeenshire: Kemnay p. 18
^ Aberdeenshire Epitaphs and Inscriptions: Kemnay
^ Geographic Board of Canada (1933). Place-names of Manitoba. Ottawa: J. O. Patenaude, acting King's printer. p. 47. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027929515. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
^ Gwyn, David (9 April 2015). Welsh Slate: Archaeology and History of an Industry. Royal Commission on the Ancient & Historical Monuments of Wales.
^ SAFEGUARDING GLASGOW’S STONE BUILT HERITAGE (PDF). British Geological Survey. 2006. p. 75. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ a b c "Messrs. John Fyfe, Kenmay Quarries, Aberdeenshire". Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). 1907.
^ "Marischal College". VisitScotland. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ Drysdale, Neil (12 January 2020). "The steely conviction of the Granite City men helped create Sydney Harbour Bridge". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ "James Mitchell". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "James Mitchell Memorial, Kemnay (LB9211)". Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "Place of Origin". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "War memorials". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "Kemnay". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Kemnay Parish Church, Morthouse (LB9208)". Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "Gym and café offer Kemnay residents social benefits too". The Press and Journal. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
^ "Kemnay Academy extension opened". Retrieved 18 November 2018.
Bibliography
Milne, John (1912), Celtic Place Names in Aberdeenshire, Aberdeen Journal
External links
grid reference NJ7316
Kemnay Village Website
Kemnay Academy
vteSettlements and places of interest in Garioch, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements
Blackburn
Insch
Inverurie
Kemnay
Kintore
Newmachar
Westhill
Other settlements
Auchleven
Blairdaff
Colpy
Dunecht
Echt
Elrick
Garlogie
Hatton of Fintray
Kingseat
Kinmuck
Old Rayne
Oyne
Pitcaple
Sauchen
Skene
Places of interest
Bennachie
Chapel of Garioch
Castle Fraser
Dunnideer
Leslie Castle
Maiden Stone
vteAreas and primary settlements in Aberdeenshire (see also: Aberdeen City)in Banff and Buchan
Aberchirder
Banff
Fraserburgh
Gardenstown
Inverallochy and Cairnbulg
Macduff
Portsoy
Rosehearty
Sandhaven
Whitehills
in Buchan
Boddam
Crimond
Cruden Bay
Fetterangus
Hatton
Longside
Maud
Mintlaw
New Deer
New Pitsligo
Peterhead
St Combs
St Fergus
Strichen
Stuartfield
in Formartine
Balmedie
Cuminestown
Ellon
Fyvie
Newburgh
Oldmeldrum
Pitmedden
Potterton
Rothienorman
Tarves
Turriff
in Garioch
Blackburn
Insch
Inverurie
Kemnay
Kintore
Newmachar
Westhill
in Kincardine and Mearns
Drumoak
Fettercairn
Gourdon
Inverbervie
Johnshaven
Laurencekirk
Luthermuir
Newtonhill
Portlethen
St Cyrus
Stonehaven
in Marr
Aboyne
Alford
Ballater
Banchory
Braemar
Huntly
Lumphanan
Tarland
Torphins
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garioch"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandKemnay (Gaelic: Camnaidh) is a village 16 miles (26 km) west of Aberdeen in Garioch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.","title":"Kemnay, Aberdeenshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne1912204-2"},{"link_name":"River Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Don,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Kemnay House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_House"},{"link_name":"Historic Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Scotland"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HS9212-3"},{"link_name":"Kemnay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Alford Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford_Valley_Railway_(GNoSR)"},{"link_name":"Kinkell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinkell,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kemnay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kemnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Rural Municipality of Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"PTH 1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Highway_1A"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The village name Kemnay is believed to originate from the Celtic words that mean \"little crook in the river\"[2] due to the village location on the bend of the River Don. Kemnay House is classified by Historic Scotland as a category A listed building.[3]The village was served by Kemnay railway station on the Alford Valley Railway from 1859 to 1950. The alignment through the village has been lost to housing developments.The pre-Reformation church was dedicated to St Anne. The parish was united with Craigern in 1500 and both came under the umbrella of nearby Kinkell. The old church was extensively rebuilt in 1632.[4]The current parish church dates from 1844.[5] The pre-1844 church was of unusual cruciform style, with the earth floor 1m below the surrounding ground, and prone to icing in winter. The two upper galleries were accessed by earth ramps in the graveyard. The church was enlarged in 1871 by Rev George Peter of St Cyrus.[6]The village was substantially rebuilt after the creation of Kemnay railway station in 1858.[7]It shares its name with 'Kemnay' a small community in Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the Rural Municipality of Whitehead about 10 kilometres west of Brandon on PTH 1A.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leitch_(minister)"}],"text":"David Leitch (b.1608) minister of the parish and Chaplain to King Charles II","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Scottish Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Jehovah’s Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%E2%80%99s_Witnesses"}],"text":"Kemnay has church buildings available for the following religious groups:Church of Scotland\nRoman Catholic\nScottish Episcopal Church\nJehovah’s Witnesses","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"}],"text":"Kemnay is popular with explorers of Aberdeenshire who can stay in numerous guest houses, hotels, and bed and breakfasts within the village. There are two pubs, the Bennachie Lodge and the Burnett Arms Hotel.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blondin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondin_(quarry_equipment)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwyn-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Forth Railway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Railway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoMs-11"},{"link_name":"Marischal College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marischal_College"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kew Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Putney Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putney_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoMs-11"},{"link_name":"Thames Embankment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Embankment"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IoMs-11"},{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"}],"text":"Kemnay Quarry was opened in 1830 by John Fyfe, and began commercial operation in 1858. Fyfe invented the Blondin aerial ropeway system at Kemnay in 1872.[9]Kemnay Granite has been used in many famous buildings and structures, including;Cenotaph, Glasgow[10]\nForth Railway Bridge, Edinburgh/Fife[11]\nMarischal College, Aberdeen[12]\nKew Bridge and Putney Bridge, London[11]\nThames Embankment, London[11]Granite workers from Kemnay helped to quarry and shape the Australian granite used in the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[13] They also travelled to quarries in California, the Mississippi Levees and Odessa.","title":"Granite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fetternear Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetternear_Palace"},{"link_name":"Kemnay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_Academy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"morthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morthouse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"James Mitchell Memorial[14][15]\nFetternear Estate\nFetternear Palace, archaeological dig site (Bishop's Palace)\nJohnstone FM Monument\nKemnay Academy\nView Point (Place of Origin)[16]\nWar Memorial[17][18]\nKemnay morthouse in the parish churchyard[19] This is dated 1831 over its iron door.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Lawrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lawrie"},{"link_name":"1999 Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Kemnay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_Academy"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darren Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Mackie"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Kemnay has various sports clubs, including;Badminton\nBowling Club\nCricket\nFootball\nGolf\nTennisThere are playing fields available for use by the public at Bogbeth Park, which is also home to the Kemnay Skate Park.Golfer Paul Lawrie, who won the 1999 Open Championship is a former pupil of Kemnay Academy, as is former Aberdeen F.C. footballer Darren Mackie.In April 2017, a gym opened in the village, Station 83.[20]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kemnay_Academy_-_geograph.org.uk_-_21153.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kemnay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_Academy"},{"link_name":"primary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Kemnay Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay_Academy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Kemnay Academy in 2005.In Kemnay, there are two primary schools and one secondary school:Kemnay Primary School\nAlehousewells Primary School\nKemnay Academy, which unveiled a £14.3 million extension in 2015.[21]","title":"Education"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]},{"reference":"\"Kemnay house, Ref: 9212\". Historic Scotland. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:9212,Kemnay","url_text":"\"Kemnay house, Ref: 9212\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Scotland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091628/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:9212,Kemnay","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Geographic Board of Canada (1933). Place-names of Manitoba. Ottawa: J. O. Patenaude, acting King's printer. p. 47. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027929515. Retrieved 11 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015027929515?urlappend=%3Bseq=49","url_text":"Place-names of Manitoba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015027929515?urlappend=%3Bseq=49","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015027929515"}]},{"reference":"Gwyn, David (9 April 2015). Welsh Slate: Archaeology and History of an Industry. Royal Commission on the Ancient & Historical Monuments of Wales.","urls":[]},{"reference":"SAFEGUARDING GLASGOW’S STONE BUILT HERITAGE (PDF). British Geological Survey. 2006. p. 75. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/502927/1/CR06077N.pdf","url_text":"SAFEGUARDING GLASGOW’S STONE BUILT HERITAGE"}]},{"reference":"\"Messrs. John Fyfe, Kenmay Quarries, Aberdeenshire\". Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). 1907.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marischal College\". VisitScotland. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/marischal-college-p1418351","url_text":"\"Marischal College\""}]},{"reference":"Drysdale, Neil (12 January 2020). \"The steely conviction of the Granite City men helped create Sydney Harbour Bridge\". Aberdeen Press and Journal. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen/1850107/the-granite-men-highlights-how-north-east-men-helped-build-sydney-harbour-bridge/","url_text":"\"The steely conviction of the Granite City men helped create Sydney Harbour Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Mitchell\". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kemnay.info/history/james-mitchell-carrier/","url_text":"\"James Mitchell\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"James Mitchell Memorial, Kemnay (LB9211)\". Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB9211","url_text":"\"James Mitchell Memorial, Kemnay (LB9211)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Place of Origin\". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kemnay.info/community/places-of-interest/place-of-origin/","url_text":"\"Place of Origin\""}]},{"reference":"\"War memorials\". Kemnay Village Website. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kemnay.info/history/war-memorials-kemnay/","url_text":"\"War memorials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kemnay\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/8591","url_text":"\"Kemnay\""}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Kemnay Parish Church, Morthouse (LB9208)\". Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB9208","url_text":"\"Kemnay Parish Church, Morthouse (LB9208)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gym and café offer Kemnay residents social benefits too\". The Press and Journal. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/1579464/gym-and-cafe-offer-kemnay-residents-social-benefits-too-articleisfree/","url_text":"\"Gym and café offer Kemnay residents social benefits too\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kemnay Academy extension opened\". Retrieved 18 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverurieherald.co.uk/news/education/kemnay-academy-extension-opened-1-3798334","url_text":"\"Kemnay Academy extension opened\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire¶ms=57.23392_N_2.44890_W_region:GB_type:city(3890)","external_links_name":"57°14′02″N 2°26′56″W / 57.23392°N 2.44890°W / 57.23392; -2.44890"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire¶ms=57.232122_N_2.448876_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Kemnay","external_links_name":"NJ730158"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire¶ms=57.23392_N_2.44890_W_region:GB_type:city(3890)","external_links_name":"57°14′02″N 2°26′56″W / 57.23392°N 2.44890°W / 57.23392; -2.44890"},{"Link":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:9212,Kemnay","external_links_name":"\"Kemnay house, Ref: 9212\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091628/http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:9212,Kemnay","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015027929515?urlappend=%3Bseq=49","external_links_name":"Place-names of Manitoba"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015027929515?urlappend=%3Bseq=49","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39015027929515"},{"Link":"https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/502927/1/CR06077N.pdf","external_links_name":"SAFEGUARDING GLASGOW’S STONE BUILT HERITAGE"},{"Link":"https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/marischal-college-p1418351","external_links_name":"\"Marischal College\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen/1850107/the-granite-men-highlights-how-north-east-men-helped-build-sydney-harbour-bridge/","external_links_name":"\"The steely conviction of the Granite City men helped create Sydney Harbour Bridge\""},{"Link":"http://www.kemnay.info/history/james-mitchell-carrier/","external_links_name":"\"James Mitchell\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB9211","external_links_name":"\"James Mitchell Memorial, Kemnay (LB9211)\""},{"Link":"http://www.kemnay.info/community/places-of-interest/place-of-origin/","external_links_name":"\"Place of Origin\""},{"Link":"http://www.kemnay.info/history/war-memorials-kemnay/","external_links_name":"\"War memorials\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/8591","external_links_name":"\"Kemnay\""},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB9208","external_links_name":"\"Kemnay Parish Church, Morthouse (LB9208)\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/1579464/gym-and-cafe-offer-kemnay-residents-social-benefits-too-articleisfree/","external_links_name":"\"Gym and café offer Kemnay residents social benefits too\""},{"Link":"https://www.inverurieherald.co.uk/news/education/kemnay-academy-extension-opened-1-3798334","external_links_name":"\"Kemnay Academy extension opened\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/celticplacenames00miln#page/204/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Celtic Place Names in Aberdeenshire"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire¶ms=57.233919_N_2.448898_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"NJ7316"},{"Link":"http://www.kemnay.info/","external_links_name":"Kemnay Village Website"},{"Link":"http://www.kemnayacademy.aberdeenshire.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"Kemnay Academy"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143243968","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545044605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97880029","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_One
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Marina One
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["1 History","1.1 Unveiling ceremony","1.2 Groundbreaking ceremony","2 Green Heart","3 Marina One Residences","4 Marina One Offices","5 Marina One Retail","6 Awards","7 Transportation","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 1°16′37.73″N 103°51′14.45″E / 1.2771472°N 103.8540139°E / 1.2771472; 103.8540139
Mixed-use development in Marina South, Singapore
Marina OneMarina One in 2018General informationStatusCompletedTypeIntegrated development: residential, offices, retailArchitectural styleNeofuturisticAddress7 Straits View, Singapore 018936 (Marina One East Tower)9 Straits View, Singapore 018937 (Marina One West Tower)21/23 Marina Way, Singapore 018978/018979 (Marina One Residences)5 Straits View, Singapore 018935 (The Heart)CountrySingaporeCoordinates1°16′37.73″N 103°51′14.45″E / 1.2771472°N 103.8540139°E / 1.2771472; 103.8540139Technical detailsFloor countMarina One Residences: 34 Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower: 30Design and constructionArchitect(s)Ingenhoven ArchitectsDeveloperM+SUEM Sunrise (Project manager)Mapletree Investments (Project manager)EngineerBeca GroupOther informationPublic transit access TE19 Shenton Way DT17 Downtown NS27 CE2 TE20 Marina BayWebsitewww.marinaone.com.sg
Marina One is a mixed-use development bounded by Marina Way and Straits View in Marina South located within the Downtown Core of the city-state of Singapore.
Designed by Christoph Ingenhoven, Marina One covers a total gross floor area of approximately 3.67 million square feet. It includes two 34-storey residential towers, two 30-storey prime grade A office towers and a retail podium named 'The Heart', featuring lush greenery and landscaping by Gustafson Porter and ICN Design. Both were landscape architects behind Singapore's Gardens by the Bay, also located in Marina South.
It was developed by M+S Pte Ltd, a 60:40 joint venture between Investment fund Khazanah National and Singapore's investment company Temasek Holdings. Wholly owned subsidiaries of the two funds - Mapletree Investments and UEM Sunrise were appointed project managers.
The development broke ground on 11 July 2012 followed by the unveiling of Marina One's architectural design on 19 February 2013. It was inaugurated on 15 January 2018.
History
Marina One was designed by Ingenhoven Architects. A Korean consortium of Hyundai Engineering & Construction and GS Engineering and Construction were appointed main contractors for on 5 September 2013.
Other companies involved include Architects61, Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner, Langdon & Seah, Gustafson Porter, ICN Design and Arup.
Unveiling ceremony
The design of Marina One was unveiled on 19 February 2013.
At the ceremony, the project was described as “an iconic building” which would be positioned “in an unprecedented scale on the world map as a new financial centre.”
Groundbreaking ceremony
Members of the M+S Board broke ground on Marina One on 11 July 2012. Speaking at the ceremony, the chairman of M+S revealed that the development would “define new standards of luxury urban living in Singapore, creating a benchmark for international excellence in design and sustainability” in line with the Urban Redevelopment Authority’s (URA) long-term vision for Marina South as a growth area in establishing a global business and financial hub.
Green Heart
An estimated net floor area of 140,000 square feet retail podium in the centre of Marina One offers gastronomic and lifestyle options. The centerpiece of Green Heart will be a biodiversity garden designed and developed by Kathryn Gustafson of Gustafson Porter + Bowman. The Heart was envisaged by Christoph Ingenhoven as a sanctuary and a green civic space for communities to come together at the heart of Singapore’s CBD. It will feature an array of lush greenery at the centre of the development comprising waterfalls and rooftop gardens.
Marina One was set to bring Singapore’s ‘City in a Garden’ concept with a unique garden ecosystem within the development, providing a sanctuary and green space for communities amid the hustle and bustle of the CBD.
Marina One Residences
Marina One Residences is the residential component of Marina One totalling an estimated 1.23 million square feet and comprises 1,042 apartment units over two 34-storey residential towers. The units range from one to four bedroom units and penthouses.
Nestled within Marina Bay's prime locale, Marina One Residences epitomizes luxury living in the heart of the city. Surrounded by lush greenery, including Marina One's own Green Heart, this residential haven offers a rare opportunity for park-like tranquility amidst urban vibrancy.
Marina One Residences boasts seamless connectivity to four MRT lines (North South, Circle, Downtown, and the latest Thomson-East Coast Lines), as well as convenient access to major expressways.
Its enviable location places iconic landmarks such as Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay, Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, and the Singapore Flyer within close reach, along with Fullerton Heritage and a plethora of upscale dining and retail options.
Spanning 65,000 sq. ft., the Green Heart enclave within Marina One Residences provides a verdant oasis for residents to unwind and rejuvenate. A wealth of recreational facilities, including a 50m lap pool, a spacious gymnasium, private dining rooms, and Teppanyaki terraces, cater to every lifestyle need.
With panoramic vistas encompassing the sea, Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay, and the lush greenery of the Green Heart, Marina One Residences offers a truly elevated living experience.
Marina One Offices
Marina One Offices comprises two 30-storey prime Grade A commercial towers, Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower, with an estimated net floor area of 1.88 million square feet.
Located in Marina South, the commercial tower features two high density 100,000 square feet net floor plates – the largest in Asia. Current tenants include Prudential and PwC Singapore.
Marina One Retail
Restaurant and retail tenants at Marina One include
1855 The Bottle Shop
7-Eleven
Arcade Fish Soup
Cold Storage
Standing Sushi Bar
Fun Toast
Starbucks
Awards
Marina One has received three awards at the Asia Pacific Property Awards 2012 for Best High Rise Architecture, Best Mixed-use Architecture and Best Mixed-use Development.
The development also received recognition for its sustainable and environmentally friendly design:
BCA Green Mark Platinum Rating for Marina One Residences
BCA Green Mark Platinum Rating for Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower
LEED Platinum pre-certified for Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower
Other awards include
FIABCI World Prix d'Excellence Awards 2020 – World Gold Winner of the Sustainable Development Category
FIABCI-Singapore – Singapore Property Awards 2018 – Winner, Sustainable Development Category
Singapore Excellence Awards 2018 – Marina One Residences, Top Development Excellence
MIPIM Awards 2018 – Best Innovative Green Building
CTBUH Awards 2018 – Award of Excellence, Best Tall Building Asia & Australasia
LEED Platinum certified – Marina One East and West Tower
Gold Award for Commercial and Industrial Landscape at the Singapore Landscape Architecture Awards 2019 SLAA 2019
M+S awards
EdgeProp Singapore Excellence Awards 2018 – M+S Pte. Ltd., Top Developer
Transportation
Marina One is connected with the Marina Coastal Expressway. It is connected to four out of Singapore's six MRT lines via:
Marina Bay MRT station on the North South Line, Circle Line and Thomson–East Coast Line
Downtown MRT station on the Downtown Line
Shenton Way MRT station on the Thomson–East Coast Line
References
^ "Marina One to be ready by 2017 as a destination that will raise the bar for integrated developments". xinMSN. 20 February 2013.
^ "$7b project Marina One breaks ground". The Business Times. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "PM Lee, Najib open Marina One and Duo integrated developments". Today. 15 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "'3 reputable contractors' win M+S bids". The Straits Times. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Marina One - Team". Ingenhoven Architects GmbH. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.
^ "Prime Ministers' joint statement at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat in Singapore on 19 February 2013". Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ a b "Singapore and Malaysia PMs unveil model of S$7-billion Marina One project". Yahoo! News. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "New icon to grace Marina South". myPaper. 12 July 2012.
^ "Marina One". Ingenhoven Architects. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "Verdant "cloud forests" and waterfalls planned for Singapore high-rise". Dezeen. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
^ "Marina One design is unveiled". Property Guru. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "Iskandar Development to create a win-win opportunity for Singapore and Malaysia". Lianhe Zaobao. 20 February 2013.
^ "M+S' Marina South devt bags three awards". Yahoo! Groups. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
^ "KL-S'pore venture set to launch Marina project". ST Property. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
^ "BCA Greenmark 2013" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "US Green Buildings Council". Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
^ "PM Lee and Najib lend weight to joint projects". The Straits Times. 19 February 2013.
^ a b "LTA - Thomson Line map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ "LTA - Downtown Line map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
External links
Official website
vteSkyscrapers in SingaporeDowntown Core
16 Collyer Quay
CapitaSky (formerly known as 79 Robinson Road)
Altez
Asia Square Towers 1, 2
Bank of China Building
Capital Tower
CapitaGreen
Centennial Tower
Chevron House
Comcentre
DUO
Frasers Tower
Fuji Xerox Towers
Guoco Tower
Hong Leong Building
International Plaza
Lippo Centre
Maybank Tower
Mandarin Orchard Singapore
Marina Bay Financial Centre Towers 1, 2, 3
Marina Bay Residences
Marina Bay Sands Towers 1, 2, 3
Marina Bay Suites
Marina One
Millenia Tower
Oasia Hotel Downtown
OCBC Centre
Ocean Financial Centre
One George Street
One Marina Boulevard
One Raffles Place Towers 1, 2
One Raffles Quay North and South Towers
One Shenton Way Towers 1, 2
OUE Downtown Towers One and Two
Parkview Square
Pickering Operations Complex
mTower
Raffles City Tower
Republic Plaza
Robinson 77
Samsung Hub
Scotts Tower
Singapore Land Tower
Six Battery Road
Skysuites @ Anson
SGX Centre
South Beach North and South Towers
Springleaf Tower
State Courts Towers
Suntec City Towers 1, 2, 3, 4
Swissôtel The Stamford
The Concourse
The Gateway East and West Towers
The Sail @ Marina Bay Towers 1, 2
The Orchard Residences
The Pan Pacific Singapore
The Pinnacle@Duxton
UOB Plaza One and Two
Former skyscrapers
AXA Tower
CPF Building
UIC Building
Related topics
Future developments in Singapore
Architecture of Singapore
Category
Commons
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The centerpiece of Green Heart will be a biodiversity garden designed and developed by Kathryn Gustafson of Gustafson Porter + Bowman. The Heart was envisaged by Christoph Ingenhoven as a sanctuary and a green civic space for communities to come together at the heart of Singapore’s CBD.[9] It will feature an array of lush greenery at the centre of the development comprising waterfalls and rooftop gardens.[10]Marina One was set to bring Singapore’s ‘City in a Garden’ concept with a unique garden ecosystem within the development, providing a sanctuary and green space for communities amid the hustle and bustle of the CBD.[11]","title":"Green Heart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Marina One Residences is the residential component of Marina One totalling an estimated 1.23 million square feet and comprises 1,042 apartment units over two 34-storey residential towers. The units range from one to four bedroom units and penthouses.[12]Nestled within Marina Bay's prime locale, Marina One Residences epitomizes luxury living in the heart of the city. Surrounded by lush greenery, including Marina One's own Green Heart, this residential haven offers a rare opportunity for park-like tranquility amidst urban vibrancy.Marina One Residences boasts seamless connectivity to four MRT lines (North South, Circle, Downtown, and the latest Thomson-East Coast Lines), as well as convenient access to major expressways.Its enviable location places iconic landmarks such as Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay, Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, and the Singapore Flyer within close reach, along with Fullerton Heritage and a plethora of upscale dining and retail options.Spanning 65,000 sq. ft., the Green Heart enclave within Marina One Residences provides a verdant oasis for residents to unwind and rejuvenate. A wealth of recreational facilities, including a 50m lap pool, a spacious gymnasium, private dining rooms, and Teppanyaki terraces, cater to every lifestyle need.With panoramic vistas encompassing the sea, Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay, and the lush greenery of the Green Heart, Marina One Residences offers a truly elevated living experience.","title":"Marina One Residences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marina South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_South"},{"link_name":"Prudential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_plc"},{"link_name":"PwC Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PwC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unveiled-7"}],"text":"Marina One Offices comprises two 30-storey prime Grade A commercial towers, Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower, with an estimated net floor area of 1.88 million square feet.Located in Marina South, the commercial tower features two high density 100,000 square feet net floor plates – the largest in Asia. Current tenants include Prudential and PwC Singapore.[7]","title":"Marina One Offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold Storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Storage_(supermarket)"},{"link_name":"Standing Sushi Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Sushi_Bar"}],"text":"Restaurant and retail tenants at Marina One include1855 The Bottle Shop\n7-Eleven\nArcade Fish Soup\nCold Storage\nStanding Sushi Bar\nFun Toast\nStarbucks","title":"Marina One Retail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_and_Construction_Authority"},{"link_name":"BCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_and_Construction_Authority"},{"link_name":"LEED Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SLAA 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sila.org.sg/slaa"}],"text":"Marina One has received three awards at the Asia Pacific Property Awards 2012 for Best High Rise Architecture, Best Mixed-use Architecture and Best Mixed-use Development.[13][14]The development also received recognition for its sustainable and environmentally friendly design:[15]BCA Green Mark Platinum Rating for Marina One Residences\nBCA Green Mark Platinum Rating for Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower\nLEED Platinum pre-certified for Marina One East Tower and Marina One West Tower[16]Other awards includeFIABCI World Prix d'Excellence Awards 2020 – World Gold Winner of the Sustainable Development Category\nFIABCI-Singapore – Singapore Property Awards 2018 – Winner, Sustainable Development Category\nSingapore Excellence Awards 2018 – Marina One Residences, Top Development Excellence\nMIPIM Awards 2018 – Best Innovative Green Building\nCTBUH Awards 2018 – Award of Excellence, Best Tall Building Asia & Australasia\nLEED Platinum certified – Marina One East and West Tower\nGold Award for Commercial and Industrial Landscape at the Singapore Landscape Architecture Awards 2019 SLAA 2019M+S awardsEdgeProp Singapore Excellence Awards 2018 – M+S Pte. Ltd., Top Developer","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marina Coastal Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Coastal_Expressway"},{"link_name":"MRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marina Bay MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"North South Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_South_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Circle Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"Thomson–East Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"},{"link_name":"Downtown MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Downtown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Shenton Way MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenton_Way_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Thomson–East Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_MRT_line"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-18"}],"text":"Marina One is connected with the Marina Coastal Expressway. It is connected to four out of Singapore's six MRT lines[17] via:Marina Bay MRT station on the North South Line, Circle Line and Thomson–East Coast Line[18]\nDowntown MRT station on the Downtown Line[19]\nShenton Way MRT station on the Thomson–East Coast Line[18]","title":"Transportation"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Marina One to be ready by 2017 as a destination that will raise the bar for integrated developments\". xinMSN. 20 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/marina-one-to-be-ready-by-2017-as-a-destination-that-will-raise-the-bar-for-integrated-developments-1","url_text":"\"Marina One to be ready by 2017 as a destination that will raise the bar for integrated developments\""}]},{"reference":"\"$7b project Marina One breaks ground\". The Business Times. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218175506/http://www.btinvest.com.sg/property/local/7b-project-marina-one-breaks-ground/","url_text":"\"$7b project Marina One breaks ground\""},{"url":"http://www.btinvest.com.sg/property/local/7b-project-marina-one-breaks-ground/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PM Lee, Najib open Marina One and Duo integrated developments\". Today. 15 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pm-lee-najib-open-marina-one-and-duo-integrated-developments","url_text":"\"PM Lee, Najib open Marina One and Duo integrated developments\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501143114/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/pm-lee-najib-open-marina-one-and-duo-integrated-developments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'3 reputable contractors' win M+S bids\". The Straits Times. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925075331/http://business.asiaone.com/news/3-reputable-contractors-win-ms-bids","url_text":"\"'3 reputable contractors' win M+S bids\""},{"url":"http://business.asiaone.com/news/3-reputable-contractors-win-ms-bids","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marina One - Team\". Ingenhoven Architects GmbH. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131026125603/http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore/team.html","url_text":"\"Marina One - Team\""},{"url":"http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore/team.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Ministers' joint statement at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat in Singapore on 19 February 2013\". Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2013/201302/press_20130219_01.html","url_text":"\"Prime Ministers' joint statement at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat in Singapore on 19 February 2013\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130223060148/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2013/201302/press_20130219_01.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Singapore and Malaysia PMs unveil model of S$7-billion Marina One project\". Yahoo! News. 20 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-and-malaysia-pms-unveil-model-of-s-7-billion-marina-one-project-124649592.html","url_text":"\"Singapore and Malaysia PMs unveil model of S$7-billion Marina One project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512121438/http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-and-malaysia-pms-unveil-model-of-s-7-billion-marina-one-project-124649592.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New icon to grace Marina South\". myPaper. 12 July 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marina One\". Ingenhoven Architects. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630222237/http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore.html","url_text":"\"Marina One\""},{"url":"http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Verdant \"cloud forests\" and waterfalls planned for Singapore high-rise\". Dezeen. 27 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/27/marina-one-bay-gustafson-porter-high-rise-singapore-elevated-gardens/","url_text":"\"Verdant \"cloud forests\" and waterfalls planned for Singapore high-rise\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027092707/https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/27/marina-one-bay-gustafson-porter-high-rise-singapore-elevated-gardens/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marina One design is unveiled\". Property Guru. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.propertyguru.com.sg/property-management-news/2013/2/35219/marina-one-design-is-unveiled","url_text":"\"Marina One design is unveiled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131009061012/http://www.propertyguru.com.sg/property-management-news/2013/2/35219/marina-one-design-is-unveiled","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Iskandar Development to create a win-win opportunity for Singapore and Malaysia\". Lianhe Zaobao. 20 February 2013.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"M+S' Marina South devt bags three awards\". Yahoo! Groups. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611110841/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/RealEdge/conversations/topics/21106?source=1","url_text":"\"M+S' Marina South devt bags three awards\""},{"url":"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/RealEdge/conversations/topics/21106?source=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KL-S'pore venture set to launch Marina project\". ST Property. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stproperty.sg/articles-property/singapore-property-news/kl-spore-venture-set-to-launch-marina-project/a/73516","url_text":"\"KL-S'pore venture set to launch Marina project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228200006/http://www.stproperty.sg/articles-property/singapore-property-news/kl-spore-venture-set-to-launch-marina-project/a/73516","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BCA Greenmark 2013\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gm2013.pdf","url_text":"\"BCA Greenmark 2013\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080241/http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/gm2013.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Green Buildings Council\". Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usgbc.org/projects/marina-one-east-and-west-tower","url_text":"\"US Green Buildings Council\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213953/http://www.usgbc.org/projects/marina-one-east-and-west-tower","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PM Lee and Najib lend weight to joint projects\". The Straits Times. 19 February 2013.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LTA - Thomson Line map\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/tsl-station-maps.pdf","url_text":"\"LTA - Thomson Line map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418033513/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/tsl-station-maps.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LTA - Downtown Line map\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/webarchives/wayback/20131231111820/http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/DTL%20Station%20Locations.pdf","url_text":"\"LTA - Downtown Line map\""},{"url":"http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/DTL%20Station%20Locations.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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Team\""},{"Link":"http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore/team.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2013/201302/press_20130219_01.html","external_links_name":"\"Prime Ministers' joint statement at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders' Retreat in Singapore on 19 February 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130223060148/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2013/201302/press_20130219_01.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-and-malaysia-pms-unveil-model-of-s-7-billion-marina-one-project-124649592.html","external_links_name":"\"Singapore and Malaysia PMs unveil model of S$7-billion Marina One project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130512121438/http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-and-malaysia-pms-unveil-model-of-s-7-billion-marina-one-project-124649592.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130630222237/http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore.html","external_links_name":"\"Marina One\""},{"Link":"http://www.ingenhovenarchitects.com/en/projects/marina-one-singapore.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/27/marina-one-bay-gustafson-porter-high-rise-singapore-elevated-gardens/","external_links_name":"\"Verdant \"cloud forests\" and waterfalls planned for Singapore high-rise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221027092707/https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/27/marina-one-bay-gustafson-porter-high-rise-singapore-elevated-gardens/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.propertyguru.com.sg/property-management-news/2013/2/35219/marina-one-design-is-unveiled","external_links_name":"\"Marina One design is unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131009061012/http://www.propertyguru.com.sg/property-management-news/2013/2/35219/marina-one-design-is-unveiled","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611110841/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/RealEdge/conversations/topics/21106?source=1","external_links_name":"\"M+S' Marina South devt bags three awards\""},{"Link":"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/RealEdge/conversations/topics/21106?source=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stproperty.sg/articles-property/singapore-property-news/kl-spore-venture-set-to-launch-marina-project/a/73516","external_links_name":"\"KL-S'pore venture set to launch Marina project\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228200006/http://www.stproperty.sg/articles-property/singapore-property-news/kl-spore-venture-set-to-launch-marina-project/a/73516","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bca.gov.sg/greenmark/others/gm2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BCA Greenmark 2013\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080241/http://www.bca.gov.sg/GreenMark/others/gm2013.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usgbc.org/projects/marina-one-east-and-west-tower","external_links_name":"\"US Green Buildings Council\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213953/http://www.usgbc.org/projects/marina-one-east-and-west-tower","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicTransport/files/tsl-station-maps.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LTA - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_International_Marathon
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Paris Marathon
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["1 History","1.1 Tour de Paris era","1.2 Current era","2 Course","3 Race summaries","3.1 2023","3.2 2021","3.3 2020","3.4 2019","3.5 2018","3.6 2017","3.7 2016","3.8 2015","3.9 2014","3.10 2008","3.11 2007","3.12 2006","3.13 2005","3.14 2004","3.15 2003","4 Winners","4.1 By nationality","4.2 Tour de Paris Marathon","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Annual race in France held since 1976
Paris MarathonDateAprilLocationParis, FranceEvent typeRoadDistanceMarathonPrimary sponsorSchneiderEstablished1976 (48 years ago) (1976)(current era)Course recordsMen's: 2:04:21 (2021) Elisha RotichWomen's: 2:19:48 (2022) Judith KorirOfficial siteParis MarathonParticipants51,100 (2023)≈45,000 (2022)49,155 (2019)
A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer
The Paris Marathon (French: Marathon de Paris) is an annual marathon hosted by the city of Paris, France. It is the largest running event in France in terms of finishers and the marathon with the second-most finishers in the world, behind the New York City Marathon.
The marathon begins along the Champs-Élysées, runs southeast through the city to the Bois de Vincennes, heads back through the city along the River Seine, and finishes on Avenue Foch.
History
Tour de Paris era
The first Paris Marathon, the Tour de Paris Marathon, took place in 1896. A big crowd gathered to watch 191 participants. It was run over a course of 40 km (25 mi) from Paris to Conflans-Sainte-Honorine via Versailles, and the organisers decided to award a commemorative medal to all runners who finished the race in less than 4 hours.
The distance of 40 km was chosen as it was the distance separating Marathon from Athens. The current distance of the race is 42.195 km, which the IAAF established in 1921 as the standard length of a marathon, following the 1908 Olympic race in London.
This first race was won by Len Hurst from England who crossed the finishing line in 2 hours, 31 minutes and 30 seconds. His prize money was 200 francs.
Some sources, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, consider Frenchwoman Marie-Louise Ledru as the first female to race the now-defined marathon distance of 42.195 km, as she set a time of 5 hours and 40 minutes during the 1918 edition of the Tour de Paris, while other sources, including the International Association of Athletics Federations, credits Violet Piercy as the first to do so.
Current era
The race in 2007. Note the runner wearing a model of the Eiffel Tower.
The present Paris Marathon dates from 1976. It is normally held on a Sunday in April and is limited to 50,000 runners. It is organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation. It is notable for the attractive route through the heart of the city of Paris.
Unlike most other marathons, but like all races in France, the Paris Marathon requires a doctor's note no more than a year old, stating that there is "no contraindication to competitive running".
Course
External image Course map of full marathon in 2019
Wheelchair races are also held at the competition
The race starts on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées going downhill to circle round the Place de la Concorde before turning right onto Rue de Rivoli. The route passes the Louvre, then goes round the Place de la Bastille, and down Boulevard Soult to the Bois de Vincennes. A long loop of the Bois de Vincennes returns the route into the heart of Paris. The halfway point is reached at Rue de Charenton. The route now follows the course of the Seine, passing Île de la Cité and going under the Pont Neuf, then a series of tunnels. There is a large drinks station and foot massage site at Trocadéro, opposite the Eiffel Tower. The route continues along the Seine, before branching off east to eventually pass through Bois de Boulogne, emerging for the final 200 metres and the finish on the Avenue Foch.
Race summaries
2023
The race was held on April 2, 2023. Abeje Ayana won the men's event in his first marathon with a time of 2:07:15. Helah Kiprop overcame a 1 minute + deficit to win the women's race in 2:23:19
2021
The 2021 edition of the race was postponed to 17 October 2021 due to the pandemic, before registration opened.
2020
The 2020 edition of the race was originally postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic, rescheduled for the autumn on 15 November 2020, before being cancelled in August. Registrants were given the option of transferring their entry to 2021, obtaining a voucher of equivalent value, or obtaining a refund after 18 months.
2019
The race took place on Sunday, April 14, 2019. Abraha Milaw took the men's title in 2 h 07 min 05 sec, a personal best. He prevented Paul Lonyangata, who finished in third place, from claiming a third successive title. Gelete Burka took the women's title with a time of 2 h 22 min 47 sec, leading home an all Ethiopian podium.
2018
The race was run on April 8, 2018. Paul Lonyangata became the first men's runner in 28 years to claim back-to-back Paris marathon titles after he successfully defended his crown in a time of 2 h 06 min 25 sec. Kenya retained the women's title too, as Betsy Saina raced to victory in 2 h 22 min 56 sec, just three seconds ahead of countrywoman and silver medalist, Ruth Chepngetich.
2017
The race was run on April 9, 2017. The top male finisher was Kenyan Paul Lonyangata in a time of 2 h 06 min 10 sec. The top female finisher was Kenyan Purity Rionoripoe with a time of 2 h 20 min 55 sec. 42483 participants started the race, 41736 finished it.
2016
On April 3, 2016, the men's race was won by Cyprian Kotut, who stopped the clock at 2:07:11 for his first marathon win. The top four finishers in the men's race were Kenyan. In the women's race, Visiline Jepkesho, again from Kenya, came home first in 2:25:53.
2015
The race was run on April 12, 2015. The top male finisher was Kenyan Mark Korir in a time of 2 h 05 min 48 sec. The top female finisher was Ethiopian's Meseret Mengistu with a time of 2 h 23 min 26 sec.
2014
The race was run on April 6, 2014. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele, broke the course record with a debut time of 2 h 05 min 04 sec. Bekele's winning time is the sixth-fastest debut in history on a record eligible course, and it was also the fastest ever debut by someone older than 30. The top female finisher was Kenya's Flomena Cheyech, finishing in a time of 2 h 22 min 44 sec.
2008
The race was run on April 6, 2008. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede, just missed the course record with a time of 2 h 06 min 40 sec. The top female finisher was Kenya's Martha Komu finishing in a time of 2 h 25 min 33 sec. Her partner, Frenchman Simon Munyutu, qualified for this year's Olympics with a time of 2 h 09 min 24 sec. The handisport race was won was by Mexico's Saul Mendoza in a time of 1 h 32 min 27 sec over France's Denis Lemeunier and Heinz Frei of Switzerland. 29,706 competitors started the race.
2007
The race was run on April 15, 2007. The top male finisher was Shami Mubarak from Qatar in a time of 2:07:19 narrowly beating Frenchman Paul Astin who was trained by the legendary "Mursalese" (despite his short stature, Mursalese was a renowned long-distance runner having broken the Bangladeshi marathon record in 1993). The top female finisher was Tafa Magarsa from Ethiopia in a time of 2:25:08. Handisport race was won by Kurt Fearnley in 1:30:45.A runner who also ran in London's British 10K that year. 28,261 competitors started the race.
2006
The race was run on April 9, 2006. The top male finisher was Gashaw Melese from Ethiopia in a time of 2:08:03. The top female finisher was Irina Timofeyeva from Russia in a time of 2:27:02.She also ran later in the British 10K. South African Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in 1:33:58.
2005
The 29th Paris Marathon was run on 10 April 2005. The top male finisher was Kenyan runner Salim Kipsang with a time of 2h08'02, followed in by fellow Kenyan Paul Biwott 13 seconds later. The top female finisher was Lydiya Grigoryeva in 2h27'00. Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in a time of 1h23’17.
2004
The top male finisher was newcomer Ethiopian Ambesse Tolossa in a time of 2:08:56. This was the Ethiopian's 9th ever marathon and he beat the race favourite - Kenya's Raymond Kipkoech who came in at 2:10:08. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Salina Kosgei (also a newcomer on the event) in 2:24:32, ahead of Ethiopian Asha Gigi and France's Corrine Raux. Switzerland's Heinz Frei won the wheelchair event in 1h37'43. 30,430 competitors started the race.
2003
The top male finisher was Kenyan Mike Rotich with a time of 2:06:33, setting a new record for this event. Coming in second, France's Benoît Zwierzchiewski equalled the existing European record, at 2:06:33. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Béatrice Omwanza in 2:27:41, ahead of Italy's Rosaria Console.
France's Joel Jeannot won the wheelchair event.
Winners
The 2009 winner Vincent Kipruto en route to victory
Tadese Tola on his way to win in 2010
Key:
Course record
French championship race
Year
Men's winner
Nationality
Time
Women's winner
Nationality
Time
2024
Mulugeta Uma
Ethiopia
2:05:33
Mestawut Fikir
Ethiopia
2:20:45
2023
Gizealew Ayana
Ethiopia
2:07:15
Helah Kiprop
Ethiopia
2:23:19
2022
Deso Gelmisa
Ethiopia
2:05:07
Judith Korir
Kenya
2:19:48
2021
Elisha Rotich
Kenya
2:04:21
Tigist Memuye
Ethiopia
2:26:11
2020
cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
2019
Abrha Milaw
Ethiopia
2:07:05
Gelete Burka
Ethiopia
2:22:47
2018
Paul Lonyangata
Kenya
2:06:25
Betsy Saina
Kenya
2:22:56
2017
Paul Lonyangata
Kenya
2:06:10
Purity Rionoripo
Kenya
2:20:55
2016
Cyprian Kotut
Kenya
2:07:11
Visiline Jepkesho
Kenya
2:25:53
2015
Mark Korir
Kenya
2:05:49
Meseret Mengistu
Ethiopia
2:23:26
2014
Kenenisa Bekele
Ethiopia
2:05:04
Flomena Cheyech
Kenya
2:22:44
2013
Peter Some
Kenya
2:05:38
Boru Tadese
Ethiopia
2:21:06
2012
Stanley Biwott
Kenya
2:05:11
Tirfi Beyene
Ethiopia
2:21:39
2011
Benjamin Kiptoo
Kenya
2:06:29
Priscah Jeptoo
Kenya
2:22:51
2010
Tadese Tola
Ethiopia
2:06:41
Atsede Baysa
Ethiopia
2:22:04
2009
Vincent Kipruto
Kenya
2:05:47
Atsede Baysa
Ethiopia
2:24:42
2008
Tsegaye Kebede
Ethiopia
2:06:40
Martha Komu
Kenya
2:25:33
2007
Shami Mubarak
Qatar
2:07:17
Askale Tafa
Ethiopia
2:25:08
2006
Gashaw Asfaw
Ethiopia
2:08:03
Irina Timofeyeva
Russia
2:27:19
2005
Salim Kipsang
Kenya
2:08:02
Lidiya Grigoryeva
Russia
2:27:00
2004
Ambesse Tolosa
Ethiopia
2:08:56
Salina Kosgei
Kenya
2:24:32
2003
Michael Rotich
Kenya
2:06:33
Beatrice Omwanza
Kenya
2:27:41
2002
Benoît Zwierzchiewski
France
2:08:18
Marleen Renders
Belgium
2:23:05
2001
Simon Biwott
Kenya
2:09:40
Florence Barsosio
Kenya
2:27:53
2000
Mohamed Ouaadi
France
2:08:49
Marleen Renders
Belgium
2:23:43
1999
Julius Rutto
Kenya
2:08:10
Cristina Costea
Romania
2:26:11
1998
Jackson Kabiga
Kenya
2:09:37
Nickey Carroll
Australia
2:27:06
1997
John Kemboi
Kenya
2:10:14
Yelena Razdrogina
Russia
2:29:10
1996
Henrique Crisostomo
Portugal
2:12:18
Alina Tecuta
Romania
2:29:32
1995
Domingos Castro
Portugal
2:10:06
Judit Nagy
Hungary
2:31:43
1994
Saïd Ermili
Morocco
2:10:56
Mari Tanigawa
Japan
2:27:55
1993
Leszek Bebło
Poland
2:10:46
Mitsuyo Yoshida
Japan
2:29:16
1992
Luis Soares
France
2:10:03
Tatyana Titova
Russia
2:31:12
1991
not held due to Persian Gulf War
1990
Steve Brace
United Kingdom
2:13:10
Yoshiko Yamamoto
Japan
2:35:11
1989
Steve Brace
United Kingdom
2:13:03
Kazue Kojima
Japan
2:29:23
1988
Manuel Matias
Portugal
2:13:53
Aurora Cunha
Portugal
2:34:56
1987
Abebe Mekonnen
Ethiopia
2:11:09
Elena Cobos
Spain
2:34:47
1986
Ahmed Salah
Djibouti
2:12:44
Maria Rebelo
France
2:32:16
1985
Jacky Boxberger
France
2:10:49
Maureen Hurst
United Kingdom
2:43:31
1984
Ahmed Salah
Djibouti
2:11:58
Sylviane Levesque
France
2:38:20
1984
Additional women's race
Lorraine Moller
New Zealand
2:32:44
1983
Jacky Boxberger
France
2:12:38
Karen Holdsworth
United Kingdom
2:58:08
1982
Ian Thompson
United Kingdom
2:14:07
Anne Marie Cienka
France
2:56:14
1981
Dave Cannon Ron Tabb (ex-æquo)
United Kingdom United States
2:11:44
Chantal Langlacé
France
2:48:24
1980
Sylvain Cacciatore
France
2:25:50
Gillian Adams
United Kingdom
2:49:42
1979
Fernand Kolbeck
France
2:18:53
Vreni Forster
Switzerland
2:51:14
1978
Gilbert Coutant
France
2:34:55
"Lawrence"
United States
3:26:15
1977
Gérard Métayer
France
2:30:41
not held
1976
Jean-Pierre Eudier
France
2:20:57
not held
By nationality
Country
Men
Women
Total
Kenya
14
10
24
France
10
5
15
Ethiopia
8
7
15
United Kingdom
4
3
7
Portugal
3
1
4
Japan
0
4
4
Russia
0
4
4
Hungary
0
1
1
Djibouti
2
0
2
United States
1
1
2
Belgium
0
2
2
Romania
0
2
2
Qatar
1
0
1
Poland
1
0
1
Australia
0
1
1
Morocco
1
0
1
New Zealand
0
1
1
Spain
0
1
1
Switzerland
0
1
1
Tour de Paris Marathon
Year
Men's winner
Nationality
Time
Women's winner
Nationality
Time
Rf.
1903
Albert Charbonnel
France
no women's race held
1902
Albert Charbonnel
France
1900
Len Hurst
United Kingdom
2:26:28
1899
Albert Charbonnel
France
1896
Len Hurst
United Kingdom
2:31:30
Notes
^ According to the "Sporting Records" section of The Canadian Year Book for 1905: "Len Hurst won the Marathon race, 40 kilometres (24 miles, 1505 yards), over roads, Conflans to Paris, Fr., in the record time of 2.26:27 3-5, July 8, 1900. *G Touquet won a Marathon race for amateurs over the same course in 2.51:48, September 2, 1900." Other sources confirm that the direction of the 1900 race was reversed but note Hurst's finishing time as 2:26:47.4 or 2:26:48.
^ a b c d h:m:s
References
^ MARATHONS.FR (2023-12-24). "Classement 2023 des marathons français par affluence". MARATHONS.FR (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-25.
^ "ML_Fin2016". Archived from the original on 2018-12-06.
^ "ML_Fin2015". Archived from the original on 2018-12-04.
^ "untitled". www.arrs.run.
^ "Tour de Paris Marathon". www.arrs.run.
^ Krise, Raymond; Squires, Bill (April 10, 1982). Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C. S. Greene Press. ISBN 9780828904827 – via Google Books.
^ Gross, Albert C. (April 10, 1986). "Endurance : the events, the athletes, the attitude". New York : Dodd, Mead – via Internet Archive.
^
"12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009" (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2009. p. 565. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
^ "Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Medical Certificate". www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com.
^ "Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Route & Profile". Archived from the original on 2019-04-11.
^ "Ayana, making marathon debut, claims Paris win". ESPN.com. April 2, 2023.
^ "Kenya's Helah Kiprop wins 2023 Paris Marathon in stunning comeback". April 2, 2023 – via www.nbcsports.com.
^ "Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News". Archived from the original on 2020-11-17.
^ "2021 Paris marathon to be run October 17: Organisers | Reuters". Archived from the original on 17 November 2020.
^ "Coronavirus : Le marathon de Paris reporté au 18 octobre". 5 March 2020.
^ "Paris marathon postponed over spread of coronavirus in France". The Local. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ "Rescheduled Paris Marathon cancelled". BBC News. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^ a b "Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News". Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.
^ "Milaw wins Paris marathon". Euro News. 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-03.
^ "Paris Marathon". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
^ "Race results". schneiderelectricparismarathon.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ a b c d e Martin, David E.; Roger W. H. Gynn (May 2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-88011-969-6.
^ "Sporting Records", The Canadian Year Book for 1905, vol. 8, Toronto Canada: Alfred Hewitt, 1905, p. 147
^ Noakes, Tim (2003). The Lore of Running (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-87322-959-2.
List of winners
"Tour de Paris Marathon". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. March 17, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
"Paris Marathon". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. April 12, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Marathon.
Official Paris Marathon Site (in French)
MarathonGuide.Com
Marathon de Paris Website (English Version)
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vteParis Marathon – men's winners
1976: Jean-Pierre Eudier (FRA)
1977: Gérard Métayer (FRA)
1978: Gilbert Coutant (FRA)
1979: Fernand Kolbeck (FRA)
1980: Sylvain Cacciatore (FRA)
1981: Dave Cannon (GBR) and Ron Tabb (USA)
1982: Ian Thompson (GBR)
1983: Jacky Boxberger (FRA)
1984: Hussein Ahmed Salah (DJI)
1985: Jacky Boxberger (FRA)
1986: Hussein Ahmed Salah (DJI)
1987: Abebe Mekonnen (ETH)
1988: Manuel Matias (POR)
1989: Steve Brace (GBR)
1990: Steve Brace (GBR)
1991: Not held
1992: Luis Soares (POR)
1993: Leszek Bebło (POL)
1994: Saïd Ermili (MAR)
1995: Domingos Castro (POR)
1996: Henrique Crisostomo (POR)
1997: John Kemboi (KEN)
1998: Jackson Kabiga (KEN)
1999: Julius Rutto (KEN)
2000: Mohamed Ouaadi (FRA)
2001: Simon Biwott (KEN)
2002: Benoît Zwierzchiewski (FRA)
2003: Michael Kosgei Rotich (KEN)
2004: Ambesse Tolosa (ETH)
2005: Salim Kipsang (KEN)
2006: Gashaw Asfaw (ETH)
2007: Shami Mubarak (QAT)
2008: Tsegaye Kebede (ETH)
2009: Vincent Kipruto (KEN)
2010: Tadese Tola (ETH)
2011: Benjamin Kiptoo (KEN)
2012: Stanley Biwott (KEN)
2013: Peter Some (KEN)
2014: Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)
2015: Mark Korir (KEN)
2016: Cyprian Kotut (KEN)
2017: Paul Lonyangata (KEN)
2018: Paul Lonyangata (KEN)
2019: Abrha Milaw (ETH)
2020: cancelled
2021: Elisha Rotich (KEN)
2022: Deso Gelmisa (ETH)
vteParis Marathon – women's winners
1979: Vreni Forster (SUI)
1980: Gillian Adams (GBR)
1981: Chantal Langlacé (FRA)
1982: Anne Marie Cienka (FRA)
1983: Jacqueline Courtade (FRA)
1984: Lorraine Moller (NZL)
1985: Maureen Hurst (GBR)
1986: Maria Rebelo (FRA)
1987: Elena Cobos (ESP)
1988: Aurora Cunha (POR)
1989: Kazue Kojima (JPN)
1990: Yoshiko Yamamoto (JPN)
1991: Not held
1992: Tatyana Titova (RUS)
1993: Mitsuyo Yoshida (JPN)
1994: Mari Tanigawa (JPN)
1995: Judit Nagy (HUN)
1996: Alina Tecuţa (ROM)
1997: Yelena Razdrogina (RUS)
1998: Nicole Caroll (AUS)
1999: Cristina Costea (ROM)
2000: Marleen Renders (BEL)
2001: Florence Barsosio (KEN)
2002: Marleen Renders (BEL)
2003: Beatrice Omwanza (KEN)
2004: Salina Kosgei (KEN)
2005: Lidiya Grigoryeva (RUS)
2006: Irina Timofeyeva (RUS)
2007: Askale Tafa (ETH)
2008: Martha Komu (KEN)
2009–2010: Atsede Bayisa (KEN)
2011: Priscah Jeptoo (KEN)
2012: Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH)
2013: Feyse Tadese (ETH)
2014: Flomena Cheyech Daniel (KEN)
2015: Meseret Mengistu (ETH)
2016: Visiline Jepkesho (KEN)
2017: Purity Rionoripo (KEN)
2018: Betsy Saina (KEN)
2019: Gelete Burka (ETH)
2020: cancelled
2021: Tigist Memuye (ETH)
2022: Judith Korir (KEN)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs.finishers.2016-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs.finishers.2015-3"},{"link_name":"Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Bois de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Avenue Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Foch"}],"text":"A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racerThe Paris Marathon (French: Marathon de Paris) is an annual marathon hosted by the city of Paris, France. It is the largest running event in France in terms of finishers[1] and the marathon with the second-most finishers in the world, behind the New York City Marathon.[2][3]The marathon begins along the Champs-Élysées, runs southeast through the city to the Bois de Vincennes, heads back through the city along the River Seine, and finishes on Avenue Foch.","title":"Paris Marathon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conflans-Sainte-Honorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflans-Sainte-Honorine"},{"link_name":"Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_(city)"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"1908 Olympic race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"Len Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Hurst"},{"link_name":"francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francs"},{"link_name":"Association of Road Racing Statisticians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Road_Racing_Statisticians"},{"link_name":"Frenchwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Marie-Louise Ledru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Louise_Ledru"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"Violet Piercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Piercy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAAF-8"}],"sub_title":"Tour de Paris era","text":"The first Paris Marathon, the Tour de Paris Marathon, took place in 1896. A big crowd gathered to watch 191 participants. It was run over a course of 40 km (25 mi) from Paris to Conflans-Sainte-Honorine via Versailles, and the organisers decided to award a commemorative medal to all runners who finished the race in less than 4 hours.The distance of 40 km was chosen as it was the distance separating Marathon from Athens. The current distance of the race is 42.195 km, which the IAAF established in 1921 as the standard length of a marathon, following the 1908 Olympic race in London.This first race was won by Len Hurst from England who crossed the finishing line in 2 hours, 31 minutes and 30 seconds. His prize money was 200 francs.Some sources, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, consider Frenchwoman Marie-Louise Ledru as the first female to race the now-defined marathon distance of 42.195 km, as she set a time of 5 hours and 40 minutes during the 1918 edition of the Tour de Paris, while other sources, including the International Association of Athletics Federations, credits Violet Piercy as the first to do so.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Runners_along_the_Seine_in_the_2007_Paris_Marathon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Amaury Sport Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Current era","text":"The race in 2007. Note the runner wearing a model of the Eiffel Tower.The present Paris Marathon dates from 1976. It is normally held on a Sunday in April and is limited to 50,000 runners. It is organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation. It is notable for the attractive route through the heart of the city of Paris.Unlike most other marathons, but like all races in France, the Paris Marathon requires a doctor's note no more than a year old, stating that there is \"no contraindication to competitive running\".[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paris_Marathon_2006-Handbike.jpg"},{"link_name":"Champs-Élysées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Place de la Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde"},{"link_name":"Rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Place de la Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille"},{"link_name":"Bois de Vincennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Vincennes"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Île de la Cité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pont Neuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Neuf"},{"link_name":"Trocadéro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris"},{"link_name":"Eiffel Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower"},{"link_name":"Bois de Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Avenue Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Foch"}],"text":"Wheelchair races are also held at the competitionThe race starts on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées going downhill to circle round the Place de la Concorde before turning right onto Rue de Rivoli. The route passes the Louvre, then goes round the Place de la Bastille, and down Boulevard Soult to the Bois de Vincennes. A long loop of the Bois de Vincennes returns the route into the heart of Paris. The halfway point is reached at Rue de Charenton. The route now follows the course of the Seine, passing Île de la Cité and going under the Pont Neuf, then a series of tunnels. There is a large drinks station and foot massage site at Trocadéro, opposite the Eiffel Tower. The route continues along the Seine, before branching off east to eventually pass through Bois de Boulogne, emerging for the final 200 metres and the finish on the Avenue Foch.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2023","text":"The race was held on April 2, 2023. Abeje Ayana won the men's event in his first marathon with a time of 2:07:15.[11] Helah Kiprop overcame a 1 minute + deficit to win the women's race in 2:23:19[12]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021.postponement-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"The 2021 edition of the race was postponed to 17 October 2021 due to the pandemic, before registration opened.[13][14]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020.cancellation-18"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"The 2020 edition of the race was originally postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic, rescheduled for the autumn on 15 November 2020,[15][16] before being cancelled in August.[17] Registrants were given the option of transferring their entry to 2021, obtaining a voucher of equivalent value, or obtaining a refund after 18 months.[18]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroNews-19"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"The race took place on Sunday, April 14, 2019. Abraha Milaw took the men's title in 2 h 07 min 05 sec, a personal best. He prevented Paul Lonyangata, who finished in third place, from claiming a third successive title. Gelete Burka took the women's title with a time of 2 h 22 min 47 sec, leading home an all Ethiopian podium.[19]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParisDigest-20"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"The race was run on April 8, 2018. Paul Lonyangata became the first men's runner in 28 years to claim back-to-back Paris marathon titles after he successfully defended his crown in a time of 2 h 06 min 25 sec. Kenya retained the women's title too, as Betsy Saina raced to victory in 2 h 22 min 56 sec, just three seconds ahead of countrywoman and silver medalist, Ruth Chepngetich.[20]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","text":"The race was run on April 9, 2017. The top male finisher was Kenyan Paul Lonyangata in a time of 2 h 06 min 10 sec. The top female finisher was Kenyan Purity Rionoripoe with a time of 2 h 20 min 55 sec. 42483 participants started the race, 41736 finished it.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprian Kotut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Kimurgor_Kotut"},{"link_name":"Visiline Jepkesho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiline_Jepkesho"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"On April 3, 2016, the men's race was won by Cyprian Kotut, who stopped the clock at 2:07:11 for his first marathon win. The top four finishers in the men's race were Kenyan. In the women's race, Visiline Jepkesho, again from Kenya, came home first in 2:25:53.[21]","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The race was run on April 12, 2015. The top male finisher was Kenyan Mark Korir in a time of 2 h 05 min 48 sec. The top female finisher was Ethiopian's Meseret Mengistu with a time of 2 h 23 min 26 sec.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenenisa Bekele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"The race was run on April 6, 2014. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Kenenisa Bekele, broke the course record with a debut time of 2 h 05 min 04 sec. Bekele's winning time is the sixth-fastest debut in history on a record eligible course, and it was also the fastest ever debut by someone older than 30. The top female finisher was Kenya's Flomena Cheyech, finishing in a time of 2 h 22 min 44 sec.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2008","text":"The race was run on April 6, 2008. The top male finisher, Ethiopian Tsegaye Kebede, just missed the course record with a time of 2 h 06 min 40 sec. The top female finisher was Kenya's Martha Komu finishing in a time of 2 h 25 min 33 sec. Her partner, Frenchman Simon Munyutu, qualified for this year's Olympics with a time of 2 h 09 min 24 sec. The handisport race was won was by Mexico's Saul Mendoza in a time of 1 h 32 min 27 sec over France's Denis Lemeunier and Heinz Frei of Switzerland. 29,706 competitors started the race.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2007","text":"The race was run on April 15, 2007. The top male finisher was Shami Mubarak from Qatar in a time of 2:07:19 narrowly beating Frenchman Paul Astin who was trained by the legendary \"Mursalese\" (despite his short stature, Mursalese was a renowned long-distance runner having broken the Bangladeshi marathon record in 1993). The top female finisher was Tafa Magarsa from Ethiopia in a time of 2:25:08. Handisport race was won by Kurt Fearnley in 1:30:45.A runner who also ran in London's British 10K that year. 28,261 competitors started the race.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","text":"The race was run on April 9, 2006. The top male finisher was Gashaw Melese from Ethiopia in a time of 2:08:03. The top female finisher was Irina Timofeyeva from Russia in a time of 2:27:02.She also ran later in the British 10K. South African Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in 1:33:58.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2005","text":"The 29th Paris Marathon was run on 10 April 2005. The top male finisher was Kenyan runner Salim Kipsang with a time of 2h08'02, followed in by fellow Kenyan Paul Biwott 13 seconds later. The top female finisher was Lydiya Grigoryeva in 2h27'00. Ernst Van Dyck won the Handisport race in a time of 1h23’17.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2004","text":"The top male finisher was newcomer Ethiopian Ambesse Tolossa in a time of 2:08:56. This was the Ethiopian's 9th ever marathon and he beat the race favourite - Kenya's Raymond Kipkoech who came in at 2:10:08. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Salina Kosgei (also a newcomer on the event) in 2:24:32, ahead of Ethiopian Asha Gigi and France's Corrine Raux. Switzerland's Heinz Frei won the wheelchair event in 1h37'43. 30,430 competitors started the race.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel Jeannot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Jeannot"}],"sub_title":"2003","text":"The top male finisher was Kenyan Mike Rotich with a time of 2:06:33, setting a new record for this event. Coming in second, France's Benoît Zwierzchiewski equalled the existing European record, at 2:06:33. The fastest female was Kenyan runner Béatrice Omwanza in 2:27:41, ahead of Italy's Rosaria Console.France's Joel Jeannot won the wheelchair event.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent-Kipruto-20090405-15344.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent Kipruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kipruto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tadese-TOLA-Marathon-Paris-2010-33187.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tadese Tola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadese_Tola"}],"text":"The 2009 winner Vincent Kipruto en route to victoryTadese Tola on his way to win in 2010Key:Course record\n French championship race","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By nationality","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tour de Paris Marathon","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hms_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hms_22-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hms_22-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hms_22-3"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"}],"text":"^ According to the \"Sporting Records\" section of The Canadian Year Book for 1905: \"Len Hurst won the Marathon race, 40 kilometres (24 miles, 1505 yards), over roads, Conflans to Paris, Fr., in the record time of 2.26:27 3-5, July 8, 1900. *G Touquet won a Marathon race for amateurs over the same course in 2.51:48, September 2, 1900.\"[23] Other sources confirm that the direction of the 1900 race was reversed but note Hurst's finishing time as 2:26:47.4[22] or 2:26:48.[24]^ a b c d h:m:s","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/220px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"The race in 2007. Note the runner wearing a model of the Eiffel Tower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Runners_along_the_Seine_in_the_2007_Paris_Marathon.jpg/220px-Runners_along_the_Seine_in_the_2007_Paris_Marathon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wheelchair races are also held at the competition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Paris_Marathon_2006-Handbike.jpg/220px-Paris_Marathon_2006-Handbike.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 2009 winner Vincent Kipruto en route to victory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vincent-Kipruto-20090405-15344.jpg/220px-Vincent-Kipruto-20090405-15344.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tadese Tola on his way to win in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tadese-TOLA-Marathon-Paris-2010-33187.jpg/220px-Tadese-TOLA-Marathon-Paris-2010-33187.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"MARATHONS.FR (2023-12-24). \"Classement 2023 des marathons français par affluence\". MARATHONS.FR (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marathons.fr/Classement-2023-des-marathons-francais-par-affluence","url_text":"\"Classement 2023 des marathons français par affluence\""}]},{"reference":"\"ML_Fin2016\". Archived from the original on 2018-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102331/https://www.arrs.run/MaraList/ML_Fin2016.htm","url_text":"\"ML_Fin2016\""},{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/MaraList/ML_Fin2016.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ML_Fin2015\". Archived from the original on 2018-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181204015312/https://www.arrs.run/MaraList/ML_Fin2015.htm","url_text":"\"ML_Fin2015\""},{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/MaraList/ML_Fin2015.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"untitled\". www.arrs.run.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/RecProg/RP_wwR.htm","url_text":"\"untitled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de Paris Marathon\". www.arrs.run.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParisTourMa.htm","url_text":"\"Tour de Paris Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Krise, Raymond; Squires, Bill (April 10, 1982). Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C. S. Greene Press. ISBN 9780828904827 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5xlCAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Marie-Louise+Ledru%22","url_text":"Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780828904827","url_text":"9780828904827"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Albert C. (April 10, 1986). \"Endurance : the events, the athletes, the attitude\". New York : Dodd, Mead – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/enduranceeventst00gros","url_text":"\"Endurance : the events, the athletes, the attitude\""}]},{"reference":"\"12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009\" (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2009. p. 565. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629134819/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","url_text":"\"12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Medical Certificate\". www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/medical-certificate","url_text":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Medical Certificate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Route & Profile\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190411113517/http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/route-and-profiles","url_text":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Route & Profile\""},{"url":"http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/route-and-profiles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ayana, making marathon debut, claims Paris win\". ESPN.com. April 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/36039764/abeje-ayana-helah-kiprop-victorious-paris-marathon","url_text":"\"Ayana, making marathon debut, claims Paris win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya's Helah Kiprop wins 2023 Paris Marathon in stunning comeback\". April 2, 2023 – via www.nbcsports.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/video/kenyas-helah-kiprop-wins-2023-paris-marathon-stunning-comeback","url_text":"\"Kenya's Helah Kiprop wins 2023 Paris Marathon in stunning comeback\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\". Archived from the original on 2020-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117173315/https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","url_text":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\""},{"url":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Paris marathon to be run October 17: Organisers | Reuters\". Archived from the original on 17 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20201117173710/https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-paris/2021-paris-marathon-to-be-run-october-17-organisers-idUSKBN27X16W","url_text":"\"2021 Paris marathon to be run October 17: Organisers | Reuters\""},{"url":"https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-paris/2021-paris-marathon-to-be-run-october-17-organisers-idUSKBN27X16W","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus : Le marathon de Paris reporté au 18 octobre\". 5 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/coronavirus-le-marathon-de-paris-reporte-a-une-date-ulterieure-05-03-2020-8273493.php","url_text":"\"Coronavirus : Le marathon de Paris reporté au 18 octobre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris marathon postponed over spread of coronavirus in France\". The Local. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.fr/20200305/breaking-paris-marathon-delayed-over-coronavirus-in-france","url_text":"\"Paris marathon postponed over spread of coronavirus in France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Local","url_text":"The Local"}]},{"reference":"\"Rescheduled Paris Marathon cancelled\". BBC News. Retrieved 12 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/53751112","url_text":"\"Rescheduled Paris Marathon cancelled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\". Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813061946/https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","url_text":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\""},{"url":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milaw wins Paris marathon\". Euro News. 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/14/milaw-wins-paris-marathon-to-prevent-lonyangata-hat-trick","url_text":"\"Milaw wins Paris marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Marathon\". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parisdigest.com/sports/paris-marathon.htm","url_text":"\"Paris Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Race results\". schneiderelectricparismarathon.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/us/the-race/results/results-marathon","url_text":"\"Race results\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, David E.; Roger W. H. Gynn (May 2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-88011-969-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/olympicmarathon00mart","url_text":"The Olympic Marathon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/olympicmarathon00mart/page/37","url_text":"37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88011-969-6","url_text":"978-0-88011-969-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Sporting Records\", The Canadian Year Book for 1905, vol. 8, Toronto Canada: Alfred Hewitt, 1905, p. 147","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYACMpbJzQcC&pg=PA147","url_text":"\"Sporting Records\""}]},{"reference":"Noakes, Tim (2003). The Lore of Running (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-87322-959-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Noakes","url_text":"Noakes, Tim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87322-959-2","url_text":"0-87322-959-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Tour de Paris Marathon\". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. March 17, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParisTourMa.htm","url_text":"\"Tour de Paris Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Marathon\". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. April 12, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParMa.htm","url_text":"\"Paris Marathon\""}]}]
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Berlin 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/15/63/20090706014834_httppostedfile_p345-688_11303.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/medical-certificate","external_links_name":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Medical Certificate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190411113517/http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/route-and-profiles","external_links_name":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - Route & Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/information/route-and-profiles","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/36039764/abeje-ayana-helah-kiprop-victorious-paris-marathon","external_links_name":"\"Ayana, making marathon debut, claims Paris win\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcsports.com/video/kenyas-helah-kiprop-wins-2023-paris-marathon-stunning-comeback","external_links_name":"\"Kenya's Helah Kiprop wins 2023 Paris Marathon in stunning comeback\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201117173315/https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","external_links_name":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\""},{"Link":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20201117173710/https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-paris/2021-paris-marathon-to-be-run-october-17-organisers-idUSKBN27X16W","external_links_name":"\"2021 Paris marathon to be run October 17: Organisers | Reuters\""},{"Link":"https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-marathon-paris/2021-paris-marathon-to-be-run-october-17-organisers-idUSKBN27X16W","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/coronavirus-le-marathon-de-paris-reporte-a-une-date-ulterieure-05-03-2020-8273493.php","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus : Le marathon de Paris reporté au 18 octobre\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelocal.fr/20200305/breaking-paris-marathon-delayed-over-coronavirus-in-france","external_links_name":"\"Paris marathon postponed over spread of coronavirus in France\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/53751112","external_links_name":"\"Rescheduled Paris Marathon cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200813061946/https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","external_links_name":"\"Schneider Electric Marathon de Paris - News\""},{"Link":"https://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en/event/news","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/14/milaw-wins-paris-marathon-to-prevent-lonyangata-hat-trick","external_links_name":"\"Milaw wins Paris marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.parisdigest.com/sports/paris-marathon.htm","external_links_name":"\"Paris Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/us/the-race/results/results-marathon","external_links_name":"\"Race results\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/olympicmarathon00mart","external_links_name":"The Olympic Marathon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/olympicmarathon00mart/page/37","external_links_name":"37"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYACMpbJzQcC&pg=PA147","external_links_name":"\"Sporting Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParisTourMa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tour de Paris Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.arrs.run/HP_ParMa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Paris Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.parismarathon.com/","external_links_name":"Official Paris Marathon Site"},{"Link":"http://www.marathonguide.com/races/racedetails.cfm?MIDD=562060409","external_links_name":"MarathonGuide.Com"},{"Link":"http://www.schneiderelectricparismarathon.com/en","external_links_name":"Marathon de Paris Website (English Version)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_(Colorado)
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U.S. Route 160
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["1 Route description","1.1 Arizona","1.2 New Mexico","1.3 Colorado","1.4 Kansas","1.5 Missouri","2 History","2.1 Western terminus","2.2 Eastern terminus","2.3 Missouri","3 Major intersections","4 Special routes","4.1 Mancos","4.2 Bayfield","4.3 Willard","5 See also","5.1 Related routes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Route map: Highway in the United States
U.S. Route 160US 160 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 60Length1,465 mi (2,358 km)Existed1930–presentMajor junctionsWest end US 89 near Tuba City, AZMajor intersections
US 191 in Mexican Water, AZ
US 64 in Teec Nos Pos, AZ
US 84 in Pagosa Springs, CO
US 285 in Alamosa, CO
I-25 / US 85 / US 87 between Walsenburg and Trinidad, CO
I-35 / Kansas Turnpike at Wellington, KS
I-49 / US 71 at Lamar, MO
I-44 at Springfield, MO
US 60 in Springfield, MO
US 65 near Branson, MO
East end US 67 / Route 158 near Poplar Bluff, MO
LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesArizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri
Highway system
United States Numbered Highway System
List
Special
Divided
U.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465-mile-long (2,358 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western terminus of the route is at US 89 five miles (8.0 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern terminus is at US 67 and Missouri 158 southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
Its route, if not its number, was made famous in song in 1975, as the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song "Wolf Creek Pass".
Route description
Arizona
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Arizona
Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZ
U.S. Route 160 in Arizona
US 160 begins at US 89 near the western edge of Navajo Nation. Near Tuba City, it intersects State Route 264. It goes through Tonalea and Cow Springs before entering Kayenta, where it intersects U.S. Route 163. It continues northeast through Dennehotso, then has a brief overlap with U.S. Route 191 in Mexican Water. It goes east until Teec Nos Pos, where it intersects U.S. Route 64, then turns northeast to go to the Four Corners and enters New Mexico.
US 160 is one of the major routes crossing the Navajo Nation and in Arizona does not leave the Navajo Nation.
New Mexico
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in New Mexico
About 0.9 miles (1.4 km) of US 160 is located within New Mexico. The highway travels northeast through extreme northwestern New Mexico, intersecting State Road 597, which provides access to the Four Corners Monument. US-160 along with NM-597 do not connect to any other portion of the New Mexico state highway network, requiring New Mexico Department of Transportation crews to travel through either Arizona or Colorado to access it.
Colorado
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Colorado
U.S. Route 160 enters Colorado near the Four Corners Monument. It goes northeast and intersects U.S. Route 491, then turns north to enter Cortez with U.S. 491. East of Cortez, a road leads south from U.S. 160 to Mesa Verde National Park. It continues east to Durango, where it intersects U.S. Route 550. After overlapping with U.S. 550 south of Durango, U.S. 160 turns east and meets U.S. Route 84 at Pagosa Springs. It then goes northeast and crosses the Continental Divide at Wolf Creek Pass.
From Wolf Creek Pass, U.S. 160 continues northeast and turns east at South Fork. At Monte Vista, an overlap begins with U.S. Route 285, which continues southeast into Alamosa. It turns east, then goes northeast to go through North La Veta Pass, then continues east to Walsenburg, where it intersects Interstate 25.
From Walsenburg, U.S. 160 continues south with Interstate 25 to Trinidad, then turns northeast to intersect U.S. Route 350. It continues east, passing through the Comanche National Grassland before intersecting the concurrent U.S. Route 287 and U.S. Route 385 south of Springfield. It continues east and enters Kansas east of Walsh.
Kansas
Main article: U.S. Route 160 in Kansas
US-160 enters Kansas just west of Saunders. It goes northeast to Johnson City, then turns east to go through Ulysses. Near Sublette, it intersects U.S. Route 83 and runs concurrently southward past its intersection with U.S. Route 56. It turns east and then runs concurrently with U.S. Route 54 between Plains and Meade. It continues east, and runs concurrently with U.S. Route 283 and U.S. Route 183. At Medicine Lodge, it intersects U.S. Route 281. It continues east and at Wellington, intersects U.S. Route 81 and then Interstate 35, on which the Kansas Turnpike is routed in the area.
East of Interstate 35, it intersects U.S. Route 77 in Winfield. It goes east from Winfield, then turns north to Burden, then goes east before going south to Elk City. It then turns east and goes through Independence after being concurrent with U.S. Route 75. It continues east, is briefly concurrent with U.S. Route 169 and then intersects U.S. Route 59 at Altamont. US-160 and US-59 then go into Oswego and separate. At Columbus, US-160 begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 69, which goes east to Crestline, then north to Frontenac, Kansas. Also at Crestline, it picks up a second concurrency with U.S. Route 400, which goes north and ends just south of Pittsburg, Kansas. After Frontenac, it turns east and enters Missouri.
Missouri
U.S. Route 160 enters Missouri west of Mindenmines. At Lamar, it intersects Interstate 49/U.S. Route 71. It goes southeast towards Springfield, where it intersects Interstate 44 and U.S. Route 60, with which it has a short concurrency. It goes south out of Springfield into Nixa as Massey Boulevard, then turns east and intersects U.S. Route 65 north of Branson. It continues east to West Plains, where it intersects U.S. Route 63, then ends southwest of Poplar Bluff at an intersection with U.S. Route 67 (Future Interstate 57).
In Willard, US 160 runs on a bypass along the western and southern edge of town. The old alignment through Willard is now U.S. Route 160 Business.
History
Western terminus
As commissioned in 1930 the western terminus was Trinidad, Colorado. In 1939, US 160 absorbed all of former route U.S. Route 450 which ran from U.S. 50 at Crescent Junction, Utah to U.S. Route 85 at Walsenburg, Colorado.
U.S. Route 450LocationCrescent Junction, UT–Walsenburg, COExisted1926–1939
In 1970 many US highways in the Four Corners region were re-aligned. U.S. 160 was diverted southwesterly from Cortez, Colorado to follow its present route past the Four Corners into Arizona, absorbing the route numbered U.S. Route 164 from 1964-1970.
The portion of former US 160 (and US 450) from Crescent Jct. to Monticello, Utah was replaced with U.S. Route 163 (now U.S. Route 191) and the portion from Monticello to Cortez, Colorado was replaced with U.S. Route 666 (now U.S. Route 491).
Eastern terminus
Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
The eastern terminus of US 160 was originally located at an intersection with U.S. Route 60 and then-U.S. Route 66 in Springfield, Missouri (Grant Avenue and College Street). In the 1950s, the terminus moved eastward across the state to an intersection with then-US 60 and then-U.S. Route 67 (now US 60 Bus. and U.S. Route 67 Business) in Poplar Bluff. The extension between Springfield and Poplar Bluff was parallel to U.S. Route 65 from Springfield to Highlandville. Between Highlandville and Holister, the highways ran concurrently. Past Holister, US 160 headed east across the Ozark Mountains. Route 160 was later routed further north in the Branson area, replacing a section of Route 148. In 2007, the terminus was moved to its current location southwest of Poplar Bluff, eliminating a concurrency between US 160 and two other highways (US 67 and US 67 Business) over the last 10 miles (16 km) of US 160.
Missouri
When U.S. Route 160 was formed in Missouri in 1930, it replaced Route 12, which had been created in 1922 as Route 36 from Kansas to Springfield and renumbered in 1926 due to US 36. The 1950s extension absorbed Route 80 (Gainesville to West Plains in 1922, later extended west to Lakeview and east to Thomasville) and the part of Route 14 east of Alton (created in 1922 as Route 42, and later absorbed by Route 14).
Major intersections
Arizona
US 89 southwest of Tuba City
US 163 in Kayenta
US 191 south-southeast of Mexican Water. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Mexican Water.
US 64 in Teec Nos Pos
New Mexico
No major intersections
Colorado
US 491 south of Towaoc. The highways travel concurrently to Cortez.
US 550 in Durango. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Durango.
US 84 in Pagosa Springs
US 285 in Monte Vista. The highways travel concurrently to Alamosa.
I-25 / US 85 / US 87 in Walsenburg. The highways travel concurrently to Trinidad.
US 350 east-northeast of El Moro
US 287 / US 385 south of Springfield
Kansas
US 83 north-northwest of Sublette. The highways travel concurrently to northwest of Kismet.
US 54 east of Plains. The highways travel concurrently to east of Meade.
US 283 south-southeast of Minneola. The highways travel concurrently to north of Englewood.
US 183 north-northwest of Sitka. The highways travel concurrently to north of Coldwater.
US 281 west-southwest of Medicine Lodge. The highways travel concurrently to Medicine Lodge.
US 81 in Wellington. The highways travel concurrently through Wellington.
I-35 east of Wellington
US 77 in Winfield
US 75 west of Independence. The highways travel concurrently to Independence.
US 169 south-southwest of Cherryvale. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km).
US 59 east of Altamont. The highways travel concurrently to Oswego.
US 69 northeast of Columbus. The highways travel concurrently to Frontenac.
US 400 north of Crestline. The highways travel concurrently to south of Pittsburg.
Missouri
I-49 / US 71 in Lamar
I-44 in Springfield
US 60 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through Springfield.
US 65 northwest of Walnut Shade
US 63 in West Plains. The highways travel concurrently through West Plains.
Future I-57 / US 67 east-northeast of Fairdealing
Special routes
There are currently three business routes of US 160.
Mancos
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationMancos, Colorado
U.S. 160 Business is a business loop that serves Mancos located in southwestern Colorado. It begins west of Mancos and goes straight through downtown. It parallels the Mancos River as it leaves town before it terminates at US 160.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Mancos, Montezuma County.
mikmDestinationsNotes
0.0000.000 US 160Western terminus
1.5222.449 SH 184 northSouthern terminus of SH 184
2.4884.004 US 160Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Bayfield
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationBayfield, Colorado
U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Bayfield located in southwestern Colorado. The entire route runs along Bayfield parkway which begins at US 160 west of Bayfield. It crosses the Los Pinos River and runs north of downtown until it reaches its eastern terminus at US 160.
Willard
U.S. Highway 160 BusinessLocationWillard, Missouri
U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Willard in southwestern Missouri. It runs along Jackson Street from US 160 northwest of Willard and through downtown before it terminates at US 160 southeast of town. It is also a former alignment of US 160 as it was rerouted on a bypass around Willard.
See also
U.S. Roads portal
Related routes
U.S. Route 60
U.S. Route 260
U.S. Route 360
U.S. Route 460
References
^ Google (November 28, 2010). "US 160 in NM" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ U.S. Highway Ends by Dale Sanderson (Mapguy), Last Retrieved Sept 25, 2007
^ Division of Highway Planning (January 1, 1955). Map of the Missouri State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
^ Division of Highway Planning (1963). Missouri Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8, 20–21, 40–41, 58–59, 68. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.
^ "Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 160.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 160KML is from Wikidata
Endpoints of US 160
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
vteU.S. Routes related to US 60
US 160
US 260
former
US 360
US 460
Special
460
vteU.S. Routes related to US 50
US 150
US 250
US 350
US 450
former
US 550
US 650
former
Special
Browse numbered routes
← US 159MO→ Route 161
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Numbered Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Tuba City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_158"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"C.W. McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.W._McCall"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass_(album)"}],"text":"Highway in the United StatesU.S. Route 160 (US 160) is a 1,465-mile-long (2,358 km) east–west United States Numbered Highway in the Midwestern and Western United States. The western terminus of the route is at US 89 five miles (8.0 km) west of Tuba City, Arizona. The eastern terminus is at US 67 and Missouri 158 southwest of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.\nIts route, if not its number, was made famous in song in 1975, as the road from Wolf Creek Pass to Pagosa Springs, Colorado in C.W. McCall's country music song \"Wolf Creek Pass\".","title":"U.S. Route 160"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_160_End.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuba City, AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Route_160,_Arizona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"},{"link_name":"Tuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"State Route 264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_264"},{"link_name":"Tonalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalea,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Cow Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Springs,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Kayenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayenta,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Dennehotso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennehotso,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Water,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Teec Nos Pos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teec_Nos_Pos,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZU.S. Route 160 in ArizonaUS 160 begins at US 89 near the western edge of Navajo Nation. Near Tuba City, it intersects State Route 264. It goes through Tonalea and Cow Springs before entering Kayenta, where it intersects U.S. Route 163. It continues northeast through Dennehotso, then has a brief overlap with U.S. Route 191 in Mexican Water. It goes east until Teec Nos Pos, where it intersects U.S. Route 64, then turns northeast to go to the Four Corners and enters New Mexico.US 160 is one of the major routes crossing the Navajo Nation and in Arizona does not leave the Navajo Nation.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"State Road 597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_597"},{"link_name":"Four Corners Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_Monument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps_nm-1"}],"sub_title":"New Mexico","text":"About 0.9 miles (1.4 km) of US 160 is located within New Mexico. The highway travels northeast through extreme northwestern New Mexico, intersecting State Road 597, which provides access to the Four Corners Monument.[1] US-160 along with NM-597 do not connect to any other portion of the New Mexico state highway network, requiring New Mexico Department of Transportation crews to travel through either Arizona or Colorado to access it.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"},{"link_name":"Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Mesa Verde National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_550"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Pass"},{"link_name":"South Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Monte Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"North La Veta Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_La_Veta_Pass"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_350"},{"link_name":"Comanche National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Colorado","text":"U.S. Route 160 enters Colorado near the Four Corners Monument. It goes northeast and intersects U.S. Route 491, then turns north to enter Cortez with U.S. 491. East of Cortez, a road leads south from U.S. 160 to Mesa Verde National Park. It continues east to Durango, where it intersects U.S. Route 550. After overlapping with U.S. 550 south of Durango, U.S. 160 turns east and meets U.S. Route 84 at Pagosa Springs. It then goes northeast and crosses the Continental Divide at Wolf Creek Pass.From Wolf Creek Pass, U.S. 160 continues northeast and turns east at South Fork. At Monte Vista, an overlap begins with U.S. Route 285, which continues southeast into Alamosa. It turns east, then goes northeast to go through North La Veta Pass, then continues east to Walsenburg, where it intersects Interstate 25.From Walsenburg, U.S. 160 continues south with Interstate 25 to Trinidad, then turns northeast to intersect U.S. Route 350. It continues east, passing through the Comanche National Grassland before intersecting the concurrent U.S. Route 287 and U.S. Route 385 south of Springfield. It continues east and enters Kansas east of Walsh.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunders,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Johnson City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Kansas Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Elk City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Crestline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frontenac, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400_(Kansas)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Kansas","text":"US-160 enters Kansas just west of Saunders. It goes northeast to Johnson City, then turns east to go through Ulysses. Near Sublette, it intersects U.S. Route 83 and runs concurrently southward past its intersection with U.S. Route 56. It turns east and then runs concurrently with U.S. Route 54 between Plains and Meade. It continues east, and runs concurrently with U.S. Route 283 and U.S. Route 183. At Medicine Lodge, it intersects U.S. Route 281. It continues east and at Wellington, intersects U.S. Route 81 and then Interstate 35, on which the Kansas Turnpike is routed in the area.East of Interstate 35, it intersects U.S. Route 77 in Winfield. It goes east from Winfield, then turns north to Burden, then goes east before going south to Elk City. It then turns east and goes through Independence after being concurrent with U.S. Route 75. It continues east, is briefly concurrent with U.S. Route 169 and then intersects U.S. Route 59 at Altamont. US-160 and US-59 then go into Oswego and separate. At Columbus, US-160 begins a concurrency with U.S. Route 69, which goes east to Crestline, then north to Frontenac, Kansas. Also at Crestline, it picks up a second concurrency with U.S. Route 400, which goes north and ends just south of Pittsburg, Kansas. After Frontenac, it turns east and enters Missouri.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mindenmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindenmines,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nixa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixa,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_63_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_57"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 160 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160_Business_(Willard,_Missouri)"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"U.S. Route 160 enters Missouri west of Mindenmines. At Lamar, it intersects Interstate 49/U.S. Route 71. It goes southeast towards Springfield, where it intersects Interstate 44 and U.S. Route 60, with which it has a short concurrency. It goes south out of Springfield into Nixa as Massey Boulevard, then turns east and intersects U.S. Route 65 north of Branson. It continues east to West Plains, where it intersects U.S. Route 63, then ends southwest of Poplar Bluff at an intersection with U.S. Route 67 (Future Interstate 57).In Willard, US 160 runs on a bypass along the western and southern edge of town. The old alignment through Willard is now U.S. Route 160 Business.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85_(Colorado)"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners"},{"link_name":"Cortez, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monticello, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Utah"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Cortez, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_666"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"}],"sub_title":"Western terminus","text":"As commissioned in 1930 the western terminus was Trinidad, Colorado.[2] In 1939, US 160 absorbed all of former route U.S. Route 450 which ran from U.S. 50 at Crescent Junction, Utah to U.S. Route 85 at Walsenburg, Colorado.[3]In 1970 many US highways in the Four Corners region were re-aligned. U.S. 160 was diverted southwesterly from Cortez, Colorado to follow its present route past the Four Corners into Arizona, absorbing the route numbered U.S. Route 164 from 1964-1970.[4]The portion of former US 160 (and US 450) from Crescent Jct. to Monticello, Utah was replaced with U.S. Route 163 (now U.S. Route 191) and the portion from Monticello to Cortez, Colorado was replaced with U.S. Route 666 (now U.S. Route 491).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:End_US_160.JPG"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"US 60 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_Business_(Springfield,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 67 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_Business_(Poplar_Bluff)"},{"link_name":"Poplar Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Bluff,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Highlandville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlandville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Holister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister,_MO"},{"link_name":"Ozark Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Eastern terminus","text":"Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.The eastern terminus of US 160 was originally located at an intersection with U.S. Route 60 and then-U.S. Route 66 in Springfield, Missouri (Grant Avenue and College Street). In the 1950s, the terminus moved eastward across the state to an intersection with then-US 60 and then-U.S. Route 67 (now US 60 Bus. and U.S. Route 67 Business) in Poplar Bluff. The extension between Springfield and Poplar Bluff was parallel to U.S. Route 65 from Springfield to Highlandville. Between Highlandville and Holister, the highways ran concurrently. Past Holister, US 160 headed east across the Ozark Mountains.[5] Route 160 was later routed further north in the Branson area, replacing a section of Route 148.[6] In 2007, the terminus was moved to its current location southwest of Poplar Bluff, eliminating a concurrency between US 160 and two other highways (US 67 and US 67 Business) over the last 10 miles (16 km) of US 160.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_MO"},{"link_name":"US 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_36_(MO)"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_MO"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_MO"},{"link_name":"Lakeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Thomasville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasville,_MO"},{"link_name":"Route 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_14_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_MO"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"When U.S. Route 160 was formed in Missouri in 1930, it replaced Route 12, which had been created in 1922 as Route 36 from Kansas to Springfield and renumbered in 1926 due to US 36. The 1950s extension absorbed Route 80 (Gainesville to West Plains in 1922, later extended west to Lakeview and east to Thomasville) and the part of Route 14 east of Alton (created in 1922 as Route 42, and later absorbed by Route 14).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"Tuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_163"},{"link_name":"Kayenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayenta,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Mexican Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Water,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Teec Nos Pos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teec_Nos_Pos,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_491"},{"link_name":"Towaoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towaoc,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_550"},{"link_name":"Durango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Pagosa Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagosa_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285"},{"link_name":"Monte Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Vista,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Alamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"Walsenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsenburg,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_350"},{"link_name":"El Moro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Moro,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Meade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283"},{"link_name":"Minneola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneola,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Englewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englewood,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"Sitka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Coldwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"Winfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_169"},{"link_name":"Cherryvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherryvale,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Altamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamont,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"US 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_400"},{"link_name":"Crestline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestline,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"I-49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49"},{"link_name":"US 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"US 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65"},{"link_name":"Walnut Shade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut_Shade,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"US 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_63"},{"link_name":"West Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Future I-57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_57_Future"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Fairdealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairdealing,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randmcnally-7"}],"text":"Arizona\n US 89 southwest of Tuba City\n US 163 in Kayenta\n US 191 south-southeast of Mexican Water. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of Mexican Water.\n US 64 in Teec Nos Pos\nNew Mexico\nNo major intersections\nColorado\n US 491 south of Towaoc. The highways travel concurrently to Cortez.\n US 550 in Durango. The highways travel concurrently to south-southeast of Durango.\n US 84 in Pagosa Springs\n US 285 in Monte Vista. The highways travel concurrently to Alamosa.\n I-25 / US 85 / US 87 in Walsenburg. The highways travel concurrently to Trinidad.\n US 350 east-northeast of El Moro\n US 287 / US 385 south of Springfield\nKansas\n US 83 north-northwest of Sublette. The highways travel concurrently to northwest of Kismet.\n US 54 east of Plains. The highways travel concurrently to east of Meade.\n US 283 south-southeast of Minneola. The highways travel concurrently to north of Englewood.\n US 183 north-northwest of Sitka. The highways travel concurrently to north of Coldwater.\n US 281 west-southwest of Medicine Lodge. The highways travel concurrently to Medicine Lodge.\n US 81 in Wellington. The highways travel concurrently through Wellington.\n I-35 east of Wellington\n US 77 in Winfield\n US 75 west of Independence. The highways travel concurrently to Independence.\n US 169 south-southwest of Cherryvale. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.9 miles (1.4 km).\n US 59 east of Altamont. The highways travel concurrently to Oswego.\n US 69 northeast of Columbus. The highways travel concurrently to Frontenac.\n US 400 north of Crestline. The highways travel concurrently to south of Pittsburg.\nMissouri\n I-49 / US 71 in Lamar\n I-44 in Springfield\n US 60 in Springfield. The highways travel concurrently through Springfield.\n US 65 northwest of Walnut Shade\n US 63 in West Plains. The highways travel concurrently through West Plains.\n Future I-57 / US 67 east-northeast of Fairdealing[7]","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are currently three business routes of US 160.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mancos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancos,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Mancos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancos,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Montezuma County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Mancos","text":"U.S. 160 Business is a business loop that serves Mancos located in southwestern Colorado. It begins west of Mancos and goes straight through downtown. It parallels the Mancos River as it leaves town before it terminates at US 160.Major intersections\nThe entire route is in Mancos, Montezuma County.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayfield,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Bayfield","text":"U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Bayfield located in southwestern Colorado. The entire route runs along Bayfield parkway which begins at US 160 west of Bayfield. It crosses the Los Pinos River and runs north of downtown until it reaches its eastern terminus at US 160.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"}],"sub_title":"Willard","text":"U.S. Route 160 Business is a business loop that serves Willard in southwestern Missouri. It runs along Jackson Street from US 160 northwest of Willard and through downtown before it terminates at US 160 southeast of town. It is also a former alignment of US 160 as it was rerouted on a bypass around Willard.","title":"Special routes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Western terminus of US 160 at US 89 near Tuba City, AZ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US_160_End.jpg/220px-US_160_End.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Route 160 in Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/U.S._Route_160%2C_Arizona.jpg/200px-U.S._Route_160%2C_Arizona.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former eastern terminus of US 160 in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/End_US_160.JPG/220px-End_US_160.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"}]
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[{"reference":"Google (November 28, 2010). \"US 160 in NM\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved November 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=US-160+E&daddr=US-160+E&geocode=FQZuNAIdMBqA-Q%3BFY6PNAIdpkWA-Q&gl=us&hl=en&mra=dme&mrcr=0&mrsp=1&sz=17&sll=36.998945,-109.033771&sspn=0.002553,0.006899&ie=UTF8&ll=36.995766,-109.035873&spn=0.010214,0.027595&z=15","url_text":"\"US 160 in NM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Division of Highway Planning (January 1, 1955). Map of the Missouri State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1955002_reduced%5B1%5D_0.pdf","url_text":"Map of the Missouri State Highway System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Highway_Commission","url_text":"Missouri State Highway Commission"}]},{"reference":"Division of Highway Planning (1963). Missouri Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Jefferson City: Missouri State Highway Commission. Retrieved March 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modot.org/sites/default/files/documents/1963001_reduced%5B1%5D.pdf","url_text":"Missouri Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8, 20–21, 40–41, 58–59, 68. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-00771-2","url_text":"978-0-528-00771-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488\". Colorado Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dtdapps.coloradodot.info/otis/HighwayData#/ui/1/0/criteria/160D/0/2.488","url_text":"\"Highway 160D between 0 and 2.488\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Colorado Department of Transportation"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurstingstone_(hundred)
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Hurstingstone (hundred)
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°22′16″N 0°05′42″W / 52.371°N 0.095°W / 52.371; -0.095Hundred of Huntingdonshire, England
Hurstingstone was a hundred of Huntingdonshire, England that was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
Hundreds of Huntingdonshire in 1830
According to Victoria County History, the derivation of the name of Hurstingstone is not clear; one possibility is that Hurstingstone comes from the name of the tribe of Hirstina (or Hyrstingas) who had settled in the area. There was a stone called the Hursting Stone on Hustingstone Hill which is the highest point on the road between St Ives and Old Hurst; it was here that the area's moot was held until it was moved to Broughton in the 14th century. There was a gallows on Hurstingstone Hill. The Hundred was given by Henry I to the abbot and convent of Ramsey c. 1155 in whose possession it remained until the dissolution of the monastery in 1539. By 1654 the hundred was sold to Edward Montagu and has been in the family of the Earls of Sandwich ever since.
The Hursting Stone resembles the shape of a chair and it is also known as the Abbot's Chair. It is possible that the Hursting Stone was used as a plinth for a stone cross around the 12th century when such crosses were commonly erected at boundaries. The stone has been moved and is now at the Norris Museum in St Ives.
In 1870–72, Hurstingstone was described like this:
HURSTINGSTONE, a hundred in Huntingdon; named from an ancient stone near Old Hurst; and containing Old Hurst parish, twenty-two other parishes, and part of another. Acres, 72, 670. Pop. in 1851, 20, 946; in 1861, 19, 961. Houses, 4, 323.— John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales
Hurstingstone was one of four Hundreds of Huntingdonshire and covered the eastern region of the county. The other Hundreds were Norman Cross, Leightonstone and Toseland.
In the Domesday Book of 1086 there were eighteen places listed in the Hundred of Hurstingstone. They were: Abbotts Ripton, Bluntisham, Botuluesbrige, Broughton, Colne, Great Stukeley, Hartford, Holywell, Houghton, Huntingdon, Little Stukeley, Ramsey, St Ives, Somersham, Upwood, Warboys, Wistow and Wyton.
The area covered by the hundred of Hurstingstone was little changed through to 1932 although a number of new parishes had been formed and Huntingdon was by then a separate administrative area. The parishes in Hurstingstone in 1932 were: Abbotts Ripton, Bluntisham, Broughton, Bury, Colne, Earith, Great Raveley, Great Stukeley, Hartford, Holywell with Needingworth, Houghton, Kings Ripton, Little Raveley, Little Stukeley, Old Hurst, Pidley, Ramsey, St Ives, Sapley, Somersham, Upwood, Warboys, Wistow, Woodhurst and Wyton.
References
^ a b c d e f g h William Page; Granville Proby; S. Inskip Ladds, eds. (1936). "A History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 2: The hundred of Hurstingstone". pp. 149–152. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Huntingdonshire" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953, see page 952. History....The Domesday Survey, besides the four existing divisions of Norman Cross, Toseland, Hurstingstone and Leightonstone......
^ a b J.J.N. Palmer. "Domesday Book Map: Hundred of Hurstingstone". www.opendomesday.org. Anna Powell-Smith. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ Ann Williams; G.H. Martin, eds. (1992). Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin Books. pp. 551–561. ISBN 0-141-00523-8.
^ "A Vision of Britain through Time:Hurstingstone Hundred". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
^ "Huntingdonshire". Cambridge History.
52°22′16″N 0°05′42″W / 52.371°N 0.095°W / 52.371; -0.095
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Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotts_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Bluntisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluntisham"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne"},{"link_name":"Great Stukeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stukeley"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon"},{"link_name":"Little Stukeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Stukeley"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Somersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersham"},{"link_name":"Upwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwood"},{"link_name":"Warboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warboys"},{"link_name":"Wistow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistow,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Wyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OD-3"},{"link_name":"Abbotts Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotts_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Bluntisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluntisham"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colne"},{"link_name":"Earith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earith"},{"link_name":"Great Raveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Raveley"},{"link_name":"Great Stukeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stukeley"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Needingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needingworth"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Kings Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Little Raveley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Raveley"},{"link_name":"Little Stukeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Stukeley"},{"link_name":"Old Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Pidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidley"},{"link_name":"Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Sapley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Somersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersham"},{"link_name":"Upwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwood"},{"link_name":"Warboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warboys"},{"link_name":"Wistow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistow,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Woodhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhurst"},{"link_name":"Wyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyton,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCH1-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambhist-6"}],"text":"Hundred of Huntingdonshire, EnglandHurstingstone was a hundred of Huntingdonshire,[1][2] England that was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.[3][4]Hundreds of Huntingdonshire in 1830According to Victoria County History, the derivation of the name of Hurstingstone is not clear; one possibility is that Hurstingstone comes from the name of the tribe of Hirstina (or Hyrstingas) who had settled in the area.[1] There was a stone called the Hursting Stone on Hustingstone Hill which is the highest point on the road between St Ives and Old Hurst; it was here that the area's moot was held until it was moved to Broughton in the 14th century.[1] There was a gallows on Hurstingstone Hill.[1] The Hundred was given by Henry I to the abbot and convent of Ramsey c. 1155 in whose possession it remained until the dissolution of the monastery in 1539.[1] By 1654 the hundred was sold to Edward Montagu and has been in the family of the Earls of Sandwich ever since.[1]The Hursting Stone resembles the shape of a chair and it is also known as the Abbot's Chair. It is possible that the Hursting Stone was used as a plinth for a stone cross around the 12th century when such crosses were commonly erected at boundaries.[1] The stone has been moved and is now at the Norris Museum in St Ives.In 1870–72, Hurstingstone was described like this:HURSTINGSTONE, a hundred in Huntingdon; named from an ancient stone near Old Hurst; and containing Old Hurst parish, twenty-two other parishes, and part of another. Acres, 72, 670. Pop. in 1851, 20, 946; in 1861, 19, 961. Houses, 4, 323.— John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales[5]Hurstingstone was one of four Hundreds of Huntingdonshire[2] and covered the eastern region of the county. The other Hundreds were Norman Cross, Leightonstone and Toseland.[2]In the Domesday Book of 1086 there were eighteen places listed in the Hundred of Hurstingstone. They were: Abbotts Ripton, Bluntisham, Botuluesbrige, Broughton, Colne, Great Stukeley, Hartford, Holywell, Houghton, Huntingdon, Little Stukeley, Ramsey, St Ives, Somersham, Upwood, Warboys, Wistow and Wyton.[3]The area covered by the hundred of Hurstingstone was little changed through to 1932 although a number of new parishes had been formed and Huntingdon was by then a separate administrative area. The parishes in Hurstingstone in 1932 were: Abbotts Ripton, Bluntisham, Broughton, Bury, Colne, Earith, Great Raveley, Great Stukeley, Hartford, Holywell with Needingworth, Houghton, Kings Ripton, Little Raveley, Little Stukeley, Old Hurst, Pidley, Ramsey, St Ives, Sapley, Somersham, Upwood, Warboys, Wistow, Woodhurst and Wyton.[1][6]","title":"Hurstingstone (hundred)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Abar%C3%A1n
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CD Abarán
|
["1 Season to season","2 References","3 External links"]
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Spanish football club
Football clubAbaránFull nameClub Deportivo AbaránFounded1948Dissolved1967GroundLas Colonias, Abarán, Murcia, SpainCapacity2,500
Home colours
Club Deportivo Abarán was a Spanish football club based in Abarán, in the Region of Murcia. Created in 1948, the club first reached the Segunda División in 1963, playing two seasons but being dissolved only four years later.
Season to season
Season
Tier
Division
Place
Copa del Rey
1948–1951
—
Regional
—
1951–52
DNP
1952–53
5
2ª Reg.
4th
1953–1956
DNP
1956–57
5
2ª Reg.
3rd
1957–58
5
2ª Reg.
1st
1958–59
4
1ª Reg.
8th
1959–60
4
1ª Reg.
1st
1960–61
3
3ª
8th
1961–62
3
3ª
4th
1962–63
3
3ª
1st
1963–64
2
2ª
13th
First round
1964–65
2
2ª
16th
First round
1965–66
3
3ª
15th
1966–67
4
1ª Reg.
13th
2 seasons in Segunda División
4 seasons in Tercera División
References
External links
BDFutbol team profile
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National cup: Copa del Rey
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Abarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Region of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Football clubClub Deportivo Abarán was a Spanish football club based in Abarán, in the Region of Murcia. Created in 1948, the club first reached the Segunda División in 1963, playing two seasons but being dissolved only four years later.","title":"CD Abarán"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"2 seasons in Segunda División\n4 seasons in Tercera División","title":"Season to season"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/e/e283.html","external_links_name":"BDFutbol team profile"},{"Link":"http://arefepedia.wikifoundry.com/page/C.D.+Abar%C3%A1n+%28I%29","external_links_name":"ArefePedia team profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asta_Olivia_Nordenhof
|
Asta Olivia Nordenhof
|
["1 Bibliography","1.1 Novels","1.2 Poetry","2 References"]
|
Asta Olivia Nordenhof (born 1988) is a Danish poet and novelist. She studied at the Danish Academy of Creative Writing, where she were teaching 2015–2022.
Asta Olivia NordenhofBorn1988NationalityDanishOccupation(s)Poet, AuthorAwardsPO Enquist Prize 2020, European Union for Literature Prize 2020
Nordenhof published her debut novel Et ansigt til Emily (A Face for Emily) in 2011, a patchwork- novel about the love between two women which won the Munch-Christensen’s Debutant Prize.
In 2013, she published her critically acclaimed poetry collection Det nemme og det ensomme (The Easiness and the Loneliness) which won Montanas Literary Award that same year. Det nemme og det ensomme has been translated to Norwegian, Swedish (published by Modernista) and English (published by Open Letter Books).
In 2020, she published her novel Penge på lommen (Money to Burn), the first part in septology entitled Scandinavian Star. The series takes its name from the MS Scandinavian Star, a passenger ferry that was set on fire on April 6, 1990, killing 159 people.
Since publication, Penge på lommen has been sold to 8 territories and has won several awards, most notably the P.O. Enquist Prize in 2020 and the EU Prize for Literature. In 2021, Penge på lommen was nominated for the Nordic Council Literature Prize 2021.Danish poet and novelist
Bibliography
Novels
Et ansigt til Emily (2011, "A Face for Emily, Basilisk")
Scandinavian Star del 1. — Penge på lommen (2020, "Money to Burn")
Poetry
Det nemme og det ensomme (2013, "The Easiness and the Loneliness")
References
^ "Bio". Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
^ "Det enkle og det einsame". Samlaget (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ "det enkla och det ensamma | Modernista". www.modernista.se. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ "the easiness and the loneliness". Open Letter. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ "Copenhagen Literary Agency | NEWS". cphla. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
^ "Asta Olivia Nordenhof | Nordic cooperation". www.norden.org. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Germany
This article about a Danish writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Daoust
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Sylvia Daoust
|
["1 Life and education","2 Work","3 Collections and awards","4 Honours","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links","6.1 Images and galleries","6.2 Information"]
|
Canadian Quebecois sculptor
Sylvia DaoustSylvia Daoust by Gabriel DesmaraisOctober 1963 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du QuébecBorn(1902-05-24)May 24, 1902Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDiedJune 19, 2004(2004-06-19) (aged 102)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaResting placeNotre Dame des Neiges CemeteryKnown forSculptor
Sylvia Daoust, CM, CQ, RCA (24 May 1902 – July 19, 2004), born in Montreal, was one of the first female sculptors in Quebec. She studied at the Council of Arts & Manufactures and the École des Beaux-Arts, with Charles Maillard and Maurice Feliz, and later with Edwin Holgate at the Art Association of Montreal.
She won many notable prizes for her work, which has been exhibited in institutions in the United States, Italy, and Canada. She is known for her portrait sculptures, and for revitalizing the traditions of liturgical art. Daoust was also one of the original members of the organization Le Retable d’Art Sacre, a group that helped transform the state of Roman Catholic churches in French Canada. Daoust died in Montreal in 2004 at the age of 102.
Life and education
Daoust was born on May 24, 1902, in Montreal, Quebec, the eldest of seven children. From an early age she began drawing, sketching, painting and also sculpting clay figurines. The figurines caught the eye of the Sisters of St. Anne, who encouraged her to enroll at the École des Beaux-Arts de Québec.
In 1915, she began studying at the Conseil des arts et manufactures with Joseph Franchère, Joseph Saint-Charles and John Young Johnstone. In 1923, Daoust enrolled in the École des beaux arts, which had just recently opened. In 1927, she graduated with a specialized teaching degree in drawing. In 1929, Daoust won the Lord Willingdon Competition, the first-place prize in an inter-provincial competition for sculpture and in the same year received a scholarship to study in France from the province of Québec She studied in France with Henri Charlier.
She returned home in 1930, teaching drawing, anatomy, modeling, and sculpting at the École des Beaux-Arts in Québec City until 1943. Daoust then moved back to Montreal to be a professor of wood and stone sculpting at the Montreal School of Fine Arts (1943–1968).
After her death in 2004, she was buried in the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.
Work
Edouard Mont Petit (1967) by Sylvia Daoust
Frère Marie-Victorin (1951) by Sylvia Daoust
The majority of Daoust's works are religious in content and form. They have been described as a combination of the formal characteristics of modernism with the austerity of sculpture of the Middle Ages.
While she did extensive work in the classroom, 1948 marked the beginning her career in modernist art alongside fellow artist and peer, Paul-Émile Borduas. During the early 1940s movement of sacred art, she became acquainted with Dom Bello, the architect of Saint Benedict Abbey in Saint-Benoit-du-Lac, Québec. She put aside her pursuit of modernist art and delved into scared art. Dom Bellot was in charge of Saint Joseph's Oratory and she worked with his guidance there and in collaboration with Henri Charlier. Her transition into sacred art was marked by the production of approximately thirty wooden statues to which she added colour accents and experimented with different materials such as aluminum and leather. She participated in over twenty exhibits and collectives, although much of her work was not displayed in art galleries.
Daoust was one of the original founding members of Le Retable d’Art Sacre, an organization that advocated and promoted the standards of religious art within the Roman Catholic churches in Québec. She continued to sculpt into her 90s, and her last works were for the chapel of the Holy Cross Fathers in Montreal.
Collections and awards
Daoust's works are in the collection of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, and the National Gallery of Canada, among others.
Her public sculptures include the bronze of Nicolas Viel adorning the façade of the Quebec Legislature (National Assembly), Mary Queen of the World at Montreal's Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral and a statue of Édouard Montpetit at the Université de Montréal.
In 1942, she won the first prize for Our Lady of Montreal, in the competition held on the occasion of the Third Centenary of the Founding Nationale de St. Jean Baptiste. In 1951, she was named to the Royal Canadian Academy of Art and in 1961 she was awarded the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's Allied Arts Award. In 1975, Daoust won the Philippe Hébert Prize by the St. Jean Baptiste Society. In 1976, she was made a member of the Order of Canada and honoured in 1987 as a chevalier of the Ordre national du Québec.
Honours
Allied Arts Medal, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, 1961.
Royal Society of Canada
Order of Canada, 1976
Ordre national du Québec
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
References
^ a b c "Order of Canada: Sylvia D'Aoust, C.M., C.Q., A.R.C." Archives. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^ a b c d e Hambleton, Josephine (1949). "Canadian Women Sculptors". Dalhousie Review. 39: 327–37.
^ a b c Stone, M.J. "Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004: Artist made her mark in wood". The Globe and Mail.
^ "Daoust, Sylvia". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bazin, Jules (1990). "Sylvia Daoust sculpteure". Vie des arts.
^ a b c Nadeau, Jean-François (27 July 2004). "Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004 - Une pionnière de la sculpture au Québec s'éteint à l'âge de 102 ans". Le devoir.
^ Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013-12-19). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
^ Répertoire des personnages inhumés au cimetière ayant marqué l'histoire de notre société (in French). Montreal: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.
^ Tippett 2017, p. 125.
^ a b Keables, Jacques. "SYLVIA DAOUST (1902-2004): La première sculpteure du Québec". Editions Fides.
^ "Sylvia Daoust". www.collections.mnbaq.org. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
^ "Allied Arts Award". Awards of Excellence: Past Recipients. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC). Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
^ "Members since 1880". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Bibliography
Tippett, Maria (2017). "Sculpture in Canada". Douglas & McIntyre. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
External links
Images and galleries
Sculpture: Marie Queen of the World.
Information
Eulogy (in French) from Le Devoir.
Biography from the Eleanor Milne album on the governmental
Canada's digital collections website.
Biography and criticism from the
Canadian Sculpture: Coming of Age project.
Ordre National du Québec citation (in French)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
National Gallery of Canada
ULAN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-1"},{"link_name":"CQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Edwin Holgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Holgate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Sylvia Daoust, CM,[1] CQ, RCA (24 May 1902 – July 19, 2004),[1] born in Montreal, was one of the first female sculptors in Quebec. She studied at the Council of Arts & Manufactures and the École des Beaux-Arts, with Charles Maillard and Maurice Feliz, and later with Edwin Holgate at the Art Association of Montreal.[2]She won many notable prizes for her work, which has been exhibited in institutions in the United States, Italy, and Canada. She is known for her portrait sculptures, and for revitalizing the traditions of liturgical art.[2] Daoust was also one of the original members of the organization Le Retable d’Art Sacre, a group that helped transform the state of Roman Catholic churches in French Canada.[2] Daoust died in Montreal in 2004 at the age of 102.[2]","title":"Sylvia Daoust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Franchère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Franch%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"John Young Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Initiative-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Henri Charlier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Charlier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HellerHeller2013-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_des_Neiges_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Daoust was born on May 24, 1902, in Montreal, Quebec, the eldest of seven children. From an early age she began drawing, sketching, painting and also sculpting clay figurines. The figurines caught the eye of the Sisters of St. Anne, who encouraged her to enroll at the École des Beaux-Arts de Québec.[3]In 1915, she began studying at the Conseil des arts et manufactures with Joseph Franchère, Joseph Saint-Charles and John Young Johnstone.[4][5] In 1923, Daoust enrolled in the École des beaux arts, which had just recently opened.[5] In 1927, she graduated with a specialized teaching degree in drawing.[5] In 1929, Daoust won the Lord Willingdon Competition,[6] the first-place prize in an inter-provincial competition for sculpture and in the same year received a scholarship to study in France from the province of Québec[5] She studied in France with Henri Charlier.[7]\nShe returned home in 1930, teaching drawing, anatomy, modeling, and sculpting at the École des Beaux-Arts in Québec City until 1943.[3] Daoust then moved back to Montreal to be a professor of wood and stone sculpting at the Montreal School of Fine Arts (1943–1968).[5]After her death in 2004, she was buried in the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.[8]","title":"Life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J78086_UdeM_20140517-155612.93_45.50690,-73.61482_StatueEdouardMontpetit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frere_Marie-Victorin.JPG"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETippett2017125-9"},{"link_name":"Paul-Émile Borduas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Borduas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"Dom Bello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Paul_Bellot"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Abbey,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Saint-Benoit-du-Lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-du-Lac"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph's Oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Oratory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Edouard Mont Petit (1967) by Sylvia DaoustFrère Marie-Victorin (1951) by Sylvia DaoustThe majority of Daoust's works are religious in content and form. They have been described as a combination of the formal characteristics of modernism with the austerity of sculpture of the Middle Ages.[9]While she did extensive work in the classroom, 1948 marked the beginning her career in modernist art alongside fellow artist and peer, Paul-Émile Borduas.[10] During the early 1940s movement of sacred art,[10] she became acquainted with Dom Bello, the architect of Saint Benedict Abbey in Saint-Benoit-du-Lac, Québec.[6] She put aside her pursuit of modernist art and delved into scared art. Dom Bellot was in charge of Saint Joseph's Oratory and she worked with his guidance there and in collaboration with Henri Charlier.[6] Her transition into sacred art was marked by the production of approximately thirty wooden statues to which she added colour accents and experimented with different materials such as aluminum and leather.[5] She participated in over twenty exhibits and collectives, although much of her work was not displayed in art galleries.[5]Daoust was one of the original founding members of Le Retable d’Art Sacre, an organization that advocated and promoted the standards of religious art within the Roman Catholic churches in Québec. She continued to sculpt into her 90s, and her last works were for the chapel of the Holy Cross Fathers in Montreal.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_beaux-arts_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Viel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Viel"},{"link_name":"Quebec Legislature (National Assembly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_the_World_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Édouard Montpetit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Montpetit"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Academy of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Academy_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Daoust's works are in the collection of the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec,[11] and the National Gallery of Canada, among others.Her public sculptures include the bronze of Nicolas Viel adorning the façade of the Quebec Legislature (National Assembly), Mary Queen of the World at Montreal's Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral and a statue of Édouard Montpetit at the Université de Montréal.In 1942, she won the first prize for Our Lady of Montreal, in the competition held on the occasion of the Third Centenary of the Founding Nationale de St. Jean Baptiste.[2] In 1951, she was named to the Royal Canadian Academy of Art and in 1961 she was awarded the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's Allied Arts Award.[3] In 1975, Daoust won the Philippe Hébert Prize by the St. Jean Baptiste Society.[5] In 1976, she was made a member of the Order of Canada and honoured in 1987 as a chevalier of the Ordre national du Québec.[5]","title":"Collections and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Architectural Institute of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Architectural_Institute_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAIC-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC-1"},{"link_name":"Ordre national du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_national_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RCA1880-13"}],"text":"Allied Arts Medal, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, 1961.[12]\nRoyal Society of Canada\nOrder of Canada, 1976[1]\nOrdre national du Québec\nRoyal Canadian Academy of Arts[13]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Edouard Mont Petit (1967) by Sylvia Daoust","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/J78086_UdeM_20140517-155612.93_45.50690%2C-73.61482_StatueEdouardMontpetit.jpg/220px-J78086_UdeM_20140517-155612.93_45.50690%2C-73.61482_StatueEdouardMontpetit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frère Marie-Victorin (1951) by Sylvia Daoust","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Frere_Marie-Victorin.JPG/220px-Frere_Marie-Victorin.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Order of Canada: Sylvia D'Aoust, C.M., C.Q., A.R.C.\" Archives. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 14 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=389","url_text":"\"Order of Canada: Sylvia D'Aoust, C.M., C.Q., A.R.C.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada","url_text":"Governor General of Canada"}]},{"reference":"Hambleton, Josephine (1949). \"Canadian Women Sculptors\". Dalhousie Review. 39: 327–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stone, M.J. \"Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004: Artist made her mark in wood\". The Globe and Mail.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Daoust, Sylvia\". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Retrieved 12 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=45","url_text":"\"Daoust, Sylvia\""}]},{"reference":"Bazin, Jules (1990). \"Sylvia Daoust sculpteure\". Vie des arts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nadeau, Jean-François (27 July 2004). \"Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004 - Une pionnière de la sculpture au Québec s'éteint à l'âge de 102 ans\". Le devoir.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/59983/sylvia-daoust-1902-2004-une-pionniere-de-la-sculpture-au-quebec-s-eteint-a-l-age-de-102-ans","url_text":"\"Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004 - Une pionnière de la sculpture au Québec s'éteint à l'âge de 102 ans\""}]},{"reference":"Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013-12-19). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-135-63882-5. Retrieved 2014-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","url_text":"North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63882-5","url_text":"978-1-135-63882-5"}]},{"reference":"Répertoire des personnages inhumés au cimetière ayant marqué l'histoire de notre société (in French). Montreal: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keables, Jacques. \"SYLVIA DAOUST (1902-2004): La première sculpteure du Québec\". Editions Fides.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.editionsfides.com/fr/product/editions-fides/essais/biographie/sylvia-daoust-_472.aspx?unite=001","url_text":"\"SYLVIA DAOUST (1902-2004): La première sculpteure du Québec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sylvia Daoust\". www.collections.mnbaq.org. Retrieved 18 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.mnbaq.org/fr/artiste/600000231","url_text":"\"Sylvia Daoust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allied Arts Award\". Awards of Excellence: Past Recipients. Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC). Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130503180644/http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/awards_raic_awards/raic-pastrecipients_e.htm#allied","url_text":"\"Allied Arts Award\""},{"url":"http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/awards_raic_awards/raic-pastrecipients_e.htm#allied","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members since 1880\". Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526215339/http://www.rca-arc.ca/en/about_members/since1880.asp","url_text":"\"Members since 1880\""},{"url":"http://www.rca-arc.ca/en/about_members/since1880.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tippett, Maria (2017). \"Sculpture in Canada\". Douglas & McIntyre. Retrieved 2020-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.library.utoronto.ca/search?N=0&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&Nu=p_work_normalized&Np=1&Ntt=tippett%2C%20sculpture%20in%20canada&Ntk=Anywhere","url_text":"\"Sculpture in Canada\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=389","external_links_name":"\"Order of Canada: Sylvia D'Aoust, C.M., C.Q., A.R.C.\""},{"Link":"http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=45","external_links_name":"\"Daoust, Sylvia\""},{"Link":"https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/59983/sylvia-daoust-1902-2004-une-pionniere-de-la-sculpture-au-quebec-s-eteint-a-l-age-de-102-ans","external_links_name":"\"Sylvia Daoust 1902-2004 - Une pionnière de la sculpture au Québec s'éteint à l'âge de 102 ans\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147","external_links_name":"North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"http://www.editionsfides.com/fr/product/editions-fides/essais/biographie/sylvia-daoust-_472.aspx?unite=001","external_links_name":"\"SYLVIA DAOUST (1902-2004): La première sculpteure du Québec\""},{"Link":"https://collections.mnbaq.org/fr/artiste/600000231","external_links_name":"\"Sylvia Daoust\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130503180644/http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/awards_raic_awards/raic-pastrecipients_e.htm#allied","external_links_name":"\"Allied Arts Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.raic.org/honours_and_awards/awards_raic_awards/raic-pastrecipients_e.htm#allied","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526215339/http://www.rca-arc.ca/en/about_members/since1880.asp","external_links_name":"\"Members since 1880\""},{"Link":"http://www.rca-arc.ca/en/about_members/since1880.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://search.library.utoronto.ca/search?N=0&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&Nu=p_work_normalized&Np=1&Ntt=tippett%2C%20sculpture%20in%20canada&Ntk=Anywhere","external_links_name":"\"Sculpture in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040821082711/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/relig/cmrdm/cmrdme14.htm","external_links_name":"Sculpture: Marie Queen of the World"},{"Link":"https://www.ledevoir.com/2004/07/27/59983.html","external_links_name":"Eulogy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040729131016/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/milne/daoust.html","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040728022720/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/","external_links_name":"Canada's digital collections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040824215812/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/sculpture/text/daoust.html","external_links_name":"Biography and criticism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040721081145/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/sculpture/nav/icdoc.html","external_links_name":"Canadian Sculpture: Coming of Age"},{"Link":"http://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/recherche_details.asp?id=7212","external_links_name":"Ordre National du Québec citation"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1949366/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000069946014","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96042893","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQyVxKJFhkPDDjR8F7pP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012014358","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/sylvia-daoust","external_links_name":"National Gallery of Canada"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500054318","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_William
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Just William
|
["1 Short stories","2 Characters","3 External links"]
|
Book by Richmal Crompton
For other uses, see Just William (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Just William Original coverAuthorRichmal CromptonIllustratorThomas HenryLanguageEnglishGenreChildren's literaturePublisherGeorge NewnesPublication date1922Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (hardback & paperback) & Audio book & filmFollowed byMore William
William Brown in William below stairs
Just William is the first book of children's short stories about the young school boy William Brown, written by Richmal Crompton, and published in 1922. The book was the first in the series of William Brown books which was the basis for numerous television series, films and radio adaptations. Just William is also sometimes used as a title for the series of books as a whole, and is also the name of various television, film and radio adaptations of the books. The William stories first appeared in Home magazine and Happy Mag.
Short stories
The book contains the following short stories:
William Goes to the Pictures – William's aunt gives him a shilling, so he buys sweets and goes to the cinema. On his way home he is obsessed with acting out what he has seen.
William the Intruder – William steals the attentions of his brother's new crush.
William Below Stairs – William runs away from home after reading a book about a boy who ran away and made a fortune in gold. He gets a job working as a servant in an upper-class household.
The Fall of the Idol – William has a crush on his teacher Miss Drew, but eventually discovers she has "feet of clay".
The Show – The Outlaws put on an animal show in William's room for money and finally decide to use his sleeping Aunt Emily as an exhibit.
A Question of Grammar – William's wilful misunderstanding of a double negative leads him to throw a wild party in his parents' absence.
William Joins the Band of Hope – William is forced to join the Temperance movement along with the other Outlaws, but manages to turn the first meeting into a punch-up.
The Outlaws – The first-ever William story. William is forced to spend his precious half-holiday looking after a baby but decides to kidnap him and bring him to the Outlaws.
William and White Satin – When William is forced to be a page at his cousin's wedding, he becomes a figure of ridicule. However, he soon finds an ally in an equally reluctant bridesmaid, his cousin.
William's New Year's Day – William is encouraged to make a New Year's resolution by the sweet shop owner Mr Moss. He decides to be polite for New Years Day and ends up looking after the Sweet Shop.
The Best Laid Plans – A young man misguidedly enlists William's help in wooing his sister Ethel.
"Jumble" – The story of how William met his dog Jumble.
The 2022 "100th anniversary edition" removes "William the Intruder", largely due to William's "Red Indian" (an offensive portrayal of a Native American hunter) persona he adopts over the course of the story. In addition to this, the order of the remaining stories have been changed.
Characters
William Brown is an eleven-year-old boy, eternally scruffy and frowning. William and his friends, Ginger, Henry, and Douglas, call themselves The Outlaws, and meet at the old barn in Farmer Jenks' field, with William being the leader of the gang. The Outlaws are sworn enemies of the Hubert Lane-ites, with whom they frequently clash.
Ginger is William's faithful friend and almost as tousled, reckless and grimy as William himself. He has been known to take over in William's absence and is his best friend. Henry brings an air of wisdom to the otherwise non-academic Outlaws. Never liking to own up to being at a loss, he can always deliver the knowledge that the Outlaws need. In the first book, it is revealed that he is the oldest of the Outlaws. Douglas, perhaps the most pessimistic of the Outlaws (though it has never stopped him joining in with any lawless activity), is the best of them at spelling. He spells knights "gnights" and knocks "gnocks". The Outlaws take pride in this because, unlike them, he knows the contrariness of the English language.
William's family – his elder, red-gold-haired sister Ethel and brother Robert, placid mother and stern father, and never-ending supply of elderly aunts – cannot understand William. Only his mother has any sympathy for him, though his father sometimes shows a side of himself that seems to admit he was once like William himself.
Other recurring characters include Violet Elizabeth Bott, lisping spoiled daughter of the local nouveau riche millionaire (whose companionship William reluctantly endures, to prevent her carrying out her threat "I'll thcream and thcream 'till I'm thick"), and Joan Clive, the dark-haired girl for whom William has a soft spot. Joan is sometimes considered a member of the Outlaws (the only girl entitled to this high privilege) and sometimes an "Outlaw ally", because she took a special oath. At one point she went away to boarding school, but continued to appear in William's adventures during her holidays.
William writes stories (The Tale of The Bloody Hand), although most of these are written in terrible grammar, to much comic effect. He likes to perform drama, and is fond of white rats, bull's eyes, football, and cricket.
A notable feature of the stories is the subtle observance of the nature of leadership. William often has to reconcile his own ambitions with the needs of the individuals within the Outlaws. His strength of personality means that his leadership is never questioned. William rarely exercises his power over the Outlaws without conscience.
William has a few arch-enemies, Hubert Lane being the most sought after. Others include Hubert's lieutenant Bertie Franks, and other confederates.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Just William
Online editions
Just William at Standard Ebooks
Just William public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Television series
1960s TV series at IMDb
1970s TV series at IMDb
1990s TV series at IMDb
British Film Institute Screen Online – 1977 series
Films
Just William (movie) at IMDb
Just William's Luck (movie) at IMDb
William at the Circus (movie) at IMDb
Other
Just William Society
Just William fan site
vteJust William by Richmal CromptonBooks
Just William (1921)
More William (1922)
William Again (1923)
William the Fourth (1924)
Still William (1925)
William the Conqueror (1926)
William the Outlaw (1927)
William in Trouble (1927)
William the Good (1928)
William (1929)
William the Bad (1930)
William's Happy Days (1930)
William's Crowded Hours (1931)
William the Pirate (1932)
William the Rebel (1933)
William the Gangster (1934)
William the Detective (1935)
Sweet William (1936)
William the Showman (1937)
William the Dictator (1938)
William and Air Raid Precautions (1939)
William and the Evacuees (1940)
William Does His Bit (1941)
William Carries On (1942)
William and The Brains Trust (1945)
Just William's Luck (1948)
William The Bold (1950)
William and the Tramp (1952)
William and the Moon Rocket (1954)
William and the Space Animal (1956)
William's Television Show (1958)
William the Explorer (1960)
William's Treasure Trove (1962)
William and the Witch (1964)
William and the Pop Singers (1965)
William and the Masked Ranger (1966)
William the Superman (1968)
William the Lawless (1970)
What's Wrong with Civilizashun and Other Important Ritings (1990)
Films
Just William (1940)
Just William's Luck (1947)
William Comes to Town (1948)
Television series
William (1962–1963)
Just William (1977–1978)
Just William (1994–1995)
Just William (2010)
Radio
Just William (1946–1948)
William and the Artist's Model (1956)
Just William (1990s)
^ Crompton, Richmal (2022). Just William (100th anniversary ed.). UK: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1529076820.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just William (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_William_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Just_William.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richmal Crompton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmal_Crompton"},{"link_name":"William Brown books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_William_(book_series)"},{"link_name":"Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_(magazine)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Just William (disambiguation).William Brown in William below stairsJust William is the first book of children's short stories about the young school boy William Brown, written by Richmal Crompton, and published in 1922. The book was the first in the series of William Brown books which was the basis for numerous television series, films and radio adaptations. Just William is also sometimes used as a title for the series of books as a whole, and is also the name of various television, film and radio adaptations of the books. The William stories first appeared in Home magazine and Happy Mag.","title":"Just William"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"double negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negative"},{"link_name":"Temperance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement"},{"link_name":"New Year's resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_resolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The book contains the following short stories:William Goes to the Pictures – William's aunt gives him a shilling, so he buys sweets and goes to the cinema. On his way home he is obsessed with acting out what he has seen.\nWilliam the Intruder – William steals the attentions of his brother's new crush.\nWilliam Below Stairs – William runs away from home after reading a book about a boy who ran away and made a fortune in gold. He gets a job working as a servant in an upper-class household.\nThe Fall of the Idol – William has a crush on his teacher Miss Drew, but eventually discovers she has \"feet of clay\".\nThe Show – The Outlaws[clarification needed] put on an animal show in William's room for money and finally decide to use his sleeping Aunt Emily as an exhibit.\nA Question of Grammar – William's wilful misunderstanding of a double negative leads him to throw a wild party in his parents' absence.\nWilliam Joins the Band of Hope – William is forced to join the Temperance movement along with the other Outlaws, but manages to turn the first meeting into a punch-up.\nThe Outlaws – The first-ever William story. William is forced to spend his precious half-holiday looking after a baby but decides to kidnap him and bring him to the Outlaws.\nWilliam and White Satin – When William is forced to be a page at his cousin's wedding, he becomes a figure of ridicule. However, he soon finds an ally in an equally reluctant bridesmaid, his cousin.\nWilliam's New Year's Day – William is encouraged to make a New Year's resolution by the sweet shop owner Mr Moss. He decides to be polite for New Years Day and ends up looking after the Sweet Shop.\nThe Best Laid Plans – A young man misguidedly enlists William's help in wooing his sister Ethel.\n\"Jumble\" – The story of how William met his dog Jumble.The 2022 \"100th anniversary edition\" removes \"William the Intruder\", largely due to William's \"Red Indian\" (an offensive portrayal of a Native American hunter) persona he adopts over the course of the story. In addition to this, the order of the remaining stories have been changed.[1]","title":"Short stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lisping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(speech)"},{"link_name":"nouveau riche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_riche"},{"link_name":"white rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_rat"},{"link_name":"bull's eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbug_(sweet)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"}],"text":"William Brown is an eleven-year-old boy, eternally scruffy and frowning. William and his friends, Ginger, Henry, and Douglas, call themselves The Outlaws, and meet at the old barn in Farmer Jenks' field, with William being the leader of the gang. The Outlaws are sworn enemies of the Hubert Lane-ites, with whom they frequently clash.Ginger is William's faithful friend and almost as tousled, reckless and grimy as William himself. He has been known to take over in William's absence and is his best friend. Henry brings an air of wisdom to the otherwise non-academic Outlaws. Never liking to own up to being at a loss, he can always deliver the knowledge that the Outlaws need. In the first book, it is revealed that he is the oldest of the Outlaws. Douglas, perhaps the most pessimistic of the Outlaws (though it has never stopped him joining in with any lawless activity), is the best of them at spelling. He spells knights \"gnights\" and knocks \"gnocks\". The Outlaws take pride in this because, unlike them, he knows the contrariness of the English language.William's family – his elder, red-gold-haired sister Ethel and brother Robert, placid mother and stern father, and never-ending supply of elderly aunts – cannot understand William. Only his mother has any sympathy for him, though his father sometimes shows a side of himself that seems to admit he was once like William himself.Other recurring characters include Violet Elizabeth Bott, lisping spoiled daughter of the local nouveau riche millionaire (whose companionship William reluctantly endures, to prevent her carrying out her threat \"I'll thcream and thcream 'till I'm thick\"), and Joan Clive, the dark-haired girl for whom William has a soft spot. Joan is sometimes considered a member of the Outlaws (the only girl entitled to this high privilege) and sometimes an \"Outlaw ally\", because she took a special oath. At one point she went away to boarding school, but continued to appear in William's adventures during her holidays.William writes stories (The Tale of The Bloody Hand), although most of these are written in terrible grammar, to much comic effect. He likes to perform drama, and is fond of white rats, bull's eyes, football, and cricket.A notable feature of the stories is the subtle observance of the nature of leadership. William often has to reconcile his own ambitions with the needs of the individuals within the Outlaws. His strength of personality means that his leadership is never questioned. William rarely exercises his power over the Outlaws without conscience.William has a few arch-enemies, Hubert Lane being the most sought after. Others include Hubert's lieutenant Bertie Franks, and other confederates.","title":"Characters"}]
|
[{"image_text":"William Brown in William below stairs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Just_William.jpg/220px-Just_William.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Crompton, Richmal (2022). Just William (100th anniversary ed.). UK: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1529076820.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmal_Crompton","url_text":"Crompton, Richmal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1529076820","url_text":"978-1529076820"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/richmal-crompton/just-william","external_links_name":"Just William"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Just+William&author=CROMPTON&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Just William"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0208652/","external_links_name":"1960s TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162093/","external_links_name":"1970s TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0309172/","external_links_name":"1990s TV series"},{"Link":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/976179/index.html","external_links_name":"British Film Institute Screen Online – 1977 series"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031522/","external_links_name":"Just William (movie)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040503/","external_links_name":"Just William's Luck (movie)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0123326/","external_links_name":"William at the Circus (movie)"},{"Link":"http://www.justwilliamsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Just William Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515144457/http://www.sharpsoftware.co.uk/william/","external_links_name":"Just William fan site"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp
|
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp
|
["1 The BCCS Sanctuary","2 Natural history","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 38°29′40″N 76°35′39″W / 38.49444°N 76.59417°W / 38.49444; -76.59417Protected area in Calvert County, Maryland, US
Battle Creek Cypress SwampMap of MarylandLocationCalvert County, MarylandNearest cityPrince FrederickCoordinates38°29′40″N 76°35′39″W / 38.49444°N 76.59417°W / 38.49444; -76.59417Area100 acres (40 ha)Established1957
U.S. National Natural LandmarkDesignated1965
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp (BCCS) is a forested wetland near Prince Frederick in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is one of the northernmost sites of naturally occurring bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) trees in North America, and the only large stand of the trees on the western shore of Maryland. In 1965, the National Park Service designated the BCCS a National Natural Landmark.
The BCCS Sanctuary
The Nature Center at BCCS
The Nature Conservancy purchased the wetland, which became the Battle Creek Cypress Swamp Sanctuary, in 1957. It was the Conservancy's first preserve in Maryland and encompasses 100 acres (40 ha) (about 1% of the 10,060-acre (40.7 km2) watershed of Battle Creek). A portion of it is now open as a public park with a nature center and quarter-mile boardwalk through the swamp. Since 1977, the preserve has been leased to Calvert County and operated as a county park.
Natural history
Trail through the swamp
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Cypresses, such as the bald cypress, and their relatives once covered much of the northern temperate zone. It is thought that these trees disappeared from the BCCS area during the most recent Pleistocene glaciation ("Ice Age"), but reappeared around 5,000 to 10,000 years ago as the climate warmed.
In addition to the cypress, the sanctuary protects many songbirds (prothonotary warbler, waterthrush), frogs (green frog, spring peeper) and several wildflower species (cardinal flower, jack-in-the-pulpit). Skunk cabbages emerge early each spring.
References
^ "Battle Creek Cypress Swamp". nps.gov. National Park Service.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle Creek Cypress Swamp.
Nature Conservancy's Battle Creek Cypress Swamp Sanctuary site
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp - Battle Creek Nature Education Society
Maryland Dept of Natural Resources Battle Creek site
BCCS National Natural Landmark webpage
vteProtected areas of MarylandFederalNational battlefields
Antietam
Monocacy
National historical parks
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
National historic sites
Clara Barton
Hampton
Thomas Stone
National monuments
Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine
National seashores
Assateague Island
National Park Serviceparks
Catoctin Mountain
Fort Foote
Fort Washington
Glen Echo
Greenbelt
Harmony Hall
Oxon Cove and Oxon Hill Farm
Piscataway
National wildlife refuges
Blackwater
Eastern Neck
Glenn Martin
Patuxent Research
Susquehanna River
National historicand scenic trails
Appalachian
Captain John Smith Chesapeake
Potomac Heritage
Star-Spangled Banner
Other protected areas
Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network
Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
StateState parks
Assateague
Big Run
Bill Burton Fishing Pier
Calvert Cliffs
Canal Place
Casselman River Bridge
Chapel Point
Cunningham Falls
Dans Mountain
Deep Creek Lake
Elk Neck
Fort Frederick
Fort Tonoloway
Gambrill
Gathland
Greenbrier
Greenwell
Gunpowder Falls
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
Hart-Miller Island
Herrington Manor
Janes Island
Martinak
Matapeake
New Germany
North Point
Palmer
Patapsco Valley
Patuxent River
Pocomoke River
Point Lookout
Purse
Rocks
Rocky Gap
Rosaryville
Sandy Point
Seneca Creek
Smallwood
South Mountain
St. Clement's Island
St. Mary's River
Susquehanna
Swallow Falls
Tuckahoe
Washington Monument
Wye Oak
State forests
Cedarville
Chesapeake
Doncaster
Elk Neck
Garrett
Green Ridge
Mount Nebo
Pocomoke
Potomac
Savage River
Seth
Stoney
Wicomico
Wildlife managementareas
Avondale
Belle Grove
Billmeyer
Bodkin Island
Bowen
Cedar Island
Cedar Point
Cheltenham
Chicamuxen
Chicone Creek
Cunningham Swamp
Dan's Mountain
Deal Island
Devil Island Area
Dierssen
E.A. Vaughn
Earleville
Ellis Bay
Fairmount
Fishing Bay
Fort Hill
Globe Com
Gravel Hill Swamp
Grove Farm
Gwynnbrook
Heater's Island
Hopkins Branch
Hugg-Thomas
Idylwild
Indian Springs
Islands of the Potomac
Isle of Wight
Johnson
Kent Island Research Center
Le Compte
Linkwood
Little Patuxent Oxbow
Maryland Marine Properties
McIntosh Run
McKee-Beshers
Millington
Mt. Nebo
Myrtle Grove
Nanjemoy
Nanjemoy Creek
Nanticoke River
Old Bohemia
Parker's Creek
Pocomoke River
Pocomoke Sound
Prather's Neck
Ridenour Swamp
Riverside
Sideling Hill
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South Marsh Island
Strider
Tar Bay
Taylors Island
Warrior Mountain
Wellington
Wetipquin
Natural environmentareas
Belt Woods
Mattawoman
Morgan Run
Severn Run
Soldiers Delight
Youghiogheny Scenic & Wild River
Zekiah Swamp
County andmunicipalParks and sanctuaries
Acorn
Allen Pond
Belmont
Benjamin Banneker
Blandair
Carroll
Centennial
Clifton
Constitution
Cromwell Valley
Cylburn Arboretum
David Force
Dinosaur
Druid Hill
Fairgrounds
Falls Road
Federal Hill
Flag Ponds
Fort Smallwood
Foxhill
Gene Mason
Generals
Gwynn Oak
Gwynns Falls/Leakin
Hagerstown City
Herring Run
Jefferson Patterson
Jonas Green
Jug Bay Wetlands
Kinder Farm
Lake Artemesia
Lake Elkhorn
Lake Kittamaqundi
Lake Roland
Lakelands
Liberty Reservoir
Loch Raven
Middle Patuxent
Oregon Ridge
Patterson
Pen Mar
Prettyboy Reservoir
Quiet Waters
Riverside
Rockburn Branch
Sligo Creek
Symphony Woods
Thomas A. Dixon Jr. Aircraft Observation Area
Troy
Wheaton
Wilde Lake
Wyman
Non-governmentalParks and sanctuaries
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp
Conservation and Environmental Research Areas of UMBC
Merkle Wildlife Sanctuary and Visitor's Center
Mount Pleasant Farm Center
Sherwood Gardens
Somers Cove Marina
Sugarloaf Mountain
University of Maryland Arboretum & Botanical Garden
Western Maryland Rail Trail
Youghiogheny Scenic & Wild River
Nature centers
List
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Maryland Forest Service
Maryland Park Service
vteNature centers in MarylandAnne Arundel County
Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary
Baltimore city
Carrie Murray
Cylburn Arboretum
Masonville Cove Environmental Education Center
Baltimore County
Cromwell Valley Park
Irvine
Marshy Point
Oregon Ridge
Sparks Bank Nature Center at Gunpowder Falls State Park
Calvert County
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp
Carroll County
Bear Branch
Charlotte's Quest
Piney Run
Cecil County
Fair Hill
Frederick County
Fountain Rock Park
Garrett County
Deep Creek Lake State Park
New Germany State Park
Harford County
Eden Mill
Harford Glen Environmental Education Center
Howard County
Howard County Conservancy
Robinson Nature Center
Montgomery County
Agricultural History Farm Park
Black Hill Visitors Center
Brookside Gardens
Croydon Creek
Locust Grove
Maydale
Meadowside
Woodend Nature Sanctuary
Prince George's County
Clearwater
Hard Bargain Farm Environmental Center
Merkle Wildlife Sanctuary and Visitor's Center
Mt. Rainier
Patuxent Research Refuge National Wildlife Visitor Center
Watkins
St. Mary's County
Point Lookout State Park
Talbot County
Phillips Wharf Environmental Center
Pickering Creek Audubon Center
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|
[{"image_text":"The Nature Center at BCCS","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BattleCreekCypressSwamp2.JPG/250px-BattleCreekCypressSwamp2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Trail through the swamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2016-07-20_14_35_10_View_along_the_boardwalk_trail_at_the_Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp_in_Calvert_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/220px-2016-07-20_14_35_10_View_along_the_boardwalk_trail_at_the_Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp_in_Calvert_County%2C_Maryland.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Battle Creek Cypress Swamp\". nps.gov. National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/places/battle-creek-cypress-swamp.htm","url_text":"\"Battle Creek Cypress Swamp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp¶ms=38_29_40_N_76_35_39_W_region:US-MD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°29′40″N 76°35′39″W / 38.49444°N 76.59417°W / 38.49444; -76.59417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp¶ms=38_29_40_N_76_35_39_W_region:US-MD_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°29′40″N 76°35′39″W / 38.49444°N 76.59417°W / 38.49444; -76.59417"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_Creek_Cypress_Swamp&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/places/battle-creek-cypress-swamp.htm","external_links_name":"\"Battle Creek Cypress Swamp\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081130210013/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/maryland/preserves/art4789.html","external_links_name":"Nature Conservancy's Battle Creek Cypress Swamp Sanctuary site"},{"Link":"http://www.calvertparks.org/","external_links_name":"Battle Creek Cypress Swamp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070614060938/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/baylinks/13.html","external_links_name":"Maryland Dept of Natural Resources Battle Creek site"},{"Link":"http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/Maryland/NNL/BCC/index.cfm","external_links_name":"BCCS National Natural Landmark webpage"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Bizacki
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Krzysztof Bizacki
|
["1 Career","2 References"]
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Polish footballer
Krzysztof BizackiPersonal informationDate of birth
(1973-04-07) 7 April 1973 (age 51)Place of birth
Tychy, PolandHeight
1.69 m (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
StrikerSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1990–1993
GKS Tychy
1993–1995
Ruch Chorzów
37
(8)1995–1996
Sokół Tychy
51
(8)1997–2003
Ruch Chorzów
190
(49)2003–2004
Odra Wodzisław Śląski
11
(0)2004–2006
Ruch Chorzów
55
(15)2006–2008
Koszarawa Żywiec
2008–2013
GKS Tychy
104
(21)International career2000
Poland
2
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Krzysztof Bizacki (born 7 April 1973) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Career
Bizacki began his career in the 1990–91 season, when he played for GKS Tychy.
He moved to Ruch Chorzów during the following season. His most notable moments include his participation for the team in the Intertoto Cup in 1998. He has played more than 300 games for Ruch, scoring more than eighty goals.
References
^ "Krzysztof Bizacki" (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
This biographical article related to a Polish association football midfielder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"Krzysztof Bizacki (born 7 April 1973) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a striker.","title":"Krzysztof Bizacki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GKS Tychy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_Tychy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ruch Chorzów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruch_Chorz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertoto_Cup"}],"text":"Bizacki began his career in the 1990–91 season, when he played for GKS Tychy.[1]He moved to Ruch Chorzów during the following season. His most notable moments include his participation for the team in the Intertoto Cup in 1998. He has played more than 300 games for Ruch, scoring more than eighty goals.","title":"Career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Krzysztof Bizacki\" (in Polish). 90 Minut. Retrieved 2010-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=133","url_text":"\"Krzysztof Bizacki\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=133","external_links_name":"\"Krzysztof Bizacki\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Bizacki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gamowebbed
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User talk:Gamowebbed
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["1 User talk:Gamowebbed"]
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User talk:Gamowebbed
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Gamowebbed&action=edit§ion=1"}],"text":"User talk:Gamowebbed[edit]","title":"User talk:Gamowebbed"}]
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[{"Link":"https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=latest-365&pages=User%3AGamowebbed","external_links_name":"Daily pageviews"},{"Link":"https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=latest-365&pages=User%3AGamowebbed","external_links_name":"pageviews.wmcloud.org"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Konesky
|
John Konesky
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American guitarist, record producer
John KoneskyKonesky in 2016Background informationBirth nameJohn S. KoneskyAlso known asJ.B. Shredman (with Trainwreck)("Kones" with Tenacious D)Born (1980-11-19) November 19, 1980 (age 43)Columbus, Ohio, U.S.GenresComedy rock, Hard rock, Heavy metal, Southern rockOccupation(s)GuitaristInstrument(s)GuitarYears active2003 – presentMusical artist
John S. Konesky (born November 19, 1980) is an American guitarist and record producer, best known for his role as the lead electric guitar player for Tenacious D.
Career
Konesky was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, where he performed in a band with friend John Spiker. Through a mutual friend, he and Spiker met Tenacious D guitarist Kyle Gass, who was recruiting musicians for his Trainwreck project. In 2003, Konesky relocated to Los Angeles to become the electric guitarist for Trainwreck. In 2005, Konesky and Spiker performed on the second Tenacious D album The Pick of Destiny and would then perform live on The Pick of Destiny Tour, making them (alongside drummer Brooks Wackerman) additional live members of Tenacious D. In 2010, Trainwreck split up, which led him and Gass to form Kyle Gass Band. In 2012, Konesky formed country band Wynchester alongside Kyle Gass Band lead vocalist, Mike Bray, whom released their debut record in 2018 and toured with Tenacious D.
In 2009, Konesky and Gass worked together on the YouTube channel Guitarings. Konesky was a member of Tenacious D when the band won a Grammy in 2015 for their cover of Dio's "The Last in Line".
Personal life
He graduated from Hilliard Davidson High School in 1999. He has played guitar for over 30 years, starting at the age of 9.
Discography
Trainwreck — Trainwreck Live (2004)
Tenacious D — The Pick of Destiny (2006)
John Konesky — Kones (2008)
Trainwreck —The Wreckoning (2009)
Tenacious D — Rize of the Fenix (2012)
Kyle Gass Band — Kyle Gass Band (2013)
Big Talk — Straight In No Kissin' (2015)
Tenacious D — Tenacious D Live (2015)
Kyle Gass Band — Thundering Herd (2016)
John Carpenter —Anthology: Movie Themes 1974–1998 (2017) — Guitar on "In the Mouth of Madness"
Wynchester — Wynchester (2018)
Tenacious D — Post-Apocalypto (2018)
Crusade — Origins (2024)
References
^ "CRR Interview - Kyle Gass & John Konesky - Secrets of the KGB". www.classicrockrevisited.com. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
^ "Trainwreck : Eat Music". Eat Music. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
^ "Q&A w/ Tenacious D and Trainwreck's John Konesky". SF Weekly. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
^ "Wonder boys". VC Reporter. 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
^ Fiero, Andrew (2018-11-06). "Tenacious D Kings in Brooklyn, NY 11-3-18". Cryptic Rock. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
^ "Guitarings - YouTube". YouTube.
^ Kaufman, Spencer. "2015 Grammys: Tenacious D Win Best Metal Performance Award". Loudwire. Retrieved 2019-09-29.
^ a b Beck, Aaron (2007-02-08). "Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D". The Columbus Dispatch. ISSN 1074-097X. Retrieved 2024-03-01 – via Proquest.
External links
Media related to John Konesky at Wikimedia Commons
"Kone Home". John Konesky. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14 – via johnkonesky.com.
An interview with John Spiker and John Konesky (under the pseudonyms of Boy Johnny and John Bartholomew Shredman respectively) (archived copy)
vteTrainwreck with Kyle Gass
JR Reed (Darryl Lee Donald)
Kyle Gass (Klip Calhoun)
John Konesky (John Bartholomew Shredman)
John Spiker (Boy Johnny)
Kevin Weisman (Kenny Bob Thorton)
Steve McDonald (Slim Watkins)
Chris D'Arienzo (Lance Branson)
Nate Rothacker (Dallas St. Bernard)
Studio album
The Wreckoning
Live album
Trainwreck Live
Related articles
Tenacious D, Kyle Gass Band
vteTenacious D
Jack Black
Kyle Gass
John Konesky
John Spiker
Scott Seiver
Studio albums
Tenacious D
The Pick of Destiny
Rize of the Fenix
Post-Apocalypto
Live albums
Tenacious D Live
Extended plays
Jazz
Singles
"Wonderboy"
"Tribute"
"POD"
Other songs
"Fuck Her Gently"
Video albums
The Complete Master Works
The Complete Master Works 2
Films
The Pick of Destiny
D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary
Time Fixers
Post-Apocalypto
Concert tours
The Pick of Destiny Tour
Rize of the Fenix Tour
Post-Apocalypto Tour
The Spicy Meatball Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
TV series
Kyle Gass Band
Trainwreck with Kyle Gass
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D"}],"text":"Musical artistJohn S. Konesky (born November 19, 1980) is an American guitarist and record producer, best known for his role as the lead electric guitar player for Tenacious D.","title":"John Konesky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"John Spiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spiker"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"Trainwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_with_Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny_Tour_(2006%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"Brooks Wackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Wackerman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass_Band"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Last in Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_in_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Konesky was born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, where he performed in a band with friend John Spiker. Through a mutual friend, he and Spiker met Tenacious D guitarist Kyle Gass, who was recruiting musicians for his Trainwreck project.[1] In 2003, Konesky relocated to Los Angeles to become the electric guitarist for Trainwreck.[2] In 2005, Konesky and Spiker performed on the second Tenacious D album The Pick of Destiny and would then perform live on The Pick of Destiny Tour, making them (alongside drummer Brooks Wackerman) additional live members of Tenacious D.[3] In 2010, Trainwreck split up, which led him and Gass to form Kyle Gass Band.[4] In 2012, Konesky formed country band Wynchester alongside Kyle Gass Band lead vocalist, Mike Bray, whom released their debut record in 2018 and toured with Tenacious D.[5]In 2009, Konesky and Gass worked together on the YouTube channel Guitarings.[6] Konesky was a member of Tenacious D when the band won a Grammy in 2015 for their cover of Dio's \"The Last in Line\".[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilliard Davidson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilliard_Davidson_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch2-8"}],"text":"He graduated from Hilliard Davidson High School in 1999.[8] He has played guitar for over 30 years, starting at the age of 9.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trainwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_with_Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Rize of the Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_of_the_Fenix"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass_Band"},{"link_name":"Big Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Talk"},{"link_name":"Straight In No Kissin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_In_No_Kissin%27"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_Live"},{"link_name":"Thundering Herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundering_Herd_(album)"},{"link_name":"John Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Anthology: Movie Themes 1974–1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology:_Movie_Themes_1974%E2%80%931998"},{"link_name":"Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Apocalypto"}],"text":"Trainwreck — Trainwreck Live (2004)\nTenacious D — The Pick of Destiny (2006)\nJohn Konesky — Kones (2008)\nTrainwreck —The Wreckoning (2009)\nTenacious D — Rize of the Fenix (2012)\nKyle Gass Band — Kyle Gass Band (2013)\nBig Talk — Straight In No Kissin' (2015)\nTenacious D — Tenacious D Live (2015)\nKyle Gass Band — Thundering Herd (2016)\nJohn Carpenter —Anthology: Movie Themes 1974–1998 (2017) — Guitar on \"In the Mouth of Madness\"\nWynchester — Wynchester (2018)\nTenacious D — Post-Apocalypto (2018)\nCrusade — Origins (2024)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"CRR Interview - Kyle Gass & John Konesky - Secrets of the KGB\". www.classicrockrevisited.com. Retrieved 2021-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classicrockrevisited.com/show_interview.php?id=1013","url_text":"\"CRR Interview - Kyle Gass & John Konesky - Secrets of the KGB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trainwreck : Eat Music\". Eat Music. Archived from the original on 2019-09-29. Retrieved 2019-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929154440/https://www.eat-music.net/en/object/trainwreck","url_text":"\"Trainwreck : Eat Music\""},{"url":"https://www.eat-music.net/en/object/trainwreck","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A w/ Tenacious D and Trainwreck's John Konesky\". SF Weekly. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2021-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfweekly.com/music/qs-john-konesky/","url_text":"\"Q&A w/ Tenacious D and Trainwreck's John Konesky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wonder boys\". VC Reporter. 2012-04-04. Retrieved 2021-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://vcreporter.com/2012/04/wonder-boys/","url_text":"\"Wonder boys\""}]},{"reference":"Fiero, Andrew (2018-11-06). \"Tenacious D Kings in Brooklyn, NY 11-3-18\". Cryptic Rock. Retrieved 2021-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://crypticrock.com/tenacious-d-kings-in-brooklyn-ny-11-3-18/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Kings in Brooklyn, NY 11-3-18\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guitarings - YouTube\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/user/Guitarings/videos?sort=da","url_text":"\"Guitarings - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Spencer. \"2015 Grammys: Tenacious D Win Best Metal Performance Award\". Loudwire. Retrieved 2019-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/2015-grammys-tenacious-d-best-metal-performance-award-dio-last-in-line/","url_text":"\"2015 Grammys: Tenacious D Win Best Metal Performance Award\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Aaron (2007-02-08). \"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\". The Columbus Dispatch. ISSN 1074-097X. Retrieved 2024-03-01 – via Proquest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/394707384?sourcetype=Newspapers","url_text":"\"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch","url_text":"The Columbus Dispatch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-097X","url_text":"1074-097X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proquest","url_text":"Proquest"}]},{"reference":"\"Kone Home\". John Konesky. Archived from the original on 2017-09-14 – via johnkonesky.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170914000152/http://johnkonesky.com/","url_text":"\"Kone Home\""},{"url":"http://johnkonesky.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.classicrockrevisited.com/show_interview.php?id=1013","external_links_name":"\"CRR Interview - Kyle Gass & John Konesky - Secrets of the KGB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190929154440/https://www.eat-music.net/en/object/trainwreck","external_links_name":"\"Trainwreck : Eat Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.eat-music.net/en/object/trainwreck","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sfweekly.com/music/qs-john-konesky/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A w/ Tenacious D and Trainwreck's John Konesky\""},{"Link":"https://vcreporter.com/2012/04/wonder-boys/","external_links_name":"\"Wonder boys\""},{"Link":"https://crypticrock.com/tenacious-d-kings-in-brooklyn-ny-11-3-18/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Kings in Brooklyn, NY 11-3-18\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/Guitarings/videos?sort=da","external_links_name":"\"Guitarings - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://loudwire.com/2015-grammys-tenacious-d-best-metal-performance-award-dio-last-in-line/","external_links_name":"\"2015 Grammys: Tenacious D Win Best Metal Performance Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/394707384?sourcetype=Newspapers","external_links_name":"\"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-097X","external_links_name":"1074-097X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170914000152/http://johnkonesky.com/","external_links_name":"\"Kone Home\""},{"Link":"http://johnkonesky.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050219084232/http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/trainwreckbjshreddyinterview.html","external_links_name":"An interview with John Spiker and John Konesky (under the pseudonyms of Boy Johnny and John Bartholomew Shredman respectively)"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/795425dc-7eac-45ca-b92c-28ca02cbcb8e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Gate_(2004_film)
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Devil's Gate (2004 film)
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["1 Cast","2 External links"]
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2004 British filmDevil's GateDirected byStuart St. PaulWritten byStuart St PaulTrevor ToddProduced byStuart St PaulJean HeardStarringLaura FraserCallum BlueCinematographyMalcolm McLeanEdited byChris JoyceMusic byMark BlackledgeDistributed byEchelon EntertainmentRelease date
2004 (2004)
CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
Devil's Gate is a 2004 British film directed by Stuart St Paul. Upon learning of her father's illness the protagonist Rachael decides to travel home - despite having previously had no intent to ever visit the town again. Her feelings for the town derive from her mistreatment by her mother. Various tragedies occur which essentially trap her on the island - mysteries soon arise. Devil's Gate was mainly filmed on the islands of Shetland, due to the stark landscape.
Cast
Laura Fraser - Rachael
Callum Blue - Rafe
Luke Aikman - Matt
Tom Bell - Jake
Roger Ashton-Griffiths - Eagle
Jean Heard - Betty
Lynda Bellingham - Marlene
Patrick Gordon - Clem
Mames Kristian - Bob
External links
Devil's Gate
Devil's Gate at IMDb
This article related to a British film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetland"}],"text":"2004 British filmDevil's Gate is a 2004 British film directed by Stuart St Paul. Upon learning of her father's illness the protagonist Rachael decides to travel home - despite having previously had no intent to ever visit the town again. Her feelings for the town derive from her mistreatment by her mother. Various tragedies occur which essentially trap her on the island - mysteries soon arise. Devil's Gate was mainly filmed on the islands of Shetland, due to the stark landscape.","title":"Devil's Gate (2004 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Callum Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callum_Blue"},{"link_name":"Tom Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Roger Ashton-Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ashton-Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Lynda Bellingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynda_Bellingham"}],"text":"Laura Fraser - Rachael\nCallum Blue - Rafe\nLuke Aikman - Matt\nTom Bell - Jake\nRoger Ashton-Griffiths - Eagle\nJean Heard - Betty\nLynda Bellingham - Marlene\nPatrick Gordon - Clem\nMames Kristian - Bob","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.devilsgate.info/","external_links_name":"Devil's Gate"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0309510/","external_links_name":"Devil's Gate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil%27s_Gate_(2004_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell_Mysteries
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The Ruth Rendell Mysteries
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Regulars","2.2 Guests","3 Episodes","3.1 Series 1 (1987)","3.2 Series 2 (1988)","3.3 Series 3 (1989)","3.4 Series 4 (1990)","3.5 Series 5 (1991)","3.6 Series 6 (1992)","3.7 Series 7 (1994)","3.8 Series 8 (1995)","3.9 Series 9 (1996)","3.10 Series 10 (1997)","3.11 Series 11 (1998)","3.12 Series 12 (1999—2000)","4 Media releases","5 References","6 External links"]
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British television crime drama series
The Ruth Rendell MysteriesTitle cardAlso known asThe Inspector Wexford MysteriesGenreCrime dramaMysteryAnthologyCreated byRuth RendellStarringGeorge BakerLouie RamsayChristopher RavenscroftKen KitsonDiane KeenJohn BurgessComposerBrian BennettCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series12No. of episodes84 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producersGraham BensonColin RogersTim VaughnProducersJohn DaviesNeil ZeigerProduction locationUnited KingdomRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesTelevision SouthMeridian BroadcastingBlue HeavenOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease2 August 1987 (1987-08-02) –11 October 2000 (2000-10-11)
The Ruth Rendell Mysteries is a British television crime drama series, produced by TVS and later by its successor Meridian Broadcasting, in association with Blue Heaven Productions, for broadcast on the ITV network. Twelve series were broadcast on ITV between 2 August 1987 and 11 October 2000. Created by renowned author Ruth Rendell, the first six series focused entirely on her main literary character, Chief Inspector Reg Wexford, played by George Baker. Repeat airings of these series changed the programme's title to The Inspector Wexford Mysteries. However, later series shifted focus to other short stories previously written by Rendell, with Wexford featuring in only three further stories, in 1996, 1998 and 2000. When broadcast, these three stories were broadcast under the title Inspector Wexford.
In some cases stories were expanded from Rendell's original material or elements from a number of stories were woven together into one episode. A smaller number of episodes were based on Rendell's full-length novels, such as The Strawberry Tree starring Simon Ward, Going Wrong starring James Callis, A Case of Coincidence starring Keith Barron and Ronald Pickup, Front Seat starring Janet Suzman, and The Lake of Darkness starring Jerome Flynn. A total of fifty-five episodes featured Inspector Wexford, alongside his wife Dora (Louie Ramsay) and his assistant DI Mike Burden (Christopher Ravenscroft). A total of twenty-nine episodes focused on other characters.
The first six series were released on VHS, but have never been released on DVD due to licensing rights issues with The Walt Disney Company, who owns Television South's back catalogue of programming. Series seven to twelve have since been released on DVD as a Best Of box set, omitting four episodes.
Plot
Each episode follows the investigations of Chief Inspector Reg Wexford and his team of detectives in the fictional town of Kingsmarkham. The cases they investigate are often complex and involve a range of characters with hidden motives and dark secrets.
The series delves into the psychology of crime, exploring the motives and behaviors of both the perpetrators and the victims. The stories are often dark and gritty, with themes of murder, revenge, jealousy, and betrayal.
Throughout the series, Wexford faces personal challenges and struggles with his own demons, including his complicated relationship with his wife, Dora. Despite his personal troubles, Wexford remains a dedicated and determined detective, committed to solving each case and bringing justice to the victims.
Cast
Regulars
George Baker as DCI Reg Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)
Christopher Ravenscroft as DI Mike Burden (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)
Louie Ramsay as Dora Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)
Deborah Poplett as Sheila Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11)
Charon Bourke as Sylvia Wexford (Series 2—6, 9, 11—12)
Emma Smith as Pat Burden (Series 1—6)
Diane Keen as Jenny Burden (Series 4—6, 9, 11—12)
Ann Penfold as Jean Burden (Series 1—4)
Noah Huntley as John Burden (Series 1—4)
Ken Kitson as DS Caleb Martin (Series 1—6)
Isobel Middleton as DS Karen Malahyde (Series 2—6, 9, 11—12)
Colin Campbell as Sgt Willoughby (Series 2—6)
Dave Hill as DCC Freeborn (Series 3—6)
John Burgess as Dr. Len Croker (Series 2—6)
Gary Mavers as Colin Budd (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)
Guests
Gwen Nelson
Episodes
Series 1 (1987)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–4"Wolf to the Slaughter"Clive ExtonJohn Davies2 August 1987 (1987-08-02) — 23 August 1987 (1987-08-23)
Part 1: One evening someone messes up a love-nest on a side street in a small country town. The carpet is soaked with human blood, but there is no body to be found. Meanwhile, a beautiful, promiscuous woman goes missing - as does the bundle of cash she was carrying. But Wexford and Burden have different theories about the disappearance of the eccentric Anita Margolis. Part 2: Who is Ann? Who is Geoff Smith? Who sent the anonymous letter? Inspector Wexford and his team appear nowhere nearer solving the mystery. Perhaps if the missing girl's body could be located things would becomes clearer. But where to begin? Part 3: A gold lighter is found and provides a vital clue to the girl's disappearance. Its inscription reads 'For the girl who lights up my life' but which girl? And where is the body? Part 4: Wexford and his colleagues now knows the identity of Anita Margolis's killer, but there is a problem - he died some 18 months before the murder. Are the detectives' investigations at a halt?
Series 2 (1988)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–3"A Guilty Thing Surprised"Clive ExtonMary McMurray19 June 1988 (1988-06-19) — 3 July 1988 (1988-07-03)
Wexford finds he is dealing with a very nasty case when nature-loving Elizabeth Nightingale is murdered on one of her nightly walks through the woods around Myfleet Manor.
4–6"Shake Hands Forever"Clive ExtonDon Leaver23 September 1988 (1988-09-23) — 7 October 1988 (1988-10-07)
Angela Hathall is murdered, but Wexford can find no motive and no suspect. Maybe she picked up a stranger who killed her? The line Wexford follows alienates not just his colleagues, including Mike Burden, but his wife, too.
7"No Crying He Makes"Paula MilneMary McMurray23 December 1988 (1988-12-23)
At Christmas, Wexford and Burden are called to the Kingsmarkham Hospital. A baby has been stolen from her pram and another baby left behind in her place, and it seems that the mother of the stolen child may also be in danger.
Series 3 (1989)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–3"No More Dying Then"Geoffrey CaseJan Sargeant22 October 1989 (1989-10-22) — 5 November 1989 (1989-11-05)
Wexford investigates the disappearance of John Lawrence, a five-year-old boy. After he goes missing, mad, taunting letters begin to arrive, involving another child who vanished, Stella Rivers.
4–6"A Sleeping Life"Roger MarshallBill Hays12 November 1989 (1989-11-12) — 26 November 1989 (1989-11-26)
Wexford investigates when the dead body of a middle aged woman is found - but there are very few clues to the woman's life, let alone those that might lead to her killer.
7"The Veiled One"Trevor PrestonMary McMurray17 December 1989 (1989-12-17)
Gwen Robson, a middle-aged housewife who may have been a blackmailer, is found garotted in the car park of a suburban shopping mall. Wexford is no sooner on the case than a car bomb goes off and all but kills him, putting him in hospital. This leaves Mike Burden with the task of solving the case, but does he go off on the wrong scent? Is Wexford's analysis any better, though?
Series 4 (1990)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–3"Some Lie and Some Die"Matthew JacobsSandy Johnson30 September 1990 (1990-09-30) — 14 October 1990 (1990-10-14)
The Kingsmarkham rock festival is going smoothly until the disfigured body of a local girl, thought to be living in London, is found in a nearby quarry. Wexford investigates the links between a charismatic singer and a young woman gone bad.
4–6"The Best Man to Die"John BrownHerbert Wise21 October 1990 (1990-10-21) — 4 November 1990 (1990-11-04)
Wexford joins forces with a bridegroom when his best man is killed at the stag party. And Charlie Hatton's death is only the first in a string of murders which seem to be about cheating husbands, loose women and gangsters.
7–8"An Unkindness of Ravens"Robert SmithJohn Gorrie11 November 1990 (1990-11-11) — 18 November 1990 (1990-11-18)
Rodney Williams disappears and then his body is found in the woods. Wexford investigates and finds more than one mystery.
9"Put on by Cunning"Trevor PrestonSandy Johnson24 December 1990 (1990-12-24)
When a world-famous flautist is murdered, Wexford wonders if his recently returned daughter had anything to do with it. He becomes obsessed with proving that she is an imposter, even getting permission to travel as far afield as the USA and France to do so.
Series 5 (1991)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–3"A New Lease of Death"Peter BerryHerbert Wise29 September 1991 (1991-09-29) — 13 October 1991 (1991-10-13)
Wexford's first ever successful murder case comes back to haunt him when a vicar starts to rake up the past. Was the man hanged on Wexford's evidence actually innocent?
4–6"Murder Being Once Done"Matthew JacobsJohn Gorrie20 October 1991 (1991-10-20) — 3 November 1991 (1991-11-03)
Wexford collapses from overwork so is put on a month's leave. Instead of resting though, he decides to go and visit Mike, who is seconded to London. Although he should be resting, Wexford's dreams have drawn him towards Mike's case of a young murdered girl left lying in a vault, and a strong connection to the baby adoption business.
7–8"From Doon with Death"George BakerMary McMurray10 November 1991 (1991-11-10) — 17 November 1991 (1991-11-17)
Margaret Parsons, a fairly ordinary housewife who, with her water board official husband Ron, has recently moved to Kingsmarkham, is found murdered in a field. Mrs. Parsons led an extremely uneventful life, being a lay preacher, but Inspector Wexford is intrigued when he is looking through her belongings and finds a number of expensive antique books all inscribed 'From Doon to Minna'. Who is Doon?
9–10"Means of Evil"Peter BerrySarah Hellings24 November 1991 (1991-11-24) — 1 December 1991 (1991-12-01)
Inspector Wexford is confronted with a murder in a vegetarian family and wonders how many kinds of mushrooms there are.
11"Achilles' Heel"Guy HibbertSandy Johnson26 December 1991 (1991-12-26)
When Wexford and Burden go on a holiday to France together with their wives, they meet an alluring English couple. Reg becomes transfixed by the wife, and is shocked when he gets back home to hear she has been kidnapped.
Series 6 (1992)
This was the last series to solely feature Inspector Wexford. Subsequent series shifted focus onto other characters previously featured in short stories by Rendell.
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1–3"The Speaker of Mandarin"Trevor PrestonHerbert Wise27 September 1992 (1992-09-27) — 11 October 1992 (1992-10-11)
Having attended a police conference in China, Wexford joins a group of British tourists in Hong Kong including former barrister Adam Knighton and his wife Adela — not the most loving of couples. On return to Kingsmarkham he learns that Mrs. Knighton, who lived nearby, was murdered in an apparent robbery. Burden suspects that an ex-con with a grudge against Mr. Knighton may be responsible, but draws blanks. Wexford is convinced that the death is linked to something that happened in China and interrogates the holidaying party.
4–5"The Mouse in the Corner"George BakerRob Walker18 October 1992 (1992-10-18) — 25 October 1992 (1992-10-25)
Tom Peterlee, a member of a large family who live in three adjoining cottages, is murdered. His mother Eva is, in Wexford's opinion, quite cavalier in reaction to his death, and other family members are no more helpful. Heather, his widow, seems dumb with grief, and his brother and meek sister-in-law are similarly evasive. Family friend Carol is more forthcoming, providing Heather with an alibi, but Wexford is sure that one of the Peterlees is the killer. Burden has problems of his own when his daughter starts dating a married man, and a series of ram-raids in Kingsmarkham add to Wexford's problems.
6–7"An Unwanted Woman"Rosemary Anne SissonJenny Wilkes1 November 1992 (1992-11-01) — 8 November 1992 (1992-11-08)
When a 92-year old lady dies, Wexford becomes suspicious that there was more to it than old age, and begins an investigation into the slightly sinister elderly retired community surrounding her.
8–11"Kissing the Gunner's Daughter"Matthew JacobsMary McMurray15 November 1992 (1992-11-15) — 6 December 1992 (1992-12-06)
When an off-duty DS Martin tries to be a hero during a bank robbery, not only does he get shot, but it also triggers a chain of events involving murders and deceit.
12"Talking to Strange Men"Julian BondJohn Gorrie27 December 1992 (1992-12-27)
A man's obsession with his estranged wife hits boiling point when the investigation into his sister's murder is re-opened.
Series 7 (1994)
This series was the first series not to feature Inspector Wexford, with focus being shifted to other leading characters from Rendell's repertoire of short stories. The lead role of Steven Whalby is played by Colin Firth.
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1"Master of the Moor: Part 1"Trevor PrestonMarc Evans2 September 1994 (1994-09-02)
An ecology writer finds himself under suspicion of murder after an artist he meets on the moors is found murdered.
2"Master of the Moor: Part 2"Trevor PrestonMarc Evans9 September 1994 (1994-09-09)
When a second body is found, the police's suspicion of Steven continues to grow, despite his psychological issues.
3"Master of the Moor: Part 3"Trevor PrestonMarc Evans16 September 1994 (1994-09-16)
A third woman is found dead, but Stephen thinks he can finally identify the suspect he saw on the moor that day.
Series 8 (1995)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1"Vanity Dies Hard: Part 1"Julian BondAlan Grint24 March 1995 (1995-03-24)
A Florist, struggling in the recession, disappears without a trace the night before she is due to leave her house and business. She was mildly opposed to the recent marriage of her close friend Alice to Andrew Fielding.
2"Vanity Dies Hard: Part 2"Julian BondAlan Grint31 March 1995 (1995-03-31)
Further revelations about Nesta's private life begin to emerge, leading Alice to believe her friend has been murdered.
3"Vanity Dies Hard: Part 3"Julian BondAlan Grint7 April 1995 (1995-04-07)
Nesta's affair with Andrew comes to light, and Alice begins to suspect that the letters she received have been faked.
4"The Strawberry Tree: Part 1"George BakerHerbert Wise21 April 1995 (1995-04-21)
A young housewife begins to wonder at whatever happened to her brother and cousin, who disappeared in Majorca several years ago.
5"The Strawberry Tree: Part 2"George BakerHerbert Wise28 April 1995 (1995-04-28)
When Piers and Rosario turn up out of the blue, Petra begins to question them over their whereabouts.
Series 9 (1996)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1"Heartstones: Part One"Guy MeredithPiers Haggard1 January 1996 (1996-01-01)
A sixteen-year-old girl is angered when her father brings home a new woman shortly after her mother's death, and swears revenge.
2"Heartstones: Part Two"Guy MeredithPiers Haggard8 January 1996 (1996-01-08)
A sixteen-year-old girl is angered when her father brings home a new woman shortly after her mother's death, and swears revenge.
3"Simisola: Part 1"Alan PlaterJim Goddard26 January 1996 (1996-01-26)
Wexford investigates a complex case involving the disappearance of a Nigerian doctor's daughter, which is only made more complicated when the last person to see her alive is found murdered.
4"Simisola: Part 2"Alan PlaterJim Goddard2 February 1996 (1996-02-02)
Wexford arrests his burglary suspect, but a routine search of his house uncovers a body, which he suspects may be that of Dr. Akande's missing daughter.
5"Simisola: Part 3"Alan PlaterJim Goddard9 February 1996 (1996-02-09)
With his best witness still comatose, Wexford deduces that the unidentified dead girl was an abused servant, so he seeks the truth in the homes of the well-to-do.
6"The Secret House of Death: Part 1"John HarveyJim Goddard8 March 1996 (1996-03-08)
A divorcée, who refuses to partake of neighbourhood gossip, becomes involved with a neighbour whose wife and her lover appear to have carried out a suicide pact.
7"The Secret House of Death: Part 2"John HarveyJim Goddard15 March 1996 (1996-03-15)
Unaware that her neighbour Bob and widow Magdalene are the adulterers who murdered their spouses and faked the suicide pact, Susan offers Bob comfort, which he pretends to accept in order to find out how much she knows.
8"A Case of Coincidence: Part 1"Geoffrey CaseGavin Millar22 March 1996 (1996-03-22)
After four attractive women are found strangled in and around the local river, the free-spirited wife of a London doctor is killed while on an extramarital assignation.
9"A Case of Coincidence: Part 2"Geoffrey CaseGavin Millar29 March 1996 (1996-03-29)
The investigation leads to Eddie Brannel, a mentally handicapped childhood friend of Sara's, and although he admits to the other killings, he denies killing her.
Series 10 (1997)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1"The Double"Piers HaggardMary McMurray3 January 1997 (1997-01-03)
Two identical women, one virginal and touch-me-not and the other sexy and seductive, vie for the affections of a young stockbroker.
2"A Dark Blue Perfume"Peter RansleySandy Johnson10 January 1997 (1997-01-10)
A middle-aged man is still haunted by a love affair from his youth which almost ended in murder.
3"Bribery and Corruption: Part 1"Guy MeredithMike Vardy17 January 1997 (1997-01-17)
Nick, a recent college graduate, believes he loves Emma, the wife of his father's former friend, but Nick does not know that she's been having an affair with his father. Emma is then murdered.
4"Bribery and Corruption: Part 2"Guy MeredithMike Vardy24 January 1997 (1997-01-24)
The police make Nick's father their prime suspect in Emma's murder, and he makes a suicide attempt, ending up in a coma. Nick and Annabel conduct their own investigation.
5"Thornapple"Roy MacGregorMary McMurray31 January 1997 (1997-01-31)
A 12-year-old boy is dazzled when his older cousin comes to stay, but is suspicious when her aunt unexpectedly dies and leaves her a large sum of money in her will.
6"May and June: Part 1"Ken BlakesonJames Cellan Jones7 February 1997 (1997-02-07)
After a lifetime of sibling rivalry, in which their father favoured the clever and pretty June, May attends her brother-in-law's funeral. Many years before, May attempted suicide when June took May's fiancé.
7"May and June: Part 2"Ken BlakesonJames Cellan Jones14 February 1997 (1997-02-14)
After accepting her sister's offer of reconciliation, May realises June had been having an affair whilst her husband was alive. She grows close to this man, John, and tells him about what happened.
8"Front Seat"Alex FergusonSandy Johnson21 February 1997 (1997-02-21)
When Cecily Branksome retires back to her home town over her husband's objections, she becomes involved with her boorish old boyfriend and a 30-year-old murder.
Series 11 (1998)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers(millions)
Original airdate
1"Going Wrong: Part 1"Julian BondMatthew EvansTBA2 June 1998 (1998-06-02)
A successful businessman runs into his old girlfriend. Although she treats him politely, his rekindled feelings to her border on nothing less than obsession.
2"Going Wrong: Part 2"Julian BondMatthew EvansTBA9 June 1998 (1998-06-09)
Guy's obsession with his old girlfriend Leonora grows and he becomes convinced that someone close to her is poisoning her against him.
3"Going Wrong: Part 3"Julian BondMatthew EvansTBA11 June 1998 (1998-06-11)
Invited to Leonora and William's for dinner, Guy goes mad when he learns that they will be moving to Manchester and attacks William.
4"Road Rage: Part 1"George BakerBruce McDonald10.518 November 1998 (1998-11-08)
Wexford investigates when a young German girl mysteriously disappears from outside a pub, and a group of environmentalist stage a sit in to prevent a bypass from being built through a forest.
5"Road Rage: Part 2"George BakerBruce McDonald9.069 November 1998 (1998-11-09)
Wexford's wife Dora is released by the terrorists, but young Roxanne is found dead, and young Ryan has apparently defected to the terrorists.
6"You Can't Be Too Careful"Ted WhiteheadMatthew Evans5.8124 December 1998 (1998-12-24)
Prim businesswoman Della Galway has a compulsive penchant for double-locking doors - but her new roommate is careless about security.
7"The Orchard Walls"Jacqueline HolboroughGwennan Sage6.3031 December 1998 (1998-12-31)
A bright young teenage girl is 'farmed out' to relatives in the rural West Country during the Battle of Britain, and makes many astute observations about life there.
Series 12 (1999—2000)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers(millions)
Original airdate
1"The Lake of Darkness"Peter J. HammondBruce MacDonald7.333 May 1999 (1999-05-03)
Quiet accountant Martin wins the lottery, but things take a turn for the worse when he meets Francesca, who is not what she seems.
2"The Fallen Curtain"Douglas LivingstoneMatthew Evans6.666 August 1999 (1999-08-06)
Richard Brazier has a mental block about his abduction as an eight-year-old and is haunted by what may or may not have happened.
3"Harm Done"Christopher RussellBruce MacDonald9.7811 October 2000 (2000-10-11)
Wexford copes with two abductions of teen-aged girls, the disappearance of a three-year-old from her bedroom, and the return of a paroled paedophile to the town.
Media releases
The first six series were released on VHS on 21 January 2000 via IMC Vision. This was shortly before the rights to Television South's back-catalogue were purchased by The Walt Disney Company during their purchase of Fox Family Worldwide in 2001, which has subsequently led to all other TVS programmes being unavailable for commercial release on VHS or DVD.
Subsequently, the remaining six series were released on DVD on 9 April 2007, as The Best Of Ruth Rendell Mysteries, via Network. As these series were not produced by TVS, the licensing rights became available for a DVD release. However, four episodes were omitted ("Heartstones", "The Strawberry Tree", "Thornapple" and "Talking to Strange Men"), none of which have ever been commercially released. Again, the remaining six series were released on DVD in the United States on 24 June 2008. Series seven-twelve have since been repeated on ITV3 and ITV Encore, however, once again the four episodes omitted from the DVD were not broadcast, suggesting that the licensing rights for these episodes are no longer available.
Series
Year
# of Episodes
Format
Release Dates
Notes
Series 1
1987
4
VHS
21 January 2000
Never released on DVD due to issue with Television South licensing rights.
Series 2
1988
7
3 x VHSDVD
21 January 200030 May 2016
Never released on DVD in the UK due to issue with Television South licensing rights. Released on DVD for the first time in Germany in May 2016. Two of the three stories ("A Guilty Thing Surprised" and "Shake Hands Forever") were heavily cut for the DVD, each story losing around 45 minutes against the original broadcast version.
Series 3
1989
7
3 x VHS
21 January 2000
Never released on DVD due to issue with Television South licensing rights.
Series 4
1990
9
4 x VHSDVD
21 January 200030 May 2016
Never released on DVD in the UK due to issue with Television South licensing rights. "Some Lie and Some Die" and "The Best Man to Die" released on DVD for the first time in Germany in May 2016. Both stories were heavily cut for the DVD, each losing over 41 minutes against the original broadcast version.
Series 5
1991
11
5 x VHSDVD
21 January 200030 May 2016
Never released on DVD in the UK due to issue with Television South licensing rights. "Murder Being Once Done" and "Achilles Heel" released on DVD for the first time in Germany in May 2016. The story "Murder Being Once Done" was heavily cut for the DVD, losing around 42 minutes against the original broadcast version.
Series 6
1992
11
4 x VHSDVD
21 January 200030 May 2016
Never released on DVD in the UK due to issue with Television South licensing rights. "The Mouse in the Corner" and "Kissing the Gunner's Daughter" released on DVD for the first time in Germany in May 2016.
Series 7
1992-1994
4
DVD
9 April 2007
Episode 1, "Talking to Strange Men", is not included in this set and has never been commercially released.
Series 8
1995
5
DVD
9 April 2007
Episodes 4-5, "The Strawberry Tree", are not included in this set and has never been commercially released.
Series 9
1996
8
DVD
9 April 2007
Episode 1, "Heartstones", is not included in this set and has never been commercially released.
Series 10
1997
8
DVD
9 April 2007
Episode 5, "Thornapple", is not included in this set and has never been commercially released.
Series 11
1998
7
DVD
9 April 2007
Includes all seven episodes.
Series 12
1999-2000
3
DVD
9 April 2007
Includes all three episodes.
References
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Wolf To The Slaughter". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Guilty Thing Surprised". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Shake Hands Forever" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: No Crying He Makes". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.
^ a b "Inspektor Wexford ermittelt, Vol. 1". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.
^ "No More Dying Then" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Sleeping Life" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Veiled One" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Some Lie And Some Die" – via Amazon.
^ "The Best Man to Die" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unkindness Of Ravens" – via Amazon.
^ "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Put On By Cunning" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A New Lease Of Death" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Murder Being Once Done" – via Amazon.
^ "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: From Doon with Death" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Means Of Evil" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Achilles Heel" – via Amazon.
^ a b "Inspektor Wexford ermittelt - Vol. 2" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Speaker Of Mandarin" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries - The Mouse In The Corner" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unwanted Woman" – via Amazon.
^ "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Kissing The Gunner's Daughter" – via Amazon.
^ a b c d e f "Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Best Of". 9 April 2007 – via Amazon.
External links
The Ruth Rendell Mysteries at IMDb
The Ruth Rendell Mysteries at epguides.com
British Film Institute Screen online
vteRuth RendellInspector Wexford novels
From Doon with Death
A New Lease of Death
Wolf to the Slaughter
The Best Man to Die
A Guilty Thing Surprised
No More Dying Then
Murder Being Once Done
Some Lie and Some Die
Shake Hands Forever
A Sleeping Life
Put on By Cunning
The Speaker of Mandarin
An Unkindness of Ravens
The Veiled One
Kissing the Gunner's Daughter
Simisola
Road Rage
Harm Done
The Babes in the Wood
End in Tears
Not in the Flesh
The Monster in the Box
The Vault
No Man's Nightingale
Stand-alone novels
To Fear a Painted Devil
Vanity Dies Hard
The Secret House of Death
One Across, Two Down
The Face of Trespass
A Demon in My View
A Judgement in Stone
Make Death Love Me
The Lake of Darkness
Master of the Moor
The Killing Doll
The Tree of Hands
Live Flesh
Heartstones
Talking to Strange Men
The Bridesmaid
Going Wrong
The Crocodile Bird
The Keys to the Street
A Sight for Sore Eyes
Adam and Eve and Pinch Me
The Rottweiler
Thirteen Steps Down
The Thief
The Water's Lovely
Portobello
Tigerlily's Orchids
The Saint Zita Society
The Girl Next Door
Dark Corners
As Barbara Vine
A Dark-Adapted Eye
A Fatal Inversion
The House of Stairs
Gallowglass
King Solomon's Carpet
Asta's Book
No Night is Too Long
The Brimstone Wedding
The Chimney Sweeper's Boy
Grasshopper
The Blood Doctor
The Minotaur
The Birthday Present
The Child's Child
Short story collections
The Fallen Curtain
Means of Evil
The Fever Tree
The New Girlfriend
The Copper Peacock
Blood Lines
Piranha to Scurfy
A Spot of Folly
TV series
The Ruth Rendell Mysteries
The Barbara Vine Mysteries
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"TVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_South"},{"link_name":"Meridian Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Meridian"},{"link_name":"ITV network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Chief Inspector Reg Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Wexford"},{"link_name":"George Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baker_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Simon Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ward"},{"link_name":"James Callis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callis"},{"link_name":"Keith Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Barron"},{"link_name":"Ronald Pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Pickup"},{"link_name":"Janet Suzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Suzman"},{"link_name":"Jerome Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Louie Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Christopher Ravenscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ravenscroft"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Television South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_South"}],"text":"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries is a British television crime drama series, produced by TVS and later by its successor Meridian Broadcasting, in association with Blue Heaven Productions, for broadcast on the ITV network. Twelve series were broadcast on ITV between 2 August 1987 and 11 October 2000. Created by renowned author Ruth Rendell, the first six series focused entirely on her main literary character, Chief Inspector Reg Wexford, played by George Baker. Repeat airings of these series changed the programme's title to The Inspector Wexford Mysteries. However, later series shifted focus to other short stories previously written by Rendell, with Wexford featuring in only three further stories, in 1996, 1998 and 2000. When broadcast, these three stories were broadcast under the title Inspector Wexford.In some cases stories were expanded from Rendell's original material or elements from a number of stories were woven together into one episode. A smaller number of episodes were based on Rendell's full-length novels, such as The Strawberry Tree starring Simon Ward, Going Wrong starring James Callis, A Case of Coincidence starring Keith Barron and Ronald Pickup, Front Seat starring Janet Suzman, and The Lake of Darkness starring Jerome Flynn. A total of fifty-five episodes featured Inspector Wexford, alongside his wife Dora (Louie Ramsay) and his assistant DI Mike Burden (Christopher Ravenscroft). A total of twenty-nine episodes focused on other characters.The first six series were released on VHS, but have never been released on DVD due to licensing rights issues with The Walt Disney Company, who owns Television South's back catalogue of programming. Series seven to twelve have since been released on DVD as a Best Of box set, omitting four episodes.","title":"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each episode follows the investigations of Chief Inspector Reg Wexford and his team of detectives in the fictional town of Kingsmarkham. The cases they investigate are often complex and involve a range of characters with hidden motives and dark secrets.The series delves into the psychology of crime, exploring the motives and behaviors of both the perpetrators and the victims. The stories are often dark and gritty, with themes of murder, revenge, jealousy, and betrayal.Throughout the series, Wexford faces personal challenges and struggles with his own demons, including his complicated relationship with his wife, Dora. Despite his personal troubles, Wexford remains a dedicated and determined detective, committed to solving each case and bringing justice to the victims.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baker_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Ravenscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ravenscroft"},{"link_name":"Louie Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Diane Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Keen"},{"link_name":"Noah Huntley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Huntley"},{"link_name":"Ken Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kitson"},{"link_name":"Colin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dave Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hill_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burgess_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gary Mavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mavers"}],"sub_title":"Regulars","text":"George Baker as DCI Reg Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)\nChristopher Ravenscroft as DI Mike Burden (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)\nLouie Ramsay as Dora Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)\nDeborah Poplett as Sheila Wexford (Series 1—6, 9, 11)\nCharon Bourke as Sylvia Wexford (Series 2—6, 9, 11—12)\nEmma Smith as Pat Burden (Series 1—6)\nDiane Keen as Jenny Burden (Series 4—6, 9, 11—12)\nAnn Penfold as Jean Burden (Series 1—4)\nNoah Huntley as John Burden (Series 1—4)\nKen Kitson as DS Caleb Martin (Series 1—6)\nIsobel Middleton as DS Karen Malahyde (Series 2—6, 9, 11—12)\nColin Campbell as Sgt Willoughby (Series 2—6)\nDave Hill as DCC Freeborn (Series 3—6)\nJohn Burgess as Dr. Len Croker (Series 2—6)\nGary Mavers as Colin Budd (Series 1—6, 9, 11—12)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwen Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Nelson"}],"sub_title":"Guests","text":"Gwen Nelson","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 1 (1987)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 2 (1988)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 3 (1989)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 4 (1990)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 5 (1991)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 6 (1992)","text":"This was the last series to solely feature Inspector Wexford. Subsequent series shifted focus onto other characters previously featured in short stories by Rendell.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 7 (1994)","text":"This series was the first series not to feature Inspector Wexford, with focus being shifted to other leading characters from Rendell's repertoire of short stories. The lead role of Steven Whalby is played by Colin Firth.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 8 (1995)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 9 (1996)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 10 (1997)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 11 (1998)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 12 (1999—2000)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Television South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_South"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Fox Family Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Family_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"ITV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV3"},{"link_name":"ITV Encore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Encore"}],"text":"The first six series were released on VHS on 21 January 2000 via IMC Vision. This was shortly before the rights to Television South's back-catalogue were purchased by The Walt Disney Company during their purchase of Fox Family Worldwide in 2001, which has subsequently led to all other TVS programmes being unavailable for commercial release on VHS or DVD.Subsequently, the remaining six series were released on DVD on 9 April 2007, as The Best Of Ruth Rendell Mysteries, via Network. As these series were not produced by TVS, the licensing rights became available for a DVD release. However, four episodes were omitted (\"Heartstones\", \"The Strawberry Tree\", \"Thornapple\" and \"Talking to Strange Men\"), none of which have ever been commercially released. Again, the remaining six series were released on DVD in the United States on 24 June 2008. Series seven-twelve have since been repeated on ITV3 and ITV Encore, however, once again the four episodes omitted from the DVD were not broadcast, suggesting that the licensing rights for these episodes are no longer available.","title":"Media releases"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Wolf To The Slaughter\". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Wolf-Slaughter/dp/B00004CLME/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Wolf To The Slaughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Guilty Thing Surprised\". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Guilty-Surprised/dp/B00004CLK2/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Guilty Thing Surprised\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Shake Hands Forever\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Shake-Forever/dp/B00004CSU3/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Shake Hands Forever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: No Crying He Makes\". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Crying-Makes/dp/B00004CU8A/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: No Crying He Makes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inspektor Wexford ermittelt, Vol. 1\". Retrieved 10 October 2020 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Inspektor-Langfolgen-legend%C3%A4ren-Krimiserie-Serien-Klassiker/dp/B01C7E9F8Y/","url_text":"\"Inspektor Wexford ermittelt, Vol. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"No More Dying Then\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/No-More-Dying-Then-VHS/dp/B00004CLK3/","url_text":"\"No More Dying Then\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Sleeping Life\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Sleeping-Life/dp/B00004CLMC/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A Sleeping Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Veiled One\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Veiled-One/dp/B00004CLMD/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Veiled One\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Some Lie And Some Die\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Some-Lie/dp/B00004CLOF/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Some Lie And Some Die\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Man to Die\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Best-Man-Die-VHS/dp/B00004CLOE/","url_text":"\"The Best Man to Die\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unkindness Of Ravens\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Unkindness-Ravens/dp/B00004CSES/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unkindness Of Ravens\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Put On By Cunning\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Put-Cunning/dp/B00004CLOG/","url_text":"\"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Put On By Cunning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A New Lease Of Death\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Lease-Death/dp/B00004CMHQ/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: A New Lease Of Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Murder Being Once Done\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Murder-Being/dp/B00004CMHR/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Murder Being Once Done\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: From Doon with Death\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Doon-Death/dp/B00004CMKX/","url_text":"\"The Ruth Rendell Mysteries: From Doon with Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Means Of Evil\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Means-Evil/dp/B00004CMKW/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Means Of Evil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Achilles Heel\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Achilles-Heel/dp/B00004CWZM/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Achilles Heel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inspektor Wexford ermittelt - Vol. 2\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Inspektor-Wexford-ermittelt-Vol-2/dp/B01C7E9F6Q/","url_text":"\"Inspektor Wexford ermittelt - Vol. 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Speaker Of Mandarin\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Speaker-Mandarin/dp/B00004CU8B/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Speaker Of Mandarin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries - The Mouse In The Corner\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Mouse-Corner/dp/B00004CWZN/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries - The Mouse In The Corner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unwanted Woman\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Unwanted-Woman/dp/B00004CN7V/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: An Unwanted Woman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Kissing The Gunner's Daughter\" – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-Kissing-Daughter/dp/B000NLS6UW/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: Kissing The Gunner's Daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Best Of\". 9 April 2007 – via Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Best-Ruth-Rendell-Mysteries-DVD/dp/B000N0WYGA/","url_text":"\"Ruth Rendell Mysteries: The Best Of\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive_Naturalsound_Records
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Alive Naturalsound Records
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["1 Artists","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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American independent record label
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alive Naturalsound Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Alive Naturalsound RecordsFounded1993 (1993)Founder
Patrick Boissel
Suzy Shaw
Genre
Garage rock
punk blues
garage punk
blues rock
psychedelic rock
space rock
power pop
indie rock
American folk
shoegaze
Country of originUnited StatesLocationBurbank, CaliforniaOfficial websitewww.alive-records.com
Alive Naturalsound Records (also known as Alive Records) is an independent record label formed in 1993 in Los Angeles, California by Patrick Boissel, specializing in garage rock, punk, psychedelic, and blues rock. It grew out of Boissel's association with the U.S. label Bomp! Records.
Artists
See also: Category:Alive Naturalsound Records artists
Alive bands on tour as of 2022
The Bobby Lees
Beechwood
El Perro (Parker Griggs of Radio Moscow)
Gyasi
Left Lane Cruiser
Paul Collins
Radio Moscow
James Leg
Datura4
Mark "Porkchop" Holder
Handsome Jack
The Black Keys
Two Gallants
Hollis Brown
Buffalo Killers
Lee Bains III & The Glory Fires
GospelbeacH (Beachwood Sparks)
Prima Donna
Lonesome Shack
Artists with releases on Alive Naturalsound
All Tomorrow’s Party
Andre Williams
Andy Gabbard
Beachwood Sparks
Beechwood
Bed of Eyes
Big Midnight
Bloodhounds
Black Angel’s Death Song
Black Diamond Heavies
Bloody Hollies
The Bobby Lees
Boyskout
Brian Olive
Brimstone Howl
Buffalo Killers
Certain General
Charlie Whitehead
Colonel Knowledge & the Lickety Splits
Datura4
Detonations
Deviants IXVI
Dirty Streets
El Perro ((Parker Griggs of Radio Moscow))
DM3
Dodge Main (Deniz Tek , Wayne Kramer, and Scott Morgan - MC5)
Doris Duke
Dripping Lips
G.G. Allin
Gardens
Gyasi
Hacienda
Handsome Jack
Henry’s Funeral Shoe
Hollis Brown
Howlin’ Diablos
Iggy Pop
James Williamson
Irma Thomas
Jack Lee (The Nerves)
James Leg (Black Diamond Heavies)
John Sinclair
John The Conqueror
Kim Fowley
King Mud (Black Diamond Heavies and Left Lane Cruiser)
Lee Bains III & The Glory Fires
Left Lane Cruiser
Libertine
Lightnin' Slim
Lonesome Shack
Mark "Porkchop" Holder (Black Diamond Heavies)
Martin Rev (Suicide)
MC5
Mick Farren
Milky Ways
Mondo Drag
Mount Carmel
Mr. Gloria’s Head
Murder Junkies (G.G. Allin)
Nathaniel Mayer
Neither/Neither World
Nikki Sudden (Swell Maps)
Occult Detective Club
Outrageous Cherry
Painkillers (Left Lane Cruiser and James Leg)
Paul Collins (The Nerves)
PepGirlz
Peter Case (The Nerves)
Prima Donna
Radio Moscow
RF7
Ron Franklin
Rosetta West
Sandra Phillips
Scott Morgan
Soledad Brothers
Sonic’s Rendezvous Band (Scott Morgan, MC5)
SSM
Stoneage Hearts
Streetwalkin’ Cheetahs
Sulfur City
Swamp Dogg
Swell Maps (Nikki Sudden)
T-Model Ford
The Black Keys
The Bloodhounds
The Bonnevilles
The Breakaways (Peter Case, Paul Collins)
The Deviants (Mick Farren)
Germs
The Love Drunks
The Nerves
The Plimsouls
The Powder Monkeys
The Red Tyger Church
The Sights
The Streetwalkin’ Cheetahs
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant
Thomas Function
Trainwreck Riders
Turpentine Brothers
Two Gallants
Tyson Vogel (Two Gallants)
U.S. Bombs
Very Ape
Waves of Fury
Wayne Kramer
White Noise Sound
Witches
Wolfmoon
Z.Z. Hill
Discography
Main article: Alive Naturalsound Records discography
Selected releases for Alive Naturalsound Records
Yr
Cat. #
Release title
Artist(s)
2022
ALIVE222
Pronounced Jah-See
Gyasi
2022
ALIVE221
All To Hell
Black Diamond Heavies
2022
ALIVE220
Hair Of
El Perro
2022
ALIVE219
Going Back To Hoonsville – DL Single
Datura4
2021
ALIVE218
Have You Heard This Story
Swamp Dogg
2022
ALIVE217
Sleep Without Dreaming
Beechwood
2021
ALIVE216
Get Humble
Handsome Jack
2021
ALIVE215
I Was Born In A Swamp
T-Model Ford
2021
ALIVE214
Alter Echoes
Triptides
2020
ALIVE213
Between Dimensions Vol.2
The Telescopes
2020
ALIVE212
Between Dimensions Vol.1
The Telescopes
2020
ALIVE211
Another World/The Best Of The Archives
Paul Collins' Beat
2020
ALIVE210
Rough and Tumble
Dirty Streets
2020
ALIVE209
Skin Suit
The Bobby Lees
2020
ALIVE208
West Coast Highway Cosmic
Datura4
2019
ALIVE207
Everyday Dreams
Jesper Lindell
2019
ALIVE206
Let It Burn
GospelbeacH
2019
ALIVE205
Shake and Bake
Left Lane Cruiser
2019
ALIVE204
Blessed is the Boogie
Datura4
2019
ALIVE203
Desert Dreams
Lonesome Shack
2019
ALIVE202
Trash Glamour
Beechwood
2018
ALIVE201
Another Winter Alive
GospelbeacH
2018
ALIVE200
Everything’s Gonna be Alright
Handsome Jack
2018
ALIVE199
Out Of My Head
Paul Collins
2018
ALIVE198
Inside The Flesh Hotel
Beechwood
2018
ALIVE197
Dirty Photographs
The Bonnevilles
2018
ALIVE196
Songs From The Land Of Nod
Beechwood
2017
ALIVE195
Death And The Blues
Mark “Porkchop” Holder
2017
ALIVE194
Alive And Well In Ohio
Buffalo Killers
2017
ALIVE193
Change of Heart/Dreamin'
GospelbeacH
2017
ALIVE192
Another Summer Of Love
GospelbeacH
2017
ALIVE190
Listen For Tone
The Bonnevilles
2017
ALIVE189
Claw Machine Wizard
Left Lane Cruiser
2017
ALIVE188
Let It Slide
Mark Porkchop Holder
2017
ALIVE187
s/t
Heath Green and The Makeshifters
2016
ALIVE186
Bigger Than Life
Jack Lee
2016
ALIVE185
Hairy Mountain
Datura4
2016
ALIVE184
Blood On The Keys
James Leg
2016
ALIVE183
Live! In California
Radio Moscow
2016
ALIVE181
Talking Loud
Sulfur City
2016
ALIVE180
Arrow Pierce My Heart
The Bonnevilles
2016
ALIVE179
Beck In Black
Left Lane Cruiser
2016
ALIVE178
Cluster Of Pearls
Hollis Brown
2016
ALIVE177
The Victory Motel Sessions
King Mud
2015
ALIVE176
White Horse
Dirty Streets
2015
ALIVE175
West Of Anywhere
DM3
2015
ALIVE174
Pacific Surf Line
GospelbeacH
2015
ALIVE173
Below The Belt
James Leg
2015
ALIVE172
Demon Blues
Datura4
2015
ALIVE171
Dirty Spliff Blues
Left Lane Cruiser
2015
ALIVE170
Primal Vinyl
Shoes
2015
ALIVE168
Rock n' Roll is a Beautiful Thing - 20th Anniversary
Various
2015
ALIVE167
Fluff
Andy Gabbard
2015
ALIVE166
Nine Lives & Forty Fives
Prima Donna
2014
ALIVE164
The White Man Made Me Do It
Swamp Dogg
2014
ALIVE163
Let Loose!
The Bloodhounds
2014
ALIVE162
Do What Comes Naturally
Handsome Jack
2014
ALIVE161
Feel The Noise
Paul Collins
2014
ALIVE160
Magical Dirt
Radio Moscow
2014
ALIVE159
More Primitive
Lonesome Shack
2014
ALIVE158
Gets Loaded
Hollis Brown
2014
ALIVE157
The Good Life
John The Conqueror
2013
ALIVE154
Desert Skies
Beachwood Sparks
2013
ALIVE153
The Brand New Z.Z. Hill Album
Z.Z. Hill
2013
ALIVE152
I'm A Loser
Doris Duke
2013
ALIVE151
Wolfmoon
Wolfmoon
2013
ALIVE150
Sandra Phillips
Too Many People In One Bed
2013
ALIVE149
Rock Them Back To Hell
Left Lane Cruiser
2013
ALIVE148
Blades Of Grass
The Dirty Streets
2013
ALIVE147
High & Low Down
Lightnin' Slim
2013
ALIVE146
Raw Spitt
Charlie Whitehead
2013
ALIVE145
In Between Tears
Irma Thomas
2013
ALIVE144
Gag A Maggott
Swamp Dogg
2013
ALIVE143
Ohio Grass
Buffalo Killers
2013
ALIVE142
Radt On!
Swamp Dogg
2013
ALIVE141
Total Destruction To Your Mind
Swamp Dogg
2013
ALIVE140
Ride On The Train
Hollis Brown
2012
ALIVE137
Alive at The Deep Blues Fest
Various
2013
ALIVE136
John The Conqueror
John the Conqueror
2012
ALIVE135
Life
Andre Williams
2012
ALIVE132
Dig. Sow. Love. Grow
Buffalo Killers
2012
ALIVE131
Painkillers
Left Lane Cruiser & James Leg
2012
ALIVE130
There's A Bomb In Gilead
Lee Bains III & The Glory Fires
2012
ALIVE129
3 & 3 Quarters
Radio Moscow
2012
ALIVE128
Beach Town Confidential
Plimsouls
2012
ALIVE127
Where Is Parker Griggs
Various
2012
ALIVE126
The Great Escape of Leslie Magnafuzz
Radio Moscow
2011
ALIVE125
Donkey Jacket
Henry's Funeral Shoe
2011
ALIVE124
Yours Until The Bitter End
The Bloody Hollies
2011
ALIVE123
3
Buffalo Killers
2011
ALIVE122
Two Of Everything
Brian Olive
2011
ALIVE121
The Case Files
Peter Case
2011
ALIVE120
Gardens
Gardens
2011
ALIVE119
Solitary Pleasure
James Leg
2011
ALIVE118
Junkyard Speed Ball
Left Lane Cruiser
2011
ALIVE117
Crimes
Occult Detective Club
2010
ALIVE116
A Haunted Person's Guide To The Witches
The Witches
2010
ALIVE115
Taledragger
T-Model Ford and GravelRoad
2010
ALIVE114
Most of What Follows Is True
The Sights
2010
ALIVE112
Kill City
Iggy Pop & James Williamson
2010
ALIVE110
King of Power Pop!
Paul Collins
2010
ALIVE109
Devotionals
Tyson Vogel
2010
ALIVE107
Scott Morgan
Scott Morgan
2010
ALIVE106
Big Red & Barabcoa
Hacienda
2010
ALIVE105
Live! Beg Borrow & Steal
The Plimsouls
2010
ALIVE104
New Rituals
Mondo Drag
2010
ALIVE103
The Ladies Man
T-Model Ford
2009
ALIVE102
Alive As Fuck
Black Diamond Heavies
2009
ALIVE101
Walking Out On Love
The Breakaways
2009
ALIVE100
Big Deal (What's He Done Lately?)
Brimstone Howl
2009
ALIVE099
Live At The Pirate's Cove
The Nerves
2009
ALIVE098
All You Can Eat!!
Left Lane Cruiser
2009
ALIVE097
Never Give Up On Your Hallucinations
Various
2009
ALIVE096
Why Won't You Let Me Be Black?
Nathaniel Mayer
2009
ALIVE095
Brian Olive
Brian Olive
2009
ALIVE094
The Perch
Trainwreck Riders
2009
ALIVE093
Brain Cycles
Radio Moscow
2009
ALIVE092
Universal Malcontents
Outrageous Cherry
2009
ALIVE091
Everything's For Sale
Henry's Funeral Shoe
2008
ALIVE090
One Way Ticket
The Nerves
2008
ALIVE086
Let It Ride
Buffalo Killers
2008
ALIVE085
A Touch of Someone Else's Class
Black Diamond Heavies
2008
ALIVE083
Celebration
Thomas Function
2008
ALIVE082
Break Your Arm For Evolution
SSM
2008
ALIVE081
Bring Yo' Ass to the Table
Left Lane Cruiser
2007
ALIVE079
Why Don’t You Give It To Me?
Nathaniel Mayer
2007
ALIVE078
Guts of Steel
Brimstone Howl
2007
ALIVE077
Radio Moscow
Radio Moscow
2007
ALIVE076
Live, Masonic Auditorium Detroit, 01/14/1978
Sonics Rendezvous Band
2007
ALIVE074
Every Damn Time
Black Diamond Heavies
2006
ALIVE073
Nothing to You EP + 3
Two Gallants
2006
ALIVE072
The Throes re-mix
Two Gallants
2006
ALIVE070
Buffalo Killers
Buffalo Killers
2006
ALIVE069
Lonely Road Revival
Trainwreck Riders
2006
ALIVE067
SSM
SSM
2006
ALIVE066
Hardest Walk
Soledad Brothers
2004
ALIVE054
The Throes
Two Gallants
2004
ALIVE053
Free Energy
The Red Tyger Church
2004
ALIVE050
The Sound of San Francisco
Various
2004
ALIVE048
Kosher Boogie
Very Ape
2004
ALIVE047
The Moan
The Black Keys
2002
ALIVE044
The Big Come Up
The Black Keys
2001
ALIVE043
Collection
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant
2000
ALIVE042
The Last Bandit
Nikki Sudden
1999
ALIVE039
November’s Heat
Certain General
1999
ALIVE038
Old Skars & Upstarts
Various
1999
ALIVE036
Forming
Germs
1999
ALIVE035
International Rescue
Swell Maps
1997
ALIVE032
Cherry Bomb
The Runaways/The Streetwalkin’ Cheetahs
1997
ALIVE031
Do The Pop
The Streetwalkin’ Cheetahs w/ Deniz Tek
1996
ALIVE022
Eating Jello with a Heated Fork
Deviants IXVI
1996
ALIVE021
Satan Vs. The Working Man
RF7
1996
ALIVE017
U.S. Bombs
U.S. Bombs
1996
ALIVE016
Persecution Blues
The Powder Monkeys
1995
ALIVE015
Feed My Sleaze
Murder Junkies
1995
ALIVE014
Ptooff!
The Deviants
1995
ALIVE010
Friday the 13th
Wayne Kramer & John Sinclair
1994
ALIVE007
Worm Culture
Kim Fowley
1994
ALIVE005
Power Trip
MC5
1994
ALIVE002
Cheyenne
Martin Rev
1993
ALIVE001
Brutality and Bloodshed for All
G.G. Allin
References
^ "Touring Bands". Alive Naturalsound. 2019. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
^ a b "Catalogue". Alive Records. Archived from the original on 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
External links
Alive Naturalsound Records current artists
Alive Naturalsound Records 20th Anniversary
Patrick Boissel of Alive Naturalsound interview for The Black Keys Fan Lounge
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
2
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"psychedelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"blues rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_rock"},{"link_name":"Bomp! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomp!_Records"}],"text":"Alive Naturalsound Records (also known as Alive Records) is an independent record label formed in 1993 in Los Angeles, California by Patrick Boissel, specializing in garage rock, punk, psychedelic, and blues rock. It grew out of Boissel's association with the U.S. label Bomp! Records.","title":"Alive Naturalsound Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Alive Naturalsound Records artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alive_Naturalsound_Records_artists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touringalive-1"},{"link_name":"The Bobby Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bobby_Lees"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow_(band)"},{"link_name":"Left Lane Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Lane_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Paul Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Collins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hollis Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Brown_(band)"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Killers"},{"link_name":"Beachwood Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_Sparks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alivecatalogue-2"},{"link_name":"Andre Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Williams_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Beachwood Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachwood_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Black Diamond Heavies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond_Heavies"},{"link_name":"The Bobby Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bobby_Lees"},{"link_name":"Brimstone Howl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimstone_Howl"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Killers"},{"link_name":"Certain General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certain_General"},{"link_name":"Charlie Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Deviants IXVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deviants_(band)"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wayne Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Kramer_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"MC5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC5"},{"link_name":"Doris Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Duke"},{"link_name":"G.G. Allin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.G._Allin"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"James Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williamson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Irma Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Thomas"},{"link_name":"The Nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nerves"},{"link_name":"Black Diamond Heavies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond_Heavies"},{"link_name":"Kim Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Black Diamond Heavies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond_Heavies"},{"link_name":"Left Lane Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Lane_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Left Lane Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Lane_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Lightnin' Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Slim"},{"link_name":"Black Diamond Heavies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond_Heavies"},{"link_name":"Martin Rev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rev"},{"link_name":"MC5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC5"},{"link_name":"Mick Farren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Farren"},{"link_name":"Murder Junkies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Junkies"},{"link_name":"G.G. Allin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.G._Allin"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Nikki Sudden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Sudden"},{"link_name":"Swell Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_Maps"},{"link_name":"Outrageous Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Cherry"},{"link_name":"Left Lane Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Lane_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Paul Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Collins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nerves"},{"link_name":"Peter Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Case"},{"link_name":"The Nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nerves"},{"link_name":"Radio Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Moscow_(band)"},{"link_name":"RF7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF7"},{"link_name":"Soledad Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soledad_Brothers_(band)"},{"link_name":"MC5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC5"},{"link_name":"SSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSM_(band)"},{"link_name":"Swamp Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Swell Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_Maps"},{"link_name":"Nikki Sudden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Sudden"},{"link_name":"T-Model Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Model_Ford"},{"link_name":"The Black Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys"},{"link_name":"The Breakaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breakaways"},{"link_name":"Peter Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Case"},{"link_name":"Paul Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Collins_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Deviants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deviants_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mick Farren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Farren"},{"link_name":"The Nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nerves"},{"link_name":"The Plimsouls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plimsouls"},{"link_name":"The Powder Monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powder_Monkeys"},{"link_name":"The Sights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sights"},{"link_name":"Thee Michelle Gun Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thee_Michelle_Gun_Elephant"},{"link_name":"Trainwreck Riders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_Riders"},{"link_name":"Two Gallants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Gallants_(band)"},{"link_name":"Tyson Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Two Gallants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Gallants_(band)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bombs"},{"link_name":"Very Ape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Ape"},{"link_name":"Wayne Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Kramer_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Z.Z. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z.Z._Hill"}],"text":"See also: Category:Alive Naturalsound Records artistsAlive bands on tour as of 2022[1]The Bobby Lees\nBeechwood\nEl Perro (Parker Griggs of Radio Moscow)\nGyasi\nLeft Lane Cruiser\nPaul Collins\nRadio Moscow\nJames Leg\nDatura4\nMark \"Porkchop\" Holder\nHandsome Jack\nThe Black Keys\nTwo Gallants\nHollis Brown\nBuffalo Killers\nLee Bains III & The Glory Fires\nGospelbeacH (Beachwood Sparks)\nPrima Donna\nLonesome ShackArtists with releases on Alive Naturalsound[2]All Tomorrow’s Party\nAndre Williams\nAndy Gabbard\nBeachwood Sparks\nBeechwood\nBed of Eyes\nBig Midnight\nBloodhounds\nBlack Angel’s Death Song\nBlack Diamond Heavies\nBloody Hollies\nThe Bobby Lees\nBoyskout\nBrian Olive\nBrimstone Howl\nBuffalo Killers\nCertain General\nCharlie Whitehead\nColonel Knowledge & the Lickety Splits\nDatura4\nDetonations\nDeviants IXVI\nDirty Streets\nEl Perro ((Parker Griggs of Radio Moscow))\nDM3\nDodge Main (Deniz Tek , Wayne Kramer, and Scott Morgan - MC5)\nDoris Duke\nDripping Lips\nG.G. Allin\nGardens\nGyasi\nHacienda\nHandsome Jack\nHenry’s Funeral Shoe\nHollis Brown\nHowlin’ Diablos\nIggy Pop\nJames Williamson\nIrma Thomas\nJack Lee (The Nerves)\nJames Leg (Black Diamond Heavies)\nJohn Sinclair\n\n\nJohn The Conqueror\nKim Fowley\nKing Mud (Black Diamond Heavies and Left Lane Cruiser)\nLee Bains III & The Glory Fires\nLeft Lane Cruiser\nLibertine\nLightnin' Slim\nLonesome Shack\nMark \"Porkchop\" Holder (Black Diamond Heavies)\nMartin Rev (Suicide)\nMC5\nMick Farren\nMilky Ways\nMondo Drag\nMount Carmel\nMr. Gloria’s Head\nMurder Junkies (G.G. Allin)\nNathaniel Mayer\nNeither/Neither World\nNikki Sudden (Swell Maps)\nOccult Detective Club\nOutrageous Cherry\nPainkillers (Left Lane Cruiser and James Leg)\nPaul Collins (The Nerves)\nPepGirlz\nPeter Case (The Nerves)\nPrima Donna\nRadio Moscow\nRF7\nRon Franklin\nRosetta West\nSandra Phillips\nScott Morgan\nSoledad Brothers\nSonic’s Rendezvous Band (Scott Morgan, MC5)\nSSM\n\n\nStoneage Hearts\nStreetwalkin’ Cheetahs\nSulfur City\nSwamp Dogg\nSwell Maps (Nikki Sudden)\nT-Model Ford\nThe Black Keys\nThe Bloodhounds\nThe Bonnevilles\nThe Breakaways (Peter Case, Paul Collins)\nThe Deviants (Mick Farren)\nGerms\nThe Love Drunks\nThe Nerves\nThe Plimsouls\nThe Powder Monkeys\nThe Red Tyger Church\nThe Sights\nThe Streetwalkin’ Cheetahs\nThee Michelle Gun Elephant\nThomas Function\nTrainwreck Riders\nTurpentine Brothers\nTwo Gallants\nTyson Vogel (Two Gallants)\nU.S. Bombs\nVery Ape\nWaves of Fury\nWayne Kramer\nWhite Noise Sound\nWitches\nWolfmoon\nZ.Z. Hill","title":"Artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Touring Bands\". Alive Naturalsound. 2019. Retrieved 2014-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alive-records.com/on-tour/","url_text":"\"Touring Bands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalogue\". Alive Records. Archived from the original on 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2014-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190715225434/http://www.alive-records.com/discography/","url_text":"\"Catalogue\""},{"url":"http://www.alive-records.com/discography/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federal_Soviet_Republic
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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["1 Nomenclature","2 Geography","3 History","3.1 Early years (1917–1920)","3.2 1920s","3.3 1930s","3.4 1940s","3.5 1950s","3.6 1960s–1980s","3.7 Early 1990s","4 Government","4.1 Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR","5 Economy","6 Culture","6.1 National holidays and symbols","6.2 Flag history","7 Bibliographies","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Soviet socialist state from 1917 to 1991
"Soviet Russia" redirects here. For the former socialist nation as a whole, see Soviet Union. For other uses, see Soviet Russia (disambiguation).
Russian Soviet FederativeSocialist RepublicРоссийская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая РеспубликаRossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika1917–1991
Top: Flag(1918–1925)Bottom: Flag(1954–1991)
Top: Emblem(1918–1920)Bottom: Emblem(1978–1991)
Motto: Workers of the world, unite!Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'! (tr.)Anthem: "Worker's Marseillaise"(1917–1918)"The Internationale"(1918–1944)"State Anthem of the Soviet Union"(1944–1990)"Patrioticheskaya Pesnya"(1990–1991)The Russian SFSR (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991Status1917–1922:Sovereign state1922–1991:Union Republic of the Soviet Union1990–1991:Union Republic of the Soviet Union with priority of republican legislationCapitalPetrograd(1917–1918)Moscow(1918–1991)Largest cityMoscowOfficial languagesRussianbRecognised languagesSee Languages of RussiaReligion Secular state (de jure)State atheism (de facto)Russian Orthodoxy (majority)Demonym(s)RussianGovernment1917–1921:Federal parliamentary socialist soviet directorial republic1921–1990:Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist soviet directorial republic1990–1991:Federal multi-party parliamentary republicJuly–December 1991:Federal multi-party semi-presidential republicHead of state • 1917 (first) Lev Kamenevc• 1990–1991 (last) Boris Yeltsind
Head of government • 1917–1924 (first) Vladimir Lenine• 1990–1991 Ivan Silayevf• 1991 (last) Boris Yeltsing
Legislature1917–1938:VTsIK/Congress of Soviets1938–1990:Supreme Soviet1990–1991:Congress of People's DeputiesHistorical eraWorld War IInterwar periodWorld War IICold War• October Revolution 7 November 1917• Russian Civil War 1917–1923• Soviet republic proclaimed 25 January 1918• USSR formed 30 December 1922• Crimea transferred to Ukrainian SSR 19 February 1954• State sovereignty 12 June 1990• Belovezh Accords 12 December 1991• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation 25 December 1991• Dissolution of the Soviet Union 26 December 1991• End of the Soviet political system 25 December 1993
Area195617,125,200 km2 (6,612,100 sq mi)Population• 1989 147,386,000
CurrencySoviet ruble (Rbl)h (SUR)Time zone(UTC +2 to +12)Calling code+7ISO 3166 codeRUInternet TLD.su
Preceded by
Succeeded by
1918:Russian Republic
1920:Russian State
1922:Far Eastern Republic
1923:Priamurye Government
1940:Finland (portion)
1944:Tuva
1945:Germany (portion)
Japan (portion)
1956:Karelo-Finnish SSR
1918:Ukrainian People's Republic (portion)
Estonia (portion)
Belarusian People's Republic (portion)
Latvia (portion)
1922:Soviet Union
1924:Uzbek SSR (portion)
1925:Turkmen SSR
1926:Byelorussian SSR (portion)
1936:Kazakh SSR
1940:Karelo-Finnish SSR
1991:China (portion)
Russian Federation
Remained the national anthem of Russia until 2000.Official language in the courts from 1937.As Chairman of the VTsIK (All-Russian Central Executive Committee).As chairman the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR from 29 May 1990 to 10 July 1991, then as President.As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSRAs Chairmen of the Council of Ministers – Government of the Russian SFSRServed as acting head of government while President of RussiaBetween 1917 and 1919 the Imperial ruble lost all of its value due to overprinting. It would be replaced that same year by the new Soviet ruble.
Seven Hero City awardsThe Russian Democratic Federative Republic existed briefly on 19 January 1918, but actual sovereignty was still in the hands of the Soviets even after the Russian Constituent Assembly opened its first and last session in 1918.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, IPA: ⓘ), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad (Volgograd after 1961), Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first socialist state in the world.
The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care. The economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, began to be liberalized starting in 1985 under Gorbachev's "perestroika" restructuring policies, including the introduction of non-state owned enterprises (e.g. cooperatives).
On 7 November 1917 , as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a treaty officially creating the USSR. The Russian SFSR's 1978 constitution stated that " Union Republic is a sovereign state that has united in the Union" and "each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR". On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (unlike in the Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007), supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the Presidency of the Russian Federation.
The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. Following these events, Gorbachev lost all his remaining power, with Yeltsin superseding him as the pre-eminent figure in the country. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e., renunciation of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of the Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet republics.
On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union (and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. The next day, after the lowering of the Soviet flag from the top of the Senate building of the Moscow Kremlin and its replacement by the Russian flag, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of the Republics on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the All-Union Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the several union republics). After the dissolution, Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.
The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new Russian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a constitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi-presidential system.
Nomenclature
See also: Name of Russia
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), the Bolshevik communists established the Soviet state on 7 November 1917. This happened immediately after the October Revolution toppled the interim Russian Provisional Government (most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970)) which had governed the new Russian Republic after the abdication of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Tsar Nicholas II the previous March (Old Style: February). The October Revolution was thus the second of the two Russian Revolutions of the turbulent year of 1917. Initially, the new Soviet state did not have an official name and was not recognized by neighboring countries for five months.
Anti-Bolsheviks soon suggested new names, however. By 1919 they had coined the mocking label Sovdepia (Russian: Совдепия) for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. Speakers of colloquial English coined the term "Bololand"
to refer to the land of the Bolos (a term identified from 1919 onwards with the Bolsheviks).
On 25 January 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic. The new Soviet authorities and the Central Powers signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, transferring much of the border territory in the west of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire or to its satellites in exchange for peace during the last year of the rest of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted both the new name, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), and the Constitution of the Russian SFSR.
Internationally, the Russian SFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by its bordering neighbors (Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania) in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic of 1919–1922 in Ireland.
On 30 December 1922, with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia (the RSFSR), alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the later Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700 to 1721.
The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to such an extent that for most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as Russia; this position is comparable to that of England within the United Kingdom. Technically, Russia itself was only one republic within the larger union – albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed of the 15 republics. Nevertheless, according to historian Matthew White it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was "window dressing" for Russian dominance. For that reason, the people of the USSR were almost always called "Russians", not "Soviets", since "everyone knew who really ran the show".
On 25 December 1991, during the collapse of the Soviet Union, which concluded on the next day, the RSFSR's official name was changed to the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names on 21 April 1992, in an amendment to the then existing Constitution of 1978, and were retained as such in the subsequent 1993 Constitution of Russia.
Geography
At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of the fifteen Soviet republics, with its southerly neighbor, the Kazakh SSR, being second.
The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland of Scandinavia on the northwest; and to its southeast in eastern Asia were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolia) and the People's Republic of China (China, formerly the Republic of China; 1911–1949). Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Slavic states: Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine), Belarusian SSR (Belarus), the Baltic states: Estonian SSR (Estonia), Latvian SSR (Latvia) and Lithuanian SSR (Lithuania) (Included in USSR in 1940) to its west and the Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan), Georgian SSR (Georgia) and Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) to the south in Central Asia.
Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of Siberia with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.
History
Eastern Bloc
Republics of the USSR
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Byelorussia
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kirghizia
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldavia
Russia
Tajikistan
Turkmenia
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Allied and satellite states
Afghanistan
Albania (until 1961)
Angola
Benin
Bulgaria
China (until 1961)
Congo
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Ethiopia
Grenada
Hungary
Kampuchea
Laos
Mongolia
Mozambique
North Korea
Poland (until 1989)
Romania
Somalia (until 1977)
South Yemen
Vietnam (North Vietnam, PRG)
Yugoslavia (until 1948)
Related organizations
Warsaw Pact
Comecon
Cominform
World Federation of Trade Unions
World Federation of Democratic Youth
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History of Russia
PeriodsPrehistory • Antiquity • Early Slavs
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February Revolution • Provisional Government • Dvoyevlastiye • July Days • Kornilov affair • Directorate • Constituent Assembly (election) • Bolshevik Coup • Civil War • White Guard • Red Army • Soviet-Polish War • PriamuryeGovt. • War Communism • USSR • Emigrants
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August Coup • Belavezha Accords • Alma-AtaProtocol • USSR dissolution • CIS • "Nearabroad" • Constitutional crisis • Privatization • CSTO • Chechen wars (1st • 2nd) • Oligarchy • Putinism • Five-Days War • Presidential termsamendments • Eurasian Economic Union • Annexation of Crimea • War in Donbas • 2020 amendments • Invasion of Ukraine (Prelude • Mass emigration • Debt default • Sanctions • Mobilization • 2022 annexation)
Russian Federation 1991–present Republic of Tatarstan 1994–present Chechen Republic 2000–present Republic of CrimeaA 2014–present Donetsk People's RepublicAB 2022–present Luhansk People's RepublicAB 2022–present Kherson OblastAB 2022–present Zaporizhzhia OblastAB 2022–present full list...
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Early years (1917–1920)
Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party.Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution.
The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on Petrograd occured largely without any human casualties.
On 18 January 1918, the newly elected Constituent Assembly issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name "Russian Democratic Federal Republic". However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void. Conversely, the Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and Central Executive for the opposition parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress. At the same time, a number of prominent members of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (Kolegaev), property (Karelin), justice (Steinberg), post offices and telegraphs (Proshian) and local government (Trutovsky). Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as universal education, healthcare and equal rights for women.
On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed. On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Russian SFSR. By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more, although some were conquered by the Bolsheviks.
1920s
The Russian SFSR in 1922
The Russian SFSR in 1924
The Russian SFSR in 1929
The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as Povolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.
The economic impact of the Civil War was devastating. A black market emerged in Russia, despite the threat of martial law against profiteering. The ruble collapsed, with barter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money. 70% of locomotives were in need of repair, and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths. Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).
On 30 December 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. The treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution, adopted on 31 January 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.
One of the early ambitious economic plans of the Soviet government was GOELRO, Russian abbreviation for "State Commission for Electrification of Russia" (Государственная комиссия по электрификации России), which sought to achieve total electrification of the entire country. Soviet propaganda declared the plan was basically fulfilled by 1931. The national power output per year stood at 1.9 billion kWh in Imperial Russia in 1913, and Lenin's goal of 8.8 billion kWh was reached in 1931. National power output continued to increase significantly. It reached 13.5 billion kWh by the end of the first five-year plan in 1932, 36 billion kWh by 1937, and 48 billion kWh by 1940.
Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:
By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
1930s
The Russian SFSR in 1936
Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga, Central Black Soil Region, North Caucasus, the Urals, the Crimea, part of Western Siberia, and the Kazakh ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan). The former Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan).
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
1940s
See also: Eastern Front (World War II) and Great Patriotic War (term)
The Russian SFSR in 1940
Just four months after Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in the Battle of Moscow and the Soviet winter offensive, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht entered Stalingrad. Despite a deadly 5 month lasting battle in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near the Volga River, ultimately pushing German forces out of Russia by 1944.
In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.
On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.
On 11 October 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic was joined with the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1961.
After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944–1945.
The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II
At the end of World War II Soviet troops of the Red Army occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands off the coast of East Asia, north of Japan, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of Hokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war.
On 17 April 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast – the north-eastern portion of the former Kingdom of Prussia, the founding state of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later the German province of East Prussia including the capital and Baltic seaport city of Königsberg – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.
1950s
The Russian SFSR in 1956–1991
After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov transferred Crimea from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.
The Karelo-Finnish SSR was transferred back to the RSFSR as the Karelian ASSR in 1956.
On 9 January 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.
1960s–1980s
Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970
In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a mass era of stagnation. Even after Brezhnev's death in 1982, the era did not end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.
On 12 April 1978, a new Constitution of Russia was adopted.
Early 1990s
Main articles: Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1991 Soviet coup d'etat attempt, Belovezh Accords, and 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
On 29 May 1990, at his third attempt, Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.
Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991
On 17 March 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR and on 12 June, Boris Yeltsin was elected president by popular vote.
During the unsuccessful 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt of 19–21 August 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia. On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR in the RSFSR.
On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States", known in media as the Belovezh Accords. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality". However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions. The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the first constitution of the USSR. Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it did not need to follow the secession process delineated in the Soviet Constitution because it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed.
On 24 December, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the UN Security Council). Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations, and assumed control over its nuclear stockpile and the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies. On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency. That same night, the Soviet flag was lowered and replaced with the tricolor. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps).
On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force
since publication on 16 May 1992.
Government
Main article: Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
See also: List of leaders of the Russian SFSR
The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946) and Council of Ministers (1946–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title of president. The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR
Turkestan ASSR was formed on 30 April 1918 on the territory of the former Turkestan General-Governorate. As part of the delimitation programme of Soviet Central Asia, the Turkestan ASSR along with the Khorezm SSR and the Bukharan PSR were disbanded on 27 October 1924 and replaced by the Soviet Union republics of Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. The latter contained the Tajik ASSR until December 1929, when it too became a full Union republic, the Tajik SSR. The RSFSR retained the newly formed Kara-Kirghiz and the Kara-Kalpak autonomous oblasts. The latter was part of the Kirgiz, then the Kazak ASSR until 1930 when it was directly subordinated to Moscow.
Bashkir ASSR was formed on 23 March 1919 from several northern districts of the Orenburg Governorate populated by Bashkirs. On 11 October 1990, it declared its sovereignty, as the Bashkir SSR, which in 1992 was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Tatar ASSR was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of the Kazan Governorate populated by Tatars. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Tatarstan and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.
Kirgiz ASSR was formed on 26 August 1920 from the Ural, Turgay, Semipalatinsk oblasts and parts of Transcaspia, Bukey Horde and Orenburg Governorate populated by Kirgiz-Kaysaks (former name of Kazakh people). Further enlarged in 1921 upon gaining land from Omsk Governorate and again in 1924 from parts of Jetysui Governorate and Syr Darya and Samarkand oblasts. On 19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR. (see below)
Mountain ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 after the Bolshevik Red Army evicted the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Initially composed of several national districts, one-by-one these left the republic until 7 November 1924 when the remains of the republic was partitioned into the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and the Sunzha Cossack District (all subordinates to the North Caucasus Krai).
Dagestan ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 from the former Dagestan Oblast. On 17 September 1991, it declared sovereignty as the Dagestan SSR.
Crimean ASSR was formed on 18 October 1921 on the territory of Crimean peninsula within the Russian SFSR, following the Red Army's defeat of Baron Wrangel's Army, ending the Russian Civil War in Europe. On 18 May 1944, it was reduced to the status of oblast alongside the criminal deportation of the Crimean Tatars, now recognized as genocide, as collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the German occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict. On 19 February 1954, the oblast was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Re-established on 12 February 1991, it declared sovereignty on 4 September of that year. On 5 May 1992, it declared independence as the Republic of Crimea. On 13 May, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine overturned the declaration, but compromised on an Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine. After the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, a Russian military intervention and a disputed referendum, Crimea was annexed by Russia in March 2014, a move largely considered illegal by the international community.
Yakut ASSR was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of the Yakut Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
Buryat ASSR was formed on 30 March 1923 as due to the merger of the Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR and the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast of the Far Eastern Republic. Until 7 July 1958 – Mongol-Buryat ASSR. On 27 March 1991, it became the Republic of Buryatia.
Karelian ASSR was formed on 23 July 1923 when the Karelian Labor Commune was integrated into the RSFSR's administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as the Karelo-Finnish SSR. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as the Republic of Karelia.
Volga German ASSR was formed on 19 December 1924 upon elevation of the Volga German Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 28 August 1941, upon the deportation of Volga Germans to Central Asia, the ASSR was disbanded. The territory was partitioned between the Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts.
Kazak ASSR was formed on 19 April 1925 when the first Kirghiz ASSR was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Chuvash ASSR was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.
Kirghiz ASSR was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and on 31 August 1991 its independence.
Kara-Kalpak ASSR was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.
Mordovian ASSR was formed on 20 December 1934 upon the elevation of Mordovian Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 December 1990 as the Mordovian SSR. Since 25 January 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Mordovia.
Udmurt ASSR was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation of Udmurt Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as the Udmurt Republic.
Kalmyk ASSR was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly established Astrakhan Oblast and parts adjoined to Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.
Kabardino-Balkar ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast from the North Caucasus Kray. After the deportation of the Balkars on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred to Georgian SSR. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.
Northern Ossetian ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the disbandment of the North Caucasus Kray and its constituent North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was raised into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 26 December 1990 as the North Ossetian SSR.
Chechen-Ingush ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 when the North Caucasus Krai was disestablished and its constituent Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered by Stavropol Kray until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged with Stavropol Krays Kizlyar district and organised as Grozny Oblast, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border's original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government. De facto, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as the Republic of Ingushetia. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during the First Chechen War. The Khasavyurt Accord would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The present Chechen Republic government was re-established on 15 October 1999.
Komi ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 23 November 1990 as the Komi SSR and from 26 May 1992 as the Republic of Komi.
Mari ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Mari Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).
Tuva ASSR was formed on 10 October 1961 when the Tuva Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.
Gorno-Altai ASSR was formed on 25 October 1990 when Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast declared sovereignty. Since 3 July 1991, it has been known as the Gorno-Altai SSR.
Karachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR was formed on 17 November 1990 when Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and instead of Stavropol Krai subordinated directly to the RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 3 July 1991 as the Karachay-Cherkess SSR.
Economy
In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine of war communism became the starting point of the state's economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of "war communism" were recognized by the country's leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at Lenin's suggestion.
After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. The Gosplan (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan.
Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.
As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: "The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics".
Culture
See also: Culture of Russia
National holidays and symbols
Main articles: Public holidays in Russia and Public holidays in the Soviet Union
The public holidays for the Russian SFSR included Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women's Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother's Day and Valentine's Day; Spring and Labor Day (1 May); Victory Day; and like all other Soviet republics, the Great October Socialist Revolution (7 November).
Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory over Nazism in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero City or City of Military Glory.
Matryoshka doll taken apart
During its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was the same as the Soviet anthem (unlike other republics): The Internationale until 1944 and then the State Anthem of the USSR. In 1990, the RSFSR adopted its own separate anthem called Patrioticheskaya Pesnya, which went on to become the anthem of independent Russia since 1991. In 2000, Vladimir Putin re-introduced the Soviet anthem. The motto "Workers of the world, unite!" was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as part of architectural decorations. The Soviet red stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.
The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of the Russian SFSR (and the Soviet Union as a whole) and the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow are Russian SFSR's main architectural icons. Chamomile is the national flower while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and a national personification of Russia. Though this image has a Western origin, Russians themselves have accepted it. The native Soviet Russian national personification is Mother Russia.
Flag history
Main article: Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag's centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within the canton and encased within two yellow lines forming a right angle. The next flag was used from 1937, notably during World War II. Interesting because it was used until Stalin's death when a major vexillological reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all the flags of the Soviet Republics as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now a defaced version of the flag of the Soviet Union, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to the hoist. This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoing collapse of the Soviet Union. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when the Soviet form of government was officially dissolved in the Russian Federation, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions.
1917–1918
1918–1937
1937–1954
1954–1991
1991
Bibliographies
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union
Notes
^ Later used as a national flag of the Russian Federation until 1993.
References
^ Historical names:
1918: Russian Soviet Republic (Российская Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
1918–1936: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Российская Социалистическая Федеративная Советская Республика; Rossiyskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Federativnaya Sovetskaya Respublika)
1936–1991: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика; Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika)
^ Arthur Ransome (16 March 1918). "Lenine's Migration A Queer Scene". Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times.
^ After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks, the Left SRs, and the Menshevik-Internationalists formed a Socialist coalition government that lasted until March 1918 (Historical Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. J. Davis. p. 58); the Mensheviks were allowed to legally hold a congress in 1920 and continued to be elected to the Congress of Soviets until being outlawed in 1921 (Lenin's Legacy. R. Wesson, 1978).
^ Historical Dictionary of Socialism. James C. Docherty, Peter Lamb. Page 85. "The Soviet Union was a one-party Marxist-Leninist state."
^ "Law of the USSR of 14 March 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR'". Garant.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
^ article 114 of the 1937 Constitution, article 171 of the 1978 Constitution
^ a b R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.
^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2000). A History of Russia (sixth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 458. ISBN 0-19-512179-1.
^ a b c Конституции РСФСР 1918 г. Archived 2 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Hist.msu.ru. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
^ a b c Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781443855211.
^ Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people (original VTsIK variant Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, III Congress revision), article I.
^ a b c d The Free Dictionary Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
^ Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. "Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R." (PDF). Pubs.USGS.gov. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. ISBN 0898757258. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
^ Article 76
^ Article 72
^ The names Russian Federation and Russia have been equal since 25 December 1993
^ a b Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the President of the Russian Federation
^ Mawdsley, Evan (2007). "Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918". The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 70. ISBN 9781933648156. Retrieved 25 January 2014. The Bolsheviks' enemies gave the name 'Sovdepia' to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock .
^
Note especially:
Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002). The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 687. ISBN 0804744939. Retrieved 16 April 2024. had succeeded in gaining the confidence of the Soviet leaders and had thus been able to learn the inside story about Bolo affairs.
^ "Bolo". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - "Misused for: a Bolshevik. Also collective singular = the Bolshevists. Also attributive."
^ a b Service, Robert (2005). A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780674018013.
^ a b Soviet Russia information Archived 26 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Russians.net (23 August 1943). Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
^ Carr, EH The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol. 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British document Intercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin (Cmd 1326).
^ White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W. W. Norton. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.
^ Chronicle of Events Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Marxistsfr.org. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.
^ "Russia the Great: Mineral resources". Russian Information Network. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-631-19525-2.
^ Bergman, Jay (2019). The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-884270-5.
^ McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). The Russian Revolution: A New History. Basic Books. p. 1-496. ISBN 978-0-465-09497-4.
^ Ikov, Marat Sal. "Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation". Prof.Msu.RU. Retrieved 9 February 2021. However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: 'In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.'
^ Deutscher, Isaac (1954). The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954). Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.
^ Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985). The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939. International Universities Press. p. 130.
^ Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-5647-5.
^ Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.
^ Service, Robert (24 June 1985). Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction. Springer. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-349-05591-3.
^ Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674076082. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Lih, Lars T. (1990). "8 Leaving Troubled Times". Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921. UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^ "Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics. February 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ Christian, David (1997). Imperial and Soviet Russia. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 236. ISBN 0-333-66294-6.
^ Развитие электроэнергетики в СССР (к 80летию плана ГОЭЛРО) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ Никитин, Олег (February 2010). Плюс электрификация. Forbes (in Russian).
^ Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (approved by Twelfth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 11 May 1925).
^ The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR of 23 August 1991 No. 79
^ Decree of the President of the Russian SFSR 06.11. 1991 N169 "On activity of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR"
^ Francis X. Clines, "Gorbachev is Ready to Resign as Post-Soviet Plan Advances", The New York Times, 13 December 1991.
^ V.Pribylovsky, Gr.Tochkin . Kto i kak uprazdnil SSSR
^ Из СССР В СНГ: подчиняясь реальности
^ Бабурин С. Н. На гибель Советского Союза
^ Воронин Ю. М. Беловежское предательство Archived 12 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ Исаков В. Б. Расчленёнка. Кто и как развалил Советский Союз: Хроника. Документы. — М., Закон и право. 1998. — C. 58. — 209 с.
^ Станкевич З. А. История крушения СССР: политико-правовые аспекты. — М., 2001. — C. 299—300
^ Лукашевич Д. А. Юридический механизм разрушения СССР. — М, 2016. — С. 254—255. — 448 с.
^ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of 25 December 1991 "On renaming of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" Archived 20 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine // Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR Daily. – 1992. – No. 2. – Article 62
^ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики» // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5
^ "Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г." constitution.garant.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ "Наука в Сибири". www.nsc.ru. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
^ Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR from 22 August 1991 "On the national flag of the Russian SFSR" Archived 10 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
^ Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian SFSR" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine from 1 November 1991
External links
(in Russian) Full Texts and All Laws Amending Constitutions of the Russian SFSR
Russian Federation; The Whole Republic a Construction Site by D. S. Polyanski.
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centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"Sverdlovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod"},{"link_name":"Kuybyshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"socialist state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"Volga-Urals region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga-Ural_Petroleum_and_Gas_Province"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFD-12"},{"link_name":"stagnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"socialist state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"communist ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918"},{"link_name":"treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"1978 constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Congress of People's Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Declaration of State Sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"separation of powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers"},{"link_name":"Soviet form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)"},{"link_name":"citizenship of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"Democratic Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Russia"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Presidency of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Belovezha Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belovezha_Accords"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"President of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Soviet flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Senate"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Russian flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"USSR was self-dissolved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet of the Republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities"},{"link_name":"All-Union Supreme Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Soviet of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"quorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum"},{"link_name":"UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-18"},{"link_name":"Russian constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"Soviet form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)"},{"link_name":"semi-presidential system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system"}],"text":"\"Soviet Russia\" redirects here. For the former socialist nation as a whole, see Soviet Union. For other uses, see Soviet Russia (disambiguation).The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə sɐˈvʲetskəjə fʲɪdʲɪrɐˈtʲivnəjə sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə] ⓘ), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic[9] and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,[10] and unofficially as Soviet Russia,[11] was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.[12] The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts.[12] Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad (Volgograd after 1961), Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first socialist state in the world.The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region[13] and Siberia, trailing in production to only the United States and Saudi Arabia.[14] In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.[12] The economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s under General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, began to be liberalized starting in 1985 under Gorbachev's \"perestroika\" restructuring policies, including the introduction of non-state owned enterprises (e.g. cooperatives).On 7 November 1917 [O.S. 25 October], as a result of the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as a sovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided by communist ideology. The first constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed a treaty officially creating the USSR. The Russian SFSR's 1978 constitution stated that \"[a] Union Republic is a sovereign [...] state that has united [...] in the Union\"[15] and \"each Union Republic shall retain the right freely to secede from the USSR\".[16] On 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty, established separation of powers (unlike in the Soviet form of government), established citizenship of Russia and stated that the RSFSR shall retain the right of free secession from the USSR. On 12 June 1991, Boris Yeltsin (1931–2007), supported by the Democratic Russia pro-reform movement, was elected the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become the Presidency of the Russian Federation.The August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of President Mikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. Following these events, Gorbachev lost all his remaining power, with Yeltsin superseding him as the pre-eminent figure in the country. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Belovezha Accords. The agreement declared dissolution of the USSR by its original founding states (i.e., renunciation of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of the Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet republics.On 25 December 1991, following the resignation of Gorbachev as President of the Soviet Union (and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation.[17] The next day, after the lowering of the Soviet flag from the top of the Senate building of the Moscow Kremlin and its replacement by the Russian flag, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of the Republics on 26 December, which by that time was the only functioning parliamentary chamber of the All-Union Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the several union republics). After the dissolution, Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations. As such, Russia assumed the Soviet Union's UN membership and permanent membership on the Security Council, nuclear stockpile and the control over the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.[18]The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The new Russian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after a constitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with a semi-presidential system.","title":"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Name of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_(council)"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"Russian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Romanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Sovdepia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovdepiya_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Bolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik#Derogatory_usage_of_%22Bolshevik%22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Congress of Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service2005-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besier2014-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Central Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Powers"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Congress of Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russians1-23"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian%E2%80%93Estonian)"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"Soviet Constitution of 1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Constitution_of_1936"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"speculation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#CRYSTAL"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"official name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_renaming"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"then existing Constitution of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978"},{"link_name":"1993 Constitution of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia"}],"text":"See also: Name of RussiaUnder the leadership of Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), the Bolshevik communists established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917. This happened immediately after the October Revolution toppled the interim Russian Provisional Government (most recently led by opposing democratic socialist Alexander Kerensky (1881–1970)) which had governed the new Russian Republic after the abdication of the Russian Empire government of the Romanov imperial dynasty of Tsar Nicholas II the previous March (Old Style: February). The October Revolution was thus the second of the two Russian Revolutions of the turbulent year of 1917. Initially, the new Soviet state did not have an official name and was not recognized by neighboring countries for five months.Anti-Bolsheviks soon suggested new names, however. By 1919 they had coined the mocking label Sovdepia (Russian: Совдепия) for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies.[19] Speakers of colloquial English coined the term \"Bololand\"[20]\nto refer to the land of the Bolos (a term identified from 1919 onwards with the Bolsheviks).[21]On 25 January 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Soviet Republic.[22][10][9] The new Soviet authorities and the Central Powers signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, transferring much of the border territory in the west of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire or to its satellites in exchange for peace during the last year of the rest of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted both the new name, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR), and the Constitution of the Russian SFSR.[23][better source needed]Internationally, the Russian SFSR was recognized as an independent state in 1920 only by its bordering neighbors (Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania) in the Treaty of Tartu and by the short-lived Irish Republic of 1919–1922 in Ireland.[24]On 30 December 1922, with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia (the RSFSR), alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the later Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700 to 1721.The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to such an extent that for most of the Soviet Union's existence, it was commonly, but incorrectly, referred[by whom?] to as Russia; this position is comparable to that of England within the United Kingdom. Technically, Russia itself was only one republic within the larger union – albeit by far the largest, most powerful and most highly developed[quantify] of the 15 republics. Nevertheless, according to historian Matthew White it was an open secret that the country's federal structure was \"window dressing\" for Russian dominance[speculation?]. For that reason, the people of the USSR were almost always called[by whom?] \"Russians\", not \"Soviets\", since \"everyone knew who really ran the show\".[better source needed][25]On 25 December 1991, during the collapse of the Soviet Union, which concluded on the next day, the RSFSR's official name was changed to the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day.[26] This name and \"Russia\" were specified as the official state names on 21 April 1992, in an amendment to the then existing Constitution of 1978, and were retained as such in the subsequent 1993 Constitution of Russia.","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_SSR"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Democratic People's Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Mongolian People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Belarusian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Estonian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_SSR"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_SSR"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFD-12"},{"link_name":"plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of the fifteen Soviet republics, with its southerly neighbor, the Kazakh SSR, being second.The international borders of the RSFSR touched Poland on the west; Norway and Finland of Scandinavia on the northwest; and to its southeast in eastern Asia were the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolia) and the People's Republic of China (China, formerly the Republic of China; 1911–1949). Within the Soviet Union, the RSFSR bordered the Slavic states: Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine), Belarusian SSR (Belarus), the Baltic states: Estonian SSR (Estonia), Latvian SSR (Latvia) and Lithuanian SSR (Lithuania) (Included in USSR in 1940) to its west and the Azerbaijan SSR (Azerbaijan), Georgian SSR (Georgia) and Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan) to the south in Central Asia.[12]Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east of Siberia with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.[27]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"Alexander Kerensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky"},{"link_name":"Russian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Republic"},{"link_name":"October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Petrograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrograd"},{"link_name":"casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(person)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Central Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Left Socialist Revolutionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Kolegaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Kolegayev"},{"link_name":"Karelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Karelin"},{"link_name":"Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Steinberg"},{"link_name":"Proshian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosh_Proshian"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"universal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_access_to_education"},{"link_name":"healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_healthcare"},{"link_name":"equal rights for women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Congress of Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service2005-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Besier2014-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Congress of Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Russia_Constitution_of_1918"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russians1-23"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"several states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War"}],"sub_title":"Early years (1917–1920)","text":"Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party.Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution.The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interim Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution, the second of the two Russian Revolutions. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on Petrograd occured largely without any human casualties.[28][29][30]On 18 January 1918, the newly elected Constituent Assembly issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name \"Russian Democratic Federal Republic\". However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void.[31] Conversely, the Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets and Central Executive for the opposition parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.[32] At the same time, a number of prominent members of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (Kolegaev), property (Karelin), justice (Steinberg), post offices and telegraphs (Proshian) and local government (Trutovsky).[33] Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as universal education, healthcare and equal rights for women.[34][35][36]On 25 January 1918, at the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the establishment of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was proclaimed.[22][10][9] On 3 March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving away much of the westernmost lands of the former Russian Empire to the German Empire, in exchange for peace on the Eastern Front of World War I. In July 1918, the fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Russian SFSR.[23][better source needed] By 1918, during the Russian Civil War, several states within the former Russian Empire had seceded, reducing the size of the country even more, although some were conquered by the Bolsheviks.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1922).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1924).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1929).svg"},{"link_name":"Russian famine of 1921–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%9322"},{"link_name":"Povolzhye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_region"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"black market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"ruble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ruble"},{"link_name":"barter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DaviesHarrison1993-7"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Creation of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasian_Soviet_Federal_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"1924 Soviet Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets"},{"link_name":"GOELRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOELRO"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"kWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWh"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"first five-year plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_five-year_plan"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets"}],"sub_title":"1920s","text":"The Russian SFSR in 1922The Russian SFSR in 1924The Russian SFSR in 1929The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as Povolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.[37]The economic impact of the Civil War was devastating. A black market emerged in Russia, despite the threat of martial law against profiteering. The ruble collapsed, with barter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange[7] and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money.[38] 70% of locomotives were in need of repair[citation needed], and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths.[39] Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).[40]On 30 December 1922, the First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, by which Russia was united with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic into a single federal state, the Soviet Union. The treaty was included in the 1924 Soviet Constitution,[clarification needed] adopted on 31 January 1924 by the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR.One of the early ambitious economic plans of the Soviet government was GOELRO, Russian abbreviation for \"State Commission for Electrification of Russia\" (Государственная комиссия по электрификации России), which sought to achieve total electrification of the entire country. Soviet propaganda declared the plan was basically fulfilled by 1931.[41] The national power output per year stood at 1.9 billion kWh in Imperial Russia in 1913, and Lenin's goal of 8.8 billion kWh was reached in 1931. National power output continued to increase significantly. It reached 13.5 billion kWh by the end of the first five-year plan in 1932, 36 billion kWh by 1937, and 48 billion kWh by 1940.[42]Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:[43]By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Tenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1936).svg"},{"link_name":"Soviet famine of 1932–1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River"},{"link_name":"Central Black Soil Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Region"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"the Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Western Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Kazakh ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_ASSR"},{"link_name":"1936 Soviet Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Kazakh ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_SSR"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"}],"sub_title":"1930s","text":"The Russian SFSR in 1936Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga, Central Black Soil Region, North Caucasus, the Urals, the Crimea, part of Western Siberia, and the Kazakh ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR were transformed into the Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan) and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyzstan). The former Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was transferred to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbekistan).The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Front (World War II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War (term)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_(1940).svg"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet winter offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_campaign_of_1941%E2%80%931942"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Volga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River"},{"link_name":"Karachay Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Karachays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Chechen-Ingush ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"population forcibly deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration"},{"link_name":"separatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Tuvan People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tuvan Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"reconquering Estonia and Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)"},{"link_name":"Ivangorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivangorod"},{"link_name":"Pechorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechorsky_District"},{"link_name":"Pytalovsky Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pytalovsky_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"}],"sub_title":"1940s","text":"See also: Eastern Front (World War II) and Great Patriotic War (term)The Russian SFSR in 1940Just four months after Operation Barbarossa, the Wehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in the Battle of Moscow and the Soviet winter offensive, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht entered Stalingrad. Despite a deadly 5 month lasting battle in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near the Volga River, ultimately pushing German forces out of Russia by 1944.In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), General Secretary of the Communist Party, later Premier, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the invading Germans in the Great Patriotic War (World War II, 1941–1945), and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR.On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.On 11 October 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic was joined with the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1961.After reconquering Estonia and Latvia in 1944, the Russian SFSR annexed their easternmost territories around Ivangorod and within the modern Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts in 1944–1945.The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War IIAt the end of World War II Soviet troops of the Red Army occupied southern Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands off the coast of East Asia, north of Japan, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north of Hokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war.On 17 April 1946, the Kaliningrad Oblast – the north-eastern portion of the former Kingdom of Prussia, the founding state of the German Empire (1871–1918) and later the German province of East Prussia including the capital and Baltic seaport city of Königsberg – was annexed by the Soviet Union and made part of the Russian SFSR.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgy Malenkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov"},{"link_name":"transferred Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferred_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Karelo-Finnish SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR"},{"link_name":"Karelian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Karachay Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"The Russian SFSR in 1956–1991After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953, Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov transferred Crimea from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.The Karelo-Finnish SSR was transferred back to the RSFSR as the Karelian ASSR in 1956.On 9 January 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"era of stagnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_stagnation"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"1960s–1980s","text":"Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a mass era of stagnation. Even after Brezhnev's death in 1982, the era did not end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.On 12 April 1978, a new Constitution of Russia was adopted.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia#Sessions"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"War of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Laws"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931993).svg"},{"link_name":"all-Russian referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_referendum"},{"link_name":"President of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"popular vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Viskuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viskuli"},{"link_name":"Brest (Belarus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kravchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk"},{"link_name":"Stanislav Shushkevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich"},{"link_name":"Belovezh Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belovezh_Accords"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Independent States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_RSFSR"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Treaty on the Creation of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR"},{"link_name":"first constitution of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-18"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RF-55"},{"link_name":"Soviet flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Rossiyskaya Gazeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Early 1990s","text":"On 29 May 1990, at his third attempt, Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR on 12 June 1990, which was the beginning of the \"War of Laws\", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991On 17 March 1991, an all-Russian referendum created the post of President of the RSFSR and on 12 June, Boris Yeltsin was elected president by popular vote.During the unsuccessful 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt of 19–21 August 1991 in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia.[45] On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR in the RSFSR.[46]On 8 December 1991, at Viskuli near Brest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich signed the \"Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States\", known in media as the Belovezh Accords. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed \"as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality\". However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions.[47] The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.[48][49][50][51] However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of the first constitution of the USSR.[52][53][54] Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it did not need to follow the secession process delineated in the Soviet Constitution because it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed.On 24 December, Yeltsin informed the Secretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the UN Security Council). Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations, and assumed control over its nuclear stockpile and the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.[18] On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming the Presidency.[55] That same night, the Soviet flag was lowered and replaced with the tricolor. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps).On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force \nsince publication on 16 May 1992.[56]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of leaders of the Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Council of People's Commissars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"1991 August coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"}],"text":"See also: List of leaders of the Russian SFSRThe Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946) and Council of Ministers (1946–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR and the last by Boris Yeltsin as both head of government and head of state under the title of president. The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkestan ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Turkestan General-Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"delimitation programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Khorezm SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bukharan PSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Turkmen SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_SSR"},{"link_name":"Uzbek SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_SSR"},{"link_name":"Tajik ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Tajik SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_SSR"},{"link_name":"Kara-Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kara-Kalpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Kalpak_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Bashkir ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Orenburg Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Bashkirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirs"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Tatar ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kazan Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Republic of Tatarstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Tatarstan"},{"link_name":"Kirgiz ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)"},{"link_name":"Ural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Oblast_(1868%E2%80%931920)"},{"link_name":"Turgay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay_Oblast_(Russian_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Semipalatinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Oblast,_Russia"},{"link_name":"Transcaspia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaspian_Region"},{"link_name":"Bukey Horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukey_Horde"},{"link_name":"Orenburg Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kazakh people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_people"},{"link_name":"Omsk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omsk_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jetysui Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jetysui_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syr Darya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Samarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Mountain ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Ingush Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sunzha Cossack District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunzha_Cossack_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai"},{"link_name":"Dagestan ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Dagestan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Crimean ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Crimean peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Baron Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_oblast"},{"link_name":"deportation of the Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Taurida Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurida_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"transferred to the Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"2014 Ukrainian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity"},{"link_name":"Russian military intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"disputed referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum"},{"link_name":"annexed by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Yakut ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yakut Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yakut_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic"},{"link_name":"Buryat ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol-Buryat_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buryat-Mongol_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic"},{"link_name":"Republic of Buryatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Buryatia"},{"link_name":"Karelian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karelian Labor Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Labor_Commune"},{"link_name":"Karelo-Finnish SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR"},{"link_name":"Republic of Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia"},{"link_name":"Volga German ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Volga German Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volga_German_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volga Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Germans"},{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad Oblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kazak ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Chuvash ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chuvash Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Republic of Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Kara-Kalpak ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpak_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Kalpak_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Uzbek SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_SSR"},{"link_name":"Mordovian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovian_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Mordovian Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mordovian_Autonomous_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Mordovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Mordovia"},{"link_name":"Udmurt ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Udmurt Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Udmurt Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Rostov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkar ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkar_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Kray"},{"link_name":"Balkars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkars"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria"},{"link_name":"Northern Ossetian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ossetian_ASSR"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Kray"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chechen-Ingush ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai"},{"link_name":"Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chechens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Kray"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Krays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Kray"},{"link_name":"Grozny Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic of Ichkeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Khasavyurt Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Republic"},{"link_name":"Komi ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_(Zyryan)_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Republic of Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Komi"},{"link_name":"Mari ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mari Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Tuva ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tuva Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Altai ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Karachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialistic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay-Cherkess_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Krai"}],"sub_title":"Autonomous republics within the Russian SFSR","text":"Turkestan ASSR was formed on 30 April 1918 on the territory of the former Turkestan General-Governorate. As part of the delimitation programme of Soviet Central Asia, the Turkestan ASSR along with the Khorezm SSR and the Bukharan PSR were disbanded on 27 October 1924 and replaced by the Soviet Union republics of Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR. The latter contained the Tajik ASSR until December 1929, when it too became a full Union republic, the Tajik SSR. The RSFSR retained the newly formed Kara-Kirghiz and the Kara-Kalpak autonomous oblasts. The latter was part of the Kirgiz, then the Kazak ASSR until 1930 when it was directly subordinated to Moscow.\nBashkir ASSR was formed on 23 March 1919 from several northern districts of the Orenburg Governorate populated by Bashkirs. On 11 October 1990, it declared its sovereignty, as the Bashkir SSR, which in 1992 was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.\nTatar ASSR was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of the Kazan Governorate populated by Tatars. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Tatarstan and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.\nKirgiz ASSR was formed on 26 August 1920 from the Ural, Turgay, Semipalatinsk oblasts and parts of Transcaspia, Bukey Horde and Orenburg Governorate populated by Kirgiz-Kaysaks (former name of Kazakh people). Further enlarged in 1921 upon gaining land from Omsk Governorate and again in 1924 from parts of Jetysui Governorate and Syr Darya and Samarkand oblasts. On 19 April 1925, it was renamed Kazak ASSR. (see below)\nMountain ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 after the Bolshevik Red Army evicted the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Initially composed of several national districts, one-by-one these left the republic until 7 November 1924 when the remains of the republic was partitioned into the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and the Sunzha Cossack District (all subordinates to the North Caucasus Krai).\nDagestan ASSR was formed on 20 January 1921 from the former Dagestan Oblast. On 17 September 1991, it declared sovereignty as the Dagestan SSR.\nCrimean ASSR was formed on 18 October 1921 on the territory of Crimean peninsula within the Russian SFSR, following the Red Army's defeat of Baron Wrangel's Army, ending the Russian Civil War in Europe. On 18 May 1944, it was reduced to the status of oblast alongside the criminal deportation of the Crimean Tatars, now recognized as genocide, as collective punishment for alleged collaboration with the German occupation regime in Taurida Subdistrict. On 19 February 1954, the oblast was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Re-established on 12 February 1991, it declared sovereignty on 4 September of that year. On 5 May 1992, it declared independence as the Republic of Crimea. On 13 May, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine overturned the declaration, but compromised on an Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine. After the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, a Russian military intervention and a disputed referendum, Crimea was annexed by Russia in March 2014, a move largely considered illegal by the international community.\nYakut ASSR was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of the Yakut Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).\nBuryat ASSR was formed on 30 March 1923 as due to the merger of the Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR and the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast of the Far Eastern Republic. Until 7 July 1958 – Mongol-Buryat ASSR. On 27 March 1991, it became the Republic of Buryatia.\nKarelian ASSR was formed on 23 July 1923 when the Karelian Labor Commune was integrated into the RSFSR's administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as the Karelo-Finnish SSR. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as the Republic of Karelia.\nVolga German ASSR was formed on 19 December 1924 upon elevation of the Volga German Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 28 August 1941, upon the deportation of Volga Germans to Central Asia, the ASSR was disbanded. The territory was partitioned between the Saratov and Stalingrad Oblasts.\nKazak ASSR was formed on 19 April 1925 when the first Kirghiz ASSR was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as the Republic of Kazakhstan.\nChuvash ASSR was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.\nKirghiz ASSR was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan and on 31 August 1991 its independence.\nKara-Kalpak ASSR was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of the Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of the Uzbek SSR. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.\nMordovian ASSR was formed on 20 December 1934 upon the elevation of Mordovian Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 December 1990 as the Mordovian SSR. Since 25 January 1991, it has been known as the Republic of Mordovia.\nUdmurt ASSR was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation of Udmurt Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as the Udmurt Republic.\nKalmyk ASSR was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly established Astrakhan Oblast and parts adjoined to Rostov Oblast, Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.\nKabardino-Balkar ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of the Kabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast from the North Caucasus Kray. After the deportation of the Balkars on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred to Georgian SSR. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.\nNorthern Ossetian ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the disbandment of the North Caucasus Kray and its constituent North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was raised into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 26 December 1990 as the North Ossetian SSR.\nChechen-Ingush ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 when the North Caucasus Krai was disestablished and its constituent Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered by Stavropol Kray until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged with Stavropol Krays Kizlyar district and organised as Grozny Oblast, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border's original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government. De facto, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as the Republic of Ingushetia. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during the First Chechen War. The Khasavyurt Accord would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The present Chechen Republic government was re-established on 15 October 1999.\nKomi ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Komi (Zyryan) Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared sovereignty on 23 November 1990 as the Komi SSR and from 26 May 1992 as the Republic of Komi.\nMari ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of the Mari Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).\nTuva ASSR was formed on 10 October 1961 when the Tuva Autonomous Oblast was elevated[by whom?] into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.\nGorno-Altai ASSR was formed on 25 October 1990 when Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast declared sovereignty. Since 3 July 1991, it has been known as the Gorno-Altai SSR.\nKarachayevo-Cherkessian ASSR was formed on 17 November 1990 when Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and instead of Stavropol Krai subordinated directly to the RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 3 July 1991 as the Karachay-Cherkess SSR.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"war communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_communism"},{"link_name":"Gosplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosplan"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine of war communism became the starting point of the state's economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of \"war communism\" were recognized by the country's leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at Lenin's suggestion.After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. The Gosplan (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan.Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.[57]As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: \"The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics\".[58]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Culture of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Russia"}],"text":"See also: Culture of Russia","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defender of the Fatherland Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_of_the_Fatherland_Day"},{"link_name":"International Women's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Spring and Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"Victory Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"Great October Socialist Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Victory Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"military parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"Red Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Square"},{"link_name":"Hero City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian-Matroshka2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matryoshka doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matryoshka_doll"},{"link_name":"The Internationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internationale"},{"link_name":"State Anthem of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Patrioticheskaya Pesnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrioticheskaya_Pesnya"},{"link_name":"re-introduced the Soviet anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"hammer and sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle"},{"link_name":"Soviet coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"red stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_star"},{"link_name":"Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Banner of Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_of_Victory"},{"link_name":"Matryoshka doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matryoshka_doll"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Saint Basil's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Chamomile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamomile"},{"link_name":"national flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_flower"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"national tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_tree"},{"link_name":"Russian bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_bear"},{"link_name":"national personification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification"},{"link_name":"Mother Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification_of_Russia"}],"sub_title":"National holidays and symbols","text":"The public holidays for the Russian SFSR included Defender of the Fatherland Day (23 February), which honors Russian men, especially those serving in the army; International Women's Day (8 March), which combines the traditions of Mother's Day and Valentine's Day; Spring and Labor Day (1 May); Victory Day; and like all other Soviet republics, the Great October Socialist Revolution (7 November).Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory over Nazism in the Great Patriotic War. A huge military parade, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow on Red Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the status Hero City or City of Military Glory.Matryoshka doll taken apartDuring its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was the same as the Soviet anthem (unlike other republics): The Internationale until 1944 and then the State Anthem of the USSR. In 1990, the RSFSR adopted its own separate anthem called Patrioticheskaya Pesnya, which went on to become the anthem of independent Russia since 1991. In 2000, Vladimir Putin re-introduced the Soviet anthem. The motto \"Workers of the world, unite!\" was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. The hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as part of architectural decorations. The Soviet red stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Red Banner continues to be honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of the Russian SFSR (and the Soviet Union as a whole) and the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow are Russian SFSR's main architectural icons. Chamomile is the national flower while birch is the national tree. The Russian bear is an animal symbol and a national personification of Russia. Though this image has a Western origin, Russians themselves have accepted it. The native Soviet Russian national personification is Mother Russia.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_(flag)"},{"link_name":"right angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_angle"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"vexillological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillology"},{"link_name":"flags of the Soviet Republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics"},{"link_name":"defaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defacement_(flag)"},{"link_name":"flag of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"hammer and sickle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle"},{"link_name":"hoist.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(flag)"},{"link_name":"collapse of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Soviet form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1918).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931925).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1937%E2%80%931954).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931993).svg"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Flag history","text":"The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag's centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within the canton and encased within two yellow lines forming a right angle. The next flag was used from 1937, notably during World War II. Interesting because it was used until Stalin's death when a major vexillological reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all the flags of the Soviet Republics as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now a defaced version of the flag of the Soviet Union, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to the hoist. This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoing collapse of the Soviet Union. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when the Soviet form of government was officially dissolved in the Russian Federation, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions.1917–1918\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1918–1937\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1937–1954\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1954–1991\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1991[59][60][a]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_post-Stalinist_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War\nBibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union\nBibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union","title":"Bibliographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"}],"text":"^ Later used as a national flag of the Russian Federation until 1993.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281922%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281924%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281929%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281936%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg/220px-Soviet_Union_-_Russian_SFSR_%281940%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg/240px-RIAN_archive_44732_Soviet_soldiers_attack_house.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Russian SFSR in 1956–1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg/250px-Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ethnographic map of the Soviet Union, 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png/250px-Map_of_the_ethnic_groups_of_the_Soviet_Union.png"},{"image_text":"Flag adopted by the Russian SFSR national parliament in 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Matryoshka doll taken apart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Russian-Matroshka2.jpg/220px-Russian-Matroshka2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Law of the USSR of 14 March 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR'\". Garant.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465","url_text":"\"Law of the USSR of 14 March 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110813151229/http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"R. W. Davies; Mark Harrison; S. G. Wheatcroft (9 December 1993). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ULWRnskfr4C&pg=PA6","url_text":"The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45770-5","url_text":"978-0-521-45770-5"}]},{"reference":"Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2000). A History of Russia (sixth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 458. ISBN 0-19-512179-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512179-1","url_text":"0-19-512179-1"}]},{"reference":"Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 9781443855211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443855211","url_text":"9781443855211"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, James A.; Clarke, James W. \"Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R.\" (PDF). Pubs.USGS.gov. 1983, U.S. Department of the Interior – U.S. Geological Survey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1983/0885/report.pdf","url_text":"\"Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Volga-Ural Province, U.S.S.R.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402174712/http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1983/0885/report.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002). Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183. ISBN 0898757258. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WHcv8OGV_WgC&pg=PA183","url_text":"Petroleum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898757258","url_text":"0898757258"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130556/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=WHcv8OGV_WgC&pg=PA183","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mawdsley, Evan (2007). \"Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918\". The Russian Civil War. Pegasus Books. p. 70. ISBN 9781933648156. Retrieved 25 January 2014. The Bolsheviks' enemies gave the name 'Sovdepia' to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock [...].","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan","url_text":"The Russian Civil War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan/page/70","url_text":"70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933648156","url_text":"9781933648156"}]},{"reference":"Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002). The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 687. ISBN 0804744939. Retrieved 16 April 2024. [Turrou] had succeeded in gaining the confidence of the Soviet leaders and had thus been able to learn the inside story about Bolo affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ-OtFR3SLgC","url_text":"The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804744939","url_text":"0804744939"}]},{"reference":"\"Bolo\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Bolo","url_text":"\"Bolo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Service, Robert (2005). A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 9780674018013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674018013","url_text":"9780674018013"}]},{"reference":"White, Matthew (2012). The Great Big Book of Horrible Things. W. W. Norton. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-393-08192-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_White_(atrocitologist)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"White, Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Big_Book_of_Horrible_Things","url_text":"The Great Big Book of Horrible Things"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton","url_text":"W. W. Norton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3","url_text":"978-0-393-08192-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia the Great: Mineral resources\". Russian Information Network. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4319.html","url_text":"\"Russia the Great: Mineral resources\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110119081833/http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4319.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-631-19525-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Blackwell_Encyclopedia_of_the_Russia/ScabEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA343&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2","url_text":"978-0-631-19525-2"}]},{"reference":"Bergman, Jay (2019). The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-19-884270-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_French_Revolutionary_Tradition_in_Ru/5UKjDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA224&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884270-5","url_text":"978-0-19-884270-5"}]},{"reference":"McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). The Russian Revolution: A New History. Basic Books. p. 1-496. ISBN 978-0-465-09497-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Russian_Revolution/aXmZDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PT155&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"The Russian Revolution: A New History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09497-4","url_text":"978-0-465-09497-4"}]},{"reference":"Ikov, Marat Sal. \"Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation\". Prof.Msu.RU. Retrieved 9 February 2021. However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: 'In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.'","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prof.msu.ru/publ/book/round1.htm","url_text":"\"Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation\""}]},{"reference":"Deutscher, Isaac (1954). The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954). Oxford University Press. pp. 330–336.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.507702/page/335/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"The Prophet Armed Trotsky 1879-1921 (1954)"}]},{"reference":"Abramovitch, Raphael R. (1985). The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939. International Universities Press. p. 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L_q1WAmv7XkC&q=Steinberg+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+of+Justice,+Proshyan+became+the+People%27s+Commissar+for+Posts+and+Telegraphs","url_text":"The Soviet Revolution, 1917-1939"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-5647-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oyaxYvSG6gAC&dq=lenin+universal+literacy+after+the+vote+was+won&pg=PA109","url_text":"After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-5647-5"}]},{"reference":"Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gXknAQAAMAAJ&q=lenin+universal+literacy","url_text":"Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925"}]},{"reference":"Service, Robert (24 June 1985). Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction. Springer. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-349-05591-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&q=universal+education&pg=PA98","url_text":"Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3","url_text":"978-1-349-05591-3"}]},{"reference":"Courtois, Stéphane; Werth, Nicolas; Panné, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartošek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780674076082. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/TheBlackBookofCommunism10/the-black-book-of-communism-jean-louis-margolin-1999-communism#page/n71/","url_text":"The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674076082","url_text":"9780674076082"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180627125452/http://archive.org/stream/TheBlackBookofCommunism10/the-black-book-of-communism-jean-louis-margolin-1999-communism#page/n71/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lih, Lars T. (1990). \"8 Leaving Troubled Times\". Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921. UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft796nb4mj&chunk.id=d0e9364&toc.id=&brand=ucpress","url_text":"\"8 Leaving Troubled Times\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027173510/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft796nb4mj&chunk.id=d0e9364&toc.id=&brand=ucpress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century\". Necrometrics. February 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#RCW","url_text":"\"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Primary Megadeaths of the Twentieth Century\""}]},{"reference":"Christian, David (1997). Imperial and Soviet Russia. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 236. ISBN 0-333-66294-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-66294-6","url_text":"0-333-66294-6"}]},{"reference":"Развитие электроэнергетики в СССР (к 80летию плана ГОЭЛРО) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181022081121/http://www.situation.ru/app/j_artp_324.htm","url_text":"Развитие электроэнергетики в СССР (к 80летию плана ГОЭЛРО)"},{"url":"http://www.situation.ru/app/j_artp_324.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Никитин, Олег (February 2010). Плюс электрификация. Forbes (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forbes.ru/forbes/issue/2010-02/44842-plyus-elektrifikatsiya","url_text":"Плюс электрификация"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/en/node/420902","url_text":"The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г.\" constitution.garant.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/red_1978/5478721/","url_text":"\"Конституция РСФСР в редакции от 12 апреля 1978 г.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Наука в Сибири\". www.nsc.ru. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140309144636/http://www.nsc.ru/HBC/article.phtml?nid=158&id=6","url_text":"\"Наука в Сибири\""},{"url":"http://www.nsc.ru/HBC/article.phtml?nid=158&id=6","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor_(1975-1999)
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Indonesian occupation of East Timor
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["1 Background","1.1 Fretilin, UDT, and APODETI","1.2 Coup, civil war, and independence declaration","2 Invasion","2.1 Indonesian atrocities","2.2 UN response and international law","3 Indonesian hegemony","3.1 Indonesian campaigns against the resistance","3.2 Resettlement and enforced starvation","3.3 Sexual slavery and systematic violence against women","3.4 Forced adoption and removal of children","3.5 Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82","3.6 'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983","3.7 Abuses by Fretilin","3.8 Demography and economy","4 1990s","4.1 Changing resistance and integration campaigns","4.2 Santa Cruz massacre","4.3 Arrest of Xanana Gusmão","4.4 Nobel Peace Prize","5 End of Indonesian control","5.1 Transition in Indonesia","5.2 1999 referendum","5.3 Indonesian withdrawal and peacekeeping force","6 International response","6.1 Australia","6.2 Philippines","6.3 Portugal","6.4 United States","6.5 Other countries","7 Consequences","7.1 Number of deaths","7.2 Justice","8 Indonesian governors of East Timor","9 Depictions in fiction","10 See also","11 Notes","12 Bibliography","13 External links"]
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1975–1999 military occupation
See also: Indonesian invasion of East Timor, East Timor genocide, and East Timor (province)
Indonesian occupation of East TimorPart of the Cold War (until 1991)DateDe facto:7 December 1975 – 31 October 1999(23 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)De jure:7 December 1975 – 20 May 2002(26 years, 5 months, 1 week and 6 days)LocationEast TimorResult
1999 East Timorese crisis
East Timor gains independence after an independence referendum votes to become an independent sovereign state
Indonesia retains a strong influence in East TimorBelligerents
Indonesia
Timor Timur
East Timorese Resistance Groups
Fretilin (Falintil)
CNRM (later CNRT)
UDTCommanders and leaders
Suharto B. J. Habibie Maraden Panggabean Mohammad Jusuf L. B. Moerdani Try Sutrisno Edi Sudrajat Feisal Tanjung Wiranto Dading Kalbuadi Prabowo Subianto José Abílio Osório Soares Eurico Guterres
Francisco Xavier do Amaral Nicolau dos Reis Lobato † Mari Alkatiri Taur Matan Ruak Nino Konis Santana † Ma'huno Bulerek Karathayano Xanana Gusmão Rogério Lobato David Alex † Keri Laran Sabalae †Strength
250,000 troops
27,000 (1975)1,900 (1999)Casualties and losses
2,277 soldier and police killed1,527 Timorese militia killed2,400 woundedTotal: 3,408 killed and 2,400 wounded
Estimates range from 100,000–300,000 dead (see below)
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The Indonesian occupation of East Timor began in December 1975 and lasted until October 1999. After centuries of Portuguese colonial rule in East Timor, the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal led to the decolonisation of its former colonies, creating instability in East Timor and leaving its future uncertain. After a small-scale civil war, the pro-independence Fretilin declared victory in the capital city of Dili and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.
Following the "Balibo Declaration" that was signed by representatives of Apodeti, UDT, KOTA and the Trabalhista Party on 30 November 1975, Indonesian military forces invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975, and by 1979 they had all but destroyed the armed resistance to the occupation. On 17 July 1976, Indonesia formally annexed East Timor as its 27th province and declared the province of Timor Timur (East Timor).
Immediately after the invasion, the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council passed resolutions condemning Indonesia's actions in East Timor and calling for its immediate withdrawal from the territory. Australia and Indonesia were the only nations in the world which recognised East Timor as a province of Indonesia, and soon afterwards they began negotiations to divide resources found in the Timor Gap.
Other governments, including those of the United States, Japan, Canada and Malaysia, also supported the Indonesian government. The invasion of East Timor and the suppression of its independence movement, however, caused great harm to Indonesia's reputation and international credibility.
For twenty-four years, the Indonesian government subjected the people of East Timor to routine and systematic torture, sexual slavery, internment, forced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, massacres, and deliberate starvation. The 1991 Santa Cruz Massacre caused outrage around the world, and reports of other such killings were numerous. Resistance to Indonesian rule remained strong; in 1996 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to two men from East Timor, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta, for their ongoing efforts to peacefully end the occupation. A 1999 vote to determine East Timor's future resulted in an overwhelming majority in favour of independence, and in 2002 East Timor became an independent nation. The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor estimated the number of deaths during the occupation from famine and violence to be between 90,800 and 202,600, including between 17,600 and 19,600 violent deaths or disappearances, out of a 1999 population of approximately 823,386. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
After the 1999 vote for independence, paramilitary groups working with the Indonesian military undertook a final wave of violence during which most of the country's infrastructure was destroyed. The Australian-led International Force for East Timor restored order, and following the departure of Indonesian forces from East Timor, the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor administered the territory for two years, establishing a Serious Crimes Unit to investigate and prosecute crimes committed in 1999.
Its limited scope and the small number of sentences delivered by Indonesian courts have caused numerous observers to call for an international tribunal for East Timor.
Oxford University held an academic consensus calling the occupation of East Timor a genocide and Yale University teaches it as part of its Genocide Studies program.
Background
Map of East Timor and its major cities
Main article: History of East Timor
The Portuguese first arrived in Timor in the 16th century, and in 1702 East Timor came under Portuguese colonial administration. Portuguese rule was tenuous until the island was divided with the Dutch Empire in 1860. A significant battleground during the Pacific War, East Timor was occupied by 20,000 Japanese troops. The fighting helped prevent a Japanese occupation of Australia but resulted in 60,000 East Timorese deaths.
When Indonesia secured its independence after World War II under the leadership of Sukarno, it did not claim control of East Timor, and aside from general anti-colonial rhetoric, it did not oppose Portuguese control of the territory.
A 1959 revolt in East Timor against the Portuguese was not endorsed by the Indonesian government. A 1962 United Nations document notes: "the government of Indonesia has declared that it maintains friendly relations with Portugal and has no claim to Portuguese Timor...". These assurances continued after Suharto took power in 1965. An Indonesian official declared in December 1974: "Indonesia has no territorial ambition... Thus there is no question of Indonesia wishing to annex Portuguese Timor."
In 1974, 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal caused significant changes in Portugal's relationship with its colony in Timor. The power shift in Europe invigorated movements for independence in colonies like Mozambique and Angola, and the new Portuguese government began a decolonisation process for East Timor. The first of these was an opening of the political process.
Fretilin, UDT, and APODETI
When East Timorese political parties were first legalised in April 1974, three groupings emerged as significant players in the post-colonial landscape. The União Democrática Timorense (Timorese Democratic Union, or UDT), was formed in May by a group of wealthy landowners.
Initially dedicated to preserving East Timor as a protectorate of Portugal, in September UDT announced its support for independence. A week later, the Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, or Fretilin) appeared. Initially organised as the ASDT (Associacão Social Democrata Timorense), the group endorsed "the universal doctrines of socialism", as well as "the right to independence". As the political process grew more tense, however, the group changed its name and declared itself "the only legitimate representative of the people". The end of May saw the creation of a third party, Associacão Popular Democratica Timorense (Timorese Popular Democratic Association, or APODETI).
Advocating East Timor's integration with Indonesia and originally named Associacão Integraciacao de Timor Indonesia (Association for the Integration of Timor into Indonesia), APODETI expressed concerns that an independent East Timor would then be economically weak and vulnerable.
Fretilin took power after the civil war and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.
Indonesian nationalist and military hardliners, particularly leaders of the intelligence agency Kopkamtib and special operations unit, Kopassus, saw the Portuguese revolution as an opportunity for East Timor's integration with Indonesia. The central government and military feared that an East Timor governed by leftists could be used as a base for incursions by unfriendly powers into Indonesia, and also that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire secessionist sentiments within Indonesian provinces.
The fear of national disintegration was played upon military leaders close to Suharto and remained as one of Indonesia's strongest justifications for refusing to entertain the prospect of East Timorese independence or even autonomy until the late 1990s. The military intelligence organisations initially sought a non-military annexation strategy, intending to use APODETI as its integration vehicle.
In January 1975, UDT and Fretilin established a tentative coalition dedicated to achieving independence for East Timor. At the same time, the Australian government reported that the Indonesian military had conducted a "pre-invasion" exercise at Lampung. For months, the Indonesian Special Operations command, Kopassus, had been covertly supporting APODETI through Operasi Komodo (Operation Komodo, named after the lizard).
By broadcasting accusations of communism among Fretilin leaders and sowing discord in the UDT coalition, the Indonesian government fostered instability in East Timor and, observers said, created a pretext for invading. By May tensions between the two groups caused UDT to withdraw from the coalition.
In an attempt to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over East Timor's future, the Portuguese Decolonization Commission convened a conference in June 1975 in Macau.
Fretilin boycotted the meeting in protest of APODETI's presence; representatives of UDT and APODETI complained that this was an effort to obstruct the decolonisation process. In his 1987 memoir Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Fretilin leader José Ramos-Horta recalls his "vehement protests" against his party's refusal to attend the meeting. "This", he writes, "was one of our tactical political errors for which I could never find an intelligent explanation."
Coup, civil war, and independence declaration
Main article: Democratic Republic of East Timor (1975)
The tension reached a boiling point in mid-1975 when rumours began circulating of possible power seizures from both independence parties. In August 1975, UDT staged a coup in the capital city Dili, and a small-scale civil war broke out. Ramos-Horta describes the fighting as "bloody", and details violence committed by both UDT and Fretilin. He cites the International Committee of the Red Cross, which counted 2,000–3,000 people dead after the war. The fighting forced the Portuguese government onto the nearby island of Atauro. Fretilin defeated UDT's forces after two weeks, much to the surprise of Portugal and Indonesia. UDT leaders fled to Indonesian-controlled West Timor. There they signed a petition on 7 September calling for East Timor's integration with Indonesia; most accounts indicate that UDT's support for this position was forced by Indonesia.
Map of East Timor's Bobonaro District, which lies on the border with Indonesian West Timor. Fighting continued in this region after the civil war, and several cities were captured by Indonesia prior to their full invasion.
Once they had gained control of East Timor, Fretilin faced attacks from the west, by Indonesian military forces—then known as Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI)—and by a small group of UDT troops. Indonesia captured the border city of Batugadé on 8 October 1975; nearby Balibó and Maliana were taken eight days later. During the Balibó raid, members of an Australian television news crew—later dubbed the "Balibo Five"—were killed by Indonesian soldiers. Indonesian military officials say the deaths were accidental, and East Timorese witnesses say the journalists were deliberately killed. The deaths, and subsequent campaigns and investigations, attracted international attention and rallied support for East Timorese independence.
At the start of November, the foreign ministers from Indonesia and Portugal met in Rome to discuss a resolution of the conflict. Although no Timorese leaders were invited to the talks, Fretilin sent a message expressing their desire to work with Portugal.
The meeting ended with both parties agreeing that Portugal would meet with political leaders in East Timor, but the talks never took place. In mid-November, Indonesian forces began shelling the city of Atabae from the sea and captured it by the end of the month.
Frustrated by Portugal's inaction, Fretilin leaders believed they could ward off Indonesian advances more effectively if they declared an independent East Timor. National Political Commissioner Mari Alkatiri conducted a diplomatic tour of Africa, gathering support from governments there and elsewhere.
According to Fretilin, this effort yielded assurances from twenty-five countries—including the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, Mozambique, Sweden, and Cuba—to recognise the new nation. Cuba currently shares close relations with East Timor today. On 28 November 1975, Fretilin unilaterally declared independence for the Democratic Republic of East Timor. Indonesia announced UDT and APODETI leaders in and around Balibó would respond the next day by declaring that region independent from East Timor and officially part of Indonesia. This Balibo Declaration, however, was drafted by Indonesian intelligence and signed on Bali; later this was described by some as the 'Balibohong Declaration', a pun on the Indonesian word for 'lie'. Portugal rejected both declarations, and the Indonesian government approved military action to begin its annexation of East Timor.
Invasion
Main article: Indonesian invasion of East Timor
Indonesian invasion
On 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor. Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus) was the largest military operation ever carried out by that nation. Troops from Fretilin's military organisation Falintil engaged ABRI forces in the streets of Dili and reported 400 Indonesian paratroopers were killed as they descended into the city. Angkasa Magazine reports 35 dead Indonesian troops and 122 from the Fretilin side. By the end of the year, 10,000 troops occupied Dili, and another 20,000 had been deployed throughout East Timor. Massively outnumbered, Falintil troops fled to the mountains and continued guerrilla combat operations.
Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".
Indonesian atrocities
From the start of the invasion onward, TNI forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians. At the start of the occupation, Fretilin radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed.... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion." One Timorese refugee told later of "rape cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and Chinese shop owners". Dili's bishop at the time, Martinho da Costa Lopes, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets – all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing." In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children – including Australian freelance reporter Roger East – were lined up on a cliff outside of Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea. Many such massacres took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed. It is estimated that at least 2,000 Timorese were massacred in the first two days of the invasion in Dili alone. In addition to Fretilin supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.
The mass killings continued unabated as Indonesian forces advanced on the Fretilin-held mountain regions of East Timor. A Timorese guide for a senior Indonesian officer told former Australian consul to Portuguese Timor James Dunn that during the early months of the fighting TNI troops "killed most Timorese they encountered." In February 1976 after capturing the village of Aileu – to the south of Dili – and driving out the remaining Fretilin forces, Indonesian troops machine-gunned most of the town's population, allegedly shooting everyone over the age of three. The young children who were spared were taken back to Dili in trucks. At the time Aileu fell to Indonesian forces, the population was around 5,000; by the time Indonesian relief workers visited the village in September 1976 only 1,000 remained. In June 1976, TNI troops badly battered by a Fretilin attack exacted retribution against a large refugee camp housing 5–6,000 Timorese at Lamaknan near the West Timor border. After setting several houses on fire, Indonesian soldiers massacred as many as 2,000 men, women and children.
In March 1977 ex-Australian consul James Dunn published a report detailing charges that since December 1975 Indonesian forces had killed between 50,000 and 100,000 civilians in East Timor. This is consistent with a statement made on 13 February 1976 by UDT leader Lopez da Cruz that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the previous six months of civil war, suggesting a death toll of at least 55,000 in the first two months of the invasion. A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic. A late 1976 report by the Catholic Church also estimated the death toll at between 60,000 and 100,000. These figures were also corroborated by those in the Indonesian government itself. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the Sydney Morning Herald, Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".
The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of anti-colonial unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled Decolonization in East Timor, paid tribute to the "sacred right of self-determination" and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that Fretilin's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror". Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor. The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.
UN response and international law
On the day following the invasion, a committee of the United Nations General Assembly convened to debate the situation. Nations allied with Indonesia—including India, Japan, and Malaysia—wrote a resolution blaming Portugal and the Timorese political parties for the bloodshed; it was rejected in favour of a draft prepared by Algeria, Cuba, Senegal, and Guyana, among others. This was adopted as GA Resolution 3485 (XXX) on 12 December, calling on Indonesia to "withdraw without delay". Ten days later, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 384 (1975), which echoes the GA resolution's call for immediate Indonesian withdrawal. One year later the Security Council expressed the same sentiment in Resolution 389 (1976), and the General Assembly passed resolutions every year between 1976 and 1982 calling for self-determination in East Timor. Governments of large countries like China and the United States opposed further action; smaller countries like Costa Rica, Guinea-Bissau, and Iceland were the only delegations calling for vigorous enforcement of the resolutions. The 1982 resolution calls on the UN secretary-general to "initiate consultations with all parties directly concerned, with a view to exploring avenues for achieving a comprehensive settlement of the problem".
Legal expert Roger S. Clark notes that Indonesia's invasion and occupation violated two vital elements of international law: the right to self-determination and the prohibition on aggression. Neither the petition of 7 September 1975 calling for integration, nor the later resolution of the "People's Assembly" in May 1976, qualify as "informed and democratic processes impartially conducted and based on universal adult suffrage", as required by UN General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV), which establishes the guidelines for the norms of self-determination. Other inadequacies existed in the petitions as well.
Indonesia's use of military force in East Timor is cited as a violation of Chapter I of the United Nations Charter, which states: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state...." Some observers have argued that East Timor was not a state at the time of the invasion, and is thus not protected by the UN Charter.
This claim mirrors those made against Indonesia by the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. As legal scholar Susan Marks points out, if East Timor was considered a Portuguese colony, then although "there may be some doubt about the application of this provision in the context of an armed conflict between a colonial power and its own colony, there can hardly be doubt that it applies to force by one sovereign state against another state's colony".
Indonesian hegemony
See also: East Timor (Indonesian province)
On 17 December, Indonesia formed the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) which was headed by Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo of APODETI as president and Lopez da Cruz of UDT. Most sources describe this institution as a creation of the Indonesian military. One of PSTT's first activities was the formation of a "Popular Assembly" consisting of elected representatives and leaders "from various walks of Timorese life". Like the PSTT itself, the Popular Assembly is usually characterised as an instrument of propaganda created by the Indonesian military; although international journalists were invited to witness the group's meeting in May 1976, their movement was tightly constrained. The Assembly drafted a request for formal integration into Indonesia, which Jakarta described as "the act of self-determination" in East Timor.
Indonesia kept East Timor shut off from the rest of the world, except for a few years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, claiming that the vast majority of East Timorese supported integration. This position was followed closely by the Indonesian media such that an East Timorese acceptance of their integration with Indonesia was taken for granted by, and was a non-issue for, the majority of Indonesians. East Timor came to be seen as a training ground for the officer corps in tactics of suppression for Aceh and Irian Jaya and was pivotal in ensuring military sector dominance of Indonesia.
Indonesian campaigns against the resistance
The integration monument in Dili was donated by the Indonesian government to represent emancipation from colonialism
Leaders of Indonesian intelligence influential with Suharto had initially envisaged that invasion, subdual of Fretilin resistance, and integration with Indonesia would be quick and relatively painless. The ensuing Indonesian campaigns up through 1976 were devastating for the East Timorese, an enormous drain on Indonesian resources, were severely damaging to Indonesia internationally, and ultimately a failure. The wanton, wholesale killings by the TNI near the coastal regions during the opening months of the invasion had driven a large portion of the population and most of the remaining Falintil into the central regions. This proved counterproductive as it left Indonesian troops fighting against an enemy which was well equipped and had access to agricultural resources and population. The civilian population came to see the Falintil as a buffer against the excesses of the Indonesian forces, which led to heightened support for the resistance. From 1975 to 1977, the Fretilin protected at least 40% of the population who had fled the coastal regions, in inhospitable conditions, with the active support of rallied communities. Schwarz suggests the fact that the Indonesian military's power base remained barely dented by the mid-1970s intelligence miscalculations and ongoing failures was a measure of the military's dominance of Indonesian affairs.
By the end of 1976, a stalemate existed between the Falintil and the Indonesian army. Unable to overcome massive resistance and drained of its resources, the TNI began rearming. The Indonesian navy ordered missile-firing patrol-boats from the United States, Australia, the Netherlands, South Korea, and Taiwan, as well as submarines from West Germany. In February 1977, Indonesia also received thirteen OV-10 Bronco aircraft from the Rockwell International Corporation with the aid of an official US government foreign military aid sales credit. The Bronco was ideal for the East Timor invasion, as it was specially designed for counter-insurgency operations in steep terrain. By the beginning of February 1977, at least six of the 13 Broncos were operating in East Timor and helped the Indonesian military pinpoint Fretilin positions. The OV-10 Broncos dealt a heavy blow to the Falintil when the aircraft attacked their forces with conventional weapons and Soviet-supplied Napalm known as 'Opalm.' Along with the new weaponry, an additional 10,000 troops were sent in to begin new campaigns that would become known as the 'final solution'.
Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando unit in East Timor led by Prabowo Subianto
TNI strategists implemented a strategy of attrition against the Falintil beginning in September 1977. This was accomplished by rendering the central regions of East Timor unable to sustain human life through napalm attacks, chemical warfare and destruction of crops. This was to be done in order to force the population to surrender into the custody of Indonesian forces and deprive the Falintil of food and population. Catholic officials in East Timor called this strategy an "encirclement and annihilation" campaign. 35,000 ABRI troops surrounded areas of Fretilin support and killed men, women, and children. Air and naval bombardments were followed by ground troops, who destroyed villages and agricultural infrastructure. Thousands of people may have been killed during this period. In early 1978, the entire civilian population of Arsaibai village, near the Indonesian border, was killed for supporting Fretilin after being bombarded and starved. The success of the 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign led to the 'final cleansing campaign', in which children and men would be forced to hold hands and march in front of Indonesian units searching for Fretilin members. When Fretilin members were found, the members would be forced to surrender or to fire on their own people.
During this period, allegations of Indonesian use of chemical weapons arose, as villagers reported maggots appearing on crops after bombing attacks. Fretilin radio claimed Indonesian planes dropped chemical agents, and several observers—including the Bishop of Dili—reported seeing napalm dropped on the countryside. The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor, based on interviews with over 8,000 witnesses, as well as Indonesian military papers and intelligence from international sources, confirmed that the Indonesians used chemical weapons and napalm to poison food and water supplies in Fretilin controlled areas during the "encirclement and annihilation" campaign.
While brutal, the Indonesian 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign of 1977–1978 was effective in that it broke the back of the main Fretilin militia. The capable Timorese president and military commander, Nicolau Lobato, was shot and killed by helicopter-borne Indonesian troops on 31 December 1978.
Resettlement and enforced starvation
Monument with the National emblem of Indonesia in Viqueque (2016)
As a result of the destruction of food crops, many civilians were forced to leave the hills and surrender to the TNI. Often, when surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would execute them. Those who were not killed outright by TNI troops were sent to receiving centres for vetting, which had been prepared in advance in the vicinity of local TNI bases. In these transit camps, the surrendered civilians were registered and interrogated. Those who were suspected of being members of the resistance were killed.
These centres were often constructed of thatch huts with no toilets. Additionally, the Indonesian military barred the Red Cross from distributing humanitarian aid, and no medical care was provided to the detainees. As a result, many of the Timorese – weakened by starvation and surviving on small rations given by their captors – died of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhoea and tuberculosis. By late 1979, between 300,000 and 370,000 Timorese had passed through these camps. After three months, the detainees were resettled in "strategic hamlets" where they were imprisoned and subjected to enforced starvation. Those in the camps were prevented from travelling and cultivating farmland and were subjected to a curfew. The UN truth commission report confirmed the Indonesian military's use of enforced starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese civilian population, and that large numbers of people were "positively denied access to food and its sources". The report cited testimony from individuals who were denied food and detailed destruction of crops and livestock by Indonesian soldiers. It concluded that this policy of deliberate starvation resulted in the deaths of 84,200 to 183,000 Timorese. One church worker reported five hundred East Timorese dying of starvation every month in one district.
World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation. An envoy from the International Committee of the Red Cross reported in 1979 that 80% of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was "as bad as Biafra". The ICRC warned that "tens of thousands" were at risk of starvation. Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run Indonesian Red Cross to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.
Sexual slavery and systematic violence against women
Known Indonesian abuses against women in East Timor were numerous and well-documented, though the true scope of the problem is difficult to ascertain, owing to the tight military control imposed during the occupation, compounded by the shame felt by victims. In a 1995 report on violence against women in Indonesia and East Timor, Amnesty International USA wrote: "Women are reluctant to pass on information to non-governmental organizations about rape and sexual abuse, let alone to report violations to the military or police authorities."
Sexual slavery was institutionally tolerated and supported by the TNI and women could be summoned for sexual abuse by TNI soldiers. According to credible investigations, the TNI kept files designating East Timorese women who were to be made available for rape and sexual abuse by Indonesian soldiers. These lists could be passed on between military battalions, which predisposed women to recurring sexual victimization. Enforced marriage was also a component of TNI policy in East Timor. The Amnesty report cites the case of a woman forced to live with a commander in Baucau, then harassed daily by troops after her release. Such "marriages" took place regularly during the occupation.
Women in areas under Indonesian control were also coerced into accepting sterilisation procedures, and some were pressured or forced outright to take the contraceptive Depo Provera. Village leaders were often urged to cooperate with TNI policy, and local clinics responsible for administering contraceptive injections were established under the control of the TNI in the countryside. In one case specifically, a group of high-school girls were injected with the contraceptive without their knowledge. Other forms of birth control consisted of killing newborn children of women who were suspected of being associated with the Fretilin.
In addition to suffering systematic sexual slavery, forced sterilization, enforced marriage, torture, and extrajudicial execution, women also faced rape and sexual abuse during interrogation by Indonesian authorities. These women included the wives of resistance members, resistance activists and suspected Fretilin collaborators. Often, women were targeted and subjected to torture as a form of proxy violence when male relatives who were suspected of being Fretilin were not present. In 1999 researcher Rebecca Winters released the book Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women, which chronicles many personal stories of violence and abuse dating to the earliest days of the occupation. One woman tells of being interrogated while stripped half-naked, tortured, molested, and threatened with death. Another describes being chained at the hands and feet, raped repeatedly, and interrogated for weeks. A woman who had prepared food for Fretilin guerrillas was arrested, burned with cigarettes, tortured with electricity, and forced to walk naked past a row of soldiers into a tank filled with urine and faeces.
Forced adoption and removal of children
During the occupation, approximately 4,000 children were forcibly removed from their families by Indonesian soldiers as well as by state and religious organizations. Although some were well-treated, others were subjected to various forms of abuse, including sexual abuse. Some were converted to Islam. A number of soldiers who kidnapped these children still hold senior positions within the Indonesian military.
Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82
In 1981 the Indonesian military launched Operasi Keamanan (Operation Security), which some have named the "fence of legs" program. During this operation, Indonesian forces conscripted 50,000 to 80,000 Timorese men and boys to march through the mountains ahead of advancing TNI troops as human shields to foreclose a Fretilin counterattack. The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those conscripted into the "fence of legs" died of starvation, exhaustion or were shot by Indonesian forces for allowing guerillas to slip through. As the "fence" converged on villages, Indonesian forces massacred an unknown number of civilians. At least 400 villagers were massacred in Lacluta by Battalion 744 of the Indonesian Army in September 1981. An eyewitness who testified before the Australian Senate stated that soldiers deliberately killed small children by smashing their heads against a rock. The operation failed to crush the resistance, and widespread resentment toward the occupation grew stronger than ever. As Fretilin troops in the mountains continued their sporadic attacks, Indonesian forces carried out numerous operations to destroy them over the next ten years. In the cities and villages, meanwhile, a non-violent resistance movement began to take shape.
'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983
Map of military situation in East Timor in January 1986
The failure of successive Indonesian counterinsurgency campaigns led the Indonesian military elite to instruct the commander of the Dili-based Sub regional Military Resort Command, Colonel Purwanto to initiate peace talks with Fretilin commander Xanana Gusmão in a Fretilin-controlled area in March 1983. When Xanana sought to invoke Portugal and the UN in the negotiations, ABRI Commander Benny Moerdani broke the ceasefire by announcing a new counterinsurgency offensive called "Operational Clean-Sweep" in August 1983, declaring, "This time no fooling around. This time we are going to hit them without mercy."
The breakdown of the ceasefire agreement was followed by a renewed wave of massacres, summary executions and "disappearances" at the hands of Indonesian forces. In August 1983, 200 people were burned alive in the village of Creras, with 500 others killed at a nearby river. Between August and December 1983, Amnesty International documented the arrests and "disappearances" of over 600 people in the capital city alone. Relatives were told by Indonesian forces that the "disappeared" were sent to Bali.
Those suspected of opposing integration were often arrested and tortured. In 1983 Amnesty International published an Indonesian manual it had received from East Timor instructing military personnel on how to inflict physical and mental anguish, and cautioning troops to "Avoid taking photographs showing torture (of someone being given electric shocks, stripped naked and so on)". In his 1997 memoir East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance, Constâncio Pinto describes being tortured by Indonesian soldiers: "With each question, I would get two or three punches in the face.
When someone punches you so much and so hard, it feels as if your face is broken. People hit me on my back and on my sides with their hands and then kicked me.... they psychologically tortured me; they didn't hit me, but they made strong threats to kill me.
They even put a gun on the table." In Michele Turner's book Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992, a woman named Fátima describes watching torture take place in a Dili prison: "They make people sit on a chair with the front of the chair on their own toes. It is mad, yes. The soldiers urinate in the food then mix it up for the person to eat. They use electric shock and they use an electric machine...."
Abuses by Fretilin
The Indonesian government reported in 1977 that several mass graves containing "scores" of people killed by Fretilin had been found near Ailieu and Samé. Amnesty International confirmed these reports in 1985, and also expressed concern about several extrajudicial killings for which Fretilin had claimed responsibility. In 1997 Human Rights Watch condemned a series of attacks carried out by Fretilin, which led to the deaths of nine civilians.
Demography and economy
Indonesian flag of East Timor (Timor Timur)
Timorese women with the Indonesian national flag
The Portuguese language was banned in East Timor and Indonesian was made the language of government, education and public commerce, and the Indonesian school curriculum was implemented. The official Indonesian national ideology, Pancasila, was applied to East Timor and government jobs were restricted to those holding certification in Pancasila training.
East Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests, and Latin and Portuguese mass were replaced by Indonesian mass. Before the invasion, only 20% of East Timorese were Roman Catholics, and by the 1980s, 95% were registered as Catholics. With over 90% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.
East Timor was a particular focus for the Indonesian government's transmigration program, which aimed to resettle Indonesians from densely to less populated regions. Media censorship under the "New Order" meant that the state of conflict in East Timor was unknown to the transmigrants, predominantly poor Javanese and Balinese wet-rice farmers. On arrival, they found themselves under the ongoing threat of attack by East Timorese resistance fighters, and became the object of local resentment, since large tracts of land belonging to East Timorese had been compulsorily appropriated by the Indonesian government for transmigrant settlement.
Although many gave up and returned to their island of origin, those migrants that stayed in East Timor contributed to the "Indonesianisation" of East Timor's integration. 662 transmigrant families (2,208 people) settled in East Timor in 1993, whereas an estimated 150,000 free Indonesian settlers lived in East Timor by the mid-1990s, including those offered jobs in education and administration. Migration increased resentment amongst Timorese who were overtaken by more business savvy immigrants.
Following the invasion, Portuguese commercial interests were taken over by Indonesians. The border with West Timor was opened resulting in an influx of West Timorese farmers, and in January 1989 the territory was open to private investment.
Economic life in the towns was subsequently brought under the control of entrepreneurial Bugis, Makassarese, and Butonese immigrants from South Sulawesi, while East Timor products were exported under partnerships between army officials and Indonesian businessmen. Denok, a military-controlled firm, monopolised some of East Timor's most lucrative commercial activities, including sandal wood export, hotels, and the import of consumer products. The group's most profitable business, however, was its monopoly on the export of coffee, which was the territory's most valuable cash crop. Indonesian entrepreneurs came to dominate non-Denok/military enterprises, and local manufactures from the Portuguese period made way for Indonesian imports.
The Indonesian government's primary response to criticism of its policies was to highlight its funding of development in East Timor's health, education, communications, transportation, and agriculture. East Timor, however, remained poor following centuries of Portuguese colonial neglect and Indonesian critic George Aditjondro points out that conflict in the early years of occupation leads to sharp drops in rice and coffee production and livestock populations. Other critics argue that infrastructure development, such as road construction, is often designed to facilitate Indonesian military and corporate interests. While the military controlled key businesses, private investors, both Indonesian and international, avoided the territory. Despite improvements since 1976, a 1993 Indonesian government report estimated that in three-quarters of East Timor's 61 districts, more than half lived in poverty.
1990s
Changing resistance and integration campaigns
Major investment by the Indonesian government to improve East Timor's infrastructure, health and education facilities since 1975 did not end East Timorese resistance to Indonesian rule. Although by the 1980s Fretilin forces had dropped to a few hundred armed men, Fretilin increased its contacts with young Timorese especially in Dili, and an unarmed civil resistance seeking self-determination took shape. Many of those in the protest movements were young children at the time of the invasion and had been educated under the Indonesian system. They resented the repression and replacement of Timorese cultural and political life, were ambivalent of Indonesian economic development, and spoke Portuguese amongst themselves, stressing their Portuguese heritage. Seeking help from Portugal for self-determination, they considered Indonesia an occupying force. Abroad, Fretilin's members—most notably former journalist José Ramos-Horta (later to be prime minister and president)—pushed their cause in diplomatic forums.
The reduced armed resistance prompted the Indonesian government in 1988 to open up East Timor to improve its commercial prospects, including a lifting of the travel ban on journalists. The new policy came from foreign minister Ali Alatas. Alatas and other diplomats swayed Suharto in favor of the policy as a response to international concerns despite concerns among the military leadership that it would lead to a loss of control. In late 1989, hardline military commander Brigadier General Mulyadi was replaced by Brigadier General Rudolph Warouw who promised a more "persuasive" approach to anti-integrationists. Restrictions on travel within the territory were reduced, groups of political prisoners were released, and the use of torture in interrogation became less frequent. Warouw attempted to increase military discipline; in February 1990 an Indonesian soldier was prosecuted for unlawful conduct in East Timor, the first such action since the invasion.
The reduced fear of persecution encouraged the resistance movements; anti-integration protests accompanied high-profile visits to East Timor, including that of Pope John Paul II in 1989. Additionally, the end of the Cold War removed much of the justification for western support of Indonesia's occupation. The resulting increase in international attention to self-determination and human rights put further pressure on Indonesia. Subsequent events within East Timor in the 1990s helped to dramatically raise the international profile of East Timor, which in turn significantly boosted the momentum of the resistance groups.
Santa Cruz massacre
The Santa Cruz massacre took place during a 1991 funeral procession to the grave of Sebastião Gomes.
Main article: Santa Cruz massacre
During a memorial mass on 12 November 1991 for a pro-independence youth shot by Indonesian troops, demonstrators among the 2,500-strong crowd unfurled the Fretilin flag and banners with pro-independence slogans and chanted boisterously but peacefully. Following a brief confrontation between Indonesian troops and protesters, 200 Indonesian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing at least 250 Timorese.
A re-enactment of the Santa Cruz massacre
The testimonies of foreigners at the cemetery were quickly reported to international news organisations, and video footage of the massacre was widely broadcast internationally, causing outrage. In response to the massacre, activists around the world organised in solidarity with the East Timorese, and a new urgency was brought to calls for self-determination. TAPOL, a British organisation formed in 1973 to advocate for democracy in Indonesia, increased its work around East Timor. In the United States, the East Timor Action Network (now the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network) was founded and soon had chapters in ten cities around the country. Other solidarity groups appeared in Portugal, Australia, Japan, Germany, Malaysia, Ireland, and Brazil.
Coverage of the massacre was a vivid example of how the growth of new media in Indonesia was making it increasingly difficult for the "New Order" to control information flow in and out of Indonesia, and that in the post-Cold War 1990s, the government was coming under increasing international scrutiny. Several pro-democracy student groups and their magazines began to openly and critically discuss not just East Timor, but also the "New Order" and the broader history and future of Indonesia.
Sharp condemnation of the military came not just from the international community, but from within parts of the Indonesian elite.
The massacre ended the governments 1989 opening of the territory and a new period of repression began. Warouw was removed from his position and his more accommodating approach to Timorese resistance rebuked by his superiors. Suspected Fretilin sympathisers were arrested, human rights abuses rose, and the ban on foreign journalists was reimposed.
Hatred intensified amongst Timorese of the Indonesian military presence. Major General Prabowo's, Kopassus Group 3 trained militias gangs dressed in black hoods to crush the remaining resistance.
Arrest of Xanana Gusmão
On 20 November 1992, Fretilin leader Xanana Gusmão was arrested by Indonesian troops. In May 1993 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for "rebellion", but his sentence was later commuted to 20 years. The arrest of the universally acknowledged leader of the resistance was a major frustration to the anti-integration movement in East Timor, but Gusmão continued to serve as a symbol of hope from inside the Cipinang prison. Nonviolent resistance by East Timorese, meanwhile, continued to show itself. When President Bill Clinton visited Jakarta in 1994, twenty-nine East Timorese students occupied the US embassy to protest US support for Indonesia.
At the same time, human rights observers called attention to continued violations by Indonesian troops and police. A 1995 report by Human Rights Watch noted that "abuses in the territory continue to mount", including torture, disappearances, and limitations on fundamental rights. After a series of riots in September and October 1995, Amnesty International criticised Indonesian authorities for a wave of arbitrary arrests and torture.
The report indicates detainees were beaten with iron bars, kicked, lacerated, and threatened with death.
Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Filipe Ximenes BeloJosé Ramos-Horta
In 1996 East Timor was suddenly brought to world attention when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta "for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor". The Nobel Committee indicated in its press release that it hoped the award would "spur efforts to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict in East Timor based on the people's right to self-determination". As Nobel scholar Irwin Abrams notes:For Indonesia the prize was a great embarrassment.... In public statements the government tried to put distance between the two laureates, grudgingly recognising the prize for Bishop Belo, over whom it thought it could exercise some control, but accusing Ramos-Horta of responsibility for atrocities during the civil strife in East Timor and declaring that he was a political opportunist.
At the award ceremony Chairman Sejersted answered these charges, pointing out that during the civil conflict Ramos-Horta was not even in the country and on his return he tried to reconcile the two parties.Diplomats from Indonesia and Portugal, meanwhile, continued the consultations required by the 1982 General Assembly resolution, in a series of meetings intended to resolve the problem of what Foreign Minister Ali Alatas called the "pebble in the Indonesian shoe".
End of Indonesian control
Renewed United Nations-brokered mediation efforts between Indonesia and Portugal began in early 1997.
Transition in Indonesia
See also: Reformation (Indonesia) and Fall of Suharto
Indonesian president BJ Habibie takes the presidential oath of office on 21 May 1998.
Independence for East Timor, or even limited regional autonomy, was never going to be allowed under Suharto's New Order. Notwithstanding Indonesian public opinion in the 1990s occasionally showing begrudging appreciation of the Timorese position, it was widely feared that an independent East Timor would destabilise Indonesian unity. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, however, caused tremendous upheaval in Indonesia and led to Suharto's resignation in May 1998, ending his thirty-year presidency. Prabowo, by then in command of the powerful Indonesian Strategic Reserve, went into exile in Jordan and military operations in East Timor were costing the bankrupt Indonesian government a million dollars a day. The subsequent "reformasi" period of relative political openness and transition, included an unprecedented debate about Indonesia's relationship with East Timor. For the remainder of 1998, discussion forums took place throughout Dili working towards a referendum. Foreign Minister Alatas, described plans for phased autonomy leading to possible independence as "all pain, no gain" for Indonesia. On 8 June 1998, three weeks after taking office, Suharto's successor B. J. Habibie announced that Indonesia would soon offer East Timor a special plan for autonomy.
In late 1998, the Australian government of John Howard drafted a letter to Indonesia advising of a change in Australian policy and advocating for the staging of a referendum on independence within a decade. President Habibie saw such an arrangement as implying "colonial rule" by Indonesia, and he decided to call a snap referendum on the issue.
Indonesia and Portugal announced on 5 May 1999 that it had agreed to hold a vote allowing the people of East Timor to choose between the autonomy plan or independence. The vote, to be administered by the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET), was initially scheduled for 8 August but later postponed until 30 August. Indonesia also took responsibility for security; this arrangement caused worry in East Timor, but many observers believe that Indonesia would have refused to allow foreign peacekeepers during the vote.
1999 referendum
Main articles: 1999 East Timorese independence referendum and 1999 East Timorese crisis
As groups supporting autonomy and independence began campaigning, a series of pro-integration paramilitary groups of East Timorese began threatening violence—and indeed committing violence—around the country. Alleging pro-independence bias on the part of UNAMET, the groups were seen working with and receiving training from Indonesian soldiers. Before the May agreement was announced, an April paramilitary attack in Liquiça left dozens of East Timorese dead. On 16 May 1999, a gang accompanied by Indonesian troops attacked suspected independence activists in the village of Atara; in June another group attacked a UNAMET office in Maliana.
Indonesian authorities claimed to be helpless to stop the violence between rival factions among the East Timorese, but Ramos-Horta joined many others in scoffing at such notions. In February 1999 he said: "Before withdraws it wants to wreak major havoc and destabilization, as it has always promised. We have consistently heard that over the years from the Indonesian military in Timor."
As militia leaders warned of a "bloodbath", Indonesian "roving ambassador" Francisco Lopes da Cruz declared: "If people reject autonomy there is the possibility blood will flow in East Timor." One paramilitary announced that a vote for independence would result in a "sea of fire", an expression referring to the Bandung Sea of Fire during Indonesia's own war of independence from the Dutch. As the date of the vote drew near, reports of anti-independence violence continued to accumulate.
The day of the vote, 30 August 1999, was generally calm and orderly. 98.6% of registered voters cast ballots, and on 4 September UN secretary-general Kofi Annan announced that 78.5% of the votes had been cast for independence. Brought up on the "New Order"'s insistence that the East Timorese supported integration, Indonesians were either shocked by or disbelieved that the East Timorese had voted against being part of Indonesia. Many people accepted media stories blaming the supervising United Nations and Australia who had pressured Habibie for a resolution.
Within hours of the results, paramilitary groups had begun attacking people and setting fires around the capital Dili. Foreign journalists and election observers fled, and tens of thousands of East Timorese took to the mountains. Islamic gangs attacked Dili's Catholic diocese building, killing two dozen people; the next day, the headquarters of the ICRC was attacked and burned to the ground. Almost one hundred people were killed later in Suai, and reports of similar massacres poured in from around East Timor. The UN withdrew most of its personnel, but the Dili compound had been flooded with refugees.
Four UN workers refused to evacuate unless the refugees were withdrawn as well, insisting they would rather die at the hands of the paramilitary groups. At the same time, Indonesian troops and paramilitary gangs forced over 200,000 people into West Timor, into camps described by Human Rights Watch as "deplorable conditions".
When a UN delegation arrived in Jakarta on 8 September, they were told by Indonesian president Habibie that reports of bloodshed in East Timor were "fantasies" and "lies". General Wiranto of the Indonesian military insisted that his soldiers had the situation under control, and later expressed his emotion for East Timor by singing the 1975 hit song "Feelings" at an event for military wives.
Indonesian withdrawal and peacekeeping force
Main article: International Force for East Timor
INTERFET troops entered Dili on 20 September, two weeks after pro-Indonesian paramilitary groups began a final wave of violence.
The violence was met with widespread public anger in Australia, Portugal and elsewhere and activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States and other nations pressured their governments to take action. Australian prime minister John Howard consulted United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan and lobbied US president Bill Clinton to support an Australian led international peacekeeper force to enter East Timor to end the violence. The United States offered crucial logistical and intelligence resources and an "over-horizon" deterrent presence but did not commit forces to the operation. Finally, on 11 September, Clinton announced:
I have made clear that my willingness to support future economic assistance from the international community will depend upon how Indonesia handles the situation from today.
Indonesia, in dire economic straits, relented. President BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that Indonesia would withdraw Indonesian soldiers and allow an Australian-led international peacekeeping force to enter East Timor.
On 15 September 1999, the United Nations Security Council expressed concern at the deteriorating situation in East Timor and issued UNSC Resolution 1264 calling for a multinational force to restore peace and security to East Timor, to protect and support the United Nations mission there, and to facilitate humanitarian assistance operations until such time as a United Nations peacekeeping force could be approved and deployed in the area.
The International Force for East Timor, or INTERFET, under the command of Australian Major General Peter Cosgrove, entered Dili on 20 September and by 31 October the last Indonesian troops had left East Timor. The arrival of thousands of international troops in East Timor caused the militia to flee across the border into Indonesia, whence sporadic cross-border raids by the militia against INTERFET forces were conducted.
The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was established at the end of October and administered the region for two years. Control of the nation was turned over to the government of East Timor, and independence was declared on 20 May 2002. On 27 September of the same year, East Timor joined the United Nations as its 191st member state.
The bulk of the military forces of INTERFET were Australian—more than 5,500 troops at its peak, including an infantry brigade, with armoured and aviation support—while eventually, 22 nations contributed to the force which at its height numbered over 11,000 troops. The United States provided crucial logistic and diplomatic support throughout the crisis. At the same time, the cruiser USS Mobile Bay protected the INTERFET naval fleet and a US Marine infantry battalion of 1,000 men—plus organic armour and artillery—was also stationed off the coast aboard the USS Belleau Wood to provide a strategic reserve in the event of significant armed opposition.
International response
Indonesia used fear of communism to garner varying degrees of support among western countries, including the United States and Australia, for its East Timor invasion and occupation. The invasion and suppression of East Timor's independence movement caused great harm to Indonesia's reputation and international credibility. Criticism from the developing world undermined efforts in the 1980s to secure the Non-Aligned Movement chair which Suharto strongly desired for Indonesia and condemnation of Indonesia continued through the 1990s.
Australia
Main article: Australia and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor
In September 1974, Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam met with Suharto and indicated that he would support Indonesia if it annexed East Timor. On 11 November 1975, the Whitlam government was dismissed.
This placed restrictions on the caretaker government of Fraser. Until the results of the 13 December election were known, any action required approval from both political parties and the governor-general. On 4 December 1975 Australia unsuccessfully sought a UN resolution to determine the independence of East Timor, and the Australian government evacuated Australians and other foreign nationals from Dili.
José Ramos-Horta arrived in Darwin on 5 December saying that aid agencies the Australian Red Cross and Australian Society for Intercountry Aid Timor (ASIAT) had been banned from East Timor. In the same news conference, Horta said that the Fretilin government in East Timor would not accept any UN assistance that included Australia.
After winning the December elections, the Fraser government took the approach that trade with Southeast Asia and political ties with Southeast Asia were too important to be put at risk for what was seen as a lost cause. Australia abstained from the 1976 and 1977 UN General Assembly Resolutions, and by 1978 became the only government to recognise East Timor officially as a province of Indonesia.
Soon after recognising the annexation of East Timor in 1978, Australia began negotiations with Indonesia to divide resources found in the Timor Gap.
One year later, Australia and Indonesia began drafting a treaty to share resources in the Timor Gap. The treaty was signed in December 1989, with estimates ranging from one to seven billion barrels of oil to be secured. This agreement, along with general economic partnership with Indonesia, is frequently cited as a crucial factor for the Australian government's position. However, given that nearly 60,000 East Timorese had died during the fighting between Australian and Japanese forces that followed the invasion of Timor by the Japanese during the Pacific War, some Australians believed their government owed a special debt to the former Portuguese colony. James Dunn, a senior Foreign Affairs adviser to the Australian Parliament before and during the occupation, condemned the government's position, saying later: "What had been of vital strategic value in 1941 was, in 1974, irrelevant and dispensable." Some Australian World War II veterans protested the occupation for similar reasons.
Successive Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north, but the East Timor issue complicated co-operation between the two nations. Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like José Ramos-Horta, who based himself in Australia during his exile.
Australia's trade with Indonesia grew through the 1980s, and the Keating Labor government signed a security pact with Indonesia in 1995 and gave relations with Jakarta a high priority. The fall of Indonesian president Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard government in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor. In late 1998, Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade.
The letter upset Indonesian president B. J. Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power," and he decided to announce a snap referendum. A UN-sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis instigated by the anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations-backed International Force for East Timor to end the violence, and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.
The Australian Labor Party altered its East Timor policy in 1999 and adopted a policy of support for East Timorese independence and opposition to the Indonesian presence there through its Foreign Affairs spokesperson Laurie Brereton. Breretons' credibility was attacked by the governing Liberal-National Coalition government and its Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, and Prime Minister Howard. They were assisted in their campaign by the then-Labor-backbencher Kevin Rudd (who would later lead the Labor Party to victory in the 2007 Australian federal election).
Philippines
Owing to its strong relations with Indonesia, the Philippines initially was cold on the issue. In fact, not only did it deny José Ramos-Horta entry in 1997 when he was supposed to give a lecture at the University of the Philippines Diliman, then President Fidel V. Ramos even included him in the immigration blacklist.
However, with widespread support from various countries, the Philippines finally changed its policy. After Timorese independence, the Philippines contributed medical and logistics personnel to Interfet, rather than ground troops. In 2000, the UN named a Filipino, Lieutenant General Jaime de los Santos, to command the full-fledged UN Interfet.
Sharing the same Roman Catholic heritage, the Philippines became a natural ally and has maintained a good relationship with East Timor since. It has also removed José Ramos-Horta from the blacklist; he frequently gives lectures at various universities in the Philippines, most notably at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, De La Salle University and Ateneo de Davao University.
Portugal
The day after the invasion, Portugal cut diplomatic ties with Indonesia and went on to support UN resolutions condemning the invasion. However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Portuguese government appeared reluctant to push the issue; American Indonesia specialist, Benedict Anderson suggests this stemmed from uncertainty at the time over its application to the European Community. Portugal's criticism mounted sharply from the mid-1980s, and due to public pressure, the country became one of the highest-profile campaigners in international forums for East Timorese self-determination. Throughout the 1990s, Portugal took part in UN-brokered mediations with Indonesia.
United States
In 1975, the United States was completing a retreat from Vietnam. A staunchly anti-communist Indonesia was considered by the United States to be an essential counterweight, and friendly relations with the Indonesian government were considered more important than a decolonisation process in East Timor. The United States also wanted to maintain its access to deep water straits running through Indonesia for undetectable submarine passage between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
US secretary of state Henry Kissinger and President Gerald Ford discussed East Timor with President Suharto one day before the invasion.
On the day before the invasion, US president Gerald R. Ford and US secretary of state Henry A. Kissinger met with Indonesian president Suharto and reportedly gave their approval for the invasion. In response to Suharto saying "We want your understanding if it was deemed necessary to take rapid or drastic action ." Ford replied, "We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem and the intentions you have." Kissinger similarly agreed, though he had fears that the use of U.S.-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, talking of their desire to "influence the reaction in America" so that "there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way." The US also hoped the invasion would be swift and not involve protracted resistance. "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly," Kissinger said to Suharto.
The U.S. supplied weapons to Indonesia during the invasion and the subsequent occupation. A week after the invasion of East Timor, the National Security Council prepared an analysis which found widespread use of US-supplied military equipment. Although the US government said they would delay new arms sales from December 1975 to June 1976 pending a review by the State Department to determine whether Indonesia had violated a bilateral agreement stipulating that Indonesia could only use U.S.-supplied arms for defensive purposes, military aid continued to flow, and Kissinger chastised members of his State Department staff for suggesting arms sales be cut. Kissinger was worried about reactions to his policies from the U.S. public, including the Congress, deploring that "Everything on paper will be used against me". Between 1975 and 1980, when the violence in East Timor was at its climax, the United States furnished approximately $340 million in weaponry to the Indonesian government.
US military aid and arms sales to Indonesia increased from 1974 and continued through to the Bush and Clinton years until it was stopped in 1999. US arms provisions to Indonesia between 1975 and 1995 amounted to approximately $1.1 billion. The Clinton administration, under the Pentagon's JCET program, trained the Indonesian Kopassus special forces in urban guerrilla warfare, surveillance, counter-intelligence, sniper tactics and 'psychological operations'.
The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) stated in the "Responsibility" chapter of its final report that US "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999.
The report (p. 92) also stated that "U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role."
Fretilin has claimed that the degree of US support for the Indonesian government's efforts in East Timor may have extended beyond that of diplomatic support and material assistance.
A UPI report from Sydney, Australia dated 19 June 1978, quoted a Fretilin press release, which stated: "American military advisers and mercenaries fought alongside Indonesian soldiers against FRETILIN in two battles ... In the meantime, American pilots are flying OV-10 Bronco aircraft for the Indonesian Air Force in bombing raids against the liberated areas under FRETILIN control."
The United States abstained from most of the UN resolutions censuring the Indonesian invasion. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the US Ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote later in his memoirs: "The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success."
Britain sold dozens of BAE Hawk jets to Indonesia during the occupation, some of which were used in the "encirclement and annihilation" campaign.
Other countries
Britain, Canada, Japan, and other nations supported Indonesia during the occupation of East Timor. Britain abstained from all of the UN General Assembly resolutions relating to East Timor and sold arms throughout the occupation. In 1978 Indonesia purchased eight BAE Hawk jet trainers, which were used during the "encirclement and annihilation" campaign. Britain sold dozens of additional jets to Indonesia in the 1990s. Canada abstained from early General Assembly resolutions about East Timor and opposed three. The Canadian government regularly sold weapons to Indonesia during the occupation, and in the 1990s approved over C$400 million in exports for spare weapons parts. Japan voted against all eight General Assembly resolutions regarding East Timor.
The Indian government also supported Indonesia, likening the occupation to its own seizure of Goa in 1961. Some analysts remarked that Indonesia's delayed action also prevented a peaceful transfer of East Timor to it, similar to how the French transferred Pondicherry to India in 1962.
Member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), consistently voted against the General Assembly resolutions calling for self-determination in East Timor.
Consequences
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Number of deaths
Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound. However, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.
Researcher Ben Kiernan says that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher. The Center for Defense Information also estimated a total close to 150,000. A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world. Other sources such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.
According to specialist Gabriel Defert based on statistical data available from the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and from the Catholic Church, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion population. Similarly, Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.
Robert Cribb of the Australian National University argues that the toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census that counted 555,350 Timorese, although "the most reliable source of all," was probably a minimum rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. "It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, only to reappear later," he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted 657,411 Timorese – this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatised Indonesian soldiers, he further adds that East Timor "does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigour and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under Pol Pot." Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.
Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census), calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 might have died in the war. Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974.
Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate, he believed it to be more likely correct than the church census, since any church attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population "must be seen in light of its incomplete access to society" (less than half of Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation). The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more. Thus, around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were "missing" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census. A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETILIN in 1974–5; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; killings by FRETILIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time. Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–80.
Kiernan responded, however, by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population growth rate typical of a mortality crisis justifies accepting the 1980 census as valid despite the 1987 estimate and that the 1974 church census—though a "possible maximum"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercount. He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died "unnatural" deaths from 1975 to 1980 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975 to 1980). F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period. Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population. The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths; R.J. Rummel, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.
Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of genocide. Oxford held an academic consensus calling the event genocide and Yale university teaches it as part of their "Genocide Studies" program. In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar Ben Saul concludes that because no group recognized under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied.
However, he also notes: "The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a ‘political group’, or alternatively as ‘cultural genocide’, yet neither of these concepts is explicitly recognised in international law." The occupation has been compared to the killings of the Khmer Rouge, the Yugoslav wars, and the Rwandan genocide.
Accurate numbers of Indonesian casualties are well-documented. The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias who died in action as well as from illness and accidents during the entire occupation are engraved into the Seroja Monument located in Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta.
Justice
Saul goes on to discuss prosecutions of responsible parties for "crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other gross violations of human rights". In the years after the end of the occupation, several proceedings have been carried out to such an end. The 1999 UN Security Council resolution authorising UNTAET described the history of "systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of international and human rights law" and demanded "that those responsible for such violence be brought to justice". To achieve these ends, UNTAET established a Serious Crimes Unit (SCU), which has attempted to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for such violence. However, the SCU has been criticised for accomplishing relatively little, presumably because it is funded inadequately, limited in mandate to crimes committed only in 1999, and for other reasons. Indonesian trials purporting to punish those responsible for the violence were described as "manifestly inadequate" by a UN commission.
Deficiencies in these processes have led some organisations to call for an international tribunal to prosecute individuals responsible for killings in East Timor, similar to those established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. A 2001 editorial by the East Timor NGO La'o Hamutuk said:An uncountable number of Crimes Against Humanity were committed during the 1975–1999 period in East Timor. Although an international court could not pursue all of them, it ... confirm that the invasion, occupation and destruction of East Timor by Indonesia was a long-standing, systematic, criminal conspiracy, planned and ordered at the highest levels of government.
Many of the perpetrators continue to wield authority and influence in East Timor’s nearest neighbour. The future of peace, justice and democracy in both East Timor and Indonesia depends on holding the highest-level perpetrators accountable.
In 2005, the Indonesia-Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship was set up with the goal of establishing the truth relating to crimes under the occupation, and healing divisions between the countries. It has received criticism from NGOs and was rejected by the United Nations for offering impunity.
Indonesian governors of East Timor
President of the Provisional Government:
17 December 1975 – 17 July 1976: Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo
Governors:
1976 – 1978: Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo
1978 – 1982: Guilherme Maria Gonçalves
18 September 1982 – 18 September 1992: Mário Viegas Carrascalão
18 September 1992 – 25 October 1999: José Abílio Osório Soares
Depictions in fiction
Balibo, a 2009 Australian film about the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists who were captured and killed just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The Redundancy of Courage, a novel which was short-listed for the Booker Prize, by Timothy Mo, is generally accepted to be about East Timor.
See also
Timor Timur
Notes
^ Rei, Naldo (16 March 2011). Resistance: A Childhood Fighting for East Timor. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781458767615.
^ De Almeida, Ursula (20 August 2023). "Reintegration of Falintil, Timor-Leste's Ex-Combatants, then and Now". Journal of Peacebuilding & Development. 12 (1): 91–96. JSTOR 48602939.
^ Van Klinken, Gerry (2005). "Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List". Indonesia (80): 109–122. JSTOR 3351321.
^ ClassicDoc (20 January 2016), Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky and the Media – 1992, archived from the original on 4 March 2020, retrieved 10 February 2017
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 195.
^ a b Powell, Sian (19 January 2006). "UN verdict on East Timor" (PDF). The Australian. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
^ a b Schwarz (1994), p. 195
^ East Timor population Archived 28 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine World Bank
^ a b "Chega! The CAVR Report". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012.
^ Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974–1999 Archived 25 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine CAVR
^ a b c "East Timor: U.N. Security Council Must Ensure Justice" Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch. 29 June 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ a b In 2002 over 125 women from 14 countries signed a statement Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine calling for an international tribunal. Other such demands have been issued by ETAN/US Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, TAPOL, and—with qualifications—Human Rights Watch Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine and Amnesty International .
^ a b Payaslian, Simon. "20th Century Genocides". Oxford bibliographies. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ a b "Genocide Studies Program: East Timor". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
^ "East Timor Country Profile". Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
^ Jolliffee, pp. 23–41.
^ a b Dunn (1996), pp. 19–22; Wesley-Smith, p. 85; Jardine, p. 22.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 3–5; Dunn (1996), pp. 28–29; Taylor (1991), p. 20.
^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 20; similar assurances from Indonesian officials are quoted in Ramos-Horta, pp. 63–64.
^ Quoted in Kohen and Taylor, p. 3.
^ Hainsworth and McCloskey, p. 23
^ Jolliffee, pp. 58–62.
^ Dunn (1996), p. 53–54.
^ Quoted in Dunn, p. 56.
^ Quoted in Dunn, p. 60.
^ Dunn, p. 62; Indonesia (1977), p. 19.
^ Dunn, p. 62.
^ a b Schwarz (1994), p. 208.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 201.
^ Dunn, p. 69; Indonesia (1977), p. 21.
^ Dunn, p. 79.
^ Dunn, p. 78; Budiadjo and Liong, p. 5; Jolliffe, pp. 197–198; Taylor (1991), p. 58. Taylor cites a September CIA report describing Indonesian attempts to "provoke incidents that would provide the Indonesians with an excuse to invade should they decide to do so".
^ Dunn, p. 84; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6.
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 23.
^ Ramos-Horta, p. 53–54; Jolliffe confirms Ramos-Horta's protests, p. 116.
^ Dunn, pp. 149–150.
^ Ramos-Horta, p. 55; Turner, p. 82. Turner gives a number of 1,500–2,300 dead.
^ Krieger, p. xix; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6.
^ Dunn, p. 159.
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 31.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6; Taylor (1991), p. 53; Jolliffe, p. 150; Dunn, p. 160; Jardine, p. 29. Dunn says it was "a condition of their being allowed to enter Indonesian Timor", and Jolliffe and Jardine confirm this characterization.
^ Jolliffe, pp. 167–179 and 201–207; Indonesia (1977), p. 32; Taylor (1991), pp. 59–61. Indonesia describes the soldiers as "the combined forces of the four aligned parties", referring to APODETI, UDT, and two other smaller parties; most other accounts, however, indicate that APODETI never had many troops to begin with, and UDT's forces were tiny and shattered after the fighting with Fretilin.
Taylor describes one assault carried out by "Indonesian soldiers disguised as UDT troops".
^ Jolliffe, p. 164 and 201.
^ Jolliffe, pp. 167–177. Jolliffe includes testimony from numerous eyewitnesses.
^ Vickers (2005), p. 166
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 35; Jolliffe, pp. 179–183; Taylor (1991), pp. 62–63.
^ Jolliffe, pp. 201–207; Taylor (1991), p. 63.
^ Jolliffe, pp. 208–216; Indonesia (1977), p. 37.
^ History Archived 29 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. East Timor Government.
^ The Polynational War Memorial: EAST TIMORESE GUERILLA VS INDONESIOAN GOVT Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. War-memorial.net.
^ a b Indonesia (1977), p. 39.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 22.
^ a b Ramos-Horta, pp. 107–108.
^ "Angkasa Online". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 23.
^ Dunn (1996), pp. 257–260.
^ a b Quoted in Turner, p. 207.
^ Hill, p. 210.
^ Quoted in Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 15.
^ Quoted in Ramos-Horta, p. 108.
^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 68.
^ Ramos-Horta, pp. 101–02.
^ Taylor (1991), p. 68.
^ Taylor (1991), p. 69; Dunn (1996), p. 253.
^ Timor: A People Betrayed, James Dunn, 1983 p. 293, 303
^ Taylor (1991), p. 80-81
^ Dunn, p. 303
^ "A Quarter Century of U.S. Support for Occupation in East Timor". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
^ Taylor (1991), p. 71.
^ Dunn, p. 310, Notes on Timor
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 16.
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 21.
^ Alatas, pp. 18–19.
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 19.
^ Ramos-Horta, pp. 105–106; Krieger, p. 123. Ramos-Horta recounts the linguistic debate at the UN over whether to use "deplore" (a milder term) or "condemn" the invasion.
^ Krieger, p. 53.
^ Clark (1995), p. 73.
^ Taylor (1991), p. 177.
^ "General Assembly Resolution 37/30: Question of East Timor". United Nations General Assembly. 23 November 1982.
^ Clark (1995), pp. 73–80.
^ Clark (1995), pp. 92–95.
^ Marks, p. 176.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 204.; Indonesia (1977), p. 39.
^ Taylor (1990), p. 9; Kohen and Taylor, p. 43; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 15 and 96; Nevins, p. 54; Dunn (1996), p. 262; Jolliffe, p. 272. Budiardjo and Liong (1984) call it a "puppet government". Dunn comments: "In fact, the writer was told by Timorese officials who were in Dili at the time that the PGET had no separate existence or powers at all." Jolliffe notes a radio address from Fretilin leader Nicolau Lobato claiming that the PSTT had been sworn in on an Indonesian ship in Dili harbor.
^ Indonesia (1977), pp. 43–44.
^ Jolliffe, p. 289; Taylor (1990), p. 9; Dunn (1996), p. 264; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 96. Budiardjo and Liong (1984), on p. 11, call the Popular Assembly's pretense of democracy a "preposterous claim".
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 44.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 197.
^ a b c d e Friend (2003), p. 433.
^ Gusmao, 2000
^ See H. McDonald, Age (Melbourne), 2 February 1977, although Fretilin transmissions did not report their use until 13 May.
^ Taylor, p. 90
^ "Big Build-up by Indonesian navy," Canberra Times, 4 February 1977.
^ Taylor, p. 91
^ Taylor (1990), p. 85.
^ Dunn (1996), pp. 275–276; Taylor, pp. 85–88; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 27–31.
^ a b Taylor, p. 85
^ John Taylor, “Encirclement and Annihilation,” in The Spector of Genocide: Mass Murder in the Historical Perspective, ed. Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 166–67
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 35.
^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 7–8.
^ Dunn (1996), p. 281.
^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 41–44.
^ Deborah Mayersen, Annie Pohlman (2013). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. p. 56.
^ CAVR, ch. 7, p. 50; Taylor, pp. 88–89; Dunn (1996), pp. 290–291
^ Taylor (1991), pp. 92–98.
^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp 146–147.
^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 146.
^ a b Kohen and Taylor, pp. 54–56.
^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 72.
^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 97.
^ Taylor (1991), p. 203.
^ a b Amnesty (1995), p. 14
^ Winters; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 132; Jardine, pp. 33–34; Aditjondro (1998).
^ CAVR, p. 119.
^ Aditjondro (1998), pp. 256–260.
^ Taylor (1991), pp. 158–160.
^ Heike Krieger, Dietrich Rauschning, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, p. 188
^ CAVR, p. 118
^ Winters, pp. 11–12.
^ Winters, pp. 24–26.
^ Winters, pp. 85–90.
^ Henschke, Rebecca (26 March 2017). "The girl who was 'stolen' by a soldier". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
^ a b Taylor, pp. 101–102; Nevins, p. 30; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 127–128; Amnesty (1985), p. 23; Dunn, p. 299.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 41–43; Dunn (1996), p. 301.
^ Dunn (1996), pp. 303–304.
^ Sinar Harapan, 17 August 1983, quoted in Taylor 1991: 142
^ East Timor, Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, "Disappearances", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984, p. 40
^ Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–59; Turner, p. 125; Kohen and Taylor, p. 90; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 131–135.
^ Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–54.
^ Pinto, pp. 142–148.
^ Turner, p. 143.
^ Indonesia (1977), p. 41.
^ Amnesty (1985), p. 13.
^ Human Rights Watch. "East Timor-Guerrilla Attacks" Archived 4 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. New York: Human Rights Watch, 4 June 1997. Online at Human Rights News Archived 10 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
^ a b Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003), p.381
^ Head, Jonathan (5 April 2005). "East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ East Timor slowly rises from the ashes Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ETAN 21 September 2001 Online at etan.org Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 February 2008
^ Vickers (2005), p. 194
^ Transmigration figures through 1993. João Mariano de Sousa Saldanha, The Political Economy of East Timor Development, Pusat Sinar Harapan, 1994, p. 355. (cited in Jardine 1999, p. 65)
^ Voluntary migrants. Mariel Otten, "Transmigrasi: From Poverty to Bare Subsistence," The Ecologist, 16/2-3, 1986, pp. 74–75.(cited in Jardine 1999, p. 65)
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210
^ Jardine (1999), p. 61.
^ Vickers (2003), p. 194; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003), p.381
^ a b Jardine (1999), p. 62.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 206
^ See OCLC 08011559, OCLC 12428538, OCLC 15045705, and OCLC 27301921.
^ Aditjondro (1995), pp. 59–60.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 104–105.
^ National planning board report, April 1993, in Jakarta Post, 29 April 1993, cited in Schwarz (1994), p. 209
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 196.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 209.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 208-209
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210-211
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 223.
^ a b Marker (2003), p. 10.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 212
^ Two soldiers were stabbed under disputed circumstances.(Schwarz (1994), p. 212; Pinto and Jardine, p. 191.) Soldiers said the attacks were unprovoked. Stahl claims stabbed Officer Lantara had attacked a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and Fretilin activist Constâncio Pinto reports eyewitness accounts of beatings from Indonesian soldiers and police. Kubiak, W. David. "20 Years of Terror: Indonesia in Timor – An Angry Education with Max Stahl" Archived 4 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Kyoto Journal. 28. Reprinted at The Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific . Retrieved 14 February 2008.
^ Carey, p. 51; Jardine, p. 16. The Portuguese solidarity group A Paz é Possível em Timor Leste compiled a careful survey Archived 14 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine of the massacre's victims, listing 271 killed, 278 wounded, and 270 "disappeared".
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 212-213
^ Jardine, pp. 16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53.
^ a b Jardine, pp. 67–69.
^ "About ETAN" Archived 23 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. East Timor Action Network. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
^ a b Vickers (2005), pp. 200–201
^ CIIR, pp. 62–63; Dunn, p. 311.
^ Schwarz (1994), pp. 216, 218, 219.
^ a b Dunn (1996), p. 303.
^ Jardine, p. 69.
^ Alatas, p. 67.
^ Jardine, p. 68.
^ "Indonesia/East Timor: Deteriorating Human Rights in East Timor". Human Rights Watch. February 1995. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
^ "East Timor: The September and October 1995 riots: Arbitrary detention and torture". Amnesty International. 15 January 1996. ASA 21/003/1996. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^ a b "Press Release: Nobel Peace Prize 1996" Archived 20 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Norwegian Nobel Committee. 11 October 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
^ Abrams, Irwin. "The 1996 Nobel Peace Prize". 1996. Retrieved on 16 February 2008.
^ Kroon, Robert. "Q&A/Ali Alatas, Foreign Minister: Jakarta Goal for East Timor: Autonomy" Archived 27 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine. International Herald Tribune. 3 February 1999. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
^ Alatas, pp. 105–120.
^ Marker (2003), p. 7.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 228.
^ a b Nevins, p. 82.
^ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p.xv. Cited in Friend (2003), p. 433
^ "Howard pushed me on E Timor referendum: Habibie" Archived 19 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine – ABC News (Australia) 16 November 2008.
^ Nevins, pp. 86–89.
^ Nevins, pp. 83–88.
^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 84.
^ Both quoted in Nevins, p. 91.
^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 92.
^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project. "IFET-OP Report #7: Campaign Period Ends in Wave of Pro-Integration Terror" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 28 August 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ a b Shah, Angilee. "Records of East Timor: 1999" Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 21 September 2006. Online at the UCLA International Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Vickers (2003), p. 215
^ Nevins, pp. 100–104.
^ "Indonesia/East Timor: Forced Expulsions to West Timor and the Refugee Crisis". Human Rights Watch. December 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 104.
^ Nevins, p. 107.
^ "Wiranto – survivor with iron will" Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 13 February 2000. Online at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ a b Nevins, pp. 108–110.
^ a b c d "Whatever It Takes". The Howard Years. Episode 2. 24 November 2008. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
^ Nevins, p. 108.
^ UN approves Timor force Archived 17 December 2002 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 15 September 1999
^ "New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help" Archived 10 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 19 May 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "UN General Assembly admits Timor-Leste as 191st member" Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 27 September 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Horner 2001, p. 9.
^ See Smith 2003, p. 47 and 56 and Martin 2002, p. 113.
^ Nevins, p. 69; Schwarz (1994) p. 207-208.
^ Schwarz (1994), p. 195-196
^ Dunn, pp. 61.
^ "East Timor". The Western Australian. 29 November 1975.
^ "Australians evacuated; Dili waits". The West Australian. 4 December 1975. p. 1.
^ "Horta blames Australia for blood shed". The West Australian. 5 December 1975.
^ a b c d e Schwarz (1994), p. 207.
^ Dunn (1996), p. 345; Jardine, pp. 46–47; Taylor (1991), p. 170.
^ Aditjondro (1999), p. 25.
^ Nevins, pp. 62–64; Dunn (1996), pp. 348–349; Chinkin, p. 286; Taylor (1991), pp. 170–171; Kohen and Taylor, p. 107.
^ Dunn (1996), p. 120.
^ Wesley-Smith, pp. 85–86.
^ Paul Keating – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Primeministers.naa.gov.au.
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^ Fitzpatrick, Stephen (14 November 2006). "Downer signs new Jakarta treaty". The Australian. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
^ a b c d e f Cribb, Robert (2001). "How many deaths? Problems in the statistics ofmassacre in Indonesia (1965–1966) and EastTimor (1975–1980)". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.
^ a b Fernandes, Clinton (2004) Reluctant Saviour: Australia, Indonesia and East Timor
^ "Asean's commitment to East Timor faces tough test" Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Asia Times (1 February 2000).
^ Jardine, p. 67; Schwarz (1994), p. 207.
^ Marker (2003)
^ Benedict Andersen, "East Timor and Indonesia: Some Implications", paper delivered to the Social Science Research Council Workshop on East Timor, Washington, DC, 25–26 April 1991 cited in Schwarz (1994), p. 207.
^ a b Nevins, Joseph (2005). A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Cornell University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0801489846.
^ Pilger, John. "Blood on Our Hands" Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 25 January 1999. Online at johnpilger.com Archived 8 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
^ a b c d "East Timor Revisited. Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76". National Security Archive. 6 December 2001.
^ a b "Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997". World Policy Institute. March 1997. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ "Indonesian Use of MAP Equipment in Timor, Memorandum from Clinton E. Granger to Brent Scowcroft" (PDF). National Security Council. 12 December 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ Hertsgaard, Mark (29 October 1990). "The secret life of Henry Kissinger; minutes of a 1975 meeting with Lawrence Eagleburger". The Nation. East Timor Action Network. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ "How US trained butchers of Timor" Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Guardian, September 19, 1999
^ "East Timor truth commission finds U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" Archived 7 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. George Washington University.
^ "CAVR Responsibility Part 8: Responsibility and Accountability" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
^ Nunes, Joe (1996). "East Timor: Acceptable Slaughters". The architecture of modern political power. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ "Indonesia: Human Rights Are Not an Issue". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008.
^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 72.
^ Jardine, pp. 50–51.
^ Jardine, pp. 48–49.
^ Jardine, p. 49–50.
^ Dunn (1996), p. 312. The situations were different for many reasons, including a long-standing territorial claim by India to Goa; the absence of a decolonization program in Goa; and significant historic separations which existed in the case of East Timor, which did not hold true with regard to Goa.
^ East Timor: How It Happened Archived 30 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Heinz Arndt, 23 April 1999
^ Dunn, pp. 311–312.
^ "Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ Kiernan, p. 594.
^ "Center for Defense Information". Project On Government Oversight. Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
^ Dunn, pp. 283–285; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 49–51
^ Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253.
^ Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L’Hartman, 1992.
^ CIIR Report, International Law and the Question of East Timor, Catholic Institute of International Relations/IPJET, London, 1995.
^ a b c d e f Kiernan, Ben (2003). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80" (PDF). Critical Asian Studies. 35 (4): 585–597. doi:10.1080/1467271032000147041. S2CID 143971159. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
^ "Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ Jardine; Taylor (1991), p. ix; Nevins cites a wide variety of sources discussing the question of genocide in East Timor, on p. 217–218.
^ a b Saul, Ben. "Was the Conflict in East Timor ‘Genocide’ and Why Does It Matter?" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Melbourne Journal of International Law. 2:2 (2001). Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 49; CIIR, p. 117.
^ "Selayang Pandang Monumen Seroja". Pelita. 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.>
^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1272 (1999) Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Security Council. 25 October 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "UNTAET and 'Serious Crimes'". La'o Hamutuk Bulletin. 2:6–7. October 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ "Editorial: Time to Get Serious About Justice for East Timor" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. La'o Hamutuk Bulletin. 2:6–7. October 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Chapter 4: Regime of Occupation Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine of Chega-Report of Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)
Bibliography
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Aditjondro, George. "The Silent Suffering of Our Timorese Sisters". Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide. Random House Milsons Point: Australia Pty Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-09-183917-3 pp. 243–265.
Amnesty International. East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, "Disappearances", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984. London: Amnesty International Publications, 1985. ISBN 0-86210-085-2.
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Amnesty International USA. Women in Indonesian & East Timor: Standing Against Repression. New York: Amnesty International USA, 1995. OCLC 34283963
Budiardjo, Carmel and Liem Soei Liong. The War against East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1984. ISBN 0-86232-228-6.
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Chinkin, Christine. "Australia and East Timor in international law". International Law and the Question of East Timor. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. ISBN 1-85287-129-6. pp. 269–289.
Clark, Roger S. "The 'decolonisation' of East Timor and the United Nations norms on self-determination and aggression". International Law and the Question of East Timor. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. ISBN 1-85287-129-6. pp. 65–102.
Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste (CAVR). Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Archived 22 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Dili, East Timor: 2005. Online at East Timor & Indonesia Action Network Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
Dunn, James (1996). Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-7333-0537-7.
Fernandes, Clinton (2011). The Independence of East Timor: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives - Occupation, Resistance, and International Political Activism. The Sussex Library of Asian Studies. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845194284.
Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
Horner, David (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554117-0.
Hainsworth, Paul and McCloskey, Stephen (eds.) The East Timor Question: The Struggle for Independence from Indonesia. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-408-2
Hearman, Vannessa (13 April 2023). "Australian News Photography and Contested Images of Famine in Indonesian-Occupied East Timor". Australian Historical Studies. 54 (3): 530–553. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2023.2189275. ISSN 1940-5049. S2CID 258152469.
Hill, Helen Mary. Fretilin: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education, Australia National University, 1978. OCLC 07747890
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Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Information. The Province of East Timor: Development in Progress. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1981.
Jardine, Matthew. East Timor: Genocide in Paradise. Monroe, ME: Odonian Press, 1999. ISBN 1-878825-22-4.
Jolliffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism. Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1978. OCLC 4833990
Kiernan, Ben. "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Critical Asian Studies. 35:4 (2003), 585–597.
Kohen, Arnold and John Taylor. An Act of Genocide: Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor. London: TAPOL, 1979. 0-9506751-0-5.
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Marker, Jamsheed (2003). East Timor: A Memoir of the Negotiations for Independence. North Carolina: McFarlnad & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1571-1.
Martin, Ian (2002). Self-Determination In East Timor: The United Nations, The Ballot and International Intervention. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.
Nevins, Joseph (2005). A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8984-9.
Ramos-Horta, José. Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Read Sea Press, 1987. ISBN 0-932415-15-6.
Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
Smith, M.G. (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.
Tanter, Richard; van Klinken, Gerry; Ball, Desmond, eds. (2006). Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742538338.
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Taylor, John G. Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1991. ISBN 1-85649-014-9.
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External links
Question of East Timor: Documents at the United Nations
Full text of 'Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor' UN Peacemaker
5 May 1999 Agreement Regarding the Modalities for the Popular Consultation of the East Timorese Through a Direct Ballot at the United Nations
TAPOL
East Timor and Indonesia Action Network/US
International Federation for East Timor's Observer Project (1999)
Companion to East Timor – School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales
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After centuries of Portuguese colonial rule in East Timor, the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal led to the decolonisation of its former colonies, creating instability in East Timor and leaving its future uncertain. After a small-scale civil war, the pro-independence Fretilin declared victory in the capital city of Dili and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.Following the \"Balibo Declaration\" that was signed by representatives of Apodeti, UDT, KOTA and the Trabalhista Party on 30 November 1975, Indonesian military forces invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975, and by 1979 they had all but destroyed the armed resistance to the occupation. On 17 July 1976, Indonesia formally annexed East Timor as its 27th province and declared the province of Timor Timur (East Timor).Immediately after the invasion, the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council passed resolutions condemning Indonesia's actions in East Timor and calling for its immediate withdrawal from the territory. Australia and Indonesia were the only nations in the world which recognised East Timor as a province of Indonesia, and soon afterwards they began negotiations to divide resources found in the Timor Gap.\nOther governments, including those of the United States, Japan, Canada and Malaysia, also supported the Indonesian government. The invasion of East Timor and the suppression of its independence movement, however, caused great harm to Indonesia's reputation and international credibility.[4][5]For twenty-four years, the Indonesian government subjected the people of East Timor to routine and systematic torture, sexual slavery, internment, forced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, massacres, and deliberate starvation.[6] The 1991 Santa Cruz Massacre caused outrage around the world, and reports of other such killings were numerous. Resistance to Indonesian rule remained strong;[7] in 1996 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to two men from East Timor, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta, for their ongoing efforts to peacefully end the occupation. A 1999 vote to determine East Timor's future resulted in an overwhelming majority in favour of independence, and in 2002 East Timor became an independent nation. The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor estimated the number of deaths during the occupation from famine and violence to be between 90,800 and 202,600, including between 17,600 and 19,600 violent deaths or disappearances, out of a 1999 population of approximately 823,386. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[8][9][10]After the 1999 vote for independence, paramilitary groups working with the Indonesian military undertook a final wave of violence during which most of the country's infrastructure was destroyed. The Australian-led International Force for East Timor restored order, and following the departure of Indonesian forces from East Timor, the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor administered the territory for two years, establishing a Serious Crimes Unit to investigate and prosecute crimes committed in 1999.\nIts limited scope and the small number of sentences delivered by Indonesian courts have caused numerous observers to call for an international tribunal for East Timor.[11][12]Oxford University held an academic consensus calling the occupation of East Timor a genocide and Yale University teaches it as part of its Genocide Studies program.[13][14]","title":"Indonesian occupation of East Timor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Timor_map_mhn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Portuguese colonial administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dutch Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW2-17"},{"link_name":"secured its independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"1959 revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Viqueque_rebellion"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Map of East Timor and its major citiesThe Portuguese first arrived in Timor in the 16th century, and in 1702 East Timor came under Portuguese colonial administration.[15] Portuguese rule was tenuous until the island was divided with the Dutch Empire in 1860.[16] A significant battleground during the Pacific War, East Timor was occupied by 20,000 Japanese troops. The fighting helped prevent a Japanese occupation of Australia but resulted in 60,000 East Timorese deaths.[17]When Indonesia secured its independence after World War II under the leadership of Sukarno, it did not claim control of East Timor, and aside from general anti-colonial rhetoric, it did not oppose Portuguese control of the territory.\nA 1959 revolt in East Timor against the Portuguese was not endorsed by the Indonesian government.[18] A 1962 United Nations document notes: \"the government of Indonesia has declared that it maintains friendly relations with Portugal and has no claim to Portuguese Timor...\".[19] These assurances continued after Suharto took power in 1965. An Indonesian official declared in December 1974: \"Indonesia has no territorial ambition... Thus there is no question of Indonesia wishing to annex Portuguese Timor.\"[20]In 1974, 1974 Carnation Revolution in Portugal caused significant changes in Portugal's relationship with its colony in Timor.[21] The power shift in Europe invigorated movements for independence in colonies like Mozambique and Angola, and the new Portuguese government began a decolonisation process for East Timor. The first of these was an opening of the political process.[22]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timorese Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin"},{"link_name":"ASDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese_Social_Democratic_Association"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Timorese Popular Democratic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese_Popular_Democratic_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_FRETILIN_(East_Timor).svg"},{"link_name":"Fretilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fretilin"},{"link_name":"Kopkamtib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopkamtib"},{"link_name":"Kopassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopassus"},{"link_name":"leftists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist"},{"link_name":"secessionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._208-28"},{"link_name":"annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Indonesian military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_military"},{"link_name":"Lampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampung"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Kopassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopassus"},{"link_name":"the lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Decolonization Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Decolonization_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Fretilin, UDT, and APODETI","text":"When East Timorese political parties were first legalised in April 1974, three groupings emerged as significant players in the post-colonial landscape. The União Democrática Timorense (Timorese Democratic Union, or UDT), was formed in May by a group of wealthy landowners.\nInitially dedicated to preserving East Timor as a protectorate of Portugal, in September UDT announced its support for independence.[23] A week later, the Frente Revolucionária de Timor-Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, or Fretilin) appeared. Initially organised as the ASDT (Associacão Social Democrata Timorense), the group endorsed \"the universal doctrines of socialism\", as well as \"the right to independence\".[24] As the political process grew more tense, however, the group changed its name and declared itself \"the only legitimate representative of the people\".[25] The end of May saw the creation of a third party, Associacão Popular Democratica Timorense (Timorese Popular Democratic Association, or APODETI).\nAdvocating East Timor's integration with Indonesia and originally named Associacão Integraciacao de Timor Indonesia (Association for the Integration of Timor into Indonesia),[26] APODETI expressed concerns that an independent East Timor would then be economically weak and vulnerable.[27]Fretilin took power after the civil war and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.Indonesian nationalist and military hardliners, particularly leaders of the intelligence agency Kopkamtib and special operations unit, Kopassus, saw the Portuguese revolution as an opportunity for East Timor's integration with Indonesia. The central government and military feared that an East Timor governed by leftists could be used as a base for incursions by unfriendly powers into Indonesia, and also that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire secessionist sentiments within Indonesian provinces.\nThe fear of national disintegration was played upon military leaders close to Suharto and remained as one of Indonesia's strongest justifications for refusing to entertain the prospect of East Timorese independence or even autonomy until the late 1990s.[28] The military intelligence organisations initially sought a non-military annexation strategy, intending to use APODETI as its integration vehicle.[29]In January 1975, UDT and Fretilin established a tentative coalition dedicated to achieving independence for East Timor.[30] At the same time, the Australian government reported that the Indonesian military had conducted a \"pre-invasion\" exercise at Lampung.[31] For months, the Indonesian Special Operations command, Kopassus, had been covertly supporting APODETI through Operasi Komodo (Operation Komodo, named after the lizard).\nBy broadcasting accusations of communism among Fretilin leaders and sowing discord in the UDT coalition, the Indonesian government fostered instability in East Timor and, observers said, created a pretext for invading.[32] By May tensions between the two groups caused UDT to withdraw from the coalition.[33]In an attempt to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over East Timor's future, the Portuguese Decolonization Commission convened a conference in June 1975 in Macau.\nFretilin boycotted the meeting in protest of APODETI's presence; representatives of UDT and APODETI complained that this was an effort to obstruct the decolonisation process.[34] In his 1987 memoir Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Fretilin leader José Ramos-Horta recalls his \"vehement protests\" against his party's refusal to attend the meeting. \"This\", he writes, \"was one of our tactical political errors for which I could never find an intelligent explanation.\"[35]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Atauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atauro"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bobonaro_detail_map.png"},{"link_name":"Bobonaro District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobonaro_District"},{"link_name":"West Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Timor"},{"link_name":"Indonesian military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Balibó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balib%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Maliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliana"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Balibo Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibo_Five"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"foreign ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_minister"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Atabae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabae"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Mari Alkatiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Alkatiri"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"declared independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_independence"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind77p39-51"}],"sub_title":"Coup, civil war, and independence declaration","text":"The tension reached a boiling point in mid-1975 when rumours began circulating of possible power seizures from both independence parties.[36] In August 1975, UDT staged a coup in the capital city Dili, and a small-scale civil war broke out. Ramos-Horta describes the fighting as \"bloody\", and details violence committed by both UDT and Fretilin. He cites the International Committee of the Red Cross, which counted 2,000–3,000 people dead after the war.[37] The fighting forced the Portuguese government onto the nearby island of Atauro.[38] Fretilin defeated UDT's forces after two weeks, much to the surprise of Portugal and Indonesia.[39] UDT leaders fled to Indonesian-controlled West Timor. There they signed a petition on 7 September calling for East Timor's integration with Indonesia;[40] most accounts indicate that UDT's support for this position was forced by Indonesia.[41]Map of East Timor's Bobonaro District, which lies on the border with Indonesian West Timor. Fighting continued in this region after the civil war, and several cities were captured by Indonesia prior to their full invasion.Once they had gained control of East Timor, Fretilin faced attacks from the west, by Indonesian military forces—then known as Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (ABRI)—and by a small group of UDT troops.[42] Indonesia captured the border city of Batugadé on 8 October 1975; nearby Balibó and Maliana were taken eight days later.[43] During the Balibó raid, members of an Australian television news crew—later dubbed the \"Balibo Five\"—were killed by Indonesian soldiers.[44] Indonesian military officials say the deaths were accidental, and East Timorese witnesses say the journalists were deliberately killed. The deaths, and subsequent campaigns and investigations, attracted international attention and rallied support for East Timorese independence.[45]At the start of November, the foreign ministers from Indonesia and Portugal met in Rome to discuss a resolution of the conflict. Although no Timorese leaders were invited to the talks, Fretilin sent a message expressing their desire to work with Portugal.\nThe meeting ended with both parties agreeing that Portugal would meet with political leaders in East Timor, but the talks never took place.[46] In mid-November, Indonesian forces began shelling the city of Atabae from the sea and captured it by the end of the month.[47]Frustrated by Portugal's inaction, Fretilin leaders believed they could ward off Indonesian advances more effectively if they declared an independent East Timor. National Political Commissioner Mari Alkatiri conducted a diplomatic tour of Africa, gathering support from governments there and elsewhere.According to Fretilin, this effort yielded assurances from twenty-five countries—including the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, Mozambique, Sweden, and Cuba—to recognise the new nation. Cuba currently shares close relations with East Timor today. On 28 November 1975, Fretilin unilaterally declared independence for the Democratic Republic of East Timor.[48] Indonesia announced UDT and APODETI leaders in and around Balibó would respond the next day by declaring that region independent from East Timor and officially part of Indonesia. This Balibo Declaration, however, was drafted by Indonesian intelligence and signed on Bali; later this was described by some as the 'Balibohong Declaration', a pun on the Indonesian word for 'lie'.[49][50] Portugal rejected both declarations, and the Indonesian government approved military action to begin its annexation of East Timor.[51]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ind77p39-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Falintil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falintil"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rh107108-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rh107108-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adammalik2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adam Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Malik"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner207-57"}],"text":"Indonesian invasionOn 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor. Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus) was the largest military operation ever carried out by that nation.[51][52] Troops from Fretilin's military organisation Falintil engaged ABRI forces in the streets of Dili and reported 400 Indonesian paratroopers were killed as they descended into the city.[53] Angkasa Magazine reports 35 dead Indonesian troops and 122 from the Fretilin side.[54] By the end of the year, 10,000 troops occupied Dili, and another 20,000 had been deployed throughout East Timor.[53][55] Massively outnumbered, Falintil troops fled to the mountains and continued guerrilla combat operations.[56]Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was \"50,000 people or perhaps 80,000\".[57]","title":"Invasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Martinho da Costa Lopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinho_da_Costa_Lopes"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Roger East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_East_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"James Dunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"Adam Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Malik"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner207-57"},{"link_name":"anti-colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticolonialism"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Ali Alatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Alatas"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Indonesian atrocities","text":"From the start of the invasion onward, TNI forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians.[58] At the start of the occupation, Fretilin radio sent the following broadcast: \"The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed.... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion.\"[59] One Timorese refugee told later of \"rape [and] cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and Chinese shop owners\".[60] Dili's bishop at the time, Martinho da Costa Lopes, said later: \"The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets – all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing.\"[61] In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children – including Australian freelance reporter Roger East – were lined up on a cliff outside of Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea.[62] Many such massacres took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed.[63] It is estimated that at least 2,000 Timorese were massacred in the first two days of the invasion in Dili alone. In addition to Fretilin supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.[64]The mass killings continued unabated as Indonesian forces advanced on the Fretilin-held mountain regions of East Timor. A Timorese guide for a senior Indonesian officer told former Australian consul to Portuguese Timor James Dunn that during the early months of the fighting TNI troops \"killed most Timorese they encountered.\"[65] In February 1976 after capturing the village of Aileu – to the south of Dili – and driving out the remaining Fretilin forces, Indonesian troops machine-gunned most of the town's population, allegedly shooting everyone over the age of three. The young children who were spared were taken back to Dili in trucks. At the time Aileu fell to Indonesian forces, the population was around 5,000; by the time Indonesian relief workers visited the village in September 1976 only 1,000 remained.[66] In June 1976, TNI troops badly battered by a Fretilin attack exacted retribution against a large refugee camp housing 5–6,000 Timorese at Lamaknan near the West Timor border. After setting several houses on fire, Indonesian soldiers massacred as many as 2,000 men, women and children.[67]In March 1977 ex-Australian consul James Dunn published a report detailing charges that since December 1975 Indonesian forces had killed between 50,000 and 100,000 civilians in East Timor.[68] This is consistent with a statement made on 13 February 1976 by UDT leader Lopez da Cruz that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the previous six months of civil war, suggesting a death toll of at least 55,000 in the first two months of the invasion. A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic.[69] A late 1976 report by the Catholic Church also estimated the death toll at between 60,000 and 100,000.[70] These figures were also corroborated by those in the Indonesian government itself. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the Sydney Morning Herald, Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik said the number of dead was \"50,000 people or perhaps 80,000\".[57]The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of anti-colonial unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled Decolonization in East Timor, paid tribute to the \"sacred right of self-determination\"[71] and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that Fretilin's popularity was the result of a \"policy of threats, blackmail and terror\".[72] Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor.[73] The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was \"the result of colonial oppression\" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.[74]","title":"Invasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Resolution 384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_384"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Resolution 389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_389"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"UN secretary-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_international_law"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_aggression"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Chapter I of the United Nations Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_United_Nations_Charter"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"UN response and international law","text":"On the day following the invasion, a committee of the United Nations General Assembly convened to debate the situation. Nations allied with Indonesia—including India, Japan, and Malaysia—wrote a resolution blaming Portugal and the Timorese political parties for the bloodshed; it was rejected in favour of a draft prepared by Algeria, Cuba, Senegal, and Guyana, among others. This was adopted as GA Resolution 3485 (XXX) on 12 December, calling on Indonesia to \"withdraw without delay\".[75] Ten days later, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 384 (1975), which echoes the GA resolution's call for immediate Indonesian withdrawal.[76] One year later the Security Council expressed the same sentiment in Resolution 389 (1976), and the General Assembly passed resolutions every year between 1976 and 1982 calling for self-determination in East Timor.[77] Governments of large countries like China and the United States opposed further action; smaller countries like Costa Rica, Guinea-Bissau, and Iceland were the only delegations calling for vigorous enforcement of the resolutions.[78] The 1982 resolution calls on the UN secretary-general to \"initiate consultations with all parties directly concerned, with a view to exploring avenues for achieving a comprehensive settlement of the problem\".[79]Legal expert Roger S. Clark notes that Indonesia's invasion and occupation violated two vital elements of international law: the right to self-determination and the prohibition on aggression. Neither the petition of 7 September 1975 calling for integration, nor the later resolution of the \"People's Assembly\" in May 1976, qualify as \"informed and democratic processes impartially conducted and based on universal adult suffrage\", as required by UN General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV), which establishes the guidelines for the norms of self-determination. Other inadequacies existed in the petitions as well.[80]Indonesia's use of military force in East Timor is cited as a violation of Chapter I of the United Nations Charter, which states: \"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state....\" Some observers have argued that East Timor was not a state at the time of the invasion, and is thus not protected by the UN Charter. \nThis claim mirrors those made against Indonesia by the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution.[81] As legal scholar Susan Marks points out, if East Timor was considered a Portuguese colony, then although \"there may be some doubt about the application of this provision [of UN Charter Chapter I] in the context of an armed conflict between a colonial power and its own colony, there can hardly be doubt that it applies to force by one sovereign state against another state's colony\".[82]","title":"Invasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Timor (Indonesian province)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(Indonesian_province)"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"Irian Jaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend_433-89"}],"text":"See also: East Timor (Indonesian province)On 17 December, Indonesia formed the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) which was headed by Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo of APODETI as president and Lopez da Cruz of UDT.[83] Most sources describe this institution as a creation of the Indonesian military.[84] One of PSTT's first activities was the formation of a \"Popular Assembly\" consisting of elected representatives and leaders \"from various walks of Timorese life\".[85] Like the PSTT itself, the Popular Assembly is usually characterised as an instrument of propaganda created by the Indonesian military; although international journalists were invited to witness the group's meeting in May 1976, their movement was tightly constrained.[86] The Assembly drafted a request for formal integration into Indonesia, which Jakarta described as \"the act of self-determination\" in East Timor.[87]Indonesia kept East Timor shut off from the rest of the world, except for a few years in the late 1980s and early 1990s, claiming that the vast majority of East Timorese supported integration. This position was followed closely by the Indonesian media such that an East Timorese acceptance of their integration with Indonesia was taken for granted by, and was a non-issue for, the majority of Indonesians.[88] East Timor came to be seen as a training ground for the officer corps in tactics of suppression for Aceh and Irian Jaya and was pivotal in ensuring military sector dominance of Indonesia.[89]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"Indonesian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._208-28"},{"link_name":"Indonesian navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_navy"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"OV-10 Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OV-10_Bronco"},{"link_name":"Rockwell International Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_International"},{"link_name":"US government foreign military aid sales credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_military_sales"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prabowo_in_East_Timor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prabowo Subianto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto"},{"link_name":"attrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attrition_warfare"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_p._85-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"chemical weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_p._85-97"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-6"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Nicolau Lobato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Lobato"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Indonesian campaigns against the resistance","text":"The integration monument in Dili was donated by the Indonesian government to represent emancipation from colonialismLeaders of Indonesian intelligence influential with Suharto had initially envisaged that invasion, subdual of Fretilin resistance, and integration with Indonesia would be quick and relatively painless. The ensuing Indonesian campaigns up through 1976 were devastating for the East Timorese, an enormous drain on Indonesian resources, were severely damaging to Indonesia internationally, and ultimately a failure. The wanton, wholesale killings by the TNI near the coastal regions during the opening months of the invasion had driven a large portion of the population and most of the remaining Falintil into the central regions. This proved counterproductive as it left Indonesian troops fighting against an enemy which was well equipped and had access to agricultural resources and population. The civilian population came to see the Falintil as a buffer against the excesses of the Indonesian forces, which led to heightened support for the resistance. From 1975 to 1977, the Fretilin protected at least 40% of the population who had fled the coastal regions, in inhospitable conditions, with the active support of rallied communities.[90] Schwarz suggests the fact that the Indonesian military's power base remained barely dented by the mid-1970s intelligence miscalculations and ongoing failures was a measure of the military's dominance of Indonesian affairs.[28]By the end of 1976, a stalemate existed between the Falintil and the Indonesian army. Unable to overcome massive resistance and drained of its resources, the TNI began rearming. The Indonesian navy ordered missile-firing patrol-boats from the United States, Australia, the Netherlands, South Korea, and Taiwan, as well as submarines from West Germany.[91] In February 1977, Indonesia also received thirteen OV-10 Bronco aircraft from the Rockwell International Corporation with the aid of an official US government foreign military aid sales credit. The Bronco was ideal for the East Timor invasion, as it was specially designed for counter-insurgency operations in steep terrain.[92] By the beginning of February 1977, at least six of the 13 Broncos were operating in East Timor and helped the Indonesian military pinpoint Fretilin positions.[93] The OV-10 Broncos dealt a heavy blow to the Falintil when the aircraft attacked their forces with conventional weapons and Soviet-supplied Napalm known as 'Opalm.' Along with the new weaponry, an additional 10,000 troops were sent in to begin new campaigns that would become known as the 'final solution'.[94]Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando unit in East Timor led by Prabowo SubiantoTNI strategists implemented a strategy of attrition against the Falintil beginning in September 1977. This was accomplished by rendering the central regions of East Timor unable to sustain human life through napalm attacks, chemical warfare and destruction of crops. This was to be done in order to force the population to surrender into the custody of Indonesian forces and deprive the Falintil of food and population. Catholic officials in East Timor called this strategy an \"encirclement and annihilation\" campaign.[95] 35,000 ABRI troops surrounded areas of Fretilin support and killed men, women, and children. Air and naval bombardments were followed by ground troops, who destroyed villages and agricultural infrastructure. Thousands of people may have been killed during this period.[96] In early 1978, the entire civilian population of Arsaibai village, near the Indonesian border, was killed for supporting Fretilin after being bombarded and starved.[97] The success of the 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign led to the 'final cleansing campaign', in which children and men would be forced to hold hands and march in front of Indonesian units searching for Fretilin members. When Fretilin members were found, the members would be forced to surrender or to fire on their own people.[98]During this period, allegations of Indonesian use of chemical weapons arose, as villagers reported maggots appearing on crops after bombing attacks.[97] Fretilin radio claimed Indonesian planes dropped chemical agents, and several observers—including the Bishop of Dili—reported seeing napalm dropped on the countryside.[99] The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor, based on interviews with over 8,000 witnesses, as well as Indonesian military papers and intelligence from international sources, confirmed that the Indonesians used chemical weapons and napalm to poison food and water supplies in Fretilin controlled areas during the \"encirclement and annihilation\" campaign.[6][100]While brutal, the Indonesian 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign of 1977–1978 was effective in that it broke the back of the main Fretilin militia. The capable Timorese president and military commander, Nicolau Lobato, was shot and killed by helicopter-borne Indonesian troops on 31 December 1978.[101]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viqueque_monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"National emblem of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Viqueque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAVR_1996_pp._290-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kohen5456-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Biafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kohen5456-108"}],"sub_title":"Resettlement and enforced starvation","text":"Monument with the National emblem of Indonesia in Viqueque (2016)As a result of the destruction of food crops, many civilians were forced to leave the hills and surrender to the TNI. Often, when surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would execute them. Those who were not killed outright by TNI troops were sent to receiving centres for vetting, which had been prepared in advance in the vicinity of local TNI bases. In these transit camps, the surrendered civilians were registered and interrogated. Those who were suspected of being members of the resistance were killed.[102]These centres were often constructed of thatch huts with no toilets. Additionally, the Indonesian military barred the Red Cross from distributing humanitarian aid, and no medical care was provided to the detainees. As a result, many of the Timorese – weakened by starvation and surviving on small rations given by their captors – died of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhoea and tuberculosis. By late 1979, between 300,000 and 370,000 Timorese had passed through these camps.[103] After three months, the detainees were resettled in \"strategic hamlets\" where they were imprisoned and subjected to enforced starvation.[104] Those in the camps were prevented from travelling and cultivating farmland and were subjected to a curfew.[105] The UN truth commission report confirmed the Indonesian military's use of enforced starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese civilian population, and that large numbers of people were \"positively denied access to food and its sources\". The report cited testimony from individuals who were denied food and detailed destruction of crops and livestock by Indonesian soldiers.[106] It concluded that this policy of deliberate starvation resulted in the deaths of 84,200 to 183,000 Timorese.[107] One church worker reported five hundred East Timorese dying of starvation every month in one district.[108]World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation.[109] An envoy from the International Committee of the Red Cross reported in 1979 that 80% of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was \"as bad as Biafra\".[110] The ICRC warned that \"tens of thousands\" were at risk of starvation.[111] Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run Indonesian Red Cross to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.[108]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amnesty International USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIUSA14-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Baucau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIUSA14-112"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"sterilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sterilization_(surgical_procedure)"},{"link_name":"Depo Provera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depo_Provera"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Sexual slavery and systematic violence against women","text":"Known Indonesian abuses against women in East Timor were numerous and well-documented, though the true scope of the problem is difficult to ascertain, owing to the tight military control imposed during the occupation, compounded by the shame felt by victims. In a 1995 report on violence against women in Indonesia and East Timor, Amnesty International USA wrote: \"Women are reluctant to pass on information to non-governmental organizations about rape and sexual abuse, let alone to report violations to the military or police authorities.\"[112][113]Sexual slavery was institutionally tolerated and supported by the TNI and women could be summoned for sexual abuse by TNI soldiers. According to credible investigations, the TNI kept files designating East Timorese women who were to be made available for rape and sexual abuse by Indonesian soldiers. These lists could be passed on between military battalions, which predisposed women to recurring sexual victimization.[114] Enforced marriage was also a component of TNI policy in East Timor. The Amnesty report cites the case of a woman forced to live with a commander in Baucau, then harassed daily by troops after her release.[112] Such \"marriages\" took place regularly during the occupation.[115]Women in areas under Indonesian control were also coerced into accepting sterilisation procedures, and some were pressured or forced outright to take the contraceptive Depo Provera.[116] Village leaders were often urged to cooperate with TNI policy, and local clinics responsible for administering contraceptive injections were established under the control of the TNI in the countryside. In one case specifically, a group of high-school girls were injected with the contraceptive without their knowledge. Other forms of birth control consisted of killing newborn children of women who were suspected of being associated with the Fretilin.[117]In addition to suffering systematic sexual slavery, forced sterilization, enforced marriage, torture, and extrajudicial execution, women also faced rape and sexual abuse during interrogation by Indonesian authorities. These women included the wives of resistance members, resistance activists and suspected Fretilin collaborators. Often, women were targeted and subjected to torture as a form of proxy violence when male relatives who were suspected of being Fretilin were not present.[118] In 1999 researcher Rebecca Winters released the book Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women, which chronicles many personal stories of violence and abuse dating to the earliest days of the occupation. One woman tells of being interrogated while stripped half-naked, tortured, molested, and threatened with death.[119] Another describes being chained at the hands and feet, raped repeatedly, and interrogated for weeks.[120] A woman who had prepared food for Fretilin guerrillas was arrested, burned with cigarettes, tortured with electricity, and forced to walk naked past a row of soldiers into a tank filled with urine and faeces.[121]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Forced adoption and removal of children","text":"During the occupation, approximately 4,000 children were forcibly removed from their families by Indonesian soldiers as well as by state and religious organizations. Although some were well-treated, others were subjected to various forms of abuse, including sexual abuse. Some were converted to Islam. A number of soldiers who kidnapped these children still hold senior positions within the Indonesian military.[122]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lacluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacluta"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_1985_p._23-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82","text":"In 1981 the Indonesian military launched Operasi Keamanan (Operation Security), which some have named the \"fence of legs\" program. During this operation, Indonesian forces conscripted 50,000 to 80,000 Timorese men and boys to march through the mountains ahead of advancing TNI troops as human shields to foreclose a Fretilin counterattack. The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those conscripted into the \"fence of legs\" died of starvation, exhaustion or were shot by Indonesian forces for allowing guerillas to slip through. As the \"fence\" converged on villages, Indonesian forces massacred an unknown number of civilians. At least 400 villagers were massacred in Lacluta by Battalion 744 of the Indonesian Army in September 1981. An eyewitness who testified before the Australian Senate stated that soldiers deliberately killed small children by smashing their heads against a rock.[123] The operation failed to crush the resistance, and widespread resentment toward the occupation grew stronger than ever.[124] As Fretilin troops in the mountains continued their sporadic attacks, Indonesian forces carried out numerous operations to destroy them over the next ten years. In the cities and villages, meanwhile, a non-violent resistance movement began to take shape.[125]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor1986.png"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_1985_p._23-123"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Constâncio Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983","text":"Map of military situation in East Timor in January 1986The failure of successive Indonesian counterinsurgency campaigns led the Indonesian military elite to instruct the commander of the Dili-based Sub regional Military Resort Command, Colonel Purwanto to initiate peace talks with Fretilin commander Xanana Gusmão in a Fretilin-controlled area in March 1983. When Xanana sought to invoke Portugal and the UN in the negotiations, ABRI Commander Benny Moerdani broke the ceasefire by announcing a new counterinsurgency offensive called \"Operational Clean-Sweep\" in August 1983, declaring, \"This time no fooling around. This time we are going to hit them without mercy.\"[126]The breakdown of the ceasefire agreement was followed by a renewed wave of massacres, summary executions and \"disappearances\" at the hands of Indonesian forces. In August 1983, 200 people were burned alive in the village of Creras, with 500 others killed at a nearby river.[123] Between August and December 1983, Amnesty International documented the arrests and \"disappearances\" of over 600 people in the capital city alone. Relatives were told by Indonesian forces that the \"disappeared\" were sent to Bali.[127]Those suspected of opposing integration were often arrested and tortured.[128] In 1983 Amnesty International published an Indonesian manual it had received from East Timor instructing military personnel on how to inflict physical and mental anguish, and cautioning troops to \"Avoid taking photographs showing torture (of someone being given electric shocks, stripped naked and so on)\".[129] In his 1997 memoir East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance, Constâncio Pinto describes being tortured by Indonesian soldiers: \"With each question, I would get two or three punches in the face. \nWhen someone punches you so much and so hard, it feels as if your face is broken. People hit me on my back and on my sides with their hands and then kicked me.... [In another location] they psychologically tortured me; they didn't hit me, but they made strong threats to kill me.\nThey even put a gun on the table.\"[130] In Michele Turner's book Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992, a woman named Fátima describes watching torture take place in a Dili prison: \"They make people sit on a chair with the front of the chair on their own toes. It is mad, yes. The soldiers urinate in the food then mix it up for the person to eat. They use electric shock and they use an electric machine....\"[131]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"extrajudicial killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by Fretilin","text":"The Indonesian government reported in 1977 that several mass graves containing \"scores\" of people killed by Fretilin had been found near Ailieu and Samé.[132] Amnesty International confirmed these reports in 1985, and also expressed concern about several extrajudicial killings for which Fretilin had claimed responsibility.[133] In 1997 Human Rights Watch condemned a series of attacks carried out by Fretilin, which led to the deaths of nine civilians.[134]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Timor_Timur.svg"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Timor Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_(province)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor_Timur_women.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Portuguese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Pancasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist"},{"link_name":"Indonesia's constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381-135"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor,_Jean_Gelman_2003,_p.381-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"transmigration program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_program"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_people"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis"},{"link_name":"Makassarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese_people"},{"link_name":"Butonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butonese_people"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jardine_1999,_p._62-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jardine_1999,_p._62-144"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"George Aditjondro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Aditjondro"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"}],"sub_title":"Demography and economy","text":"Indonesian flag of East Timor (Timor Timur)Timorese women with the Indonesian national flagThe Portuguese language was banned in East Timor and Indonesian was made the language of government, education and public commerce, and the Indonesian school curriculum was implemented. The official Indonesian national ideology, Pancasila, was applied to East Timor and government jobs were restricted to those holding certification in Pancasila training.\nEast Timorese animist belief systems did not fit with Indonesia's constitutional monotheism, resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests, and Latin and Portuguese mass were replaced by Indonesian mass.[135] Before the invasion, only 20% of East Timorese were Roman Catholics, and by the 1980s, 95% were registered as Catholics.[135][136] With over 90% Catholic population, East Timor is currently one of the most densely Catholic countries in the world.[137]East Timor was a particular focus for the Indonesian government's transmigration program, which aimed to resettle Indonesians from densely to less populated regions. Media censorship under the \"New Order\" meant that the state of conflict in East Timor was unknown to the transmigrants, predominantly poor Javanese and Balinese wet-rice farmers. On arrival, they found themselves under the ongoing threat of attack by East Timorese resistance fighters, and became the object of local resentment, since large tracts of land belonging to East Timorese had been compulsorily appropriated by the Indonesian government for transmigrant settlement.\nAlthough many gave up and returned to their island of origin, those migrants that stayed in East Timor contributed to the \"Indonesianisation\" of East Timor's integration.[138] 662 transmigrant families (2,208 people) settled in East Timor in 1993,[139] whereas an estimated 150,000 free Indonesian settlers lived in East Timor by the mid-1990s, including those offered jobs in education and administration.[140] Migration increased resentment amongst Timorese who were overtaken by more business savvy immigrants.[141]Following the invasion, Portuguese commercial interests were taken over by Indonesians.[142] The border with West Timor was opened resulting in an influx of West Timorese farmers, and in January 1989 the territory was open to private investment.\nEconomic life in the towns was subsequently brought under the control of entrepreneurial Bugis, Makassarese, and Butonese immigrants from South Sulawesi, while East Timor products were exported under partnerships between army officials and Indonesian businessmen.[143] Denok, a military-controlled firm, monopolised some of East Timor's most lucrative commercial activities, including sandal wood export, hotels, and the import of consumer products.[144] The group's most profitable business, however, was its monopoly on the export of coffee, which was the territory's most valuable cash crop.[145] Indonesian entrepreneurs came to dominate non-Denok/military enterprises, and local manufactures from the Portuguese period made way for Indonesian imports.[144]The Indonesian government's primary response to criticism of its policies was to highlight its funding of development in East Timor's health, education, communications, transportation, and agriculture.[146] East Timor, however, remained poor following centuries of Portuguese colonial neglect and Indonesian critic George Aditjondro points out that conflict in the early years of occupation leads to sharp drops in rice and coffee production and livestock populations.[147] Other critics argue that infrastructure development, such as road construction, is often designed to facilitate Indonesian military and corporate interests.[148] While the military controlled key businesses, private investors, both Indonesian and international, avoided the territory. Despite improvements since 1976, a 1993 Indonesian government report estimated that in three-quarters of East Timor's 61 districts, more than half lived in poverty.[149]","title":"Indonesian hegemony"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Ali Alatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Alatas"},{"link_name":"Mulyadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulyadi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker_2003,_p._10-156"}],"sub_title":"Changing resistance and integration campaigns","text":"Major investment by the Indonesian government to improve East Timor's infrastructure, health and education facilities since 1975 did not end East Timorese resistance to Indonesian rule.[150] Although by the 1980s Fretilin forces had dropped to a few hundred armed men, Fretilin increased its contacts with young Timorese especially in Dili, and an unarmed civil resistance seeking self-determination took shape. Many of those in the protest movements were young children at the time of the invasion and had been educated under the Indonesian system. They resented the repression and replacement of Timorese cultural and political life, were ambivalent of Indonesian economic development, and spoke Portuguese amongst themselves, stressing their Portuguese heritage. Seeking help from Portugal for self-determination, they considered Indonesia an occupying force.[151] Abroad, Fretilin's members—most notably former journalist José Ramos-Horta (later to be prime minister and president)—pushed their cause in diplomatic forums.[152]The reduced armed resistance prompted the Indonesian government in 1988 to open up East Timor to improve its commercial prospects, including a lifting of the travel ban on journalists. The new policy came from foreign minister Ali Alatas. Alatas and other diplomats swayed Suharto in favor of the policy as a response to international concerns despite concerns among the military leadership that it would lead to a loss of control. In late 1989, hardline military commander Brigadier General Mulyadi was replaced by Brigadier General Rudolph Warouw who promised a more \"persuasive\" approach to anti-integrationists. Restrictions on travel within the territory were reduced, groups of political prisoners were released, and the use of torture in interrogation became less frequent. Warouw attempted to increase military discipline; in February 1990 an Indonesian soldier was prosecuted for unlawful conduct in East Timor, the first such action since the invasion.[153]The reduced fear of persecution encouraged the resistance movements; anti-integration protests accompanied high-profile visits to East Timor, including that of Pope John Paul II in 1989.[154] Additionally, the end of the Cold War removed much of the justification for western support of Indonesia's occupation. The resulting increase in international attention to self-determination and human rights put further pressure on Indonesia.[155] Subsequent events within East Timor in the 1990s helped to dramatically raise the international profile of East Timor, which in turn significantly boosted the momentum of the resistance groups.[156]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sebasti%C3%A3o_Gomes_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre"},{"link_name":"procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procession"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Re-enactment_Santa_Cruz_massacre.jpg"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JarSol-162"},{"link_name":"TAPOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAPOL"},{"link_name":"East Timor and Indonesia Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor_and_Indonesia_Action_Network"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vickers_2005,_pp._200-201-164"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JarSol-162"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vickers_2005,_pp._200-201-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend_433-89"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Prabowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo"},{"link_name":"Kopassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopassus"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend_433-89"}],"sub_title":"Santa Cruz massacre","text":"The Santa Cruz massacre took place during a 1991 funeral procession to the grave of Sebastião Gomes.During a memorial mass on 12 November 1991 for a pro-independence youth shot by Indonesian troops, demonstrators among the 2,500-strong crowd unfurled the Fretilin flag and banners with pro-independence slogans and chanted boisterously but peacefully.[157] Following a brief confrontation between Indonesian troops and protesters,[158] 200 Indonesian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing at least 250 Timorese.[159]A re-enactment of the Santa Cruz massacreThe testimonies of foreigners at the cemetery were quickly reported to international news organisations, and video footage of the massacre was widely broadcast internationally,[160] causing outrage.[161] In response to the massacre, activists around the world organised in solidarity with the East Timorese, and a new urgency was brought to calls for self-determination.[162] TAPOL, a British organisation formed in 1973 to advocate for democracy in Indonesia, increased its work around East Timor. In the United States, the East Timor Action Network (now the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network) was founded and soon had chapters in ten cities around the country.[163] Other solidarity groups appeared in Portugal, Australia, Japan, Germany, Malaysia, Ireland, and Brazil.\nCoverage of the massacre was a vivid example of how the growth of new media in Indonesia was making it increasingly difficult for the \"New Order\" to control information flow in and out of Indonesia, and that in the post-Cold War 1990s, the government was coming under increasing international scrutiny.[164] Several pro-democracy student groups and their magazines began to openly and critically discuss not just East Timor, but also the \"New Order\" and the broader history and future of Indonesia.[162][164][165]Sharp condemnation of the military came not just from the international community, but from within parts of the Indonesian elite.\nThe massacre ended the governments 1989 opening of the territory and a new period of repression began.[89] Warouw was removed from his position and his more accommodating approach to Timorese resistance rebuked by his superiors. Suspected Fretilin sympathisers were arrested, human rights abuses rose, and the ban on foreign journalists was reimposed.\nHatred intensified amongst Timorese of the Indonesian military presence.[166] Major General Prabowo's, Kopassus Group 3 trained militias gangs dressed in black hoods to crush the remaining resistance.[89]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xanana Gusmão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunn303-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"commuted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation_of_sentence"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Cipinang prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipinang_Penitentiary_Institution"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marker_2003,_p._10-156"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunn303-167"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Arrest of Xanana Gusmão","text":"On 20 November 1992, Fretilin leader Xanana Gusmão was arrested by Indonesian troops.[167] In May 1993 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for \"rebellion\",[168] but his sentence was later commuted to 20 years.[169] The arrest of the universally acknowledged leader of the resistance was a major frustration to the anti-integration movement in East Timor, but Gusmão continued to serve as a symbol of hope from inside the Cipinang prison.[156][167] Nonviolent resistance by East Timorese, meanwhile, continued to show itself. When President Bill Clinton visited Jakarta in 1994, twenty-nine East Timorese students occupied the US embassy to protest US support for Indonesia.[170]At the same time, human rights observers called attention to continued violations by Indonesian troops and police. A 1995 report by Human Rights Watch noted that \"abuses in the territory continue to mount\", including torture, disappearances, and limitations on fundamental rights.[171] After a series of riots in September and October 1995, Amnesty International criticised Indonesian authorities for a wave of arbitrary arrests and torture.\nThe report indicates detainees were beaten with iron bars, kicked, lacerated, and threatened with death.[172]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlosbelo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EastTimor.JoseRamosHorta.01.jpg"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobel-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nobel-173"},{"link_name":"Irwin Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Ali Alatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Alatas"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"sub_title":"Nobel Peace Prize","text":"Carlos Filipe Ximenes BeloJosé Ramos-HortaIn 1996 East Timor was suddenly brought to world attention when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta \"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor\".[173] The Nobel Committee indicated in its press release that it hoped the award would \"spur efforts to find a diplomatic solution to the conflict in East Timor based on the people's right to self-determination\".[173] As Nobel scholar Irwin Abrams notes:For Indonesia the prize was a great embarrassment.... In public statements the government tried to put distance between the two laureates, grudgingly recognising the prize for Bishop Belo, over whom it thought it could exercise some control, but accusing Ramos-Horta of responsibility for atrocities during the civil strife in East Timor and declaring that he was a political opportunist.\nAt the award ceremony Chairman Sejersted answered these charges, pointing out that during the civil conflict Ramos-Horta was not even in the country and on his return he tried to reconcile the two parties.[174]Diplomats from Indonesia and Portugal, meanwhile, continued the consultations required by the 1982 General Assembly resolution, in a series of meetings intended to resolve the problem of what Foreign Minister Ali Alatas called the \"pebble in the Indonesian shoe\".[175][176]","title":"1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"text":"Renewed United Nations-brokered mediation efforts between Indonesia and Portugal began in early 1997.[177]","title":"End of Indonesian control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reformation (Indonesia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Fall of Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Habibie_presidential_oath.jpg"},{"link_name":"BJ Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ_Habibie"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"1997 Asian Financial Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Suharto's resignation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nev82-179"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend_433-89"},{"link_name":"\"reformasi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Friend_433-89"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"B. J. Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Habibie"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nev82-179"},{"link_name":"Australian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Government"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"United Nations Mission in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"peacekeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"sub_title":"Transition in Indonesia","text":"See also: Reformation (Indonesia) and Fall of SuhartoIndonesian president BJ Habibie takes the presidential oath of office on 21 May 1998.Independence for East Timor, or even limited regional autonomy, was never going to be allowed under Suharto's New Order. Notwithstanding Indonesian public opinion in the 1990s occasionally showing begrudging appreciation of the Timorese position, it was widely feared that an independent East Timor would destabilise Indonesian unity.[178] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, however, caused tremendous upheaval in Indonesia and led to Suharto's resignation in May 1998, ending his thirty-year presidency.[179] Prabowo, by then in command of the powerful Indonesian Strategic Reserve, went into exile in Jordan and military operations in East Timor were costing the bankrupt Indonesian government a million dollars a day.[89] The subsequent \"reformasi\" period of relative political openness and transition, included an unprecedented debate about Indonesia's relationship with East Timor. For the remainder of 1998, discussion forums took place throughout Dili working towards a referendum.[89] Foreign Minister Alatas, described plans for phased autonomy leading to possible independence as \"all pain, no gain\" for Indonesia.[180] On 8 June 1998, three weeks after taking office, Suharto's successor B. J. Habibie announced that Indonesia would soon offer East Timor a special plan for autonomy.[179]In late 1998, the Australian government of John Howard drafted a letter to Indonesia advising of a change in Australian policy and advocating for the staging of a referendum on independence within a decade. President Habibie saw such an arrangement as implying \"colonial rule\" by Indonesia, and he decided to call a snap referendum on the issue.[181]Indonesia and Portugal announced on 5 May 1999 that it had agreed to hold a vote allowing the people of East Timor to choose between the autonomy plan or independence. The vote, to be administered by the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET), was initially scheduled for 8 August but later postponed until 30 August. Indonesia also took responsibility for security; this arrangement caused worry in East Timor, but many observers believe that Indonesia would have refused to allow foreign peacekeepers during the vote.[182]","title":"End of Indonesian control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an April paramilitary attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqui%C3%A7%C3%A1_Church_massacre"},{"link_name":"Liquiça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liqui%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Maliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliana"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Bandung Sea of Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire"},{"link_name":"war of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shah-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"ICRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Almost one hundred people were killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suai_Church_massacre"},{"link_name":"Suai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suai,_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shah-188"},{"link_name":"West Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Timor"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Indonesian president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusuf_Habibie"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Wiranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiranto"},{"link_name":"Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feelings_(Morris_Albert_song)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"}],"sub_title":"1999 referendum","text":"As groups supporting autonomy and independence began campaigning, a series of pro-integration paramilitary groups of East Timorese began threatening violence—and indeed committing violence—around the country. Alleging pro-independence bias on the part of UNAMET, the groups were seen working with and receiving training from Indonesian soldiers. Before the May agreement was announced, an April paramilitary attack in Liquiça left dozens of East Timorese dead. On 16 May 1999, a gang accompanied by Indonesian troops attacked suspected independence activists in the village of Atara; in June another group attacked a UNAMET office in Maliana.\nIndonesian authorities claimed to be helpless to stop the violence between rival factions among the East Timorese, but Ramos-Horta joined many others in scoffing at such notions.[183] In February 1999 he said: \"Before [Indonesia] withdraws it wants to wreak major havoc and destabilization, as it has always promised. We have consistently heard that over the years from the Indonesian military in Timor.\"[184]As militia leaders warned of a \"bloodbath\", Indonesian \"roving ambassador\" Francisco Lopes da Cruz declared: \"If people reject autonomy there is the possibility blood will flow in East Timor.\"[185] One paramilitary announced that a vote for independence would result in a \"sea of fire\", an expression referring to the Bandung Sea of Fire during Indonesia's own war of independence from the Dutch.[186] As the date of the vote drew near, reports of anti-independence violence continued to accumulate.[187]The day of the vote, 30 August 1999, was generally calm and orderly. 98.6% of registered voters cast ballots, and on 4 September UN secretary-general Kofi Annan announced that 78.5% of the votes had been cast for independence.[188] Brought up on the \"New Order\"'s insistence that the East Timorese supported integration, Indonesians were either shocked by or disbelieved that the East Timorese had voted against being part of Indonesia. Many people accepted media stories blaming the supervising United Nations and Australia who had pressured Habibie for a resolution.[189]Within hours of the results, paramilitary groups had begun attacking people and setting fires around the capital Dili. Foreign journalists and election observers fled, and tens of thousands of East Timorese took to the mountains. Islamic gangs attacked Dili's Catholic diocese building, killing two dozen people; the next day, the headquarters of the ICRC was attacked and burned to the ground. Almost one hundred people were killed later in Suai, and reports of similar massacres poured in from around East Timor.[190] The UN withdrew most of its personnel, but the Dili compound had been flooded with refugees.\nFour UN workers refused to evacuate unless the refugees were withdrawn as well, insisting they would rather die at the hands of the paramilitary groups.[188] At the same time, Indonesian troops and paramilitary gangs forced over 200,000 people into West Timor, into camps described by Human Rights Watch as \"deplorable conditions\".[191]When a UN delegation arrived in Jakarta on 8 September, they were told by Indonesian president Habibie that reports of bloodshed in East Timor were \"fantasies\" and \"lies\".[192] General Wiranto of the Indonesian military insisted that his soldiers had the situation under control, and later expressed his emotion for East Timor by singing the 1975 hit song \"Feelings\" at an event for military wives.[193][194]","title":"End of Indonesian control"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg"},{"link_name":"INTERFET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTERFET"},{"link_name":"Dili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dili"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interfet-195"},{"link_name":"Australian prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc.net.au-196"},{"link_name":"dire economic straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"BJ Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ_Habibie"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"UNSC Resolution 1264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1264"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"International Force for East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Peter Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interfet-195"},{"link_name":"United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"government of East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"USS Mobile Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mobile_Bay_(CG-53)"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"USS Belleau Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Belleau_Wood_(LHA-3)"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"}],"sub_title":"Indonesian withdrawal and peacekeeping force","text":"INTERFET troops entered Dili on 20 September, two weeks after pro-Indonesian paramilitary groups began a final wave of violence.[195]The violence was met with widespread public anger in Australia, Portugal and elsewhere and activists in Portugal, Australia, the United States and other nations pressured their governments to take action. Australian prime minister John Howard consulted United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan and lobbied US president Bill Clinton to support an Australian led international peacekeeper force to enter East Timor to end the violence. The United States offered crucial logistical and intelligence resources and an \"over-horizon\" deterrent presence but did not commit forces to the operation. Finally, on 11 September, Clinton announced:[196]I have made clear that my willingness to support future economic assistance from the international community will depend upon how Indonesia handles the situation from today.Indonesia, in dire economic straits, relented. President BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that Indonesia would withdraw Indonesian soldiers and allow an Australian-led international peacekeeping force to enter East Timor.[197]On 15 September 1999, the United Nations Security Council expressed concern at the deteriorating situation in East Timor and issued UNSC Resolution 1264 calling for a multinational force to restore peace and security to East Timor, to protect and support the United Nations mission there, and to facilitate humanitarian assistance operations until such time as a United Nations peacekeeping force could be approved and deployed in the area.[198]The International Force for East Timor, or INTERFET, under the command of Australian Major General Peter Cosgrove, entered Dili on 20 September and by 31 October the last Indonesian troops had left East Timor.[195] The arrival of thousands of international troops in East Timor caused the militia to flee across the border into Indonesia, whence sporadic cross-border raids by the militia against INTERFET forces were conducted.The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was established at the end of October and administered the region for two years. Control of the nation was turned over to the government of East Timor, and independence was declared on 20 May 2002.[199] On 27 September of the same year, East Timor joined the United Nations as its 191st member state.[200]The bulk of the military forces of INTERFET were Australian—more than 5,500 troops at its peak, including an infantry brigade, with armoured and aviation support—while eventually, 22 nations contributed to the force which at its height numbered over 11,000 troops.[201] The United States provided crucial logistic and diplomatic support throughout the crisis. At the same time, the cruiser USS Mobile Bay protected the INTERFET naval fleet and a US Marine infantry battalion of 1,000 men—plus organic armour and artillery—was also stationed off the coast aboard the USS Belleau Wood to provide a strategic reserve in the event of significant armed opposition.[202]","title":"End of Indonesian control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_1994,_p._195-7"},{"link_name":"Non-Aligned Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"text":"Indonesia used fear of communism to garner varying degrees of support among western countries, including the United States and Australia, for its East Timor invasion and occupation.[203] The invasion and suppression of East Timor's independence movement caused great harm to Indonesia's reputation and international credibility.[7] Criticism from the developing world undermined efforts in the 1980s to secure the Non-Aligned Movement chair which Suharto strongly desired for Indonesia and condemnation of Indonesia continued through the 1990s.[204]","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gough Whitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"dismissed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser"},{"link_name":"13 December election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Australian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_207-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timor_sea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Timor Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Gap"},{"link_name":"Timor Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Gap"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"invasion of Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW2-17"},{"link_name":"Australian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"Keating Labor government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keating_Government"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"fall of Indonesian president Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto"},{"link_name":"Howard government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_government"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc.net.au-196"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Alexander Downer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer"},{"link_name":"B. J. Habibie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._J._Habibie"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc.net.au-196"},{"link_name":"UN-sponsored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"International Force for East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc.net.au-196"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Laurie Brereton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Brereton"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandes,_Clinton_2004-219"},{"link_name":"Alexander Downer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fernandes,_Clinton_2004-219"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"In September 1974, Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam met with Suharto and indicated that he would support Indonesia if it annexed East Timor.[205] On 11 November 1975, the Whitlam government was dismissed.\nThis placed restrictions on the caretaker government of Fraser. Until the results of the 13 December election were known, any action required approval from both political parties and the governor-general.[206] On 4 December 1975 Australia unsuccessfully sought a UN resolution to determine the independence of East Timor, and the Australian government evacuated Australians and other foreign nationals from Dili.[207]\nJosé Ramos-Horta arrived in Darwin on 5 December saying that aid agencies the Australian Red Cross and Australian Society for Intercountry Aid Timor (ASIAT) had been banned from East Timor. In the same news conference, Horta said that the Fretilin government in East Timor would not accept any UN assistance that included Australia.[208]After winning the December elections, the Fraser government took the approach that trade with Southeast Asia and political ties with Southeast Asia were too important to be put at risk for what was seen as a lost cause.[209] Australia abstained from the 1976 and 1977 UN General Assembly Resolutions, and by 1978 became the only government to recognise East Timor officially as a province of Indonesia.[210]Soon after recognising the annexation of East Timor in 1978, Australia began negotiations with Indonesia to divide resources found in the Timor Gap.One year later, Australia and Indonesia began drafting a treaty to share resources in the Timor Gap. The treaty was signed in December 1989, with estimates ranging from one to seven billion barrels of oil to be secured.[211] This agreement, along with general economic partnership with Indonesia, is frequently cited as a crucial factor for the Australian government's position.[212] However, given that nearly 60,000 East Timorese had died during the fighting between Australian and Japanese forces that followed the invasion of Timor by the Japanese during the Pacific War,[17] some Australians believed their government owed a special debt to the former Portuguese colony. James Dunn, a senior Foreign Affairs adviser to the Australian Parliament before and during the occupation, condemned the government's position, saying later: \"What had been of vital strategic value in 1941 was, in 1974, irrelevant and dispensable.\"[213] Some Australian World War II veterans protested the occupation for similar reasons.[214]Successive Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north, but the East Timor issue complicated co-operation between the two nations.[215] Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like José Ramos-Horta, who based himself in Australia during his exile.\nAustralia's trade with Indonesia grew through the 1980s, and the Keating Labor government signed a security pact with Indonesia in 1995 and gave relations with Jakarta a high priority.[216][217] The fall of Indonesian president Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard government in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor.[196] In late 1998, Prime Minister John Howard and Foreign Minister Alexander Downer drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade.\nThe letter upset Indonesian president B. J. Habibie, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a \"colonial power,\" and he decided to announce a snap referendum.[196] A UN-sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis instigated by the anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations-backed International Force for East Timor to end the violence, and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.[196][218]The Australian Labor Party altered its East Timor policy in 1999 and adopted a policy of support for East Timorese independence and opposition to the Indonesian presence there through its Foreign Affairs spokesperson Laurie Brereton.[219] Breretons' credibility was attacked by the governing Liberal-National Coalition government and its Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer, and Prime Minister Howard. They were assisted in their campaign by the then-Labor-backbencher Kevin Rudd[219] (who would later lead the Labor Party to victory in the 2007 Australian federal election).","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Fidel V. Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Jaime de los Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_de_los_Santos"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"José Ramos-Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta"},{"link_name":"University of the Philippines Diliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"De La Salle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University"},{"link_name":"Ateneo de Davao University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Davao_University"}],"sub_title":"Philippines","text":"Owing to its strong relations with Indonesia, the Philippines initially was cold on the issue. In fact, not only did it deny José Ramos-Horta entry in 1997 when he was supposed to give a lecture at the University of the Philippines Diliman, then President Fidel V. Ramos even included him in the immigration blacklist.[220]However, with widespread support from various countries, the Philippines finally changed its policy. After Timorese independence, the Philippines contributed medical and logistics personnel to Interfet, rather than ground troops. In 2000, the UN named a Filipino, Lieutenant General Jaime de los Santos, to command the full-fledged UN Interfet.Sharing the same Roman Catholic heritage, the Philippines became a natural ally and has maintained a good relationship with East Timor since. It has also removed José Ramos-Horta from the blacklist; he frequently gives lectures at various universities in the Philippines, most notably at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, De La Salle University and Ateneo de Davao University.","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_207-209"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"The day after the invasion, Portugal cut diplomatic ties with Indonesia and went on to support UN resolutions condemning the invasion. However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Portuguese government appeared reluctant to push the issue; American Indonesia specialist, Benedict Anderson suggests this stemmed from uncertainty at the time over its application to the European Community.[209] Portugal's criticism mounted sharply from the mid-1980s, and due to public pressure, the country became one of the highest-profile campaigners in international forums for East Timorese self-determination.[221] Throughout the 1990s, Portugal took part in UN-brokered mediations with Indonesia.[222]","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_207-209"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_207-209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kissinger,_Ford,_Suharto_and_Malik_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevins-224"},{"link_name":"US president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald R. Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nevins-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwu.edu-226"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwu.edu-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldpolicy.org-227"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"US government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_government"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwu.edu-226"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gwu.edu-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldpolicy.org-227"},{"link_name":"JCET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Combined_Exchange_Training"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"UPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International"},{"link_name":"Sydney, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Australia"},{"link_name":"OV-10 Bronco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Rockwell_OV-10_Bronco"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwarz_207-209"},{"link_name":"Daniel Patrick Moynihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAe_Systems_Hawk_102D_at_RIAT_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"BAE Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Hawk"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In 1975, the United States was completing a retreat from Vietnam. A staunchly anti-communist Indonesia was considered by the United States to be an essential counterweight, and friendly relations with the Indonesian government were considered more important than a decolonisation process in East Timor.[209][223] The United States also wanted to maintain its access to deep water straits running through Indonesia for undetectable submarine passage between the Indian and Pacific oceans.[209]US secretary of state Henry Kissinger and President Gerald Ford discussed East Timor with President Suharto one day before the invasion.[224]On the day before the invasion, US president Gerald R. Ford and US secretary of state Henry A. Kissinger met with Indonesian president Suharto and reportedly gave their approval for the invasion.[224][225] In response to Suharto saying \"We want your understanding if it was deemed necessary to take rapid or drastic action [in East Timor].\" Ford replied, \"We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem and the intentions you have.\" Kissinger similarly agreed, though he had fears that the use of U.S.-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, talking of their desire to \"influence the reaction in America\" so that \"there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way.\"[226] The US also hoped the invasion would be swift and not involve protracted resistance. \"It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly,\" Kissinger said to Suharto.[226]The U.S. supplied weapons to Indonesia during the invasion and the subsequent occupation.[227] A week after the invasion of East Timor, the National Security Council prepared an analysis which found widespread use of US-supplied military equipment.[228] Although the US government said they would delay new arms sales from December 1975 to June 1976 pending a review by the State Department to determine whether Indonesia had violated a bilateral agreement stipulating that Indonesia could only use U.S.-supplied arms for defensive purposes, military aid continued to flow, and Kissinger chastised members of his State Department staff for suggesting arms sales be cut.[226] Kissinger was worried about reactions to his policies from the U.S. public, including the Congress, deploring that \"Everything on paper will be used against me\".[229] Between 1975 and 1980, when the violence in East Timor was at its climax, the United States furnished approximately $340 million in weaponry to the Indonesian government.\nUS military aid and arms sales to Indonesia increased from 1974 and continued through to the Bush and Clinton years until it was stopped in 1999.[226] US arms provisions to Indonesia between 1975 and 1995 amounted to approximately $1.1 billion.[227] The Clinton administration, under the Pentagon's JCET program, trained the Indonesian Kopassus special forces in urban guerrilla warfare, surveillance, counter-intelligence, sniper tactics and 'psychological operations'.[230]The UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) stated in the \"Responsibility\" chapter of its final report that US \"political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation\" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999.\nThe report (p. 92) also stated that \"U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role.\"[231][232]Fretilin has claimed that the degree of US support for the Indonesian government's efforts in East Timor may have extended beyond that of diplomatic support and material assistance. \nA UPI report from Sydney, Australia dated 19 June 1978, quoted a Fretilin press release, which stated: \"American military advisers and mercenaries fought alongside Indonesian soldiers against FRETILIN in two battles ... In the meantime, American pilots are flying OV-10 Bronco aircraft for the Indonesian Air Force in bombing raids against the liberated areas under FRETILIN control.\"[233][234]The United States abstained from most of the UN resolutions censuring the Indonesian invasion.[209] Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the US Ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote later in his memoirs: \"The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success.\"[235]Britain sold dozens of BAE Hawk jets to Indonesia during the occupation, some of which were used in the \"encirclement and annihilation\" campaign.","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BAE Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"C$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"own seizure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Pondicherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondicherry"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Association of Southeast Asian Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"Britain, Canada, Japan, and other nations supported Indonesia during the occupation of East Timor. Britain abstained from all of the UN General Assembly resolutions relating to East Timor and sold arms throughout the occupation. In 1978 Indonesia purchased eight BAE Hawk jet trainers, which were used during the \"encirclement and annihilation\" campaign. Britain sold dozens of additional jets to Indonesia in the 1990s.[236] Canada abstained from early General Assembly resolutions about East Timor and opposed three. The Canadian government regularly sold weapons to Indonesia during the occupation, and in the 1990s approved over C$400 million in exports for spare weapons parts.[237] Japan voted against all eight General Assembly resolutions regarding East Timor.[238]The Indian government also supported Indonesia, likening the occupation to its own seizure of Goa in 1961.[239] Some analysts remarked that Indonesia's delayed action also prevented a peaceful transfer of East Timor to it, similar to how the French transferred Pondicherry to India in 1962.[240]Member nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), consistently voted against the General Assembly resolutions calling for self-determination in East Timor.[241]","title":"International response"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAVR-9"},{"link_name":"Ben Kiernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kiernan"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Center for Defense Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Defense_Information"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"Pol Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-218"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-university.org-249"},{"link_name":"R.J. Rummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._Rummel"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hawaii.edu-250"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payaslian-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsp.yale.edu-14"},{"link_name":"Ben Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Saul"},{"link_name":"cultural genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_genocide"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saul-252"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_wars"},{"link_name":"Rwandan genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"East Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"}],"sub_title":"Number of deaths","text":"Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared and that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound. However, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000.[242] The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.[9]Researcher Ben Kiernan says that \"a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth,\" although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher.[243] The Center for Defense Information also estimated a total close to 150,000.[244] A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world.[245] Other sources such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.[246]According to specialist Gabriel Defert based on statistical data available from the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and from the Catholic Church, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion population.[247] Similarly, Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.[248]Robert Cribb of the Australian National University argues that the toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census that counted 555,350 Timorese, although \"the most reliable source of all,\" was probably a minimum rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. \"It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, only to reappear later,\" he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted 657,411 Timorese – this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatised Indonesian soldiers, he further adds that East Timor \"does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigour and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under Pol Pot.\" Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the \"hearts and minds\" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.[218]Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census), calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 might have died in the war.[249] Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974.Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate,[249] he believed it to be more likely correct than the church census, since any church attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population \"must be seen in light of its incomplete access to society\" (less than half of Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation).[249] The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more. Thus, around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were \"missing\" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census.[218] A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETILIN in 1974–5; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; killings by FRETILIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time.[218] Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–80.[218]Kiernan responded, however, by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population growth rate typical of a mortality crisis justifies accepting the 1980 census as valid despite the 1987 estimate and that the 1974 church census—though a \"possible maximum\"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercount.[249] He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died \"unnatural\" deaths from 1975 to 1980 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975 to 1980).[249] F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period.[218] Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population.[249] The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths; R.J. Rummel, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.[250]Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of genocide.[251] Oxford held an academic consensus calling the event genocide and Yale university teaches it as part of their \"Genocide Studies\" program.[13][14] In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar Ben Saul concludes that because no group recognized under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied.\nHowever, he also notes: \"The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a ‘political group’, or alternatively as ‘cultural genocide’, yet neither of these concepts is explicitly recognised in international law.\"[252] The occupation has been compared to the killings of the Khmer Rouge, the Yugoslav wars, and the Rwandan genocide.[253]Accurate numbers of Indonesian casualties are well-documented. The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and pro-Indonesian militias who died in action as well as from illness and accidents during the entire occupation are engraved into the Seroja Monument located in Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta.[254]","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saul-252"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRWTrib-11"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRWTrib-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT2-12"},{"link_name":"La'o Hamutuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%27o_Hamutuk"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Indonesia-Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia-Timor_Leste_Commission_of_Truth_and_Friendship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Justice","text":"Saul goes on to discuss prosecutions of responsible parties for \"crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other gross violations of human rights\".[252] In the years after the end of the occupation, several proceedings have been carried out to such an end. The 1999 UN Security Council resolution authorising UNTAET described the history of \"systematic, widespread and flagrant violations of international and human rights law\" and demanded \"that those responsible for such violence be brought to justice\".[255] To achieve these ends, UNTAET established a Serious Crimes Unit (SCU), which has attempted to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for such violence. However, the SCU has been criticised for accomplishing relatively little, presumably because it is funded inadequately, limited in mandate to crimes committed only in 1999, and for other reasons.[256] Indonesian trials purporting to punish those responsible for the violence were described as \"manifestly inadequate\" by a UN commission.[11]Deficiencies in these processes have led some organisations to call for an international tribunal to prosecute individuals responsible for killings in East Timor, similar to those established in Yugoslavia and Rwanda.[11][12] A 2001 editorial by the East Timor NGO La'o Hamutuk said:An uncountable number of Crimes Against Humanity were committed during the 1975–1999 period in East Timor. Although an international court could not pursue all of them, it ... [would] confirm that the invasion, occupation and destruction of East Timor by Indonesia was a long-standing, systematic, criminal conspiracy, planned and ordered at the highest levels of government.\nMany of the perpetrators continue to wield authority and influence in East Timor’s nearest neighbour. The future of peace, justice and democracy in both East Timor and Indonesia depends on holding the highest-level perpetrators accountable.[257]In 2005, the Indonesia-Timor Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship was set up with the goal of establishing the truth relating to crimes under the occupation, and healing divisions between the countries. It has received criticism from NGOs and was rejected by the United Nations for offering impunity.[citation needed]","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_dos_Reis_Ara%C3%BAjo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_dos_Reis_Ara%C3%BAjo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guilherme Maria Gonçalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guilherme_Maria_Gon%C3%A7alves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mário Viegas Carrascalão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Viegas_Carrascal%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"José Abílio Osório Soares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ab%C3%ADlio_Os%C3%B3rio_Soares"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"}],"text":"President of the Provisional Government:\n17 December 1975 – 17 July 1976: Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo\nGovernors:\n1976 – 1978: Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo\n1978 – 1982: Guilherme Maria Gonçalves\n18 September 1982 – 18 September 1992: Mário Viegas Carrascalão\n18 September 1992 – 25 October 1999: José Abílio Osório Soares[258]","title":"Indonesian governors of East Timor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Balibo Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibo_Five"}],"text":"Balibo, a 2009 Australian film about the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists who were captured and killed just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The Redundancy of Courage, a novel which was short-listed for the Booker Prize, by Timothy Mo, is generally accepted to be about East Timor.","title":"Depictions in fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Resistance: A Childhood Fighting for East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=m9Rfpn4ikEUC&dq=how+many+falintil+members+member+killed&pg=PA167"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781458767615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781458767615"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Reintegration of Falintil, Timor-Leste's Ex-Combatants, then and Now\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/48602939"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"48602939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/48602939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/54351"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3351321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3351321"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky and the Media – 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHa6NflkW3Y&t=1886s"},{"link_name":"archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200304101255/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHa6NflkW3Y"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yale_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-yale_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"UN verdict on East Timor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150528141816/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/UN%20verdict%20on%20East%20Timor.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/UN%20verdict%20on%20East%20Timor.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._195_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Schwarz_1994,_p._195_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"East Timor population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:TMP&dl=en&hl=en&q=east+timor+population"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190828183809/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAVR_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CAVR_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chega! The CAVR Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200125181454/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HRWTrib_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HRWTrib_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HRWTrib_11-2"},{"link_name":"\"East Timor: U.N. Security Council Must Ensure Justice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/28/eastti11231.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080828125233/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/28/eastti11231.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IT2_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IT2_12-1"},{"link_name":"signed a statement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etan.org/news/2002a/05women.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171012061650/http://www.etan.org/news/2002a/05women.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ETAN/US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etan.org/estafeta/07/winter/4justice.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171012061651/http://www.etan.org/estafeta/07/winter/4justice.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"TAPOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051025045111/http://tapol.gn.apc.org/press/files/pr050629.htm"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/28/eastti11231.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200807030657/https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/28/eastti11231.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Amnesty 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Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-256"},{"link_name":"\"UNTAET and 'Serious Crimes'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2001/Oct/bulletinv2n6.html#UNTAET%20and%20%E2%80%9CSerious%20Crimes%E2%80%9D"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-257"},{"link_name":"\"Editorial: Time to Get Serious About Justice for East Timor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2001/Oct/bulletinv2n6a.html#Editorial"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210209110632/http://laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2001/Oct/bulletinv2n6a.html#Editorial"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-258"},{"link_name":"Chapter 4: Regime of Occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/04-Regime-of-Occupation.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120118120843/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/chegaFiles/finalReportEng/04-Regime-of-Occupation.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"}],"text":"^ Rei, Naldo (16 March 2011). Resistance: A Childhood Fighting for East Timor. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781458767615.\n\n^ De Almeida, Ursula (20 August 2023). \"Reintegration of Falintil, Timor-Leste's Ex-Combatants, then and Now\". Journal of Peacebuilding & Development. 12 (1): 91–96. JSTOR 48602939.\n\n^ Van Klinken, Gerry (2005). \"Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List\". Indonesia (80): 109–122. JSTOR 3351321.\n\n^ ClassicDoc (20 January 2016), Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky and the Media – 1992, archived from the original on 4 March 2020, retrieved 10 February 2017\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 195.\n\n^ a b Powell, Sian (19 January 2006). \"UN verdict on East Timor\" (PDF). The Australian. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 2013-12-03.\n\n^ a b Schwarz (1994), p. 195\n\n^ East Timor population Archived 28 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine World Bank\n\n^ a b \"Chega! The CAVR Report\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012.\n\n^ Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974–1999 Archived 25 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine CAVR\n\n^ a b c \"East Timor: U.N. Security Council Must Ensure Justice\" Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch. 29 June 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ a b In 2002 over 125 women from 14 countries signed a statement Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine calling for an international tribunal. Other such demands have been issued by ETAN/US Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, TAPOL, and—with qualifications—Human Rights Watch Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine and Amnesty International .\n\n^ a b Payaslian, Simon. \"20th Century Genocides\". Oxford bibliographies. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2016.\n\n^ a b \"Genocide Studies Program: East Timor\". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2016.\n\n^ \"East Timor Country Profile\". Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.\n\n^ Jolliffee, pp. 23–41.\n\n^ a b Dunn (1996), pp. 19–22; Wesley-Smith, p. 85; Jardine, p. 22.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 3–5; Dunn (1996), pp. 28–29; Taylor (1991), p. 20.\n\n^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 20; similar assurances from Indonesian officials are quoted in Ramos-Horta, pp. 63–64.\n\n^ Quoted in Kohen and Taylor, p. 3.\n\n^ Hainsworth and McCloskey, p. 23\n\n^ Jolliffee, pp. 58–62.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), p. 53–54.\n\n^ Quoted in Dunn, p. 56.\n\n^ Quoted in Dunn, p. 60.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 62; Indonesia (1977), p. 19.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 62.\n\n^ a b Schwarz (1994), p. 208.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 201.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 69; Indonesia (1977), p. 21.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 79.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 78; Budiadjo and Liong, p. 5; Jolliffe, pp. 197–198; Taylor (1991), p. 58. Taylor cites a September CIA report describing Indonesian attempts to \"provoke incidents that would provide the Indonesians with an excuse to invade should they decide to do so\".\n\n^ Dunn, p. 84; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 23.\n\n^ Ramos-Horta, p. 53–54; Jolliffe confirms Ramos-Horta's protests, p. 116.\n\n^ Dunn, pp. 149–150.\n\n^ Ramos-Horta, p. 55; Turner, p. 82. Turner gives a number of 1,500–2,300 dead.\n\n^ Krieger, p. xix; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 159.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 31.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 6; Taylor (1991), p. 53; Jolliffe, p. 150; Dunn, p. 160; Jardine, p. 29. Dunn says it was \"a condition of their being allowed to enter Indonesian Timor\", and Jolliffe and Jardine confirm this characterization.\n\n^ Jolliffe, pp. 167–179 and 201–207; Indonesia (1977), p. 32; Taylor (1991), pp. 59–61. Indonesia describes the soldiers as \"the combined forces of the four aligned parties\", referring to APODETI, UDT, and two other smaller parties; most other accounts, however, indicate that APODETI never had many troops to begin with, and UDT's forces were tiny and shattered after the fighting with Fretilin.\nTaylor describes one assault carried out by \"Indonesian soldiers disguised as UDT troops\".\n\n^ Jolliffe, p. 164 and 201.\n\n^ Jolliffe, pp. 167–177. Jolliffe includes testimony from numerous eyewitnesses.\n\n^ Vickers (2005), p. 166\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 35; Jolliffe, pp. 179–183; Taylor (1991), pp. 62–63.\n\n^ Jolliffe, pp. 201–207; Taylor (1991), p. 63.\n\n^ Jolliffe, pp. 208–216; Indonesia (1977), p. 37.\n\n^ History Archived 29 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. East Timor Government.\n\n^ The Polynational War Memorial: EAST TIMORESE GUERILLA VS INDONESIOAN GOVT Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. War-memorial.net.\n\n^ a b Indonesia (1977), p. 39.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 22.\n\n^ a b Ramos-Horta, pp. 107–108.\n\n^ \"Angkasa Online\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 23.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), pp. 257–260.\n\n^ a b Quoted in Turner, p. 207.\n\n^ Hill, p. 210.\n\n^ Quoted in Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 15.\n\n^ Quoted in Ramos-Horta, p. 108.\n\n^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 68.\n\n^ Ramos-Horta, pp. 101–02.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 68.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 69; Dunn (1996), p. 253.\n\n^ Timor: A People Betrayed, James Dunn, 1983 p. 293, 303\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 80-81\n\n^ Dunn, p. 303\n\n^ \"A Quarter Century of U.S. Support for Occupation in East Timor\". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 71.\n\n^ Dunn, p. 310, Notes on Timor\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 16.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 21.\n\n^ Alatas, pp. 18–19.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 19.\n\n^ Ramos-Horta, pp. 105–106; Krieger, p. 123. Ramos-Horta recounts the linguistic debate at the UN over whether to use \"deplore\" (a milder term) or \"condemn\" the invasion.\n\n^ Krieger, p. 53.\n\n^ Clark (1995), p. 73.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 177.\n\n^ \"General Assembly Resolution 37/30: Question of East Timor\". United Nations General Assembly. 23 November 1982.\n\n^ Clark (1995), pp. 73–80.\n\n^ Clark (1995), pp. 92–95.\n\n^ Marks, p. 176.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 204.; Indonesia (1977), p. 39.\n\n^ Taylor (1990), p. 9; Kohen and Taylor, p. 43; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 15 and 96; Nevins, p. 54; Dunn (1996), p. 262; Jolliffe, p. 272. Budiardjo and Liong (1984) call it a \"puppet government\". Dunn comments: \"In fact, the writer was told by Timorese officials who were in Dili at the time that the PGET had no separate existence or powers at all.\" Jolliffe notes a radio address from Fretilin leader Nicolau Lobato claiming that the PSTT had been sworn in on an Indonesian ship in Dili harbor.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), pp. 43–44.\n\n^ Jolliffe, p. 289; Taylor (1990), p. 9; Dunn (1996), p. 264; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 96. Budiardjo and Liong (1984), on p. 11, call the Popular Assembly's pretense of democracy a \"preposterous claim\".\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 44.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 197.\n\n^ a b c d e Friend (2003), p. 433.\n\n^ Gusmao, 2000\n\n^ See H. McDonald, Age (Melbourne), 2 February 1977, although Fretilin transmissions did not report their use until 13 May.\n\n^ Taylor, p. 90\n\n^ \"Big Build-up by Indonesian navy,\" Canberra Times, 4 February 1977.\n\n^ Taylor, p. 91\n\n^ Taylor (1990), p. 85.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), pp. 275–276; Taylor, pp. 85–88; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 27–31.\n\n^ a b Taylor, p. 85\n\n^ John Taylor, “Encirclement and Annihilation,” in The Spector of Genocide: Mass Murder in the Historical Perspective, ed. Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 166–67\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 35.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 7–8.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), p. 281.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 41–44.\n\n^ Deborah Mayersen, Annie Pohlman (2013). Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. p. 56.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7, p. 50; Taylor, pp. 88–89; Dunn (1996), pp. 290–291\n\n^ Taylor (1991), pp. 92–98.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp 146–147.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 146.\n\n^ a b Kohen and Taylor, pp. 54–56.\n\n^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 72.\n\n^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 97.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), p. 203.\n\n^ a b Amnesty (1995), p. 14\n\n^ Winters; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 132; Jardine, pp. 33–34; Aditjondro (1998).\n\n^ CAVR, p. 119.\n\n^ Aditjondro (1998), pp. 256–260.\n\n^ Taylor (1991), pp. 158–160.\n\n^ Heike Krieger, Dietrich Rauschning, East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents, p. 188\n\n^ CAVR, p. 118\n\n^ Winters, pp. 11–12.\n\n^ Winters, pp. 24–26.\n\n^ Winters, pp. 85–90.\n\n^ Henschke, Rebecca (26 March 2017). \"The girl who was 'stolen' by a soldier\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2017.\n\n^ a b Taylor, pp. 101–102; Nevins, p. 30; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 127–128; Amnesty (1985), p. 23; Dunn, p. 299.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 41–43; Dunn (1996), p. 301.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), pp. 303–304.\n\n^ Sinar Harapan, 17 August 1983, quoted in Taylor 1991: 142\n\n^ East Timor, Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, \"Disappearances\", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984, p. 40\n\n^ Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–59; Turner, p. 125; Kohen and Taylor, p. 90; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 131–135.\n\n^ Amnesty (1985), pp. 53–54.\n\n^ Pinto, pp. 142–148.\n\n^ Turner, p. 143.\n\n^ Indonesia (1977), p. 41.\n\n^ Amnesty (1985), p. 13.\n\n^ Human Rights Watch. \"East Timor-Guerrilla Attacks\" Archived 4 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. New York: Human Rights Watch, 4 June 1997. Online at Human Rights News Archived 10 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 February 2008.\n\n^ a b Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003), p.381\n\n^ Head, Jonathan (5 April 2005). \"East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2016.\n\n^ East Timor slowly rises from the ashes Archived 27 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine ETAN 21 September 2001 Online at etan.org Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 22 February 2008\n\n^ Vickers (2005), p. 194\n\n^ Transmigration figures through 1993. João Mariano de Sousa Saldanha, The Political Economy of East Timor Development, Pusat Sinar Harapan, 1994, p. 355. (cited in Jardine 1999, p. 65)\n\n^ Voluntary migrants. Mariel Otten, \"Transmigrasi: From Poverty to Bare Subsistence,\" The Ecologist, 16/2-3, 1986, pp. 74–75.(cited in Jardine 1999, p. 65)\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210\n\n^ Jardine (1999), p. 61.\n\n^ Vickers (2003), p. 194; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003), p.381\n\n^ a b Jardine (1999), p. 62.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 206\n\n^ See OCLC 08011559, OCLC 12428538, OCLC 15045705, and OCLC 27301921.\n\n^ Aditjondro (1995), pp. 59–60.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 104–105.\n\n^ National planning board report, April 1993, in Jakarta Post, 29 April 1993, cited in Schwarz (1994), p. 209\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 196.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 209.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 208-209\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210-211\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 210.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 223.\n\n^ a b Marker (2003), p. 10.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 212\n\n^ Two soldiers were stabbed under disputed circumstances.(Schwarz (1994), p. 212; Pinto and Jardine, p. 191.) Soldiers said the attacks were unprovoked. Stahl claims stabbed Officer Lantara had attacked a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and Fretilin activist Constâncio Pinto reports eyewitness accounts of beatings from Indonesian soldiers and police. Kubiak, W. David. \"20 Years of Terror: Indonesia in Timor – An Angry Education with Max Stahl\" Archived 4 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Kyoto Journal. 28. Reprinted at The Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific . Retrieved 14 February 2008.\n\n^ Carey, p. 51; Jardine, p. 16. The Portuguese solidarity group A Paz é Possível em Timor Leste compiled a careful survey Archived 14 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine of the massacre's victims, listing 271 killed, 278 wounded, and 270 \"disappeared\".\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 212-213\n\n^ Jardine, pp. 16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53.\n\n^ a b Jardine, pp. 67–69.\n\n^ \"About ETAN\" Archived 23 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. East Timor Action Network. Retrieved 18 February 2008.\n\n^ a b Vickers (2005), pp. 200–201\n\n^ CIIR, pp. 62–63; Dunn, p. 311.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), pp. 216, 218, 219.\n\n^ a b Dunn (1996), p. 303.\n\n^ Jardine, p. 69.\n\n^ Alatas, p. 67.\n\n^ Jardine, p. 68.\n\n^ \"Indonesia/East Timor: Deteriorating Human Rights in East Timor\". Human Rights Watch. February 1995. Retrieved 16 February 2008.\n\n^ \"East Timor: The September and October 1995 riots: Arbitrary detention and torture\". Amnesty International. 15 January 1996. ASA 21/003/1996. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2017.\n\n^ a b \"Press Release: Nobel Peace Prize 1996\" Archived 20 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Norwegian Nobel Committee. 11 October 1996. Retrieved 16 February 2008.\n\n^ Abrams, Irwin. \"The 1996 Nobel Peace Prize\". 1996. Retrieved on 16 February 2008.\n\n^ Kroon, Robert. \"Q&A/Ali Alatas, Foreign Minister: Jakarta Goal for East Timor: Autonomy\" Archived 27 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine. International Herald Tribune. 3 February 1999. Retrieved 16 February 2008.\n\n^ Alatas, pp. 105–120.\n\n^ Marker (2003), p. 7.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 228.\n\n^ a b Nevins, p. 82.\n\n^ John G. Taylor, East Timor: The Price of Freedom (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999; 1st ed., 1991), p.xv. Cited in Friend (2003), p. 433\n\n^ \"Howard pushed me on E Timor referendum: Habibie\" Archived 19 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine – ABC News (Australia) 16 November 2008.\n\n^ Nevins, pp. 86–89.\n\n^ Nevins, pp. 83–88.\n\n^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 84.\n\n^ Both quoted in Nevins, p. 91.\n\n^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 92.\n\n^ International Federation for East Timor Observer Project. \"IFET-OP Report #7: Campaign Period Ends in Wave of Pro-Integration Terror\" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. 28 August 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ a b Shah, Angilee. \"Records of East Timor: 1999\" Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 21 September 2006. Online at the UCLA International Institute. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Vickers (2003), p. 215\n\n^ Nevins, pp. 100–104.\n\n^ \"Indonesia/East Timor: Forced Expulsions to West Timor and the Refugee Crisis\". Human Rights Watch. December 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 104.\n\n^ Nevins, p. 107.\n\n^ \"Wiranto – survivor with iron will\" Archived 27 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 13 February 2000. Online at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ a b Nevins, pp. 108–110.\n\n^ a b c d \"Whatever It Takes\". The Howard Years. Episode 2. 24 November 2008. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2011.\n\n^ Nevins, p. 108.\n\n^ UN approves Timor force Archived 17 December 2002 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 15 September 1999\n\n^ \"New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help\" Archived 10 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 19 May 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"UN General Assembly admits Timor-Leste as 191st member\" Archived 18 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. UN News Centre. 27 September 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Horner 2001, p. 9.\n\n^ See Smith 2003, p. 47 and 56 and Martin 2002, p. 113.\n\n^ Nevins, p. 69; Schwarz (1994) p. 207-208.\n\n^ Schwarz (1994), p. 195-196\n\n^ Dunn, pp. 61.\n\n^ \"East Timor\". The Western Australian. 29 November 1975.\n\n^ \"Australians evacuated; Dili waits\". The West Australian. 4 December 1975. p. 1.\n\n^ \"Horta blames Australia for blood shed\". The West Australian. 5 December 1975.\n\n^ a b c d e Schwarz (1994), p. 207.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), p. 345; Jardine, pp. 46–47; Taylor (1991), p. 170.\n\n^ Aditjondro (1999), p. 25.\n\n^ Nevins, pp. 62–64; Dunn (1996), pp. 348–349; Chinkin, p. 286; Taylor (1991), pp. 170–171; Kohen and Taylor, p. 107.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), p. 120.\n\n^ Wesley-Smith, pp. 85–86.\n\n^ Paul Keating – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Primeministers.naa.gov.au.\n\n^ In office – Paul Keating – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Primeministers.naa.gov.au.\n\n^ Fitzpatrick, Stephen (14 November 2006). \"Downer signs new Jakarta treaty\". The Australian. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2011.\n\n^ a b c d e f Cribb, Robert (2001). \"How many deaths? Problems in the statistics ofmassacre in Indonesia (1965–1966) and EastTimor (1975–1980)\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016.\n\n^ a b Fernandes, Clinton (2004) Reluctant Saviour: Australia, Indonesia and East Timor\n\n^ \"Asean's commitment to East Timor faces tough test\" Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Asia Times (1 February 2000).\n\n^ Jardine, p. 67; Schwarz (1994), p. 207.\n\n^ Marker (2003)\n\n^ Benedict Andersen, \"East Timor and Indonesia: Some Implications\", paper delivered to the Social Science Research Council Workshop on East Timor, Washington, DC, 25–26 April 1991 cited in Schwarz (1994), p. 207.\n\n^ a b Nevins, Joseph (2005). A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Cornell University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0801489846.\n\n^ Pilger, John. \"Blood on Our Hands\" Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 25 January 1999. Online at johnpilger.com Archived 8 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 February 2008.\n\n^ a b c d \"East Timor Revisited. Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76\". National Security Archive. 6 December 2001.\n\n^ a b \"Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997\". World Policy Institute. March 1997. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2010.\n\n^ \"Indonesian Use of MAP [Military Assistance Program] Equipment in Timor, Memorandum from Clinton E. Granger to Brent Scowcroft\" (PDF). National Security Council. 12 December 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2017.\n\n^ Hertsgaard, Mark (29 October 1990). \"The secret life of Henry Kissinger; minutes of a 1975 meeting with Lawrence Eagleburger\". The Nation. East Timor Action Network. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2017.\n\n^ \"How US trained butchers of Timor\" Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Guardian, September 19, 1999\n\n^ \"East Timor truth commission finds U.S. \"political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation\" Archived 7 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. George Washington University.\n\n^ \"CAVR Responsibility Part 8: Responsibility and Accountability\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2010.\n\n^ Nunes, Joe (1996). \"East Timor: Acceptable Slaughters\". The architecture of modern political power. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2010.\n\n^ \"Indonesia: Human Rights Are Not an Issue\". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008.\n\n^ Quoted in Nevins, p. 72.\n\n^ Jardine, pp. 50–51.\n\n^ Jardine, pp. 48–49.\n\n^ Jardine, p. 49–50.\n\n^ Dunn (1996), p. 312. The situations were different for many reasons, including a long-standing territorial claim by India to Goa; the absence of a decolonization program in Goa; and significant historic separations which existed in the case of East Timor, which did not hold true with regard to Goa.\n\n^ East Timor: How It Happened Archived 30 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Heinz Arndt, 23 April 1999\n\n^ Dunn, pp. 311–312.\n\n^ \"Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report Chega!\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2012.\n\n^ Kiernan, p. 594.\n\n^ \"Center for Defense Information\". Project On Government Oversight. Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2021.\n\n^ Dunn, pp. 283–285; Budiardjo and Liong (1984), pp. 49–51\n\n^ Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253.\n\n^ Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L’Hartman, 1992.\n\n^ CIIR Report, International Law and the Question of East Timor, Catholic Institute of International Relations/IPJET, London, 1995.\n\n^ a b c d e f Kiernan, Ben (2003). \"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80\" (PDF). Critical Asian Studies. 35 (4): 585–597. doi:10.1080/1467271032000147041. S2CID 143971159. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Centi-Kilo Murdering States: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations\". University of Hawaii. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2019.\n\n^ Jardine; Taylor (1991), p. ix; Nevins cites a wide variety of sources discussing the question of genocide in East Timor, on p. 217–218.\n\n^ a b Saul, Ben. \"Was the Conflict in East Timor ‘Genocide’ and Why Does It Matter?\" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Melbourne Journal of International Law. 2:2 (2001). Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Budiardjo and Liong (1984), p. 49; CIIR, p. 117.\n\n^ \"Selayang Pandang Monumen Seroja\". Pelita. 24 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.>\n\n^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1272 (1999) Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations Security Council. 25 October 1999. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"UNTAET and 'Serious Crimes'\". La'o Hamutuk Bulletin. 2:6–7. October 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ \"Editorial: Time to Get Serious About Justice for East Timor\" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. La'o Hamutuk Bulletin. 2:6–7. October 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.\n\n^ Chapter 4: Regime of Occupation Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine of Chega-Report of Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aarons, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aarons"},{"link_name":"East Timor: A Western Made Tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ga9xAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1875285105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875285105"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85287-129-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-183917-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-183917-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86210-085-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86210-085-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28061998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/28061998"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34283963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/34283963"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86232-228-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86232-228-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-304-33252-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33252-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85287-129-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85287-129-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6"},{"link_name":"Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170522000214/http://etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"East Timor & Indonesia Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.etan.org/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140819211554/http://etan.org/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Dunn, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7333-0537-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7"},{"link_name":"Fernandes, 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Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-8984-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8984-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-932415-15-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-15-6"},{"link_name":"A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86373-635-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0742538338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742538338"},{"link_name":"Indonesia: Peoples and Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-10518-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85287-051-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-051-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85649-014-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-014-9"},{"link_name":"A History of Modern Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-54262-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9577329-3-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577329-3-7"}],"text":"Aarons, Mark; Domm, Robert (1992). East Timor: A Western Made Tragedy. Sydney: Left Book Club. ISBN 1875285105.\nAditjondro, George. \"Prospects for development in East Timor after the capture of Xanana Gusmão\". International Law and the Question of East Timor. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1995. ISBN 1-85287-129-6. pp. 50–63.\nAditjondro, George. \"The Silent Suffering of Our Timorese Sisters\". Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide. Random House Milsons Point: Australia Pty Ltd, 1998. ISBN 0-09-183917-3 pp. 243–265.\nAmnesty International. East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, \"Disappearances\", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984. London: Amnesty International Publications, 1985. ISBN 0-86210-085-2.\nAmnesty International. East Timor: The Santa Cruz Massacre. London: Amnesty International, 1991. OCLC 28061998\nAmnesty International USA. Women in Indonesian & East Timor: Standing Against Repression. New York: Amnesty International USA, 1995. OCLC 34283963\nBudiardjo, Carmel and Liem Soei Liong. The War against East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1984. ISBN 0-86232-228-6.\nCarey, Peter. \"Historical Background\". Generations of Resistance. By Steve Cox. London: Cassell, 1995. ISBN 0-304-33252-6. pp. 13–55.\nChinkin, Christine. \"Australia and East Timor in international law\". International Law and the Question of East Timor. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. ISBN 1-85287-129-6. pp. 269–289.\nClark, Roger S. \"The 'decolonisation' of East Timor and the United Nations norms on self-determination and aggression\". International Law and the Question of East Timor. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. ISBN 1-85287-129-6. pp. 65–102.\nComissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste (CAVR). Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation Archived 22 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Dili, East Timor: 2005. Online at East Timor & Indonesia Action Network Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 February 2008.\nDunn, James (1996). Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-7333-0537-7.\nFernandes, Clinton (2011). The Independence of East Timor: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives - Occupation, Resistance, and International Political Activism. The Sussex Library of Asian Studies. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845194284.\nFriend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.\nHorner, David (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554117-0.\nHainsworth, Paul and McCloskey, Stephen (eds.) The East Timor Question: The Struggle for Independence from Indonesia. New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-86064-408-2\nHearman, Vannessa (13 April 2023). \"Australian News Photography and Contested Images of Famine in Indonesian-Occupied East Timor\". Australian Historical Studies. 54 (3): 530–553. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2023.2189275. ISSN 1940-5049. S2CID 258152469.\nHill, Helen Mary. Fretilin: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education, Australia National University, 1978. OCLC 07747890\nIndonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs. Decolonization in East Timor. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977. OCLC 4458152.\nIndonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Information. The Province of East Timor: Development in Progress. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1981.\nJardine, Matthew. East Timor: Genocide in Paradise. Monroe, ME: Odonian Press, 1999. ISBN 1-878825-22-4.\nJolliffe, Jill. East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism. Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1978. OCLC 4833990\nKiernan, Ben. \"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80\" Archived 9 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Critical Asian Studies. 35:4 (2003), 585–597.\nKohen, Arnold and John Taylor. An Act of Genocide: Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor. London: TAPOL, 1979. 0-9506751-0-5.\nKrieger, Heike, ed. East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58134-6.\nMarker, Jamsheed (2003). East Timor: A Memoir of the Negotiations for Independence. North Carolina: McFarlnad & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1571-1.\nMartin, Ian (2002). Self-Determination In East Timor: The United Nations, The Ballot and International Intervention. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.\nNevins, Joseph (2005). A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8984-9.\nRamos-Horta, José. Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Read Sea Press, 1987. ISBN 0-932415-15-6.\nSchwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.\nSmith, M.G. (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.\nTanter, Richard; van Klinken, Gerry; Ball, Desmond, eds. (2006). Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742538338.\nTaylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.\nTaylor, John G. The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor 1974–1989. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1990. ISBN 1-85287-051-6.\nTaylor, John G. Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1991. ISBN 1-85649-014-9.\nTurner, Michele. Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd., 1992.\nVickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.\nWesley-Smith, Rob. \"Radio Maubere and Links to East Timor\". Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide. Milsons Point: Random House Australia, 1998. pp. 83–102.\nWinters, Rebecca. Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women. Darwin: East Timor International Support Center, 1999. ISBN 0-9577329-3-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of East Timor and its major cities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/East_Timor_map_mhn.jpg/310px-East_Timor_map_mhn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fretilin took power after the civil war and declared an independent East Timor on 28 November 1975.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_FRETILIN_%28East_Timor%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of East Timor's Bobonaro District, which lies on the border with Indonesian West Timor. Fighting continued in this region after the civil war, and several cities were captured by Indonesia prior to their full invasion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bobonaro_detail_map.png/220px-Bobonaro_detail_map.png"},{"image_text":"Indonesian invasion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png/310px-Timor_-_Indonesian_Invasion.png"},{"image_text":"Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was \"50,000 people or perhaps 80,000\".[57]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Adammalik2.jpg/170px-Adammalik2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The integration monument in Dili was donated by the Indonesian government to represent emancipation from colonialism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg/170px-Dili_Integration_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indonesian Army's Nanggala commando unit in East Timor led by Prabowo Subianto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Prabowo_in_East_Timor.jpg/220px-Prabowo_in_East_Timor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument with the National emblem of Indonesia in Viqueque (2016)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Viqueque_monument.jpg/220px-Viqueque_monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of military situation in East Timor in January 1986","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Timor1986.png/250px-Timor1986.png"},{"image_text":"Indonesian flag of East Timor (Timor Timur)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Timor_Timur.svg/220px-Flag_of_Timor_Timur.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Timorese women with the Indonesian national flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Timor_Timur_women.jpg/220px-Timor_Timur_women.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Santa Cruz massacre took place during a 1991 funeral procession to the grave of Sebastião Gomes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Gomes_grave.jpg/170px-Sebasti%C3%A3o_Gomes_grave.jpg"},{"image_text":"A re-enactment of the Santa Cruz massacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Re-enactment_Santa_Cruz_massacre.jpg/220px-Re-enactment_Santa_Cruz_massacre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indonesian president BJ Habibie takes the presidential oath of office on 21 May 1998.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Habibie_presidential_oath.jpg/220px-Habibie_presidential_oath.jpg"},{"image_text":"INTERFET troops entered Dili on 20 September, two weeks after pro-Indonesian paramilitary groups began a final wave of violence.[195]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg/220px-INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soon after recognising the annexation of East Timor in 1978, Australia began negotiations with Indonesia to divide resources found in the Timor Gap.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Timor_sea.jpg/220px-Timor_sea.jpg"},{"image_text":"US secretary of state Henry Kissinger and President Gerald Ford discussed East Timor with President Suharto one day before the invasion.[224]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kissinger%2C_Ford%2C_Suharto_and_Malik_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kissinger%2C_Ford%2C_Suharto_and_Malik_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Britain sold dozens of BAE Hawk jets to Indonesia during the occupation, some of which were used in the \"encirclement and annihilation\" campaign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BAe_Systems_Hawk_102D_at_RIAT_2005.jpg/220px-BAe_Systems_Hawk_102D_at_RIAT_2005.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Timor Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Timur"}]
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[{"reference":"Rei, Naldo (16 March 2011). Resistance: A Childhood Fighting for East Timor. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781458767615.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m9Rfpn4ikEUC&dq=how+many+falintil+members+member+killed&pg=PA167","url_text":"Resistance: A Childhood Fighting for East Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781458767615","url_text":"9781458767615"}]},{"reference":"De Almeida, Ursula (20 August 2023). \"Reintegration of Falintil, Timor-Leste's Ex-Combatants, then and Now\". Journal of Peacebuilding & Development. 12 (1): 91–96. JSTOR 48602939.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48602939","url_text":"\"Reintegration of Falintil, Timor-Leste's Ex-Combatants, then and Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48602939","url_text":"48602939"}]},{"reference":"Van Klinken, Gerry (2005). \"Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List\". Indonesia (80): 109–122. JSTOR 3351321.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/54351","url_text":"\"Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351321","url_text":"3351321"}]},{"reference":"ClassicDoc (20 January 2016), Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky and the Media – 1992, archived from the original on 4 March 2020, retrieved 10 February 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHa6NflkW3Y&t=1886s","url_text":"Manufacturing Consent – Noam Chomsky and the Media – 1992"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200304101255/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHa6NflkW3Y","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Sian (19 January 2006). \"UN verdict on East Timor\" (PDF). The Australian. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. 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A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Cornell University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0801489846.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nevins","url_text":"Nevins, Joseph"},{"url":"http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100091050","url_text":"A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Press","url_text":"Cornell University Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H2PU0hbrb3IC&pg=PA51","url_text":"51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801489846","url_text":"978-0801489846"}]},{"reference":"\"East Timor Revisited. Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76\". National Security Archive. 6 December 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/","url_text":"\"East Timor Revisited. Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Archive","url_text":"National Security Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997\". World Policy Institute. March 1997. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170226181104/http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/indoarms.html","url_text":"\"Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997\""},{"url":"http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/indoarms.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indonesian Use of MAP [Military Assistance Program] Equipment in Timor, Memorandum from Clinton E. Granger to Brent Scowcroft\" (PDF). National Security Council. 12 December 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. 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ISBN 1875285105.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Aarons","url_text":"Aarons, Mark"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ga9xAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"East Timor: A Western Made Tragedy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875285105","url_text":"1875285105"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, James (1996). Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. ISBN 0-7333-0537-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)","url_text":"Dunn, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7","url_text":"0-7333-0537-7"}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Clinton (2011). The Independence of East Timor: Multi-Dimensional Perspectives - Occupation, Resistance, and International Political Activism. The Sussex Library of Asian Studies. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781845194284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Fernandes","url_text":"Fernandes, Clinton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845194284","url_text":"9781845194284"}]},{"reference":"Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo","url_text":"Indonesian Destinies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6","url_text":"0-674-01137-6"}]},{"reference":"Horner, David (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554117-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554117-0","url_text":"0-19-554117-0"}]},{"reference":"Hearman, Vannessa (13 April 2023). \"Australian News Photography and Contested Images of Famine in Indonesian-Occupied East Timor\". Australian Historical Studies. 54 (3): 530–553. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2023.2189275. ISSN 1940-5049. S2CID 258152469.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2023.2189275","url_text":"\"Australian News Photography and Contested Images of Famine in Indonesian-Occupied East Timor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Historical_Studies","url_text":"Australian Historical Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2023.2189275","url_text":"10.1080/1031461X.2023.2189275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1940-5049","url_text":"1940-5049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258152469","url_text":"258152469"}]},{"reference":"Marker, Jamsheed (2003). East Timor: A Memoir of the Negotiations for Independence. North Carolina: McFarlnad & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1571-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsheed_Marker","url_text":"Marker, Jamsheed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1571-1","url_text":"0-7864-1571-1"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Ian (2002). Self-Determination In East Timor: The United Nations, The Ballot and International Intervention. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)","url_text":"Martin, Ian"}]},{"reference":"Nevins, Joseph (2005). A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8984-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8984-9","url_text":"0-8014-8984-9"}]},{"reference":"Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw","url_text":"A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2","url_text":"1-86373-635-2"}]},{"reference":"Smith, M.G. (2003). Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series. Boulder: Rienner.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tanter, Richard; van Klinken, Gerry; Ball, Desmond, eds. (2006). Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742538338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0742538338","url_text":"0742538338"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean","url_text":"Indonesia: Peoples and Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5","url_text":"0-300-10518-5"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri","url_text":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6","url_text":"0-521-54262-6"}]}]
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The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170522000214/http://etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.etan.org/","external_links_name":"East Timor & Indonesia Action Network"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140819211554/http://etan.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo","external_links_name":"Indonesian Destinies"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2023.2189275","external_links_name":"\"Australian News Photography and Contested Images of Famine in Indonesian-Occupied East Timor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2023.2189275","external_links_name":"10.1080/1031461X.2023.2189275"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1940-5049","external_links_name":"1940-5049"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258152469","external_links_name":"258152469"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/07747890","external_links_name":"07747890"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4458152","external_links_name":"4458152"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4833990","external_links_name":"4833990"},{"Link":"http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/KiernanRevised1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110553/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/KiernanRevised1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw","external_links_name":"A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean","external_links_name":"Indonesia: Peoples and Histories"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri","external_links_name":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015811/http://www.un.org/peace/etimor99/docs.html","external_links_name":"Question of East Timor: Documents"},{"Link":"http://peacemaker.un.org/timorleaste-agreement99","external_links_name":"Full text of 'Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor' UN Peacemaker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071202011501/http://www.un.int/portugal/CONSULTA.htm","external_links_name":"5 May 1999 Agreement Regarding the Modalities for the Popular Consultation of the East Timorese Through a Direct Ballot"},{"Link":"http://tapol.gn.apc.org/index.htm","external_links_name":"TAPOL"},{"Link":"http://etan.org/","external_links_name":"East Timor and Indonesia Action Network/US"},{"Link":"http://www.etan.org/ifet/ifetop.htm","external_links_name":"International Federation for East Timor's Observer Project (1999)"},{"Link":"https://www.unsw.adfa.edu.au/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/timor-companion","external_links_name":"Companion to East Timor"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viimsi_Peninsula
|
Viimsi peninsula
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 59°31′36.01″N 24°49′58.01″E / 59.5266694°N 24.8327806°E / 59.5266694; 24.8327806Peninsula in Estonia
Aerial view of Viimsi peninsula
Viimsi peninsula (Estonian: Viimsi poolsaar) is a peninsula in Viimsi Parish, Harju County Estonia.
The area of the peninsula is about 50 km2 (19 sq mi).
The peninsula ends with Rohuneem cape.
References
^ "X-GIS(3) Portal". xgis.maaamet.ee. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^ Mereleksikon. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. 1996. pp. 478–479.
^ "Viimsi poolsaar - Eesti Entsüklopeedia". entsyklopeedia.ee. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
59°31′36.01″N 24°49′58.01″E / 59.5266694°N 24.8327806°E / 59.5266694; 24.8327806
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viimsi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Viimsi Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viimsi_Parish"},{"link_name":"Harju County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harju_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KNR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mereleksikon,_1996-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entsyklopeedia.ee-3"}],"text":"Peninsula in EstoniaAerial view of Viimsi peninsulaViimsi peninsula (Estonian: Viimsi poolsaar) is a peninsula in Viimsi Parish, Harju County Estonia.[1]The area of the peninsula is about 50 km2 (19 sq mi).[2]The peninsula ends with Rohuneem cape.[3]","title":"Viimsi peninsula"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Viimsi peninsula","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Viimsi.jpg/220px-Viimsi.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enemy_(Godsmack_song)
|
The Enemy (Godsmack song)
|
["1 Song meaning","2 Chart positions","3 References"]
|
2006 single by Godsmack"The Enemy"Single by Godsmackfrom the album IV ReleasedOctober 31, 2006Recorded2005Genre
Heavy metal
alternative metal
Length4:07LabelRepublic/UniversalSongwriter(s)Sully ErnaProducer(s)Sully Erna, Andy JohnsGodsmack singles chronology
"Shine Down" (2006)
"The Enemy" (2006)
"Good Times Bad Times" (2007)
"The Enemy" is a song by American rock band Godsmack and the last single from their album IV. After its release in October 2006, the song landed at number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks, just like Godsmack's previous single "Shine Down". "The Enemy" is performed at almost every show on the band's "IV Tour", and was also the official theme song for WWE's 2006 SummerSlam PPV. This song was also included in the video game WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007.
"The Enemy" is Jason MacDonald's most recent entrance theme in UFC Championship.
Song meaning
According to lead singer Sully Erna, the song is about a guy who was his friend. When Godsmack became popular, the guy was going with Erna to clubs and parties. They quit hanging out as much but the guy continued to go out to places where people knew that he knew the band. He would hang out in the VIP rooms and tell people that Godsmack was coming. Toward the end of the night, he would make up an excuse as to why Godsmack wasn't showing up. Sully Erna felt betrayed by somebody using his name and image to acquire their own fame.
Chart positions
Chart (2006)
Peakposition
US Mainstream Rock Tracks
4
References
^ "The Enemy by Godsmack". Songfacts.
^ "Godsmack | Awards". Allmusic.
vteGodsmack
Sully Erna
Robbie Merrill
Tony Rombola
Shannon Larkin
Lee Richards
Joe D'Arco
Tommy Stewart
Studio albums
All Wound Up... (1997)
Godsmack (1998)
Awake (2000)
Faceless (2003)
IV (2006)
The Oracle (2010)
1000hp (2014)
When Legends Rise (2018)
Lighting Up the Sky (2023)
Extended plays
The Other Side (2004)
Live albums
Live & Inspired (2012)
Compilations
Good Times, Bad Times... Ten Years of Godsmack (2007)
Videos
Live (2001)
Smack This! (2002)
Changes (2004)
Singles
"Whatever"
"Keep Away"
"Voodoo"
"Bad Religion"
"Awake"
"Bad Magick"
"Greed"
"I Stand Alone"
"Straight Out of Line"
"Serenity"
"Re-Align"
"Running Blind"
"Touché"
"Speak"
"Shine Down"
"The Enemy"
"Good Times Bad Times"
"Whiskey Hangover"
"Cryin' Like a Bitch"
"Love-Hate-Sex-Pain"
"Saints and Sinners"
"1000hp"
"Something Different"
"Inside Yourself"
"Come Together"
"Bulletproof"
"When Legends Rise"
"Under Your Scars"
"Unforgettable"
"Surrender"
Other songs
"Vampires"
"Sick of Life"
"Releasing the Demons"
Related articles
Discography
Avalon
Sinner's Prayer
Another Animal
The Apocalypse Blues Revival
Rockin' the Corps
Category:Godsmack
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Enemy by Godsmack\". Songfacts.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6362","url_text":"\"The Enemy by Godsmack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Godsmack | Awards\". Allmusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/godsmack-mn0000665860/awards","url_text":"\"Godsmack | Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6362","external_links_name":"\"The Enemy by Godsmack\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/godsmack-mn0000665860/awards","external_links_name":"\"Godsmack | Awards\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hutchinson
|
Earl Hutchinson
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Canadian politician
For the American author and journalist, see Earl Ofari Hutchinson.
Earl HutchinsonOntario MPPIn office1929–1934Preceded byJoseph EarngeySucceeded byPeter HeenanConstituencyKenora
Personal detailsBorn(1888-10-23)October 23, 1888Port Burwell, OntarioDiedAugust 17, 1976(1976-08-17) (aged 87)Woodstock, OntarioPolitical partyLabourSpouse
Julia Ellen Huckabone
(m. 1917; died 1958)OccupationRailroad engineer
Earl Hutchinson (October 23, 1888 – August 17, 1976) was a railroad engineer and political figure from Ontario, Canada. He represented Kenora in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Labour member from 1929 to 1934. He was re-elected as a "Liberal-Labour" candidate in the 1934 provincial election that brought the Liberals under Mitch Hepburn to power. Hutchinson was persuaded to resign his seat in order to allow Peter Heenan to contest the riding in a by-election as Hepburn wanted to appoint him to cabinet. As his reward, Hutchinson was appointed vice-chairman of the Workmen's Compensation Board by Hepburn in October 1934.
He was born in Port Burwell, Ontario and educated in St. Thomas. In 1917, he married Julia Ellen Huckabone. He was a member of the Kenora town council and was mayor from 1928 to 1929. He died in Woodstock, Ontario in 1976.
Hutchinson was the last Labour member to be elected to the Ontario legislature.
References
^ AL Normandin (1936). Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1934.
^ "Earl Hutchinson". The Globe and Mail. August 19, 1976. p. 3.
External links
Ontario Legislative Assembly parliamentary history
This article about an Ontario MPP is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a mayor in Ontario is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"AL Normandin (1936). Canadian Parliamentary Guide, 1934.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Earl Hutchinson\". The Globe and Mail. August 19, 1976. p. 3.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ola.org/en/members/all/earl-hutchinson","external_links_name":"Ontario Legislative Assembly parliamentary history"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Hutchinson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Hutchinson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(disambiguation)
|
Joe Jackson
|
["1 Entertainment","2 Politics","3 Sports","3.1 American football","3.2 Other sports","4 Other people","5 See also"]
|
Joe or Joseph Jackson may refer to:
Entertainment
Joe Jackson Sr. (1873–1942), Austrian clown
Joseph Jackson (screenwriter) (1894–1932), American screenwriter of The Barker
Joe Jackson (manager) (1928–2018), father and manager of Michael Jackson and The Jacksons
Joe Jackson (musician) (born 1954), British singer-songwriter
"Little Joe" Jackson, fictional character in the Broadway show and film Cabin in the Sky
Politics
Joseph Jackson (Bristol MP), 17th century English politician
Joseph Devonsher Jackson (1783–1857), Irish Conservative MP in the United Kingdom Parliament
Joseph Jackson (American politician) (1793–1888), American politician in the Michigan House of Representatives
Joseph Webber Jackson (1796–1854), United States Representative from Georgia
Joseph Jackson (Canadian politician) (1831–1908), Canadian Member of Parliament for Norfolk South, 1882–1887
Joseph Jackson (Australian politician) (1874–1956), Member of New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Sydney, 1922–1927
Joseph Cooksey Jackson (1879–1938), British Member of Parliament for Heywood and Radcliffe, 1931–1935
Joseph H. Jackson (New York politician), American lawyer and politician from New York
Sports
American football
Joey Jackson (born 1950), American football player
Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1953), American football player
Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1962), American football player
Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1976), American football player
Joe Jackson (offensive lineman) (born 1979), American football player
Joe Jackson (defensive end) (born 1996), American football player
Other sports
Shoeless Joe Jackson (1887–1951), American baseball player in Black Sox Scandal
Joe S. Jackson (1871–1936), American sportswriter
Joseph Jackson (sport shooter) (1880–1960), American Olympic champion sport shooter
Joseph Jackson (athlete) (1904–1981), French Olympic sprinter
Neil Jackson (swimmer) (Joseph Neil Jackson, born 1946), British Olympic swimmer
Joe Jackson (basketball) (born 1992), American basketball player
Joe Jackson (footballer) (born 1993), English footballer
Other people
Joey Jackson (attorney) (born 1966), American criminal defense attorney
Joseph Jackson (explorer) (1832–1868), Australian explorer and pastoralist
Joseph Jackson (typefounder) (1733–1792), British typefounder
Joseph A. Jackson (1861–1940), American architect
Joseph Raymond Jackson (1880–1969), judge of the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
Joseph H. Jackson (1900–1990), American Baptist pastor and civil rights campaigner
Joe Jackson (police officer) (1902–1975), Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police, 1953–1963
Joe M. Jackson (1923–2019), United States Air Force officer and Medal of Honor recipient in the Vietnam War
Joe Jackson (writer) (born 1955), American author
See also
Jo Jackson (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Joe Jackson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Jackson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (screenwriter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (manager)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(talent_manager)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (musician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cabin in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Sky_(film)"}],"text":"Joe Jackson Sr. (1873–1942), Austrian clown\nJoseph Jackson (screenwriter) (1894–1932), American screenwriter of The Barker\nJoe Jackson (manager) (1928–2018), father and manager of Michael Jackson and The Jacksons\nJoe Jackson (musician) (born 1954), British singer-songwriter\n\"Little Joe\" Jackson, fictional character in the Broadway show and film Cabin in the Sky","title":"Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (Bristol MP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(Bristol_MP)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Devonsher Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Devonsher_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (American politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Webber Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Webber_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (Canadian politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (Australian politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cooksey Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cooksey_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Jackson (New York politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Jackson_(New_York_politician)"}],"text":"Joseph Jackson (Bristol MP), 17th century English politician\nJoseph Devonsher Jackson (1783–1857), Irish Conservative MP in the United Kingdom Parliament\nJoseph Jackson (American politician) (1793–1888), American politician in the Michigan House of Representatives\nJoseph Webber Jackson (1796–1854), United States Representative from Georgia\nJoseph Jackson (Canadian politician) (1831–1908), Canadian Member of Parliament for Norfolk South, 1882–1887\nJoseph Jackson (Australian politician) (1874–1956), Member of New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Sydney, 1922–1927\nJoseph Cooksey Jackson (1879–1938), British Member of Parliament for Heywood and Radcliffe, 1931–1935\nJoseph H. Jackson (New York politician), American lawyer and politician from New York","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joey Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(linebacker,_born_1953)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(linebacker,_born_1962)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (linebacker, born 1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(linebacker,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (offensive lineman)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(offensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (defensive end)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(defensive_end)"}],"sub_title":"American football","text":"Joey Jackson (born 1950), American football player\nJoe Jackson (linebacker, born 1953), American football player\nJoe Jackson (linebacker, born 1962), American football player\nJoe Jackson (linebacker, born 1976), American football player\nJoe Jackson (offensive lineman) (born 1979), American football player\nJoe Jackson (defensive end) (born 1996), American football player","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shoeless Joe Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoeless_Joe_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joe S. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_S._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (sport shooter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(sport_shooter)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (athlete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Neil Jackson (swimmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Jackson_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(footballer)"}],"sub_title":"Other sports","text":"Shoeless Joe Jackson (1887–1951), American baseball player in Black Sox Scandal\nJoe S. Jackson (1871–1936), American sportswriter\nJoseph Jackson (sport shooter) (1880–1960), American Olympic champion sport shooter\nJoseph Jackson (athlete) (1904–1981), French Olympic sprinter\nNeil Jackson (swimmer) (Joseph Neil Jackson, born 1946), British Olympic swimmer\nJoe Jackson (basketball) (born 1992), American basketball player\nJoe Jackson (footballer) (born 1993), English footballer","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joey Jackson (attorney)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Jackson_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (explorer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jackson (typefounder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jackson_(typefounder)"},{"link_name":"Joseph A. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Raymond Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Raymond_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (police officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"Joe M. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_M._Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joe Jackson (writer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(writer)"}],"text":"Joey Jackson (attorney) (born 1966), American criminal defense attorney\nJoseph Jackson (explorer) (1832–1868), Australian explorer and pastoralist\nJoseph Jackson (typefounder) (1733–1792), British typefounder\nJoseph A. Jackson (1861–1940), American architect\nJoseph Raymond Jackson (1880–1969), judge of the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals\nJoseph H. Jackson (1900–1990), American Baptist pastor and civil rights campaigner\nJoe Jackson (police officer) (1902–1975), Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police, 1953–1963\nJoe M. Jackson (1923–2019), United States Air Force officer and Medal of Honor recipient in the Vietnam War\nJoe Jackson (writer) (born 1955), American author","title":"Other people"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Jo Jackson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jackson_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Joe_Jackson&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Joe_Jackson&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraechinus
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Paraechinus
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of mammals
Paraechinus
P. aethiopicus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Eulipotyphla
Family:
Erinaceidae
Subfamily:
Erinaceinae
Genus:
ParaechinusTrouessart, 1879
Type species
Erinaceus micropusBlyth, 1846
Species
P. aethiopicus
P. hypomelas
P. micropus
P. nudiventris
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paraechinus.
Paraechinus is a genus of hedgehogs. Members are small and nocturnal. The genus contains four species from North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia:
Desert hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus)
Brandt's hedgehog (Paraechinus hypomelas)
Indian hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus)
Bare-bellied hedgehog (Paraechinus nudiventris)
Locomotory activity patterns
The locomotory activity of the Desert hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus) occurred during the dark phases of both long and short day cycles. Therefore this species is considered nocturnal.
References
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Alagaili, A. N.; Bennett, N. C.; Amor, N. M.; Hart, D. W. (2020-06-01). "The locomotory activity patterns of the arid-dwelling desert hedgehog, Paraechinus aethiopicus, from Saudi Arabia". Journal of Arid Environments. 177: 104141. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104141. ISSN 0140-1963. S2CID 213782014.
vteExtant Erinaceidae species by subfamily
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Laurasiatheria
Order Eulipotyphla
Erinaceinae(Hedgehogs)Atelerix
Four-toed hedgehog (A. albiventris)
North African hedgehog (A. algirus)
Southern African hedgehog (A. frontalis)
Somali hedgehog (A. sclateri)
Erinaceus
Amur hedgehog (E. amurensis)
Southern white-breasted hedgehog (E. concolor)
West European hedgehog (E. europaeus)
Northern white-breasted hedgehog (E. roumanicus)
Hemiechinus
Long-eared hedgehog (H. auritus)
Indian long-eared hedgehog (H. collaris)
Mesechinus
Daurian hedgehog (M. dauuricus)
Hugh's hedgehog (M. hughi)
Gaoligong forest hedgehog (M. wangi)
Small-toothed forest hedgehog (M. miodon)
Eastern forest hedgehog (M. orientalis)
Paraechinus
Desert hedgehog (P. aethiopicus)
Brandt's hedgehog (P. hypomelas)
Indian hedgehog (P. micropus)
Bare-bellied hedgehog (P. nudiventris)
Galericinae(Gymnures)Echinosorex
Moonrat (E. gymnura)
Hylomys
Dwarf gymnure (H. parvus)
Javan short-tailed gymnure (H. suillus)
Bornean short-tailed gymnure (H. dorsalis)
Max's short-tailed gymnure (H. maxi)
Dalat gymnure (H. macarong)
Northern short-tailed gymnure (H. peguensis)
Leuser gymnure (H. vorax)
Neohylomys
Hainan gymnure (N. hainanensis)
Neotetracus
Shrew gymnure (N. sinensis)
Otohylomys
Long-eared gymnure (O. megalotis)
Podogymnura
Dinagat gymnure (P. aureospinula)
Eastern Mindanao gymnure (P. intermedia)
Mindanao gymnure (P. truei)
Taxon identifiersParaechinus
Wikidata: Q650378
Wikispecies: Paraechinus
ADW: Paraechinus
CoL: 63JZB
EoL: 34781
GBIF: 2437144
iNaturalist: 43064
IRMNG: 1293408
ITIS: 709691
MSW: 13600038
NCBI: 30579
Paleobiology Database: 99711
This Erinaceidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsen-tainte
|
White Horse (Kiowa leader)
|
["1 See also","2 Notes"]
|
Native American Kiowa warrior (1847–1892)
"White Horse (chief)" redirects here. For other uses of "White horse", see White horse (disambiguation).
White Horse holding his war shield
White Horse (Kiowa: Tsen-tainte, unknown c. 1840/1845–1892) was a chief of the Kiowa. White Horse attended the council between southern plains tribes and the United States at Medicine Lodge in southern Kansas which resulted in the Medicine Lodge Treaty. Despite his attendance at the treaty signing he conducted frequent raids upon other tribes and white settlers. Follower of such elders as Guipago, Satanta and old Satank, he was often associated with Big Tree (or Ado-ete).
In 1867 White Horse joined a war party of Comanches and Kiowas on a revenge raid against the Navajos, who were then living in exile on the reservation near Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
On June 12, 1870, White Horse led a raiding party on an attack on Fort Sill in Indian Territory and stole seventy-three mules. On June 22 in an attack on a cattle drive on the Chisolm Trail, White Horse killed and scalped two men, prior to the arrival of a cavalry detachment which drove them off.
White Horse
On July 9, 1870, the Kiowa Indians made a raid into Montague County, Texas. They scattered a herd of cattle, killed two yoke of oxen, stole nine horses, one mule, a large amount of provisions, one tent, one wagon-cover, etc., all of which property was at the time owned by and in the possession of Colonel Samuel Newitt Wood.
In a raid on August 7, 1870 in Montague County, they killed German immigrant farmer, Gottlieb Koozier, and took his wife and five children captive along with fourteen-year-old Martin Kilgore; the family was ransomed for $100 each at Fort Sill. Quaker Indian agent Lawrie Tatum bargained upon behalf of the hostages, not paying until they were all returned. White Horse took part in many raids, including the Warren Wagon Train Raid, on May 11, 1871 on Salt Creek Prairie in Texas, along with Satank, Satanta, Zepko-ete, Mamanti, Big Tree (and, perhaps, Guipago himself), but he wasn't arrested nor involved in the trial in Jacksboro.
On April 20, 1872 Zepko-ete and Tsen-tainte, with about one hundred of their Kiowa warriors and Comanche allies, attacked a government wagon train at Howard Wells station, along the San Antonio - El Paso trail, killing 17 Mexicans and kidnapping a woman; two companies (A and H) of 9th Cavalry from Fort Clark, led by capt. N. Cooney and lt. F. R. Vincent, got the Indians, but were forced to retreat after suffering two casualties (lt. Vincent himself, deadly wounded, and a "Buffalo Soldier"); ten Indians (four in the assault on the wagon train and six in the fight against the "Buffalo Soldiers") were reported to have been killed.
After Adobe Walls' fight, in June 1874, he joined Guipago and the Comanche under Quanah in the Red River War. The raiding would continue until April 19, 1875 when he and his band surrendered at Fort Sill.
When forced by General Philip Sheridan to choose those among his tribe to be imprisoned in the east, White Horse was among those chosen by Kicking Bird (Tene-angopte). He would join other Kiowa as well as tribe members of the Comanche, Caddo, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida. While incarcerated at Fort Marion, White Horse was among the prisoners who became artists in what would be called Ledger Art, for the ledgers they were drawn in.
In 1878 he and the other Kiowa prisoners were returned to the reservation in Indian Territory near Fort Sill.
See also
Texas portal
Second Battle of Adobe Walls
List of Native American artists
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Warren Wagon Train Raid
Guipago
Satanta
Satank
Tene-angopte
Zepko-ete
Mamanti
Ado-ete
Notes
^ Report by Mr. Bowen of the Committee on Indian Affairs submitted to the United States Senate on April 8, 1884
^ Andele: or, The Mexican-Kiowa captive. A story of real life among the Indians By J. J. Methvin p. 136
^ Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Issue 17, Part 1 p. 216 By Smithsonian Institution
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White horse (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_horse_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1891_White_Horse_Kiowa_chief_anagoria.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kiowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa_language"},{"link_name":"Kiowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa"},{"link_name":"plains tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_tribes"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Medicine Lodge Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty"},{"link_name":"white settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Guipago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipago"},{"link_name":"Satanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanta_(White_Bear)"},{"link_name":"Satank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satank"},{"link_name":"Big Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tree_(war_chief)"},{"link_name":"Comanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Navajos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"Fort Sumner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumner"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Chisolm Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisolm_Trail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_horse_kiowa_apache_chief.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montague County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Samuel Newitt Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Newitt_Wood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Lawrie Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrie_Tatum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Warren Wagon Train Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Wagon_Train_Raid"},{"link_name":"Zepko-ete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bow_(chief)"},{"link_name":"Mamanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamanti"},{"link_name":"Quanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanah_Parker"},{"link_name":"Philip Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Kicking Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicking_Bird"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo"},{"link_name":"Southern Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cheyenne"},{"link_name":"Arapaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaho"},{"link_name":"Fort Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ledger Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger_Art"}],"text":"\"White Horse (chief)\" redirects here. For other uses of \"White horse\", see White horse (disambiguation).White Horse holding his war shieldWhite Horse (Kiowa: Tsen-tainte, unknown c. 1840/1845–1892) was a chief of the Kiowa. White Horse attended the council between southern plains tribes and the United States at Medicine Lodge in southern Kansas which resulted in the Medicine Lodge Treaty. Despite his attendance at the treaty signing he conducted frequent raids upon other tribes and white settlers. Follower of such elders as Guipago, Satanta and old Satank, he was often associated with Big Tree (or Ado-ete).In 1867 White Horse joined a war party of Comanches and Kiowas on a revenge raid against the Navajos, who were then living in exile on the reservation near Fort Sumner, New Mexico.On June 12, 1870, White Horse led a raiding party on an attack on Fort Sill in Indian Territory and stole seventy-three mules. On June 22 in an attack on a cattle drive on the Chisolm Trail, White Horse killed and scalped two men, prior to the arrival of a cavalry detachment which drove them off.White HorseOn July 9, 1870, the Kiowa Indians made a raid into Montague County, Texas. They scattered a herd of cattle, killed two yoke of oxen, stole nine horses, one mule, a large amount of provisions, one tent, one wagon-cover, etc., all of which property was at the time owned by and in the possession of Colonel Samuel Newitt Wood.[1]In a raid on August 7, 1870 in Montague County, they killed German immigrant farmer, Gottlieb Koozier, and took his wife and five children captive along with fourteen-year-old Martin Kilgore; the family was ransomed for $100 each at Fort Sill. Quaker Indian agent Lawrie Tatum bargained upon behalf of the hostages, not paying until they were all returned.[2] White Horse took part in many raids, including the Warren Wagon Train Raid, on May 11, 1871 on Salt Creek Prairie in Texas, along with Satank, Satanta, Zepko-ete, Mamanti, Big Tree (and, perhaps, Guipago himself), but he wasn't arrested nor involved in the trial in Jacksboro. \nOn April 20, 1872 Zepko-ete and Tsen-tainte, with about one hundred of their Kiowa warriors and Comanche allies, attacked a government wagon train at Howard Wells station, along the San Antonio - El Paso trail, killing 17 Mexicans and kidnapping a woman; two companies (A and H) of 9th Cavalry from Fort Clark, led by capt. N. Cooney and lt. F. R. Vincent, got the Indians, but were forced to retreat after suffering two casualties (lt. Vincent himself, deadly wounded, and a \"Buffalo Soldier\"); ten Indians (four in the assault on the wagon train and six in the fight against the \"Buffalo Soldiers\") were reported to have been killed.\nAfter Adobe Walls' fight, in June 1874, he joined Guipago and the Comanche under Quanah in the Red River War. The raiding would continue until April 19, 1875 when he and his band surrendered at Fort Sill.When forced by General Philip Sheridan to choose those among his tribe to be imprisoned in the east, White Horse was among those chosen by Kicking Bird (Tene-angopte). He would join other Kiowa as well as tribe members of the Comanche, Caddo, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida.[3] While incarcerated at Fort Marion, White Horse was among the prisoners who became artists in what would be called Ledger Art, for the ledgers they were drawn in.\nIn 1878 he and the other Kiowa prisoners were returned to the reservation in Indian Territory near Fort Sill.","title":"White Horse (Kiowa leader)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3567772#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96626103"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500127745"}],"text":"^ Report by Mr. Bowen of the Committee on Indian Affairs submitted to the United States Senate on April 8, 1884\n\n^ Andele: or, The Mexican-Kiowa captive. A story of real life among the Indians By J. J. Methvin p. 136\n\n^ Annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution Issue 17, Part 1 p. 216 By Smithsonian InstitutionAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"White Horse holding his war shield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1891_White_Horse_Kiowa_chief_anagoria.JPG/250px-1891_White_Horse_Kiowa_chief_anagoria.JPG"},{"image_text":"White Horse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/White_horse_kiowa_apache_chief.jpg/220px-White_horse_kiowa_apache_chief.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"Second Battle of Adobe Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls"},{"title":"List of Native American artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists"},{"title":"Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"title":"Warren Wagon Train Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Wagon_Train_Raid"},{"title":"Guipago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipago"},{"title":"Satanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanta_(chief)"},{"title":"Satank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satank"},{"title":"Tene-angopte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tene-angopte"},{"title":"Zepko-ete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bow_(chief)"},{"title":"Mamanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maman-ti"},{"title":"Ado-ete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tree_(war_chief)"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96626103","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500127745","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Special_(Kool_%26_the_Gang_album)
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Something Special (Kool & the Gang album)
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["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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1981 studio album by Kool & the GangSomething SpecialStudio album by Kool & the GangReleasedSeptember 24, 1981Recorded1980–1981StudioHouse of Music (West Orange, New Jersey)Kendun Recorders (Los Angeles)Secret Sound Studios (New York City)Genre
Post-disco
funk
urban
R&B
Length36:18LabelDe-Lite RecordsProducerEumir DeodatoKool & the Gang chronology
Celebrate!(1980)
Something Special(1981)
As One(1982)
Singles from Something Special
"Steppin' Out"Released: September 1981
"Take My Heart (You Can Have It If You Want It)"Released: October 1981
"Get Down On It"Released: November 24, 1981
Something Special is the thirteenth studio album by American band Kool & the Gang, released in 1981. It was the group's third consecutive Platinum-certified album.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Boston Globe(favorable)Record MirrorThe Rolling Stone Album Guide
It continued the level of success that the band's previous two albums brought, contained several hit singles including: "Take My Heart" went to No. 1 on the R&B chart and No. 17 on the Pop chart. "Get Down on It" reached No. 4 on the R&B chart and No. 10 on the Pop chart. In addition, "Steppin' Out" ended up at No. 12 on the R&B chart and No. 89 on the Pop chart. In the UK, the album reached #10, becoming their first hit album there and most successful studio album of all, largely due to the success of the "Get Down On It" single.
"Stand Up and Sing" was featured in 1982's The Pirate Movie.
Track listing
Side 1No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Steppin' Out"James "J.T." Taylor, Ronald Bell, Kool & the Gang4:512."Good Time Tonight"Taylor, Bell, Kool & the Gang4:593."Take My Heart"Claydes Smith, George Brown, Taylor, Kool & the Gang5:444."Be My Lady"Bell, Kool & the Gang4:14
Side 2No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Get Down on It"Taylor, Bell, Kool & the Gang4:582."Pass It On"Brown, Taylor, Kool & the Gang4:343."Stand Up and Sing"Taylor, Bell, Kool & the Gang4:354."No Show"Brown, Taylor, Bell, Kool & the Gang4:25
CD reissue bonus trackNo.TitleWriter(s)Length9."Stop!"Bell, Kool & the Gang3:22
Personnel
Bass, backing vocals – Robert "Kool" Bell
Lead guitar – Charles Smith
Tenor saxophone, keyboards, backing vocals – Ronald Bell
Drums, backing vocals – George Brown
Lead and backing vocals – James "J.T." Taylor
Alto saxophone – Dennis Thomas
Alto saxophone, flute, backing vocals – Steve Greenfield
Trombone – Clifford Adams
Trumpet, backing vocals – Michael Ray, Robert Mickens
Keyboards – Brian Jackson
Keyboards – Eumir Deodato
Additional percussion – Jimmy Maelen
Additional handclaps – Platinum Hook
Backing vocals – Clifford Adams, Cynthia Huggins, Joan Motley, Kelly Barretto
Production
Engineer – Jim Bonnefond
Assistant engineers – Bobby Scott Cohen, Cliff Hodson, Joe DeAngelis, Julian Robertson
Overdubs engineers – Bob "Ziggy" Winard, Mallory Earl
Mixed by – Eumir Deodato, Jim Bonnefond, Gabe Vigorito
Mastered by – Tom Coyne, Stephan Galfas (Assistant)
Producer – Eumir Deodato
Associate producer – Kool & The Gang
CD Mastering - Joe Gastwirt
Charts
Chart (1981)
Peakposition
Billboard Pop Albums
12
Billboard Top Soul Albums
1
UK Albums Chart
10
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
Platinum
1,000,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1981 (U.S.)
References
^ Lytle, Craig. Kool and the Gang: Something Special > Review at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
^ Allan, Marc D (22 October 1981). "REVIEWS / RECORDS; KOOL AND THE GANG; SOMETHING SPECIAL; DE-LITE". Boston Globe. ProQuest 294105801.
^ Wilson, Kevin (November 14, 1981). "Kool & the Gang: Something Special". Vol. 28, no. 46. Record Mirror. p. 14. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 406.
^ Kool & The Gang > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
^ a b "Something Special". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
^ Kool & The Gang – Something Special CD remastered reissue at Discogs
^ a b Kool & the Gang > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
^ "British album certifications – Kool & The Gang – Something Special". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – Kool & The Gang – Something Special". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
Kool & The Gang - Something Special at Discogs (list of releases)
vteKool & the Gang
Robert "Kool" Bell
Ronald Bell
George Brown
Robert Mickens
Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas
Clifford Adams
Sennie "Skip" Martin
Shawn McQuiller
Rodney Ellis
Jirmad Gordon
James "J.T." Taylor
Claydes Charles Smith
Rick Westfield
Studio albums
Kool and the Gang
Music Is the Message
Good Times
Wild and Peaceful
Light of Worlds
Spirit of the Boogie
Love & Understanding
Open Sesame
The Force
Everybody's Dancin'
Ladies' Night
Celebrate!
Something Special
As One
In the Heart
Emergency
Forever
Sweat
Unite
State of Affairs
Gangland
The Hits: Reloaded
Still Kool
Kool for the Holidays
Perfect Union
People Just Wanna Have Fun
Live albums
Live at the Sex Machine
Live at PJ's
Compilation albums
Kool Jazz
Twice as Kool: The Hits of Kool & the Gang
Singles
"Let the Music Take Your Mind"
"Funky Man"
"Funky Stuff"
"Jungle Boogie"
"Hollywood Swinging"
"Summer Madness"
"Caribbean Festival"
"Higher Plane"
"Spirit of the Boogie"
"Open Sesame"
"Ladies' Night"
"Too Hot"
"Celebration"
"Take My Heart (You Can Have It If You Want It)"
"Steppin' Out"
"Get Down on It"
"Big Fun"
"Joanna"
"Misled"
"Fresh"
"Cherish"
"Stone Love"
"Rags to Riches"
"Raindrops"
"In the Hood"
"No Show"
Related articles
Discography
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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|
[]
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[{"title":"List of number-one R&B albums of 1981 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_albums_of_1981_(U.S.)"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruisland
|
Kruisland
|
["1 Education","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°34′N 04°24′E / 51.567°N 4.400°E / 51.567; 4.400Village in North Brabant, NetherlandsKruislandVillageThe church in KruislandKruislandLocation in the province of North Brabant in the NetherlandsShow map of North BrabantKruislandKruisland (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 51°34′N 04°24′E / 51.567°N 4.400°E / 51.567; 4.400CountryNetherlandsProvinceNorth BrabantMunicipalitySteenbergenArea • Total32.99 km2 (12.74 sq mi)Elevation0.3 m (1.0 ft)Population (2021) • Total2,410 • Density73/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code4756Dialing code0167
Kruisland is a village in the municipality of Steenbergen in the province of North Brabant, in the Netherlands. It is located between Roosendaal and Steenbergen.
The village was first mentioned in 1501 as Cruyslande, and is named after the polder in which it is situation. The etymology is unknown. The village has been built landwards, because the city of Steenbergen wanted a harbour.
The Catholic St Georgius Church was built between 1885 and 1887 in Gothic Revival style and has a pentagon shaped choir. The church was blown up by the Germans in 1944, but was rebuilt in 1958.
Kruisland was home 250 people.
Education
There is a Catholic primary school in Kruisland, RKBS De Zonneberg, which has approximately 200 students, most of whom come from the village.
References
^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Postcodetool for 4756AA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Kruisland - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ a b c "Kruisland". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ Chris Kolman & Ronald Stenvert (1997). Steenbergen (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. p. 301. ISBN 90 400 9945 6. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Welkom!". RBKS de Zonneberg. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kruisland.
vtePopulated places in the municipality of SteenbergenTowns
Steenbergen
Villages
De Heen
Dinteloord
Kruisland
Nieuw-Vossemeer
Welberg
Hamlets
't Haantje
List of cities, towns and villages in North Brabant
This North Brabant location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergen"},{"link_name":"North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Roosendaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosendaal"},{"link_name":"Steenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergen"},{"link_name":"polder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Steenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenbergen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival"},{"link_name":"pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monument-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaats-4"}],"text":"Village in North Brabant, NetherlandsKruisland is a village in the municipality of Steenbergen in the province of North Brabant, in the Netherlands. It is located between Roosendaal and Steenbergen.The village was first mentioned in 1501 as Cruyslande, and is named after the polder in which it is situation. The etymology is unknown.[3] The village has been built landwards, because the city of Steenbergen wanted a harbour.[4]The Catholic St Georgius Church was built between 1885 and 1887 in Gothic Revival style and has a pentagon shaped choir.[5] The church was blown up by the Germans in 1944, but was rebuilt in 1958.[4]Kruisland was home 250 people.[4]","title":"Kruisland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There is a Catholic primary school in Kruisland, RKBS De Zonneberg, which has approximately 200 students, most of whom come from the village.[6]","title":"Education"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 4756AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 4756AA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kruisland - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/kruisland","url_text":"\"Kruisland - (geografische naam)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kruisland\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.plaatsengids.nl/kruisland","url_text":"\"Kruisland\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Kolman & Ronald Stenvert (1997). Steenbergen (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. p. 301. ISBN 90 400 9945 6. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu02_01/sten009monu02_01_0165.php","url_text":"Steenbergen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90_400_9945_6","url_text":"90 400 9945 6"}]},{"reference":"\"Welkom!\". RBKS de Zonneberg. Retrieved 8 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rkbsdezonneberg.nl/","url_text":"\"Welkom!\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kruisland¶ms=51_34_N_04_24_E_type:city(2410)_region:NL-NB","external_links_name":"51°34′N 04°24′E / 51.567°N 4.400°E / 51.567; 4.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kruisland¶ms=51_34_N_04_24_E_type:city(2410)_region:NL-NB","external_links_name":"51°34′N 04°24′E / 51.567°N 4.400°E / 51.567; 4.400"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","external_links_name":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","external_links_name":"\"Postcodetool for 4756AA\""},{"Link":"https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/kruisland","external_links_name":"\"Kruisland - (geografische naam)\""},{"Link":"https://www.plaatsengids.nl/kruisland","external_links_name":"\"Kruisland\""},{"Link":"https://dbnl.org/tekst/sten009monu02_01/sten009monu02_01_0165.php","external_links_name":"Steenbergen"},{"Link":"http://www.rkbsdezonneberg.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Welkom!\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kruisland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_in_Canadian_football
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1949 in Canadian football
|
["1 Canadian Football News in 1949","2 Regular season","2.1 Final regular season standings","3 Grey Cup playoffs","3.1 Finals","3.2 Eastern Finals","4 Playoff bracket","5 Grey Cup Championship","6 1949 Eastern (Interprovincial Rugby Football Union) All-Stars","7 1949 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars","7.1 1st Team","7.2 2nd Team","8 1949 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars","9 1949 Canadian Football Awards","10 References"]
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Overview of the events of 1949 in Canadian football
Years in Canadian football
← 1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952 →
1949 in sports
Air sports
American football
Aquatic sports
Association football
Athletics
Australian rules football
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Canadian football
Chess
Climbing
Combat sports
Sumo
Cricket
1948–49
1949
1949–50
Cycling
Dance sports
Darts
Equestrianism
Esports
Field hockey
Flying disc
Golf
Gymnastics
Handball
Ice hockey
Ice sports
Korfball
Lumberjack sports
Mind sports
Modern pentathlon
Motorsport
Orienteering
Paralympic sports
Precision sports
Shooting
Racquetball
Roller sports
Sailing
Skiing
Speedway
Rugby league
Rugby union
Snooker
1948–49
1949–50
Strength sports
Weightlifting
Squash
Table tennis
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
The Calgary Stampeders had an opportunity to defend their Grey Cup title in 1949, but the Montreal Alouettes returned the trophy to Quebec for just the third time in its history.
Canadian Football News in 1949
The Edmonton Eskimos rejoined with the WIFU and adopted the colours of gold and green. The WIFU regular season was extended to 14 games, per team.
Wearing helmets became compulsory with the two unions. The Western Canada Rugby Football Union ceased its operations.
Regular season
Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points
Western Interprovincial Football Union
Team
GP
W
L
T
PF
PA
Pts
Calgary Stampeders
14
13
1
0
270
77
24
Regina Roughriders
14
9
5
0
235
102
17
Edmonton Eskimos
14
4
10
0
93
235
8
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
14
2
12
0
74
258
3
Four WIFU games were worth one point in the standings
Interprovincial Rugby Football Union
Team
GP
W
L
T
PF
PA
Pts
Ottawa Rough Riders
12
11
1
0
261
170
22
Montreal Alouettes
12
8
4
0
295
204
16
Toronto Argonauts
12
5
7
0
209
254
10
Hamilton Wildcats
12
0
12
0
147
284
0
Ontario Rugby Football Union
Team
GP
W
L
T
PF
PA
Pts
Hamilton Tigers
12
10
2
0
228
68
20
Sarnia Imperials
12
8
4
0
142
101
16
Windsor Rockets
12
5
7
0
142
108
10
Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers
12
1
11
0
55
290
2
Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs.
Grey Cup playoffs
Note: All dates in 1949
Finals
WIFU Finals – Game 1
Calgary Stampeders @ Regina Roughriders
Date
Away
Home
November 5
Calgary Stampeders 18
Regina Roughriders 12
WIFU Finals – Game 2
Regina Roughriders @ Calgary Stampeders
Date
Away
Home
November 11
Regina Roughriders 9
Calgary Stampeders 4
Calgary won the total-point series by 22–21. The Stampeders will advance to the Grey Cup game.
ORFU Finals – Game 1
Hamilton Tigers @ Sarnia Imperials
Date
Away
Home
November 11
Hamilton Tigers 6
Sarnia Imperials 15
ORFU Finals – Game 2
Sarnia Imperials @ Hamilton Tigers
Date
Away
Home
November 12
Sarnia Imperials 3
Hamilton Tigers 20
Hamilton won the total-point series by 26–18. The Tigers will play the Montreal Alouettes in the Eastern finals.
IRFU Finals – Game 1
Montreal Alouettes @ Ottawa Rough Riders
Date
Away
Home
November 9
Montreal Alouettes 22
Ottawa Rough Riders 7
IRFU Finals – Game 2
Ottawa Rough Riders @ Montreal Alouettes
Date
Away
Home
November 12
Ottawa Rough Riders 13
Montreal Alouettes 14
Montreal won the total-point series by 36–20. The Alouettes will play the Hamilton Tigers in the Eastern finals.
Eastern Finals
Hamilton Tigers @ Montreal Alouettes
Date
Away
Home
November 19
Hamilton Tigers 0
Montreal Alouettes 40
The Montreal Alouettes will advance to the Grey Cup game.
Playoff bracket
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Grey Cup final
IRFU
Ottawa Rough Riders
7-13
IRFU
Montreal Alouettes
22-14
IRFU
Montreal Alouettes
40
EAST
ORFU
Hamilton Tigers
0
ORFU
Hamilton Tigers
6-20
ORFU
Sarnia Imperials
15-3
IRFU
Montreal Alouettes
28
WIFU
Calgary Stampeders
15
2
7
WIFU
Calgary Stampeders
18-4
WEST
WIFU
Saskatchewan Roughriders
12-9
3
6
Grey Cup Championship
November 26
37th Annual Grey Cup Game: Varsity Stadium – Toronto, Ontario
WIFU Champion
IRFU Champion
Calgary Stampeders 15
Montreal Alouettes 28
The Montreal Alouettes are the 1949 Grey Cup Champions
1949 Eastern (Interprovincial Rugby Football Union) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.
QB – Frank Filchock, Montreal Alouettes
QB – Andy Gordon, Ottawa Rough Riders
HB – Howie Turner, Ottawa Rough Riders
HB – Virgil Wagner, Montreal Alouettes
HB – Royal Copeland, Toronto Argonauts
E – Robert Hood, Hamilton Wildcats
E – Ralph Toohy, Montreal Alouettes
FW – Bob Paffrath, Ottawa Rough Riders
C – Don Loney, Ottawa Rough Riders
G – Eddie Michaels, Ottawa Rough Riders
G – Vince Scott, Hamilton Wildcats
T – Herb Trawick, Montreal Alouettes
T – John Wagoner, Ottawa Rough Riders
1949 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.
1st Team
QB – Keith Spaith, Calgary Stampeders
HB – Del Wardien, Saskatchewan Roughriders
HB – Ken Charlton, Saskatchewan Roughriders
HB – Vern Graham, Calgary Stampeders
FB – Sammy Pierce, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
E – Ezzert Anderson, Calgary Stampeders
E – Woody Strode, Calgary Stampeders
C – Mel Wilson, Calgary Stampeders
G – Mike Kissell, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
G – Riley Matheson, Calgary Stampeders
T – Johnny Aguirre, Calgary Stampeders
T – Mike Cassidy, Saskatchewan Roughriders
2nd Team
QB – Doug Belden, Saskatchewan Roughriders
HB – Chuck Fenenbock, Edmonton Eskimos
HB – Normie Kwong, Calgary Stampeders
HB – Harry Hood, Calgary Stampeders
FB – Paul Rowe, Calgary Stampeders
E – Matt Anthony, Saskatchewan Roughriders
E – Johnny Bell, Saskatchewan Roughriders
C – Doug Brightwell, Saskatchewan Roughriders
G – Bud Irving, Winnipeg Blue Bombers
G – Bert Iannone, Calgary Stampeders
T – Pat Santucci, Saskatchewan Roughriders
T – Toar Springstein, Saskatchewan Roughriders
1949 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.
QB – Stan Wolkowski, Hamilton Tigers
HB – Don Knowles, Sarnia Imperials
HB – Jack Stewart, Hamilton Tigers
DB – Sylvester Mike, Windsor Rockets
E – Keith Fisher, Sarnia Imperials
E – Bill Damiano, Hamilton Tigers
E – Rube Ainsworth, Hamilton Tigers
FW – Joe Capriotti, Hamilton Tigers
C – Jake Gaudaur, Hamilton Tigers
G – Don McKenzie, Toronto Beaches-Indians
G – Jack Moreau, Windsor Rockets
T – Lloyd "Dutch" Davey, Sarnia Imperials
T – Len Wright, Windsor Rockets
1949 Canadian Football Awards
Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy (IRFU MVP) – Royal Copeland (RB), Toronto Argonauts
Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy (WIFU MVP) - Keith Spaith (QB), Calgary Stampeders
Gruen Trophy (IRFU Rookie of the Year) - Jim Loreno (HB), Hamilton Wildcats
Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy (WIFU Rookie of the Year) - John Stroppa (HB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Imperial Oil Trophy (ORFU MVP) - Don Knowles - Sarnia Imperials
References
^ "Grey Cup Memories: 1949". CFL.ca. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2019-10-05.
vte1949 Canadian football season by teamWestern Interprovicial Football Union
Calgary
Edmonton
Regina
Winnipeg
Interprovincial Rugby Football Union
Hamilton
Montreal
Ottawa
Toronto
Ontario Rugby Football Union
Hamilton
Sarnia
Toronto Balmy Beach
Windsor
See also
37th Grey Cup
vteCanadian Football League seasonsEarly era
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
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1895
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1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
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1908
1909
1910
1911
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1915
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1918
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1923
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1925
1926
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1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
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1957
CFL era
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
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1971
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1976
1977
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calgary Stampeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Calgary Stampeders had an opportunity to defend their Grey Cup title in 1949, but the Montreal Alouettes returned the trophy to Quebec for just the third time in its history.[1]","title":"1949 in Canadian football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton Eskimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos"},{"link_name":"WIFU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL_West_Division"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_(color)"},{"link_name":"green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL_West_Division"}],"text":"The Edmonton Eskimos rejoined with the WIFU and adopted the colours of gold and green. The WIFU regular season was extended to 14 games, per team.Wearing helmets became compulsory with the two unions. The Western Canada Rugby Football Union ceased its operations.","title":"Canadian Football News in 1949"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final regular season standings","text":"Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = PointsBold text means that they have clinched the playoffs.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: All dates in 1949","title":"Grey Cup playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals","text":"Calgary won the total-point series by 22–21. The Stampeders will advance to the Grey Cup game.Hamilton won the total-point series by 26–18. The Tigers will play the Montreal Alouettes in the Eastern finals.Montreal won the total-point series by 36–20. The Alouettes will play the Hamilton Tigers in the Eastern finals.","title":"Grey Cup playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eastern Finals","text":"The Montreal Alouettes will advance to the Grey Cup game.","title":"Grey Cup playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoff bracket"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grey Cup Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Filchock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Filchock"},{"link_name":"Andy Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Gordon_(Canadian_football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Howie Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Turner"},{"link_name":"Virgil Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Royal Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Copeland_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Ralph Toohy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Toohy"},{"link_name":"Bob Paffrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Paffrath"},{"link_name":"Don Loney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Loney"},{"link_name":"Eddie Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Michaels"},{"link_name":"Vince Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Scott"},{"link_name":"Herb Trawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Trawick"},{"link_name":"John Wagoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wagoner"}],"text":"NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.QB – Frank Filchock, Montreal Alouettes\nQB – Andy Gordon, Ottawa Rough Riders\nHB – Howie Turner, Ottawa Rough Riders\nHB – Virgil Wagner, Montreal Alouettes\nHB – Royal Copeland, Toronto Argonauts\nE – Robert Hood, Hamilton Wildcats\nE – Ralph Toohy, Montreal Alouettes\nFW – Bob Paffrath, Ottawa Rough Riders\nC – Don Loney, Ottawa Rough Riders\nG – Eddie Michaels, Ottawa Rough Riders\nG – Vince Scott, Hamilton Wildcats\nT – Herb Trawick, Montreal Alouettes\nT – John Wagoner, Ottawa Rough Riders","title":"1949 Eastern (Interprovincial Rugby Football Union) All-Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Canadian_football&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Keith Spaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Spaith"},{"link_name":"Del Wardien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Wardien"},{"link_name":"Ken Charlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Charlton_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Vern Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Graham"},{"link_name":"Sammy Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sammy_Pierce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ezzert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezzert_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Woody Strode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Strode"},{"link_name":"Mel Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Mike Kissell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Kissell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Riley Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_Matheson"},{"link_name":"Johnny Aguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Aguirre"},{"link_name":"Mike Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cassidy_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Canadian_football&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Doug Belden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Belden"},{"link_name":"Chuck Fenenbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Fenenbock"},{"link_name":"Normie Kwong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normie_Kwong"},{"link_name":"Harry Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hood_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Paul Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rowe_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Matt Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Anthony_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Bell_(football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doug Brightwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Brightwell"},{"link_name":"Bud Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Irving"},{"link_name":"Bert Iannone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Iannone"},{"link_name":"Pat Santucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Santucci"},{"link_name":"Toar Springstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toar_Springstein"}],"text":"NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.1st Team[edit]\nQB – Keith Spaith, Calgary Stampeders\nHB – Del Wardien, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nHB – Ken Charlton, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nHB – Vern Graham, Calgary Stampeders\nFB – Sammy Pierce, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nE – Ezzert Anderson, Calgary Stampeders\nE – Woody Strode, Calgary Stampeders\nC – Mel Wilson, Calgary Stampeders\nG – Mike Kissell, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nG – Riley Matheson, Calgary Stampeders\nT – Johnny Aguirre, Calgary Stampeders\nT – Mike Cassidy, Saskatchewan Roughriders\n\n\n2nd Team[edit]\nQB – Doug Belden, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nHB – Chuck Fenenbock, Edmonton Eskimos\nHB – Normie Kwong, Calgary Stampeders\nHB – Harry Hood, Calgary Stampeders\nFB – Paul Rowe, Calgary Stampeders\nE – Matt Anthony, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nE – Johnny Bell, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nC – Doug Brightwell, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nG – Bud Irving, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nG – Bert Iannone, Calgary Stampeders\nT – Pat Santucci, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nT – Toar Springstein, Saskatchewan Roughriders","title":"1949 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Wolkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stan_Wolkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Don Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Jack Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Stewart_(Canadian_football)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvester_Mike&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keith Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keith_Fisher&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Damiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Damiano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rube Ainsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rube_Ainsworth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joe Capriotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Capriotti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jake Gaudaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Gaudaur"},{"link_name":"Don McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McKenzie_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Jack Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Moreau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lloyd \"Dutch\" Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd_Davey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Len Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Wright"}],"text":"NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.QB – Stan Wolkowski, Hamilton Tigers\nHB – Don Knowles, Sarnia Imperials\nHB – Jack Stewart, Hamilton Tigers\nDB – Sylvester Mike, Windsor Rockets\nE – Keith Fisher, Sarnia Imperials\nE – Bill Damiano, Hamilton Tigers\nE – Rube Ainsworth, Hamilton Tigers\nFW – Joe Capriotti, Hamilton Tigers\nC – Jake Gaudaur, Hamilton Tigers\nG – Don McKenzie, Toronto Beaches-Indians\nG – Jack Moreau, Windsor Rockets\nT – Lloyd \"Dutch\" Davey, Sarnia Imperials\nT – Len Wright, Windsor Rockets","title":"1949 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Russel_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Royal Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Copeland_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nicklin_Memorial_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Keith Spaith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Spaith"},{"link_name":"Gruen Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Jim Loreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Loreno"},{"link_name":"Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Beattie_Martin_Trophy"},{"link_name":"John Stroppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stroppa"},{"link_name":"Imperial Oil Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union#Imperial_Oil_Trophy_-_Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Don Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Knowles"}],"text":"Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy (IRFU MVP) – Royal Copeland (RB), Toronto Argonauts\nJeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy (WIFU MVP) - Keith Spaith (QB), Calgary Stampeders\nGruen Trophy (IRFU Rookie of the Year) - Jim Loreno (HB), Hamilton Wildcats\nDr. Beattie Martin Trophy (WIFU Rookie of the Year) - John Stroppa (HB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nImperial Oil Trophy (ORFU MVP) - Don Knowles - Sarnia Imperials","title":"1949 Canadian Football Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Grey Cup Memories: 1949\". CFL.ca. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2019-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cfl.ca/2005/11/09/grey_cup_memories__1949/","url_text":"\"Grey Cup Memories: 1949\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.cfl.ca/2005/11/09/grey_cup_memories__1949/","external_links_name":"\"Grey Cup Memories: 1949\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Conakry
|
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry
|
["1 Statistics","2 Ecclesiastical province","3 History","4 Ordinaries","5 See also","6 Sources and external links","7 References"]
|
Coordinates: 9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157Latin Catholic jurisdiction in Guinea
The Archdiocese of Conakry (Latin: Konakrien(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Guinea. It is the metropolitan see for its ecclesiastical province which covers all Guinea. It depends upon the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.
The archbishop's cathedra is within the Cathédrale Sainte-Marie, in the national capital Conakry.
Statistics
As of 2024, it pastorally served 170,000 Catholics (3.2% of 5,211,530 total) on 88,664 km² in 32 parishes and one mission with 61 priests (47 diocesan, 14 religious), 86 lay religious (19 brothers, 67 sisters) and 27 seminarians.
Ecclesiastical province
All other dioceses in Guinea are suffragan sees of Conakry:
Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké
Roman Catholic Diocese of Guéckédou
Roman Catholic Diocese of Kankan
Roman Catholic Diocese of N’Zérékoré
History
On 18 October 1897, the Apostolic Prefecture of French Guinea was established on French colonial territories canonically split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Senegambia (based in Senegal) and the Apostolic Vicariate of Sierra Leone (in Sierra Leone).
On 18 April 1920, it became the Apostolic Vicariate of French Guinea.
On 12 May 1949, it was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Conakry, having lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Kankan, now one of its suffragan dioceses.
On 14 September 1955, was elevated to a residential see, named the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Conakry.
On 22 February 2024, it lost territory to establish the Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké.
It enjoyed a Papal visit by Pope John Paul II in February 1992.
Ordinaries
Prefect Apostolic of French Guinea
Raymond-René Lerouge, Holy Ghost Fathers (C.S.Sp.) (9 March 1911 – 22 April 1920 see below)
Vicar Apostolic of French Guinea
Raymond-René Lerouge, C.S.Sp. (see above 22 April 1920 – 12 May 1949 see below), Titular Bishop of Selge (18 April 1920 – death 2 July 1949)
Vicars Apostolic of Conakry
Raymond-René Lerouge, C.S.Sp. (see above 12 May 1949 – death 2 July 1949)
Michel-Jules-Joseph-Marie Bernard, C.S.Sp.(12 March 1950 – 18 July 1954), Titular Bishop of Ægeæ (12 March 1950 – 14 September); later Vicar Apostolic of Brazzaville (Congo-Brazzaville) (18 July 1954 – 14 September 1955), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Brazzaville (14 September 1955 – 2 May 1964), later Titular Archbishop of Aræ in Mauretania (2 May 1964 – 15 January 1966), Archbishop-Bishop of Nouakchott (Mauritania) (15 January 1966 – 21 December 1973)
Gérard-Paul-Louis-Marie de Milleville, C.S.Sp. (8 May 1955 – 14 September 1955 see below), Titular Bishop of Dalisandus in Pamphylia (8 May 1955 – 14 September 1955)
Metropolitan Archbishops of Conakry
Gérard-Paul-Louis-Marie de Milleville, C.S.Sp. (see above 14 September 1955 – 10 March 1962), also Apostolic Administrator of Kankan (Guinea) (1957 – 14 December 1958); later Titular Archbishop of Gabala (10 March 1962 – death 12 January 2007) as Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza (Brazil) (1967 – 1984), Apostolic Administrator of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, French) (29 January 1968 – 5 October 1970)
Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo, C.S.Sp. (10 March 1962 – retired 13 August 1979), President of Episcopal Conference of the Guinea (1970 – 1979); died 2011.
Robert Sarah (13 August 1979 – 1 October 2001), appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (elevated to Cardinal in 2010)
Vincent Coulibaly (6 May 2003 to date)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Guinea
List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Guinea
Sources and external links
GCatholic.org, with Google satellite photo
9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157
References
^ "Resignations and Appointments". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church in Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guinea"},{"link_name":"metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)"},{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_See"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"cathedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"Cathédrale Sainte-Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedrale_Sainte-Marie"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"}],"text":"Latin Catholic jurisdiction in GuineaThe Archdiocese of Conakry (Latin: Konakrien(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Guinea. It is the metropolitan see for its ecclesiastical province which covers all Guinea. It depends upon the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.The archbishop's cathedra is within the Cathédrale Sainte-Marie, in the national capital Conakry.","title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"As of 2024, it pastorally served 170,000 Catholics (3.2% of 5,211,530 total) on 88,664 km² in 32 parishes and one mission with 61 priests (47 diocesan, 14 religious), 86 lay religious (19 brothers, 67 sisters) and 27 seminarians.[1]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bok%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Guéckédou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gu%C3%A9ck%C3%A9dou"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Kankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Kankan"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of N’Zérékoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_N%E2%80%99Z%C3%A9r%C3%A9kor%C3%A9"}],"text":"All other dioceses in Guinea are suffragan sees of Conakry:Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké\nRoman Catholic Diocese of Guéckédou\nRoman Catholic Diocese of Kankan\nRoman Catholic Diocese of N’Zérékoré","title":"Ecclesiastical province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apostolic Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"French Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Senegambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Senegambia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate of Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Vicariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Prefecture of Kankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_Kankan"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bok%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"On 18 October 1897, the Apostolic Prefecture of French Guinea was established on French colonial territories canonically split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Senegambia (based in Senegal) and the Apostolic Vicariate of Sierra Leone (in Sierra Leone).On 18 April 1920, it became the Apostolic Vicariate of French Guinea.On 12 May 1949, it was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Conakry, having lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Kankan, now one of its suffragan dioceses.On 14 September 1955, was elevated to a residential see, named the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Conakry.On 22 February 2024, it lost\tterritory to establish the Roman Catholic Diocese of Boké.It enjoyed a Papal visit by Pope John Paul II in February 1992.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Ghost Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Selge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selge"},{"link_name":"Michel-Jules-Joseph-Marie Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel-Jules-Joseph-Marie_Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Ægeæ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ge%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Vicar Apostolic of Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Brazzaville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Aræ in Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ar%C3%A6_in_Mauretania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop-Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop-Bishop"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nouakchott"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Dalisandus in Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalisandus_in_Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Gérard-Paul-Louis-Marie de Milleville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard-Paul-Louis-Marie_de_Milleville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Titular Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Archbishop"},{"link_name":"Gabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jableh"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Fortaleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Fortaleza"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator"},{"link_name":"Basse-Terre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Basse-Terre"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Raymond-Maria Tchidimbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond-Maria_Tchidimbo"},{"link_name":"C.S.Sp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S.Sp."},{"link_name":"Robert Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sarah"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Vincent Coulibaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Coulibaly"}],"text":"Prefect Apostolic of French GuineaRaymond-René Lerouge, Holy Ghost Fathers (C.S.Sp.) (9 March 1911 – 22 April 1920 see below)Vicar Apostolic of French GuineaRaymond-René Lerouge, C.S.Sp. (see above 22 April 1920 – 12 May 1949 see below), Titular Bishop of Selge (18 April 1920 – death 2 July 1949)Vicars Apostolic of ConakryRaymond-René Lerouge, C.S.Sp. (see above 12 May 1949 – death 2 July 1949)\nMichel-Jules-Joseph-Marie Bernard, C.S.Sp.(12 March 1950 – 18 July 1954), Titular Bishop of Ægeæ (12 March 1950 – 14 September); later Vicar Apostolic of Brazzaville (Congo-Brazzaville) (18 July 1954 – 14 September 1955), promoted first Metropolitan Archbishop of Brazzaville (14 September 1955 – 2 May 1964), later Titular Archbishop of Aræ in Mauretania (2 May 1964 – 15 January 1966), Archbishop-Bishop of Nouakchott (Mauritania) (15 January 1966 – 21 December 1973)\nGérard-Paul-Louis-Marie de Milleville, C.S.Sp. (8 May 1955 – 14 September 1955 see below), Titular Bishop of Dalisandus in Pamphylia (8 May 1955 – 14 September 1955)Metropolitan Archbishops of ConakryGérard-Paul-Louis-Marie de Milleville, C.S.Sp. (see above 14 September 1955 – 10 March 1962), also Apostolic Administrator of Kankan (Guinea) (1957 – 14 December 1958); later Titular Archbishop of Gabala (10 March 1962 – death 12 January 2007) as Auxiliary Bishop of Fortaleza (Brazil) (1967 – 1984), Apostolic Administrator of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, French) (29 January 1968 – 5 October 1970)\nRaymond-Maria Tchidimbo, C.S.Sp. (10 March 1962 – retired 13 August 1979), President of Episcopal Conference of the Guinea (1970 – 1979); died 2011.\nRobert Sarah (13 August 1979 – 1 October 2001), appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (elevated to Cardinal in 2010)\nVincent Coulibaly (6 May 2003 to date)","title":"Ordinaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCatholic.org, with Google satellite photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cona0.htm"},{"link_name":"9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry¶ms=9.5102_N_13.7157_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:GN"}],"text":"GCatholic.org, with Google satellite photo9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157","title":"Sources and external links"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Roman Catholicism in Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Guinea"},{"title":"List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_dioceses_in_Guinea"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Resignations and Appointments\". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 2024-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2024/02/22/240222a.html","url_text":"\"Resignations and Appointments\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry¶ms=9.5102_N_13.7157_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:GN","external_links_name":"9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157"},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/cona0.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic.org, with Google satellite photo"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Conakry¶ms=9.5102_N_13.7157_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:GN","external_links_name":"9°30′37″N 13°42′57″W / 9.5102°N 13.7157°W / 9.5102; -13.7157"},{"Link":"https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2024/02/22/240222a.html","external_links_name":"\"Resignations and Appointments\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Fischer
|
Pál Fischer
|
["1 Career","2 National team","3 Honours","3.1 Club","3.2 Individual","4 External links"]
|
Hungarian footballer
Pál Fischer
Personal informationFull name
Pál FischerDate of birth
(1966-01-29) 29 January 1966 (age 58)Place of birth
Budapest, HungaryHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
ForwardYouth career1980–1982
Bp. Építők1982–1984
FerencvarosSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1984–1991
Ferencváros
120
(49)1989–1990
→ AFC Ajax (loan)
15
(7)1991–1992
BFC Siófok
30
(16)1992–1993
Kispest Honvéd
23
(5)1993–1994
BFC Siófok
22
(8)1994–1995
Soproni LC
15
(5)1995–1997
Vasas SC
61
(17)1997–1998
NK Osijek
11
(4)1998–1999
BKV Előre
9
(1)1999–2000
III. Kerületi TUE
16
(4)International career1988–1992
Hungary
19
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
The native form of this personal name is Fischer Pál. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Pál Fischer (born 29 January 1966 in Budapest) is a Hungarian retired football player.
Career
After playing initially with Ferencvárosi TC between 1984 and 1991. Fischer managed to be Hungarian national champion and league top scorer in 1992, a year after returning from a year-long loan at AFC Ajax where he was already Dutch Eredivisie champion in 1990. After this successful period he moved to BFC Siófok but after a year he signed with Kispest Honvéd where he was Hungarian champion again in 1993. Afterwards he returned to BFC Siofók in 1993, joined Soproni LC in 1994 before moving to Vasas SC in 1995 where he settled for two seasons. In 1997, he emigrated again, this time to play with Prva HNL club NK Osijek. After one season in Croatia he returned to Hungary and played with BKV Előre SC, III. Kerületi TUE and Magyargéc before retiring in 2003.
National team
He was part of the Hungary team that participated in the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Fischer was part of the Hungarian national team and played a total of 19 matches from 1988 until 1992.
Honours
Club
Ajax
Eredivisie: 1989–90
Ferencváros
Magyar Kupa: 1990–91
Honvéd
Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 1992–93
Individual
Nemzeti Bajnokság I top goalscorer: 1991–92 (16 goals, together with Ferenc Orosz)
External links
Pál Fischer at National-Football-Teams.com
Pál Fischer at FootballDatabase.eu
Stats from Hungary at Futball-Adattar at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 July 2011)
Stats from Croatia at HRrepka at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 July 2011)
vteNB I top scorers
1901: Manno
1902: Manno
1903: Károly
1904: Pokorny
1905: Károly
1907: Kelemen
1908: Vangel
1909: Schlosser
1910: Schlosser
1911: Schlosser
1912: Schlosser
1913: Schlosser
1914: Schlosser
1917: Schlosser
1918: Schaffer
1919: Schaffer
1920: Orth
1921: Orth
1922: Orth
1923: Priboj
1924: Jeszmás
1925: G. Molnár
1926: Takács
1927: Horváth
1928: Takács
1929: Takács
1930: Takács
1931: Vincze
1932: Takács
1933: Jávor
1934: Toldi
1935: Cseh
1936: Sárosi
1937: Cseh
1938: Zsengellér
1939: Zsengellér
1940: Sárosi
1941: Sárosi
1942: Kalmár
1943: Jenőfi & Zsengellér
1944: Zsengellér
1945: Zsengellér
1946: Deák
1947: Deák
1948: Puskás
1949: Deák
1950 (1): Puskás
1950 (2): Puskás
1951: Kocsis
1952: Kocsis
1953: Puskás
1954: Kocsis
1955: Czibor & Machos
1957: Szilágyi
1958: Friedmanszky & J. Molnár
1959: Kisuczky, Monostori & Tichy
1960: Albert
1961: Albert & Tichy
1962: Tichy
1963 (1): Bene
1963 (2): Tichy
1964: Tichy
1965: Albert
1966: Farkas
1967: Dunai
1968: Dunai
1969: Bene
1970: Dunai
1971: Kozma
1972: Bene
1973: Bene
1974: Kozma
1975: Bene & Kozma
1976: Fazekas
1977: Várady
1978: Fazekas
1979: Fekete
1980: Fazekas
1981: Nyilasi
1982: Hannich
1983: Dobány
1984: Szabó
1985: Détári & Kiprich
1986: Détári
1987: Détári
1988: Melis
1989: Petres
1990: Dzurják
1991: Gregor
1992: Fischer & Orosz
1993: Répási
1994: Illés
1995: Preisinger
1996: Nichenko
1997: Illés
1998: Tiber
1999: Illés
2000: Tököli
2001: Kabát
2002: Tököli
2003: Kenesei
2004: Tóth
2005: Medveď
2006: Rajczi
2007: Bajzát
2008: Waltner
2009: Bajzát
2010: Nikolics
2011: Alves
2012: Coulibaly
2013: Coulibaly
2014: Nikolics & Simon
2015: Nikolics
2016: Böde
2017: Eppel
2018: Lanzafame
2019: Holender & Lanzafame
2020: Radó
2021: Hahn
2022: Ádám
2023: Varga
2024: Varga
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Fischer Pál. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Pál Fischer (born 29 January 1966 in Budapest) is a Hungarian retired football player.","title":"Pál Fischer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferencvárosi TC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"AFC Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"BFC Siófok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFC_Si%C3%B3fok"},{"link_name":"Kispest Honvéd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC"},{"link_name":"Vasas SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasas_SC"},{"link_name":"Prva HNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_HNL"},{"link_name":"NK Osijek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_Osijek"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"BKV Előre SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKV_El%C5%91re_SC"},{"link_name":"III. Kerületi TUE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Ker%C3%BCleti_TUE"},{"link_name":"Magyargéc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarg%C3%A9c"}],"text":"After playing initially with Ferencvárosi TC between 1984 and 1991. Fischer managed to be Hungarian national champion and league top scorer in 1992, a year after returning from a year-long loan at AFC Ajax where he was already Dutch Eredivisie champion in 1990. After this successful period he moved to BFC Siófok but after a year he signed with Kispest Honvéd where he was Hungarian champion again in 1993. Afterwards he returned to BFC Siofók in 1993, joined Soproni LC in 1994 before moving to Vasas SC in 1995 where he settled for two seasons. In 1997, he emigrated again, this time to play with Prva HNL club NK Osijek. After one season in Croatia he returned to Hungary and played with BKV Előre SC, III. Kerületi TUE and Magyargéc before retiring in 2003.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1985 FIFA World Youth Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_FIFA_World_Youth_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hungarian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"}],"text":"He was part of the Hungary team that participated in the 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship.\nFischer was part of the Hungarian national team and played a total of 19 matches from 1988 until 1992.","title":"National team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Magyar Kupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"AjaxEredivisie: 1989–90FerencvárosMagyar Kupa: 1990–91HonvédNemzeti Bajnokság I: 1992–93","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Orosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Orosz"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Nemzeti Bajnokság I top goalscorer: 1991–92 (16 goals, together with Ferenc Orosz)","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/33586.html","external_links_name":"Pál Fischer"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/34348","external_links_name":"Pál Fischer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104939/http://futball-adattar.hu/nb_jatekos.php?id=597","external_links_name":"Stats from Hungary at Futball-Adattar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110712225836/http://www.hrrepka.com:8080/app/hnl/prikazIgraca.iface?id=1171","external_links_name":"Stats from Croatia at HRrepka"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Plasmodium_species_infecting_reptiles
|
List of Plasmodium species infecting reptiles
|
["1 Host records","2 Subspecies","3 Vectors","4 Interrelatedness","5 References"]
|
List of Plasmodium species infecting reptiles
Plasmodium robinsoni
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
SAR
(unranked):
Alveolata
Phylum:
Apicomplexa
Class:
Aconoidasida
Order:
Haemosporida
Family:
Plasmodiidae
Genus:
Plasmodium
Species
Plasmodium achiotense
Plasmodium aeuminatum
Plasmodium agamae
Plasmodium arachniformis
Plasmodium attenuatum
Plasmodium aurulentum
Plasmodium australis
Plasmodium azurophilum
Plasmodium balli
Plasmodium basilisci
Plasmodium beebei
Plasmodium beltrani
Plasmodium brumpti
Plasmodium brygooi
Plasmodium chiricahuae
Plasmodium circularis
Plasmodium cnemaspi
Plasmodium cnemidophori
Plasmodium colombiense
Plasmodium cordyli
Plasmodium diminutivum
Plasmodium diploglossi
Plasmodium egerniae
Plasmodium fairchildi
Plasmodium floridense
Plasmodium gemini
Plasmodium giganteum
Plasmodium gologoense
Plasmodium gracilis
Plasmodium guyannense
Plasmodium heischi
Plasmodium hispaniolae
Plasmodium holaspi
Plasmodium icipeensis
Plasmodium iguanae
Plasmodium josephinae
Plasmodium kentropyxi
Plasmodium koreafense
Plasmodium lacertiliae
Plasmodium lainsoni
Plasmodium lepidoptiformis
Plasmodium lionatum
Plasmodium loveridgei
Plasmodium lygosomae
Plasmodium mabuiae
Plasmodium mackerrasae
Plasmodium maculilabre
Plasmodium marginatum
Plasmodium mexicanum
Plasmodium megalotrypa
Plasmodium michikoa
Plasmodium minasense
Plasmodium minuoviride
Plasmodium pelaezi
Plasmodium pessoai
Plasmodium pifanoi
Plasmodium pitmani
Plasmodium rhadinurum
Plasmodium sasai
Plasmodium saurocaudatum
Plasmodium scorzai
Plasmodium siamense
Plasmodium robinsoni
Plasmodium sasai
Plasmodium scorzai
Plasmodium tanzaniae
Plasmodium tomodoni
Plasmodium torrealbai
Plasmodium tribolonoti
Plasmodium tropiduri
Plasmodium uluguruense
Plasmodium uzungwiense
Plasmodium vacuolatum
Plasmodium vastator
Plasmodium volans
Plasmodium wenyoni
Plasmodium zonuriae
Over 90 species and subspecies of Plasmodium infect lizards. They have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard but only 29 species of snake. Three species - P. pessoai, P. tomodoni and P. wenyoni - infect snakes. These species belong to the subgenera Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Fallisia, Garnia, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium and Sauramoeba. Additional species continue to be described.
Host records
P. agamae - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama)
P. attenuatum - Ameiva ameiva
P. arachniformis - chameleons
P. aurulentum - neotropical forest gecko (Thecadactylus rapicaudus)
P. azurophilum - anole lizards (Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis sabanus)
P. bailli - Anolis lizards (Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)
P. basilisci - the striped basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus)
P. beebei - the gecko (Gonatodes taniae)
P. brygooi - short-horned chameleon (Chamaeleo brevicornis)
P. chiricahuae - fence lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi)
P. circularis - Australian skink (Egernia stokesii)
P. cnemaspi - African gecko (Cnemaspis africana)
P. cnemidophori - Ameiva ameiva
P. colombiense - Anolis lizard (Anolis auratus)
P. diploglossi - Anguid lizard (Diploglossus fasciatus)
P. draconis - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
P. egerniae - the land mullet (Egernia major)
P. fairchildi - Anolis lizard (Anolis cupreus)
P. floridense - anole lizards (Anolis biporcatus, Anolis carolinensis, Anolis frenatus, Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis limifrons, Anolis pentaprion, Anolis sabanus and Anolis sagrei)
P. giganteum - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama), the African tropical lizard (Agama cyanogaster)
P. gologoense - chameleons
P. gracilis - skink (Tribolonotus gracilis)
P. guyannense - the iguanid lizard (Plica plica)
P. heischi - skinks (Mabuya striata)
P. hispaniolae - Anolis lizards
P. holaspi - African flying lizard (Holaspis guentheri)
P. iguanae - Iguana iguana iguana
P. kentropyxi - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
P. lacertiliae - crocodile skink (Tribolonotus species)
P. lainsoni - the gecko (Phyllodactylus ventralis)
P. lepidoptiformis - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
P. lionatum - the flying gecko (Ptychozoon lionatum)
P. loveridgei - African gecko (Lygodactylus picturatus)
P. lygosomae - skink (Lygosoma moco)
P. mabuiae - African skink (Mabuya quinquetaeiata)
P. mackerrasae - Australian skinks (Egernia cunninghami, Egernia stokesii and Egernia striolata)
P. maculilabre - African skink (Mabuya species)
P. marginatum - Anolis lizard (Anolis frenatus)
P. mexicanum - fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis)
P. michikoa - chameleons
P. minasense - African skink (Mabuya agilis)
P. minasense anolisi - Anolis lizards (Anolis cybotes, Anolis distichus, Anolis frenatus and Anolis limifrons)
P. minasense calcaratae - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
P. minasense capitoi - Anolis lizard (Anolis capito)
P. minasense carinii - iguanid lizard (Iguana iguana)
P. minasense diminutivum - dwarf tegu lizard (Ameiva ameiva)
P. minasense minasense - African skink (Mabuya mabouya)
P. minasense plicae - olive tree runner lizard (Plica umbra)
P. minasense tegui - blue tengu lizard (Tupinambis teguixin)
P. pelaezi - the iguanid lizard (Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus)
P. pessoai - snakes (Spilotes pullatus and Lachesis muta)
P. pifanoi - the green ameiva lizard (Ameiva ameiva) and a teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
P. pitmani - African skink (Mabuya species)
P. rhadinurum - Iguana iguana iguana
P. robinsoni - the Parson's Chameleon (Chamaelo parsoni crucifer)
P. sasai - Japanese lacertids (Takydromus tachydromoides and Takydromus smaragdinus)
P. saurocaudatum - the many-lined sun skink (Mabuya multifasciata)
P. scorzai - the gecko Phyllodactylus ventralis
P. siamense - lizards.
P. tanzaniae - chameleons
P. tomodoni - snakes
P. torrealbai - Anolis lizards
P. tribolonoti - skinks (Tribolonotus gracilis)
P. tropiduri - iguanid lizard (Tropidurus torquatus), Anolis lizards (Anolis biporcatus, Anolis cybotes, Anolis frenatus, Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus, Anolis pentaprion and Anolis poecilopus), teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)
P. tropiduri aquaticum - Anolis lizards (Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)
P. tropiduri panamense - Anolis lizard (Anolis biporcatus)
P. tropiduri tropiduri - Tropidurus hispidus
P. robinsoni - the red-headed rock agama lizard (Agama agama)
P. uluguruense - African gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus)
P. uzungwiense - chameleons
P. vacuolatum - the rainforest lizard (Plica umbra)
P. vastator - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
P. volans - the flying lizard (Draco volans)
P. wenyoni - snakes
Subspecies
P. fairchildi - P. fairchildi fairchildi and P. fairchildi hispaniolae
P. lygosomae - P. lygosomae nucleoversans and P. lygosomae nucleoversans
P. minasense - P. minasense anolisi, P. minasense capitoi, P. minasense carinii,
P. minasense diminutivum, P. minasense minasense, P. minasense plicae, and P. minasense tegui. An additional subspecies P. minasense calcaratae has also been described.
P. traguli - P. traguli traguli and P. traguli memmina.
P. tropiduri - P. tropiduri aquaticum, P. tropiduri panamense and P. tropiduri tropiduri.
Vectors
Compared with those known for the species infecting humans, few vectors are known for these species.
P. agamae - Lutzomyia or Culicoides species
Culex:
Culex fatigans - P. rhadinurum
Aedes:
Aedes aegypti - P. rhadinurum
Interrelatedness
P. floridense is closely related to P. tropiduri and P. minasense
References
^ Schall J.J. (2000) Transmission success of the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum into its vector: role of gametocyte density and sex ratio. Parasitol. 121 (6):575-580
^ Perkins S.L., Austin C. (2008) Four new species of Plasmodium from New Guinea lizards: Integrating morphology and molecules. J. Parasitol.
^ Southgate B.A. (1970) Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) giganteum in Agama cyanogaster: a new host record. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64(1):12-13
^ Garnham P.C., Telford S.R. Jr. (1984) A new malaria parasite Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) heischi in skinks (Mabuya striata) from Nairobi, with a brief discussion of the distribution of malaria parasites in the family Scincidae. J Protozool. 31(4):518-521.
^ Telford S.R. (1986) Fallisia parasites (Haemosporidia: Plasmodiidae) from the flying lizard, Draco maculatus (Agamidae) in Thailand. J. Parasitol. 72(5):766-769
^ Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic revision of small neotropical saurian Malarias allied to Plasmodium minasense. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(4):409-422
^ Telford S.R. Jr., Telford S.R. 3rd. (2003) Rediscovery and redescription of Plasmodium pifanoi and description of two additional Plasmodium parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J. Parasitol. 89(2):362-368
^ Telford S.R. Jr. (1979) A taxonomic reconsideration of some Plasmodium species from iguanid lizards. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54(2):129-144
|
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They have been reported from over 3200 species of lizard but only 29 species of snake. Three species - P. pessoai, P. tomodoni and P. wenyoni - infect snakes. These species belong to the subgenera Asiamoeba, Carinamoeba, Fallisia, Garnia, Lacertamoeba, Ophidiella, Paraplasmodium and Sauramoeba.[1] Additional species continue to be described.[2]","title":"List of Plasmodium species infecting reptiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Agama agama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_agama"},{"link_name":"Ameiva ameiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameiva_ameiva"},{"link_name":"chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"Thecadactylus rapicaudus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecadactylus_rapicaudus"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis gingivinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_gingivinus"},{"link_name":"Anolis gundlachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_gundlachi"},{"link_name":"Anolis sabanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_sabanus"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis limifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_limifrons"},{"link_name":"Anolis lionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_lionotus"},{"link_name":"Anolis poecilopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_poecilopus"},{"link_name":"Basiliscus vittatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscus_vittatus"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"Gonatodes taniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonatodes_taniae"},{"link_name":"chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"Chamaeleo brevicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaeleo_brevicornis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Sceloporus jarrovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sceloporus_jarrovi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Egernia stokesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egernia_stokesii"},{"link_name":"Cnemaspis africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnemaspis_africana"},{"link_name":"Ameiva ameiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameiva_ameiva"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis auratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_auratus"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Diploglossus fasciatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploglossus_fasciatus"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Draco volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_volans"},{"link_name":"Egernia major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egernia_major"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis cupreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_cupreus"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis biporcatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_biporcatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis carolinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_carolinensis"},{"link_name":"Anolis frenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_frenatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis gingivinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_gingivinus"},{"link_name":"Anolis gundlachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_gundlachi"},{"link_name":"Anolis limifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_limifrons"},{"link_name":"Anolis pentaprion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_pentaprion"},{"link_name":"Anolis sabanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_sabanus"},{"link_name":"Anolis sagrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_sagrei"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Agama agama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_agama"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Agama cyanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agama_cyanogaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southgate1970-3"},{"link_name":"chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Tribolonotus gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolonotus_gracilis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Plica plica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica_plica"},{"link_name":"skinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinks"},{"link_name":"Mabuya striata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuya_striata"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Granham1984-4"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Holaspis guentheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holaspis_guentheri"},{"link_name":"Iguana iguana iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana_iguana"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx calcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx_calcarata"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Tribolonotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolonotus"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"Phyllodactylus ventralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllodactylus_ventralis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx calcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx_calcarata"},{"link_name":"Ptychozoon lionatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptychozoon_lionatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lygodactylus picturatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygodactylus_picturatus"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Lygosoma moco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lygosoma_moco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Mabuya quinquetaeiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mabuya_quinquetaeiata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"skinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Egernia cunninghami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egernia_cunninghami"},{"link_name":"Egernia stokesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egernia_stokesii"},{"link_name":"Egernia striolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egernia_striolata"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Mabuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuya"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis frenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_frenatus"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Sceloporus occidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceloporus_occidentalis"},{"link_name":"chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Mabuya agilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mabuya_agilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis cybotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_cybotes"},{"link_name":"Anolis distichus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_distichus"},{"link_name":"Anolis frenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_frenatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis limifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_limifrons"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx calcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx_calcarata"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis capito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_capito"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Iguana iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana_iguana"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Ameiva ameiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameiva_ameiva"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Mabuya mabouya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuya_mabouya"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Plica umbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica_umbra"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Tupinambis teguixin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinambis_teguixin"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urosaurus_bicarinatus_bicarinatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spilotes pullatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilotes_pullatus"},{"link_name":"Lachesis muta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachesis_muta"},{"link_name":"Ameiva ameiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameiva_ameiva"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx calcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx_calcarata"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"skink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Mabuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuya"},{"link_name":"Iguana iguana iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana_iguana"},{"link_name":"Parson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson"},{"link_name":"Chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"Chamaelo parsoni crucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaelo_parsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Takydromus tachydromoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takydromus_tachydromoides"},{"link_name":"Takydromus smaragdinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takydromus_smaragdinus"},{"link_name":"Mabuya multifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabuya_multifasciata"},{"link_name":"gecko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"Phyllodactylus ventralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllodactylus_ventralis"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telford1986-5"},{"link_name":"chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"skinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skink"},{"link_name":"Tribolonotus gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribolonotus_gracilis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Tropidurus torquatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidurus_torquatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"Anolis biporcatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_biporcatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis cybotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_cybotes"},{"link_name":"Anolis frenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_frenatus"},{"link_name":"Anolis limifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_limifrons"},{"link_name":"Anolis lionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_lionotus"},{"link_name":"Anolis pentaprion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_pentaprion"},{"link_name":"Anolis poecilopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_poecilopus"},{"link_name":"Kentropyx calcarata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentropyx_calcarata"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis lionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_lionotus"},{"link_name":"Anolis poecilopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_poecilopus"},{"link_name":"Anolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Anolis biporcatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis_biporcatus"},{"link_name":"Tropidurus hispidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidurus_hispidus"},{"link_name":"agama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_(genus)"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Agama agama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_agama"},{"link_name":"Hemidactylus platycephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidactylus_platycephalus"},{"link_name":"chameleons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Plica umbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica_umbra"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Draco volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_volans"},{"link_name":"lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard"},{"link_name":"Draco volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_volans"},{"link_name":"snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"}],"text":"P. agamae - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama)\nP. attenuatum - Ameiva ameiva\nP. arachniformis - chameleons\nP. aurulentum - neotropical forest gecko (Thecadactylus rapicaudus)\nP. azurophilum - anole lizards (Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis sabanus)\nP. bailli - Anolis lizards (Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)\nP. basilisci - the striped basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus)\nP. beebei - the gecko (Gonatodes taniae)\nP. brygooi - short-horned chameleon (Chamaeleo brevicornis)\nP. chiricahuae - fence lizard (Sceloporus jarrovi)\nP. circularis - Australian skink (Egernia stokesii)\nP. cnemaspi - African gecko (Cnemaspis africana)\nP. cnemidophori - Ameiva ameiva\nP. colombiense - Anolis lizard (Anolis auratus)\nP. diploglossi - Anguid lizard (Diploglossus fasciatus)\nP. draconis - the flying lizard (Draco volans)\nP. egerniae - the land mullet (Egernia major)\nP. fairchildi - Anolis lizard (Anolis cupreus)\nP. floridense - anole lizards (Anolis biporcatus, Anolis carolinensis, Anolis frenatus, Anolis gingivinus, Anolis gundlachi, Anolis limifrons, Anolis pentaprion, Anolis sabanus and Anolis sagrei)\nP. giganteum - the rainbow lizard (Agama agama), the African tropical lizard (Agama cyanogaster)[3]\nP. gologoense - chameleons\nP. gracilis - skink (Tribolonotus gracilis)\nP. guyannense - the iguanid lizard (Plica plica)\nP. heischi - skinks (Mabuya striata)[4]\nP. hispaniolae - Anolis lizards\nP. holaspi - African flying lizard (Holaspis guentheri)\nP. iguanae - Iguana iguana iguana\nP. kentropyxi - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)\nP. lacertiliae - crocodile skink (Tribolonotus species)\nP. lainsoni - the gecko (Phyllodactylus ventralis)\nP. lepidoptiformis - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)\nP. lionatum - the flying gecko (Ptychozoon lionatum)\nP. loveridgei - African gecko (Lygodactylus picturatus)\nP. lygosomae - skink (Lygosoma moco)\nP. mabuiae - African skink (Mabuya quinquetaeiata)\nP. mackerrasae - Australian skinks (Egernia cunninghami, Egernia stokesii and Egernia striolata)\nP. maculilabre - African skink (Mabuya species)\nP. marginatum - Anolis lizard (Anolis frenatus)\nP. mexicanum - fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis)\nP. michikoa - chameleons\nP. minasense - African skink (Mabuya agilis)\nP. minasense anolisi - Anolis lizards (Anolis cybotes, Anolis distichus, Anolis frenatus and Anolis limifrons)\nP. minasense calcaratae - teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)\nP. minasense capitoi - Anolis lizard (Anolis capito)\nP. minasense carinii - iguanid lizard (Iguana iguana)\nP. minasense diminutivum - dwarf tegu lizard (Ameiva ameiva)\nP. minasense minasense - African skink (Mabuya mabouya)\nP. minasense plicae - olive tree runner lizard (Plica umbra)\nP. minasense tegui - blue tengu lizard (Tupinambis teguixin)\nP. pelaezi - the iguanid lizard (Urosaurus bicarinatus bicarinatus)\nP. pessoai - snakes (Spilotes pullatus and Lachesis muta)\nP. pifanoi - the green ameiva lizard (Ameiva ameiva) and a teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)\nP. pitmani - African skink (Mabuya species)\nP. rhadinurum - Iguana iguana iguana\nP. robinsoni - the Parson's Chameleon (Chamaelo parsoni crucifer)\nP. sasai - Japanese lacertids (Takydromus tachydromoides and Takydromus smaragdinus)\nP. saurocaudatum - the many-lined sun skink (Mabuya multifasciata)\nP. scorzai - the gecko Phyllodactylus ventralis\nP. siamense - lizards.[5]\nP. tanzaniae - chameleons\nP. tomodoni - snakes\nP. torrealbai - Anolis lizards\nP. tribolonoti - skinks (Tribolonotus gracilis)\nP. tropiduri - iguanid lizard (Tropidurus torquatus), Anolis lizards (Anolis biporcatus, Anolis cybotes, Anolis frenatus, Anolis limifrons, Anolis lionotus, Anolis pentaprion and Anolis poecilopus), teiid lizard (Kentropyx calcarata)\nP. tropiduri aquaticum - Anolis lizards (Anolis lionotus and Anolis poecilopus)\nP. tropiduri panamense - Anolis lizard (Anolis biporcatus)\nP. tropiduri tropiduri - Tropidurus hispidus\nP. robinsoni - the red-headed rock agama lizard (Agama agama)\nP. uluguruense - African gecko (Hemidactylus platycephalus)\nP. uzungwiense - chameleons\nP. vacuolatum - the rainforest lizard (Plica umbra)\nP. vastator - the flying lizard (Draco volans)\nP. volans - the flying lizard (Draco volans)\nP. wenyoni - snakes","title":"Host records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telford1979B-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telford2003-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telford1979-8"}],"text":"P. fairchildi - P. fairchildi fairchildi and P. fairchildi hispaniolae\nP. lygosomae - P. lygosomae nucleoversans and P. lygosomae nucleoversans\nP. minasense - P. minasense anolisi, P. minasense capitoi, P. minasense carinii,\nP. minasense diminutivum, P. minasense minasense, P. minasense plicae, and P. minasense tegui.[6] An additional subspecies P. minasense calcaratae has also been described.[7]\nP. traguli - P. traguli traguli and P. traguli memmina.\nP. tropiduri - P. tropiduri aquaticum, P. tropiduri panamense and P. tropiduri tropiduri.[8]","title":"Subspecies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutzomyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutzomyia"},{"link_name":"Culicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culicoides"},{"link_name":"Culex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culex"},{"link_name":"Culex fatigans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culex_fatigans"},{"link_name":"Aedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes"},{"link_name":"Aedes aegypti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti"}],"text":"Compared with those known for the species infecting humans, few vectors are known for these species.P. agamae - Lutzomyia or Culicoides speciesCulex:Culex fatigans - P. rhadinurumAedes:Aedes aegypti - P. rhadinurum","title":"Vectors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"P. floridense is closely related to P. tropiduri and P. minasense","title":"Interrelatedness"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Italia_(band)
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Bar Italia (band)
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["1 Biography","2 Other projects","3 Members","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 EPs","4.3 Singles","5 Awards and nominations","6 References"]
|
British indie rock band
Bar ItaliaOriginLondon, EnglandGenresIndie rockpost-rockYears active2019–presentLabelsWorld MusicMatador RecordsMembers
Nina Cristante
Sam Fenton
Jezmi Tarik Fehmi
Websitehttps://baritaliaa.com
Bar Italia, stylized bar italia, are a British indie rock band formed in London in 2019. The band consists of members Nina Cristante (vocals), Sam Fenton (vocals, guitar), and Jezmi Tarik Fehmi (vocals, guitar). Their name is derived from the Soho café Bar Italia.
Biography
From 2020 onwards, the band released two albums, one EP and multiple singles through World Music, the record label founded by London musicians Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland.
They were noted as a "new act to watch" by The Face magazine and the number one "rising star to look out for in 2023" by The Times. Their 2022 EP CDR was placed at number one on Gorilla vs. Bear's list of the best EPs of 2022, and their track "Miracle Crush" was placed at number 13 on Crack's list of the 25 best songs of 2022.
In March 2023, it was announced they had signed with Matador Records. They released Tracey Denim in May 2023, while their second album of the year, The Twits, released in November and was supported by European and North American tour dates. Both albums received "generally favorable" reviews according to rating aggregator Metacritic, with French cultural magazine Les Inrocks placing the two projects collectively at number 10 in their list of the best albums of the year. Allmusic called The Twits a reflection of the group's growth "into an increasingly singular, expressive band", and the record debuted at No. 36 on the UK Albums Chart, the band's highest placement as of 2023.
Other projects
Fehmi and Fenton also make music as a duo under the name Double Virgo, a reference to their shared astrological star sign. Since 2020, they have created a number of indie rock and shoegaze records together, produced by Vegyn and released via his label, PLZ Make It Ruins.
Nina Cristante has created lo-fi pop music under the alias Nina (stylized NINA), often collaborating with producer and former label mate, Dean Blunt.
Members
Current members
Nina Cristante – vocals (2020–present)
Sam Fenton – vocals, guitar (2020–present)
Jezmi Tarik Fehmi – vocals, guitar (2020–present)
Discography
Studio albums
Quarrel (World Music, 2020)
Bedhead (World Music, 2021)
Tracey Denim (Matador, 2023)
The Twits (Matador, 2023)
EPs
Angelica Pilled (World Music, 2020)
CDR (self-released, 2022)
The Tw*ts (Matador, 2024)
Singles
List of singles, showing year released, album name and label
Title
Year
Album
Label
"Banks"
2022
CDR
World Music
"Miracle Crush"
World Music
"Polly Armour"
self-released
"Nurse!"
2023
Tracey Denim
Matador
"Punkt!"
Matador
"Changer"
Matador
"My Little Tony"
The Twits
Matador
"Jelsy"
Matador
"World's Greatest Emoter"
Matador
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.
2024
Libera Awards
Breakthrough Artist
N/A
Nominated
References
^ Aroesti, Rachel (27 October 2023). "'I'd rather be boring than mysterious': Bar Italia on anonymity, originality and disliking Pulp". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ a b "10 rising music acts we think you'll love". The Face. 5 January 2023.
^ a b Ewens, Hannah (8 January 2024). "Cover story: Bar Italia – The Rest Is History". Crack Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ Darville, Jordan (16 November 2022). "Song You Need: bar italia spin indie rock gold from ambivalence on "Polly Armour"". The FADER.
^ "Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland, formerly Hype Williams, launch new label". Fact. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ Hodgkinson, Will (20 June 2023). "Best music acts of 2023 — 10 rising stars to listen out for". The Times.
^ "gorilla vs bear's EPs of 2022". Gorilla vs. Bear. 12 December 2022.
^ "Best songs of 2022: Our top 25 tracks". Crack Magazine.
^ Minsker, Evan (9 March 2023). "Bar Italia Sign to Matador, Share New Song "Nurse!"". Pitchfork.
^ Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (19 September 2023). "Bar Italia Announce New Album The Twits, Share Video for New Song". Pitchfork. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "Tracey Denim by bar italia". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "The Twits by bar italia". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "Découvrez nos 100 meilleurs albums de 2023 (partie 4/4)". Les Inrocks (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ Phares, Heather. "The Twits". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "BAR ITALIA". Official Charts. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
^ "Bar Italia". Beggars Music. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ White, Jessica (20 May 2023). "One to watch: Bar Italia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ Cochrane, Key (31 May 2022). "NINA shares new Dean Blunt produced single, grandiosee". Crack Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ Dawson, Brit (12 December 2023). "Welcome to Nina Cristante's world". The Face. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ Grein, Paul (20 March 2024). "Killer Mike, Mitski, Caroline Polachek Among Top Nominees for 2024 Libera Awards". Billboard. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a United Kingdom band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Bar Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"}],"text":"Bar Italia, stylized bar italia, are a British indie rock band formed in London in 2019.[1] The band consists of members Nina Cristante (vocals), Sam Fenton (vocals, guitar), and Jezmi Tarik Fehmi (vocals, guitar).[2] Their name is derived from the Soho café Bar Italia.[3]","title":"Bar Italia (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Blunt"},{"link_name":"Inga Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gorilla vs. Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_vs._Bear"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Matador Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matador_Records"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Tracey Denim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Denim"},{"link_name":"The Twits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twits_(album)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Les Inrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Inrockuptibles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"From 2020 onwards, the band released two albums, one EP and multiple singles through World Music, the record label founded by London musicians Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland.[4][5]They were noted as a \"new act to watch\" by The Face magazine and the number one \"rising star to look out for in 2023\" by The Times.[2][6] Their 2022 EP CDR was placed at number one on Gorilla vs. Bear's list of the best EPs of 2022,[7] and their track \"Miracle Crush\" was placed at number 13 on Crack's list of the 25 best songs of 2022.[8]In March 2023, it was announced they had signed with Matador Records.[9] They released Tracey Denim in May 2023, while their second album of the year, The Twits, released in November and was supported by European and North American tour dates.[10] Both albums received \"generally favorable\" reviews according to rating aggregator Metacritic,[11][12] with French cultural magazine Les Inrocks placing the two projects collectively at number 10 in their list of the best albums of the year.[13] Allmusic called The Twits a reflection of the group's growth \"into an increasingly singular, expressive band\",[14] and the record debuted at No. 36 on the UK Albums Chart, the band's highest placement as of 2023.[15]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Virgo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"star sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_sign_astrology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegaze"},{"link_name":"Vegyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegyn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Fehmi and Fenton also make music as a duo under the name Double Virgo, a reference to their shared astrological star sign.[3] Since 2020, they have created a number of indie rock and shoegaze records together, produced by Vegyn and released via his label, PLZ Make It Ruins.[16]Nina Cristante has created lo-fi pop music under the alias Nina (stylized NINA), often collaborating with producer and former label mate, Dean Blunt.[17][18][19]","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Current membersNina Cristante – vocals (2020–present)\nSam Fenton – vocals, guitar (2020–present)\nJezmi Tarik Fehmi – vocals, guitar (2020–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracey Denim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Denim"},{"link_name":"The Twits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twits_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Quarrel (World Music, 2020)\nBedhead (World Music, 2021)\nTracey Denim (Matador, 2023)\nThe Twits (Matador, 2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Angelica Pilled (World Music, 2020)\nCDR (self-released, 2022)\nThe Tw*ts (Matador, 2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Aroesti, Rachel (27 October 2023). \"'I'd rather be boring than mysterious': Bar Italia on anonymity, originality and disliking Pulp\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/oct/27/bar-italia-london-trio-interview","url_text":"\"'I'd rather be boring than mysterious': Bar Italia on anonymity, originality and disliking Pulp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"10 rising music acts we think you'll love\". The Face. 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theface.com/music/10-new-music-acts-to-watch-2023-new-jeans-k-pop-strandz-flo-skaiwater-bar-italia-nick-leon-tendai-blaketheman1000-ayanna-clip","url_text":"\"10 rising music acts we think you'll love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)","url_text":"The Face"}]},{"reference":"Ewens, Hannah (8 January 2024). \"Cover story: Bar Italia – The Rest Is History\". Crack Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://crackmagazine.net/article/profiles/bar-italia-cover-story-interview/","url_text":"\"Cover story: Bar Italia – The Rest Is History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_Magazine","url_text":"Crack Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Darville, Jordan (16 November 2022). \"Song You Need: bar italia spin indie rock gold from ambivalence on \"Polly Armour\"\". The FADER.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2022/11/16/song-you-need-bar-italia-spin-indie-rock-gold-from-ambivalence-on-polly-armour","url_text":"\"Song You Need: bar italia spin indie rock gold from ambivalence on \"Polly Armour\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_FADER","url_text":"The FADER"}]},{"reference":"\"Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland, formerly Hype Williams, launch new label\". Fact. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factmag.com/2012/11/15/dean-blunt-and-inga-copeland-formerly-hype-williams-launch-new-label/","url_text":"\"Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland, formerly Hype Williams, launch new label\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)","url_text":"Fact"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkinson, Will (20 June 2023). \"Best music acts of 2023 — 10 rising stars to listen out for\". The Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/best-new-music-2023-flo-nell-mescal-cat-burns-bob-vylan-josef-rhz2l8p77","url_text":"\"Best music acts of 2023 — 10 rising stars to listen out for\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"gorilla vs bear's EPs of 2022\". Gorilla vs. Bear. 12 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gorillavsbear.net/gorilla-vs-bears-eps-of-2022/","url_text":"\"gorilla vs bear's EPs of 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_vs._Bear","url_text":"Gorilla vs. Bear"}]},{"reference":"\"Best songs of 2022: Our top 25 tracks\". Crack Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://crackmagazine.net/article/list-article/best-songs-2022/","url_text":"\"Best songs of 2022: Our top 25 tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_Magazine","url_text":"Crack Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Minsker, Evan (9 March 2023). \"Bar Italia Sign to Matador, Share New Song \"Nurse!\"\". Pitchfork.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/bar-italia-sign-to-matador-share-new-song-nurse-listen/","url_text":"\"Bar Italia Sign to Matador, Share New Song \"Nurse!\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (19 September 2023). \"Bar Italia Announce New Album The Twits, Share Video for New Song\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/bar-italia-announce-new-album-the-twits-share-video-for-new-song-watch/","url_text":"\"Bar Italia Announce New Album The Twits, Share Video for New Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Tracey Denim by bar italia\". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/tracey-denim/bar-italia/details","url_text":"\"Tracey Denim by bar italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"The Twits by bar italia\". Metacritic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/the-twits/bar-italia","url_text":"\"The Twits by bar italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Découvrez nos 100 meilleurs albums de 2023 (partie 4/4)\". Les Inrocks (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/decouvrez-nos-100-meilleurs-albums-de-2023-partie-4-4-602401-26-12-2023/","url_text":"\"Découvrez nos 100 meilleurs albums de 2023 (partie 4/4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Inrocks","url_text":"Les Inrocks"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"The Twits\". Allmusic. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-twits-mw0004102260","url_text":"\"The Twits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"BAR ITALIA\". Official Charts. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64831/bar-italia/","url_text":"\"BAR ITALIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Bar Italia\". Beggars Music. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://beggarsmusic.com/artist/bar-italia/","url_text":"\"Bar Italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Group","url_text":"Beggars Music"}]},{"reference":"White, Jessica (20 May 2023). \"One to watch: Bar Italia\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/20/one-to-watch-bar-italia-tracey-denim","url_text":"\"One to watch: Bar Italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Cochrane, Key (31 May 2022). \"NINA shares new Dean Blunt produced single, grandiosee\". Crack Magazine. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://crackmagazine.net/2022/05/nina-shares-new-dean-blunt-produced-single-grandiosee/","url_text":"\"NINA shares new Dean Blunt produced single, grandiosee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crack_Magazine","url_text":"Crack Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Brit (12 December 2023). \"Welcome to Nina Cristante's world\". The Face. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theface.com/music/nina-cristante-interview-art-music-bar-italia","url_text":"\"Welcome to Nina Cristante's world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)","url_text":"The Face"}]},{"reference":"Grein, Paul (20 March 2024). \"Killer Mike, Mitski, Caroline Polachek Among Top Nominees for 2024 Libera Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/mitski-killer-mike-nominated-2024-libera-awards-full-list-1235634936/","url_text":"\"Killer Mike, Mitski, Caroline Polachek Among Top Nominees for 2024 Libera Awards\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://baritaliaa.com/","external_links_name":"https://baritaliaa.com"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/oct/27/bar-italia-london-trio-interview","external_links_name":"\"'I'd rather be boring than mysterious': Bar Italia on anonymity, originality and disliking Pulp\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://theface.com/music/10-new-music-acts-to-watch-2023-new-jeans-k-pop-strandz-flo-skaiwater-bar-italia-nick-leon-tendai-blaketheman1000-ayanna-clip","external_links_name":"\"10 rising music acts we think you'll love\""},{"Link":"https://crackmagazine.net/article/profiles/bar-italia-cover-story-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Cover story: Bar Italia – The Rest Is History\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefader.com/2022/11/16/song-you-need-bar-italia-spin-indie-rock-gold-from-ambivalence-on-polly-armour","external_links_name":"\"Song You Need: bar italia spin indie rock gold from ambivalence on \"Polly Armour\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.factmag.com/2012/11/15/dean-blunt-and-inga-copeland-formerly-hype-williams-launch-new-label/","external_links_name":"\"Dean Blunt and Inga Copeland, formerly Hype Williams, launch new label\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/best-new-music-2023-flo-nell-mescal-cat-burns-bob-vylan-josef-rhz2l8p77","external_links_name":"\"Best music acts of 2023 — 10 rising stars to listen out for\""},{"Link":"https://www.gorillavsbear.net/gorilla-vs-bears-eps-of-2022/","external_links_name":"\"gorilla vs bear's EPs of 2022\""},{"Link":"https://crackmagazine.net/article/list-article/best-songs-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Best songs of 2022: Our top 25 tracks\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/bar-italia-sign-to-matador-share-new-song-nurse-listen/","external_links_name":"\"Bar Italia Sign to Matador, Share New Song \"Nurse!\"\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/bar-italia-announce-new-album-the-twits-share-video-for-new-song-watch/","external_links_name":"\"Bar Italia Announce New Album The Twits, Share Video for New Song\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/tracey-denim/bar-italia/details","external_links_name":"\"Tracey Denim by bar italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/the-twits/bar-italia","external_links_name":"\"The Twits by bar italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesinrocks.com/musique/decouvrez-nos-100-meilleurs-albums-de-2023-partie-4-4-602401-26-12-2023/","external_links_name":"\"Découvrez nos 100 meilleurs albums de 2023 (partie 4/4)\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-twits-mw0004102260","external_links_name":"\"The Twits\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64831/bar-italia/","external_links_name":"\"BAR ITALIA\""},{"Link":"https://beggarsmusic.com/artist/bar-italia/","external_links_name":"\"Bar Italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/may/20/one-to-watch-bar-italia-tracey-denim","external_links_name":"\"One to watch: Bar Italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://crackmagazine.net/2022/05/nina-shares-new-dean-blunt-produced-single-grandiosee/","external_links_name":"\"NINA shares new Dean Blunt produced single, grandiosee\""},{"Link":"https://theface.com/music/nina-cristante-interview-art-music-bar-italia","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Nina Cristante's world\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/mitski-killer-mike-nominated-2024-libera-awards-full-list-1235634936/","external_links_name":"\"Killer Mike, Mitski, Caroline Polachek Among Top Nominees for 2024 Libera Awards\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fc6fe95d-ab24-44fd-a086-f33a505ad518","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_Italia_(band)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Hyde
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George E. Hyde
|
["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
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George Elmer HydeGeorge E. Hyde in 1959Born(1882-06-10)10 June 1882Omaha, Nebraska, United StatesDied(1968-02-02)2 February 1968Omaha, Nebraska, United StatesOccupationhistorian, ethnologist, authorNationalityAmericanGenreNative Americans
George Elmer Hyde (1882–1968) was the "Dean of American Indian Historians." He wrote many books about Indian tribes, especially the Sioux and Pawnee plus a life of the Cheyenne warrior and historian, George Bent.
Life
Hyde was born in Omaha, Nebraska and lived there all his life. He was educated only to the eighth grade. His interest in American Indians was excited by a visit to an Indian encampment at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha in 1898. At eighteen he became totally deaf and nearly blind as a result of rheumatic fever. Despite his modest means, this did not discourage him from pursuing his Indian studies. In fact, he went a step further and even owned a bookstore to support himself. He led a reclusive life, and as he grew older, he relied on a powerful magnifying glass to aid his reading. Hyde communicated with the world almost entirely through his letters and books.
Hyde began a correspondence with George Bent in 1904 and, at Bent's recommendation, became a salaried researcher for George Bird Grinnell about 1908. Hyde, with extensive contributions from Bent, claimed to be the ghost writer for Grinnell's classic book The Fighting Cheyennes. Grinnell and Hyde are both distinguished for emphasizing the importance of Indians in the history of the Western frontier.
Works
Hyde was an opinionated and sardonic writer and his books are highly readable. As an outsider in the anthropological fraternity he had difficulty getting his works published. This was especially true of his Life of George Bent based on the 340 letters he received from Bent between 1904 and 1918. Life of George Bent had to wait for 50 years before being published, but it is invaluable as the most detailed eye-witness account we have from the Indian point of view about the Cheyenne wars with the United States in the 1860s. Collaborators Hyde and Bent never met in person.
Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians (1937, revised 1957)
The Pawnee Indians (1951)
A Sioux Chronicle (1956)
Indians of the High Plains: From the Prehistoric Period to the Coming of the Europeans (1959)
Spotted Tail's Folk: A History of the Brule Sioux Indians (1961)
Indians of the Woodlands: From Prehistoric Times to 1725 (1962)
Life of George Bent: Written from his Letters (1967)
References
^ "George E. Hyde, 1882-1968". History Nebraska. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
^ Official Nebraska Government Website. "George E. Hyde, 1882-1968." http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/manuscripts/family/hyde-george.htm, accessed 10 May 2011
^ Faller, Lincoln B. "Making Medicine against 'White Man's Side of Story," American Indian Quarterly, Winter 2000, Vol 24, Issue 1, Academic Search Premier, p.5, 18
^ Faller, pp. 3, 17
External links
Bent-Hyde papers, University of Colorado, Boulder
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyde-1"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_people"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne"},{"link_name":"George Bent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bent"}],"text":"George Elmer Hyde (1882–1968) was the \"Dean of American Indian Historians.\"[1] He wrote many books about Indian tribes, especially the Sioux and Pawnee plus a life of the Cheyenne warrior and historian, George Bent.","title":"George E. Hyde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Trans-Mississippi Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Exposition"},{"link_name":"rheumatic fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatic_fever"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"George Bird Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hyde was born in Omaha, Nebraska and lived there all his life. He was educated only to the eighth grade. His interest in American Indians was excited by a visit to an Indian encampment at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha in 1898. At eighteen he became totally deaf and nearly blind as a result of rheumatic fever. Despite his modest means, this did not discourage him from pursuing his Indian studies. In fact, he went a step further and even owned a bookstore to support himself. He led a reclusive life, and as he grew older, he relied on a powerful magnifying glass to aid his reading. Hyde communicated with the world almost entirely through his letters and books.[2]Hyde began a correspondence with George Bent in 1904 and, at Bent's recommendation, became a salaried researcher for George Bird Grinnell about 1908. Hyde, with extensive contributions from Bent, claimed to be the ghost writer for Grinnell's classic book The Fighting Cheyennes. Grinnell and Hyde are both distinguished for emphasizing the importance of Indians in the history of the Western frontier.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hyde was an opinionated and sardonic writer and his books are highly readable. As an outsider in the anthropological fraternity he had difficulty getting his works published. This was especially true of his Life of George Bent based on the 340 letters he received from Bent between 1904 and 1918. Life of George Bent had to wait for 50 years before being published, but it is invaluable as the most detailed eye-witness account we have from the Indian point of view about the Cheyenne wars with the United States in the 1860s. Collaborators Hyde and Bent never met in person.[4]Red Cloud's Folk: A History of the Oglala Sioux Indians (1937, revised 1957)\nThe Pawnee Indians (1951)\nA Sioux Chronicle (1956)\nIndians of the High Plains: From the Prehistoric Period to the Coming of the Europeans (1959)\nSpotted Tail's Folk: A History of the Brule Sioux Indians (1961)\nIndians of the Woodlands: From Prehistoric Times to 1725 (1962)\nLife of George Bent: Written from his Letters (1967)","title":"Works"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"George E. Hyde, 1882-1968\". History Nebraska. Retrieved 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.nebraska.gov/collection_section/george-e-hyde-1882-1968-rg0724-am/","url_text":"\"George E. Hyde, 1882-1968\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Switching_Centre
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Network switching subsystem
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["1 Mobile switching center (MSC)","1.1 Description","1.2 Mobile switching center server (MSC-Server, MSCS or MSS)","1.3 Other GSM core network elements connected to the MSC","1.4 Procedures implemented","2 Home location register (HLR)","2.1 Other GSM core network elements connected to the HLR","2.2 Procedures implemented","3 Authentication center (AuC)","3.1 Description","3.2 Other GSM core network elements connected to the AuC","3.3 Procedures implemented","4 Visitor location register (VLR)","4.1 Description","4.2 Procedures implemented","5 Equipment identity register (EIR)","6 Other support functions","6.1 Billing center (BC)","6.2 Multimedia messaging service center (MMSC)","6.3 Voicemail system (VMS)","6.4 Lawful interception functions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Component of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
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Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is the component of a GSM system that carries out call out and mobility management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider public switched telephone network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.
The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an overlay architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS and the Internet.
Mobile switching center (MSC)
Description
The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX, and circuit-switched data).
The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real-time prepaid account monitoring.
In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data information is sent digitally encoded directly to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an "analogue" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound is encoded digitally as a pulse-code modulation (PCM) signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).
There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.
The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which "visited MSC" (V-MSC) the subscriber who is being called is currently located at. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in the context of one call, since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the visited MSC function. However, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any base station subsystems (BSS) connected to them. These MSCs will then be the gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.
The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The visitor location register (VLR) associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.
The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a handover should take place. A mobile switching center server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 4.
Mobile switching center server (MSC-Server, MSCS or MSS)
Main article: Mobile switching centre server
The mobile switching center server is a soft-switch variant (therefore it may be referred to as mobile soft switch, MSS) of the mobile switching center, which provides circuit-switched calling mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves. The functionality enables split control between (signaling ) and user plane (bearer in network element called as media gateway/MG), which guarantees better placement of network elements within the network.
MSS and media gateway (MGW) makes it possible to cross-connect circuit-switched calls switched by using IP, ATM AAL2 as well as TDM. More information is available in 3GPP TS 23.205.
The term Circuit switching (CS) used here originates from traditional telecommunications systems. However, modern MSS and MGW devices mostly use generic Internet technologies and form next-generation telecommunication networks. MSS software may run on generic computers or virtual machines in cloud environment.
Other GSM core network elements connected to the MSC
The MSC connects to the following elements:
The home location register (HLR) for obtaining data about the SIM and mobile services ISDN number (MSISDN; i.e., the telephone number).
The base station subsystems (BSS) which handles the radio communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile phones.
The UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) which handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones.
The visitor location register (VLR) provides subscriber information when the subscriber is outside its home network.
Other MSCs for procedures such as hand over.
Procedures implemented
Tasks of the MSC include:
Delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from the VLR.
Connecting outgoing calls to other mobile subscribers or the PSTN.
Delivering SMSs from subscribers to the short message service center (SMSC) and vice versa.
Arranging handovers from BSC to BSC.
Carrying out handovers from this MSC to another.
Supporting supplementary services such as conference calls or call hold.
Generating billing information.
Home location register (HLR)
The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.
The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.
Another important item of data associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a unique key to the HLR record. The HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is:
GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services.
Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN).
Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.
The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages received as mobile phones roam around.
Other GSM core network elements connected to the HLR
The HLR connects to the following elements:
The G-MSC for handling incoming calls
The VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network
The SMSC for handling incoming SMSs
The voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message is waiting
The AuC for authentication and ciphering and exchange of data (triplets)
Procedures implemented
The main function of the HLR is to manage the fact that SIMs and phones move around a lot. The following procedures are implemented to deal with this:
Manage the mobility of subscribers by means of updating their position in administrative areas called 'location areas', which are identified with a LAC. The action of a user of moving from one LA to another is followed by the HLR with a Location area update procedure.
Send the subscriber data to a VLR or SGSN when a subscriber first roams there.
Broker between the G-MSC or SMSC and the subscriber's current VLR in order to allow incoming calls or text messages to be delivered.
Remove subscriber data from the previous VLR when a subscriber has roamed away from it.
Responsible for all SRI related queries (i.e. for invoke SRI, HLR should give sack SRI or SRI reply).
Authentication center (AuC)
Description
The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the gsm core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network.
If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AuC processing.
Proper implementation of security in and around the AuC is a key part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning.
The AuC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure. The security of the process depends upon a shared secret between the AuC and the SIM called the Ki. The Ki is securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also securely replicated onto the AuC. This Ki is never transmitted between the AuC and SIM, but is combined with the IMSI to produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and an encryption key called Kc for use in over the air communications.
Other GSM core network elements connected to the AuC
The AuC connects to the following elements:
The MSC which requests a new batch of triplet data for an IMSI after the previous data have been used. This ensures that same keys and challenge responses are not used twice for a particular mobile.
Procedures implemented
The AuC stores the following data for each IMSI:
the Ki
Algorithm id. (the standard algorithms are called A3 or A8, but an operator may choose a proprietary one).
When the MSC asks the AuC for a new set of triplets for a particular IMSI, the AuC first generates a random number known as RAND. This RAND is then combined with the Ki to produce two numbers as follows:
The Ki and RAND are fed into the A3 algorithm and the signed response (SRES) is calculated.
The Ki and RAND are fed into the A8 algorithm and a session key called Kc is calculated.
The numbers (RAND, SRES, Kc) form the triplet sent back to the MSC. When a particular IMSI requests access to the GSM core network, the MSC sends the RAND part of the triplet to the SIM. The SIM then feeds this number and the Ki (which is burned onto the SIM) into the A3 algorithm as appropriate and an SRES is calculated and sent back to the MSC. If this SRES matches with the SRES in the triplet (which it should if it is a valid SIM), then the mobile is allowed to attach and proceed with GSM services.
After successful authentication, the MSC sends the encryption key Kc to the base station controller (BSC) so that all communications can be encrypted and decrypted. Of course, the mobile phone can generate the Kc itself by feeding the same RAND supplied during authentication and the Ki into the A8 algorithm.
The AuC is usually collocated with the HLR, although this is not necessary. Whilst the procedure is secure for most everyday use, it is by no means hack proof. Therefore, a new set of security methods was designed for 3G phones.
In practice, A3 and A8 algorithms are generally implemented together (known as A3/A8, see COMP128). An A3/A8 algorithm is implemented in Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards and in GSM network Authentication Centers. It is used to authenticate the customer and generate a key for encrypting voice and data traffic, as defined in 3GPP TS 43.020 (03.20 before Rel-4). Development of A3 and A8 algorithms is considered a matter for individual GSM network operators, although example implementations are available. To encrypt Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular communications A5 algorithm is used.
Visitor location register (VLR)
Description
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database of the MSs (Mobile stations) that have roamed into the jurisdiction of the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) which it serves. Each main base transceiver station in the network is served by exactly one VLR (one BTS may be served by many MSCs in case of MSC in pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the Home Location Register (HLR), or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an MSC detects a new MS in its network, in addition to creating a new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR data is corrupted it can lead to serious issues with text messaging and call services.
Data stored include:
IMSI (the subscriber's identity number).
Authentication data.
MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number).
GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access.
access point (GPRS) subscribed.
The HLR address of the subscriber.
SCP Address(For Prepaid Subscriber).
Procedures implemented
The primary functions of the VLR are:
To inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered by the VLR.
To track where the subscriber is within the VLR area (location area) when no call is ongoing.
To allow or disallow which services the subscriber may use.
To allocate roaming numbers during the processing of incoming calls.
To purge the subscriber record if a subscriber becomes inactive whilst in the area of a VLR. The VLR deletes the subscriber's data after a fixed time period of inactivity and informs the HLR (e.g., when the phone has been switched off and left off or when the subscriber has moved to an area with no coverage for a long time).
To delete the subscriber record when a subscriber explicitly moves to another, as instructed by the HLR.
Equipment identity register (EIR)
EIR is a system that handles real-time requests to check the IMEI (checkIMEI) of mobile devices that come from the switching equipment (MSC, SGSN, MME). The answer contains the result of the check:
whitelisted – the device is allowed to register on the network.
blacklisted – the device is prohibited from registering on the network.
greylisted – the device is allowed to register on the network temporarily.
An error ‘unknown equipment’ may also be returned.
The switching equipment must use the EIR response to determine whether or not to allow the device to register or re-register on the network. Since the response of switching equipment to ‘greylisted’ and ‘unknown equipment’ responses is not clearly described in the standard, they are most often not used.
Most often, EIR uses the IMEI blacklist feature, which contains the IMEI of the devices that need to be banned from the network. As a rule, these are stolen or lost devices. Mobile operators rarely use EIR capabilities to block devices on their own. Usually blocking begins when there is a law in the country, which obliges all cellular operators of the country to do so. Therefore, in the delivery of the basic components of the network switching subsystem (core network) is often already present EIR with basic functionality, which includes a ‘whitelisted’ response to all CheckIMEI and the ability to fill IMEI blacklist, which will be given a ‘blacklisted’ response.
When the legislative framework for blocking registration of devices in cellular networks appears in the country, the telecommunications regulator usually has a Central EIR (CEIR) system, which is integrated with the EIR of all operators and transmits to them the actual lists of identifiers that must be used when processing CheckIMEI requests. In doing so, there may be many new requirements for EIR systems that are not present in the legacy EIR:
Synchronizing lists with CEIR. CEIR systems are not described by a standard, so the protocols and exchange mode may differ from country to country.
Supporting additional lists – IMEI white list, IMEI grey list, list of allocated TACs, etc.
Support in lists not only IMEI but also bindings – IMEI-IMSI, IMEI-MSISDN, IMEI-IMSI-MSISDN.
Supporting the customized logic of lists applying.
Automatic adding the item to a list in separate scenarios.
Sending SMS notifications to subscribers in separate scenarios.
Integration with the billing system to receive IMSI-MSISDN bundles.
Accumulating the subscribers’ profiles (history of device changing).
Long-term storage of processing of all CheckIMEI requests.
Other functions may be required in individual cases. For example, Kazakhstan has introduced mandatory registration of devices and their binding to subscribers. But when a subscriber appears in the network with a new device, the network operation is not blocked completely, and the subscriber is allowed to register the device. To do this, there are blocked all services, except the following: calls to a specific service number, sending SMS to a specific service number, and all Internet traffic is redirected to a specific landing page. This is achieved by the fact that EIR can send commands to several MNO systems (HLR, PCRF, SMSC, etc.).
The most common suppliers of individual EIR systems (not as part of a complex solution) are the companies BroadForward, Mahindra Comviva, Mavenir, Nokia, Eastwind.
Other support functions
Connected more or less directly to the GSM core network are many other functions.
Billing center (BC)
The billing center is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for generating billing data of roaming subscriber.
Multimedia messaging service center (MMSC)
The multimedia messaging service center supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g., images, audio, video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-bluetooth.
Voicemail system (VMS)
The voicemail system records and stores voicemail.
Lawful interception functions
Main article: Lawful interception
According to U.S. law, which has also been copied into many other countries, especially in Europe, all telecommunications equipment must provide facilities for monitoring the calls of selected users. There must be some level of support for this built into any of the different elements. The concept of lawful interception is also known, following the relevant U.S. law, as CALEA.
Generally, lawful Interception implementation is similar to the implementation of conference call. While A and B are talking with each other, C can join the call and listen silently.
See also
The GSM core network.
Base station subsystem
COM 128
4GLET
References
^ Shahabuddin, Shahria; Rahaman, Sadiqur; Rehman, Faisal; Ahmad, Ijaz; Khan, Zaheer (2018). A Comprehensive Guide to 5G Security. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 12.
External links
4GLET - the standardisation body for GSM and UMTS
UMTS Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation - a PDF eBook by Gunnar Heine
vteCellular network standardsList of mobile phone generations0G radio telephones (1946)
MTS
IMTS
Altai
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MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD
Mobile TeleSeratout
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It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider public switched telephone network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an overlay architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access to services such as WAP, MMS and the Internet.","title":"Network switching subsystem"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mobile switching center (MSC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_in_the_PSTN"},{"link_name":"pulse-code modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation"},{"link_name":"DS0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS0"},{"link_name":"base station subsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_subsystem"},{"link_name":"visitor location register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Visitor_location_register_(VLR)"},{"link_name":"handover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handover"},{"link_name":"mobile switching center server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_switching_center_server"},{"link_name":"3GPP Release 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP#Standards"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX, and circuit-switched data).The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real-time prepaid account monitoring.In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier analogue services, fax and data information is sent digitally encoded directly to the MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an \"analogue\" signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean sound is encoded digitally as a pulse-code modulation (PCM) signal in a 64-kbit/s timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).There are various different names for MSCs in different contexts which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which \"visited MSC\" (V-MSC) the subscriber who is being called is currently located at. It also interfaces with the PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in the context of one call, since any MSC may provide both the gateway function and the visited MSC function. However, some manufacturers design dedicated high capacity MSCs which do not have any base station subsystems (BSS) connected to them. These MSCs will then be the gateway MSC for many of the calls they handle.The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is currently located. The visitor location register (VLR) associated with this MSC will have the subscriber's data in it.The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has been initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a handover should take place. A mobile switching center server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from 3GPP Release 4.","title":"Mobile switching center (MSC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"roaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaming"},{"link_name":"media gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Gateway"},{"link_name":"TDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"Circuit switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"next-generation telecommunication networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network"},{"link_name":"virtual machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"}],"sub_title":"Mobile switching center server (MSC-Server, MSCS or MSS)","text":"The mobile switching center server is a soft-switch variant (therefore it may be referred to as mobile soft switch, MSS) of the mobile switching center, which provides circuit-switched calling mobility management, and GSM services to the mobile phones roaming within the area that it serves. The functionality enables split control between (signaling ) and user plane (bearer in network element called as media gateway/MG), which guarantees better placement of network elements within the network.MSS and media gateway (MGW) makes it possible to cross-connect circuit-switched calls switched by using IP, ATM AAL2 as well as TDM. More information is available in 3GPP TS 23.205.The term Circuit switching (CS) used here originates from traditional telecommunications systems. However, modern MSS and MGW devices mostly use generic Internet technologies and form next-generation telecommunication networks. MSS software may run on generic computers or virtual machines in cloud environment.","title":"Mobile switching center (MSC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home location register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Home_location_register_(HLR)"},{"link_name":"SIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module"},{"link_name":"mobile services ISDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSISDN"},{"link_name":"base station subsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystem"},{"link_name":"2G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G"},{"link_name":"2.5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5G"},{"link_name":"UMTS terrestrial radio access network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRAN"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"visitor location register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Visitor_location_register_(VLR)"},{"link_name":"hand over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoff"}],"sub_title":"Other GSM core network elements connected to the MSC","text":"The MSC connects to the following elements:The home location register (HLR) for obtaining data about the SIM and mobile services ISDN number (MSISDN; i.e., the telephone number).\nThe base station subsystems (BSS) which handles the radio communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile phones.\nThe UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN) which handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones.\nThe visitor location register (VLR) provides subscriber information when the subscriber is outside its home network.\nOther MSCs for procedures such as hand over.","title":"Mobile switching center (MSC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delivering calls to subscribers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services#Call_set_up_process_for_incoming_calls"},{"link_name":"short message service center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_service_center"},{"link_name":"supplementary services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supplementary_services&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Procedures implemented","text":"Tasks of the MSC include:Delivering calls to subscribers as they arrive based on information from the VLR.\nConnecting outgoing calls to other mobile subscribers or the PSTN.\nDelivering SMSs from subscribers to the short message service center (SMSC) and vice versa.\nArranging handovers from BSC to BSC.\nCarrying out handovers from this MSC to another.\nSupporting supplementary services such as conference calls or call hold.\nGenerating billing information.","title":"Mobile switching center (MSC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public land mobile network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Land_Mobile_Network"},{"link_name":"international mobile subscriber identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity"},{"link_name":"SIM card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"primary key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_key"},{"link_name":"telephone numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number"},{"link_name":"fax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax"},{"link_name":"unique key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_key"},{"link_name":"General Packet Radio Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service"},{"link_name":"serving GPRS support node","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGSN"},{"link_name":"Call divert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_forwarding"},{"link_name":"MAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Application_Part"}],"text":"The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is the primary key to each HLR record.Another important item of data associated with the SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the number used for making and receiving voice calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs associated with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a unique key to the HLR record. The HLR data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is:GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given.\nGeneral Packet Radio Service (GPRS) settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services.\nCurrent location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN).\nCall divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and messages from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages received as mobile phones roam around.","title":"Home location register (HLR) "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voice mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_mail"}],"sub_title":"Other GSM core network elements connected to the HLR","text":"The HLR connects to the following elements:The G-MSC for handling incoming calls\nThe VLR for handling requests from mobile phones to attach to the network\nThe SMSC for handling incoming SMSs\nThe voice mail system for delivering notifications to the mobile phone that a message is waiting\nThe AuC for authentication and ciphering and exchange of data (triplets)","title":"Home location register (HLR) "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incoming calls or text messages to be delivered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services#Call_set_up_process_for_incoming_calls"}],"sub_title":"Procedures implemented","text":"The main function of the HLR is to manage the fact that SIMs and phones move around a lot. The following procedures are implemented to deal with this:Manage the mobility of subscribers by means of updating their position in administrative areas called 'location areas', which are identified with a LAC. The action of a user of moving from one LA to another is followed by the HLR with a Location area update procedure.\nSend the subscriber data to a VLR or SGSN when a subscriber first roams there.\nBroker between the G-MSC or SMSC and the subscriber's current VLR in order to allow incoming calls or text messages to be delivered.\nRemove subscriber data from the previous VLR when a subscriber has roamed away from it.\nResponsible for all SRI related queries (i.e. for invoke SRI, HLR should give sack SRI or SRI reply).","title":"Home location register (HLR) "},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Authentication center (AuC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"authenticate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication"},{"link_name":"SIM card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_card"},{"link_name":"encryption key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption_key"},{"link_name":"SIM cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_cloning"},{"link_name":"shared secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_secret"},{"link_name":"challenge/response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response_authentication"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that attempts to connect to the gsm core network (typically when the phone is powered on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile phone and the GSM core network.If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular combination of SIM card and mobile phone operator attempted. There is an additional form of identification check performed on the serial number of the mobile phone described in the EIR section below, but this is not relevant to the AuC processing.Proper implementation of security in and around the AuC is a key part of an operator's strategy to avoid SIM cloning.The AuC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates data known as triplets for the MSC to use during the procedure. The security of the process depends upon a shared secret between the AuC and the SIM called the Ki. The Ki is securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also securely replicated onto the AuC. This Ki is never transmitted between the AuC and SIM, but is combined with the IMSI to produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and an encryption key called Kc for use in over the air communications.","title":"Authentication center (AuC)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other GSM core network elements connected to the AuC","text":"The AuC connects to the following elements:The MSC which requests a new batch of triplet data for an IMSI after the previous data have been used. This ensures that same keys and challenge responses are not used twice for a particular mobile.","title":"Authentication center (AuC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"base station controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystem#Base_station_controller"},{"link_name":"COMP128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMP128"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Procedures implemented","text":"The AuC stores the following data for each IMSI:the Ki\nAlgorithm id. (the standard algorithms are called A3 or A8, but an operator may choose a proprietary one).When the MSC asks the AuC for a new set of triplets for a particular IMSI, the AuC first generates a random number known as RAND. This RAND is then combined with the Ki to produce two numbers as follows:The Ki and RAND are fed into the A3 algorithm and the signed response (SRES) is calculated.\nThe Ki and RAND are fed into the A8 algorithm and a session key called Kc is calculated.The numbers (RAND, SRES, Kc) form the triplet sent back to the MSC. When a particular IMSI requests access to the GSM core network, the MSC sends the RAND part of the triplet to the SIM. The SIM then feeds this number and the Ki (which is burned onto the SIM) into the A3 algorithm as appropriate and an SRES is calculated and sent back to the MSC. If this SRES matches with the SRES in the triplet (which it should if it is a valid SIM), then the mobile is allowed to attach and proceed with GSM services.After successful authentication, the MSC sends the encryption key Kc to the base station controller (BSC) so that all communications can be encrypted and decrypted. Of course, the mobile phone can generate the Kc itself by feeding the same RAND supplied during authentication and the Ki into the A8 algorithm.The AuC is usually collocated with the HLR, although this is not necessary. Whilst the procedure is secure for most everyday use, it is by no means hack proof. Therefore, a new set of security methods was designed for 3G phones.In practice, A3 and A8 algorithms are generally implemented together (known as A3/A8, see COMP128). An A3/A8 algorithm is implemented in Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards and in GSM network Authentication Centers. It is used to authenticate the customer and generate a key for encrypting voice and data traffic, as defined in 3GPP TS 43.020 (03.20 before Rel-4). Development of A3 and A8 algorithms is considered a matter for individual GSM network operators, although example implementations are available. To encrypt Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) cellular communications A5 algorithm is used.[1]","title":"Authentication center (AuC)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Visitor location register (VLR)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mobile stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_station"},{"link_name":"base transceiver station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Transceiver_Station"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station"},{"link_name":"Home Location Register (HLR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Home_location_register_.28HLR.29"},{"link_name":"IMSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity"},{"link_name":"access point (GPRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GPRS_Access_Points&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database of the MSs (Mobile stations) that have roamed into the jurisdiction of the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) which it serves. Each main base transceiver station in the network is served by exactly one VLR (one BTS may be served by many MSCs in case of MSC in pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the Home Location Register (HLR), or collected from the MS. In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an MSC detects a new MS in its network, in addition to creating a new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR data is corrupted it can lead to serious issues with text messaging and call services.Data stored include:IMSI (the subscriber's identity number).\nAuthentication data.\nMSISDN (the subscriber's phone number).\nGSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access.\naccess point (GPRS) subscribed.\nThe HLR address of the subscriber.\nSCP Address(For Prepaid Subscriber).","title":"Visitor location register (VLR)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Procedures implemented","text":"The primary functions of the VLR are:To inform the HLR that a subscriber has arrived in the particular area covered by the VLR.\nTo track where the subscriber is within the VLR area (location area) when no call is ongoing.\nTo allow or disallow which services the subscriber may use.\nTo allocate roaming numbers during the processing of incoming calls.\nTo purge the subscriber record if a subscriber becomes inactive whilst in the area of a VLR. The VLR deletes the subscriber's data after a fixed time period of inactivity and informs the HLR (e.g., when the phone has been switched off and left off or when the subscriber has moved to an area with no coverage for a long time).\nTo delete the subscriber record when a subscriber explicitly moves to another, as instructed by the HLR.","title":"Visitor location register (VLR)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IMEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Equipment_Identity"},{"link_name":"SGSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGSN"},{"link_name":"MME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_Management_Entity"},{"link_name":"CEIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Equipment_Identity_Register"},{"link_name":"TACs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Allocation_Code"},{"link_name":"IMSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_mobile_subscriber_identity"},{"link_name":"MSISDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSISDN"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS"},{"link_name":"PCRF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_and_charging_rules_function"},{"link_name":"SMSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Message_service_center"}],"text":"EIR is a system that handles real-time requests to check the IMEI (checkIMEI) of mobile devices that come from the switching equipment (MSC, SGSN, MME). The answer contains the result of the check:whitelisted – the device is allowed to register on the network.\nblacklisted – the device is prohibited from registering on the network.\ngreylisted – the device is allowed to register on the network temporarily.\nAn error ‘unknown equipment’ may also be returned.The switching equipment must use the EIR response to determine whether or not to allow the device to register or re-register on the network. Since the response of switching equipment to ‘greylisted’ and ‘unknown equipment’ responses is not clearly described in the standard, they are most often not used.Most often, EIR uses the IMEI blacklist feature, which contains the IMEI of the devices that need to be banned from the network. As a rule, these are stolen or lost devices. Mobile operators rarely use EIR capabilities to block devices on their own. Usually blocking begins when there is a law in the country, which obliges all cellular operators of the country to do so. Therefore, in the delivery of the basic components of the network switching subsystem (core network) is often already present EIR with basic functionality, which includes a ‘whitelisted’ response to all CheckIMEI and the ability to fill IMEI blacklist, which will be given a ‘blacklisted’ response.When the legislative framework for blocking registration of devices in cellular networks appears in the country, the telecommunications regulator usually has a Central EIR (CEIR) system, which is integrated with the EIR of all operators and transmits to them the actual lists of identifiers that must be used when processing CheckIMEI requests. In doing so, there may be many new requirements for EIR systems that are not present in the legacy EIR:Synchronizing lists with CEIR. CEIR systems are not described by a standard, so the protocols and exchange mode may differ from country to country.\nSupporting additional lists – IMEI white list, IMEI grey list, list of allocated TACs, etc.\nSupport in lists not only IMEI but also bindings – IMEI-IMSI, IMEI-MSISDN, IMEI-IMSI-MSISDN.\nSupporting the customized logic of lists applying.\nAutomatic adding the item to a list in separate scenarios.\nSending SMS notifications to subscribers in separate scenarios.\nIntegration with the billing system to receive IMSI-MSISDN bundles.\nAccumulating the subscribers’ profiles (history of device changing).\nLong-term storage of processing of all CheckIMEI requests.Other functions may be required in individual cases. For example, Kazakhstan has introduced mandatory registration of devices and their binding to subscribers. But when a subscriber appears in the network with a new device, the network operation is not blocked completely, and the subscriber is allowed to register the device. To do this, there are blocked all services, except the following: calls to a specific service number, sending SMS to a specific service number, and all Internet traffic is redirected to a specific landing page. This is achieved by the fact that EIR can send commands to several MNO systems (HLR, PCRF, SMSC, etc.).The most common suppliers of individual EIR systems (not as part of a complex solution) are the companies BroadForward, Mahindra Comviva, Mavenir, Nokia, Eastwind.","title":"Equipment identity register (EIR)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Connected more or less directly to the GSM core network are many other functions.","title":"Other support functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Billing center (BC)","text":"The billing center is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for generating billing data of roaming subscriber.","title":"Other support functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multimedia messaging service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_messaging_service"},{"link_name":"audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"}],"sub_title":"Multimedia messaging service center (MMSC)","text":"The multimedia messaging service center supports the sending of multimedia messages (e.g., images, audio, video and their combinations) to (or from) MMS-bluetooth.","title":"Other support functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voicemail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicemail"}],"sub_title":"Voicemail system (VMS)","text":"The voicemail system records and stores voicemail.","title":"Other support functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CALEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act"}],"sub_title":"Lawful interception functions","text":"According to U.S. law, which has also been copied into many other countries, especially in Europe, all telecommunications equipment must provide facilities for monitoring the calls of selected users. There must be some level of support for this built into any of the different elements. The concept of lawful interception is also known, following the relevant U.S. law, as CALEA.\nGenerally, lawful Interception implementation is similar to the implementation of conference call. While A and B are talking with each other, C can join the call and listen silently.","title":"Other support functions"}]
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[{"reference":"Shahabuddin, Shahria; Rahaman, Sadiqur; Rehman, Faisal; Ahmad, Ijaz; Khan, Zaheer (2018). A Comprehensive Guide to 5G Security. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. p. 12.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Calatrava
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Order of Calatrava
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["1 Origins and foundation","2 Critique","3 Battles during the Reconquista","3.1 Battle of Alarcos","4 After the fall of Granada","5 Modern times","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]
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Spanish military-religious order
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Order of CalatravaOrden de Calatrava The order emblem, a red Greek cross with fleur-de-lis at its endsTypeReligious Order of Honour and formerly a Military OrderCountry SpainReligious affiliationCatholicRibbonGrand MasterKing of Spain
The Order of Calatrava (Spanish: Orden de Calatrava, Portuguese: Ordem de Calatrava) was one of the four Spanish military orders and the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval. The papal bull confirming the Order of Calatrava was given by Pope Alexander III on September 26, 1164. Most of the political and military power of the order had dissipated by the end of the 15th century, but the last dissolution of the order's property did not occur until 1838.
Origins and foundation
It was founded at Calatrava la Vieja in Castile, in the twelfth century by St. Raymond of Fitero, as a military branch of the Cistercian family. Rodrigo of Toledo describes the origins of the order:
Castle of Calatrava la Nueva, former parent headquarters of the order
Calatrava is the Arabic name of a castle recovered from the Muslims, in 1147, by the King of Castile, Alfonso VII, called el Emperador. Located in what was then the southernmost border of Castile, this conquest was more difficult to keep than to make, especially at a time with neither standing armies nor garrisons were known. In part to correct this deficiency, the military orders such as Knights Templars were founded, where men could fulfill a vow of perpetual war against the Muslim. The Templars, however, were unable to hold Calatrava, and the king found further volunteer warriors when Raymond, Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Fitero offered himself.
This step is said to have been suggested to the abbot by Father Diego Velázquez, a simple monk, but one who had been a knight, and thus was well acquainted with military matters. Diego was inspired with the idea of employing the lay brothers of the abbey to defend Calatrava. These Cistercian lay brothers--at that time a recent innovation in monastic life--not being in Holy orders, were variously employed in manual trades such as those of tending herds, construction, farm labor, or husbandry. Diego recommended that they become soldiers of the Cross. Thus a new order was created in 1157.
Motivated by the desire for religious and pecuniary rewards, these brethren were eager to take the offensive against the Moors. When the Abbot Raymond died (1163), a certain Don García started to lead them in battle as their first grand master. At the same time, the choir monks, not without protest, left Calatrava to live under an abbot whom they had chosen, in the monastery of Cirvelos. Only Velasquez and a few other clerics, to act as chaplains, remained in Calatrava with the knights, Velasquez becoming prior of the whole community. This somewhat revolutionary arrangement was approved by the general chapter at Cîteaux, and by Pope Alexander III (1164).
A general chapter held at Cîteaux in 1187 gave to the Knights of Calatrava their definitive rule, which was approved in the same year by Pope Gregory VIII. This rule, modeled upon the Cistercian customs for lay brothers, was imposed upon the knights, besides the obligations of the three religious vows, the rules of silence in the refectory, dormitory, and oratory; of abstinence on four days a week, besides several fast days during the year; they were also obliged to recite a fixed number of paternosters for each day Hour of the Office; to sleep in their armour; to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross fleur de lisée. Calatrava was subject not to Cîteaux, but to Morimond in Champagne, the mother-house of Fitero, from which Calatrava had sprung. Consequently, the Abbot of Morimond possessed the right of visiting the houses and of reforming the statutes of Calatrava, while the highest ecclesiastical dignity of the order, that of grand prior, could be held only by a monk of Morimond.
Critique
The Cistercian monk Isaac of Stella criticised the new militia, which he called a monstrum novum. He did not approve of the forced conversions and the conflation of death in politically-motivated battle with martyrdom.
Battles during the Reconquista
The first military services of the Knights of Calatrava were highly successful, and in return for the exceptional services they had rendered they received from the King of Castile new grants of land, which formed their first commanderies. They had already been called into the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, and been rewarded by a new encomienda (landed estate), that of Alcañiz (1179). But these successes were followed by a series of misfortunes, due in the first instance to the unfortunate partition which Alfonso had made of his possessions, and the consequent rivalry which ensued between the Castilian and Leonese branches of his dynasty. On the other hand, the first successes of the Reconquista, in the 12th century, soon met up with a new wave of Islamic warriors, the invasion of the Almohads from Morocco. The first encounter resulted in a defeat for Castile.
Battle of Alarcos
After the disastrous Battle of Alarcos, the knights abandoned their bulwark of Calatrava to the Almohads (1195). Velasquez lived long enough to witness the failure of his daring scheme. He died the next year in the monastery of Gumiel (1196). The order in Castile appeared to be finished, and the branch of Aragon sought primacy. The Knights of Alcañiz actually proceeded to elect a new grand master, but the grand master still living in Castile claimed his right. Finally, by a compromise, the master of Alcañiz was recognized as second in dignity, with the title of Grand Commander for Aragon.
The scattered remains of Castilian knights sheltered in the Cistercian monastery of Cirvelos, and there began to regroup and expand. They soon erected a new bulwark, Salvatierra Castle, where they took the name, which they kept for fourteen years, of Knights of Salvatierra (1198). But Salvatierra itself fell to the Almohad Caliphate in 1209.
Summoned by Pope Innocent III, foreign crusaders joined Iberian Christians. An early battle was the reconquest of Calatrava (1212), which was returned to its former masters. In the same year the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa turned the tide of Muslim domination in Spain. Having recovered its stronghold, and resumed the title of Calatrava (1216), the order nevertheless removed to more secure quarters of Calatrava la Nueva, eight miles from old Calatrava (1218). In 1221 the Order of Monfragüe was merged into that of Calatrava.
With the decline of Muslim power, new orders sprang up, including the Alcántara in the Kingdom of León and Avis in Portugal. Both began under Calatrava's protection and the visitation of its grand master. This age marks the climax of Iberian chivalry: it was then that King Ferdinand the Saint, after the definitive coalition of Castile and León (1229), in (1235) captured the capital of the old caliphate, Cordova, soon afterwards Murcia, Jaén, and Seville. The European crusade seemed at an end. Encouraged by these victories, Ferdinand's successor, Alfonso X, the Wise, planned a crusade in the East and contemplated marching, with his Castilian knights, to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1272).
A Calatrava castle in Alcañiz
Calatrava had developed abundant resources of men and wealth, with lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile. It exercised feudal lordship over thousands of peasants and vassals. Thus, more than once, we see the order bringing to the field, as its individual contributions, 1200 to 2000 knights, a considerable force in the Middle Ages. Moreover, it enjoyed autonomy, being by its constitutions independent in temporal matters and acknowledging only spiritual superiors—the Abbot of Morimond and, in appeal, the pope. These authorities interfered, in consequence of a schism which first broke out in 1296 through the simultaneous election of two grand masters, García Lopez and Gautier Perez.
Lopez, dispossessed a first time by a delegate of Morimond, appealed to Pope Boniface VIII, who quashed the sentence and referred the case to the general chapter at Cîteaux, where Lopez was re-established in his dignity (1302). Dispossessed a second time, in consequence of a quarrel with his lieutenant, Juan Nuñez, Lopez voluntarily resigned in favour of Nuñez, who had taken his place (1328), on condition that he should keep the commandery of Zurita; as this condition was violated, Lopez again, for the third time, took the title of Grand Master in Aragon, where he died in 1336. These facts sufficiently prove that after the fourteenth century the rigorous discipline and fervent observance of the order's earlier times had, under the relaxing influence of prosperity, given place to a spirit of intrigue and ambition.
Peter of Castile entered into a conflict with the order. That prince had three grand masters in succession sentenced to death, as having incurred his suspicion: the first of these was beheaded (1355) on a charge of having entered into a league with the King of Aragon; the second, Estevañez, having competed for the grand mastership with the king's candidate, García de Padilla, was murdered in the royal palace, by the king's own treacherous hand; lastly García de Padilla himself, a brother of the royal mistress, fell into disgrace, upon deserting the king's party for that of his half brother, Henry the Bastard, and died in prison (1369).
The Italian castrato singer Carlo Broschi in robes of the order. Behind, Ferdinand VI and his wife Barbara of Portugal, c. 1753.
At the same time began the encroachments of royal authority in the election of the grand master, whose power was a check upon that of the king. For instance, in 1404, Henry of Villena, Enrique de Villena, was elected twenty-fourth grand master merely through the favour of Henry III of Castile, although Villena was married, a stranger to the order, and by papal dispensation entered upon his high functions without even the preliminary of a novitiate. A schism in the order ensued and was healed only after the king's death, in 1414, when a general chapter, held at Cîteaux, cancelled the election of Villena and acknowledged his competitor, Luis González de Guzmán, as the only legitimate master. After the death of Guzman in 1442, a new encroachment of John II of Castile gave rise to a new schism. He had succeeded in forcing upon the electors his own candidate, Alfonso, a bastard, of the royal stock of Aragon (1443); but Alfonso having joined a party formed against him, the king sought to have him deposed by the chapter of the order.
This time the electors divided, and a double election issued in not fewer than three grand masters: Pedro Giron, who took possession of Calatrava; Ramirez de Guzman, who occupied the castles of Andalusia; and the bastard Alfonso of Aragon, who continued to be recognized by the knights of the Aragonese branch. At last, through the withdrawal of his rivals one after the other, Pedro Giron remained the only grand master (1457). Giron belonged to an eminent Castilian family descending from Portugal; an ambitious intriguer, more anxious about his family interests than about those of his order, he played an important part as a leader in the factions which disturbed the wretched reigns of John II and Henry IV, the last two lamentably weak descendants of St. Ferdinand of Castile.
By turns, Giron sustained first Henry IV, in a war against his father, John II, then Alfonso, who pretended to the throne, against Henry IV. Such was Giron's importance that Henry IV, to attach him to his cause, offered him the hand of his own sister, Isabella I of Castile. Giron had already had his vow of celibacy annulled by the pope, and was on his way to the court, when he died, thus saving the future Queen of Castile from an unworthy consort (1466). The same pope, Pius II, granted to Pedro Giron the extravagant privilege of resigning his high dignity in favour of his bastard, Rodrigo Telles Giron, a child eight years old.
Thus the grand mastership fell into the hands of guardians—an unheard of event. The Abbot of Morimond was called upon to devise a temporary administration, until Telles should reach his majority. The administration was entrusted to four knights elected by the chapter, and from this period date the definitive statutes of the order known as "Rules of Abbot William III" (1467). These statutes recognized in the order seven high dignitaries: the grand master; the clavero (guardian of the castle and lieutenant of the grand master); two grand comendadores, one for Castile and the other for Aragon; the grand prior, representing the Abbot of Morimond in the spiritual government; the sacristan (guardian of the relics); and the obrero (supervisor of buildings).
A knight portrayed in the monastic cowl (1731)
The order, having reached its apogee of prosperity, now held sway over fifty-six commanderies and sixteen priories, or cures, distributed between the Diocese of Jaén and the Vicariate of Ciudad Real. Its lordships included sixty-four villages, with a population of 200,000 souls, and produced an annual income estimated at 50,000 ducats. The kings whose fortune the mismanagement of the late reigns had depleted could not but covet these riches, while such formidable military power filled with distrust the monarchs who were obliged to tolerate the autonomous existence of the order. During the struggle between Afonso V of Portugal and Ferdinand of Aragon for the right of succession to Henry IV of Castile, the last male of his house (1474), much depended upon the attitude of Calatrava.
The knights were divided. While the grand master, Rodrigo Giron, supported Portugal, his lieutenant, Lopez de Padilla, stood by Aragon. The battle of Toro (1479), where the pretensions of Portugal were annihilated, ended this schism, the last in the history of the order. The grand master, reconciled with Ferdinand of Aragon, fell, during the war against the Moors, at the siege of Loja (1482). His lieutenant, Lopez de Padilla, succeeded him and, as the last of the twenty-seven independent grand masters of Calatrava, revived for a season the heroic virtues of his order's better days. A mortified monk in his cell, a fearless warrior on the battlefield, the glory of Padilla shed its last rays in the war of the conquest of Granada, which he did not live to see completed.
After the fall of Granada
At Padilla's death (1487), Ferdinand of Aragon exhibited to the chapter, assembled for the election of a new grand master, a Bull from Innocent VIII that invested him with authority to administer the order, and to this decree he compelled the electors to submit. Thus ended the political autonomy of the Order of Calatrava. The reason of its being—the struggle against the Moors—seemed, indeed, to end with the fall of Granada (1492).
Pedro de Barberana y Aparregui, Knight of Calatrava, by Diego Velázquez (1631) Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.
The canonical bond between Calatrava and Morimond had been relaxing more and more. The King of Spain was too jealous of his authority to tolerate any foreign—especially French—intervention in the affairs of his kingdom. The canonical visits of the Abbot of Morimond ceased; difficulties were raised when the grand prior came from Morimond to take possession of his dignity. The last French prior was Nicholas of Avesnes, who died in 1552.
After a long contest, a compromise was effected in 1630, leaving to Morimond its right of electing the grand prior, but limiting its choice to Spanish Cistercians. Moreover, the knights of the order were virtually secularized: Pope Paul III commuted their vow of celibacy to one of conjugal fidelity (1540).
As members of the order were allowed to found families, and were authorized by Julius III (1551) to make free use of their personal property, the vow of poverty also passed into virtual desuetude. In 1652, under Philip IV, the three Spanish orders took a new vow: that of defending the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. This was the last manifestation of any religious spirit in the orders. The military spirit, too, had long since disappeared. The orders had, in fact, fallen into a state of utter inactivity.
The commanderies were but so many pensions at the king's free disposal, and predictably granted by him to the high-born rather than to the deserving in character, whatever their social status. In 1628 the Order of Calatrava was declared to be inaccessible not only to tradesmen, but even to sons of tradesmen. The last attempt to employ the knights of the three orders for a military purpose was that of Philip IV, in quelling the rebellion of the Catalans (1640–50), but the orders restricted their efforts to the complete equipment of one regiment, which has since been known in the Spanish army as "The Regiment of the Orders".
In 1750 the singer Farinelli was made a Knight of the Order of Calatrava.
When the Bourbon dynasty occupied the throne, Charles III, having founded the personal order of his name, levied upon the old orders a contribution of a million reals to pension 200 knights of the new order (1775). Their revenues being the only remaining raison d'être of the order, confiscation necessarily led to dissolution. Confiscated by King Joseph (1808), re-established by Ferdinand VII at the Restoration (1814), the possessions of Calatrava were finally dissipated in the general secularization of 1838.
Modern times
The Duke of Galliera in contemporary uniform of the Order, c. 1910
In 1931, once again unilaterally, the Second Spanish Republic suppressed the Spanish Orders. To survive, they resorted to the Ley de Asociaciones Civiles ("Law of Civil Associations"), leading a precarious existence until the Concordat of 1953 recognized its Priory. The papal bull Constat militarium, later reduced this Priory to a mere title of the Bishop of Ciudad Real.
In 1980, upon request by his father, who was appointed Dean President of the Council, King Juan Carlos I reinstated the Orders by royal initiative. Under the Apostolic Pastoral Tertio millennio adveniente, the Spanish Orders began their renewal in 1996.
Today, the aim of the Spanish Orders is basically the same as they had when founded: the defense of the Catholic faith. The sword has been put aside, but their doctrine, example, self-sanctification, and divine worship remain active, aside from their cultural and social activities.
Their two hundred and fifty members guard the spirit and life of the Orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, and Montesa under their Grand Master, King Felipe VI, and the Real Consejo de las Órdenes (Royal Council of the Orders) presided over by his Royal Highness Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria.
The Swiss luxury watchmaker Patek Philippe took the cross of the order in 1887 and established it as its company logo as a tribute to the knights, which remains until today.
See also
Grand Masters of the Order of Calatrava
Order of Santiago
References
^ Linehan 2011, p. 10.
^ a b Moeller 1908.
^ Kienzle, Beverly Mayne (2012-11-22), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.), "Preaching", The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 245–257, doi:10.1017/cco9780511735899.022, ISBN 978-1-107-00131-2, retrieved 2024-02-19
^ "Diego Velázquez" (in Spanish). Gumiel de Izan. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-25.
^ [https://premioordenesespañolas.es/en/ordenes-espanolas.php
"Premio Ordenes Españolas" award; Spanish Cavalry Orders]
^ "Patek Philippe". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
^ "Patek Philippe". www.thehourglass.org. Retrieved 2023-01-13.
Sources
Linehan, Peter (2011). Spain: A Partible Inheritance, 1157–1300. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Joseph F. O'Callaghan: The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with the Order of Cîteaux, Analecta Cisterciensia 16 (1960), 3–59.
Joseph F. O'Callaghan: The Order of Calatrava and the Archbishops of Toledo. In: Studies in medieval Cistercian history. Presented to Jeremiah F. O'Sullivan (Cistercian Publications 1971) p. 63-.
Moeller, C. (1908). "Military Order of Calatrava". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
Sophia Menache, "Medieval states and military orders: the Order of Calatrava in the late Middle Ages," in Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum, and Jonathan Riley-Smith (eds), In laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007) (Crusades - Subsidia, 1).
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"four Spanish military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_military_orders"},{"link_name":"military order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(society)"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"}],"text":"The Order of Calatrava (Spanish: Orden de Calatrava, Portuguese: Ordem de Calatrava) was one of the four Spanish military orders and the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval. The papal bull confirming the Order of Calatrava was given by Pope Alexander III on September 26, 1164. Most of the political and military power of the order had dissipated by the end of the 15th century, but the last dissolution of the order's property did not occur until 1838.","title":"Order of Calatrava"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calatrava la Vieja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calatrava_la_Vieja"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Fitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Fitero"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinehan201110-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeller1908-2"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_of_Toledo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Calatrava.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"King of Castile, Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Knights Templars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"monastery of Fitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Fitero"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Don García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Garc%C3%ADa_(Grand_Master_of_Calatrava)"},{"link_name":"Cirvelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirvelos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cîteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII"},{"link_name":"paternosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Cîteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citeaux_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Morimond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morimond_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(historical_province)"},{"link_name":"Fitero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitero"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoeller1908-2"}],"text":"It was founded at Calatrava la Vieja in Castile, in the twelfth century by St. Raymond of Fitero, as a military branch of the Cistercian family.[1][2] Rodrigo of Toledo describes the origins of the order:Castle of Calatrava la Nueva, former parent headquarters of the orderCalatrava is the Arabic name of a castle recovered from the Muslims, in 1147, by the King of Castile, Alfonso VII, called el Emperador. Located in what was then the southernmost border of Castile, this conquest was more difficult to keep than to make, especially at a time with neither standing armies nor garrisons were known. In part to correct this deficiency, the military orders such as Knights Templars were founded, where men could fulfill a vow of perpetual war against the Muslim. The Templars, however, were unable to hold Calatrava, and the king found further volunteer warriors when Raymond, Abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Fitero offered himself.\nThis step is said to have been suggested to the abbot by Father Diego Velázquez, a simple monk, but one who had been a knight, and thus was well acquainted with military matters. Diego was inspired with the idea of employing the lay brothers of the abbey to defend Calatrava. These Cistercian lay brothers--at that time a recent innovation in monastic life--not being in Holy orders, were variously employed in manual trades such as those of tending herds, construction, farm labor, or husbandry. Diego recommended that they become soldiers of the Cross. Thus a new order was created in 1157.\nMotivated by the desire for religious and pecuniary rewards, these brethren were eager to take the offensive against the Moors. When the Abbot Raymond died (1163), a certain Don García started to lead them in battle as their first grand master. At the same time, the choir monks, not without protest, left Calatrava to live under an abbot whom they had chosen, in the monastery of Cirvelos. Only Velasquez and a few other clerics, to act as chaplains, remained in Calatrava with the knights, Velasquez becoming prior of the whole community. This somewhat revolutionary arrangement was approved by the general chapter at Cîteaux, and by Pope Alexander III (1164).\nA general chapter held at Cîteaux in 1187 gave to the Knights of Calatrava their definitive rule, which was approved in the same year by Pope Gregory VIII. This rule, modeled upon the Cistercian customs for lay brothers, was imposed upon the knights, besides the obligations of the three religious vows, the rules of silence in the refectory, dormitory, and oratory; of abstinence on four days a week, besides several fast days during the year; they were also obliged to recite a fixed number of paternosters for each day Hour of the Office; to sleep in their armour; to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross fleur de lisée. Calatrava was subject not to Cîteaux, but to Morimond in Champagne, the mother-house of Fitero, from which Calatrava had sprung. Consequently, the Abbot of Morimond possessed the right of visiting the houses and of reforming the statutes of Calatrava, while the highest ecclesiastical dignity of the order, that of grand prior, could be held only by a monk of Morimond.[2]","title":"Origins and foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac of Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_of_Stella"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Cistercian monk Isaac of Stella criticised the new militia, which he called a monstrum novum. He did not approve of the forced conversions and the conflation of death in politically-motivated battle with martyrdom.[3]","title":"Critique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Alcañiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alca%C3%B1iz"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads"}],"text":"The first military services of the Knights of Calatrava were highly successful, and in return for the exceptional services they had rendered they received from the King of Castile new grants of land, which formed their first commanderies. They had already been called into the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, and been rewarded by a new encomienda (landed estate), that of Alcañiz (1179). But these successes were followed by a series of misfortunes, due in the first instance to the unfortunate partition which Alfonso had made of his possessions, and the consequent rivalry which ensued between the Castilian and Leonese branches of his dynasty. On the other hand, the first successes of the Reconquista, in the 12th century, soon met up with a new wave of Islamic warriors, the invasion of the Almohads from Morocco. The first encounter resulted in a defeat for Castile.","title":"Battles during the Reconquista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Alarcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos"},{"link_name":"Gumiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumiel_de_Iz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Cirvelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirvelos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salvatierra Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatierra_Castle"},{"link_name":"Almohad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"battle of Las Navas de Tolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa"},{"link_name":"Calatrava la Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calatrava_la_Nueva"},{"link_name":"Order of Monfragüe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Monfrag%C3%BCe"},{"link_name":"Alcántara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Avis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Aviz"},{"link_name":"King Ferdinand the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Cordova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"Jaén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X, the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alca%C3%B1iz_-_Castillo_de_los_Calatravos_y_Parador_Nacional_49.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alcañiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alca%C3%B1iz"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"Peter of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry the Bastard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlo_Broschi.jpg"},{"link_name":"castrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato"},{"link_name":"Carlo Broschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Barbara of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Henry of Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Villena"},{"link_name":"Enrique de Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_de_Villena"},{"link_name":"Henry III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Luis González de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Pedro Giron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Gir%C3%B3n_Acu%C3%B1a_Pacheco"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Isabella I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"vow of celibacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_celibacy"},{"link_name":"Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritter_Calatrava_1731.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"Afonso V of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Henry IV of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Giron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Giron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"battle of Toro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toro"},{"link_name":"Lopez de Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopez_de_Padilla&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Alarcos","text":"After the disastrous Battle of Alarcos, the knights abandoned their bulwark of Calatrava to the Almohads (1195). Velasquez lived long enough to witness the failure of his daring scheme. He died the next year in the monastery of Gumiel (1196).[4] The order in Castile appeared to be finished, and the branch of Aragon sought primacy. The Knights of Alcañiz actually proceeded to elect a new grand master, but the grand master still living in Castile claimed his right. Finally, by a compromise, the master of Alcañiz was recognized as second in dignity, with the title of Grand Commander for Aragon.The scattered remains of Castilian knights sheltered in the Cistercian monastery of Cirvelos, and there began to regroup and expand. They soon erected a new bulwark, Salvatierra Castle, where they took the name, which they kept for fourteen years, of Knights of Salvatierra (1198). But Salvatierra itself fell to the Almohad Caliphate in 1209.Summoned by Pope Innocent III, foreign crusaders joined Iberian Christians. An early battle was the reconquest of Calatrava (1212), which was returned to its former masters. In the same year the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa turned the tide of Muslim domination in Spain. Having recovered its stronghold, and resumed the title of Calatrava (1216), the order nevertheless removed to more secure quarters of Calatrava la Nueva, eight miles from old Calatrava (1218). In 1221 the Order of Monfragüe was merged into that of Calatrava.With the decline of Muslim power, new orders sprang up, including the Alcántara in the Kingdom of León and Avis in Portugal. Both began under Calatrava's protection and the visitation of its grand master. This age marks the climax of Iberian chivalry: it was then that King Ferdinand the Saint, after the definitive coalition of Castile and León (1229), in (1235) captured the capital of the old caliphate, Cordova, soon afterwards Murcia, Jaén, and Seville. The European crusade seemed at an end. Encouraged by these victories, Ferdinand's successor, Alfonso X, the Wise, planned a crusade in the East and contemplated marching, with his Castilian knights, to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1272).A Calatrava castle in AlcañizCalatrava had developed abundant resources of men and wealth, with lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile. It exercised feudal lordship over thousands of peasants and vassals. Thus, more than once, we see the order bringing to the field, as its individual contributions, 1200 to 2000 knights, a considerable force in the Middle Ages. Moreover, it enjoyed autonomy, being by its constitutions independent in temporal matters and acknowledging only spiritual superiors—the Abbot of Morimond and, in appeal, the pope. These authorities interfered, in consequence of a schism which first broke out in 1296 through the simultaneous election of two grand masters, García Lopez and Gautier Perez.Lopez, dispossessed a first time by a delegate of Morimond, appealed to Pope Boniface VIII, who quashed the sentence and referred the case to the general chapter at Cîteaux, where Lopez was re-established in his dignity (1302). Dispossessed a second time, in consequence of a quarrel with his lieutenant, Juan Nuñez, Lopez voluntarily resigned in favour of Nuñez, who had taken his place (1328), on condition that he should keep the commandery of Zurita; as this condition was violated, Lopez again, for the third time, took the title of Grand Master in Aragon, where he died in 1336. These facts sufficiently prove that after the fourteenth century the rigorous discipline and fervent observance of the order's earlier times had, under the relaxing influence of prosperity, given place to a spirit of intrigue and ambition.Peter of Castile entered into a conflict with the order. That prince had three grand masters in succession sentenced to death, as having incurred his suspicion: the first of these was beheaded (1355) on a charge of having entered into a league with the King of Aragon; the second, Estevañez, having competed for the grand mastership with the king's candidate, García de Padilla, was murdered in the royal palace, by the king's own treacherous hand; lastly García de Padilla himself, a brother of the royal mistress, fell into disgrace, upon deserting the king's party for that of his half brother, Henry the Bastard, and died in prison (1369).The Italian castrato singer Carlo Broschi in robes of the order. Behind, Ferdinand VI and his wife Barbara of Portugal, c. 1753.At the same time began the encroachments of royal authority in the election of the grand master, whose power was a check upon that of the king. For instance, in 1404, Henry of Villena, Enrique de Villena, was elected twenty-fourth grand master merely through the favour of Henry III of Castile, although Villena was married, a stranger to the order, and by papal dispensation entered upon his high functions without even the preliminary of a novitiate. A schism in the order ensued and was healed only after the king's death, in 1414, when a general chapter, held at Cîteaux, cancelled the election of Villena and acknowledged his competitor, Luis González de Guzmán, as the only legitimate master. After the death of Guzman in 1442, a new encroachment of John II of Castile gave rise to a new schism. He had succeeded in forcing upon the electors his own candidate, Alfonso, a bastard, of the royal stock of Aragon (1443); but Alfonso having joined a party formed against him, the king sought to have him deposed by the chapter of the order.This time the electors divided, and a double election issued in not fewer than three grand masters: Pedro Giron, who took possession of Calatrava; Ramirez de Guzman, who occupied the castles of Andalusia; and the bastard Alfonso of Aragon, who continued to be recognized by the knights of the Aragonese branch. At last, through the withdrawal of his rivals one after the other, Pedro Giron remained the only grand master (1457). Giron belonged to an eminent Castilian family descending from Portugal; an ambitious intriguer, more anxious about his family interests than about those of his order, he played an important part as a leader in the factions which disturbed the wretched reigns of John II and Henry IV, the last two lamentably weak descendants of St. Ferdinand of Castile.By turns, Giron sustained first Henry IV, in a war against his father, John II, then Alfonso, who pretended to the throne, against Henry IV. Such was Giron's importance that Henry IV, to attach him to his cause, offered him the hand of his own sister, Isabella I of Castile. Giron had already had his vow of celibacy annulled by the pope, and was on his way to the court, when he died, thus saving the future Queen of Castile from an unworthy consort (1466). The same pope, Pius II, granted to Pedro Giron the extravagant privilege of resigning his high dignity in favour of his bastard, Rodrigo Telles Giron, a child eight years old.Thus the grand mastership fell into the hands of guardians—an unheard of event. The Abbot of Morimond was called upon to devise a temporary administration, until Telles should reach his majority. The administration was entrusted to four knights elected by the chapter, and from this period date the definitive statutes of the order known as \"Rules of Abbot William III\" (1467). These statutes recognized in the order seven high dignitaries: the grand master; the clavero (guardian of the castle and lieutenant of the grand master); two grand comendadores, one for Castile and the other for Aragon; the grand prior, representing the Abbot of Morimond in the spiritual government; the sacristan (guardian of the relics); and the obrero (supervisor of buildings).A knight portrayed in the monastic cowl (1731)The order, having reached its apogee of prosperity, now held sway over fifty-six commanderies and sixteen priories, or cures, distributed between the Diocese of Jaén and the Vicariate of Ciudad Real. Its lordships included sixty-four villages, with a population of 200,000 souls, and produced an annual income estimated at 50,000 ducats. The kings whose fortune the mismanagement of the late reigns had depleted could not but covet these riches, while such formidable military power filled with distrust the monarchs who were obliged to tolerate the autonomous existence of the order. During the struggle between Afonso V of Portugal and Ferdinand of Aragon for the right of succession to Henry IV of Castile, the last male of his house (1474), much depended upon the attitude of Calatrava.The knights were divided. While the grand master, Rodrigo Giron, supported Portugal, his lieutenant, Lopez de Padilla, stood by Aragon. The battle of Toro (1479), where the pretensions of Portugal were annihilated, ended this schism, the last in the history of the order. The grand master, reconciled with Ferdinand of Aragon, fell, during the war against the Moors, at the siege of Loja (1482). His lieutenant, Lopez de Padilla, succeeded him and, as the last of the twenty-seven independent grand masters of Calatrava, revived for a season the heroic virtues of his order's better days. A mortified monk in his cell, a fearless warrior on the battlefield, the glory of Padilla shed its last rays in the war of the conquest of Granada, which he did not live to see completed.","title":"Battles during the Reconquista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Innocent VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada,_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_de_Barberana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diego Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Silva_y_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Kimbell Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Julius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_III"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Catalans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_people"},{"link_name":"Farinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinelli"},{"link_name":"Bourbon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"King Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain"}],"text":"At Padilla's death (1487), Ferdinand of Aragon exhibited to the chapter, assembled for the election of a new grand master, a Bull from Innocent VIII that invested him with authority to administer the order, and to this decree he compelled the electors to submit. Thus ended the political autonomy of the Order of Calatrava. The reason of its being—the struggle against the Moors—seemed, indeed, to end with the fall of Granada (1492).Pedro de Barberana y Aparregui, Knight of Calatrava, by Diego Velázquez (1631) Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.The canonical bond between Calatrava and Morimond had been relaxing more and more. The King of Spain was too jealous of his authority to tolerate any foreign—especially French—intervention in the affairs of his kingdom. The canonical visits of the Abbot of Morimond ceased; difficulties were raised when the grand prior came from Morimond to take possession of his dignity. The last French prior was Nicholas of Avesnes, who died in 1552.After a long contest, a compromise was effected in 1630, leaving to Morimond its right of electing the grand prior, but limiting its choice to Spanish Cistercians. Moreover, the knights of the order were virtually secularized: Pope Paul III commuted their vow of celibacy to one of conjugal fidelity (1540).As members of the order were allowed to found families, and were authorized by Julius III (1551) to make free use of their personal property, the vow of poverty also passed into virtual desuetude. In 1652, under Philip IV, the three Spanish orders took a new vow: that of defending the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. This was the last manifestation of any religious spirit in the orders. The military spirit, too, had long since disappeared. The orders had, in fact, fallen into a state of utter inactivity.The commanderies were but so many pensions at the king's free disposal, and predictably granted by him to the high-born rather than to the deserving in character, whatever their social status. In 1628 the Order of Calatrava was declared to be inaccessible not only to tradesmen, but even to sons of tradesmen. The last attempt to employ the knights of the three orders for a military purpose was that of Philip IV, in quelling the rebellion of the Catalans (1640–50), but the orders restricted their efforts to the complete equipment of one regiment, which has since been known in the Spanish army as \"The Regiment of the Orders\".In 1750 the singer Farinelli was made a Knight of the Order of Calatrava.When the Bourbon dynasty occupied the throne, Charles III, having founded the personal order of his name, levied upon the old orders a contribution of a million reals to pension 200 knights of the new order (1775). Their revenues being the only remaining raison d'être of the order, confiscation necessarily led to dissolution. Confiscated by King Joseph (1808), re-established by Ferdinand VII at the Restoration (1814), the possessions of Calatrava were finally dissipated in the general secularization of 1838.","title":"After the fall of Granada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S.K.H._Don_Alfonso_von_Orleans-Bourbon,_Infant_von_Spanien_(Spanish_Prince)_-_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Galliera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera"},{"link_name":"Second Spanish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ley de Asociaciones Civiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_civil#Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Concordat of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_1953"},{"link_name":"Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ciudad Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ciudad_Real"},{"link_name":"father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I"},{"link_name":"Tertio millennio adveniente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertio_millennio_adveniente"},{"link_name":"Felipe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI"},{"link_name":"Real Consejo de las Órdenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_de_las_%C3%93rdenes"},{"link_name":"Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Pedro,_Duke_of_Calabria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Patek Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patek_Philippe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Duke of Galliera in contemporary uniform of the Order, c. 1910In 1931, once again unilaterally, the Second Spanish Republic suppressed the Spanish Orders. To survive, they resorted to the Ley de Asociaciones Civiles (\"Law of Civil Associations\"), leading a precarious existence until the Concordat of 1953 recognized its Priory. The papal bull Constat militarium, later reduced this Priory to a mere title of the Bishop of Ciudad Real.In 1980, upon request by his father, who was appointed Dean President of the Council, King Juan Carlos I reinstated the Orders by royal initiative. Under the Apostolic Pastoral Tertio millennio adveniente, the Spanish Orders began their renewal in 1996.Today, the aim of the Spanish Orders is basically the same as they had when founded: the defense of the Catholic faith. The sword has been put aside, but their doctrine, example, self-sanctification, and divine worship remain active, aside from their cultural and social activities.Their two hundred and fifty members guard the spirit and life of the Orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, and Montesa under their Grand Master, King Felipe VI, and the Real Consejo de las Órdenes (Royal Council of the Orders) presided over by his Royal Highness Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria.[5]The Swiss luxury watchmaker Patek Philippe took the cross of the order in 1887 and established it as its company logo as a tribute to the knights, which remains until today.[6][7]","title":"Modern times"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analecta Cisterciensia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analecta_Cisterciensia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Iris Shagrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Shagrir"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Ellenblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Ellenblum"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Riley-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756910#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000119583937"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/155777515"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX122468"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119432406"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119432406"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/16116086-4"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/16201079-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266265305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061225"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027377687"}],"text":"Linehan, Peter (2011). Spain: A Partible Inheritance, 1157–1300. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.\nJoseph F. O'Callaghan: The Affiliation of the Order of Calatrava with the Order of Cîteaux, Analecta Cisterciensia 16 (1960), 3–59.\nJoseph F. O'Callaghan: The Order of Calatrava and the Archbishops of Toledo. In: Studies in medieval Cistercian history. Presented to Jeremiah F. O'Sullivan (Cistercian Publications 1971) p. 63-.\nMoeller, C. (1908). \"Military Order of Calatrava\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.\nSophia Menache, \"Medieval states and military orders: the Order of Calatrava in the late Middle Ages,\" in Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Ellenblum, and Jonathan Riley-Smith (eds), In laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Z. Kedar (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007) (Crusades - Subsidia, 1).Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\n2\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Castle of Calatrava la Nueva, former parent headquarters of the order","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Castillo_de_Calatrava.jpg/260px-Castillo_de_Calatrava.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Calatrava castle in Alcañiz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Alca%C3%B1iz_-_Castillo_de_los_Calatravos_y_Parador_Nacional_49.jpg/220px-Alca%C3%B1iz_-_Castillo_de_los_Calatravos_y_Parador_Nacional_49.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Italian castrato singer Carlo Broschi in robes of the order. Behind, Ferdinand VI and his wife Barbara of Portugal, c. 1753.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Carlo_Broschi.jpg/220px-Carlo_Broschi.jpg"},{"image_text":"A knight portrayed in the monastic cowl (1731)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ritter_Calatrava_1731.jpg/220px-Ritter_Calatrava_1731.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedro de Barberana y Aparregui, Knight of Calatrava, by Diego Velázquez (1631) Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pedro_de_Barberana.jpg/200px-Pedro_de_Barberana.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duke of Galliera in contemporary uniform of the Order, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/S.K.H._Don_Alfonso_von_Orleans-Bourbon%2C_Infant_von_Spanien_%28Spanish_Prince%29_-_cropped.jpg/220px-S.K.H._Don_Alfonso_von_Orleans-Bourbon%2C_Infant_von_Spanien_%28Spanish_Prince%29_-_cropped.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Grand Masters of the Order of Calatrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_Calatrava"},{"title":"Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"}]
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[{"reference":"Kienzle, Beverly Mayne (2012-11-22), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.), \"Preaching\", The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 245–257, doi:10.1017/cco9780511735899.022, ISBN 978-1-107-00131-2, retrieved 2024-02-19","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCO9780511735899A029/type/book_part","url_text":"\"Preaching\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.022","url_text":"10.1017/cco9780511735899.022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2","url_text":"978-1-107-00131-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Diego Velázquez\" (in Spanish). Gumiel de Izan. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031617/http://www.gumieldeizan.com/mod.php?mod=forum&op=threadview&topicid=132&forumid=5","url_text":"\"Diego Velázquez\""},{"url":"http://www.gumieldeizan.com/mod.php?mod=forum&op=threadview&topicid=132&forumid=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patek Philippe\". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2019-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/brand/h/patek-philippe/","url_text":"\"Patek Philippe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patek Philippe\". www.thehourglass.org. Retrieved 2023-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehourglass.com/collectors-guides/patek-philippe-calatrava/#:~:text=The%20Calatrava%20cross%2C%20registered%20by,in%201158%20from%20Arabian%20invaders","url_text":"\"Patek Philippe\""}]},{"reference":"Linehan, Peter (2011). Spain: A Partible Inheritance, 1157–1300. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moeller, C. (1908). \"Military Order of Calatrava\". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22","external_links_name":"\"Order of Calatrava\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Order+of+Calatrava%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCO9780511735899A029/type/book_part","external_links_name":"\"Preaching\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.022","external_links_name":"10.1017/cco9780511735899.022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031617/http://www.gumieldeizan.com/mod.php?mod=forum&op=threadview&topicid=132&forumid=5","external_links_name":"\"Diego Velázquez\""},{"Link":"http://www.gumieldeizan.com/mod.php?mod=forum&op=threadview&topicid=132&forumid=5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://xn--premioordenesespaolas-sbc.es/en/ordenes-espanolas.php","external_links_name":"https://premioordenesespañolas.es/en/ordenes-espanolas.php"},{"Link":"https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/brand/h/patek-philippe/","external_links_name":"\"Patek Philippe\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehourglass.com/collectors-guides/patek-philippe-calatrava/#:~:text=The%20Calatrava%20cross%2C%20registered%20by,in%201158%20from%20Arabian%20invaders","external_links_name":"\"Patek Philippe\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119583937","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155777515","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX122468","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119432406","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119432406","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16116086-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16201079-5","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266265305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79061225","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027377687","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusterin
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Clusterin
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["1 Structure","2 Function","3 Clinical associations","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
CLUIdentifiersAliasesCLU, AAG4, APO-J, APOJ, CLI, CLU1, CLU2, KUB1, NA1/NA2, SGP-2, SGP2, SP-40, TRPM-2, TRPM2, clusterinExternal IDsOMIM: 185430; MGI: 88423; HomoloGene: 1382; GeneCards: CLU; OMA:CLU - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 8 (human)Band8p21.1Start27,596,917 bpEnd27,614,700 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 14 (mouse)Band14 D1|14 34.36 cMStart66,205,932 bpEnd66,218,996 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inexternal globus pallidusAchilles tendonparaflocculus of cerebellumpalpebral conjunctivaoptic nerveBrodmann area 10right uterine tubemiddle frontal gyrusBrodmann area 9right testisTop expressed inirisciliary bodyepithelium of lenshabenulaparaventricular nucleus of hypothalamusdorsomedial hypothalamic nucleusEpithelium of choroid plexusdorsal tegmental nucleussubiculumventral tegmental areaMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function
chaperone binding
misfolded protein binding
ATPase activity
protein binding
ubiquitin protein ligase binding
Cellular component
cytoplasm
apical dendrite
cytosol
Golgi apparatus
blood microparticle
mitochondrial membranes
membrane
extracellular matrix
neurofibrillary tangle
chromaffin granule
spherical high-density lipoprotein particle
extracellular region
cell surface
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
mitochondrion
endoplasmic reticulum
extracellular exosome
platelet alpha granule lumen
nucleus
cytoplasmic vesicle
intracellular anatomical structure
perinuclear region of cytoplasm
extracellular space
Biological process
apoptotic process
central nervous system myelin maintenance
negative regulation of protein homooligomerization
response to misfolded protein
chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly
positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity
lipid metabolism
immune system process
negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
complement activation
response to virus
protein stabilization
platelet degranulation
positive regulation of neuron death
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
positive regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly
microglial cell activation
protein import
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation
regulation of neuronal signal transduction
microglial cell proliferation
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
cell morphogenesis
regulation of neuron death
complement activation, classical pathway
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
positive regulation of apoptotic process
regulation of amyloid-beta clearance
innate immune response
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
reverse cholesterol transport
chaperone-mediated protein folding
antimicrobial humoral response
cell death
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez119112759EnsemblENSG00000120885ENSMUSG00000022037UniProtP10909Q06890RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001831NM_013492RefSeq (protein)NP_001822NP_038520Location (UCSC)Chr 8: 27.6 – 27.61 MbChr 14: 66.21 – 66.22 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
In humans, clusterin (CLU) is encoded by the CLU gene on chromosome 8. CLU is an extracellular molecular chaperone which binds to misfolded proteins in body fluids to neutralise their toxicity and mediate their cellular uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once internalised by cells, complexes between CLU and misfolded proteins are trafficked to lysosomes where they are degraded. CLU is involved in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, inflammatory diseases, and aging.
Structure
The CLU gene contains nine exons and a variety of mRNA isoforms can be detected, although most of these are only ever expressed at very low levels (< 0.3% of the total). The full-length mRNA encoding the secreted isoform is by far the dominant species transcribed. Secreted CLU (apolipoprotein J) is an approximately 60 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric glycoprotein which migrates in SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 75-80 kDa. Mature CLU is composed of disulfide-linked α- and β-chains. Although multiple previous publications proposed the existence of N-terminally truncated CLU protein isoforms in different cell compartments, recent work has highlighted the lack of direct evidence for this and shown that the full-length CLU polypeptide, with variable levels of glycosylation (and hence variable apparent mass), can translocate from the ER/Golgi to the cytosol and nucleus during stress.
Function
Clusterin was first identified in ram rete testis fluid where it was shown to elicit in vitro clustering of rat Sertoli cells and erythrocytes, hence its name.
CLU has functional similarities to members of the small heat shock protein family and is thus a molecular chaperone. Unlike most other chaperone proteins, which aid intracellular proteins, CLU is trafficked through the ER/Golgi before normally being secreted. Within the secretory system, CLU has been suggested to facilitate the folding of secreted proteins in an ATP-independent way. The gene is highly conserved in species, and the protein is widely distributed in many tissues and organs, where it been implicated in a number of biological processes, including lipid transport, membrane recycling, cell adhesion, programmed cell death, and complement-mediated cell lysis. Overexpression of secretory CLU can protect cells from apoptosis induced by cellular stress, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or androgen/estrogen depletion. CLU has been suggested to promote cell survival by a number of means, including inhibition of BAX on the mitochondrial membrane, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, promotion of angiogenesis, and mediation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Meanwhile, its downregulation allows for p53 activation, which then skews the proapoptotic:antiapoptotic ratio of present Bcl-2 family members, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. p53 may also transcriptionally repress secretory CLU to further promote the proapoptotic cascade.
Clinical associations
Two independent genome-wide association studies found a statistical association between a SNP within the clusterin gene and the risk of having Alzheimer's disease. Further studies have suggested that people who already have Alzheimer's disease have more clusterin in their blood, and that clusterin levels in blood correlate with faster cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, but have not found that clusterin levels predicted the onset of Alzheimer's disease. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, CLU may be involved in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington disease.
CLU may promote tumorigenesis by facilitating BAX-KLU70 binding and, consequently, preventing BAX from localizing to the outer mitochondrial membrane to stimulate cell death. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, CLU functions to regulate ERK 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression to promote tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In epithelial ovarian cancer, CLU has been observed to promote angiogenesis and chemoresistance. Other pathways CLU participates in to downplay apoptosis in tumor cells include the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and NF-κB pathway. Unlike most other cancers, which feature upregulated CLU levels to enhance tumor cell survival, testicular seminoma features downregulated CLU levels, allowing for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy treatments. Other cancers CLU has been implicated in include breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma.
As evident by its key roles in cancer development, CLU can serve as a therapeutic target for fighting tumor growth and chemoresistance. Studies revealed that inhibition of CLU resulted in increased effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents to kill tumor cells. In particular, custirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide that blocks the CLU mRNA transcript, enhanced heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor activity by suppressing the heat-shock response in castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and was tested in phase III trials.
CLU activity is also involved in infectious diseases, such as hepatitis C. CLU is induced by the stress of hepatitis C viral infection, which disrupts glucose regulation. The chaperone protein then aids hepatitis C viral assembly by stabilizing its core and NS5A units. In addition to the above diseases, CLU has been linked to other conditions resulting from oxidative damage, including aging, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction.
Interactions
CLU has been shown to interact with many different protein ligands and several cell receptors.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000120885 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022037 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: clusterin".
^ Wyatt, Amy R.; Yerbury, Justin J.; Ecroyd, Heath; Wilson, Mark R. (2013). "Extracellular chaperones and proteostasis". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 82: 295–322. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-072711-163904. ISSN 1545-4509. PMID 23350744.
^ a b c d e Koltai T (2014). "Clusterin: a key player in cancer chemoresistance and its inhibition". OncoTargets and Therapy. 7: 447–56. doi:10.2147/OTT.S58622. PMC 3964162. PMID 24672247.
^ a b c Sansanwal P, Li L, Sarwal MM (Mar 2015). "Inhibition of intracellular clusterin attenuates cell death in nephropathic cystinosis". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 26 (3): 612–25. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013060577. PMC 4341467. PMID 25071085.
^ a b c d e f Lin CC, Tsai P, Sun HY, Hsu MC, Lee JC, Wu IC, Tsao CW, Chang TT, Young KC (Nov 2014). "Apolipoprotein J, a glucose-upregulated molecular chaperone, stabilizes core and NS5A to promote infectious hepatitis C virus virion production". Journal of Hepatology. 61 (5): 984–93. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.026. PMID 24996046.
^ Prochnow, Hans; Gollan, Rene; Rohne, Philipp; Hassemer, Matthias; Koch-Brandt, Claudia; Baiersdörfer, Markus (2013). "Non-secreted clusterin isoforms are translated in rare amounts from distinct human mRNA variants and do not affect Bax-mediated apoptosis or the NF-κB signaling pathway". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75303. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875303P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075303. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3779157. PMID 24073260.
^ Kapron, J. T.; Hilliard, G. M.; Lakins, J. N.; Tenniswood, M. P.; West, K. A.; Carr, S. A.; Crabb, J. W. (1997). "Identification and characterization of glycosylation sites in human serum clusterin". Protein Science. 6 (10): 2120–2133. doi:10.1002/pro.5560061007. ISSN 0961-8368. PMC 2143570. PMID 9336835.
^ a b Satapathy, Sandeep; Wilson, Mark R. (2021). "The Dual Roles of Clusterin in Extracellular and Intracellular Proteostasis". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 46 (8): 652–660. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2021.01.005. ISSN 0968-0004. PMID 33573881. S2CID 231897964.
^ Satapathy, Sandeep; Walker, Holly; Brown, James; Gambin, Yann; Wilson, Mark R. (2023-09-26). "The N-end rule pathway regulates ER stress-induced clusterin release to the cytosol where it directs misfolded proteins for degradation". Cell Reports. 42 (9): 113059. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113059. ISSN 2211-1247. PMID 37660295.
^ Fritz IB, Burdzy K, Sétchell B, Blaschuk O (Jun 1983). "Ram rete testis fluid contains a protein (clusterin) which influences cell-cell interactions in vitro". Biology of Reproduction. 28 (5): 1173–88. doi:10.1095/biolreprod28.5.1173. PMID 6871313.
^ Harold D, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Sims R, Gerrish A, Hamshere ML, et al. (Oct 2009). "Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer's disease". Nature Genetics. 41 (10): 1088–93. doi:10.1038/ng.440. PMC 2845877. PMID 19734902.
Alice Park (2009-09-07). "Breakthrough Discoveries of Alzheimer's Genes". Time. Archived from the original on 2009-09-09.
^ Lambert JC, Heath S, Even G, Campion D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, et al. (Oct 2009). "Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer's disease". Nature Genetics. 41 (10): 1094–9. doi:10.1038/ng.439. hdl:10281/9031. PMID 19734903. S2CID 24530130.
^ Schrijvers EM, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM (Apr 2011). "Plasma clusterin and the risk of Alzheimer disease". JAMA. 305 (13): 1322–6. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.381. PMID 21467285. S2CID 36026598.
^ "Plasma Protein Appears to Be Associated With Development and Severity of Alzheimer's Disease". 2010.
Further reading
Krumbiegel M, Pasutto F, Mardin CY, Weisschuh N, Paoli D, Gramer E, Zenkel M, Weber BH, Kruse FE, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Reis A (Jun 2009). "Exploring functional candidate genes for genetic association in german patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (6): 2796–801. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2339. PMID 19182256.
Cerhan JR, Novak AJ, Fredericksen ZS, Wang AH, Liebow M, Call TG, Dogan A, Witzig TE, Ansell SM, Habermann TM, Kay NE, Slager SL (Jun 2009). "Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in association with germline variation in complement genes". British Journal of Haematology. 145 (5): 614–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07675.x. PMC 2820509. PMID 19344414.
Trougakos IP, Gonos ES (Nov 2002). "Clusterin/apolipoprotein J in human aging and cancer". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 34 (11): 1430–48. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00041-9. PMID 12200037.
Jenne DE, Tschopp J (Apr 1992). "Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 17 (4): 154–9. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90325-4. PMID 1585460.
Ståhl AL, Kristoffersson A, Olin AI, Olsson ML, Roodhooft AM, Proesmans W, Karpman D (Jul 2009). "A novel mutation in the complement regulator clusterin in recurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome". Molecular Immunology. 46 (11–12): 2236–43. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.012. PMID 19446882.
Balantinou E, Trougakos IP, Chondrogianni N, Margaritis LH, Gonos ES (May 2009). "Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of clusterin by the two main cellular proteolytic pathways". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 46 (9): 1267–74. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.025. PMID 19353783.
Wei L, Xue T, Wang J, Chen B, Lei Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Xin X (Aug 2009). "Roles of clusterin in progression, chemoresistance and metastasis of human ovarian cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 125 (4): 791–806. doi:10.1002/ijc.24316. PMID 19391138. S2CID 23162609.
Chou TY, Chen WC, Lee AC, Hung SM, Shih NY, Chen MY (May 2009). "Clusterin silencing in human lung adenocarcinoma cells induces a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition through modulating the ERK/Slug pathway". Cellular Signalling. 21 (5): 704–11. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.008. PMID 19166932.
Olsen SH, Ma L, Schnitzer B, Fullen DR (Mar 2009). "Clusterin expression in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and their histologic simulants" (PDF). Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 36 (3): 302–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01036.x. hdl:2027.42/73222. PMID 19220628. S2CID 8915250.
Aigelsreiter A, Janig E, Sostaric J, Pichler M, Unterthor D, Halasz J, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H (Apr 2009). "Clusterin expression in cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver fibrosis". Histopathology. 54 (5): 561–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03258.x. PMID 19413638. S2CID 21277859.
Pucci S, Mazzarelli P, Paola M, Sesti F, Fabiola S, Boothman DA, David BA, Spagnoli LG, Luigi SG (Feb 2009). "Interleukin-6 affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression". Cell Cycle. 8 (3): 473–81. doi:10.4161/cc.8.3.7652. PMC 2853871. PMID 19177010.
Trougakos IP, Lourda M, Antonelou MH, Kletsas D, Gorgoulis VG, Papassideri IS, Zou Y, Margaritis LH, Boothman DA, Gonos ES (Jan 2009). "Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (1): 48–59. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1805. PMC 4483278. PMID 19118032.
Boland JM, Folpe AL, Hornick JL, Grogg KL (Aug 2009). "Clusterin is expressed in normal synoviocytes and in tenosynovial giant cell tumors of localized and diffuse types: diagnostic and histogenetic implications". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 33 (8): 1225–9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a6d86f. PMID 19542874. S2CID 24444024.
Chandra P, Plaza JA, Zuo Z, Diwan AH, Koeppen H, Duvic M, Medeiros LJ, Prieto VG (Apr 2009). "Clusterin expression correlates with stage and presence of large cells in mycosis fungoides". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 131 (4): 511–5. doi:10.1309/AJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB. PMID 19289586.
Rizzi F, Caccamo AE, Belloni L, Bettuzzi S (May 2009). "Clusterin is a short half-life, poly-ubiquitinated protein, which controls the fate of prostate cancer cells". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 219 (2): 314–23. doi:10.1002/jcp.21671. PMID 19137541. S2CID 206047289.
Liao FT, Lee YJ, Ko JL, Tsai CC, Tseng CJ, Sheu GT (May 2009). "Hepatitis delta virus epigenetically enhances clusterin expression via histone acetylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 5): 1124–34. doi:10.1099/vir.0.007211-0. PMID 19264665.
Shannan B, Seifert M, Boothman DA, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Sep 2006). "Clusterin and DNA repair: a new function in cancer for a key player in apoptosis and cell cycle control". Journal of Molecular Histology. 37 (5–7): 183–8. doi:10.1007/s10735-006-9052-7. PMID 17048076. S2CID 20041580.
Shannan B, Seifert M, Leskov K, Willis J, Boothman D, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Jan 2006). "Challenge and promise: roles for clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer". Cell Death and Differentiation. 13 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401779. PMID 16179938.
Otowa T, Yoshida E, Sugaya N, Yasuda S, Nishimura Y, Inoue K, Tochigi M, Umekage T, Miyagawa T, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Tanii H, Sasaki T, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y (Feb 2009). "Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (2): 122–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.17. PMID 19165232.
Tunçdemir M, Ozturk M (Dec 2008). "The effects of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on clusterin and apoptosis in the kidney tissue of streptozotocin-diabetic rats". Journal of Molecular Histology. 39 (6): 605–16. doi:10.1007/s10735-008-9201-2. PMID 18949565. S2CID 11598911.
External links
Clusterin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Apolipoproteins and Applied Research
vteProtein, glycoconjugate: glycoproteins and glycopeptidesMucoproteinsMucin
CD43
CD164
MUC1
MUC2
MUC3A
MUC3B
MUC4
MUC5AC
MUC5B
MUC6
MUC7
MUC8
MUC12
MUC13
MUC15
MUC16
MUC17
MUC19
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Other
Haptoglobin
Intrinsic factor
Orosomucoid
Peptidoglycan
Phytohaemagglutinin
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Testican
Perlecan
CS
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: Aggrecan
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Platelet factor 4
Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3
KS
Fibromodulin
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HS
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Other
Activin and inhibin
ADAM
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
Apolipoprotein H
CD70
Asialoglycoprotein
Avidin
B-cell activating factor
4-1BB ligand
Cholesterylester transfer protein
Clusterin
Colony-stimulating factor
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Sialoglycoprotein
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Thyroxine-binding proteins
Transcortin
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Uteroglobin
Vitronectin
vtePosttranslational modificationChaperones/protein foldingHeat shock proteins/Chaperonins
Hsp10/GroES
Hsp27
Hsp47
HSP60/GroEL
Hsp40/DnaJ
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B11
B4
B6
B9
C1
C3
C5
C6
C7
C10
C11
C13
C14
C19
Hsp70
1A
1B
1L
2
4
4L
5
6
7
8
9
12A
14
Hsp90
α1
α2
β
ER
TRAP1
Other
Alpha crystallin
Clusterin
Survival of motor neuron
SMN1
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Protein targeting
Signal peptide
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Ubiquitin(ubiquitylation)
E1 Ubiquitin-activating enzyme
UBA1
UBA2
UBA3
UBA5
UBA6
UBA7
ATG7
NAE1
SAE1
E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
A
B
C
D1
D2
D3
E1
E2
E3
G1
G2
H
I
J1
J2
K
L1
L2
L3
L4
L6
M
N
O
Q1
Q2
R1 (CDC34)
R2
S
V1
V2
Z
E3 Ubiquitin ligase
VHL
Cullin
CBL
MDM2
FANCL
UBR1
Deubiquitinating enzyme: Ataxin 3
USP6
CYLD
ATG3
BIRC6
UFC1
Ubiquitin-like proteins(UBL)SUMO protein(SUMOylation)
E1 SUMO-activating enzyme
SAE1
SAE2
E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme
UBC9
E3 SUMO ligase
PIAS1
PIAS2
PIAS3
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Other
ISG15
URM1
UFM1
NEDD8 (neddylation)
FAT10
ATG8
ATG12
FUB1
MUB
UBL5
Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein
|
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Once internalised by cells, complexes between CLU and misfolded proteins are trafficked to lysosomes where they are degraded. [6] CLU is involved in many diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, inflammatory diseases, and aging.[7][8][9]","title":"Clusterin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The CLU gene contains nine exons and a variety of mRNA isoforms can be detected, although most of these are only ever expressed at very low levels (< 0.3% of the total). The full-length mRNA encoding the secreted isoform is by far the dominant species transcribed. [10] Secreted CLU (apolipoprotein J) is an approximately 60 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric glycoprotein which migrates in SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 75-80 kDa. [11] Mature CLU is composed of disulfide-linked α- and β-chains. Although multiple previous publications proposed the existence of N-terminally truncated CLU protein isoforms in different cell compartments, recent work has highlighted the lack of direct evidence for this [12] and shown that the full-length CLU polypeptide, with variable levels of glycosylation (and hence variable apparent mass), can translocate from the ER/Golgi to the cytosol and nucleus during stress.[13]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6871313-14"},{"link_name":"heat shock protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein"},{"link_name":"molecular chaperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)"},{"link_name":"intracellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24996046-9"},{"link_name":"lipid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"cell adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion"},{"link_name":"programmed cell death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_cell_death"},{"link_name":"complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system"},{"link_name":"cell lysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_lysis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24672247-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25071085-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24996046-9"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"androgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3-kinase"},{"link_name":"protein kinase B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_B"},{"link_name":"extracellular signal-regulated kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinases"},{"link_name":"signaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction"},{"link_name":"matrix metallopeptidase-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_metallopeptidase-9"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"NF-κB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB"},{"link_name":"p53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53"},{"link_name":"Bcl-2 family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2_family"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24672247-7"}],"text":"Clusterin was first identified in ram rete testis fluid where it was shown to elicit in vitro clustering of rat Sertoli cells and erythrocytes, hence its name.[14]CLU has functional similarities to members of the small heat shock protein family and is thus a molecular chaperone. Unlike most other chaperone proteins, which aid intracellular proteins, CLU is trafficked through the ER/Golgi before normally being secreted. Within the secretory system, CLU has been suggested to facilitate the folding of secreted proteins in an ATP-independent way.[9] The gene is highly conserved in species, and the protein is widely distributed in many tissues and organs, where it been implicated in a number of biological processes, including lipid transport, membrane recycling, cell adhesion, programmed cell death, and complement-mediated cell lysis.[7][8][9] Overexpression of secretory CLU can protect cells from apoptosis induced by cellular stress, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or androgen/estrogen depletion. CLU has been suggested to promote cell survival by a number of means, including inhibition of BAX on the mitochondrial membrane, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression, promotion of angiogenesis, and mediation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Meanwhile, its downregulation allows for p53 activation, which then skews the proapoptotic:antiapoptotic ratio of present Bcl-2 family members, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. p53 may also transcriptionally repress secretory CLU to further promote the proapoptotic cascade.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genome-wide association studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study"},{"link_name":"SNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19734902-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19734903-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21467285-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Huntington disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_disease"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25071085-8"},{"link_name":"outer mitochondrial membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_mitochondrial_membrane"},{"link_name":"clear cell renal cell carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_cell_renal_cell_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"metallopeptidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallopeptidase"},{"link_name":"cell migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration"},{"link_name":"metastasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"epithelial ovarian cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_ovarian_cancer"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"chemoresistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy#Resistance"},{"link_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway"},{"link_name":"testicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular"},{"link_name":"seminoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminoma"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"hepatocellular carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24672247-7"},{"link_name":"custirsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custirsen"},{"link_name":"HSP90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP90"},{"link_name":"prostate cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer"},{"link_name":"phase III trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_III_trials"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24672247-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24996046-9"},{"link_name":"hepatitis C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C"},{"link_name":"viral infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_infection"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24996046-9"},{"link_name":"glomerulonephritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"myocardial infarction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24996046-9"}],"text":"Two independent genome-wide association studies found a statistical association between a SNP within the clusterin gene and the risk of having Alzheimer's disease. Further studies have suggested that people who already have Alzheimer's disease have more clusterin in their blood, and that clusterin levels in blood correlate with faster cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, but have not found that clusterin levels predicted the onset of Alzheimer's disease.[15][16][17][18] In addition to Alzheimer's disease, CLU may be involved in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington disease.[8]CLU may promote tumorigenesis by facilitating BAX-KLU70 binding and, consequently, preventing BAX from localizing to the outer mitochondrial membrane to stimulate cell death. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, CLU functions to regulate ERK 1/2 signaling and matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression to promote tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In epithelial ovarian cancer, CLU has been observed to promote angiogenesis and chemoresistance. Other pathways CLU participates in to downplay apoptosis in tumor cells include the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and NF-κB pathway. Unlike most other cancers, which feature upregulated CLU levels to enhance tumor cell survival, testicular seminoma features downregulated CLU levels, allowing for increased sensitivity to chemotherapy treatments. Other cancers CLU has been implicated in include breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma.As evident by its key roles in cancer development, CLU can serve as a therapeutic target for fighting tumor growth and chemoresistance. Studies revealed that inhibition of CLU resulted in increased effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents to kill tumor cells.[7] In particular, custirsen, an antisense oligonucleotide that blocks the CLU mRNA transcript, enhanced heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor activity by suppressing the heat-shock response in castrate-resistant prostate cancer, and was tested in phase III trials.[7][9]CLU activity is also involved in infectious diseases, such as hepatitis C. CLU is induced by the stress of hepatitis C viral infection, which disrupts glucose regulation. The chaperone protein then aids hepatitis C viral assembly by stabilizing its core and NS5A units.[9] In addition to the above diseases, CLU has been linked to other conditions resulting from oxidative damage, including aging, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. [9]","title":"Clinical associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"CLU has been shown to interact with many different protein ligands and several cell receptors. [12]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Exploring functional candidate genes for genetic association in german patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.08-2339"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1167/iovs.08-2339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.08-2339"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19182256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19182256"},{"link_name":"\"Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in association with germline variation in complement 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of clusterin in progression, chemoresistance and metastasis of human ovarian 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expression in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and their histologic 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affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853871"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4161/cc.8.3.7652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.3.7652"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2853871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853871"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19177010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19177010"},{"link_name":"\"Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein 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delta virus epigenetically enhances clusterin expression via histone acetylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.007211-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/vir.0.007211-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.007211-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19264665","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264665"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10735-006-9052-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10735-006-9052-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17048076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17048076"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20041580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20041580"},{"link_name":"\"Challenge and promise: roles for clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401779"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.cdd.4401779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401779"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16179938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179938"},{"link_name":"\"Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.17"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/jhg.2008.17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.17"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19165232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19165232"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s10735-008-9201-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10735-008-9201-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18949565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18949565"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11598911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11598911"}],"text":"Krumbiegel M, Pasutto F, Mardin CY, Weisschuh N, Paoli D, Gramer E, Zenkel M, Weber BH, Kruse FE, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Reis A (Jun 2009). \"Exploring functional candidate genes for genetic association in german patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma\". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 50 (6): 2796–801. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2339. PMID 19182256.\nCerhan JR, Novak AJ, Fredericksen ZS, Wang AH, Liebow M, Call TG, Dogan A, Witzig TE, Ansell SM, Habermann TM, Kay NE, Slager SL (Jun 2009). \"Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in association with germline variation in complement genes\". British Journal of Haematology. 145 (5): 614–23. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07675.x. PMC 2820509. PMID 19344414.\nTrougakos IP, Gonos ES (Nov 2002). \"Clusterin/apolipoprotein J in human aging and cancer\". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 34 (11): 1430–48. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00041-9. PMID 12200037.\nJenne DE, Tschopp J (Apr 1992). \"Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein\". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 17 (4): 154–9. doi:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90325-4. PMID 1585460.\nStåhl AL, Kristoffersson A, Olin AI, Olsson ML, Roodhooft AM, Proesmans W, Karpman D (Jul 2009). \"A novel mutation in the complement regulator clusterin in recurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome\". Molecular Immunology. 46 (11–12): 2236–43. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.012. PMID 19446882.\nBalantinou E, Trougakos IP, Chondrogianni N, Margaritis LH, Gonos ES (May 2009). \"Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of clusterin by the two main cellular proteolytic pathways\". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 46 (9): 1267–74. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.025. PMID 19353783.\nWei L, Xue T, Wang J, Chen B, Lei Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Xin X (Aug 2009). \"Roles of clusterin in progression, chemoresistance and metastasis of human ovarian cancer\". International Journal of Cancer. 125 (4): 791–806. doi:10.1002/ijc.24316. PMID 19391138. S2CID 23162609.\nChou TY, Chen WC, Lee AC, Hung SM, Shih NY, Chen MY (May 2009). \"Clusterin silencing in human lung adenocarcinoma cells induces a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition through modulating the ERK/Slug pathway\". Cellular Signalling. 21 (5): 704–11. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.008. PMID 19166932.\nOlsen SH, Ma L, Schnitzer B, Fullen DR (Mar 2009). \"Clusterin expression in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and their histologic simulants\" (PDF). Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 36 (3): 302–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01036.x. hdl:2027.42/73222. PMID 19220628. S2CID 8915250.\nAigelsreiter A, Janig E, Sostaric J, Pichler M, Unterthor D, Halasz J, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H (Apr 2009). \"Clusterin expression in cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver fibrosis\". Histopathology. 54 (5): 561–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03258.x. PMID 19413638. S2CID 21277859.\nPucci S, Mazzarelli P, Paola M, Sesti F, Fabiola S, Boothman DA, David BA, Spagnoli LG, Luigi SG (Feb 2009). \"Interleukin-6 affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression\". Cell Cycle. 8 (3): 473–81. doi:10.4161/cc.8.3.7652. PMC 2853871. PMID 19177010.\nTrougakos IP, Lourda M, Antonelou MH, Kletsas D, Gorgoulis VG, Papassideri IS, Zou Y, Margaritis LH, Boothman DA, Gonos ES (Jan 2009). \"Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex\". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (1): 48–59. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1805. PMC 4483278. PMID 19118032.\nBoland JM, Folpe AL, Hornick JL, Grogg KL (Aug 2009). \"Clusterin is expressed in normal synoviocytes and in tenosynovial giant cell tumors of localized and diffuse types: diagnostic and histogenetic implications\". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 33 (8): 1225–9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a6d86f. PMID 19542874. S2CID 24444024.\nChandra P, Plaza JA, Zuo Z, Diwan AH, Koeppen H, Duvic M, Medeiros LJ, Prieto VG (Apr 2009). \"Clusterin expression correlates with stage and presence of large cells in mycosis fungoides\". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 131 (4): 511–5. doi:10.1309/AJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB. PMID 19289586.\nRizzi F, Caccamo AE, Belloni L, Bettuzzi S (May 2009). \"Clusterin is a short half-life, poly-ubiquitinated protein, which controls the fate of prostate cancer cells\". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 219 (2): 314–23. doi:10.1002/jcp.21671. PMID 19137541. S2CID 206047289.\nLiao FT, Lee YJ, Ko JL, Tsai CC, Tseng CJ, Sheu GT (May 2009). \"Hepatitis delta virus epigenetically enhances clusterin expression via histone acetylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells\". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 5): 1124–34. doi:10.1099/vir.0.007211-0. PMID 19264665.\nShannan B, Seifert M, Boothman DA, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Sep 2006). \"Clusterin and DNA repair: a new function in cancer for a key player in apoptosis and cell cycle control\". Journal of Molecular Histology. 37 (5–7): 183–8. doi:10.1007/s10735-006-9052-7. PMID 17048076. S2CID 20041580.\nShannan B, Seifert M, Leskov K, Willis J, Boothman D, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Jan 2006). \"Challenge and promise: roles for clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer\". Cell Death and Differentiation. 13 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401779. PMID 16179938.\nOtowa T, Yoshida E, Sugaya N, Yasuda S, Nishimura Y, Inoue K, Tochigi M, Umekage T, Miyagawa T, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Tanii H, Sasaki T, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y (Feb 2009). \"Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population\". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (2): 122–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.17. PMID 19165232.\nTunçdemir M, Ozturk M (Dec 2008). \"The effects of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on clusterin and apoptosis in the kidney tissue of streptozotocin-diabetic rats\". Journal of Molecular Histology. 39 (6): 605–16. doi:10.1007/s10735-008-9201-2. PMID 18949565. S2CID 11598911.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=1191","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=12759","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: clusterin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1191","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: clusterin\""}]},{"reference":"Wyatt, Amy R.; Yerbury, Justin J.; Ecroyd, Heath; Wilson, Mark R. (2013). \"Extracellular chaperones and proteostasis\". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 82: 295–322. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-072711-163904. ISSN 1545-4509. 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PMID 19353783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2009.01.025","url_text":"10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19353783","url_text":"19353783"}]},{"reference":"Wei L, Xue T, Wang J, Chen B, Lei Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Xin X (Aug 2009). \"Roles of clusterin in progression, chemoresistance and metastasis of human ovarian cancer\". International Journal of Cancer. 125 (4): 791–806. doi:10.1002/ijc.24316. PMID 19391138. S2CID 23162609.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24316","url_text":"\"Roles of clusterin in progression, chemoresistance and metastasis of human ovarian cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24316","url_text":"10.1002/ijc.24316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19391138","url_text":"19391138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23162609","url_text":"23162609"}]},{"reference":"Chou TY, Chen WC, Lee AC, Hung SM, Shih NY, Chen MY (May 2009). \"Clusterin silencing in human lung adenocarcinoma cells induces a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition through modulating the ERK/Slug pathway\". Cellular Signalling. 21 (5): 704–11. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.008. PMID 19166932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cellsig.2009.01.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19166932","url_text":"19166932"}]},{"reference":"Olsen SH, Ma L, Schnitzer B, Fullen DR (Mar 2009). \"Clusterin expression in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and their histologic simulants\" (PDF). Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 36 (3): 302–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01036.x. hdl:2027.42/73222. PMID 19220628. S2CID 8915250.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73222/1/j.1600-0560.2008.01036.x.pdf","url_text":"\"Clusterin expression in cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders and their histologic simulants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0560.2008.01036.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01036.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F73222","url_text":"2027.42/73222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19220628","url_text":"19220628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8915250","url_text":"8915250"}]},{"reference":"Aigelsreiter A, Janig E, Sostaric J, Pichler M, Unterthor D, Halasz J, Lackner C, Zatloukal K, Denk H (Apr 2009). \"Clusterin expression in cholestasis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver fibrosis\". Histopathology. 54 (5): 561–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03258.x. PMID 19413638. S2CID 21277859.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2559.2009.03258.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03258.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19413638","url_text":"19413638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21277859","url_text":"21277859"}]},{"reference":"Pucci S, Mazzarelli P, Paola M, Sesti F, Fabiola S, Boothman DA, David BA, Spagnoli LG, Luigi SG (Feb 2009). \"Interleukin-6 affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression\". Cell Cycle. 8 (3): 473–81. doi:10.4161/cc.8.3.7652. PMC 2853871. PMID 19177010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853871","url_text":"\"Interleukin-6 affects cell death escaping mechanisms acting on Bax-Ku70-Clusterin interactions in human colon cancer progression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcc.8.3.7652","url_text":"10.4161/cc.8.3.7652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853871","url_text":"2853871"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19177010","url_text":"19177010"}]},{"reference":"Trougakos IP, Lourda M, Antonelou MH, Kletsas D, Gorgoulis VG, Papassideri IS, Zou Y, Margaritis LH, Boothman DA, Gonos ES (Jan 2009). \"Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex\". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (1): 48–59. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1805. PMC 4483278. PMID 19118032.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483278","url_text":"\"Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-08-1805","url_text":"10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483278","url_text":"4483278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19118032","url_text":"19118032"}]},{"reference":"Boland JM, Folpe AL, Hornick JL, Grogg KL (Aug 2009). \"Clusterin is expressed in normal synoviocytes and in tenosynovial giant cell tumors of localized and diffuse types: diagnostic and histogenetic implications\". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 33 (8): 1225–9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a6d86f. PMID 19542874. S2CID 24444024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPAS.0b013e3181a6d86f","url_text":"10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181a6d86f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542874","url_text":"19542874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24444024","url_text":"24444024"}]},{"reference":"Chandra P, Plaza JA, Zuo Z, Diwan AH, Koeppen H, Duvic M, Medeiros LJ, Prieto VG (Apr 2009). \"Clusterin expression correlates with stage and presence of large cells in mycosis fungoides\". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 131 (4): 511–5. doi:10.1309/AJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB. PMID 19289586.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1309%2FAJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB","url_text":"\"Clusterin expression correlates with stage and presence of large cells in mycosis fungoides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1309%2FAJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB","url_text":"10.1309/AJCPH43ZDVLSOSNB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19289586","url_text":"19289586"}]},{"reference":"Rizzi F, Caccamo AE, Belloni L, Bettuzzi S (May 2009). \"Clusterin is a short half-life, poly-ubiquitinated protein, which controls the fate of prostate cancer cells\". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 219 (2): 314–23. doi:10.1002/jcp.21671. PMID 19137541. S2CID 206047289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.21671","url_text":"10.1002/jcp.21671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19137541","url_text":"19137541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206047289","url_text":"206047289"}]},{"reference":"Liao FT, Lee YJ, Ko JL, Tsai CC, Tseng CJ, Sheu GT (May 2009). \"Hepatitis delta virus epigenetically enhances clusterin expression via histone acetylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells\". The Journal of General Virology. 90 (Pt 5): 1124–34. doi:10.1099/vir.0.007211-0. PMID 19264665.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.007211-0","url_text":"\"Hepatitis delta virus epigenetically enhances clusterin expression via histone acetylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.007211-0","url_text":"10.1099/vir.0.007211-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264665","url_text":"19264665"}]},{"reference":"Shannan B, Seifert M, Boothman DA, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Sep 2006). \"Clusterin and DNA repair: a new function in cancer for a key player in apoptosis and cell cycle control\". Journal of Molecular Histology. 37 (5–7): 183–8. doi:10.1007/s10735-006-9052-7. PMID 17048076. S2CID 20041580.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10735-006-9052-7","url_text":"10.1007/s10735-006-9052-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17048076","url_text":"17048076"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20041580","url_text":"20041580"}]},{"reference":"Shannan B, Seifert M, Leskov K, Willis J, Boothman D, Tilgen W, Reichrath J (Jan 2006). \"Challenge and promise: roles for clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer\". Cell Death and Differentiation. 13 (1): 12–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401779. PMID 16179938.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401779","url_text":"\"Challenge and promise: roles for clusterin in pathogenesis, progression and therapy of cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.cdd.4401779","url_text":"10.1038/sj.cdd.4401779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179938","url_text":"16179938"}]},{"reference":"Otowa T, Yoshida E, Sugaya N, Yasuda S, Nishimura Y, Inoue K, Tochigi M, Umekage T, Miyagawa T, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Tanii H, Sasaki T, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y (Feb 2009). \"Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population\". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (2): 122–6. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.17. PMID 19165232.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.17","url_text":"\"Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhg.2008.17","url_text":"10.1038/jhg.2008.17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19165232","url_text":"19165232"}]},{"reference":"Tunçdemir M, Ozturk M (Dec 2008). \"The effects of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on clusterin and apoptosis in the kidney tissue of streptozotocin-diabetic rats\". Journal of Molecular Histology. 39 (6): 605–16. doi:10.1007/s10735-008-9201-2. PMID 18949565. S2CID 11598911.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10735-008-9201-2","url_text":"10.1007/s10735-008-9201-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18949565","url_text":"18949565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11598911","url_text":"11598911"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/2095","external_links_name":"CLU"},{"Link":"https://omim.org/entry/185430","external_links_name":"185430"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:88423","external_links_name":"88423"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=1382","external_links_name":"1382"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CLU","external_links_name":"CLU"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000120885","external_links_name":"CLU - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000120885","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000022037","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000120885","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051087","external_links_name":"chaperone binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051787","external_links_name":"misfolded protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016887","external_links_name":"ATPase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031625","external_links_name":"ubiquitin protein ligase binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097440","external_links_name":"apical dendrite"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829","external_links_name":"cytosol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005794","external_links_name":"Golgi apparatus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0072562","external_links_name":"blood microparticle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031966","external_links_name":"mitochondrial membranes"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020","external_links_name":"membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031012","external_links_name":"extracellular matrix"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097418","external_links_name":"neurofibrillary tangle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042583","external_links_name":"chromaffin granule"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034366","external_links_name":"spherical high-density lipoprotein particle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576","external_links_name":"extracellular region"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009986","external_links_name":"cell surface"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043231","external_links_name":"intracellular membrane-bounded organelle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005739","external_links_name":"mitochondrion"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005783","external_links_name":"endoplasmic reticulum"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062","external_links_name":"extracellular exosome"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031093","external_links_name":"platelet alpha granule lumen"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031410","external_links_name":"cytoplasmic vesicle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005622","external_links_name":"intracellular anatomical structure"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048471","external_links_name":"perinuclear region of cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615","external_links_name":"extracellular space"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006915","external_links_name":"apoptotic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032286","external_links_name":"central nervous system myelin maintenance"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032463","external_links_name":"negative regulation of protein homooligomerization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051788","external_links_name":"response to misfolded protein"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051131","external_links_name":"chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902949","external_links_name":"positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006629","external_links_name":"lipid metabolism"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002376","external_links_name":"immune system process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902430","external_links_name":"negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045429","external_links_name":"positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006956","external_links_name":"complement activation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009615","external_links_name":"response to virus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050821","external_links_name":"protein stabilization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002576","external_links_name":"platelet degranulation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1901216","external_links_name":"positive regulation of neuron death"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902230","external_links_name":"negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902998","external_links_name":"positive regulation of neurofibrillary tangle assembly"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001774","external_links_name":"microglial cell activation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0017038","external_links_name":"protein import"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097193","external_links_name":"intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902004","external_links_name":"positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902847","external_links_name":"regulation of neuronal signal 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios_Kalamogdartis
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Antonios Kalamogdartis
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["1 References"]
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Greek revolutionary leader and politician
Αντώνιος ΚαλαμογδάρτηςBorn1810Patras, (now Greece)Died1856 (age 46)Kalavryta, GreeceNationalityGreekOccupationGreek revolutionary leader
Antonios Kalamogdartis (Greek: Αντώνιος Καλαμογδάρτης, 1810–1856) was a Greek revolutionary leader and a politician which he was elected many times.
He was born in 1810 in Patras. He continued his studies and he began to learn French and Italian. He was enrolled into the military body of Favieros. He battled many battles and distincted him in the siege of the Acropolis in Athens. He was an attorney at the national council between 1843 and 1844.
He was councilled into the in 1854 and battled the Turks for the liberation of Epirus where he was hurt and injured. He later pardoned freely and mainly headed for Nafplio and later for Patras. He translated many poems from French and Italian and was the poetic literature. He had in occupation in the outer area in the area of Chalkomata in that and had the name the desert of Chalkomata.
He was married to Vasiliki Lontou, sister of the mayor of Patras Andreas Ch. Lontos and had two daughters.
References
Istoria tis poleos Patron (Ιστορία της πόλεως Πατρών = History Of The City Of Patras, Stefanos Thomopoulos, Achaikes publishers SET ISBN 960-7960-10-6
Patra mia elliniki protevoussa ston 19o eona (Πάτρα μία ελληνική πρωτεύουσα στον 19ο αιώνα Patras, A Greek Capital In The 19th Century), second ecition Nikos Bakounakis, Kastaniotis publishers ISBN 960-03-0000-3, Athens 1995
Peloponnisioi agonistes tou 1821, Nikitara apomnimonevmata (Πελοποννήσιοι αγωνιστές του 1821, Νικηταρά απομνημονεύματα = Peloponnesian Revolutionary Leaders of 1821, Nikitaras Remembered), Fotakou, Vergina Publishers, Athens 1996
This article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_in_Oz
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Ojo in Oz
|
["1 Plot","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
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1933 book by Ruth Plumly Thompson
Ojo in Oz Cover of Ojo in Oz.AuthorRuth Plumly ThompsonIllustratorJohn R. NeillLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Oz BooksGenreChildren's novelPublisherReilly & LeePublication date1933Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Preceded byThe Purple Prince of Oz Followed bySpeedy in Oz
Children's literature portalNovels portal
Ojo in Oz (1933) is the twenty-seventh in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the thirteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill.
Plot
Ojo (from The Patchwork Girl of Oz) is captured by wanderers who plan to turn him over to a mysterious enemy who has offered to pay a large reward to anyone who captures and delivers Ojo to his stronghold at Moojer Mountain. Ojo befriends the gypsies' captive dancing bear Snufferbux (whose full name is Snuffurious, Buxorious, Blundurious Boroso). The gypsies are in turn captured by Realbad, the leader of a gang of bandits, who carries a secret that is connected to the Munchkin boy and his habitually closemouthed guardian Unc Nunkie. Realbad learns about the reward and resolves to collect it himself by delivering Ojo to Moojer Mountain. Separated from the bandit gang, and hopelessly lost, Ojo and Snufferbux reluctantly agree to travel with Realbad (who is a resourceful survivalist) until they either get to the Emerald City or to Moojer Mountain. While traveling, they face various dangers together and gradually develop a genuine friendship.
Meanwhile, Dorothy, Scraps, and the Cowardly Lion set out to rescue Ojo, but get lost themselves, and visit Dicksey Land and other strange places. Everyone is menaced by a fearsome wizard, and Ojo learns who his parents are.
Reception
The Los Angeles Times said, "What with unicorns and a dancing bear and a frightful gentleman whose face is made up of gearwheels, there are plenty of interesting people in this eventful story." The Minneapolis Star Tribune agreed that the book's adventures "are as fantastic as anything that ever happened in Oz."
In A Brief Guide to Oz, Paul Simpson notes, "Ojo in Oz has attracted some negative attention from recent scholars for the highly stereotypical way in which Thompson describes the Gypsies who feature heavily within the story, and for their eventual fate — others who commit the same crimes are simply transformed into other creatures, but the Gypsies are banished to Southern Europe."
References
^ Jack Snow, Who's Who in Oz, Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1954; New York, Peter Bedrick Books, 1988; pp. 148, 177.
^ "Books for Girls and Boys Add Much to Holiday Joys". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1933. p. 36. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ "Oz Again". Minneapolis Star Tribune. October 8, 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
^ Simpson, Paul (2013). A Brief Guide to Oz. Constable & Robinson Ltd. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-47210-988-0. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
External links
On Ojo in Oz
Ojo in Oz title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
The Oz books
Previous book:The Purple Prince of Oz
Ojo in Oz1933
Next book:Speedy in Oz
vteThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank BaumBooksNovelsBaum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Other books
The Magical Monarch of Mo (1899)
Dot and Tot of Merryland (1901)
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902)
Queen Zixi of Ix (1904)
John Dough and the Cherub (1906)
The Sea Fairies (1911)
Sky Island (1912)
Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913)
CharactersBaum
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Princess Ozma
Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Good Witch of the North
Wicked Witch of the East
Wicked Witch of the West
Billina
Glass Cat
Jack Pumpkinhead
Jellia Jamb
Jinjur
John Dough
Mombi
Munchkins
Nome King
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Tik-Tok
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Post-Baum
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
Kabumpo
Peter Brown
Elphaba
Elements
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Deadly Desert
Land of Ev
Merryland
Ruby slippers
Silver shoes
AuthorsWriters
L. Frank Baum
Ruth Plumly Thompson
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Eric Shanower
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
John R. Neill
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Leonid Vladimirsky
Eric Shanower
William Stout
Related
Political interpretations
Copyright status
AdaptationsStage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
Twister (1994)
Wicked (2003)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
The Woodsman (2012)
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
The Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1950)
The Rainbow Road to Oz (unproduced)
Return to Oz (1964, TV)
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1972)
Oz (1976)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (1995)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Apocalypse Oz (2006)
After the Wizard (2011)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2012)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
OzLand (2014)
Guardians of Oz (2015)
The Wiz Live! (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
The Steam Engines of Oz (2018)
Rainbow (2022)
Wicked (2024)
Wicked Part Two (2025)
TV series
Tales of the Wizard of Oz (1961)
Off to See the Wizard (1967–68)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986–87)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1992–93)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Tin Man (2007)
"Wizard of Odd" (2010)
Once Upon a Time (2011–18)
Lost in Oz (2015–18)
Emerald City (2017)
Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz (2017–20)
Books
The Wizard of the Emerald City (1939)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
Mister Tinker in Oz (1985)
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Sir Harold and the Gnome King (1991)
Was (1992)
Queen Ann in Oz (1993)
The Magic Dishpan of Oz (1994)
The Wicked Years series (1995–2011)
Visitors from Oz (1998)
Paradox in Oz (1999)
Oz Before the Rainbow (2000)
The Hidden Prince of Oz (2000)
The Unknown Witches of Oz (2000)
Bloodstained Oz (2006)
The Secret Order of the Gumm Street Girls (2006)
Dorothy Must Die (2014)
The Wicked Will Rise (2015)
Comics
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904–05)
Adventures in Oz (1986–92)
The Enchanted Apples of Oz (1986)
Oz Squad (1991)
Lost Girls (1991–92)
Dorothy (2004–07)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2005)
Cheshire Crossing (2006–19)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2009)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (2010)
Games
The Wizard of Oz (1985)
The Wizard of Oz (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
The Wizard of Oz (2010)
The Wizard of Oz (2013)
Related
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
The International Wizard of Oz Club
The Baum Bugle
Oz Park
Land of Oz
Wizard of Oz festival
Wizard of Oz Museum
Oz-story Magazine
Category
This article relating to "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" or one of its derivative works is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a children's fantasy novel of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Children's literature portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Oz books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oz_books"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum"},{"link_name":"Ruth Plumly Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Plumly_Thompson"},{"link_name":"John R. Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Neill"}],"text":"Children's literature portalNovels portalOjo in Oz (1933) is the twenty-seventh in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the thirteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson. It was illustrated by John R. Neill.","title":"Ojo in Oz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_the_Lucky"},{"link_name":"The Patchwork Girl of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patchwork_Girl_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Unc Nunkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unc_Nunkie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ojo (from The Patchwork Girl of Oz) is captured by wanderers who plan to turn him over to a mysterious enemy who has offered to pay a large reward to anyone who captures and delivers Ojo to his stronghold at Moojer Mountain. Ojo befriends the gypsies' captive dancing bear Snufferbux (whose full name is Snuffurious, Buxorious, Blundurious Boroso). The gypsies are in turn captured by Realbad, the leader of a gang of bandits, who carries a secret that is connected to the Munchkin boy and his habitually closemouthed guardian Unc Nunkie.[1] Realbad learns about the reward and resolves to collect it himself by delivering Ojo to Moojer Mountain. Separated from the bandit gang, and hopelessly lost, Ojo and Snufferbux reluctantly agree to travel with Realbad (who is a resourceful survivalist) until they either get to the Emerald City or to Moojer Mountain. While traveling, they face various dangers together and gradually develop a genuine friendship.Meanwhile, Dorothy, Scraps, and the Cowardly Lion set out to rescue Ojo, but get lost themselves, and visit Dicksey Land and other strange places. Everyone is menaced by a fearsome wizard, and Ojo learns who his parents are.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Los Angeles Times said, \"What with unicorns and a dancing bear and a frightful gentleman whose face is made up of gearwheels, there are plenty of interesting people in this eventful story.\"[2] The Minneapolis Star Tribune agreed that the book's adventures \"are as fantastic as anything that ever happened in Oz.\"[3]In A Brief Guide to Oz, Paul Simpson notes, \"Ojo in Oz has attracted some negative attention from recent scholars for the highly stereotypical way in which Thompson describes the Gypsies who feature heavily within the story, and for their eventual fate — others who commit the same crimes are simply transformed into other creatures, but the Gypsies are banished to Southern Europe.\"[4]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Books for Girls and Boys Add Much to Holiday Joys\". Los Angeles Times. November 12, 1933. p. 36. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/39942420/","url_text":"\"Books for Girls and Boys Add Much to Holiday Joys\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oz Again\". Minneapolis Star Tribune. October 8, 1933. p. 11. Retrieved 23 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-oz-again/141900827/","url_text":"\"Oz Again\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Paul (2013). A Brief Guide to Oz. Constable & Robinson Ltd. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-47210-988-0. Retrieved 10 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/briefguidetooz0000simp/page/54/mode/2up","url_text":"A Brief Guide to Oz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47210-988-0","url_text":"978-1-47210-988-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times/39942420/","external_links_name":"\"Books for Girls and Boys Add Much to Holiday Joys\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-tribune-oz-again/141900827/","external_links_name":"\"Oz Again\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/briefguidetooz0000simp/page/54/mode/2up","external_links_name":"A Brief Guide to Oz"},{"Link":"http://www.pumperdink.org/BCF/OjoInOz.html","external_links_name":"On Ojo in Oz"},{"Link":"https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?13085","external_links_name":"Ojo in Oz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojo_in_Oz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojo_in_Oz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Medal_of_Honor
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New York City Police Department Medal of Honor
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["1 History","2 Design","3 Notable recipients","4 See also","5 References"]
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Highest ranking award of the New York City Police Department
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New York City Police Department Medal of Honor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
AwardNew York City Police Department Medal of HonorBreast Bar of the Medal of HonorTypeMedalCountry United StatesPresented byNew York City Police DepartmentFirst awarded1912; 112 years ago (1912)PrecedenceNext (lower)New York City Police Department Combat Cross
The New York City Police Department Medal of Honor is the highest law enforcement medal of the New York City Police Department. The Medal of Honor is awarded for individual acts of extraordinary bravery performed in the line of duty at extreme risk and danger to life.
The present NYPD Medal of Honor was created on October 23, 1973, with the medal of honor having existed in some form as far back as 1871, when the Medal of Honor was known by a variety of names such as the "Police Silver Medal" and "Gold Medal of Valor". These medals were either silver or gold medals, and could be awarded at the discretion of the police commissioners, in the shape of the then departmental shield. The "Police Silver Medal" and "Gold Medal of Valor" was first awarded on August 17, 1871 to Patrolman Bernard Tull of the 19th Precinct who arrested a burglar after being shot at. It was last awarded on January 21, 1884. The modern day New York City Police Department Medal of Honor was created in 1912 and was awarded until 1972, when it was redesigned.
On the obverse are the arms of the City of New York, the names of the police commissioners, and the words "Municipal Police". On the reverse is an inscription describing the act for which the medal was awarded. Later that medal was changed to a silver medal in the shape of a police shield. On the obverse is the figure of a draped female placing a wreath upon the head of a police officer. On the reverse is an inscription of the act of bravery and the names of the city's commissioners. The medal hangs from a ring and suspender on which the letters "NY" are interlocked (the current logo of the New York Yankees is based on this element of the Tiffany-designed medal) and attached to a top bar that is inscribed with the word "valor". The stars on the green ribbon suspender commemorate the city's original 12 police constables, who began to patrol in the 1700s.
The New York City Police Department also maintains a wide variety of other police medals, including the NYPD Combat Cross , which is awarded for life-threatening armed engagements with criminals and the Medal of Valor, which is presented for acts of bravery above the call of duty.
History
Early versions of the decoration date as far back as 1871, when the Medal of Honor was known by a variety of names such as the "Police Silver Medal" and "Gold Medal of Valor".That medal was a silver or gold medal, either of which could be awarded at the discretion of the police commissioners, in the shape of the then shield of the department. On the obverse were the arms of the City of New York, the names of the police commissioners, and the words "Municipal Police". On the reverse wad an inscription describing the act for which the medal was awarded. Later that medal was changed to a silver medal in the shape of a police shield.The "Police Silver Medal" and "Gold Medal of Valor" was first awarded on August 17, 1871 to Patrolman Bernard Tull of the 19th Precinct who arrested a burglar after being shot at. It was last awarded on January 21, 1884.
The New York City Police Department Medal of Honor was created in 1912 and was awarded until 1972, when it was redesigned.
Design
Notable recipients
John Cordes, the first detective to be awarded the Medal twice (1923 and 1927)
Frank Serpico (awarded in 1972)
See also
New York City portalNew York (state) portal
Medals of the New York City Police Department
New York City Police Department Medal for Valor
New York City Police Department Combat Cross
References
^ "2 PATROLMEN GET MEDAL OF HONOR; One of Awards for Heroism Is Posthumous -- 3 Combat Crosses, 21 Other Honors" (PDF). The New York Times. April 25, 1949.
^ "THE POLICE DEPARTMENT MEDAL OF HONOR". New York City Council. 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005.
^ Krajicek, David J. "NYPD detective forces murder confession, but state Supreme Court sets aside Joseph Barbato's conviction and puts an end to police use of third-degree beatings". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
This award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"New York City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_City"},{"title":"New York (state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"},{"title":"Medals of the New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medals_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"title":"New York City Police Department Medal for Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Medal_for_Valor"},{"title":"New York City Police Department Combat Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Combat_Cross"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2 PATROLMEN GET MEDAL OF HONOR; One of Awards for Heroism Is Posthumous -- 3 Combat Crosses, 21 Other Honors\" (PDF). The New York Times. April 25, 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/04/25/84560425.pdf","url_text":"\"2 PATROLMEN GET MEDAL OF HONOR; One of Awards for Heroism Is Posthumous -- 3 Combat Crosses, 21 Other Honors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"THE POLICE DEPARTMENT MEDAL OF HONOR\". New York City Council. 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050212093244/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/chfpers/medal-of-honor.html","url_text":"\"THE POLICE DEPARTMENT MEDAL OF HONOR\""},{"url":"http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/chfpers/medal-of-honor.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krajicek, David J. \"NYPD detective forces murder confession, but state Supreme Court sets aside Joseph Barbato's conviction and puts an end to police use of third-degree beatings\". nydailynews.com. Retrieved 2018-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/justice-story/nypd-bruise-forced-confession-kills-case-ends-3rd-degree-beatings-article-1.1254067","url_text":"\"NYPD detective forces murder confession, but state Supreme Court sets aside Joseph Barbato's conviction and puts an end to police use of third-degree beatings\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namhan_River
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Namhan River
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["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
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River in South Korea
Namhan River in Yangpyeong County
Namhan River (Namhan-gang, South Han River) is a major and second-longest river of South Korea. It is a tributary of the Han River. It is famous for clean and clear water, especially in its upper reaches and tributaries, and serves as a source of water for Seoul. A popular bike path follows the river. Several sections of it are used for public recreation, including rafting; some of these sections have their own traditional names, such as the "Dong-gang" or Dong River stretch, popular for natural beauty.
Some part of this river was found to be contaminated by bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) with 50 ppb.
Gallery
Namhan River in Yeoju City
Namhan River in Yangpyeong County with Yangpyeong Bridge on National Route 45
Namhan River in Yangpyeong County
References
^ "Beautiful Riverside Bicycle Routes in Korea". Visit Korea. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
^ "Tourist Attractions - Donggang Rafting 상세화면 | 강원관광-영문 > Trip to Gangwon > Tourist Attractions".
^ "Donggang Rafting - Day Tours (Yeongwol-gun) - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go".
^ Hyun, Ahn Seung (2003). "Analysis of soil contamination by phthalate ester around tributaries to the Han river and molecular identification of the phthalate-degrading bacteria". Seoul National University Graduate School. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
External links
Media related to Namhan River at Wikimedia Commons
This South Korea location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namhan_River_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yangpyeong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpyeong_County"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Han River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong_River_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Namhan River in Yangpyeong CountyNamhan River (Namhan-gang, South Han River) is a major and second-longest river of South Korea. It is a tributary of the Han River. It is famous for clean and clear water, especially in its upper reaches and tributaries, and serves as a source of water for Seoul. A popular bike path follows the river.[1] Several sections of it are used for public recreation, including rafting; some of these sections have their own traditional names, such as the \"Dong-gang\" or Dong River stretch, popular for natural beauty.[2][3]Some part of this river was found to be contaminated by bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) with 50 ppb.[4]","title":"Namhan River"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namhan_River_in_front_of_Yeoju_Library.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yeoju City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoju"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namhan_River_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Route 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_45_(South_Korea)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Namhan_River_05.jpg"}],"text":"Namhan River in Yeoju City\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNamhan River in Yangpyeong County with Yangpyeong Bridge on National Route 45\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNamhan River in Yangpyeong County","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Namhan River in Yangpyeong County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Namhan_River_04.jpg/220px-Namhan_River_04.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Ole_Opry
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Grand Ole Opry
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["1 History","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 Name","1.3 Larger venues","1.4 1960s","1.5 Grand Ole Opry House","1.6 Return to Ryman Auditorium","1.7 2010 flooding","1.8 COVID-19 pandemic response","1.9 Current","2 Broadcasts","3 Membership","4 Controversies","5 Commercialization","6 Honors","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Country music concert and radio and television program in Nashville, Tennessee, US
Radio show
Grand Ole OpryOther namesWSM Barn Dance (1925–1927)GenreCountrybluegrassgospelRunning timeSaturdays: 120 minutes (+15-minute intermission) (7:00 pm – 9:15 pm)Country of originUnited StatesHome stationWSMSyndicatesWillie's Roadhouse (radio)Circle (television)AnnouncerBill CodyMike TerryCharlie MattosKelly SuttonLarry Gatlin (spin-off shows)Bobby Bones (television broadcast)Created byGeorge D. HayRecording studio
Grand Ole Opry House (Nashville) (1974–present)
Ryman Auditorium (Nashville) (1943–1974, winter venue 1999–2020, 2023-present)
War Memorial Auditorium (Nashville) (1939–1943)
Dixie Tabernacle (Nashville) (1936–1939)
Hillsboro Theatre (Nashville) (1934–1936)
National Life and Accident Insurance Company, Studio C (Nashville) (1925–1934)
Original releaseNovember 28, 1925 (1925-11-28) –presentNo. of episodes5,125 (as of March 23, 2024; counting only Saturday prime time editions)Sponsored byHumanaWebsiteopry.com
The Grand Ole Opry is a regular live country-music radio broadcast originating from Nashville, Tennessee, on WSM, held between two and five nights per week, depending on the time of year. It was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as the WSM Barn Dance, taking its current name in 1927. Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment (a joint venture between NBCUniversal, Atairos and majority shareholder Ryman Hospitality Properties), it is the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history. Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, Americana, folk, and gospel music as well as comedic performances and skits. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and internet listeners.
In the 1930s, the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours. Broadcasting by then at 50,000 watts, WSM made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio. The Opry moved to its most famous former home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, which became America's "country music capital". The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that it is included as a "home of" mention on the welcome signs seen by motorists at the Metro Nashville/Davidson County line.
Membership in the Opry remains one of country music's crowning achievements. Since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman from 1999 to 2020, and again for shorter winter residencies beginning in 2023. In addition to the radio programs, performances have been sporadically televised over the years. Video compilations of previous Opry performances are distributed digitally every Saturday evening on FAST network Circle Country as well as the Opry's YouTube and Facebook outlets, and syndicated to a number of television stations across North America.
History
Beginnings
Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff
The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 17, 1925, management began a program featuring "Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians." On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay, an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Though only 29 when he was hired by WSM and turned 30 a week later, Hay (known as the "Solemn Old Judge") launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, and that date is celebrated as the day the Grand Ole Opry began.
Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe, the Possum Hunters (with Humphrey Bate), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon, the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers, Sid Harkreader, DeFord Bailey, Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, and the Gully Jumpers.
Judge Hay liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with "red hot fiddle playing". They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured on the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star.
Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase "Home of the Grand Ole Opry".
Name
The phrase "Grand Ole Opry" was first uttered on radio on December 10, 1927. At the time, the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour, a program with classical music and selections from grand opera, was followed by Hay's Barn Dance. That evening, as he was introducing DeFord Bailey, the show's first performer of the night, George Hay said the following words:
For the past hour, we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera, but from now on, we will present 'The Grand Ole Opry'.
Larger venues
The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936
The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943
As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences, National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then-suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt) before moving to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville on June 13, 1936. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium, a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol, and a 25-cent admission fee was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. In June 1943, the Opry moved to Ryman Auditorium.
Roy Acuff
Ryman Auditorium, the "Mother Church of Country Music", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999
One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956, and for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance. The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show, was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955, to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina) that pre-empted one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee. From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, both filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color.
On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley had his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music, Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips after the show that the singer's style did not suit the program.
1960s
In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with "longhairs" not being featured on the show. Artists were expected to dress conservatively, with women regularly wearing gingham country dresses; Jeannie Seely, upon joining the Opry in 1967, fought management to wear more contemporary attire such as miniskirts and go-go boots, arguing that if the Opry were going to have a dress code, it should enforce it upon the audience as well, and that she was only wearing what most young women of the time were wearing. Seely's actions effectively caused the fall of a "gingham curtain". Despite her disputes with the dress code, Seely would remain loyal to the Opry, setting the record for most appearances on the program over 55 years (and ongoing) as a member.
The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, who was a member of The Byrds at the time, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo. The band's record label, Columbia Records, had arranged for The Byrds to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons. However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing, and mocking calls of "tweet, tweet" and "cut your hair" The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by ignoring accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song "Hickory Wind" instead of the Merle Haggard song "Life in Prison", as had been announced by Tompall Glaser. Two decades later, long after Parsons' death, members of The Byrds reconciled with the Opry and collaborated on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two.
Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis, who made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973, after several years of success on the country charts. Lewis was given two conditions for his appearance – no rock and roll and no profanity – and he proceeded to disregard both, even referring to himself as a "motherfucker" at one point. In a continuous 40-minute set, Lewis played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. It has been said that he was bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955, and he supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry.
Country legend Johnny Cash, who made his Opry debut on July 5, 1956, and met his future wife June Carter Cash on that day, was banned from the program in 1965 after drunkenly smashing the stage lights with the microphone stand. Cash commented on the incident years later: "I don't know how much they wanted me in the first place," he says, "but the night I broke all the stage lights with the microphone stand, they said they couldn't use me anymore. So I went out and used it as an excuse to really get wild and ended up in the hospital the third time I broke my nose." Cash was accepted back in 1968, after the success of his At Folsom Prison album and his recovery from addiction.
Grand Ole Opry House
For the venue named Grand Ole Opry House from 1943 to 1974, see Ryman Auditorium. For the 1929 Disney short film, see The Opry House.
United States historic placeGrand Ole Opry HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
The Grand Ole Opry House in 2022Show map of TennesseeShow map of the United StatesLocation600 Opry Mills Dr, Nashville, Tennessee 37214Area4 acres (approx.)Built1972-74ArchitectWelton Becket & Associates; Pierre CabrolArchitectural styleModern/BrutalistRestored2010 (flood damage remediation)NRHP reference No.14001222Added to NRHPJanuary 27, 2015
Interior in 2022
Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger, more modern home for the long-running radio show. Already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, the Ryman was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay. Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity continued to increase, and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 2,362-seat venue. The Opry's operators wanted to build a new air-conditioned theater, with greater seating capacity, ample parking, and the ability to serve as a television production facility. Their ideal location would be in a less urbanized part of town to provide visitors with a "safer, more controlled, and more enjoyable experience".
National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway. The new Opry venue was the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which later included Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel. The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972, well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974. The last show of the Grand Ole Opry at the Ryman Auditorium was held on March 15, 1974.
Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon, who played a few songs on the piano. To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue. Artists on stage usually stood on the circle as they performed, and most modern performers still follow this tradition.
The theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, but the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact, even throughout the construction of Opry Mills, which opened in May 2000. The outside was decorated with the commemorative plaques of country music Grammy winners, formerly of Opryland's StarWalk, until the display was retired, reconfigured, and moved downtown to become the Music City Walk of Fame in 2006.
The Grand Ole Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday, Saturday, and occasionally Wednesday and Sunday at the Grand Ole Opry House. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015.
The Grand Ole Opry House was also the home of the Country Music Association Awards from 1974 to 2004, and hosted three weeks of tapings for the long-running game show Wheel of Fortune in 2003. The venue has also been the site of the GMA Dove Awards on multiple occasions.
On December 21, 2018, the backstage band room was officially named the Jimmy Capps Music Room in honor of Capps's 60th anniversary on the Opry.
Return to Ryman Auditorium
Following the departure of the Opry, Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for 20 years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including many influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building remained a tourist attraction throughout the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s.
In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment initiated a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it to a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994.
On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974.
Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year until 2019–20, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism. Following a COVID-19 pandemic-related hiatus after the 2020 season, the show has returned to The Ryman for shorter winter residencies since 2023. While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed as Opry at the Ryman. From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical from 2015 in 2017 and by Cirque Dreams Holidaze in 2018.
2010 flooding
Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, when the Cumberland River overflowed its banks. Repairs were made, and the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included TPAC War Memorial Auditorium, another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University; and Two Rivers Baptist Church.
Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas, and the entire stage—including the six foot inlaid circle of wood from Ryman's stage—was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed. The renovations following the flood also resulted in an updated and much-expanded backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge. The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010, in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country.
COVID-19 pandemic response
The Opry closed its doors to spectators and trimmed its staff in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee but continued to air weekly episodes on radio and television, relying on advertising revenue to remain solvent. The Opry resumed allowing spectators on a limited basis in October, and resumed full operations in May 2021. Due to the restrictions, the show did not move to the Ryman Auditorium in November 2020 as was customary. The Winter Ryman residency did not resume in 2021–22, partly due to scheduling conflicts from Ryman concerts postponed during the pandemic closure.
The Opry livestreams were celebrated by viewers as something to look forward to during the pandemic, with the majority of viewers being under lockdown. According to Pollstar, Opry Live was the number one most-watched livestream series in 2020 across all genres and received more than fifty million viewers from over fifty countries throughout the year, with two individual episodes (Vince Gill/Reba McEntire and Brad Paisley/Carrie Underwood) placing at numbers nine and ten respectively in the top ten. President of Opry Entertainment Scott Bailey explained that "as the stewards of the Grand Ole Opry, it was never a question of if the Opry would play on, but how could it provide a safe and much-needed source of comfort during what has been an extraordinary year around the world. We are proud of this tremendous result and the numbers of viewers who have tuned in, not only for what it has meant for Circle, but also for what it says about the country music genre and country music fans. On behalf of all of us at the Grand Ole Opry and Opry Entertainment, I'd like to thank the artist community, industry and music lovers around the world for their continued support".
After seven months of performing without a live audience, in October 2020, the Opry kicked off its 95th anniversary by welcoming back 500 guests to the Opry House – and so began a month-long celebration of the Opry, country music, its artists, and its fans.
The Grand Ole Opry celebrated its 5,000th Saturday night show on October 30, 2021, with performances by country superstars and Opry members such as Garth Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Darius Rucker, Vince Gill, Chris Young and several others.
Current
NBCUniversal and Atairos acquired a combined 30% stake in the Grand Ole Opry and its parent company Opry Entertainment Group in 2022. The crossover allows for NBCUniversal's television outlets, including NBC, to carry several Opry television specials.
A memorial concert was held for longtime member Loretta Lynn a few weeks after Lynn's death in October 2023; the concert featured performances by George Strait (who himself has only appeared once, in 1982, on the Opry radio show), Tanya Tucker, Wynonna, and several other artists. Thousands of Lynn’s friends, family, and fans were in attendance at the Opry House.
The Opry unveiled a new, upgraded stage with all-new, advanced audio technology – the first major updates to the set in over two decades – in February 2023. Opry NextStage, a program that spotlights a select number of up-and-coming country artists each year, began bringing younger and more diverse acts to the Opry stage in 2019. Artists from more genres like Folk, Americana, Gospel, Blues, and Southern Rock frequently appear on the show. And in 2022, Opry management invited two new comedians – Henry Cho (the Opry’s first Asian American member) and Gary Mule Deer – to become Opry members.
Broadcasts
Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005
Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012
The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, changed from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, Friday Night Opry, airs live on Friday nights. From February through December, Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live. Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months, while an "Opry Country Classics" program sporadically airs on Thursdays, devoted solely to older artists. Additional Christmas-themed shows, entitled Opry Country Christmas, began production during the 2021 holiday season.
The Opry provides a fourteen-piece house band for performers should they not have a band of their own.
The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and the program streams on WSM's website. ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956, and PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981. In 1985, The Nashville Network, co-owned by Gaylord, began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live. The show moved to Country Music Television, also owned by Gaylord, where it expanded to an hour, and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network, which no longer televised its Opry Live show after both networks channel drifted towards generic Southern lifestyle programming. Circle, a new over-the-air digital subchannel network operated by Gray Television and Ryman Hospitality Properties, resumed telecasting the Opry as its flagship program when it launched in 2020, and former WSM radio sister station WSMV-DT5 is the network's flagship station. Initially simulcasting the radio version, since 2021, the television Opry Live has been pre-recorded live to tape telecasts of recent Opry shows (the show's time slot often coincides with intermission and less demographic-friendly radio segments such as square dancing and audience participation bits). Circle ended its over-the-air operations at the end of 2023, with Opry Live being moved to syndication. RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore.
Sky Arts simulcasts Opry Live in the United Kingdom.
Membership
Main article: List of Grand Ole Opry members
New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007.
Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else.
Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member. Opry management, when it decides to induct a new member, directs an existing member to publicly ask them to join, usually during a live episode; an induction ceremony happens several weeks later, where the inductee is presented with a trophy and gives an acceptance speech. As the Opry is a running series, membership in the show's cast must be maintained throughout an artist's career, through frequent performances, and expires when the performer dies. Only once has a member been inducted posthumously: Keith Whitley, who was scheduled to be invited three weeks after his death in May 1989, was retroactively classified as a member in October 2023. Duos and groups remain members until all members have died; following the death of a member, the others maintain Opry membership. More recent protocols have allowed performers who are incapacitated or retired (such as Barbara Mandrell, Jeanne Pruett, Stu Phillips and Ricky Van Shelton) to maintain Opry membership until they die. Randy Travis has maintained his Opry membership largely through non-singing appearances since his 2013 stroke, while Loretta Lynn was granted similar accommodation from 2017 until her 2022 death. The Opry maintains a wall of fame listing every member of the Opry in the show's history. Receiving Opry membership is considered an honor that is similar in prestige to a Hall of Fame induction, with the caveat that a number of prominent country musicians never received it. When Don Schlitz was inducted on August 30, 2022, he became the first-ever member of the Opry inducted for his songwriting and not as a performer, having begun regular appearances only after Travis's incapacitation, performing songs he had written for Travis and for non-Opry member Kenny Rogers. The Opry also has a history of inviting comedians to join the cast, though none were invited to join between Jerry Clower's induction in 1973 and when Henry Cho and Gary Mule Deer became members in 2023. Following the induction of Jon Pardi—the only Opry member to hail from the state of California—in October 2023, there are 71 active Opry members, plus the Opry Square Dancers, who enjoy sui generis membership status and open every Saturday show.
Controversies
In April 1963, Opry management mandated that members had to perform no less than 26 shows a year in order to maintain their membership. WSM decreased the number of those required performances to 20 in January 1964, and the minimum number was 12 in 2000. Although the minimum number of performances has been reduced over the years, artists offered membership are expected to display their dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance.
Another controversy raged for years over permissible instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally, a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music, and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, new in the beginning days of the Opry, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in the 1940s. Although the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued, causing a conflict when Bob Wills and Pee Wee King defied the show's ban on drums. Wills openly flouted the rule. King, who performed at the Ryman in 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death, did not technically defy the ban. He did not use his drums on the Opry, but this particular Saturday night, the Opry was cancelled due to FDR's death. He and his band were asked to perform their theater show (with their drummer) because a number of fans showed up assuming the Opry would go on. It took years after that before drums became commonly accepted at the Opry; as late as 1967, an item in Billboard claimed that " full set of drums was used on the 'Grand Ole Opry' for the first time in history when Jerry Reed performed last week. Jerry's drummer, Willie Akerman, was allowed to use the entire set during his guest performance there."
Stonewall Jackson, an Opry member since 1956, sued the Opry management in 2007 alleging that manager Pete Fisher was trying to purge older members of the Opry from its membership and committing age discrimination. Jackson settled the lawsuit in 2008 and resumed appearing on the program until retiring in 2012.
In early 2022, Morgan Wallen performed on the Grand Ole Opry alongside Ernest. This move was criticized, as Wallen had been taped less than a year prior shouting a racial slur, and the Opry had previously made stances against racism on social media. In response to the latter, music writer Holly G. founded the Black Opry as a means of raising awareness of black artists in country music.
Commercialization
June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999
The company has enforced its trademark on the name "Grand Ole Opry", with trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world. It has taken court action to limit use of the word "Opry"—not directly trademarked—to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry. In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM, and the court decided that "the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term 'Opry', standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's 'Grand Ole Opry'". The court also stated "the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the 'Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of 'Opry Records'—the name adopted by defendant".
In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term "Opry" is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words "Grand" or "Ole"), but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision. As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE.
In 2004, the Grand Ole Opry sold naming rights to its first "presenting sponsor", Cracker Barrel. Insurance company Humana became a sponsor in September 2007, was the presenting sponsor by no later than January 2010, and still holds that top sponsorship level as of May 2023.
Honors
Peabody Award, 1983
National Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992
See also
Country Music Association
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Music & the Spoken Word - "The longest-running continuous network radio program in the world" (began July 15, 1929).
Notes
^ a b Littleton, Cynthia (April 4, 2022). "'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
^ a b "Music & the Spoken Word". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
^ "Grand Ole Opry". National Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program
^ "About The Opry". Grand Ole Opry. Gaylord Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
^ "Music/Grand Ole Opry". The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
^ "Grand Ole Opry". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
^ "Country Music History". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
^ "Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
^ a b Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890
^ a b "Deford Bailey". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
^ "Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues". NPR. November 20, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
^ "10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'". USA Today. October 2, 2015.
^ "ABC-TV to Air 'Ole Opry' Live Once Monthly" (October 8, 1955), The Billboard, p. 1
^ Gaar, Gillian G. "Box Set Spotlights Elvis Presley's Surviving Early Work at Sun Studio." Goldmine Feb. 2013: 40-44. Print.
^ Burns, Ken (September 2019). "Country Music (The Sons and Daughters of America)". PBS.
^ Oermann, Robert K.; Bufwack, Mary A. (2003). Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000. Nashville, TN: The Country Music Press & Vanderbilt University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8265-1432-4.
^ Windsor, Pam. "Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
^ a b c Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
^ Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy.
^ Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).
^ Dunkerley, Beville. Flashback: Jerry Lee Lewis Drops an F-Bomb on the Grand Ole Opry Archived June 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
^ Dukes, Billy. Country's Most Shocking Moments – Johnny Cash Banned From the Grand Ole Opry. Taste of Country. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
^ Kahn, Andy. Remembering Johnny Cash: Performing At The Grand Ole Opry. Jambase. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b c d e "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
^ Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
^ "Theme Park Timelines". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
^ Hurst, Jack Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1975)
^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). "A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
^ "Mall has grand opening plans". Tennessean. May 9, 2000.
^ Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677.
^ Eleanor Kennedy, "Nashville's newest historic place: The Grand Ole Opry House", Nashville Business Journal, February 26, 2015.
^ Todd Barnes, , The Tennessean, February 27, 2015.
^ "GMA Dove Awards". Tennessean. October 14, 2019.
^ "Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ a b The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.
^ a b Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). "Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
^ "The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville". PR Newswire. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
^ "Home | Grand Ole Opry". Search2.opry.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
^ Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). "Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
^ Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). "Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening". TheBoot.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
^ "Country Comes Home: Grand Ole Opry Announces September 28 Re-Opening of Opry House as Historic Circle of Wood is Returned To Opry Stage". Grand Ole Opry. August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013.
^ Kazin, Matthew (June 14, 2020). "How the Grand Ole Opry kept the coronavirus from breaking a 95-year-old winning streak". Fox Business Network. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
^ "Audience returning to Grand Ole Opry for 95th anniversary show in October". MSN.
^ "'Opry Live' Tops Pollstar's Year-End Livestream Charts".
^ "Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley to host Grand Ole Opry 95th anniversary special". TODAY.com. January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ Rojas, Rick (October 31, 2021). "5,000 Shows Later, the Grand Ole Opry Is Still the Sound of Nashville". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ Trigger (February 16, 2021). "George Strait Isn't a Grand Ole Opry Member. Has He Even Played?". Saving Country Music. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ "Loretta Lynn remembered during Grand Ole Opry tribute show". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ "Grand Ole Opry unveils new set while welcoming more acts than ever to stage". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ Dowling, Marcus K. "Opry NextStage celebrates a 'vibrant, diverse future' in country music". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ "Gary Mule Deer, Henry Cho invited to join Grand Ole Opry". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.
^ a b "Tune In". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "The Opry Band".
^ Fay, Byron (March 3, 2012). "First Televised Opry Show on PBS-March 4, 1978". FayFare's Opry Blog. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "History of the Opry". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "GAC's Presents Opry Live". GAC (Great American Country). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ a b Bouma, Luke (November 10, 2023). "The OTA TV Network Circle Is Shutting Down & Will Be Replaced By Warner Bros. Discovery's New Network". Cord Cutter News. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
^ "Opry Encore". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "Keith Whitley to be celebrated by Garth Brooks, more, at October Opry event". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
^ Kruh, Nancy (October 26, 2023). "Jon Pardi Inducted into Grand Ole Opry by His Hero Garth Brooks". People. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
^ a b "Four Dropped From 'Opry' To Return on Christmas". Billboard. November 27, 1965. p. 50.
^ a b Morris, Edward (April 20, 2000). "Grand Ole Opry Looking Toward Building Its Audience". CMT/CMT News. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ Kienzle, Richard. (2003). Southwest shuffle: pioneers of honky-tonk, Western swing, and country jazz. New York: Routledge. pp. 254-257.
^ Hall, Wade. (1998). "Pee Wee King". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–4.
^ Williams, Bill (September 30, 1967). "Nashville Scene". Billboard. pp. 50, 53.
^ "Yahoo! News, 1/12/07".
^ "Stonewall Jackson's Lawsuit Against Opry Settled" Cmt.com, October 6, 2008
^ Garcia, Tony (December 4, 2021). "Longtime country singer Stonewall Jackson dies at 89". WSMV-TV. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
^ "'People are much too sensitive': Opinions get heated over Morgan Wallen's Opry performance". Local 12. January 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
^ "WSM Back in Court Again - Files 2d Suit Over Name". Billboard. Vol. 81, no. 21. May 24, 1969. p. 51.
^ "Opry Records Sued For Infringement". Billboard. Vol. 80, no. 50. December 14, 1968. p. 29. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ WSM v. Bailey, United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 872-3.
^ WSM v. Bailey, 297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 873.
^ Opryland USA, Inc. v. The Great American Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
^ US Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, opposition number 91188534.
^ Lovel, Jim (December 20, 2004). "Cracker Barrel Reloads Marketing Arsenal". AdWeek. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ "Humana becomes Grand Ole Opry sponsor". Louisville Business First. American City Business Journals. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Health insurer Humana Inc. will try to appeal to Grand Ole Opry patrons by becoming an official sponsor of the country music venue.
^ "Grand Ole Opry | Sponsors". Grand Ole Opry. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Humana - Presenting Sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry
^ "Grand Ole Opry". Grand Ole Opry. May 8, 2023. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Presented by Humana
^ "Peabody Award winners 1983". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
^ "Grand Ole Opry - Radio Hall of Fame". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
References
Hay, George D. A Story of the Grand Ole Opry. 1945.
Kingsbury, Paul (1998). "Grand Ole Opry". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 208–9.
Wolfe, Charles K. A Good-Natured Riot: The Birth of the Grand Ole Opry. Nashville: Country Music Foundation Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8265-1331-X.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Ole Opry.
Official website
Grand Ole Opry on TV Internet Archive Complete show of April 28, 1956, in black & white
Library of Congress Local Legacies Project: Grand Ole Opry
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vteGrand Ole OpryFounder: George D. Hay — Year of induction in (parentheses)Member Groups
Dailey & Vincent (2017)
Diamond Rio (1998)
Gatlin Brothers (1976)
The Isaacs (2021)
Jim and Jesse McReynolds (1964)
Lady A (2021)
Little Big Town (2014)
Montgomery Gentry (2009)
Oak Ridge Boys (1947, 2011)
Old Crow Medicine Show (2013)
Opry Square Dancers (1952)
Bobby Osborne and Rocky Top X-Press (1964)
Rascal Flatts (2011)
Riders in the Sky (1982)
The Whites (1984)
The French Family Band (2023)
Member Female Artists
Lauren Alaina (2022)
Kelsea Ballerini (2019)
Mandy Barnett (2021)
Terri Clark (2004)
Crystal Gayle (2017)
Emmylou Harris (1992)
Alison Krauss (1993)
Patty Loveless (1988)
Loretta Lynn (1962)
Barbara Mandrell (1972)
Martina McBride (1995)
Reba McEntire (1986)
Lorrie Morgan (1984)
Dolly Parton (1969)
Carly Pearce (2021)
Jeanne Pruett (1973)
Jeannie Seely (1967)
Connie Smith (1965)
Pam Tillis (2000)
Carrie Underwood (2008)
Rhonda Vincent (2021)
Trisha Yearwood (1999)
Member Male Artists
Trace Adkins (2003)
Bill Anderson (1961)
Bobby Bare (1964, 2018)
Clint Black (1991)
Garth Brooks (1990)
John Conlee (1981)
Luke Combs (2019)
Vince Gill (1991)
Alan Jackson (1991)
Stonewall Jackson (1956)
Chris Janson (2018)
Jamey Johnson (2022)
Dustin Lynch (2018)
Del McCoury (2003)
Ronnie Milsap (1976)
Craig Morgan (2008)
Brad Paisley (2001)
Stu Phillips (1967)
Ray Pillow (1966)
Darius Rucker (2012)
Blake Shelton (2010)
Ricky Van Shelton (1988)
Ricky Skaggs (1982)
Mike Snider (1990)
Marty Stuart (1992)
Randy Travis (1986)
Travis Tritt (1992)
Josh Turner (2007)
Keith Urban (2012)
Steve Wariner (1996)
Gene Watson (2020)
Mark Wills (2019)
Chris Young (2017)
Member Artist Legends
Roy Acuff
Johnny Cash
Patsy Cline
Jan Howard
Carter Family
George Jones
Bill Monroe
Minnie Pearl
Charley Pride
Ernest Tubb
Porter Wagoner
Hank Williams
Kitty Wells
Dottie West
Venues
WSM Studios (1925-34)
Hillsboro Theater (1934-36)
Dixie Tabernacle (1936-39)
War Memorial Auditorium (1939-43, 2010)
Ryman Auditorium (1943-74, 1999-present)
(New) Grand Ole Opry House (1974-present)
Related articles
WSM (AM)
Circle
Ryman Hospitality Properties
National Life and Accident Insurance Company
Complete list of past and present Opry members
Barn dance
Black Opry
vteMembers of the Grand Ole OpryCurrent members
Trace Adkins
Lauren Alaina
Bill Anderson
Kelsea Ballerini
Bobby Bare
Mandy Barnett
Dierks Bentley
Clint Black
Garth Brooks
T. Graham Brown
Henry Cho
Terri Clark
Luke Combs
John Conlee
Dailey & Vincent
Diamond Rio
Sara Evans
Larry Gatlin and the Gatlin Brothers
Crystal Gayle
Vince Gill
Emmylou Harris
The Isaacs
Alan Jackson
Chris Janson
Jamey Johnson
Alison Krauss
Lady A
Little Big Town
Patty Loveless
Dustin Lynch
Barbara Mandrell
Martina McBride
Ashley McBryde
Del McCoury
Charlie McCoy
Scotty McCreery
Reba McEntire
Ronnie Milsap
Eddie Montgomery
Craig Morgan
Lorrie Morgan
Gary Mule Deer
The Oak Ridge Boys
Old Crow Medicine Show
Brad Paisley
Jon Pardi
Dolly Parton
Carly Pearce
Stu Phillips
Jeanne Pruett
Rascal Flatts
Riders in the Sky
Darius Rucker
Don Schlitz
Jeannie Seely
Blake Shelton
Ricky Van Shelton
Ricky Skaggs
Connie Smith
Mike Snider
Marty Stuart
Pam Tillis
Randy Travis
Travis Tritt
Josh Turner
Carrie Underwood
Keith Urban
Rhonda Vincent
Steve Wariner
Gene Watson
The Whites
Mark Wills
Trisha Yearwood
Chris Young
Former members
Roy Acuff
David "Stringbean" Akeman
Jack Anglin
Eddy Arnold
Ernest Ashworth
Chet Atkins
DeFord Bailey
Bashful Brother Oswald
Humphrey Bate
Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers
Margie Bowes
Rod Brasfield
Jim Ed Brown
The Browns
Carl Butler and Pearl
Archie Campbell
Bill Carlisle
Martha Carson
The Carter Sisters
Maybelle Carter
Johnny Cash
June Carter Cash
Roy Clark
Zeke Clements
Patsy Cline
Jerry Clower
Stoney Cooper
Wilma Lee Cooper
Cowboy Copas
Charlie Daniels
Skeeter Davis
The Delmore Brothers
The DeZurik Sisters
Little Jimmy Dickens
Joe Diffie
Danny Dill
Jimmy Driftwood
Roy Drusky
The Duke of Paducah
Holly Dunn
The Everly Brothers
Lester Flatt
Red Foley
Curly Fox
Lefty Frizzell
Troy Gentry
Don Gibson
Billy Grammer
Jack Greene
The Gully Jumpers
Theron Hale
Tom T. Hall
George Hamilton IV
Sid Harkreader
Hawkshaw Hawkins
George D. Hay
Hoot Hester
Goldie Hill
David Houston
Jan Howard
Ferlin Husky
Stonewall Jackson
Sonny James
Norma Jean
Jim & Jesse
Johnnie & Jack
George Jones
Grandpa Jones
The Jordanaires
Doug Kershaw
Hal Ketchum
Bradley Kincaid
Pee Wee King
Hank Locklin
Lonzo and Oscar
Bobby Lord
The Louvin Brothers
Charlie Louvin
Ira Louvin
Bob Luman
Loretta Lynn
Uncle Dave Macon
Rose Maddox
Mel McDaniel
Jesse McReynolds
McGee Brothers
Bill Monroe
George Morgan
Moon Mullican
Willie Nelson
Jimmy C. Newman
Bobby Osborne
Sonny Osborne
Johnny Paycheck
Minnie Pearl
Webb Pierce
Ray Pillow
Ray Price
Charley Pride
Del Reeves
Jim Reeves
Leon Rhodes
Tex Ritter
Marty Robbins
Johnny Russell
Rusty and Doug
Earl Scruggs
Jean Shepard
Mississippi Slim
Carl Smith
Fiddlin' Arthur Smith
Hank Snow
Red Sovine
Ralph Stanley
Texas Ruby
B. J. Thomas
Uncle Jimmy Thompson
Mel Tillis
Tompall & the Glaser Brothers
Ernest Tubb
Justin Tubb
Leroy Van Dyke
Porter Wagoner
Billy Walker
Charlie Walker
Kitty Wells
Dottie West
Keith Whitley†
Slim Whitman
The Wilburn Brothers
Don Williams
Hank Williams
Boxcar Willie
The Willis Brothers
Chubby Wise
Del Wood
Marion Worth
Johnnie Wright
Tammy Wynette
Faron Young
†Honorary former member; was scheduled to be invited, but died before the invitation was extended
Pending members
Lainey Wilson
vteRyman Hospitality PropertiesFounded in 1925Properties
Grand Ole Opry
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Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center
Broadcasting
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Fiesta Texas Theme Park (minority interest)
WKY Radio, Oklahoma City
ResortQuest International, Inc.
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Acuff-Rose Music
Corporate Magic
The Nashville Network
CMT
CMT Europe
Nashville Predators (minority interest)
Opry Mills (minority interest)
Word Entertainment
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|
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Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Hay"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"Ryman Hospitality Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Hospitality_Properties"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcminority-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"chart-toppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(music)"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"comedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"skits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_The_Opry-4"},{"link_name":"50,000 watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metro Nashville/Davidson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_ad-supported_streaming_television"},{"link_name":"Circle Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Country"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"}],"text":"Radio showThe Grand Ole Opry is a regular live country-music radio broadcast originating from Nashville, Tennessee, on WSM, held between two and five nights per week, depending on the time of year. It was founded on November 28, 1925, by George D. Hay as the WSM Barn Dance, taking its current name in 1927. Currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment (a joint venture between NBCUniversal, Atairos and majority shareholder Ryman Hospitality Properties[1]), it is the longest-running radio broadcast in U.S. history.[2][3] Dedicated to honoring country music and its history, the Opry showcases a mix of famous singers and contemporary chart-toppers performing country, bluegrass, Americana, folk, and gospel music as well as comedic performances and skits.[4] It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio and internet listeners.In the 1930s, the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours. Broadcasting by then at 50,000 watts, WSM made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states.[5] In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio. The Opry moved to its most famous former home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, which became America's \"country music capital\".[6] The Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that it is included as a \"home of\" mention on the welcome signs seen by motorists at the Metro Nashville/Davidson County line.Membership in the Opry remains one of country music's crowning achievements.[7] Since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman from 1999 to 2020, and again for shorter winter residencies beginning in 2023. In addition to the radio programs, performances have been sporadically televised over the years. Video compilations of previous Opry performances are distributed digitally every Saturday evening on FAST network Circle Country as well as the Opry's YouTube and Facebook outlets, and syndicated to a number of television stations across North America.","title":"Grand Ole Opry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minnie Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Roy Acuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Acuff"},{"link_name":"National Life & Accident Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Life_and_Accident_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"George D. Hay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_D._Hay"},{"link_name":"National Barn Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Barn_Dance"},{"link_name":"WLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Uncle Jimmy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Jimmy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bill Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bate"},{"link_name":"Uncle Dave Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon"},{"link_name":"Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binkley_Brothers%27_Dixie_Clodhoppers"},{"link_name":"Sid Harkreader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Harkreader"},{"link_name":"DeFord Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeFord_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Fiddlin' Arthur Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddlin%27_Arthur_Smith"},{"link_name":"Gully Jumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gully_Jumpers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifty-9"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fifty-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy AcuffThe Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new fifth-floor radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28, 1925. On October 17, 1925, management began a program featuring \"Dr. Humphrey Bate and his string quartet of old-time musicians.\" On November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay, an enterprising pioneer from the National Barn Dance program at WLS in Chicago, who was also named the most popular radio announcer in America as a result of his radio work with both WLS and WMC in Memphis, Tennessee. Though only 29 when he was hired by WSM and turned 30 a week later, Hay (known as the \"Solemn Old Judge\") launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28, 1925, and that date is celebrated as the day the Grand Ole Opry began.[8]Some of the bands regularly on the show during its early days included Bill Monroe, the Possum Hunters (with Humphrey Bate), the Fruit Jar Drinkers with Uncle Dave Macon, the Crook Brothers, the Binkley Brothers' Dixie Clodhoppers, Sid Harkreader, DeFord Bailey, Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, and the Gully Jumpers.[9]Judge Hay liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with \"red hot fiddle playing\". They were the second band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them. In 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured on the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star.[9]Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase \"Home of the Grand Ole Opry\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame-10"},{"link_name":"Music Appreciation Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Appreciation_Hour"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"grand opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_opera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The phrase \"Grand Ole Opry\" was first uttered on radio on December 10, 1927.[10] At the time, the NBC Red Network's Music Appreciation Hour, a program with classical music and selections from grand opera, was followed by Hay's Barn Dance. That evening, as he was introducing DeFord Bailey, the show's first performer of the night, George Hay said the following words:For the past hour, we have been listening to music largely from Grand Opera, but from now on, we will present 'The Grand Ole Opry'.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCF9014-crop1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belcourt Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcourt_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WMA_plaza.jpg"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rymanauditorium1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"National Barn Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Barn_Dance"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_tobacco"},{"link_name":"Red Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Foley"},{"link_name":"ABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Ozark Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"rockabilly music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly_music"},{"link_name":"Sam Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Larger venues","text":"The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943As audiences for the live show increased, National Life & Accident Insurance's radio venue became too small to accommodate the hordes of fans. They built a larger studio, but it was still not large enough. After several months with no audiences,[clarification needed] National Life decided to allow the show to move outside its home offices. In October 1934, the Opry moved into then-suburban Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt) before moving to the Dixie Tabernacle in East Nashville on June 13, 1936. The Opry then moved to the War Memorial Auditorium, a downtown venue adjacent to the State Capitol, and a 25-cent admission fee was charged to try to curb the large crowds, but to no avail. In June 1943, the Opry moved to Ryman Auditorium.[12]Roy AcuffRyman Auditorium, the \"Mother Church of Country Music\", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999One hour of the Opry was nationally broadcast by the NBC Red Network from 1939 to 1956, and for much of its run, it aired one hour after the program that had inspired it, National Barn Dance. The NBC segment, originally known by the name of its sponsor, The Prince Albert Show, was first hosted by Acuff, who was succeeded by Red Foley from 1946 to 1954. From October 15, 1955, to September 1956, ABC-TV aired a live, hour-long television version once a month on Saturday nights (sponsored by Ralston-Purina) that pre-empted one hour of the then-90-minute Ozark Jubilee. From 1955 to 1957, Al Gannaway owned and produced both The Country Show and Stars of the Grand Ole Opry, both filmed programs syndicated by Flamingo Films. Gannaway's Stars of the Grand Ole Opry was the first television show shot in color.[13]On October 2, 1954, a teenage Elvis Presley had his only Opry performance. Although the audience reacted politely to his revolutionary brand of rockabilly music, Opry manager Jim Denny told Presley's producer Sam Phillips after the show that the singer's style did not suit the program.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s"},{"link_name":"gingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingham"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Seely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Seely"},{"link_name":"miniskirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniskirt"},{"link_name":"go-go boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-go_boot"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"\"gingham curtain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-honored55years-17"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Country rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_rock"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Sweetheart of the Rodeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetheart_of_the_Rodeo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hickory Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Wind"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Tompall Glaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompall_Glaser"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeless-18"},{"link_name":"Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_the_Circle_Be_Unbroken:_Volume_Two"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"profanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profanity"},{"link_name":"motherfucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherfucker"},{"link_name":"music industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"June Carter Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Carter_Cash"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"At Folsom Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Folsom_Prison"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"In the 1960s, as the hippie counterculture movement spread, the Opry maintained a strait-laced, conservative image with \"longhairs\" not being featured on the show. Artists were expected to dress conservatively, with women regularly wearing gingham country dresses; Jeannie Seely, upon joining the Opry in 1967, fought management to wear more contemporary attire such as miniskirts and go-go boots, arguing that if the Opry were going to have a dress code, it should enforce it upon the audience as well, and that she was only wearing what most young women of the time were wearing.[15] Seely's actions effectively caused the fall of a \"gingham curtain\".[16] Despite her disputes with the dress code, Seely would remain loyal to the Opry, setting the record for most appearances on the program over 55 years (and ongoing) as a member.[17]The Byrds were a notable exception. Country rock pioneer Gram Parsons, who was a member of The Byrds at the time, was in Nashville to work on the band's country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo.[18] The band's record label, Columbia Records, had arranged for The Byrds to perform at the Ryman on March 15, 1968, a prospect that thrilled Parsons.[18] However, when the band took the stage the audience's response was immediately hostile, resulting in derisive heckling, booing, and mocking calls of \"tweet, tweet\" and \"cut your hair\"[19][20] The Byrds further outraged the Opry establishment by ignoring accepted protocol when they performed Parsons' song \"Hickory Wind\" instead of the Merle Haggard song \"Life in Prison\", as had been announced by Tompall Glaser.[18] Two decades later, long after Parsons' death, members of The Byrds reconciled with the Opry and collaborated on the 1989 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two.Another artist that ran afoul of the Opry's stringent standards was Jerry Lee Lewis, who made his first and only appearance on the show on January 20, 1973, after several years of success on the country charts. Lewis was given two conditions for his appearance – no rock and roll and no profanity – and he proceeded to disregard both, even referring to himself as a \"motherfucker\" at one point. In a continuous 40-minute set, Lewis played a mixture of his rock and roll hits and covers of other singers' country songs. It has been said that he was bitter about how he was treated when he first arrived in Nashville in 1955, and he supposedly used his Opry appearance to exact revenge on the Nashville music industry.[21]Country legend Johnny Cash, who made his Opry debut on July 5, 1956, and met his future wife June Carter Cash on that day, was banned from the program in 1965 after drunkenly smashing the stage lights with the microphone stand. Cash commented on the incident years later: \"I don't know how much they wanted me in the first place,\" he says, \"but the night I broke all the stage lights with the microphone stand, they said they couldn't use me anymore. So I went out and used it as an excuse to really get wild and ended up in the hospital the third time I broke my nose.\"[22] Cash was accepted back in 1968, after the success of his At Folsom Prison album and his recovery from addiction.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryman Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"The Opry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opry_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png"},{"link_name":"urban decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Briley Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_155"},{"link_name":"Opryland USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opryland_USA"},{"link_name":"Opryland Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Opryland_Resort_%26_Convention_Center"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Opry Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opry_Mills"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"StarWalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarWalk"},{"link_name":"Music City Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_City_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Country Music Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Wheel of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"GMA Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Grand Ole Opry House","text":"For the venue named Grand Ole Opry House from 1943 to 1974, see Ryman Auditorium. For the 1929 Disney short film, see The Opry House.United States historic placeInterior in 2022Ryman Auditorium was home to the Opry until 1974. By the late 1960s, National Life & Accident desired a new, larger, more modern home for the long-running radio show. Already 51 years old at the time the Opry moved there, the Ryman was beginning to suffer from disrepair as the downtown neighborhood around it fell victim to increasing urban decay. Despite these shortcomings, the show's popularity continued to increase, and its weekly crowds were outgrowing the 2,362-seat venue. The Opry's operators wanted to build a new air-conditioned theater, with greater seating capacity, ample parking, and the ability to serve as a television production facility. Their ideal location would be in a less urbanized part of town to provide visitors with a \"safer, more controlled, and more enjoyable experience\".[26]National Life & Accident purchased farmland owned by a local sausage manufacturer (Rudy's Farm) in the Pennington Bend area of Nashville, nine miles east of downtown and adjacent to the newly constructed Briley Parkway. The new Opry venue was the centerpiece of a grand entertainment complex at that location, which later included Opryland USA Theme Park and Opryland Hotel. The theme park opened to the public on June 30, 1972,[27] well ahead of the 4,000-seat Opry House, which debuted nearly two years later, on Saturday, March 16, 1974. The last show of the Grand Ole Opry at the Ryman Auditorium was held on March 15, 1974.Opening night was attended by sitting U.S. President Richard Nixon, who played a few songs on the piano.[28] To carry on the tradition of the show's run at the Ryman, a six-foot circle of oak was cut from the corner of the Ryman's stage and inlaid into center stage at the new venue.[29] Artists on stage usually stood on the circle as they performed, and most modern performers still follow this tradition.The theme park was closed and demolished following the 1997 season, but the Grand Ole Opry House remains in use. The immediate area around it was left intact, even throughout the construction of Opry Mills, which opened in May 2000.[30] The outside was decorated with the commemorative plaques of country music Grammy winners, formerly of Opryland's StarWalk, until the display was retired, reconfigured, and moved downtown to become the Music City Walk of Fame in 2006.[31]The Grand Ole Opry continues to be performed every Tuesday, Friday, Saturday, and occasionally Wednesday and Sunday at the Grand Ole Opry House. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 27, 2015.[32][33]The Grand Ole Opry House was also the home of the Country Music Association Awards from 1974 to 2004, and hosted three weeks of tapings for the long-running game show Wheel of Fortune in 2003. The venue has also been the site of the GMA Dove Awards on multiple occasions.[34]On December 21, 2018, the backstage band room was officially named the Jimmy Capps Music Room in honor of Capps's 60th anniversary on the Opry.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanDormant-36"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"At the Ryman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Ryman"},{"link_name":"A Prairie Home Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Prairie_Home_Companion"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanDormant-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanReturn-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanReturn-37"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Radio City Christmas Spectacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Christmas_Spectacular"},{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss%27_How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Cirque Dreams Holidaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_Productions"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Return to Ryman Auditorium","text":"Following the departure of the Opry, Ryman Auditorium sat mostly vacant and decaying for 20 years. An initial effort by National Life & Accident to tear down the Ryman and use its bricks to build a chapel at Opryland USA was met with resounding resistance from the public, including many influential musicians of the time. The plans were abandoned, and the building remained standing with an uncertain future. Despite the absence of performances, the building remained a tourist attraction throughout the remainder of the 1970s and 1980s.[36]In 1991 and 1992, Emmylou Harris performed a series of concerts there and released some of the recordings as an album entitled At the Ryman. The concert and album's high acclaim renewed interest in reviving Ryman Auditorium as an active venue. Beginning in September 1993, Gaylord Entertainment initiated a full renovation of the Ryman, restoring it to a world-class concert hall that reopened with a broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on June 4, 1994.[36]On Sunday, October 18, 1998, the Opry held a benefit show at Ryman Auditorium, marking its return to the venue for the first time since its final show on March 15, 1974.[37]Beginning in November 1999, the Opry was held at Ryman Auditorium for three months, partly due to the ongoing construction of Opry Mills. The Opry returned to the Ryman for the three winter months every year until 2019–20, allowing the show to acknowledge its roots while also taking advantage of a smaller venue during an off-peak season for tourism.[37] Following a COVID-19 pandemic-related hiatus after the 2020 season, the show has returned to The Ryman for shorter winter residencies since 2023. While still officially the Grand Ole Opry, the shows there are billed as Opry at the Ryman. From 2002 to 2014, a traveling version of the Radio City Christmas Spectacular took up residence at the Grand Ole Opry House each holiday season while the Opry was away. It was replaced by Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical from 2015 in 2017 and by Cirque Dreams Holidaze in 2018.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png"},{"link_name":"Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"overflowed its banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2010_Tennessee_floods"},{"link_name":"TPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Auditorium_(Nashville,_Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Hall"},{"link_name":"Nashville Municipal Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Municipal_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Allen Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Arena"},{"link_name":"Lipscomb University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscomb_University"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanCircleSaved-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RymanCircleRestored-41"},{"link_name":"Great American Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Country"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2010 flooding","text":"Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015In May 2010, the Opry House was flooded, along with much of Nashville, when the Cumberland River overflowed its banks. Repairs were made, and the Opry itself remained uninterrupted. Over the course of the summer of 2010, the broadcast temporarily originated from alternate venues in Nashville, with Ryman Auditorium hosting the majority of the shows. Other venues included TPAC War Memorial Auditorium, another former Opry home; TPAC's Andrew Jackson Hall; Nashville Municipal Auditorium; Allen Arena at Lipscomb University; and Two Rivers Baptist Church.[39]Much of the auditorium's main floor seating, the backstage areas, and the entire stage—including the six foot inlaid circle of wood from Ryman's stage—was underwater during the flood. While the Grand Ole Opry House's stage was replaced, the Ryman circle was restored and again placed at center stage in the Grand Ole Opry House before shows resumed.[40][41] The renovations following the flood also resulted in an updated and much-expanded backstage area, including the construction of more dressing rooms and a performer's lounge. The Opry returned to the Grand Ole Opry House on September 28, 2010, in a special edition of the Opry entitled Country Comes Home that was televised live on Great American Country.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed its doors to spectators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_closed_doors_(sport)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pollstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollstar"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"Brad Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 pandemic response","text":"The Opry closed its doors to spectators and trimmed its staff in March 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee but continued to air weekly episodes on radio and television, relying on advertising revenue to remain solvent.[43] The Opry resumed allowing spectators on a limited basis in October, and resumed full operations in May 2021.[44] Due to the restrictions, the show did not move to the Ryman Auditorium in November 2020 as was customary. The Winter Ryman residency did not resume in 2021–22, partly due to scheduling conflicts from Ryman concerts postponed during the pandemic closure.The Opry livestreams were celebrated by viewers as something to look forward to during the pandemic, with the majority of viewers being under lockdown. According to Pollstar, Opry Live was the number one most-watched livestream series in 2020 across all genres and received more than fifty million viewers from over fifty countries throughout the year, with two individual episodes (Vince Gill/Reba McEntire and Brad Paisley/Carrie Underwood) placing at numbers nine and ten respectively in the top ten. President of Opry Entertainment Scott Bailey explained that \"as the stewards of the Grand Ole Opry, it was never a question of if the Opry would play on, but how could it provide a safe and much-needed source of comfort during what has been an extraordinary year around the world. We are proud of this tremendous result and the numbers of viewers who have tuned in, not only for what it has meant for Circle, but also for what it says about the country music genre and country music fans. On behalf of all of us at the Grand Ole Opry and Opry Entertainment, I'd like to thank the artist community, industry and music lovers around the world for their continued support\".[45]After seven months of performing without a live audience, in October 2020, the Opry kicked off its 95th anniversary by welcoming back 500 guests to the Opry House – and so began a month-long celebration of the Opry, country music, its artists, and its fans.[46]The Grand Ole Opry celebrated its 5,000th Saturday night show on October 30, 2021, with performances by country superstars and Opry members such as Garth Brooks, Trisha Yearwood, Darius Rucker, Vince Gill, Chris Young and several others.[47]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nbcminority-1"},{"link_name":"George Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strait"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"NBCUniversal and Atairos acquired a combined 30% stake in the Grand Ole Opry and its parent company Opry Entertainment Group in 2022. The crossover allows for NBCUniversal's television outlets, including NBC, to carry several Opry television specials.[1]A memorial concert was held for longtime member Loretta Lynn a few weeks after Lynn's death in October 2023; the concert featured performances by George Strait (who himself has only appeared once, in 1982, on the Opry radio show[48]), Tanya Tucker, Wynonna, and several other artists. Thousands of Lynn’s friends, family, and fans were in attendance at the Opry House.[49]The Opry unveiled a new, upgraded stage with all-new, advanced audio technology – the first major updates to the set in over two decades – in February 2023.[50] Opry NextStage, a program that spotlights a select number of up-and-coming country artists each year, began bringing younger and more diverse acts to the Opry stage in 2019.[51] Artists from more genres like Folk, Americana, Gospel, Blues, and Southern Rock frequently appear on the show. And in 2022, Opry management invited two new comedians – Henry Cho (the Opry’s first Asian American member) and Gary Mule Deer – to become Opry members.[52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddie Stubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Stubbs"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opry-53"},{"link_name":"house band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_band"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Willie's Roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%27s_Roadhouse"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opry-53"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"The Nashville Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nashville_Network"},{"link_name":"Country Music Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television"},{"link_name":"Great American Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Country"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"channel drifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_drift"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"Gray Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Television"},{"link_name":"WSMV-DT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMV-TV"},{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"live to tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_to_tape"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circle_Ends-58"},{"link_name":"RFD-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFD-TV"},{"link_name":"reruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Circle_Ends-58"}],"text":"Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012The Grand Ole Opry is broadcast live on WSM-AM at 7 p.m. CT on Saturday nights, changed from a previous time start of 6:30. A similar program, Friday Night Opry, airs live on Friday nights. From February through December, Tuesday Night Opry is also aired live.[53] Wednesday shows are typically presented in the summer months, while an \"Opry Country Classics\" program sporadically airs on Thursdays, devoted solely to older artists. Additional Christmas-themed shows, entitled Opry Country Christmas, began production during the 2021 holiday season.The Opry provides a fourteen-piece house band for performers should they not have a band of their own.[54]The Opry can also be heard live on Willie's Roadhouse on channel 59 on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and the program streams on WSM's website.[53] ABC broadcast the Grand Ole Opry as a monthly series from 1955 to 1956, and PBS televised annual live performances from 1978 to 1981.[55] In 1985, The Nashville Network, co-owned by Gaylord, began airing an edited half-hour version of the program as Grand Ole Opry Live. The show moved to Country Music Television, also owned by Gaylord, where it expanded to an hour, and then to the Great American Country (GAC) cable network,[56] which no longer televised its Opry Live show after both networks channel drifted towards generic Southern lifestyle programming.[57] Circle, a new over-the-air digital subchannel network operated by Gray Television and Ryman Hospitality Properties, resumed telecasting the Opry as its flagship program when it launched in 2020, and former WSM radio sister station WSMV-DT5 is the network's flagship station. Initially simulcasting the radio version, since 2021, the television Opry Live has been pre-recorded live to tape telecasts of recent Opry shows (the show's time slot often coincides with intermission and less demographic-friendly radio segments such as square dancing and audience participation bits). Circle ended its over-the-air operations at the end of 2023, with Opry Live being moved to syndication.[58] RFD-TV carries reruns of Opry telecasts under the title Opry Encore.[59]Sky Arts simulcasts Opry Live in the United Kingdom.[58]","title":"Broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_(3460914437).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mel Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Tillis"},{"link_name":"Bill Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Anderson_(singer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeannie Seely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannie_Seely"},{"link_name":"Keith Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Whitley"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Pruett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Pruett"},{"link_name":"Stu Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Phillips_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"Ricky Van Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Van_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Randy Travis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Travis"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Don Schlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Schlitz"},{"link_name":"Kenny Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Rogers"},{"link_name":"comedians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-up_comedy"},{"link_name":"Jerry Clower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Clower"},{"link_name":"Henry Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cho"},{"link_name":"Gary Mule Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mule_Deer"},{"link_name":"Jon Pardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pardi"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis"}],"text":"New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007.Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else.Regular performers at the Grand Ole Opry can be inducted into the organization as a member. Opry management, when it decides to induct a new member, directs an existing member to publicly ask them to join, usually during a live episode; an induction ceremony happens several weeks later, where the inductee is presented with a trophy and gives an acceptance speech. As the Opry is a running series, membership in the show's cast must be maintained throughout an artist's career, through frequent performances, and expires when the performer dies. Only once has a member been inducted posthumously: Keith Whitley, who was scheduled to be invited three weeks after his death in May 1989, was retroactively classified as a member in October 2023.[60] Duos and groups remain members until all members have died; following the death of a member, the others maintain Opry membership. More recent protocols have allowed performers who are incapacitated or retired (such as Barbara Mandrell, Jeanne Pruett, Stu Phillips and Ricky Van Shelton) to maintain Opry membership until they die. Randy Travis has maintained his Opry membership largely through non-singing appearances since his 2013 stroke, while Loretta Lynn was granted similar accommodation from 2017 until her 2022 death. The Opry maintains a wall of fame listing every member of the Opry in the show's history. Receiving Opry membership is considered an honor that is similar in prestige to a Hall of Fame induction, with the caveat that a number of prominent country musicians never received it. When Don Schlitz was inducted on August 30, 2022, he became the first-ever member of the Opry inducted for his songwriting and not as a performer, having begun regular appearances only after Travis's incapacitation, performing songs he had written for Travis and for non-Opry member Kenny Rogers. The Opry also has a history of inviting comedians to join the cast, though none were invited to join between Jerry Clower's induction in 1973 and when Henry Cho and Gary Mule Deer became members in 2023. Following the induction of Jon Pardi—the only Opry member to hail from the state of California—in October 2023, there are 71 active Opry members,[61] plus the Opry Square Dancers, who enjoy sui generis membership status and open every Saturday show.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Christmas-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Christmas-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_News-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT_News-63"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"string bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_bass"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"percussion instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Bob Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wills"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Pee Wee King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pee_Wee_King"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Stonewall Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"age discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Morgan Wallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Wallen"},{"link_name":"Ernest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Black Opry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Opry"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"In April 1963, Opry management mandated that members had to perform no less than 26 shows a year in order to maintain their membership.[62] WSM decreased the number of those required performances to 20 in January 1964,[62] and the minimum number was 12 in 2000.[63] Although the minimum number of performances has been reduced over the years, artists offered membership are expected to display their dedication to the Opry with frequent attendance.[63]Another controversy raged for years over permissible instrumentation, especially the use of drums and electrically amplified instruments. Some purists were appalled at the prospect; traditionally, a string bass provided the rhythm component in country music, and percussion instruments were seldom used. Electric amplification, new in the beginning days of the Opry, was regarded as the province of popular music and jazz in the 1940s. Although the Opry allowed electric guitars and steel guitars by World War II, the restrictions against drums and horns continued, causing a conflict when Bob Wills[64] and Pee Wee King[65] defied the show's ban on drums. Wills openly flouted the rule. King, who performed at the Ryman in 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death, did not technically defy the ban. He did not use his drums on the Opry, but this particular Saturday night, the Opry was cancelled due to FDR's death. He and his band were asked to perform their theater show (with their drummer) because a number of fans showed up assuming the Opry would go on. It took years after that before drums became commonly accepted at the Opry; as late as 1967, an item in Billboard claimed that \"[a] full set of drums was used on the 'Grand Ole Opry' for the first time in history when Jerry Reed performed last week. Jerry's drummer, Willie Akerman, was allowed to use the entire set during his guest performance there.\"[66]Stonewall Jackson, an Opry member since 1956, sued the Opry management in 2007 alleging that manager Pete Fisher was trying to purge older members of the Opry from its membership and committing age discrimination.[67] Jackson settled the lawsuit in 2008[68] and resumed appearing on the program until retiring in 2012.[69]In early 2022, Morgan Wallen performed on the Grand Ole Opry alongside Ernest. This move was criticized, as Wallen had been taped less than a year prior shouting a racial slur, and the Opry had previously made stances against racism on social media. In response to the latter, music writer Holly G. founded the Black Opry as a means of raising awareness of black artists in country music.[70]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg"},{"link_name":"June Carter Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Carter_Cash"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"Cracker Barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracker_Barrel"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Humana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999The company has enforced its trademark on the name \"Grand Ole Opry\", with trademark registrations in the United States and in numerous countries around the world. It has taken court action to limit use of the word \"Opry\"—not directly trademarked—to members of the Opry and products associated with or licensed by it and to discourage use of the word in ways that would imply a connection to the Grand Ole Opry.[71] In late 1968, for instance, WSM sued Opry Records, a record label that was independent of WSM,[72] and the court decided that \"the record is replete with newspaper and magazine articles and clippings which demonstrate conclusively that the term 'Opry', standing alone as defendant has used it, is constantly used in country and western music circles in referring to plaintiff's 'Grand Ole Opry'\".[73] The court also stated \"the defendant has appropriated, at its peril, the dominant or salient term in the plaintiff's mark, a term which identified the 'Grand Ole Opry' in the mind of the public many years before the inception of 'Opry Records'—the name adopted by defendant\".[74]In another case, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted summary judgment that the term \"Opry\" is a generic term (and thus no more protected than the words \"Grand\" or \"Ole\"), but the Federal Circuit court reversed this decision.[75] As recently as 2009, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board granted judgment against Texas Opry House, LLC, which had filed a trademark application for TEXAS OPRY HOUSE.[76]In 2004, the Grand Ole Opry sold naming rights to its first \"presenting sponsor\", Cracker Barrel.[77] Insurance company Humana became a sponsor in September 2007,[78] was the presenting sponsor by no later than January 2010,[79] and still holds that top sponsorship level as of May 2023.[80]","title":"Commercialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foster_Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"National Radio Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"text":"Peabody Award, 1983[81]\nNational Radio Hall of Fame induction, 1992[82]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nbcminority_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nbcminority_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//variety.com/2022/music/news/grand-ole-opry-sale-nbcuniversal-1235224437/"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Music & the Spoken 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ISBN 0-8265-1432-4.\n\n^ Windsor, Pam. \"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022.\n\n^ a b c Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.\n\n^ Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy.\n\n^ Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).\n\n^ Dunkerley, Beville. Flashback: Jerry Lee Lewis Drops an F-Bomb on the Grand Ole Opry Archived June 26, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 21, 2015.\n\n^ Dukes, Billy. Country's Most Shocking Moments – Johnny Cash Banned From the Grand Ole Opry. Taste of Country. Retrieved August 27, 2020.\n\n^ Kahn, Andy. Remembering Johnny Cash: Performing At The Grand Ole Opry. Jambase. Retrieved August 27, 2020.\n\n^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.\n\n^ a b c d e \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.\n\n^ Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"Theme Park Timelines\". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.\n\n^ Hurst, Jack Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1975)\n\n^ Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). \"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"Mall has grand opening plans\". Tennessean. May 9, 2000.\n\n^ Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677.\n\n^ Eleanor Kennedy, \"Nashville's newest historic place: The Grand Ole Opry House\", Nashville Business Journal, February 26, 2015.\n\n^ Todd Barnes, [Grand Ole Opry House added to National Register], The Tennessean, February 27, 2015.\n\n^ \"GMA Dove Awards\". Tennessean. October 14, 2019.\n\n^ \"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.\n\n^ a b The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.\n\n^ a b Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998\". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville\". PR Newswire. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"Home | Grand Ole Opry\". Search2.opry.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014.\n\n^ Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). \"Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood\". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening\". TheBoot.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.\n\n^ \"Country Comes Home: Grand Ole Opry Announces September 28 Re-Opening of Opry House as Historic Circle of Wood is Returned To Opry Stage\". Grand Ole Opry. August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013.\n\n^ Kazin, Matthew (June 14, 2020). \"How the Grand Ole Opry kept the coronavirus from breaking a 95-year-old winning streak\". Fox Business Network. Retrieved June 15, 2020.\n\n^ \"Audience returning to Grand Ole Opry for 95th anniversary show in October\". MSN.\n\n^ \"'Opry Live' Tops Pollstar's Year-End Livestream Charts\".\n\n^ \"Blake Shelton, Brad Paisley to host Grand Ole Opry 95th anniversary special\". TODAY.com. January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Rojas, Rick (October 31, 2021). \"5,000 Shows Later, the Grand Ole Opry Is Still the Sound of Nashville\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Trigger (February 16, 2021). \"George Strait Isn't a Grand Ole Opry Member. Has He Even Played?\". Saving Country Music. Retrieved December 4, 2023.\n\n^ \"Loretta Lynn remembered during Grand Ole Opry tribute show\". www.tennessean.com. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry unveils new set while welcoming more acts than ever to stage\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ Dowling, Marcus K. \"Opry NextStage celebrates a 'vibrant, diverse future' in country music\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ \"Gary Mule Deer, Henry Cho invited to join Grand Ole Opry\". The Tennessean. Retrieved April 20, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Tune In\". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"The Opry Band\".\n\n^ Fay, Byron (March 3, 2012). \"First Televised Opry Show on PBS-March 4, 1978\". FayFare's Opry Blog. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"History of the Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"GAC's Presents Opry Live\". GAC (Great American Country). Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ a b Bouma, Luke (November 10, 2023). \"The OTA TV Network Circle Is Shutting Down & Will Be Replaced By Warner Bros. Discovery's New Network\". Cord Cutter News. Retrieved November 11, 2023.\n\n^ \"Opry Encore\". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2017.\n\n^ \"Keith Whitley to be celebrated by Garth Brooks, more, at October Opry event\". The Tennessean. Retrieved October 15, 2023.\n\n^ Kruh, Nancy (October 26, 2023). \"Jon Pardi Inducted into Grand Ole Opry by His Hero Garth Brooks\". People. Retrieved November 28, 2023.\n\n^ a b \"Four Dropped From 'Opry' To Return on Christmas\". Billboard. November 27, 1965. p. 50.\n\n^ a b Morris, Edward (April 20, 2000). \"Grand Ole Opry Looking Toward Building Its Audience\". CMT/CMT News. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ Kienzle, Richard. (2003). Southwest shuffle: pioneers of honky-tonk, Western swing, and country jazz. New York: Routledge. pp. 254-257.\n\n^ Hall, Wade. (1998). \"Pee Wee King\". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–4.\n\n^ Williams, Bill (September 30, 1967). \"Nashville Scene\". Billboard. pp. 50, 53.\n\n^ \"Yahoo! News, 1/12/07\".\n\n^ \"Stonewall Jackson's Lawsuit Against Opry Settled\" Cmt.com, October 6, 2008\n\n^ Garcia, Tony (December 4, 2021). \"Longtime country singer Stonewall Jackson dies at 89\". WSMV-TV. Retrieved December 4, 2021.\n\n^ \"'People are much too sensitive': Opinions get heated over Morgan Wallen's Opry performance\". Local 12. January 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.\n\n^ \"WSM Back in Court Again - Files 2d Suit Over Name\". Billboard. Vol. 81, no. 21. May 24, 1969. p. 51.\n\n^ \"Opry Records Sued For Infringement\". Billboard. Vol. 80, no. 50. December 14, 1968. p. 29. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ WSM v. Bailey, United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 872-3.\n\n^ WSM v. Bailey, 297 F. Supp. 870 (M.D. Tenn. 1969), at 873.\n\n^ Opryland USA, Inc. v. The Great American Music Show, Inc., 970 F.2d 847 (Fed. Cir. 1992).\n\n^ US Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, opposition number 91188534.\n\n^ Lovel, Jim (December 20, 2004). \"Cracker Barrel Reloads Marketing Arsenal\". AdWeek. Retrieved December 9, 2012.\n\n^ \"Humana becomes Grand Ole Opry sponsor\". Louisville Business First. American City Business Journals. September 6, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Health insurer Humana Inc. will try to appeal to Grand Ole Opry patrons by becoming an official sponsor of the country music venue.\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry | Sponsors\". Grand Ole Opry. January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Humana - Presenting Sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. May 8, 2023. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023. Presented by Humana\n\n^ \"Peabody Award winners 1983\". The Peabody Awards. Retrieved February 24, 2020.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Grand Ole Opry - Radio Hall of Fame\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved February 24, 2020.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Decorative brickwork at Opryland Hotel depicting Ryman Auditorium with Minnie Pearl and Roy Acuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Signs welcoming motorists to Nashville on all major roadways include the phrase \"Home of the Grand Ole Opry\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg/150px-Davidson_Co_Tennessee_Road_Sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hillsboro Theatre (now the Belcourt Theatre), home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1934 to 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DSCF9014-crop1.jpg/220px-DSCF9014-crop1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The War Memorial Auditorium, home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1939 to 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WMA_plaza.jpg/220px-WMA_plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roy Acuff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG/90px-Roy_Acuff_1950.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ryman Auditorium, the \"Mother Church of Country Music\", home of the Grand Ole Opry from 1943 to 1974, and seasonally since 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rymanauditorium1.jpg/150px-Rymanauditorium1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry_House_2022e.png"},{"image_text":"Grand Ole Opry logo used from 2005 to 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png/220px-Grand_Ole_Opry_Logo_2005.png"},{"image_text":"Dolly Parton at the Opry in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg/200px-Dolly_parton_grand_ole_opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddie Stubbs announcing for the Opry in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg/200px-Eddie_Stubbs_at_the_Grand_Ole_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"New members are invited to join the Opry by other members. Here, Mel Tillis (right) receives his Opry induction offer from Bill Anderson, 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_%283460914437%29.jpg/180px-Mel_Tillis_Asked_to_Join_Opry_%283460914437%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeannie Seely (pictured at the Opry in 2012) has made the most appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, inducted as a member in 1967, she has made over 5,000 appearances on the Opry, more than anyone else.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg/180px-Jeannie_Seely_at_the_Opry.jpg"},{"image_text":"June Carter Cash at the Opry in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg/220px-Grand_ole_opry_1999.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Country Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association"},{"title":"Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"title":"Music & the Spoken Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_the_Spoken_Word"},{"title":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}]
|
[{"reference":"Littleton, Cynthia (April 4, 2022). \"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/grand-ole-opry-sale-nbcuniversal-1235224437/","url_text":"\"'Grand Ole Opry' Owner Sells Minority Stake to Atairos and NBCUniversal for Nearly $300 Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Music & the Spoken Word\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiohalloffame.com/music-the-spoken-word","url_text":"\"Music & the Spoken Word\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Radio_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"National Radio Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Ole Opry\". National Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017. radio's longest-running musical program","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052412/http://www.radiohof.org/grand_ole_opry.htm","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""},{"url":"http://www.radiohof.org/grand_ole_opry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Opry\". Grand Ole Opry. Gaylord Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160727231806/http://www.opry.com/about/index.html","url_text":"\"About The Opry\""},{"url":"http://opry.com/about/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Music/Grand Ole Opry\". The Radio Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080908041736/http://www.radiohof.org/music/grandoleopry.html","url_text":"\"Music/Grand Ole Opry\""},{"url":"http://www.radiohof.org/music/grandoleopry.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Ole Opry\". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press. Retrieved January 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/arts/performing/pop-jazz/grand-ole-opry","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country Music History\". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Country Music Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101103142812/http://countrymusichalloffame.org/grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"\"Country Music History\""},{"url":"http://www.countrymusichalloffame.org/grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous\". Grand Ole Opry. Retrieved March 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opry.com/our-story/","url_text":"\"Our Story - The Show that Made Country Music Famous\""}]},{"reference":"Tassin, Myron (1975), Fifty Years at the Grand Ole Opry (1st ed.), Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-0882890890","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0882890890","url_text":"978-0882890890"}]},{"reference":"\"Deford Bailey\". Country Music Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002317/https://countrymusichalloffame.org/artist/deford-bailey/","url_text":"\"Deford Bailey\""},{"url":"https://countrymusichalloffame.org/artist/deford-bailey/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues\". NPR. November 20, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1114520","url_text":"\"Lost and Found Sound: The Pan American Blues\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'\". USA Today. October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/10/02/things-know-grand-ole-opry/73244698/","url_text":"\"10 things to know about the 'Grand Ole Opry'\""}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ken (September 2019). \"Country Music (The Sons and Daughters of America)\". PBS.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"Oermann, Robert K.; Bufwack, Mary A. (2003). Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000. Nashville, TN: The Country Music Press & Vanderbilt University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-8265-1432-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/findinghervoicew0000bufw","url_text":"Finding Her Voice: Women in Country Music: 1800–2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8265-1432-4","url_text":"0-8265-1432-4"}]},{"reference":"Windsor, Pam. \"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\". Forbes. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamwindsor/2022/09/19/country-singer-jeannie-seely-honored-for-55-years-as-a-member-of-the-grand-ole-opry/","url_text":"\"Country Singer Jeannie Seely Honored For 55 Years As A Member Of The Grand Ole Opry\""}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529540-1-X","url_text":"0-9529540-1-X"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Michael. (2005). I Just Want to Be a Cosmic Cowboy.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (2003). Sweetheart of the Rodeo: Legacy Edition (2003 CD liner notes).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402195728/http://tn.gov/environment/history/docs/national-register_grand-ole-opry.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Grand Ole Opry House\""},{"url":"http://tn.gov/environment/history/docs/national-register_grand-ole-opry.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Escott, Colin (February 28, 2009). The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken. Center Street. ISBN 9781599952482. Retrieved August 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Escott","url_text":"Escott, Colin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vMZPXcMxD28C&pg=PT238","url_text":"The Grand Ole Opry: The Making of an American Icon - Colin Escott - Google Boeken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599952482","url_text":"9781599952482"}]},{"reference":"\"Theme Park Timelines\". Timelines.home.insightbb.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904124044/http://timelines.home.insightbb.com/ol_years.htm","url_text":"\"Theme Park Timelines\""},{"url":"http://timelines.home.insightbb.com/ol_years.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Loran (January 24, 2013). \"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\". The News-Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205045214/http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-01-24/Opinions/A_visit_to_the_Grand_Ole_Opry_brings_precious_memo.html?print=1","url_text":"\"A visit to the Grand Ole Opry brings precious memories\""},{"url":"http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-01-24/Opinions/A_visit_to_the_Grand_Ole_Opry_brings_precious_memo.html?print=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mall has grand opening plans\". Tennessean. May 9, 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/109026681","url_text":"\"Mall has grand opening plans\""}]},{"reference":"Mayor, Alan (2014). The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1466885677.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1jGlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA77","url_text":"The Nashville Family Album: A Country Music Scrapbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466885677","url_text":"978-1466885677"}]},{"reference":"\"GMA Dove Awards\". Tennessean. October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/10/14/gma-dove-awards-what-expect-during-50th-anniversary-show/3774880002/","url_text":"\"GMA Dove Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\". Nashville.com. December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashville.com/wills-invited-to-join-the-opry-capps-celebrates-60/","url_text":"\"Wills Invited To Join The Opry, Capps Celebrates 60\""}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press, USA. January 4, 2012. p. 444. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tLZz02EzmBYC&pg=PA444","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Country Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992083-9","url_text":"978-0-19-992083-9"}]},{"reference":"Fay, Byron (January 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998\". Fayfare's Opry Blog. Retrieved June 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fayfare.blogspot.com/2010/01/grand-ole-opry-ryman-reunion.html","url_text":"\"Grand Ole Opry Ryman Reunion Celebration-October 18, 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville\". PR Newswire. May 13, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-grinch-to-steal-christmas-in-nashville-300083073.html","url_text":"\"The Grinch to Steal Christmas in Nashville\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Grand Ole Opry\". Search2.opry.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100107085827/http://search2.opry.com/?view=events","url_text":"\"Home | Grand Ole Opry\""},{"url":"http://search2.opry.com/?view=events","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Peter (May 10, 2010). \"Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood\". USA Today. Retrieved June 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-05-10-opry10_ST_N.htm","url_text":"\"Opry House's famed circle stays center stage after flood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Vernell (August 25, 2010). \"Grand Ole Opry Floor Restored for September 28 Reopening\". TheBoot.com. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRTO
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VRTO
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["1 VRTO 2016","2 VRTO 2017","3 VRTO 2018","4 VRTO 2019","5 VRTO 2020","6 VRTO 2021","7 VRTO 2022","8 VRTO 2023","9 References"]
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International exhibition and professional conference
VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & ExpoFrequencyAnnuallyLocation(s)Toronto, CanadaMost recent2015PeopleKeram Malicki-SanchezWebsiteconference.virtualreality.to
VRTO (Virtual Reality Toronto) was founded in 2015 by Keram Malicki-Sánchez as a Meetup group dedicated to virtual reality in Toronto. In June 2016, VRTO launched the VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo, a professional event focused on exploring arts, culture, and science through immersive technologies.
Its inaugural year – held at the Mattamy Centre (better known as Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Canada) – it featured keynotes from University of Toronto Professor Steve Mann, Hollywood film director Brett Leonard – director of The Lawnmower Man, Chief Digital Officer Ana Serrano of the Canadian Film Centre and Phil Lelyveld of USC.
The opening year featured a keynote, town hall and discussion panel around creating a Code of Ethics for Humanistic Augmentation also known as the HACode or The Toronto Code.
In 2016 and 2017 the show was co-produced by Jessy Blaze and Chrissy Aitchison. In 2018 and 2019 it was produced by Stephanie Greenall, Aitchison and Melanie Smith. Longtime collaborator Joshua Miles Joudrie served as a key production consultant.
VRTO 2016
The conference, in its inaugural year welcomed 800 attendees and 64 speakers from Toronto, Montreal and Los Angeles, and featured over 20 companies working in the development of virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality in addition to training sessions dedicated to the creation of 360 video, game development, photogrammetry and WebVR. The conference featured a preview of the FIVARS Festival of International Virtual & Augmented Reality Stories.
The conference featured a workshop titled The Hacker's Guide to the Metaverse that taught programming WebVR using the JanusVR open source platform.
VRTO 2017
The largest conference dedicated on virtual and augmented reality in Canada, the sophomore year featured 100 speakers and 60 installations. The second year of the VRTO Conference & Expo in 2017 was staged at the Rogers Communications Centre on the Ryerson University campus in downtown Toronto June 24–26 with the theme of "Giants" based on the quote by Sir Isaac Newton: "“If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants.”
Keynote speakers included Stanford neuroscientist Professor Walter Greenleaf, Ph.D., Graham Smith, David A. Smith, Dr. Sara Diamond - President of OCAD University, Moses Znaimer, Charlie Fink, Dr. Karan Singh and James McCrae - founders of JanusVR and additional live interviews with Steve Mann, and Tim Merel among others.
Several panels, under the banner of "Super Sessions" featured leaders in the field of Virtual & Augmented Reality, health sciences (Dr. Lora Appel, Dr. Tom Overly, Dr. Stephane Bouchard), "Out-of-Home" entertainment (James Jensen of THE VOID, Eyal Kleiner of IMAX, Ed Callway of AMD).
The show was also the launchpad for various products and initiatives, including the Canadian Film Centre's Pulse on VR "living ecosystem" report on the Virtual Reality industry, the Webmoti camera that mitigates social anxiety for children with autism who wish to participate in the classroom, and the Somato Cherry haptic wireless virtual reality controller.
Themed pavilions were co-curated between Malicki-Sanchez and specialists in their respective fields, including Dr. Maria Karam (somatosensory pavilion), Ian Kelso (augmented reality conference track), Isaac Rayment (augmented reality "ARt Gallery") that featured early augmented reality artists Zenka, Daniel Leighton, Alex Mayhew, Dan Goldman, among others.
VRTO 2018
VRTO 2018 shifted its lens to psychedelia, esoterica, philosophy and phenomenology and how they relate to experiential design, blockchain and Visual Effects. It featured speakers such as Steve "Spaz" Williams (the VFX wizard behind the films The Mask, The Abyss and Jurassic Park), Philip Rosedale (creator of Linden Labs and Second Life), and Brett Leonard, along with 85 other leaders of the VR industry. In its third year, the event added an extra day of conferences, workshops and training. The exhibits featured numerous startup companies in the Ideaboost incubator in partnership with the Canadian Film Centre.
VRTO 2019
This year, the conference moved to a new location – the Toronto Media Arts Centre. The 2019 conference shifted focus onto a recalibration for the spatialized technologies industry as a whole and added various notable authors to the lineup, including bestselling author Blake Harris "The History of the Future," and Douglas Rushkoff "Team Human." Other notable speakers included Sarah Vicks from Intel Studios and Olivier Asselin from Ubisoft who spoke about volumetric video and VR locomotion, respectively, and Amelia Winger-Bearskin, YouTube phenom syrmor made an in-person appearance, and panels on e-Sports, inclusivity, and a live game show featuring Blair Renaud, and Andre Elijah about game development.
VRTO 2020
With the social and global effects of the COVID-19 pandemic many conferences were forced to adapt or close down. The VRTO conference moved online for its 5th anniversary, forming a multiplatform, multimodal experience founder Malicki-Sanchez termed "The Flotilla," that had a 30-day run spanning June 6 to July 6. It used a video-streaming conference app, the Mozilla Hubs web VR platform running custom code on the Amazon Web Services cloud, the Discord\platform, and hosted a micro summit on accessibility. The conference also featured contributions from JanusVR and Rochester Institute of Technology. Podcaster Kent Bye wrote a phenomenological journal of his experience and stated that "VRToronto is doing a lot of pioneering work in making their conference more accessible.". The show was co-produced by Stephanie Greenall.
VRTO 2021
For the second year in a row, and due to the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic VRTO was hosted wholly in WebXR. "The Flotilla" continued to be a junction to link various virtual world platforms together. In the 2021 event this included links to various virtual world platforms along with the Dyscorpia Project spearheaded by international media artist Marilene Oliver and her fellows at the University of Alberta.
Besides these virtual spaces the conference hosted an extensive seven-day lineup of panels and presentations that included developer talks around game development, virtual production, Esports, accessibility and inclusion, volumetric capture, the arts, medical applications, enterprise, and data analysis, and featured a daily live talkshow hosted from within the virtual world by host Max Noir. The event also featured a live performance workshop that was streamed to attendees and culminated in a live virtual performance operated by Dasha Kittredge and Ari Tarr that was also viewable via VR, on mobile and desktop devices. The show was reviewed positively in VRTrend magazine.
The show was nominated for World of the Year at the 2021 Poly Awards.
VRTO 2022
VRTO returned to being a live and in-person event in 2022, taking place at OCAD University. The event was produced by Keram Malicki-Sanchez and associate producer Aimee Reynolds. The marketing campaign featured muppets created using GAN-created images with the Midjourney AI platform. Its new tagline was "Where Fresh Ideas Are Born." The 2-day conference featured speakers including Dr. Alexis Morris (OCAD), Lee Vermeulen, who presented how he was using GPT-3 to make NPCs talk inside of his world designs, Dario Laverde HTC Vive presented their Mars home Virtual Production technology, Justin Cathcart (Dark Slope) demonstrated their VR-based television sports series for adolescents, and the lead team of virtual production from VFX studio Pixomondo, who shared secrets behind the creation of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds and Star Trek: Discovery.
The show focused on the way spatial media was reaching critical mass in affecting media creation and featuring talks about live VR theater performance, Hyperreality TV, natural-language Holodecks, and next-gen haptic technology. The event drew over 200 attendees from across North America.
The Pixomondo Toronto Virtual Production and VFX team super session at VRTO 2022
VRTO 2023
VRTO moved to the OCAD University waterfront location in 2023 and featured over 50 speakers. It included a summit on live virtual reality performers, which was the first time many virtual reality actors from different troupes were together in one place. These actors included Whitton Frank (The Under Presents, Ferryman Collective), Ari Tarr, Mandy Canales, Alex Coulombe, Debbie Deer, Nicole Rigo, and Jake Runeckles. The keynote was delivered by Amanda Watson, who invented the Air Link technology used in the Meta Quest. Other notable attendees included Dr. Thomas A. Furness III, and Kyle Chivers - CEO of BLockade Labs. Panels included discussion on the intersection of game development and AI, and the future of XR in education.
References
^ Mattamy Athletic Centre Box Office
^ Kurzweil AI Code of Ethics on Human Augmentation: the three ‘Laws’
^ "VRTO Spearheads Code of Ethics on Human Augmentation". VRFocus. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ "Toronto Arts and Events". torontoartsandevents.com. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ ‘Lawnmower Man’ Director Brett Leonard and Meta’s Steve Mann Keynote VRTO Conference
^ "VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo 2016". fashionecstasy.com. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Yahoo Finance Toronto VR Expo explores a Canadian-wide collaboration with Montreal technology leaders
^ "FIVARS at VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo!". FIVARS. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ FORBES: "VR Toronto Hand Made and Well Done"
^ "VR Toronto Hand Made and Well Done". Forbes.
^ , Toronto is ready to Host VRTO 2017 –A Major VR & AR World Conference & Expo
^
^ CFC MEDIA LAB BRINGS IDEABOOST TO VRTO
^ "Mississauga resident behind Virtual Reality Toronto 2020 conference". Mississauga News.
^ "A Virtual Reality Congress in Virtual Reality". CBC Radio-Canada.
^ "VRTO 2020 The Flotilla: La expo sobre la realidad virtual regresa por 5to año a Toronto". TorontoHispano.
^ "Congrats to the Fullbloom Team". @RIT_artdesign on Twitter June 11, 2020.
^ "Kent Bye on Twitter, June 8th 2020".
^ Future Intersection of the Body and Technology https://www.dyscorpia.com/vrto-presentation
^ The Poly Awards 2021 Nominees and Winners | https://thepolys.com/the-polys-webxr-awards/2021-winners/
^ "Kent Bye (verified account) Loving the use of AI-generated photos to promote the next VRTO, Twitter, June 7, 2022".
^ "This Week In XR: Animoca Backs Two Web3 Game Worlds, Ball's "Metaverse" Book Reviewed, FORBES, Jul 7, 2022".
^ "VRTO 2023, Toronto Arts & Events, Aug 6, 2022".
|
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Smith, Dr. Sara Diamond - President of OCAD University, Moses Znaimer, Charlie Fink,[10] Dr. Karan Singh and James McCrae - founders of JanusVR and additional live interviews with Steve Mann, and Tim Merel among others.[11]Several panels, under the banner of \"Super Sessions\" featured leaders in the field of Virtual & Augmented Reality, health sciences (Dr. Lora Appel, Dr. Tom Overly, Dr. Stephane Bouchard), \"Out-of-Home\" entertainment (James Jensen of THE VOID, Eyal Kleiner of IMAX, Ed Callway of AMD).The show was also the launchpad for various products and initiatives, including the Canadian Film Centre's Pulse on VR \"living ecosystem\" report on the Virtual Reality industry, the Webmoti camera that mitigates social anxiety for children with autism who wish to participate in the classroom, and the Somato Cherry[12] haptic wireless virtual reality controller.Themed pavilions were co-curated between Malicki-Sanchez and specialists in their respective fields, including Dr. Maria Karam (somatosensory pavilion), Ian Kelso (augmented reality conference track), Isaac Rayment (augmented reality \"ARt Gallery\") that featured early augmented reality artists Zenka, Daniel Leighton, Alex Mayhew, Dan Goldman, among others.","title":"VRTO 2017"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelia"},{"link_name":"esoterica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_esotericism"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"Visual Effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Effects"},{"link_name":"Steve \"Spaz\" Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Williams_(animator)"},{"link_name":"The Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"The Abyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abyss"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)"},{"link_name":"Philip Rosedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rosedale"},{"link_name":"Second Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Life"},{"link_name":"Brett Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_photograph_of_Virtual_Reality_presenters_from_the_2018_VRTO_World_Conference_%26_Expo,_at_Ryerson_University,_Toronto,_Canada.jpg"}],"text":"VRTO 2018 shifted its lens to psychedelia, esoterica, philosophy and phenomenology and how they relate to experiential design, blockchain and Visual Effects. It featured speakers such as Steve \"Spaz\" Williams (the VFX wizard behind the films The Mask, The Abyss and Jurassic Park), Philip Rosedale (creator of Linden Labs and Second Life), and Brett Leonard, along with 85 other leaders of the VR industry. In its third year, the event added an extra day of conferences, workshops and training. The exhibits featured numerous startup companies in the Ideaboost incubator in partnership with the Canadian Film Centre.[13]","title":"VRTO 2018"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blake Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_J._Harris"},{"link_name":"Douglas Rushkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"volumetric video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_video"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"game development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_development"}],"text":"This year, the conference moved to a new location – the Toronto Media Arts Centre. The 2019 conference shifted focus onto a recalibration for the spatialized technologies industry as a whole and added various notable authors to the lineup, including bestselling author Blake Harris \"The History of the Future,\" and Douglas Rushkoff \"Team Human.\" Other notable speakers included Sarah Vicks from Intel Studios and Olivier Asselin from Ubisoft who spoke about volumetric video and VR locomotion, respectively, and Amelia Winger-Bearskin, YouTube phenom syrmor made an in-person appearance, and panels on e-Sports, inclusivity, and a live game show featuring Blair Renaud, and Andre Elijah about game development.","title":"VRTO 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mozilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"},{"link_name":"Amazon Web Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services"},{"link_name":"Discord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord_(software)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"JanusVR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JanusVR"},{"link_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kent Bye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Bye"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"With the social and global effects of the COVID-19 pandemic many conferences were forced to adapt or close down. The VRTO conference moved online for its 5th anniversary, forming a multiplatform, multimodal experience founder Malicki-Sanchez termed \"The Flotilla,\" that had a 30-day run spanning June 6 to July 6.[14] It used a video-streaming conference app, the Mozilla Hubs web VR platform running custom code on the Amazon Web Services cloud, the Discord\\platform, and hosted a micro summit on accessibility.[15][16] The conference also featured contributions from JanusVR and Rochester Institute of Technology.[17] Podcaster Kent Bye wrote a phenomenological journal of his experience and stated that \"VRToronto is doing a lot of pioneering work in making their conference more accessible.\".[18] The show was co-produced by Stephanie Greenall.","title":"VRTO 2020"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"Marilene Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilene_Oliver"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Esports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"talkshow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkshow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"For the second year in a row, and due to the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic VRTO was hosted wholly in WebXR. \"The Flotilla\" continued to be a junction to link various virtual world platforms together. In the 2021 event this included links to various virtual world platforms along with the Dyscorpia Project spearheaded by international media artist Marilene Oliver and her fellows at the University of Alberta.[19]Besides these virtual spaces the conference hosted an extensive seven-day lineup of panels and presentations that included developer talks around game development, virtual production, Esports, accessibility and inclusion, volumetric capture, the arts, medical applications, enterprise, and data analysis, and featured a daily live talkshow hosted from within the virtual world by host Max Noir. The event also featured a live performance workshop that was streamed to attendees and culminated in a live virtual performance operated by Dasha Kittredge and Ari Tarr that was also viewable via VR, on mobile and desktop devices. The show was reviewed positively in VRTrend magazine.The show was nominated for World of the Year at the 2021 Poly Awards.[20]","title":"VRTO 2021"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCAD University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCAD_University"},{"link_name":"Keram Malicki-Sanchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keram_Malicki-Sanchez"},{"link_name":"muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppets"},{"link_name":"GAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network"},{"link_name":"Midjourney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"},{"link_name":"virtual production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_production"},{"link_name":"VFX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFX"},{"link_name":"Pixomondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixomondo"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Strange New Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Strange_New_Worlds"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery"},{"link_name":"natural-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-language"},{"link_name":"Holodecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodeck"},{"link_name":"haptic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pixomondo_at_VRTO_2022.jpg"}],"text":"VRTO returned to being a live and in-person event in 2022, taking place at OCAD University. The event was produced by Keram Malicki-Sanchez and associate producer Aimee Reynolds. The marketing campaign featured muppets created using GAN-created images with the Midjourney AI platform.[21] Its new tagline was \"Where Fresh Ideas Are Born.\" The 2-day conference featured speakers including Dr. Alexis Morris (OCAD), Lee Vermeulen, who presented how he was using GPT-3 to make NPCs talk inside of his world designs, Dario Laverde HTC Vive presented their Mars home Virtual Production technology, Justin Cathcart (Dark Slope) demonstrated their VR-based television sports series for adolescents, and the lead team of virtual production from VFX studio Pixomondo, who shared secrets behind the creation of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds and Star Trek: Discovery.The show focused on the way spatial media was reaching critical mass in affecting media creation and featuring talks about live VR theater performance, Hyperreality TV, natural-language Holodecks, and next-gen haptic technology.[22] The event drew over 200 attendees from across North America.The Pixomondo Toronto Virtual Production and VFX team super session at VRTO 2022","title":"VRTO 2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meta Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Quest"},{"link_name":"Thomas A. Furness III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Furness_III"},{"link_name":"XR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_reality"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"VRTO moved to the OCAD University waterfront location in 2023 and featured over 50 speakers. It included a summit on live virtual reality performers, which was the first time many virtual reality actors from different troupes were together in one place. These actors included Whitton Frank (The Under Presents, Ferryman Collective), Ari Tarr, Mandy Canales, Alex Coulombe, Debbie Deer, Nicole Rigo, and Jake Runeckles. The keynote was delivered by Amanda Watson, who invented the Air Link technology used in the Meta Quest. Other notable attendees included Dr. Thomas A. Furness III, and Kyle Chivers - CEO of BLockade Labs. Panels included discussion on the intersection of game development and AI, and the future of XR in education.[23]","title":"VRTO 2023"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/A_photograph_of_Virtual_Reality_presenters_from_the_2018_VRTO_World_Conference_%26_Expo%2C_at_Ryerson_University%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-A_photograph_of_Virtual_Reality_presenters_from_the_2018_VRTO_World_Conference_%26_Expo%2C_at_Ryerson_University%2C_Toronto%2C_Canada.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pixomondo Toronto Virtual Production and VFX team super session at VRTO 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pixomondo_at_VRTO_2022.jpg/220px-Pixomondo_at_VRTO_2022.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"VRTO Spearheads Code of Ethics on Human Augmentation\". VRFocus. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrfocus.com/2016/07/vrto-spearheads-code-of-ethics-on-human-augmentation/","url_text":"\"VRTO Spearheads Code of Ethics on Human Augmentation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Arts and Events\". torontoartsandevents.com. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://torontoartsandevents.com/index.php/events/viewArticle/135","url_text":"\"Toronto Arts and Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo 2016\". fashionecstasy.com. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fashionecstasy.com/vrto-virtual-augmented-reality-world-conference-expo-2016/","url_text":"\"VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIVARS at VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo!\". FIVARS. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fivars.net/news/fivars-vrto-virtual-augmented-reality-world-conference-expo/","url_text":"\"FIVARS at VRTO Virtual & Augmented Reality World Conference & Expo!\""}]},{"reference":"\"VR Toronto Hand Made and Well Done\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/charliefink/2017/07/08/vr-toronto-hand-made-and-well-done","url_text":"\"VR Toronto Hand Made and Well Done\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"\"Mississauga resident behind Virtual Reality Toronto 2020 conference\". Mississauga News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mississauga.com/news-story/10057229-mississauga-resident-behind-virtual-reality-toronto-2020-conference/","url_text":"\"Mississauga resident behind Virtual Reality Toronto 2020 conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Virtual Reality Congress in Virtual Reality\". CBC Radio-Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/ohdio/recherche/produits/emissions/enfin-samedi/episodes/464461/rattrapage-du-samedi-30-mai-2020/21","url_text":"\"A Virtual Reality Congress in Virtual Reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"VRTO 2020 The Flotilla: La expo sobre la realidad virtual regresa por 5to año a Toronto\". TorontoHispano.","urls":[{"url":"https://toronto.hispanocity.com/publicacion/vrto-2020-the-flotilla-la-expo-sobre-la-realidad-virtual-regresa-por-5to-ano","url_text":"\"VRTO 2020 The Flotilla: La expo sobre la realidad virtual regresa por 5to año a Toronto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Congrats to the Fullbloom Team\". @RIT_artdesign on Twitter June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/RIT_artdesign/status/1271096806248718336","url_text":"\"Congrats to the Fullbloom Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Bye on Twitter, June 8th 2020\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1270125774582890496","url_text":"\"Kent Bye on Twitter, June 8th 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kent Bye (verified account) Loving the use of AI-generated photos to promote the next VRTO, Twitter, June 7, 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1534360995866583040","url_text":"\"Kent Bye (verified account) Loving the use of AI-generated photos to promote the next VRTO, Twitter, June 7, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Week In XR: Animoca Backs Two Web3 Game Worlds, Ball's \"Metaverse\" Book Reviewed, FORBES, Jul 7, 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/charliefink/2022/07/07/this-week-in-xr-amioca-backs-two-web3-game-worlds-balls-metaverse-book-reviewed/?sh=52105c5a142a","url_text":"\"This Week In XR: Animoca Backs Two Web3 Game Worlds, Ball's \"Metaverse\" Book Reviewed, FORBES, Jul 7, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"VRTO 2023, Toronto Arts & Events, Aug 6, 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.torontoartsandevents.com/business/vrto-2023/","url_text":"\"VRTO 2023, Toronto Arts & Events, Aug 6, 2022\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenice_nad_Lipou
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Kamenice nad Lipou
|
["1 Administrative parts","2 Geography","3 History","4 Demographics","5 Transport","6 Sights","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°18′11″N 15°4′31″E / 49.30306°N 15.07528°E / 49.30306; 15.07528Town in Vysočina, Czech RepublicKamenice nad LipouTownTenement houses at the town square
FlagCoat of armsKamenice nad LipouLocation in the Czech RepublicCoordinates: 49°18′11″N 15°4′31″E / 49.30306°N 15.07528°E / 49.30306; 15.07528Country Czech RepublicRegionVysočinaDistrictPelhřimovFirst mentioned1267Government • MayorTomáš TesařArea • Total31.54 km2 (12.18 sq mi)Elevation563 m (1,847 ft)Population (2023-01-01) • Total3,720 • Density120/km2 (310/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code394 70Websitewww.kamenicenl.cz
Kamenice nad Lipou (Czech pronunciation: ; German: Kamnitz an der Linde) is a town in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.
Administrative parts
Čsl. armády Square
The villages of Antonka, Březí, Gabrielka, Johanka, Nová Ves, Pravíkov and Vodná are administrative parts of Kamenice nad Lipou.
Geography
Kamenice nad Lipou is located about 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Pelhřimov and 38 km (24 mi) west of Jihlava. It lies in the Křemešník Highlands. The highest point is at 682 m (2,238 ft) above sea level. The Kamenice River flows through the town. The area is rich in small fishponds.
History
The first written mention of Kamenice is from 1267. It was founded as a settlement below a castle in the early 13th century. In honor of a linden tree planted in the castle garden in 1248, the settlement added nad Lipou (meaning "above a linden tree") into its name.
Kamenice nad Lipou regularly changed its owners, who belonged more to the lower nobles. Notable was the rule of Jan of Šelmberk in 1476–1497, during which Kamenice obtained various rights and privileges, and the Malovec family, which had the Gothic castle rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1580–1583. In 1623, the manor was bought by the family of Paradies of Escheide, which owned it for 70 years and oppressed the inhabitants and deprived the town of its privileges.
The town economically prospered in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the first half of the 18th century, silver and iron ores were mined and subsequently hammer mills were founded. In 1839, a wool classing workshop was set up in one of the castle's wings. In 1875, glassworks replaced the hammer mills. In 1906, the narrow-gauge railway was built.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%18693,663— 18803,546−3.2%18903,329−6.1%19003,265−1.9%19103,369+3.2%YearPop.±%19213,194−5.2%19302,948−7.7%19502,958+0.3%19613,149+6.5%19703,451+9.6%YearPop.±%19803,951+14.5%19914,202+6.4%20014,220+0.4%20113,893−7.7%20213,603−7.4%Source: Censuses
Transport
The I/34 road (part of the European route E551, the section from Jindřichův Hradec to Pelhřimov) passes through the municipal territory.
Kamenice nad Lipou is located on a narrow-gauge railway leading from Jindřichův Hradec to Obrataň. It is operated by Jindřichohradecké místní dráhy company. It serves mostly as a tourist attraction.
Sights
Kamenice nad Lipou Castle
The most notable sight is the Kamenice nad Lipou Castle. Its current appearance is from 1842, when it was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style. Today it is owned by the Museum of Applied Arts in Prague, which has a depository here, and an exhibition for the public. The southern wing serves as the town museum. The castle includes an English park. The 700–800 years old linden tree after which the town was named is still in the park.
The Church of All Saints is a Renaissance building with a Gothic core. The tower was added in the 17th century.
Notable people
Vítězslav Novák (1870–1949), composer
Ella Tvrdková (1878–1918), opera singer
See also
100728 Kamenice n Lipou, an asteroid named in honor of the town
References
^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.
^ a b c "Historický vývoj Kamenice nad Lipou" (in Czech). Město Kamenice nad Lipou. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^ "Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 7–8.
^ "Population Census 2021: Population by sex". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.
^ "Zámek" (in Czech). Město Kamenice nad Lipou. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^ "Kostel Všech svatých se zvonicí" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kamenice nad Lipou.
Official website
vteTowns, market towns and villages of Pelhřimov District
Arneštovice
Bácovice
Bělá
Bohdalín
Bořetice
Bořetín
Božejov
Bratřice
Budíkov
Buřenice
Bystrá
Čáslavsko
Častrov
Čejov
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Černovice
Červená Řečice
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Chýstovice
Chyšná
Čížkov
Dehtáře
Dobrá Voda
Dobrá Voda u Pacova
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Eš
Hojanovice
Hojovice
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Horní Cerekev
Horní Rápotice
Horní Ves
Humpolec
Jankov
Ježov
Jiřice
Kaliště
Kámen
Kamenice nad Lipou
Kejžlice
Koberovice
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Komorovice
Košetice
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Křešín
Leskovice
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Libkova Voda
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Martinice u Onšova
Mezilesí
Mezná
Mladé Bříště
Mnich
Moraveč
Mysletín
Nová Buková
Nová Cerekev
Nový Rychnov
Obrataň
Olešná
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Pacov
Pavlov
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Píšť
Počátky
Polesí
Pošná
Proseč
Proseč pod Křemešníkem
Putimov
Řečice
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Rovná
Rynárec
Salačova Lhota
Samšín
Sedlice
Senožaty
Staré Bříště
Stojčín
Střítež
Střítež pod Křemešníkem
Svépravice
Syrov
Těchobuz
Těmice
Ústrašín
Útěchovice
Útěchovice pod Stražištěm
Útěchovičky
Včelnička
Velká Chyška
Velký Rybník
Veselá
Věžná
Vojslavice
Vokov
Vyklantice
Vyskytná
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Zhořec
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Žirovnice
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Authority control databases National
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Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkamɛɲɪtsɛ ˈnad lɪpou]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Pelhřimov District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelh%C5%99imov_District"},{"link_name":"Vysočina Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyso%C4%8Dina_Region"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"urban monument zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_monument_(Czech_Republic)#Monument_zones"}],"text":"Town in Vysočina, Czech RepublicKamenice nad Lipou (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkamɛɲɪtsɛ ˈnad lɪpou]; German: Kamnitz an der Linde) is a town in Pelhřimov District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.","title":"Kamenice nad Lipou"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamenice_nad_Lipou,_%C4%8Csl._arm%C3%A1dy_sq.jpg"}],"text":"Čsl. armády SquareThe villages of Antonka, Březí, Gabrielka, Johanka, Nová Ves, Pravíkov and Vodná are administrative parts of Kamenice nad Lipou.","title":"Administrative parts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelhřimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelh%C5%99imov"},{"link_name":"Jihlava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihlava"},{"link_name":"Křemešník Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99eme%C5%A1n%C3%ADk_Highlands"}],"text":"Kamenice nad Lipou is located about 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Pelhřimov and 38 km (24 mi) west of Jihlava. It lies in the Křemešník Highlands. The highest point is at 682 m (2,238 ft) above sea level. The Kamenice River flows through the town. The area is rich in small fishponds.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"hammer mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_mill"},{"link_name":"wool classing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_classing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"The first written mention of Kamenice is from 1267. It was founded as a settlement below a castle in the early 13th century. In honor of a linden tree planted in the castle garden in 1248, the settlement added nad Lipou (meaning \"above a linden tree\") into its name.[2]Kamenice nad Lipou regularly changed its owners, who belonged more to the lower nobles. Notable was the rule of Jan of Šelmberk in 1476–1497, during which Kamenice obtained various rights and privileges, and the Malovec family, which had the Gothic castle rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1580–1583. In 1623, the manor was bought by the family of Paradies of Escheide, which owned it for 70 years and oppressed the inhabitants and deprived the town of its privileges.[2]The town economically prospered in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the first half of the 18th century, silver and iron ores were mined and subsequently hammer mills were founded. In 1839, a wool classing workshop was set up in one of the castle's wings. In 1875, glassworks replaced the hammer mills. In 1906, the narrow-gauge railway was built.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European route E551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E551"},{"link_name":"Jindřichův Hradec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich%C5%AFv_Hradec"},{"link_name":"Pelhřimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelh%C5%99imov"},{"link_name":"narrow-gauge railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"Obrataň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrata%C5%88"},{"link_name":"Jindřichohradecké místní dráhy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ichohradeck%C3%A9_m%C3%ADstn%C3%AD_dr%C3%A1hy"}],"text":"The I/34 road (part of the European route E551, the section from Jindřichův Hradec to Pelhřimov) passes through the municipal territory.Kamenice nad Lipou is located on a narrow-gauge railway leading from Jindřichův Hradec to Obrataň. It is operated by Jindřichohradecké místní dráhy company. It serves mostly as a tourist attraction.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamenice_nad_Lipou_(z%C3%A1mek)_(001).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamenice nad Lipou Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_at_Kamenice_nad_Lipou"},{"link_name":"English park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Kamenice nad Lipou CastleThe most notable sight is the Kamenice nad Lipou Castle. Its current appearance is from 1842, when it was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style. Today it is owned by the Museum of Applied Arts in Prague, which has a depository here, and an exhibition for the public. The southern wing serves as the town museum. The castle includes an English park. The 700–800 years old linden tree after which the town was named is still in the park.[5]The Church of All Saints is a Renaissance building with a Gothic core. The tower was added in the 17th century.[6]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vítězslav Novák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzslav_Nov%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Ella Tvrdková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Tvrdkov%C3%A1"}],"text":"Vítězslav Novák (1870–1949), composer\nElla Tvrdková (1878–1918), opera singer","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Čsl. armády Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kamenice_nad_Lipou%2C_%C4%8Csl._arm%C3%A1dy_sq.jpg/220px-Kamenice_nad_Lipou%2C_%C4%8Csl._arm%C3%A1dy_sq.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kamenice nad Lipou Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kamenice_nad_Lipou_%28z%C3%A1mek%29_%28001%29.jpg/220px-Kamenice_nad_Lipou_%28z%C3%A1mek%29_%28001%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"100728 Kamenice n Lipou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100728_Kamenice_n_Lipou"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\". Czech Statistical Office. 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","url_text":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Historický vývoj Kamenice nad Lipou\" (in Czech). Město Kamenice nad Lipou. Retrieved 2021-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/historicky%2Dvyvoj/d-77784/p1=10121","url_text":"\"Historický vývoj Kamenice nad Lipou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov\" (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. 2015-12-21. pp. 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150633.pdf/42cb0679-2d95-42c0-8702-4895f2cd1caf?version=1.2","url_text":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\". Public Database. Czech Statistical Office. 2021-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","url_text":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office","url_text":"Czech Statistical Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Zámek\" (in Czech). Město Kamenice nad Lipou. Retrieved 2021-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/zamek/d-77788/p1=10117","url_text":"\"Zámek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kostel Všech svatých se zvonicí\" (in Czech). National Heritage Institute. Retrieved 2023-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/kostel-vsech-svatych-se-zvonici-688658","url_text":"\"Kostel Všech svatých se zvonicí\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kamenice_nad_Lipou¶ms=49_18_11_N_15_4_31_E_type:city(3720)","external_links_name":"49°18′11″N 15°4′31″E / 49.30306°N 15.07528°E / 49.30306; 15.07528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kamenice_nad_Lipou¶ms=49_18_11_N_15_4_31_E_type:city(3720)","external_links_name":"49°18′11″N 15°4′31″E / 49.30306°N 15.07528°E / 49.30306; 15.07528"},{"Link":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/","external_links_name":"www.kamenicenl.cz"},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/population-of-municipalities-1-january-2023","external_links_name":"\"Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/historicky%2Dvyvoj/d-77784/p1=10121","external_links_name":"\"Historický vývoj Kamenice nad Lipou\""},{"Link":"https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20537734/130084150633.pdf/42cb0679-2d95-42c0-8702-4895f2cd1caf?version=1.2","external_links_name":"\"Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2011 – Okres Pelhřimov\""},{"Link":"https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/en/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt-parametry&z=T&f=TABULKA&sp=A&skupId=4429&katalog=33515&pvo=SLD21001-OB-OK","external_links_name":"\"Population Census 2021: Population by sex\""},{"Link":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/zamek/d-77788/p1=10117","external_links_name":"\"Zámek\""},{"Link":"https://pamatkovykatalog.cz/kostel-vsech-svatych-se-zvonici-688658","external_links_name":"\"Kostel Všech svatých se zvonicí\""},{"Link":"https://www.kamenicenl.cz/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4627486-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129515&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/dd81e143-1d25-4c30-8a63-083764c9dbd3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tully_Mountain_(Ireland)
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Tully Mountain (Ireland)
|
["1 Geography","2 Ecology","3 Archaeology","4 Conservation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°35′01.64″N 10°00′17.63″W / 53.5837889°N 10.0048972°W / 53.5837889; -10.0048972Mountain in Ireland
Tully MountainCnoc LeitreachHighest pointElevation356 m (1,168 ft)Prominence331 m (1,086 ft)Isolation6.81 km (4.23 mi) ListingMarilynCoordinates53°35′01.64″N 10°00′17.63″W / 53.5837889°N 10.0048972°W / 53.5837889; -10.0048972GeographyTully MountainCounty Galway, Ireland
OSI/OSNI gridL6727261173ClimbingEasiest routeHike
Letter Hill (Irish: Cnoc Leitreach) is a large hill near the coast to the north-west of Letterfrack in County Galway, Ireland. It is 356 m (1,168 ft) high and been listed as a Special Area of Conservation.
Geography
The 356-metre (1,168 ft) high hill is visually striking, as it stands in a prominent position on the Renvyle Peninsula between Ballinakill harbour (south), Inishbofin (west) and the Crump Island (north). The summit hosts a small cairn and offers a panoramic view of the Twelve Bens, the north Connemara and Mayo coastlines, Inishbofin and other islands. Tully Mountain, as well as Tully Lough, takes its name from Tully village, located on the north-eastern side of the mountain. The walk which leads to the summit does not require any special hiking ability.
Ecology
The mountain is composed of Dalradian schists and gneisses. The main features are rocky outcrops and upland grassland, with alpine and subalpine heaths. The lower slopes have been overgrazed by sheep and there are dense patches of bracken. The dry heath above 300 m (1,000 ft) supports juniper and bearberry with heather, bell heather, St. Dabeoc’s Heath and cross-leaved heath, and lichens and mosses, an unusual combination in the west of Ireland. There are some flattish wet grassland with soft rush, bog mosses (Sphagnum) and plants such as bladderwort, and some wet flushes, with sedges, bog mosses, bog pimpernel and sundews.
Archaeology
The area around Tully Mountain is rich in pre-historic remains like a court tomb and a stone alignment between the mountain itself and Tully Lough.
Conservation
Tully Lough and the NE slopes of the mountain have been designated as a candidate Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive. Tully Mountain has been listed as a Special Area of Conservation.
See also
List of Marilyns in Ireland
References
^ a b c "Tully Mountain". Mountain Views. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Cnoc Leitreach". Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ "Tully Mountain Climb". Walk Connemara. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ a b "Tully Mountain SAC" (PDF). Irish Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ O`Halpin, Andy; Newman, Conor (2006). Ireland. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–222.
^ "Tully Lough SAC". National Parks & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
External links
Tully Mountain walk
Media related to Tully Mountain at Wikimedia Commons
Ireland portal
vteMountains and hills of ConnachtList of mountains in IrelandAchill Island
Croaghaun
Slievemore
Dartry Mountains
Benbulbin
Tievebaun
Truskmore
Maumturks
Binn Chaonaigh
Binn idir an dá Log
Binn Mhór
Corcogemore
Knocknahillion
Lackavrea
Leenaun Hill
Letterbreckaun
Mullach Glas
Mweelrea Mountains
Mweelrea
Ben Lugmore
Nephin Range
Nephin
Nephin Beg
Birreencorragh
Corranabinnia
Slieve Carr
Ox Mountains
Knockalongy
Knocknashee
Partry Mountains
Devilsmother
Maumtrasna
Sheeffry Range
Barrclashcame
Benna BeolaTwelve Bens
Benbaun
Benbrack
Benbreen
Bencollaghduff
Bencorr
Bencullagh
Benfree
Benglenisky
Bengower
Benlettery
Derryclare
Muckanaght
Others
Diamond Hill
Tully Mountain
Garraun group
Benchoona
Doughruagh
Garraun
Others
Ben Gorm
Bricklieve Mountains
Croagh Patrick
Curlew Mountains
Errisbeg
Knockmore
Knocknarea
Lissoughter
Seltannasaggart
Sliabh an Iarainn
Slieve Bawn
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Letterfrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterfrack"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Special Area of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation"}],"text":"Mountain in IrelandLetter Hill (Irish: Cnoc Leitreach)[2] is a large hill near the coast to the north-west of Letterfrack in County Galway, Ireland. It is 356 m (1,168 ft) high and been listed as a Special Area of Conservation.","title":"Tully Mountain (Ireland)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballinakill harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinakill,_County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Inishbofin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inishbofin,_County_Galway"},{"link_name":"cairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"},{"link_name":"Twelve Bens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Bens"},{"link_name":"Inishbofin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inishbofin,_County_Galway"},{"link_name":"hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 356-metre (1,168 ft) high hill is visually striking, as it stands in a prominent position on the Renvyle Peninsula between Ballinakill harbour (south), Inishbofin (west) and the Crump Island (north). The summit hosts a small cairn and offers a panoramic view of the Twelve Bens, the north Connemara and Mayo coastlines, Inishbofin and other islands. Tully Mountain, as well as Tully Lough, takes its name from Tully village, located on the north-eastern side of the mountain. The walk which leads to the summit does not require any special hiking ability.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalradian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalradian"},{"link_name":"schists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"gneisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_communis"},{"link_name":"bearberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi"},{"link_name":"heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calluna"},{"link_name":"bell heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_cinerea"},{"link_name":"St. Dabeoc’s Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabeocia_cantabrica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cross-leaved heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_tetralix"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"mosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss"},{"link_name":"soft rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_effusus"},{"link_name":"Sphagnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphagnum"},{"link_name":"bladderwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia"},{"link_name":"sedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"bog pimpernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagallis_tenella"},{"link_name":"sundews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAC-4"}],"text":"The mountain is composed of Dalradian schists and gneisses. The main features are rocky outcrops and upland grassland, with alpine and subalpine heaths. The lower slopes have been overgrazed by sheep and there are dense patches of bracken. The dry heath above 300 m (1,000 ft) supports juniper and bearberry with heather, bell heather, St. Dabeoc’s Heath and cross-leaved heath, and lichens and mosses, an unusual combination in the west of Ireland. There are some flattish wet grassland with soft rush, bog mosses (Sphagnum) and plants such as bladderwort, and some wet flushes, with sedges, bog mosses, bog pimpernel and sundews.[4]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"court tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_tomb"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The area around Tully Mountain is rich in pre-historic remains like a court tomb and a stone alignment between the mountain itself and Tully Lough.[5]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Habitats Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitats_Directive"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Special Area of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Area_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAC-4"}],"text":"Tully Lough and the NE slopes of the mountain have been designated as a candidate Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive.[6] Tully Mountain has been listed as a Special Area of Conservation.[4]","title":"Conservation"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Marilyns in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marilyns_in_Ireland"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tully Mountain\". Mountain Views. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mountainviews.ie/summit/893/","url_text":"\"Tully Mountain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cnoc Leitreach\". Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.logainm.ie/ga/1410843","url_text":"\"Cnoc Leitreach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tully Mountain Climb\". Walk Connemara. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walkconnemara.com/pastevents.html","url_text":"\"Tully Mountain Climb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tully Mountain SAC\" (PDF). Irish Government. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY000330.pdf","url_text":"\"Tully Mountain SAC\""}]},{"reference":"O`Halpin, Andy; Newman, Conor (2006). Ireland. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–222.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tully Lough SAC\". National Parks & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npws.ie/protected-sites/sac/002130","url_text":"\"Tully Lough SAC\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Dunayevsky
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Maksim Dunayevsky
|
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Social activities and charity","4 Soundtracks","5 References","6 External links"]
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Soviet and Russian composer
Maksim DunayevskyМаксим Исаакович ДунаевскийBornMaksim Isaakovich Dunayevsky (1945-01-15) 15 January 1945 (age 79)Moscow, RSFSR, Soviet UnionNationalityRussianOccupationComposerYears active1964 — presentTitlePeople's Artist of Russia (2006)Spouse
Natalya Andreychenko
(m. 1981; div. 1985)Awards
Order of Honour
(2019)
Maksim Isaakovich Dunayevsky (Russian: Макси́м Исаа́кович Дунае́вский, born 15 January 1945 in Moscow) is a Soviet and Russian composer. People's Artist of Russia (2006). He is the artistic director and chairman of the artistic council of the Moscow Regional Philharmonic since 2015.
Biography
Maksim Dunayevsky was born on 15 January 1945 in Moscow.
He is the son of the composer Isaak Dunayevsky and the ballerina of the Alexandrov Ensemble and the Moscow Operetta Theater Zoya Ivanovna Pashkova (1922-1994), born out of wedlock. Maksim's elder brother on the father's side, Eugene (1932-2000) was an artist.
From 1969 to 1974, Dunayevsky was the conductor of the Vakhtangov Theater. In 1974-1975, he was the chief conductor and music director of the Moscow music hall, in 1985-1987 he was the Artistic Director and Chief Conductor of the State Pop Orchestra of the RSFSR (he attracted such people as Pavel Smeyan, Irina Ponarovskaya, Boris Oppenheim, Weiland Rodd, Andrey Davidyan and musicians of the rock group SV), and in 1987, a musical director of the Theater-Studio of Musical Drama (artistic director Yuri Sherling).
Maksim Dunayevsky organized his own pop ensemble, which also played rock, called "Festival" (1977-1990), he collaborated as a songwriter with such poets as Leonid Derbenyov, Naum Olev, Yuri Ryashentsev, Ilya Reznik, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Yuri Entin, and Nikolai Denisov. In 1994, especially for Nikolai Karachentsov, he wrote 10 songs based on poems by Ilya Reznik, which were later included in the actor's solo album "My Little Lady", recorded by him in Los Angeles.
He lived in the USA for almost eight years (1992 - 1999), worked in Hollywood, wrote music for several films.
Since 2015, he has been artistic director and chairman of the Artistic Council of the Moscow Regional Philharmonic.
Personal life
Maksim Dunayevsky was married seven times. Wives: Natalya Leonova, Regina Temirbulatova, Elena Dunayevskaya, Natalya Andrejchenko (actress), Olga Danilova (fashion model), Olga Sheronova, Marina Rozhdestvenskaya (b. November 11, 1972).
The son from a marriage with actress Natalya Andrejchenko, Dmitry (b. 1982), lives in Switzerland.
Daughter Alina (born 1983) from Nina Spada - philologist, translator from foreign languages and writer (in June 2018 she published a book of autobiographical content "Wide open with my soul. Maksim Dunayevsky in my life"). Alina has been living in France since the age of four, where she organized her own rock group "Markize". Author-composer-performer of her songs in the style of pop-rock, has recorded and released several music albums, video clips and singles.
In 2002, the seventh wife of the composer Marina Rozhdestvenskaya gave birth to a daughter, Polina. Dunayevsky did not adopt the eldest daughter of Rozhdestvenskaya Maria (born 1995), but allowed her to take his surname.
Since 2019, 75-year-old Dunayevsky has a new relationship with musicologist Alla Novoselova. The composer has an apartment in Moscow and a country house in Alabino.
Social activities and charity
In addition to creativity, Maksim Dunayevsky is actively involved in social activities and charity. He is the President of the Isaac Dunayevsky Charitable Cultural Foundation, Deputy Chairman of the Guild of Professional Composers, Academician of the Russian National Film Academy, a member of the expert council of the first television channel on selection for the Eurovision Song Contest and the annual music program New Songs about the Main. The last two facts somewhat contradict his statements about contemporary pop music (“I don’t want to name names or comment on it somehow. I think most of them would be good to sing at the table. Singing requires a lot of professionalism. It is not enough to be a popular figure. This should be learned Now everyone who is not lazy is singing. I can say in another way: who has money. It's another matter that with the last broadcast, any mention disappears, the name and appearance of the performer, who was recently known, are erased in the memory "). He highly appreciated Dima Bilan and Aleksandr Panayotov.
Soundtracks
Car, Violin and Blot the Dog (1974)
D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1979)
Flying Ship (1979)
Carnival (1981)
The Trust That Has Burst (1983)
Mary Poppins, Goodbye (1984)
Dangerous for Your Life! (1985)
In Search for Captain Grant (1986)
A Bright Personality (1988)
Island of Rusty General (1988)
The Witches Cave (1990)
A Trap for Lonely Man (1990)
Musketeers Twenty Years After (1992)
The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After (1993)
Deadly Force-6 (2004)
The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin (2009)
The Ballad of Uhlans (2012)
About Love (2017)
Checkered Zebra (2020)
Zabezoo. Ears 'n Tale (2021)
References
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 13.02.2006 г. № 104". kremlin.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ "Максим Дунаевский - композитор - биография | Последние новости жизни звезд 7Дней.ру". 7days.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ a b "Смеян Павел Евгеньевич — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья". megabook.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ Официальный сайт РОССИЙСКОГО АВТОРСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА (РАО)
^ "Дунаевский Максим Исаакович — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья". megabook.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ "Архивированная копия". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-07-05. Интервью с М. Дунаевским
^ "Максим Дунаевский: биография, творчество, личная жизнь композитора". Культура.рф.
^ Максим Дунаевский: семь браков и болезненный развод с Натальей Андрейченко
^ "Нина Спада. Игра без правил". 7days.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ "- YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.
^ Starhit, 19 января 2020. «Это удар»: жена Максима Дунаевского узнала о разводе из его интервью
^ dunayevsky
^ "Максим Дунаевский: "У "Первого канала" закончился материал для съедения. Поэтому они взялись за меня"". www.rabochy-put.ru. 2012-08-02.
External links
Media related to Maksim Dunayevsky at Wikimedia Commons
Maksim Dunayevsky at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Latvia
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104-2006-1"}],"text":"Maksim Isaakovich Dunayevsky (Russian: Макси́м Исаа́кович Дунае́вский, born 15 January 1945 in Moscow) is a Soviet and Russian composer. People's Artist of Russia (2006).[1] He is the artistic director and chairman of the artistic council of the Moscow Regional Philharmonic since 2015.","title":"Maksim Dunayevsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaak Dunayevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_Dunayevsky"},{"link_name":"Alexandrov Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrov_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_music_hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Pavel Smeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Smeyan"},{"link_name":"Irina Ponarovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Ponarovskaya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-3"},{"link_name":"Leonid Derbenyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Derbenyov"},{"link_name":"Naum Olev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_Olev"},{"link_name":"Ilya Reznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Reznik"},{"link_name":"Robert Rozhdestvensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rozhdestvensky"},{"link_name":"Yuri Entin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Entin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Karachentsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Karachentsov"},{"link_name":"Ilya Reznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Reznik"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"Maksim Dunayevsky was born on 15 January 1945 in Moscow.He is the son of the composer Isaak Dunayevsky and the ballerina of the Alexandrov Ensemble and the Moscow Operetta Theater Zoya Ivanovna Pashkova (1922-1994), born out of wedlock. Maksim's elder brother on the father's side, Eugene (1932-2000) was an artist.[2]From 1969 to 1974, Dunayevsky was the conductor of the Vakhtangov Theater. In 1974-1975, he was the chief conductor and music director of the Moscow music hall, in 1985-1987[3] he was the Artistic Director and Chief Conductor of the State Pop Orchestra of the RSFSR (he attracted such people as Pavel Smeyan, Irina Ponarovskaya, Boris Oppenheim, Weiland Rodd, Andrey Davidyan and musicians of the rock group SV),[3] and in 1987, a musical director of the Theater-Studio of Musical Drama (artistic director Yuri Sherling).Maksim Dunayevsky organized his own pop ensemble, which also played rock, called \"Festival\" (1977-1990), he collaborated as a songwriter with such poets as Leonid Derbenyov, Naum Olev, Yuri Ryashentsev, Ilya Reznik, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Yuri Entin, and Nikolai Denisov.[4] In 1994, especially for Nikolai Karachentsov, he wrote 10 songs based on poems by Ilya Reznik, which were later included in the actor's solo album \"My Little Lady\", recorded by him in Los Angeles.[5]He lived in the USA for almost eight years (1992[6] - 1999), worked in Hollywood, wrote music for several films.Since 2015, he has been artistic director and chairman of the Artistic Council of the Moscow Regional Philharmonic.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Natalya Andrejchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Andrejchenko"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Natalya Andrejchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Andrejchenko"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alabino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabino"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Maksim Dunayevsky was married seven times.[7] Wives: Natalya Leonova, Regina Temirbulatova, Elena Dunayevskaya, Natalya Andrejchenko (actress), Olga Danilova (fashion model), Olga Sheronova, Marina Rozhdestvenskaya (b. November 11, 1972).[8]The son from a marriage with actress Natalya Andrejchenko, Dmitry (b. 1982), lives in Switzerland.Daughter Alina (born 1983) from Nina Spada - philologist, translator from foreign languages and writer (in June 2018 she published a book of autobiographical content \"Wide open with my soul. Maksim Dunayevsky in my life\"). Alina has been living in France since the age of four, where she organized her own rock group \"Markize\". Author-composer-performer of her songs in the style of pop-rock, has recorded and released several music albums, video clips and singles.[9]In 2002, the seventh wife of the composer Marina Rozhdestvenskaya gave birth to a daughter, Polina. Dunayevsky did not adopt the eldest daughter of Rozhdestvenskaya Maria (born 1995), but allowed her to take his surname.[10]Since 2019, 75-year-old Dunayevsky has a new relationship with musicologist Alla Novoselova. The composer has an apartment in Moscow and a country house in Alabino.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dima Bilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dima_Bilan"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Panayotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Panayotov"}],"text":"In addition to creativity, Maksim Dunayevsky is actively involved in social activities and charity. He is the President of the Isaac Dunayevsky Charitable Cultural Foundation, Deputy Chairman of the Guild of Professional Composers, Academician of the Russian National Film Academy, a member of the expert council of the first television channel on selection for the Eurovision Song Contest and the annual music program New Songs about the Main. The last two facts somewhat contradict his statements about contemporary pop music (“I don’t want to name names or comment on it somehow. I think most of them would be good to sing at the table. Singing requires a lot of professionalism. It is not enough to be a popular figure. This should be learned Now everyone who is not lazy is singing. I can say in another way: who has money. It's another matter that with the last broadcast, any mention disappears, the name and appearance of the performer, who was recently known, are erased in the memory \").[12] He highly appreciated Dima Bilan and Aleksandr Panayotov.","title":"Social activities and charity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Car, Violin and Blot the Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car,_Violin_and_Blot_the_Dog"},{"link_name":"D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Artagnan_and_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"The Trust That Has Burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trust_That_Has_Burst"},{"link_name":"Mary Poppins, Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Poppins,_Goodbye"},{"link_name":"Dangerous for Your Life!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_for_Your_Life!"},{"link_name":"In Search for Captain Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_for_Captain_Grant"},{"link_name":"A Bright Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bright_Personality"},{"link_name":"Island of Rusty General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Rusty_General"},{"link_name":"The Witches Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witches_Cave"},{"link_name":"A Trap for Lonely Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Trap_for_Lonely_Man"},{"link_name":"Musketeers Twenty Years After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musketeers_Twenty_Years_After"},{"link_name":"The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Queen_Anne_or_Musketeers_Thirty_Years_After"},{"link_name":"Deadly Force-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Force_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Musketeers,_or_The_Treasures_of_Cardinal_Mazarin"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Uhlans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Uhlans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Car, Violin and Blot the Dog (1974)\nD'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1979)\nFlying Ship (1979)\nCarnival (1981)\nThe Trust That Has Burst (1983)\nMary Poppins, Goodbye (1984)\nDangerous for Your Life! (1985)\nIn Search for Captain Grant (1986)\nA Bright Personality (1988)\nIsland of Rusty General (1988)\nThe Witches Cave (1990)\nA Trap for Lonely Man (1990)\nMusketeers Twenty Years After (1992)\nThe Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After (1993)\nDeadly Force-6 (2004)\nThe Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin (2009)\nThe Ballad of Uhlans[13] (2012)\nAbout Love (2017)\nCheckered Zebra (2020)\nZabezoo. Ears 'n Tale (2021)","title":"Soundtracks"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 13.02.2006 г. № 104\". kremlin.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/23431","url_text":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 13.02.2006 г. № 104\""}]},{"reference":"\"Максим Дунаевский - композитор - биография | Последние новости жизни звезд 7Дней.ру\". 7days.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://7days.ru/stars/bio/maksim-dunaevskiy/","url_text":"\"Максим Дунаевский - композитор - биография | Последние новости жизни звезд 7Дней.ру\""}]},{"reference":"\"Смеян Павел Евгеньевич — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\". megabook.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://megabook.ru/article/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","url_text":"\"Смеян Павел Евгеньевич — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дунаевский Максим Исаакович — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\". megabook.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://megabook.ru/article/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","url_text":"\"Дунаевский Максим Исаакович — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\""}]},{"reference":"\"Архивированная копия\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2011-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221506/http://base.ijc.ru/new/site.aspx?iid=269181§ionid=250363&stid=245090","url_text":"\"Архивированная копия\""},{"url":"http://base.ijc.ru/new/site.aspx?STID=245090&SECTIONID=250363&IID=269181","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Максим Дунаевский: биография, творчество, личная жизнь композитора\". Культура.рф.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culture.ru/materials/32706/veter-peremen-maksima-dunaevskogo","url_text":"\"Максим Дунаевский: биография, творчество, личная жизнь композитора\""}]},{"reference":"\"Нина Спада. Игра без правил\". 7days.ru. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://7days.ru/caravan-collection/2019/9/nina-spada-igra-bez-pravil.htm","url_text":"\"Нина Спада. Игра без правил\""}]},{"reference":"\"- YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved Jul 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3v-iQnunbo&t=1671s","url_text":"\"- YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"Максим Дунаевский: \"У \"Первого канала\" закончился материал для съедения. Поэтому они взялись за меня\"\". www.rabochy-put.ru. 2012-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabochy-put.ru/society/40680-maksim-dunaevskijj-u-pervogo-kanala-zakonchilsja.html","url_text":"\"Максим Дунаевский: \"У \"Первого канала\" закончился материал для съедения. Поэтому они взялись за меня\"\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/23431","external_links_name":"\"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 13.02.2006 г. № 104\""},{"Link":"https://7days.ru/stars/bio/maksim-dunaevskiy/","external_links_name":"\"Максим Дунаевский - композитор - биография | Последние новости жизни звезд 7Дней.ру\""},{"Link":"https://megabook.ru/article/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","external_links_name":"\"Смеян Павел Евгеньевич — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\""},{"Link":"http://rao.ru/index.php/pravoobladatelyam/informatsiya/reestry/reestr-proizvedenij-rossijskikh-pravoobladatelej?author=%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%20%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&search_type=registerofworks&isRAO=1&typereeestr=rao&searchphrase=all&limit=5&start=35","external_links_name":"Официальный сайт РОССИЙСКОГО АВТОРСКОГО ОБЩЕСТВА (РАО)"},{"Link":"https://megabook.ru/article/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87","external_links_name":"\"Дунаевский Максим Исаакович — Мегаэнциклопедия Кирилла и Мефодия — статья\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221506/http://base.ijc.ru/new/site.aspx?iid=269181§ionid=250363&stid=245090","external_links_name":"\"Архивированная копия\""},{"Link":"http://base.ijc.ru/new/site.aspx?STID=245090&SECTIONID=250363&IID=269181","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.culture.ru/materials/32706/veter-peremen-maksima-dunaevskogo","external_links_name":"\"Максим Дунаевский: биография, творчество, личная жизнь композитора\""},{"Link":"https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/maksim-dunaevskiy-sem-brakov-i-boleznennyiy-razvod-s-nataley-andreychenko-161902/","external_links_name":"Максим Дунаевский: семь браков и болезненный развод с Натальей Андрейченко"},{"Link":"https://7days.ru/caravan-collection/2019/9/nina-spada-igra-bez-pravil.htm","external_links_name":"\"Нина Спада. Игра без правил\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3v-iQnunbo&t=1671s","external_links_name":"\"- YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.starhit.ru/novosti/eto-udar-jena-maksima-dunaevskogo-uznala-o-razvode-iz-ego-intervyu-199285/","external_links_name":"Starhit, 19 января 2020. «Это удар»: жена Максима Дунаевского узнала о разводе из его интервью"},{"Link":"http://www.rockabillyswing.ru/muzoon/05_00/dunayevsky.htm","external_links_name":"dunayevsky"},{"Link":"https://www.rabochy-put.ru/society/40680-maksim-dunaevskijj-u-pervogo-kanala-zakonchilsja.html","external_links_name":"\"Максим Дунаевский: \"У \"Первого канала\" закончился материал для съедения. Поэтому они взялись за меня\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241813/","external_links_name":"Maksim Dunayevsky"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000383353946","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311489717","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBX76BH9CPR8Jdtfmw4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1186914076","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000053454&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0157538&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628934805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/637fce5d-b24a-4d99-a966-7035bc0b74fa","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHDS_Archaeology
|
AHDS Archaeology
|
["1 External links"]
|
AHDS Archaeology was one of the subject centres of the Arts and Humanities Data Service, which closed in March 2008. Its role was to support digital research in the arts and humanities in the UK. AHDS Archaeology was hosted by the Archaeology Data Service at the University of York, which continues to be funded directly by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
External links
Archaeology Data Service
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AHDS Archaeology"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"Archaeology Data Service"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali_Lau-Lavie
|
Naphtali Lau-Lavie
|
["1 Biography","2 Diplomatic and political career","3 Journalism and literary career","4 References"]
|
Naphtali Lau-Lavie (sometimes Naphtali Lavie) (1926 – December 6, 2014) was an Israeli journalist, author, and diplomat.
Biography
Lavie's entire family was murdered during the Holocaust, with the exception of his brother, Yisrael, whose life he saved in Buchenwald, and who would later become the Chief Rabbi of Israel.
Diplomatic and political career
Lavie served as a spokesman for Moshe Dayan, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Shamir. In 1981, he was appointed Israel's consul-general in New York City.
Journalism and literary career
Lavie was the author of several books.
References
^ a b Jerusalem Post: Journalist and author Naphtali Lavie dies at 88
^ Haaretz: Shoah survivor and diplomat Naphtali Lau-Lavie dies aged 88
^ Worldcat entry for Naphtali Lau-Lavie
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost-1"}],"text":"Naphtali Lau-Lavie (sometimes Naphtali Lavie) (1926 – December 6, 2014) was an Israeli journalist, author, and diplomat.[1]","title":"Naphtali Lau-Lavie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Yisrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Lau"},{"link_name":"Chief Rabbi of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lavie's entire family was murdered during the Holocaust, with the exception of his brother, Yisrael, whose life he saved in Buchenwald, and who would later become the Chief Rabbi of Israel.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moshe Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan"},{"link_name":"Shimon Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Peres"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost-1"}],"text":"Lavie served as a spokesman for Moshe Dayan, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Shamir. In 1981, he was appointed Israel's consul-general in New York City.[1]","title":"Diplomatic and political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Lavie was the author of several books.[3]","title":"Journalism and literary career"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90.JPG/220px-%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90.JPG"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Journalist-and-author-Naphtali-Lavie-dies-at-88-383835","external_links_name":"Jerusalem Post: Journalist and author Naphtali Lavie dies at 88"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.630364","external_links_name":"Haaretz: Shoah survivor and diplomat Naphtali Lau-Lavie dies aged 88"},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no93028615/","external_links_name":"Worldcat entry for Naphtali Lau-Lavie"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/329094/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110789410","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/97989820","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMmvTythRd3MPxctKPQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90794722","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120688980","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264233505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93028615","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810645016105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/08067805X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season
|
1937–38 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season
|
["1 Squad at the start of the season","2 Review","3 Squad at the end of the season","4 Results","4.1 Division One","4.2 FA Cup","5 Appearances and goals"]
|
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1937–38 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Huddersfield Town 1937–38 football seasonHuddersfield Town1937–38 seasonChairman Sir Amos Brook HirstManager Clem StephensonFootball League First Division15thFA CupRunners-Up(knocked out by Preston North End)Top goalscorerLeague: Bobby Barclay (12)All: Bobby Barclay (14)Highest home attendance58,066 vs York City (9 March 1938)Lowest home attendance6,719 vs Preston North End (16 March 1938)Biggest win4–0 vs Derby County (18 April 1938)Biggest defeat0–4 vs Blackpool (1 January 1938)0–4 vs Charlton Athletic (12 March 1938)1–5 vs West Bromwich Albion (23 April 1938)← 1936–371938–39 →
Huddersfield Town's 1937–38 campaign was like many recent years dominated by the club's FA Cup run. They reached their 5th and final FA Cup final, before losing to Preston North End at Wembley. They finished their league season in 15th place in Division 1.
Squad at the start of the season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
--
GK
ENG
Bob Hesford
--
GK
RSA
Dennis Lindsay
--
DF
ENG
Eddie Boot
--
DF
ENG
Alan Brown
--
DF
ENG
Benny Craig
--
DF
ENG
Robert Gordon
--
DF
EIR
Bill Hayes
--
DF
ENG
Reg Mountford
--
DF
ENG
Ken Willingham
--
DF
ENG
Alf Young
--
MF
ENG
Bobby Barclay
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
--
MF
ENG
Pat Beasley
--
MF
SCO
Archibald Hastie
--
MF
ENG
Jack Johnson
--
MF
RSA
George Wienand
--
FW
ENG
Lewis Brook
--
FW
ENG
Frank Chivers
--
FW
ENG
Jimmy Isaac
--
FW
ENG
Alf Lythgoe
--
FW
SCO
Willie Macfadyen
--
FW
ENG
Jimmy Richardson
Review
Yet again, Town's season was dominated by their FA Cup run. They reached their fifth and so far last FA Cup Final. After a win over Hull City in Round 3, they scraped past Notts County and Liverpool, they beat York City in the quarter-final in a replay, before beating the favourites Sunderland at Ewood Park in the semi-final, meaning they would play Preston North End in the final, a repeat of the 1922 FA Cup Final, the only one of Town's previous final appearances that they won. The final at Wembley was the first since moving to the London stadium to go into extra time. The result would be the opposite to the 1922 final, with Town conceding a penalty to lose the match 1–0.
Their league form was pretty shaky during the season and they only guaranteed their safety with 2 games to go. Their wins at Leeds Road over Stoke City and Manchester City, the previous season's champions guaranteed their survival in 15th place.
Squad at the end of the season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
--
GK
ENG
Bob Hesford
--
GK
RSA
Dennis Lindsay
--
DF
ENG
Eddie Boot
--
DF
ENG
Alan Brown
--
DF
ENG
Benny Craig
--
DF
ENG
Robert Gordon
--
DF
EIR
Bill Hayes
--
DF
ENG
Reg Mountford
--
DF
ENG
Albert Watson
--
DF
ENG
Ken Willingham
--
DF
ENG
Alf Young
--
MF
ENG
Bobby Barclay
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
--
MF
ENG
Pat Beasley
--
MF
ENG
Tom Hinchcliffe
--
MF
ENG
Joe Hulme
--
MF
ENG
Jack Johnson
--
MF
RSA
George Wienand
--
FW
ENG
Lewis Brook
--
FW
ENG
Frank Chivers
--
FW
ENG
Jimmy Isaac
--
FW
SCO
Willie Macfadyen
--
FW
SCO
Willie Mills
--
FW
ENG
Billy Price
--
FW
SCO
Edwin Watson
Results
Division One
Date
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF – A
Scorers
Attendance
Position
28 August 1937
Blackpool
H
3–1
Macfadyen, Barclay, Mountford (pen)
17,768
5th
1 September 1937
Arsenal
A
1–3
Richardson
32,758
10th
4 September 1937
Brentford
A
0–2
26,762
17th
8 September 1937
Arsenal
H
2–1
Macfadyen, Barclay
15,768
13th
11 September 1937
Bolton Wanderers
H
1–0
Wienand
20,758
9th
15 September 1937
Manchester City
A
2–3
Richardson, Beasley
19,968
13th
18 September 1937
Leeds United
A
1–2
Barclay
33,200
18th
25 September 1937
Everton
A
2–1
Barclay, Macfadyen
35,272
14th
2 October 1937
Wolverhampton Wanderers
H
1–0
Hayes (pen)
19,854
10th
9 October 1937
Leicester City
A
1–2
Richardson
18,442
13th
16 October 1937
Grimsby Town
H
1–2
Lythgoe (pen)
15,408
13th
23 October 1937
Preston North End
A
1–1
Barclay
16,483
15th
30 October 1937
Charlton Athletic
H
1–1
Chivers
13,334
14th
6 November 1937
Birmingham
A
2–2
Beasley, Barclay
21,541
13th
13 November 1937
Portsmouth
H
2–0
Lythgoe (pen), Chivers
11,902
12th
20 November 1937
Liverpool
A
1–0
Beasley
29,568
11th
27 November 1937
Middlesbrough
H
3–0
Beasley (2, 1 pen), Macfadyen
14,020
7th
4 December 1937
Chelsea
A
1–3
Wienand
31,475
10th
11 December 1937
West Bromwich Albion
H
2–1
Barclay, Hayes (pen)
6,938
8th
18 December 1937
Stoke City
A
1–0
Macfadyen
16,302
7th
25 December 1937
Sunderland
A
1–2
Young
30,730
7th
27 December 1937
Sunderland
H
1–1
Chivers
13,198
8th
1 January 1938
Blackpool
A
0–4
22,362
8th
15 January 1938
Brentford
H
0–3
11,969
11th
26 January 1938
Bolton Wanderers
A
0–2
9,722
11th
29 January 1938
Leeds United
H
0–3
16,677
12th
5 February 1938
Everton
H
1–3
Brook
15,394
16th
16 February 1938
Wolverhampton Wanderers
A
4–1
Boot, Wienand, Macfadyen, Hinchcliffe
16,044
13th
19 February 1938
Leicester City
H
0–0
14,999
13th
26 February 1938
Grimsby Town
A
2–4
Barclay, Macfadyen
12,085
14th
12 March 1938
Charlton Athletic
A
0–4
26,938
20th
16 March 1938
Preston North End
H
1–3
Macfadyen
6,719
21st
19 March 1938
Birmingham
H
2–1
Macfadyen, Beasley
15,365
17th
30 March 1938
Portsmouth
A
0–3
18,155
19th
2 April 1938
Liverpool
H
1–2
Macfadyen
15,192
21st
9 April 1938
Middlesbrough
A
1–0
Mills
20,901
21st
16 April 1938
Chelsea
H
1–2
Beasley
18,356
22nd
18 April 1938
Derby County
A
4–0
Isaac (2), Price, Beasley
19,068
21st
19 April 1938
Derby County
H
2–0
Hinchcliffe, Price
25,575
15th
23 April 1938
West Bromwich Albion
A
1–5
Barclay
27,530
19th
2 May 1938
Stoke City
H
3–0
Barclay (2), Price
20,162
16th
7 May 1938
Manchester City
H
1–0
Barclay
35,100
15th
FA Cup
Date
Round
Opponents
Home/Away
ResultF – A
Scorers
Attendance
8 January 1938
Round 3
Hull City
H
3–1
Beasley, Lythgoe (2)
25,442
22 January 1938
Round 4
Notts County
H
1–0
Beattie
29,480
12 February 1938
Round 5
Liverpool
A
1–0
Barclay
57,682
5 March 1938
Round 6
York City
A
0–0
28,123
9 March 1938
Round 6 Replay
York City
H
2–1
E. Watson, Chivers
58,066
26 March 1938
Semi-Final
Sunderland
N
3–1
Beasley, Barclay, Macfadyen
47,904
30 April 1938
Final
Preston North End
N
0 – 1 (aet: 90 mins: 0 – 0)
93,357
Appearances and goals
Name
Nation
Position
League Apps
League Goals
FA Cup Apps
FA Cup Goals
Total Apps
Total Goals
Bobby Barclay
England
MF
37
12
7
2
44
14
Pat Beasley
England
MF
41
8
7
2
48
10
John Beattie
Scotland
MF
3
0
1
1
4
1
Eddie Boot
England
DF
37
1
6
0
43
1
Lewis Brook
England
FW
4
1
0
0
4
1
Alan Brown
England
DF
13
0
2
0
15
0
Frank Chivers
England
FW
18
3
4
1
22
4
Benny Craig
England
DF
25
0
6
0
31
0
Robert Gordon
England
DF
1
0
0
0
1
0
Archibald Hastie
Scotland
MF
4
0
0
0
4
0
Bill Hayes
Ireland
DF
21
2
1
0
22
2
Bob Hesford
England
GK
41
0
7
0
48
0
Tom Hinchcliffe
England
MF
6
2
0
0
6
2
Joe Hulme
England
MF
8
0
2
0
10
0
Jimmy Isaac
England
MF
6
2
1
0
7
2
Jack Johnson
England
MF
5
0
0
0
5
0
Dennis Lindsay
South Africa
GK
1
0
0
0
1
0
Alf Lythgoe
England
FW
5
2
2
2
7
4
Willie MacFadyen
Scotland
FW
32
10
5
1
37
11
Willie Mills
Scotland
MF
4
1
0
0
4
1
Reg Mountford
England
DF
38
1
7
0
45
1
Billy Price
England
FW
4
3
0
0
4
3
Jimmy Richardson
England
FW
10
3
0
0
10
3
Albert Watson
England
DF
1
0
0
0
1
0
Edwin Watson
Scotland
FW
3
0
3
1
6
1
George Wienand
South Africa
MF
24
3
4
0
28
3
Ken Willingham
England
DF
41
0
7
0
48
0
Alf Young
England
DF
29
1
5
0
34
1
vteHuddersfield Town A.F.C. seasons
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
vte1937–38 in English football « 1936–37 1938–39 » FA competitions
FA Cup (Qualifying rounds
Final)
FA Charity Shield
Football League
Football League (First Division
Second Division
Third Division)
Lower leagues
Isthmian League
Northern League
Southern League
Western League
Related to national team
Home Championship
Club seasonsFirst Division
Arsenal
Birmingham
Blackpool
Bolton Wanderers
Brentford
Charlton Athletic
Chelsea
Derby County
Everton
Grimsby Town
Huddersfield Town
Leeds United
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester City
Middlesbrough
Portsmouth
Preston North End
Stoke City
Sunderland
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Second Division
Aston Villa
Barnsley
Blackburn Rovers
Bradford Park Avenue
Burnley
Bury
Chesterfield
Coventry City
Fulham
Luton Town
Manchester United
Newcastle United
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Plymouth Argyle
Sheffield Wednesday
Sheffield United
Southampton
Stockport County
Swansea Town
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Third DivisionNorth
Accrington Stanley
Barrow
Bradford City
Carlisle United
Chester
Crewe Alexandra
Darlington
Doncaster Rovers
Gateshead
Halifax Town
Hartlepools United
Hull City
Lincoln City
New Brighton
Oldham Athletic
Port Vale
Rochdale
Rotherham County
Southport
Tranmere Rovers
Wrexham
York City
South
Aldershot
Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic
Brighton & Hove Albion
Bristol City
Bristol Rovers
Cardiff City
Clapton Orient
Crystal Palace
Exeter City
Gillingham
Mansfield Town
Millwall
Newport County
Northampton Town
Notts County
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Southend United
Swindon Town
Torquay United
Walsall
Watford
Other
Colchester United
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"5th and final FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"}],"text":"Huddersfield Town 1937–38 football seasonHuddersfield Town's 1937–38 campaign was like many recent years dominated by the club's FA Cup run. They reached their 5th and final FA Cup final, before losing to Preston North End at Wembley. They finished their league season in 15th place in Division 1.","title":"1937–38 Huddersfield Town A.F.C. season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad at the start of the season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Ewood Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewood_Park"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"1922 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Leeds Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Road"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"the previous season's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936-37_in_English_football"}],"text":"Yet again, Town's season was dominated by their FA Cup run. They reached their fifth and so far last FA Cup Final. After a win over Hull City in Round 3, they scraped past Notts County and Liverpool, they beat York City in the quarter-final in a replay, before beating the favourites Sunderland at Ewood Park in the semi-final, meaning they would play Preston North End in the final, a repeat of the 1922 FA Cup Final, the only one of Town's previous final appearances that they won. The final at Wembley was the first since moving to the London stadium to go into extra time. The result would be the opposite to the 1922 final, with Town conceding a penalty to lose the match 1–0.Their league form was pretty shaky during the season and they only guaranteed their safety with 2 games to go. Their wins at Leeds Road over Stoke City and Manchester City, the previous season's champions guaranteed their survival in 15th place.","title":"Review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad at the end of the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Division One","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FA Cup","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._seasons"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town 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United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Manchester_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Newcastle_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Norwich_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Nottingham_Forest_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Argyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Plymouth_Argyle_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Sheffield_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Southampton_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Stockport_County_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swansea Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Swansea_Town_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_West_Ham_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Accrington Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Accrington_Stanley_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Barrow_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Bradford_City_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Carlisle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Chester_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Crewe_Alexandra_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Darlington_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Doncaster_Rovers_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gateshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Gateshead_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Halifax Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Halifax_Town_A.F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hartlepools United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Hartlepools_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Hull_City_A.F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lincoln City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Lincoln_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_New_Brighton_A.F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oldham Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Port_Vale_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Rochdale_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Rotherham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Rotherham_County_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Southport_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tranmere Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Wrexham_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_York_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Aldershot_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Bournemouth_%26_Boscombe_Athletic_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Bristol_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Bristol_Rovers_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Cardiff_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Clapton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Clapton_Orient_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Crystal_Palace_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Exeter City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Exeter_City_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gillingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Gillingham_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Mansfield_Town_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Millwall_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Newport_County_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Northampton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Northampton_Town_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Notts_County_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Reading_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southend United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Southend_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Swindon_Town_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Torquay_United_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Walsall_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937%E2%80%9338_Watford_F.C._season&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%E2%80%9338_Colchester_United_F.C._season"}],"text":"vteHuddersfield Town A.F.C. seasons\n1910–11\n1911–12\n1912–13\n1913–14\n1914–15\n1915–16\n1916–17\n1917–18\n1918–19\n1919–20\n1920–21\n1921–22\n1922–23\n1923–24\n1924–25\n1925–26\n1926–27\n1927–28\n1928–29\n1929–30\n1930–31\n1931–32\n1932–33\n1933–34\n1934–35\n1935–36\n1936–37\n1937–38\n1938–39\n1939–40\n1940–41\n1941–42\n1942–43\n1943–44\n1944–45\n1945–46\n1946–47\n1947–48\n1948–49\n1949–50\n1950–51\n1951–52\n1952–53\n1953–54\n1954–55\n1955–56\n1956–57\n1957–58\n1958–59\n1959–60\n1960–61\n1961–62\n1962–63\n1963–64\n1964–65\n1965–66\n1966–67\n1967–68\n1968–69\n1969–70\n1970–71\n1971–72\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1976–77\n1977–78\n1978–79\n1979–80\n1980–81\n1981–82\n1982–83\n1983–84\n1984–85\n1985–86\n1986–87\n1987–88\n1988–89\n1989–90\n1990–91\n1991–92\n1992–93\n1993–94\n1994–95\n1995–96\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n1999–2000\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2002–03\n2003–04\n2004–05\n2005–06\n2006–07\n2007–08\n2008–09\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2011–12\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2014–15\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2021–22\n2022–23\n2023–24\n2024–25vte1937–38 in English football « 1936–37 1938–39 » FA competitions\nFA Cup (Qualifying rounds\nFinal)\nFA Charity Shield\nFootball League\nFootball League (First Division\nSecond Division\nThird Division)\nLower leagues\nIsthmian League\nNorthern League\nSouthern League\nWestern League\nRelated to national team\nHome Championship\nClub seasonsFirst Division\nArsenal\nBirmingham\nBlackpool\nBolton Wanderers\nBrentford\nCharlton Athletic\nChelsea\nDerby County\nEverton\nGrimsby Town\nHuddersfield Town\nLeeds United\nLeicester City\nLiverpool\nManchester City\nMiddlesbrough\nPortsmouth\nPreston North End\nStoke City\nSunderland\nWest Bromwich Albion\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nSecond Division\nAston Villa\nBarnsley\nBlackburn Rovers\nBradford Park Avenue\nBurnley\nBury\nChesterfield\nCoventry City\nFulham\nLuton Town\nManchester United\nNewcastle United\nNorwich City\nNottingham Forest\nPlymouth Argyle\nSheffield Wednesday\nSheffield United\nSouthampton\nStockport County\nSwansea Town\nTottenham Hotspur\nWest Ham United\nThird DivisionNorth\nAccrington Stanley\nBarrow\nBradford City\nCarlisle United\nChester\nCrewe Alexandra\nDarlington\nDoncaster Rovers\nGateshead\nHalifax Town\nHartlepools United\nHull City\nLincoln City\nNew Brighton\nOldham Athletic\nPort Vale\nRochdale\nRotherham County\nSouthport\nTranmere Rovers\nWrexham\nYork City\nSouth\nAldershot\nBournemouth & Boscombe Athletic\nBrighton & Hove Albion\nBristol City\nBristol Rovers\nCardiff City\nClapton Orient\nCrystal Palace\nExeter City\nGillingham\nMansfield Town\nMillwall\nNewport County\nNorthampton Town\nNotts County\nQueens Park Rangers\nReading\nSouthend United\nSwindon Town\nTorquay United\nWalsall\nWatford\nOther\nColchester United","title":"Appearances and goals"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Season
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Premier League Goal of the Season
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["1 Winners","2 Awards won by nationality","3 Awards won by club","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
|
English football award
This article is about the accolade awarded by the Premier League. For the Match of the Day accolade, see BBC Goal of the Season.
Emre Can won the inaugural award in the 2016–17 season.
The Premier League Goal of the Season is an annual football award for the player deemed to have scored the best goal in the preceding Premier League season.
The shortlist features each of the season's nine Premier League Goal of the Month winners and on occasion, such as in 2016–17, 2018–19, and 2023–24, a goal from May which does not have a monthly vote. The winner is decided by a combination of an online public vote — which contributes to 10% of the final tally — and a panel of experts.
The award was first given following the 2016–17 season and, since 2019–20, has been known by its sponsored name, the Budweiser Goal of the Season; the award had been previously sponsored by Carling for its first three iterations. In 2020, the Premier League backdated the award and named an unofficial winner for every season since its inception.
First recipient of the award was Liverpool's Emre Can for his bicycle kick away at Watford. The current holder of the award is Alejandro Garnacho.
Winners
Key
Bold
Player still active in the Premier League
†
Indicates player who also won the FIFA Puskás Award for this goal
‡
Indicates player who also won the Premier League Golden Boot award in the same season
§
Denotes the club were Premier League champions in the same season
Italics
Home team
Season
Player
Nationality
Team
Score
Opponent
Date
Ref.
2016–17
Emre Can
Germany
Liverpool
1–0
Watford
1 May 2017
2017–18
Sofiane Boufal
Morocco
Southampton
1–0
West Bromwich Albion
21 October 2017
2018–19
Andros Townsend
England
Crystal Palace
2–1
Manchester City
22 December 2018
2019–20
Son Heung-min†
South Korea
Tottenham Hotspur
3–0
Burnley
7 December 2019
2020–21
Erik Lamela†
Argentina
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0
Arsenal
14 March 2021
2021–22
Mohamed Salah‡
Egypt
Liverpool
2–1
Manchester City
3 October 2021
2022–23
Julio Enciso
Paraguay
Brighton & Hove Albion
1–1
Manchester City
24 May 2023
2023–24
Alejandro Garnacho
Argentina
Manchester United
1–0
Everton
26 November 2023
The following awards were retrospectively given, dating back to the Premier League's founding season. However, the awards were unofficial and thus shall not be counted as if it was official.
Season
Player
Nationality
Team
Score
Opponent
Date
Ref.
1992–93
Dalian Atkinson
England
Aston Villa
3–1
Wimbledon
3 October 1992
1993–94
Rod Wallace
England
Leeds United
1–0
Tottenham Hotspur
17 April 1994
1994–95
Matt Le Tissier
England
Southampton
2–3
Blackburn Rovers
10 December 1994
1995–96
Tony Yeboah
Ghana
Leeds United
3–1
Wimbledon
23 September 1995
1996–97
David Beckham
England
Manchester United§
3–0
Wimbledon
17 August 1996
1997–98
Dennis Bergkamp
Netherlands
Arsenal§
3–2
Leicester City
27 August 1997
1998–99
Muzzy Izzet
Turkey
Leicester City
2–1
Tottenham Hotspur
19 October 1998
1999–2000
Paolo di Canio
Italy
West Ham United
1–0
Wimbledon
26 March 2000
2000–01
Shaun Bartlett
South Africa
Charlton Athletic
2–0
Leicester City
1 April 2001
2001–02
Dennis Bergkamp (2)
Netherlands
Arsenal§
1–0
Newcastle United
2 March 2002
2002–03
Thierry Henry
France
Arsenal
1–0
Tottenham Hotspur
16 November 2002
2003–04
Dietmar Hamann
Germany
Liverpool
1–0
Portsmouth
17 March 2004
2004–05
Patrik Berger
Czech Republic
Portsmouth
1–1
Charlton Athletic
21 August 2004
2005–06
Matthew Taylor
England
Portsmouth
3–1
Sunderland
29 October 2005
2006–07
Wayne Rooney
England
Manchester United§
2–0
Bolton Wanderers
17 March 2007
2007–08
Emmanuel Adebayor
Togo
Arsenal
3–1
Tottenham Hotspur
15 September 2007
2008–09
Glen Johnson
England
Portsmouth
2–1
Hull City
22 November 2008
2009–10
Maynor Figueroa
Honduras
Wigan Athletic
2–1
Stoke City
12 December 2009
2010–11
Wayne Rooney (2)
England
Manchester United§
2–1
Manchester City
12 February 2011
2011–12
Papiss Cissé
Senegal
Newcastle United
2–0
Chelsea
2 May 2012
2012–13
Robin van Persie‡
Netherlands
Manchester United§
2–0
Aston Villa
22 April 2013
2013–14
Jack Wilshere
England
Arsenal
1–0
Norwich City
19 October 2013
2014–15
Jack Wilshere (2)
England
Arsenal
3–0
West Bromwich Albion
24 May 2015
2015–16
Dele Alli
England
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1
Crystal Palace
23 January 2016
Awards won by nationality
Official award winners (2016–17 onwards)
Country
Players
Total
Argentina
2
2
Egypt
1
1
England
1
1
Germany
1
1
Morocco
1
1
Paraguay
1
1
South Korea
1
1
Unofficial award winners (1992–93 to 2015–16)
Country
Players
Total
England
9
11
Netherlands
2
3
Czech Republic
1
1
France
1
1
Ghana
1
1
Honduras
1
1
Italy
1
1
Senegal
1
1
South Africa
1
1
Togo
1
1
Turkey
1
1
Awards won by club
Official award winners (2016–17 onwards)
Club
Players
Total
Liverpool
2
2
Tottenham Hotspur
2
2
Brighton & Hove Albion
1
1
Crystal Palace
1
1
Manchester United
1
1
Southampton
1
1
Unofficial award winners (1992–93 to 2015–16)
Club
Players
Total
Arsenal
4
6
Manchester United
3
4
Portsmouth
3
3
Leeds United
2
2
Aston Villa
1
1
Charlton Athletic
1
1
Leicester City
1
1
Liverpool
1
1
Newcastle United
1
1
Southampton
1
1
Tottenham Hotspur
1
1
West Ham United
1
1
Wigan Athletic
1
1
See also
Premier League Goal of the Month
BBC Goal of the Season
Premier League Save of the Season
Premier League Player of the Season
Premier League Young Player of the Season
Premier League Playmaker of the Season
Premier League Manager of the Season
Notes
^ a b The score at the time of the goal. Player's team's score listed first.
References
^ "Vote for your Carling Goal of the Season". Premier League. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^ a b "Every Premier League Goal of the Season". Premier League. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
^ a b "Can acrobatics win Carling Goal of the Season". Premier League. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ a b c "Garnacho wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award". Premier League. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024. It is the first time a Man Utd player has won the award since its inception in 2016/17.
^ "Boufal wins 2017/18 Carling Goal of the Season". Premier League. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
^ "Townsend wins Carling Goal of the Season award". Premier League. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
^ "Son wins 2019/20 Budweiser Goal of the Season with solo special". Premier League. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
^ "Lamela rabona voted 2020/21 Budweiser Goal of Season". Premier League. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
^ "Salah wins 2021/22 Budweiser Goal of the Season award". Premier League. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ "Enciso wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award". Premier League. 4 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^ "David Beckham". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ "Dennis Bergkamp". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ "Wayne Rooney". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ "Robin van Persie". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ "Wimbledon v Aston Villa, 1992/93". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Leeds v Spurs, 1993/94". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Rod Wallace wonder goal | From The Archive | Leeds United 2-0 Tottenham Hotspur 1993/94". Leeds United. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Blackburn v Southampton, 1994/95". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Blackburn R v Southampton 1994-95". TJS Sports. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Wimbledon v Leeds, 1995/96". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ Koranteng, Daniel (23 September 2020). "On this day in 1995: Yeboah's wonderstrike at Wimbledon". Citi Sports Online. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Wimbledon v Man Utd, 1996/97". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Leicester v Arsenal, 1997/98". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ Jones, Sam (27 August 2021). "One Dramatic Night At Filbert Street vs. Arsenal". Leicester City. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Leicester v Spurs, 1998/99". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "West Ham v Wimbledon, 1999/00". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Charlton v Leicester, 2000/01". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Newcastle v Arsenal, 2001/02". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Arsenal v Spurs, 2002/03". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Liverpool v Portsmouth, 2003/04". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Charlton v Portsmouth, 2004/05". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Sunderland v Portsmouth, 2005/06". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Sunderland 1-4 Portsmouth". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Man Utd v Bolton, 2006/07". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ McNulty, Phil (17 March 2007). "Man Utd 4-1 Bolton". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Spurs v Arsenal, 2007/08". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Goal of the season". BBC Sport. BBC. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Portsmouth v Hull, 2008/09". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Stoke v Wigan, 2009/10". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Man Utd v Man City, 2010/11". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ McNulty, Phil (12 February 2011). "Man Utd 2 - 1 Man City". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Chelsea v Newcastle, 2011/12". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ McNulty, Phil (2 May 2012). "Chelsea 0-2 Newcastle". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Man Utd v Aston Villa, 2012/13". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ Bevan, Chris (22 April 2013). "Manchester United 3-0 Aston Villa". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Arsenal v Norwich, 2013/14". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Arsenal v West Brom, 2014/15". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Crystal Palace v Spurs, 2015/16". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
vtePremier League Goal of the Season
2017: Can
2018: Boufal
2019: Townsend
2020: Son
2021: Lamela
2022: Salah
2023: Enciso
2024: Garnacho
vtePremier LeagueSeasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
Clubs2024–25
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Bournemouth
Brentford
Brighton & Hove Albion
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Everton
Fulham
Ipswich Town
Leicester City
Liverpool
Manchester City
Manchester United
Newcastle United
Nottingham Forest
Southampton
Tottenham Hotspur
West Ham United
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Former
Barnsley
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Blackpool
Bolton Wanderers
Bradford City
Burnley
Cardiff City
Charlton Athletic
Coventry City
Derby County
Huddersfield Town
Hull City
Leeds United
Luton Town
Middlesbrough
Norwich City
Oldham Athletic
Portsmouth
Queens Park Rangers
Reading
Sheffield United
Sheffield Wednesday
Stoke City
Sunderland
Swansea City
Swindon Town
Watford
West Bromwich Albion
Wigan Athletic
Wimbledon (defunct)
Competition
Teams
winners
performance record
Players
foreign
foreign scorers
winners
Managers
current
Stadiums
Founding
Broadcasters
overseas
in the U.S.
Productions
Referees
Statisticsand awards
Records
All-time table
Hat-tricks
Highest scores
Golden Boot
Golden Glove
Manager of the Season
Player of the Season
Young Player of the Season
Playmaker of the Season
Goal of the Season
Save of the Season
Game Changer of the Season
Most Powerful Goal
Manager of the Month
Player of the Month
Goal of the Month
Save of the Month
Players with 100+ goals
Players with 500+ appearances
Top scorers by season
Goalkeepers with 100+ clean sheets
Goalkeepers who have scored a goal
10 Seasons Awards
20 Seasons Awards
Hall of Fame
Finances
Richest clubs:
Deloitte list
Forbes list
Team owners
Transfer records
Game 39
Premier League–Football League gulf
Parachute and solidarity payments
Associatedcompetitions
Asia Trophy
FA Community Shield
FA Cup
EFL Cup
UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Europa Conference League
Premier League 2
Premier League Cup
Premier Reserve League (defunct)
U18 Premier League
Premier League International Cup
Summer Series
Category
vteAwards in English footballAll time
100 League Legends
Hall of Fame
Premier League
Manager of the Season
Player of the Season
Young Player of the Season
Goal of the Season
Playmaker of the Season
Save of the Season
Most Powerful Goal
Game Changer of the Season
Manager of the Month
Player of the Month
Goal of the Month
Save of the Month
Winning players
Golden Boot
Golden Glove
10 Seasons Awards
20 Seasons Awards
Hall of Fame
English Football League (EFL)
EFL Awards
Championship Top Scorer
League One Top Scorer
League Two Top Scorer
Golden Glove
Manager of the Month: Championship
League One
League Two
First Division (defunct)
Second Division (defunct)
Third Division (defunct)
Player of the Month: Championship
League One
League Two
First Division (defunct)
Second Division (defunct)
Third Division (defunct)
Young Player of the Month
Women's Super League (WSL)
Women's Football Awards
Manager of the Season
Player of the Season
Golden Boot
Golden Glove
Hall of Fame
Professional Footballers' Association (PFA)
Players' Player of the Year
Women's Players' Player of the Year
Fans' Player of the Year
Young Player of the Year
Women's Young Player of the Year
Team of the Year (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s)
Merit Award
Football Supporters' Federation (FSF)
Player of the Year
League Managers Association (LMA)
Manager of the Year
Football Writers' Association (FWA)
Footballer of the Year
Women's Footballer of the Year
Tribute Award
League Football Education (LFE)
Football League Apprentice of the Year
Match of the Day (BBC Television)
Goal of the Month
Goal of the Season
British honours system
Football personalities with British honours
Football players and officials awarded knighthoods
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Match of the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match_of_the_Day"},{"link_name":"BBC Goal of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Goal_of_the_Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emre_Can_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emre Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emre_Can"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League Goal of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2016–17 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser"},{"link_name":"Carling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carling_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-backdated-2"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Emre Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emre_Can"},{"link_name":"bicycle kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_kick"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can-3"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Garnacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Garnacho"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-current-4"}],"text":"This article is about the accolade awarded by the Premier League. For the Match of the Day accolade, see BBC Goal of the Season.Emre Can won the inaugural award in the 2016–17 season.The Premier League Goal of the Season is an annual football award for the player deemed to have scored the best goal in the preceding Premier League season.The shortlist features each of the season's nine Premier League Goal of the Month winners and on occasion, such as in 2016–17, 2018–19, and 2023–24, a goal from May which does not have a monthly vote. The winner is decided by a combination of an online public vote — which contributes to 10% of the final tally — and a panel of experts.[1]The award was first given following the 2016–17 season and, since 2019–20, has been known by its sponsored name, the Budweiser Goal of the Season; the award had been previously sponsored by Carling for its first three iterations. In 2020, the Premier League backdated the award and named an unofficial winner for every season since its inception.[2]First recipient of the award was Liverpool's Emre Can for his bicycle kick away at Watford.[3] The current holder of the award is Alejandro Garnacho.[4]","title":"Premier League Goal of the Season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"founding season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-backdated-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-current-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The following awards were retrospectively given, dating back to the Premier League's founding season.[2] However, the awards were unofficial and thus shall not be counted as if it was official.[4][11][12][13][14]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"Official award winners (2016–17 onwards)\n\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nPlayers\n\nTotal\n\n\n Argentina\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\n Egypt\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n England\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Germany\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Morocco\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Paraguay\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n South Korea\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\nUnofficial award winners (1992–93 to 2015–16)\n\n\n\n\nCountry\n\nPlayers\n\nTotal\n\n\n England\n\n9\n\n11\n\n\n Netherlands\n\n2\n\n3\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n France\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Ghana\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Honduras\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Italy\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Senegal\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n South Africa\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Togo\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n Turkey\n\n1\n\n1","title":"Awards won by nationality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Charlton Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."}],"text":"Official award winners (2016–17 onwards)\n\n\n\n\nClub\n\nPlayers\n\nTotal\n\n\nLiverpool\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\nBrighton & Hove Albion\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nCrystal Palace\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nManchester United\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nSouthampton\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\n\nUnofficial award winners (1992–93 to 2015–16)\n\n\n\n\nClub\n\nPlayers\n\nTotal\n\n\nArsenal\n\n4\n\n6\n\n\nManchester United\n\n3\n\n4\n\n\nPortsmouth\n\n3\n\n3\n\n\nLeeds United\n\n2\n\n2\n\n\nAston Villa\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nCharlton Athletic\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nLeicester City\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nLiverpool\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nNewcastle United\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nSouthampton\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nWest Ham United\n\n1\n\n1\n\n\nWigan Athletic\n\n1\n\n1","title":"Awards won by club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-score_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-score_5-1"}],"text":"^ a b The score at the time of the goal. Player's team's score listed first.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Emre Can won the inaugural award in the 2016–17 season.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Emre_Can_2014.jpg/170px-Emre_Can_2014.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Premier League Goal of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Month"},{"title":"BBC Goal of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Goal_of_the_Season"},{"title":"Premier League Save of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Save_of_the_Season"},{"title":"Premier League Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Player_of_the_Season"},{"title":"Premier League Young Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Young_Player_of_the_Season"},{"title":"Premier League Playmaker of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Playmaker_of_the_Season"},{"title":"Premier League Manager of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Manager_of_the_Season"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Vote for your Carling Goal of the Season\". Premier League. 22 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/397382","url_text":"\"Vote for your Carling Goal of the Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every Premier League Goal of the Season\". Premier League. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/video/single/1752159","url_text":"\"Every Premier League Goal of the Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Can acrobatics win Carling Goal of the Season\". Premier League. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/403151","url_text":"\"Can acrobatics win Carling Goal of the Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garnacho wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award\". Premier League. 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2024. It is the first time a Man Utd player has won the award since its inception in 2016/17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/4026851","url_text":"\"Garnacho wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boufal wins 2017/18 Carling Goal of the Season\". Premier League. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/691852","url_text":"\"Boufal wins 2017/18 Carling Goal of the Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Townsend wins Carling Goal of the Season award\". Premier League. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premierleague.com/news/1223758","url_text":"\"Townsend wins Carling Goal of the Season award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Son wins 2019/20 Budweiser Goal of the Season with solo special\". Premier League. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/1750634","url_text":"\"Son wins 2019/20 Budweiser Goal of the Season with solo special\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lamela rabona voted 2020/21 Budweiser Goal of Season\". Premier League. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/2164973","url_text":"\"Lamela rabona voted 2020/21 Budweiser Goal of Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salah wins 2021/22 Budweiser Goal of the Season award\". Premier League. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/2635573","url_text":"\"Salah wins 2021/22 Budweiser Goal of the Season award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enciso wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award\". Premier League. 4 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/3527787","url_text":"\"Enciso wins Budweiser Goal of the Season award\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Beckham\". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/331/David-Beckham/overview","url_text":"\"David Beckham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Bergkamp\". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/991/Dennis-Bergkamp/overview","url_text":"\"Dennis Bergkamp\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne Rooney\". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/2064/Wayne-Rooney/overview","url_text":"\"Wayne Rooney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin van Persie\". Premier League. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/2616/Robin-van-Persie/overview","url_text":"\"Robin van Persie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wimbledon v Aston Villa, 1992/93\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/119","url_text":"\"Wimbledon v Aston Villa, 1992/93\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds v Spurs, 1993/94\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/878","url_text":"\"Leeds v Spurs, 1993/94\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rod Wallace wonder goal | From The Archive | Leeds United 2-0 Tottenham Hotspur 1993/94\". Leeds United. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66Jtlldx8Ak","url_text":"\"Rod Wallace wonder goal | From The Archive | Leeds United 2-0 Tottenham Hotspur 1993/94\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackburn v Southampton, 1994/95\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/1113","url_text":"\"Blackburn v Southampton, 1994/95\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackburn R v Southampton 1994-95\". TJS Sports. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x3wsjsc","url_text":"\"Blackburn R v Southampton 1994-95\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wimbledon v Leeds, 1995/96\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/1454","url_text":"\"Wimbledon v Leeds, 1995/96\""}]},{"reference":"Koranteng, Daniel (23 September 2020). \"On this day in 1995: Yeboah's wonderstrike at Wimbledon\". Citi Sports Online. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://citisportsonline.com/2020/09/23/on-this-day-in-1995-yeboahs-wonderstrike-at-wimbledon/","url_text":"\"On this day in 1995: Yeboah's wonderstrike at Wimbledon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wimbledon v Man Utd, 1996/97\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/1775","url_text":"\"Wimbledon v Man Utd, 1996/97\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester v Arsenal, 1997/98\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/2179","url_text":"\"Leicester v Arsenal, 1997/98\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Sam (27 August 2021). \"One Dramatic Night At Filbert Street vs. Arsenal\". Leicester City. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lcfc.com/news/1647021/one-dramatic-night-at-filbert-street-vs-arsenal/featured","url_text":"\"One Dramatic Night At Filbert Street vs. Arsenal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C.","url_text":"Leicester City"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester v Spurs, 1998/99\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/2615","url_text":"\"Leicester v Spurs, 1998/99\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Ham v Wimbledon, 1999/00\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/3207","url_text":"\"West Ham v Wimbledon, 1999/00\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlton v Leicester, 2000/01\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/3591","url_text":"\"Charlton v Leicester, 2000/01\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle v Arsenal, 2001/02\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/3942","url_text":"\"Newcastle v Arsenal, 2001/02\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal v Spurs, 2002/03\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/4176","url_text":"\"Arsenal v Spurs, 2002/03\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool v Portsmouth, 2003/04\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/4651","url_text":"\"Liverpool v Portsmouth, 2003/04\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlton v Portsmouth, 2004/05\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/4818","url_text":"\"Charlton v Portsmouth, 2004/05\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunderland v Portsmouth, 2005/06\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/5288","url_text":"\"Sunderland v Portsmouth, 2005/06\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunderland 1-4 Portsmouth\". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4366688.stm","url_text":"\"Sunderland 1-4 Portsmouth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Man Utd v Bolton, 2006/07\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/5858","url_text":"\"Man Utd v Bolton, 2006/07\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (17 March 2007). \"Man Utd 4-1 Bolton\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/6437231.stm","url_text":"\"Man Utd 4-1 Bolton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Spurs v Arsenal, 2007/08\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/5999","url_text":"\"Spurs v Arsenal, 2007/08\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goal of the season\". BBC Sport. BBC. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/match_of_the_day/7256721.stm","url_text":"\"Goal of the season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Portsmouth v Hull, 2008/09\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/6461","url_text":"\"Portsmouth v Hull, 2008/09\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoke v Wigan, 2009/10\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/6862","url_text":"\"Stoke v Wigan, 2009/10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man Utd v Man City, 2010/11\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/7346","url_text":"\"Man Utd v Man City, 2010/11\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (12 February 2011). \"Man Utd 2 - 1 Man City\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/9391007.stm","url_text":"\"Man Utd 2 - 1 Man City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Chelsea v Newcastle, 2011/12\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/7826","url_text":"\"Chelsea v Newcastle, 2011/12\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (2 May 2012). \"Chelsea 0-2 Newcastle\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/17836021","url_text":"\"Chelsea 0-2 Newcastle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Man Utd v Aston Villa, 2012/13\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/8200","url_text":"\"Man Utd v Aston Villa, 2012/13\""}]},{"reference":"Bevan, Chris (22 April 2013). \"Manchester United 3-0 Aston Villa\". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/22149292","url_text":"\"Manchester United 3-0 Aston Villa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal v Norwich, 2013/14\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/9301","url_text":"\"Arsenal v Norwich, 2013/14\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arsenal v West Brom, 2014/15\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/9981","url_text":"\"Arsenal v West Brom, 2014/15\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crystal Palace v Spurs, 2015/16\". Premier League. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/match/12335","url_text":"\"Crystal Palace v Spurs, 2015/16\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Solicitor_General
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Solicitor general
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["1 List","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 United Kingdom","1.4 United States","1.5 Other countries","2 See also","3 References"]
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Legal position in common law countries
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A solicitor general or solicitor-general, in common law countries, is usually a legal officer who is the chief representative of a regional or national government in courtroom proceedings. In systems that have an attorney-general (or equivalent position), the solicitor general is often the second-ranked law officer of the state and a deputy of the attorney-general. The extent to which a solicitor general actually provides legal advice to or represents the government in court varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and sometimes between individual office holders in the same jurisdiction.
List
Solicitors General include the following:
Australia
In Australia the role of the Solicitor-General is as the second law officer after the Attorney-General. At federal level, the position of Solicitor-General of Australia was created in 1916 and until 1964 was held by the secretary of the Attorney-General's Department. It has always been held by a public servant. At state (and prior to 1901, colonial) level, the position has existed since the granting of self-government in the 19th century, and until the early 20th century was held by a member of parliament. During the 20th century there have been significant changes to the role, becoming increasingly independent and non-political to balance the increasing political engagement of the Attorney-General. Criminal litigation has largely been devolved to the various Directors of Public Prosecution. The Solicitor-General provides legal advice to the executive and represents the relevant government in court proceedings, particularly in constitutional matters.
Solicitor-General of Australia
Solicitor-General of the Australian Capital Territory
Solicitor General for New South Wales
Solicitor-General of the Northern Territory
Solicitor-General of Queensland
Solicitor-General of South Australia
Solicitor-General of Tasmania
Solicitor-General of Victoria
Solicitor-General of Western Australia
Canada
Solicitor General of Canada, a role now performed by the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness
Solicitor General of Ontario, responsible for police and other law enforcement agencies in the province of Ontario
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom:
Solicitor General for England and Wales, the deputy for the Attorney General for England and Wales
Solicitor General for Scotland, the deputy of the Lord Advocate of Scotland
Solicitor General to the Duchy of Cornwall, one of two royal duchies in England, the other being the Duchy of Lancaster
United States
Solicitor General of the United States, the federal government's primary advocate before the U.S. Supreme Court
In states in the United States, a state's Solicitor General is usually the top appellate advocate on behalf of the State, its executives and officials, and its legislature (sometimes referred to as State Solicitor, or Appellate Chief, depending upon the state). In many states, the Solicitor General also formulates a state's legal position in significant out-of-state cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. State Solicitors General include, among others
Solicitor General of Alabama, the top appellate advocate in the State of Alabama.
Solicitor General of Florida, the top appellate advocate for the State of Florida
Solicitor General of Hawaii, the top appellate advocate in the State of Hawaii
Solicitor General of Michigan, the top appellate advocate for the State of Michigan
Solicitor General of Missouri, the top appellate advocate for the State of Missouri.
State Solicitor of New Jersey, the top appellate advocate in the State of New Jersey
Solicitor General of New York, the top appellate advocate in the State of New York
Solicitor General of Ohio, the top appellate advocate in the State of Ohio
Solicitor General of Texas, the top appellate advocate in the State of Texas
Solicitor General of Vermont, the top appellate advocate in the State of Vermont
Solicitor General of Washington, the top appellate advocate in the State of Washington.
Solicitor General of West Virginia, the top appellate advocate in the State of West Virginia.
Though not a state, the District of Columbia also has an Office of the Solicitor General.
Other countries
In the British West Indies:
Solicitor General of Leeward Islands
Solicitor General of Barbados
Solicitor-General of Belize, a law officer of the government of Belize, subordinate to the Attorney-General of Belize
Solicitor General of Grenada
Solicitor-General (Fiji), the Chief Executive Officer of the Attorney-General's Chambers, and as such assists the Attorney-General in advising the government on legal matters, and in performing legal work for the government
Solicitor General of Hong Kong, until 1979, deputy to the Attorney-General; since 1981, head of the Legal Policy Division of the Department of Justice (Chinese: 律政司) in Hong Kong
Solicitor General of India, Attorney General of India
Solicitor-General for Ireland, deputy to the Attorney-General for Ireland, until 1922
Solicitor-General of New Zealand, the second law officer of state and public servant representing the Attorney-General in court proceedings
Solicitor-General of the Philippines
Solicitor General of Sri Lanka, the deputy for the Attorney General for Sri Lanka
Solicitor-General of Singapore, formerly the deputy of the Attorney-General of Singapore, now subordinate to the Deputy Attorney-General of Singapore.
See also
Attorney general, the main legal advisor to the government. In some jurisdictions the attorney general may also have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions
Justice of the peace, sometimes used with the same meaning
Law officers of the Crown, the chief legal advisers to the Crown, and advise and represent the various governments in the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth Realms
Solicitor, a lawyer who traditionally deals with any legal matter including conducting proceedings in court
Solicitor (South Carolina), a state elected position equivalent to a district attorney in many other states
References
^ Appleby, Gabrielle (28 September 2012). "The Constitutional Role of the Solicitor-General: An Historical, Legal and Lived Portrait" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
^ "Office of The Attorney General - ALABAMA". ago.alabama.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
^ "Florida Attorney General - Solicitor General". myfloridalegal.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.
^ "Bridget Asay appointed solicitor general of Vermont". VTDigger. 19 April 2015.
^ "Solicitor General's Office | Washington State". www.atg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
^ "Lindsay S. See appointed as West Virginia's new solicitor general". WVNS. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
^ "About the Office of the Solicitor General | Attorney General Karl A. Racine". oag.dc.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
|
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The extent to which a solicitor general actually provides legal advice to or represents the government in court varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and sometimes between individual office holders in the same jurisdiction.","title":"Solicitor general"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Solicitors General include the following:","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General%27s_Department_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Directors of Public Prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of the Australian Capital Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of the Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Western_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"In Australia the role of the Solicitor-General is as the second law officer after the Attorney-General. At federal level, the position of Solicitor-General of Australia was created in 1916 and until 1964 was held by the secretary of the Attorney-General's Department. It has always been held by a public servant. At state (and prior to 1901, colonial) level, the position has existed since the granting of self-government in the 19th century, and until the early 20th century was held by a member of parliament. During the 20th century there have been significant changes to the role, becoming increasingly independent and non-political to balance the increasing political engagement of the Attorney-General. Criminal litigation has largely been devolved to the various Directors of Public Prosecution. The Solicitor-General provides legal advice to the executive and represents the relevant government in court proceedings, particularly in constitutional matters.[1]\nSolicitor-General of Australia\nSolicitor-General of the Australian Capital Territory\nSolicitor General for New South Wales\nSolicitor-General of the Northern Territory\nSolicitor-General of Queensland\nSolicitor-General of South Australia\nSolicitor-General of Tasmania\nSolicitor-General of Victoria\nSolicitor-General of Western Australia","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Ontario"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Solicitor General of Canada, a role now performed by the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness\nSolicitor General of Ontario, responsible for police and other law enforcement agencies in the province of Ontario","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom:\nSolicitor General for England and Wales, the deputy for the Attorney General for England and Wales\nSolicitor General for Scotland, the deputy of the Lord Advocate of Scotland\nSolicitor General to the Duchy of Cornwall, one of two royal duchies in England, the other being the Duchy of Lancaster","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solicitor General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Solicitor_General"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missouri_Solicitor_General&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"State Solicitor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Solicitor_of_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_Vermont&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Solicitor General of the United States, the federal government's primary advocate before the U.S. Supreme Court\nIn states in the United States, a state's Solicitor General is usually the top appellate advocate on behalf of the State, its executives and officials, and its legislature (sometimes referred to as State Solicitor, or Appellate Chief, depending upon the state). In many states, the Solicitor General also formulates a state's legal position in significant out-of-state cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. State Solicitors General include, among others\nSolicitor General of Alabama, the top appellate advocate in the State of Alabama.[2]\nSolicitor General of Florida, the top appellate advocate for the State of Florida[3]\nSolicitor General of Hawaii, the top appellate advocate in the State of Hawaii\nSolicitor General of Michigan, the top appellate advocate for the State of Michigan\nSolicitor General of Missouri, the top appellate advocate for the State of Missouri.\nState Solicitor of New Jersey, the top appellate advocate in the State of New Jersey\nSolicitor General of New York, the top appellate advocate in the State of New York\nSolicitor General of Ohio, the top appellate advocate in the State of Ohio\nSolicitor General of Texas, the top appellate advocate in the State of Texas\nSolicitor General of Vermont, the top appellate advocate in the State of Vermont[4]\nSolicitor General of Washington, the top appellate advocate in the State of Washington.[5]\nSolicitor General of West Virginia, the top appellate advocate in the State of West Virginia.[6]\nThough not a state, the District of Columbia also has an Office of the Solicitor General.[7]","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Leeward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Leeward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Belize"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General (Fiji)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General for Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Solicitor-General of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Deputy Attorney-General of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Attorney-General_of_Singapore"}],"sub_title":"Other countries","text":"In the British West Indies:\nSolicitor General of Leeward Islands\nSolicitor General of Barbados\nSolicitor-General of Belize, a law officer of the government of Belize, subordinate to the Attorney-General of Belize\nSolicitor General of Grenada\nSolicitor-General (Fiji), the Chief Executive Officer of the Attorney-General's Chambers, and as such assists the Attorney-General in advising the government on legal matters, and in performing legal work for the government\nSolicitor General of Hong Kong, until 1979, deputy to the Attorney-General; since 1981, head of the Legal Policy Division of the Department of Justice (Chinese: 律政司) in Hong Kong\nSolicitor General of India, Attorney General of India\nSolicitor-General for Ireland, deputy to the Attorney-General for Ireland, until 1922\nSolicitor-General of New Zealand, the second law officer of state and public servant representing the Attorney-General in court proceedings\nSolicitor-General of the Philippines\nSolicitor General of Sri Lanka, the deputy for the Attorney General for Sri Lanka\nSolicitor-General of Singapore, formerly the deputy of the Attorney-General of Singapore, now subordinate to the Deputy Attorney-General of Singapore.","title":"List"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_general"},{"title":"Justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"title":"Law officers of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_officers_of_the_Crown"},{"title":"Solicitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor"},{"title":"Solicitor (South Carolina)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_(South_Carolina)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Appleby, Gabrielle (28 September 2012). \"The Constitutional Role of the Solicitor-General: An Historical, Legal and Lived Portrait\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/80112/8/02whole.pdf","url_text":"\"The Constitutional Role of the Solicitor-General: An Historical, Legal and Lived Portrait\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of The Attorney General - ALABAMA\". ago.alabama.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ago.alabama.gov/Divisions","url_text":"\"Office of The Attorney General - ALABAMA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida Attorney General - Solicitor General\". myfloridalegal.com. Retrieved 2023-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://myfloridalegal.com/pages.nsf/Main/D0B34FAEB8C543B285256CC60079E42A","url_text":"\"Florida Attorney General - Solicitor General\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridget Asay appointed solicitor general of Vermont\". VTDigger. 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://vtdigger.org/2015/04/19/bridget-asay-appointed-solicitor-general-of-vermont/","url_text":"\"Bridget Asay appointed solicitor general of Vermont\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solicitor General's Office | Washington State\". www.atg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atg.wa.gov/solicitor-generals-office","url_text":"\"Solicitor General's Office | Washington State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lindsay S. See appointed as West Virginia's new solicitor general\". WVNS. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2019-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wvnstv.com/west-virginia-news/lindsay-s-see-appointed-as-west-virginia-s-new-solicitor-general/1219495951","url_text":"\"Lindsay S. See appointed as West Virginia's new solicitor general\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Office of the Solicitor General | Attorney General Karl A. Racine\". oag.dc.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://oag.dc.gov/about-office-solicitor-general","url_text":"\"About the Office of the Solicitor General | Attorney General Karl A. Racine\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Solicitor+general%22","external_links_name":"\"Solicitor general\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Solicitor+general%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Solicitor+general%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Solicitor+general%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Solicitor+general%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Solicitor+general%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/80112/8/02whole.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Constitutional Role of the Solicitor-General: An Historical, Legal and Lived Portrait\""},{"Link":"https://ago.alabama.gov/Divisions","external_links_name":"\"Office of The Attorney General - ALABAMA\""},{"Link":"http://myfloridalegal.com/pages.nsf/Main/D0B34FAEB8C543B285256CC60079E42A","external_links_name":"\"Florida Attorney General - Solicitor General\""},{"Link":"https://vtdigger.org/2015/04/19/bridget-asay-appointed-solicitor-general-of-vermont/","external_links_name":"\"Bridget Asay appointed solicitor general of Vermont\""},{"Link":"https://www.atg.wa.gov/solicitor-generals-office","external_links_name":"\"Solicitor General's Office | Washington State\""},{"Link":"https://www.wvnstv.com/west-virginia-news/lindsay-s-see-appointed-as-west-virginia-s-new-solicitor-general/1219495951","external_links_name":"\"Lindsay S. See appointed as West Virginia's new solicitor general\""},{"Link":"https://oag.dc.gov/about-office-solicitor-general","external_links_name":"\"About the Office of the Solicitor General | Attorney General Karl A. Racine\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_palladium_production
|
List of countries by palladium production
|
["1 2010 - 2019","2 2000 - 2009","3 1990 - 1999","4 References"]
|
This article summarizes the world palladium production by country.
This is a list of countries by palladium production in kilograms, based upon data from the United States Geological Survey. In 2019, the world production of palladium totaled 210,000 kilograms—down 5% from 220,000 kg in 2018.
2010 - 2019
* indicates "Natural resources of COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.
Country
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
World
202,000
215,000
201,000
203,000
193,000
208,000
210,000
210,000
220,000
210,000
Russia *
84,700
86,000
82,000
80,000
83,000
80,000
79,400
81,000
90,000
86,000
South Africa *
82,200
82,000
74,000
75,000
58,400
73,000
76,300
78,000
80,600
80,000
Canada *
6,700
14,000
12,200
16,500
20,000
24,000
21,000
19,000
20,000
20,000
United States
11,600
12,400
12,300
12,600
12,400
12,500
13,100
13,000
14,300
12,000
Zimbabwe
7,000
8,200
9,000
9,600
10,100
10,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
Others
9,540
12,200
11,500
8,900
9,000
8,000
8,200
8,400
2,920
3,000
2000 - 2009
Country
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
World
174,000
179,000
181,000
182,000
188,000
219,000
224,000
219,000
204,000
192,000
Russia *
94,000
90,000
84,000
74,000
74,000
97,400
98,400
96,800
87,700
83,200
South Africa *
55,900
61,000
64,000
72,800
78,500
84,900
85,000
86,500
75,500
75,100
United States
10,300
12,100
14,800
14,000
13,700
13,300
14,400
12,800
11,900
12,700
Canada *
8,600
8,800
11,500
11,500
12,000
13,000
14,000
10,500
15,000
6,500
Zimbabwe
—
—
—
—
—
—
4,000
4,200
4,390
5,680
Others
5,360
7,400
6,900
9,700
9,900
9,900
8,210
8,120
9,500
9,230
1990 - 1999
Country
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
World
99,200
112,000
111,000
119,000
123,000
174,000
Russia *
40,000
48,000
48,000
47,000
47,000
85,000
South Africa *
44,000
49,400
48,900
55,900
57,300
63,600
United States
6,440
5,260
6,100
8,400
10,600
9,800
Canada *
7,000
7,100
5,270
4,810
4,810
8,592
Others
1,800
2,200
2,730
2,890
2,930
7,000
References
^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996-2020". USGS.
vteLists of countries and territories by industrial output rankingsMetallurgy
Aluminium
Al2O3
Antimony
reserve
Barium
Bauxite
Bismuth
Caesium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
smelter
Chromium
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Gadolinium
Gold
Holmium
Indium
Iridium
Iron ore
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Palladium
Platinum
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Silver
Steel
Strontium
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
reserves
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
reserve
Mineral
Bentonite
Feldspar
Fluorite
Iodine
Silicon
Salt
Emissions
CO2
per capita
per unit of GDP
Greenhouse gas
per capita
Others
Manufacturing
Cement
Motor vehicles
Paper
Refrigerators
Washing machines
List of international rankings
Lists by country
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"},{"link_name":"kilograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"palladium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium"}],"text":"This is a list of countries by palladium production in kilograms, based upon data from the United States Geological Survey.[1] In 2019, the world production of palladium totaled 210,000 kilograms—down 5% from 220,000 kg in 2018.","title":"List of countries by palladium production"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"* indicates \"Natural resources of COUNTRY or TERRITORY\" links.","title":"2010 - 2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2000 - 2009"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1990 - 1999"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996-2020\". USGS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/platinum-group-metals-statistics-and-information","url_text":"\"Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996-2020\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/platinum-group-metals-statistics-and-information","external_links_name":"\"Mineral Commodity Summaries 1996-2020\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesiotinus
|
Nesiotinus
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of lice
Nesiotinus
Nesiotinus demersus MA 1374863
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Psocodea
Family:
Philopteridae
Genus:
NesiotinusKellog, 1903
Type species
Nesiotinus demersusKellog, 1903
Nesiotinus is a genus of lice belonging to the family Philopteridae. The genus was first described in 1903 by Vernon Lyman Kellogg, and the type species is Nesiotinus demersus.
The species of this genus are found infesting King Penguins.
Species
Species:
Nesiotinus demersus Kellogg, 1903
Nesiotinus kerguelensis Mey, 2010
References
^ a b "Nesiotinus Kellog, 1903". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ a b "Australian Faunal Directory: Nesiotinus". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
^ VERNON L. KELLOGG (July 1903). "TWO NEW GENERA OF MALLOPHAGA". The Biological Bulletin. 5 (2): 85-91 . doi:10.2307/1535514. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1535514. Wikidata Q99668499.
^ "Australian Faunal Directory: Host taxa for Nesiotinus Kellogg, 1903". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
Taxon identifiersNesiotinus
Wikidata: Q18095924
Wikispecies: Nesiotinus
AFD: Nesiotinus
CoL: 8MT3P
GBIF: 1032160
iNaturalist: 376503
IRMNG: 1109456
NCBI: 224358
NZOR: c527f922-d6bc-4d95-92be-ce735152cc6b
Open Tree of Life: 492299
Psocodea Species File (old): 1224459
WoRMS: 384809
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louse"},{"link_name":"Philopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopteridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Vernon Lyman Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Lyman_Kellogg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afd-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellog-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afd-2"},{"link_name":"King Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_penguin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Nesiotinus is a genus of lice belonging to the family Philopteridae.[1] The genus was first described in 1903 by Vernon Lyman Kellogg,[2][3] and the type species is Nesiotinus demersus.[2]The species of this genus are found infesting King Penguins.[4]","title":"Nesiotinus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Nesiotinus demersus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nesiotinus_demersus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nesiotinus kerguelensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nesiotinus_kerguelensis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Species:[1]Nesiotinus demersus Kellogg, 1903\nNesiotinus kerguelensis Mey, 2010","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Nesiotinus Kellog, 1903\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1032160","url_text":"\"Nesiotinus Kellog, 1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Faunal Directory: Nesiotinus\". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Nesiotinus","url_text":"\"Australian Faunal Directory: Nesiotinus\""}]},{"reference":"VERNON L. KELLOGG (July 1903). \"TWO NEW GENERA OF MALLOPHAGA\". The Biological Bulletin. 5 (2): 85-91 [89]. doi:10.2307/1535514. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1535514. Wikidata Q99668499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Lyman_Kellogg","url_text":"VERNON L. KELLOGG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biological_Bulletin","url_text":"The Biological Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1535514","url_text":"10.2307/1535514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3185","url_text":"0006-3185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1535514","url_text":"1535514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q99668499","url_text":"Q99668499"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Faunal Directory: Host taxa for Nesiotinus Kellogg, 1903\". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Nesiotinus/hosts","url_text":"\"Australian Faunal Directory: Host taxa for Nesiotinus Kellogg, 1903\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Smithwick
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Noah Smithwick
|
["1 References"]
|
Texas settler, gunsmith.
Noah Smithwick Noah Smithwick (January 01, 1808–October 21, 1899) was a colonist who lived in Texas from 1827 and until the Civil War began. A gunsmith and blacksmith, he fought in the Texas Revolution and served as a Texas Ranger. Late in life he dictated his recollections of this early Texas period to his daughter, relaying colorful and humorous accounts, which included legendary Texans Stephen F. Austin, James Bowie, William B. Travis, Thomas Jefferson Rusk, and Sam Houston, who he knew personally.
Smithwick was born and educated in North Carolina. He worked as blacksmith in Kentucky and in 1827 went to Texas and settled in San Felipe, Texas. He applied for land in Stephen F. Austin's colony but never located it. In 1830 he helped a friend accused of murder escape. For this Smithwick was banished from Texas. After staying in East Texas and Louisiana, he returned to Texas in 1835 at the beginning of the Texas Revolution and took part in the Battle of Concepcion.
In 1836 he joined a ranger company to defend the Bastrop area from Indians, then went to San Jacinto arriving after the battle. He married Thurza N. Blakey in 1839 and settled in Webber's Prairie in Travis County. In 1850 he moved to Brushy Creek in Williamson County.
In 1849 Smithwick went to Fort Croghan in Burnet County and served as the fort's first armorer. In 1853 he bought and ran a nearby saw and grist mill. In 1857 he bought a mill and established Smithwick Mills and a post office of that name was established. When Texas voted for secession, Smithwick was opposed. After receiving threats for his Unionist views in 1861, he moved to what is now Kern County, California.Noah Smithwick's grave in Santa Ana, California.
In his later years he lost his eyesight. Before his death in Santa Ana, California, he dictated accounts of Texas experiences to his daughter, Anna (Nanna) Smithwick Donaldson, which she published. The book, 'The Evolution of a State, or, Recollections of Old Texas Days' has been referenced in numerous books about Texas history.
Smithwick died in October 1899.
References
^
Smithwick, Noah (1900). The Evolution of a State, or, Recollections of Old Texas Days. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72045-9.
^ Bryson, Rachel (3 December 2008). "The truth behind Noah Smithwick". DailyTrip. Daily Tribune. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Margaret Swett Henson. "SMITHWICK, NOAH". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
Authority control databases International
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ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Rand
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Janice Rand
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["1 Concept and development","1.1 Departure","1.2 Return","2 Appearances","2.1 Non-canon appearances","3 Reception and commentary","4 Annotations","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Fictional character in Star Trek
Fictional character
Janice RandStar Trek characterPromotional photo of Grace Lee Whitney as Janice RandFirst appearance
"The Man Trap" (1966) (The Original Series)
Last appearance
"Flashback" (1996) (Voyager)
Created byGene RoddenberryPortrayed byGrace Lee WhitneyIn-universe informationSpeciesHumanGenderFemaleTitleYeomanAffiliationUnited Federation of PlanetsStarfleet
Janice Rand is a fictional character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Original Series during its first season, as well as three of the Star Trek films. She is the Captain's yeoman on board the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701), and first appeared in the episode "The Man Trap". She had significant roles in the episodes "The Enemy Within", where she fights off an evil version of Captain James T. Kirk; "Charlie X" where a young man with god-like powers falls in love with her; and "Miri" where she is infected with a deadly disease while on an away mission and is kidnapped by jealous children.
Rand was portrayed by American actress Grace Lee Whitney, who had previously worked with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in a pilot for a show he created called Police Story.
Whitney as Rand was involved in promoting Star Trek before it aired, but did not appear in the first two pilots. Roddenberry set out the role of Rand to Whitney, saying that she and Kirk were meant to have feelings for one another but should never act on them. Part way through the first season, Whitney was released from her contract. The official explanation was that the production team wanted to free up Kirk to have relationships with other women, but it was necessitated because of her substance abuse. It is unclear who suggested that her contract should be terminated or who made the final decision. Roddenberry later blamed NBC for her release and said he regretted it.
After Whitney was reintroduced to Star Trek through conventions, she came back into contact with Roddenberry, who wanted to include her in the new series in development at the time, Star Trek: Phase II. This was subsequently cancelled, but Rand did reappear in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Whitney made further appearances as Rand in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, as well as scenes in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Flashback" set during the events of the latter film. Whitney made further appearances as Rand in the fan series Star Trek: New Voyages and Star Trek: Of Gods and Men, and Rand was also portrayed by Meghan King Johnson in New Voyages.
Prior to the start of The Original Series, Whitney promoted the series and was popular with the media. Critics later called the character a stereotype in her initial appearances, but the expansion of the role in "Flashback" was praised.
Concept and development
Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for Star Trek featured a female Captain's Yeoman named "Colt". She was described as "blonde and with a shape that even a uniform could not hide." In this first version of Star Trek, she worked as Captain Robert April's "secretary, reporter, bookkeeper, and undoubtedly wishes she could serve him in more personal departments." Roddenberry's description of her ended with "She is not dumb; she is very female, disturbingly so." This character was cast for the first pilot of the series, "The Cage", with Laurel Goodwin cast in that role. A similar character was created for the second pilot, "Where No Man Has Gone Before", this time called "Smith", and she was played by model Andrea Dromm.
However, during discussions with the casting director on Star Trek, Roddenberry stood up in the casting process for three women he had worked with before – Majel Barrett, Nichelle Nichols and Grace Lee Whitney. Whitney had previously appeared in Roddenberry's unsold pilot Police Story where she played Police Lieutenant Lily Monroe. She was available to appear in the series and was promptly cast in the role, being paid $750 per episode and being guaranteed to appear in seven episodes out of the first thirteen. The casting led to rumours that she and Roddenberry had been previously involved romantically, something she strenuously denied later saying that "I never had a romantic relationship with Gene Roddenberry before Star Trek, during Star Trek, or after Star Trek." She admitted that he had made numerous passes at her, but she wanted their relationship to remain professional only.
Roddenberry wanted Kirk and Rand to have an undercurrent of affection but never to act on it.
Roddenberry explained to Whitney that he wanted Rand to be Captain Kirk's confidante but never wanted them to express their affection for one another; instead he wanted it to be played as an ongoing undercurrent. In the early publicity photos, Whitney was dressed in the same manner that the women had been in the two pilots – a loose gold colored tunic and black trousers. She complained to Roddenberry about them hiding her "dancer's legs", so he had William Ware Theiss design a short skirt and tunic for her to wear, a uniform which was adopted by the other female characters on the series. She said the outfit was "sensational" and that "it stopped traffic". Despite the outfit being designed specifically for Whitney, Theiss was concerned and would tell her to lose weight. She was subsequently prescribed amphetamines by her doctor for the purpose of weight loss. Whitney stated that this was the start of her addiction to them, and in order to come down off them at night, she began drinking in the evening to take away the "edginess".
He also developed her hair styles for the series, which Roddenberry insisted must be unique and futuristic so that the viewers could believe they were seeing the future on television. She originally appeared with straight hair in promotion photos, but this was changed to a beehive, which was so solid looking that Bob Justman joked that "You could hit it with a sledgehammer and never make a dent." It was created by weaving two Max Factor wigs into a mesh cone. Whitney described the application of the wig, saying "they nailed it to my head every morning." It was created by placing a cone on her head and then weaving the blonde hair from two separate wigs together resulting in such an unusual look that Whitney said she was unrecognizable without it. In the press, she explained that on the show, Rand would have stuck her head in a machine which would have made up her hair instantly. The wig was later stolen from the Desilu lot after Whitney was no longer on the series; it was never recovered.
When interviewed by the media at the time, Whitney expressed enthusiasm in the role and about science fiction in general. She described Rand's role on board the Enterprise as "She's in charge of the other women aboard the space ship. She's Miss Efficiency." She also added that the character did not go into space "to catch a man." At the time, the media described Rand's position on the Enterprise as "chief female executive officer" and her image was used to promote the series before it began to air. Whitney enjoyed several of the episodes she appeared in, and found it hard to choose between "The Enemy Within", "Charlie X" and "Miri".
She was particularly affectionate toward the latter because it allowed her to appear on camera with her two children, and said it was her favorite. Certain elements of Rand's characterization were developed by Whitney and Shatner; Whitney would go to Shatner's side when their characters were put in danger – in response, Shatner would put his arms around her, such as in "Balance of Terror". The character was written out of the episode "Dagger of the Mind", which Whitney attributed to the romantic liaison that Kirk has with the female lead in that episode being so overt that it would have caused issues for later plots. This was because the script had Kirk and the female lead sleep with each other. Although Whitney found it difficult to watch as her character had been removed from the episode, she understood why. Part of her outfit was dictated by attempting to increase the duties of the Captain's Yeoman on screen. In order to provide support while part of an away team on a planet, Roddenberry suggested that she could wear a device on an over-the-shoulder strap which she could use as an electronic camera. He also suggested immediately that it could be expanded in order to be sold as a toy for young girls. This was part of the development process that led to the creation of the tricorder.
Departure
Grace Lee Whitney was released during the filming of the first season. The official reason given for Whitney's departure from the show was that her character limited romantic possibilities for Captain Kirk. This idea was supported by Whitney, saying: "They didn't want to give the fans the idea was in love with Janice Rand. That would limit him. They wanted him to go out and fool around. So, I was axed."
But the real reason was that the production had financial issues, with the acquisition of new crew members and the increase in popularity of Doctor Leonard McCoy meaning that those salaries needed to come out of the original budget. In Justman and Herb Solow's 1996 book Inside Star Trek, they stated that following a discussion between Roddenberry, Solow and Bernie Weitzman in which they discussed her contract, they decided to terminate it because of Whitney's limited appearances and the financial issues that the series was having. The decision was attributed elsewhere in David Alexander's 1995 authorized biography of Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek Creator, which said that during the first batch of episodes, casting director Joseph D'Agosta reviewed the contracts for the main actors due to rising costs.
At the time Whitney was guaranteed to appear in seven of the first 13 episodes, and contracted for four days work on each. However, she was used for nine additional days, leading D'Agosta to suggest to Roddenberry that if guest stars instead played the similar role but with different characters then they "would cost less and hold as much value". He added that they should instead look to using Whitney on a free-lance basis instead of under permanent contract. By September 8, 1966, Whitney's agent had been informed that her contract had been terminated, which was around a week prior to the shoot of her penultimate episode, "The Conscience of the King". Roddenberry told Whitney that he did not want to lose Rand as he wanted her relationship with Kirk to continue. In a memo to Gene Coon on October 27, 1966, Roddenberry suggested bringing Whitney back as Rand, albeit with a different hairstyle similar to the way she wore it in Police Story as this "made her look much younger and softer", but she was never invited back to the series.
Because of Whitney's termination, drafts of the episode "The Galileo Seven" were revised to replace Rand with a new yeoman, Mears. Writer Paul Schneider was not informed of Whitney's departure when he submitted his first draft of "The Squire of Gothos" in early October 1966, so another character, Yeoman Ross, was then subsequently created for that episode. And Robert Hamner's September 1966 outlines for "A Taste of Armageddon" also included Rand; that part was then given to another new character, Tamura.
In Solow and Justman's book, there was also a reference to a "rift" between Whitney and Roddenberry that occurred just prior to her departure and was expected to ensure that she never returned to the series. In her autobiography, Whitney states that an unnamed television executive sexually assaulted her on August 26, 1966, while working on the episode "Miri", and she draws a link between this and her sacking a few days later. Whitney's departure was around the time when she was an alcoholic. In an interview in 1988, Whitney blamed her alcoholism and anorexia at the time for being released by the series. She later explained in an interview with Starlog magazine to promote Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, that due to being adopted, she had a fear of rejection when she was younger which stemmed from her mother giving her away, and linked this to Star Trek saying "when I was let go from Star Trek, it was a psychic pain which pushed me into alcoholism. I couldn't stand the pain, so I drank to get away from it."
Return
Whitney at a Star Trek convention in the mid-1970s
Whitney returned to the set on several occasions during the production of the series, and was also invited to come back for cast parties. But over time these visits decreased gradually as she found it painful to be on set with her friends, but not able to appear on the show. She was continuing to take amphetamines and had developed a drinking problem. Despite this, and despite Whitney being let go from the show, Harlan Ellison wrote the character into his original script for "The City on the Edge of Forever". Roddenberry rewrote the script, resulting in a feud between the writers – but the writer was also very disappointed in general that Rand had been removed from the series. After Whitney had left Star Trek, she dated Ellison for a time.
Whitney had no further involvement with Star Trek until 1976, when she happened to meet DeForest Kelley at an unemployment office in Van Nuys, Los Angeles. He informed her about a Star Trek convention coming up that was organised by Bjo and John Trimble called Equicon. She received such a reception upon making an appearance there that she was inspired to think more about the series and wanted to appear at more events. In 1977, after reading the back cover of the book Letters to Star Trek by Susan Sackett and finding that "Whatever happened to Grace Lee Whitney?" was one of the ten most frequently asked queries, Whitney got in touch with Sackett and was invited to meet at Roddenberry's office at Paramount. When he entered, he was happy and excited to see her and immediately offered to bring back Rand for the new television series Star Trek: Phase II. Roddenberry told her that removing Rand was the biggest mistake he had made, saying that the character should have stayed so that "when Captain Kirk came back from having affairs with all these other women on all these other planets – he'd have to deal with . What a great plot-thickener that would have been!" Instead, he blamed the decision on executives at NBC, but apologized for it to Whitney.
Whitney at a convention circa 1980
When Phase II was discussed in the media, the return of Whitney as Rand was one of the things highlighted. Two weeks before the series was about to shoot, it was canceled by Paramount executives. Instead there was going to be a film. Whitney returned for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, with Roddenberry bringing her back as Rand who was now the transporter chief on board the Enterprise. The film reunited the entire main cast of Star Trek. She did not appear in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, and was not in the script for Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. But for the latter film, Nimoy, who was directing the movie, gave Whitney a cameo as another character who was looking out of a window in spacedock watching the return of the damaged Enterprise at the start of the production. As he was also directing The Voyage Home, he was looking to give Whitney a larger role. By this time, she had hoped that Rand had moved over to become a counselor – an idea originally suggested by a fan. Alongside Majel Barrett as Christine Chapel, the duo were given four pages of dialogue initially which was trimmed down to one scene in the final film. Following the reappearance, Whitney was enthusiastic about returning as Rand, saying "I think Janice Rand is going to be around for a long time, as long as they don't kill our characters off, we have a chance of constantly coming back."
After a further appearance as Rand in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Whitney returned for a final official appearance in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Flashback". She praised the "incredible experience" and enjoyed working with Kate Mulgrew and Tim Russ. Following the appearance in Voyager, Whitney was supportive of a new Star Trek series focused on the adventures of the Excelsior with Rand appearing once more alongside George Takei as Captain Hikaru Sulu.
Following the relaunch of Star Trek in 2009 with a new cast playing those roles seen in The Original Series, there was commentary online about the lack of female characters and whether Rand might be appearing in future installments. While the sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, was in production, Rand was one of five characters who was stated not to be appearing in the film by writer Roberto Orci. But there was still speculation at the time of the broadcast of the first trailer about who Alice Eve was portraying in the film. The options given by Tor.com was that it was either Janice Rand or Carol Marcus. Daily Variety reported that she was cast as someone new to the franchise, but she was actually cast as Marcus.
Appearances
Rand's first filmed appearance is in the episode "The Corbomite Maneuver", wherein Captain James T. Kirk is annoyed that he has been assigned a pretty female yeoman and discusses this with McCoy. After Kirk is split into two beings in "The Enemy Within", the evil version of the Captain heads to Rand's quarters and reveals his attraction to her. He kisses her forcefully, but she fights back and scratches him across the face. Crewman Fisher intervenes and fights him off – the duo later explain that it was Kirk who attacked her to a surprised good version of the Captain, along with Spock and Doctor McCoy. In "The Man Trap", she becomes friends with Sulu while refusing the advances of Crewman Green. Kirk admits his feelings for Rand while under the influence of an affliction in "The Naked Time".
When Charlie Evans is brought on board the Enterprise in the episode "Charlie X", he falls for Rand. She is older than the adolescent boy and attempts to dissuade his affections by introducing him to Yeoman Tina Lawton. But he declares his feelings for Rand. Concerned, Rand seeks the advice of the Captain who intervenes and involves Evans in some sparring practice. After he falls over, he reveals his powers to make people disappear when one of the other sparring partners laughs at him. Charlie takes control of the ship, and goes to Rand's quarters with a rose. She refuses his approach; Spock and Kirk arrive but Charlie attacks them, and Rand slaps the boy. In response, he makes her vanish. It is only after a Thasian vessel appears that the Enterprise and Rand are returned to normal, as Charlie is taken away by the aliens.
Rand joins the landing party in the episode "Miri", and is infected by the disease that wiped out all of the adults on the planet. She finds comfort in the arms of Kirk, causing Miri to become jealous and the girl kidnaps the Yeoman to attract the attention of the Captain. Kirk convinces Miri to take him to Rand, but the other children attack him. They realise what they're doing is wrong and allow Kirk and Rand to return to the rest of the landing party – where McCoy has synthesized a cure for the disease. Rand's second to last appearance in The Original Series was in The Conscience of the King, where she has no lines but shoots a jealous look at a woman Kirk is attracted to. Her final appearance in the original TV series was on the episode Balance of Terror.
She next appeared in the 1979 film Star Trek: The Motion Picture as the chief transporter operator and non-commissioned officer on board the Enterprise. During the events of The Voyage Home, Rand was stationed in San Francisco as a communications officer, but was reunited with the other former members of the Enterprise when they are court-martialed at the end of the film. She subsequently served as a communications officer aboard the USS Excelsior during the events of The Undiscovered Country. The character's final appearance on screen was as part of Tuvok's memories of the events of that final film, as part of the Voyager episode "Flashback". Afterwards, Whitney remained hopeful that a new Captain Sulu based series would be created, allowing her to return to the role of Rand once more.
Non-canon appearances
Whitney made a further two appearances in Star Trek fan productions as Rand. These included the Star Trek: New Voyages episode "World Enough and Time", where Rand was once again on the bridge of the Excelsior alongside Takei's Sulu. Despite being fan produced, the episode was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. She also returned as Rand in the film Star Trek: Of Gods and Men. It was directed by Tim Russ, who she had worked with on Voyager, and featured a number of other former Star Trek actors. It was produced in association with New Voyages.
Rand was also portrayed by Meghan King Johnson in New Voyages. She was initially going to work on a film with producer Jack Marshall, but when that fell through, he suggested she worked on the Star Trek production. Johnson was first hired to portray Christine Chapel, with Andrea Ajemian playing Rand. However, Ajemian was re-cast to play Onabi in the pilot "Come What May", Johnson was moved to play Rand and Shannon Giles recruited to play Chapel. Johnson said that highlights of the role included taking the conn in the pilot, and later working around her pregnancy in the episode "In Harm's Way".
In print media, Vonda N. McIntyre's non-canon novel Enterprise: The First Adventure expanded on Rand's early history saying that she was originally a refugee, before being sold into slavery and enlisting in Starfleet. But in order to do so, she also had to lie about her age. Once on the Enterprise, she is teased by her new colleagues until her friendship with Uhura helps her to settle in and become the Yeoman that appeared on the television series. During the production of The Original Series, Janice Rand still appeared in the first draft of the script for the episode "The Galileo Seven", but was replaced by Yeoman Mears in later versions. When the comic book series by IDW Publishing based on the 2009 film revisited the events of that episode, this was changed to allow Rand to appear.
Reception and commentary
In the initial previews for Star Trek when reporting on Rand, the media discussed Whitney's looks. The Independent Press-Telegram went as far as printing her bust/waist/hip measurements. Other newspapers were also complimentary of how Whitney looked, calling her attractive and shapely. Whitney said that she was popular with the media at the time because she was "very glib and very eager", but felt that she may have been seen to be overshadowing other members of the cast with her appearances. Her hairstyle was placed fifth in a list of unforgettable hairstyles in science fiction on Tor.com. It was suggested that when "you think of the 60s and science fiction hairstyles, the first image is probably Rand's beehive hair".
Rand's role is described within Terry J. Erdmann and Paula M. Block's Star Trek 101 as attending to Kirk, and bringing him reports, meals and coffee as well as having developed a crush on him. Jan Johnson-Smith, in her book American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond, said that Rand was one of a number of "recognisable stereotypes" of women who appeared in Star Trek. This was despite an initially progressive agenda towards women in authority by the appearance of Number One in "The Cage", which was rejected by NBC. Johnson-Smith described Rand's position as being a typical example of a female character who was only intended to be a romantic interest for a male lead.
Zack Handlen, while writing for The A.V. Club in 2009, said that Whitney was a "competent actress", but that Rand "represents some of Trek's most egregious offenses against feminism". He criticized her role within the show, and specifically in "Charlie X" when Charlie slaps her bottom and none of the characters can explain why he should not do that. Michelle Erica Green praised the "substantial" role given to Rand in "Flashback" while writing for TrekNation, adding that this was the first time such a role had been given to the character in the franchise. However, she criticized Rand's being written out part way through the episode as she felt that the character could have had more to contribute to the plot.
In 2015, SyFy rated Yeoman Rand as among the top 21 most interesting supporting characters of Star Trek. In 2019, she was listed as one of the underrated characters of the Star Trek universe by CBS.
Annotations
^ This was also the date of broadcast of the first episode of Star Trek, "The Man Trap".
Notes
^ Shatner 1993, pp. 208–209.
^ a b c Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, pp. 130–131.
^ Roddenberry 1964, p. 8.
^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 75.
^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 156.
^ a b c d Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 107.
^ a b Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 73.
^ a b Asherman 1988, p. 87.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 117.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 86.
^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 157.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 77.
^ a b c d e f g Dickholtz, Daniel (April 1986). "The Grace & Wit of Grace Lee Whitney". Starlog (105): 48–50. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 123.
^ Johnson, Erskine (July 9, 1966). "Grace Lee Whitney Going Into Orbit On TV Next Fall". The North Adams Transcript. p. 17. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Now She Prefers Leap in Space". Weekend Daily Reporter. September 17, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Yeoman Janice Rand". The Odessa American. September 3, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 103.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 76.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 82.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 148.
^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 243.
^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 269.
^ a b Alexander 1995, p. 275.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 107.
^ a b Alexander 1995, p. 276.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 102.
^ a b Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 270.
^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 353.
^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 442-443, 447.
^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 529, 532.
^ Solow & Justman 1996, p. 244.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 106.
^ a b c d Dickholtz, Daniel (March 1987). "Grace Lee Whitney: A Touch of Grace". Starlog. 1 (116): 12–14.
^ Asherman 1988, p. 88.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 107.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 112.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 108.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 114.
^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 122.
^ "Star Trek to go into new production". Redlands Daily Facts. June 20, 1977. p. 12. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Bankers, Peter (February 1980). "Star Trek the Motion Picture: The Universe and Beyond". American Cinematographer. 61 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
^ Spelling, Ian (October 20, 1996). "'Flashback' Brings Back Capt. Sulu". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
^ "Las Vegas". The Indiana Gazette. January 23, 2001. p. 10. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Anders, Charlie Jane (June 22, 2009). "Next Star Trek Could Feature Yeoman Rand". io9. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ "Star Trek 2 Villain Actually Revealed This Time?". Tor.com. July 9, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ "Star Trek Into Darkness Teaser Trailer Features Revenge On A Massive Scale". Tor.com. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Kroll, Justin (November 30, 2011). "J.J. Abrams picks Alice Eve for 'Star Trek'". Daily Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Goldberg, Matt (December 11, 2012). "Alice Eve's Character in Star Trek Into Darkness Revealed". Deadline. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Sohl, Jerry (November 10, 1966). "The Corbomite Maneuver". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 2.
^ Matheson, Richard (October 6, 1966). "The Enemy Within". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 4.
^ Clayton Johnson, George (September 8, 1966). "The Man Trap". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 5.
^ Black, John D.F. (September 29, 1966). "The Naked Time". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 6.
^ Fontana, D.C.; Roddenberry, Gene (September 15, 1966). "Charlie X". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 7.
^ Spies, Adrian (October 27, 1966). "Miri". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 11.
^ Atkinson, Torrie; Myers, Eugene (May 19, 2009). "Star Trek Re-watch: "The Conscience of the King"". Tor.com. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^ Sackett & Roddenberry (1980): pp. 126 – 127
^ Meyer, Nicholas; Flinn, Dennis Martin (1991). Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (Film). Paramount Pictures.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 191.
^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 192.
^ "Remembering Grace Lee Whitney, 1930–2015". StarTrek.com. May 3, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ "2008 Hugo Awards". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
^ "Let There Be Lights: "Of Gods and Men" Shoots". StarTrek.com. July 12, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
^ "Get to Know Meghan King Johnson In Her Own Words". Star Trek: New Voyages. 1 (2): 38–40.
^ Myers, Eugene; Atkinson, Torie (May 28, 2009). "Star Trek Re-watch: "The Galileo Seven"". Tor.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet; Britt, Ryan (December 5, 2011). "The Galileo Seven is Down! IDW's Star Trek #3". Tor.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
^ Resnik, Bert (October 2, 1966). "Bert's Eye View". Independent Press-Telegram. p. 139. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Thursday Night TV". The Daily Tar Heel. September 10, 1966. p. 36. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Shapely Grace Lee Whitney ..." The Pantagraph. July 9, 1966. p. 26. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Asherman 1988, p. 89.
^ "Cosmic Coiffures: 6 Unforgettable Hairstyles in SFF". Tor.com. April 28, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
^ Erdmann & Block 2008, p. 10.
^ Johnson-Smith 2005, p. 80.
^ Handlen, Zack (January 16, 2009). ""The Man Trap"/"Charlie X"/"The Naked Time"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ Green, Michelle Erica (February 12, 2016). "Retro Review: Flashback". TrekNation. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.
^ "The 21 most interesting Star Trek supporting characters". Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
^ "The Most Underrated Star Trek Characters Ever". www.cbs.com. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
References
Alexander, David (1995). Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry. New York: Roc. ISBN 0-451-45440-5.
Asherman, Allan (1988). The Star Trek Interview Book. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-61794-3.
Ayers, Jeff (2006). Voyages of Imagination. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-0349-1.
Cushman, Marc; Osborn, Susan (2013). These are the Voyages: TOS, Season One. San Diego, CA: Jacobs Brown Press. ISBN 978-0-9892381-1-3.
Erdmann, Terry J.; Block, Paula M. (2008). Star Trek 101. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-9723-7.
Johnson-Smith, John (2005). American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-4175-8364-5.
Roddenberry, Gene (1964). Star Trek (PDF). Los Angeles: Desilu Studios. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-05.
Sackett, Susan; Roddenberry, Gene (1980). The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-25181-9.
Shatner, William (1993). Star Trek Memories: The Inside Story of the Classic TV Series. London: HarperCollins.
Solow, Herbert F.; Justman, Robert H. (1996). Inside Star Trek: The Real Story. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-89628-7.
Whitfield, Stephen E.; Roddenberry, Gene (1991). The Making of Star Trek. London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-85286-363-0.
Whitney, Grace Lee; Denney, Jim (1998). The Longest Trek: My Tour of the Galaxy. Clovis, CA: Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1-884956-03-4.
External links
Janice Rand at Memory Alpha
Janice Rand Biography at danhausertrek.com
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She is the Captain's yeoman on board the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701), and first appeared in the episode \"The Man Trap\". She had significant roles in the episodes \"The Enemy Within\", where she fights off an evil version of Captain James T. Kirk; \"Charlie X\" where a young man with god-like powers falls in love with her; and \"Miri\" where she is infected with a deadly disease while on an away mission and is kidnapped by jealous children.Rand was portrayed by American actress Grace Lee Whitney, who had previously worked with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry in a pilot for a show he created called Police Story.Whitney as Rand was involved in promoting Star Trek before it aired, but did not appear in the first two pilots. Roddenberry set out the role of Rand to Whitney, saying that she and Kirk were meant to have feelings for one another but should never act on them. Part way through the first season, Whitney was released from her contract. The official explanation was that the production team wanted to free up Kirk to have relationships with other women, but it was necessitated because of her substance abuse.[1] It is unclear who suggested that her contract should be terminated or who made the final decision. Roddenberry later blamed NBC for her release and said he regretted it.[2]After Whitney was reintroduced to Star Trek through conventions, she came back into contact with Roddenberry, who wanted to include her in the new series in development at the time, Star Trek: Phase II. This was subsequently cancelled, but Rand did reappear in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Whitney made further appearances as Rand in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, as well as scenes in the Star Trek: Voyager episode \"Flashback\" set during the events of the latter film. Whitney made further appearances as Rand in the fan series Star Trek: New Voyages and Star Trek: Of Gods and Men, and Rand was also portrayed by Meghan King Johnson in New Voyages.Prior to the start of The Original Series, Whitney promoted the series and was popular with the media. Critics later called the character a stereotype in her initial appearances, but the expansion of the role in \"Flashback\" was praised.","title":"Janice Rand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gene Roddenberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series"},{"link_name":"Yeoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoddenberry19648-3"},{"link_name":"The Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cage_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"Laurel Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Where No Man Has Gone Before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_No_Man_Has_Gone_Before"},{"link_name":"Andrea 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Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"Charlie X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_X"},{"link_name":"Miri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998103-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney199876-19"},{"link_name":"Balance of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney199882-20"},{"link_name":"Dagger of the Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger_of_the_Mind"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998103-18"},{"link_name":"away team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_team_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"tricorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorder"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991148-21"}],"text":"Gene Roddenberry's original pitch for Star Trek featured a female Captain's Yeoman named \"Colt\". She was described as \"blonde and with a shape that even a uniform could not hide.\" In this first version of Star Trek, she worked as Captain Robert April's \"secretary, reporter, bookkeeper, and undoubtedly wishes she could serve him in more personal departments.\" Roddenberry's description of her ended with \"She is not dumb; she is very female, disturbingly so.\"[3] This character was cast for the first pilot of the series, \"The Cage\", with Laurel Goodwin cast in that role. A similar character was created for the second pilot, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", this time called \"Smith\", and she was played by model Andrea Dromm.[4]However, during discussions with the casting director on Star Trek, Roddenberry stood up in the casting process for three women he had worked with before – Majel Barrett, Nichelle Nichols and Grace Lee Whitney.[4] Whitney had previously appeared in Roddenberry's unsold pilot Police Story where she played Police Lieutenant Lily Monroe. She was available to appear in the series and was promptly cast in the role, being paid $750 per episode and being guaranteed to appear in seven episodes out of the first thirteen.[5][6] The casting led to rumours that she and Roddenberry had been previously involved romantically, something she strenuously denied later saying that \"I never had a romantic relationship with Gene Roddenberry before Star Trek, during Star Trek, or after Star Trek.\" She admitted that he had made numerous passes at her, but she wanted their relationship to remain professional only.[6][7]Roddenberry wanted Kirk and Rand to have an undercurrent of affection but never to act on it.Roddenberry explained to Whitney that he wanted Rand to be Captain Kirk's confidante but never wanted them to express their affection for one another; instead he wanted it to be played as an ongoing undercurrent. In the early publicity photos, Whitney was dressed in the same manner that the women had been in the two pilots – a loose gold colored tunic and black trousers. She complained to Roddenberry about them hiding her \"dancer's legs\",[6] so he had William Ware Theiss design a short skirt and tunic for her to wear,[5] a uniform which was adopted by the other female characters on the series.[6] She said the outfit was \"sensational\" and that \"it stopped traffic\".[8] Despite the outfit being designed specifically for Whitney, Theiss was concerned and would tell her to lose weight.[9] She was subsequently prescribed amphetamines by her doctor for the purpose of weight loss. Whitney stated that this was the start of her addiction to them, and in order to come down off them at night, she began drinking in the evening to take away the \"edginess\".[10]He also developed her hair styles for the series, which Roddenberry insisted must be unique and futuristic so that the viewers could believe they were seeing the future on television.[11] She originally appeared with straight hair in promotion photos,[8] but this was changed to a beehive, which was so solid looking that Bob Justman joked that \"You could hit it with a sledgehammer and never make a dent.\"[11] It was created by weaving two Max Factor wigs into a mesh cone.[12] Whitney described the application of the wig, saying \"they nailed it to my head every morning.\"[13] It was created by placing a cone on her head and then weaving the blonde hair from two separate wigs together resulting in such an unusual look that Whitney said she was unrecognizable without it.[14] In the press, she explained that on the show, Rand would have stuck her head in a machine which would have made up her hair instantly.[15] The wig was later stolen from the Desilu lot after Whitney was no longer on the series; it was never recovered.[7]When interviewed by the media at the time, Whitney expressed enthusiasm in the role and about science fiction in general. She described Rand's role on board the Enterprise as \"She's in charge of the other women aboard the space ship. She's Miss Efficiency.\"[16] She also added that the character did not go into space \"to catch a man.\"[16] At the time, the media described Rand's position on the Enterprise as \"chief female executive officer\"[16] and her image was used to promote the series before it began to air.[17] Whitney enjoyed several of the episodes she appeared in, and found it hard to choose between \"The Enemy Within\", \"Charlie X\" and \"Miri\".[13]She was particularly affectionate toward the latter because it allowed her to appear on camera with her two children,[13] and said it was her favorite.[18] Certain elements of Rand's characterization were developed by Whitney and Shatner; Whitney would go to Shatner's side when their characters were put in danger – in response, Shatner would put his arms around her,[19] such as in \"Balance of Terror\".[20] The character was written out of the episode \"Dagger of the Mind\", which Whitney attributed to the romantic liaison that Kirk has with the female lead in that episode being so overt that it would have caused issues for later plots. This was because the script had Kirk and the female lead sleep with each other. Although Whitney found it difficult to watch as her character had been removed from the episode, she understood why.[13][18] Part of her outfit was dictated by attempting to increase the duties of the Captain's Yeoman on screen. In order to provide support while part of an away team on a planet, Roddenberry suggested that she could wear a device on an over-the-shoulder strap which she could use as an electronic camera. He also suggested immediately that it could be expanded in order to be sold as a toy for young girls. This was part of the development process that led to the creation of the tricorder.[21]","title":"Concept and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolowJustman1996243-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"Leonard McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_McCoy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013269-23"},{"link_name":"Herb Solow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Solow"},{"link_name":"Bernie Weitzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Weitzman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolowJustman1996243-22"},{"link_name":"Joseph D'Agosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_D%27Agosta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995275-24"},{"link_name":"free-lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-lance"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995275-24"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995276-27"},{"link_name":"The Conscience of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscience_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998102-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013270-29"},{"link_name":"Gene Coon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Coon"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1995276-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013270-29"},{"link_name":"The Galileo Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galileo_Seven"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013353-30"},{"link_name":"Paul Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schneider_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Squire of Gothos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Squire_of_Gothos"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013442-443,_447-31"},{"link_name":"Robert Hamner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hamner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Taste of Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Taste_of_Armageddon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECushmanOsborn2013529,_532-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolowJustman1996244-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991106-34"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touchof-35"},{"link_name":"anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherman198888-36"},{"link_name":"Starlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlog"},{"link_name":"Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_IV:_The_Voyage_Home"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touchof-35"}],"sub_title":"Departure","text":"Grace Lee Whitney was released during the filming of the first season. The official reason given for Whitney's departure from the show was that her character limited romantic possibilities for Captain Kirk.[22] This idea was supported by Whitney, saying: \"They didn't want to give the fans the idea [Kirk] was in love with Janice Rand. That would limit him. They wanted him to go out and fool around. So, I was axed.\"[13]But the real reason was that the production had financial issues, with the acquisition of new crew members and the increase in popularity of Doctor Leonard McCoy meaning that those salaries needed to come out of the original budget.[23] In Justman and Herb Solow's 1996 book Inside Star Trek, they stated that following a discussion between Roddenberry, Solow and Bernie Weitzman in which they discussed her contract, they decided to terminate it because of Whitney's limited appearances and the financial issues that the series was having.[22] The decision was attributed elsewhere in David Alexander's 1995 authorized biography of Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek Creator, which said that during the first batch of episodes, casting director Joseph D'Agosta reviewed the contracts for the main actors due to rising costs.[24]At the time Whitney was guaranteed to appear in seven of the first 13 episodes, and contracted for four days work on each. However, she was used for nine additional days, leading D'Agosta to suggest to Roddenberry that if guest stars instead played the similar role but with different characters then they \"would cost less and hold as much value\". He added that they should instead look to using Whitney on a free-lance basis instead of under permanent contract.[24] By September 8, 1966,[n 1] Whitney's agent had been informed that her contract had been terminated,[26] which was around a week prior to the shoot of her penultimate episode, \"The Conscience of the King\".[27] Roddenberry told Whitney that he did not want to lose Rand as he wanted her relationship with Kirk to continue.[28] In a memo to Gene Coon on October 27, 1966, Roddenberry suggested bringing Whitney back as Rand, albeit with a different hairstyle similar to the way she wore it in Police Story as this \"made her look much younger and softer\",[26] but she was never invited back to the series.[28]Because of Whitney's termination, drafts of the episode \"The Galileo Seven\" were revised to replace Rand with a new yeoman, Mears.[29] Writer Paul Schneider was not informed of Whitney's departure when he submitted his first draft of \"The Squire of Gothos\" in early October 1966, so another character, Yeoman Ross, was then subsequently created for that episode.[30] And Robert Hamner's September 1966 outlines for \"A Taste of Armageddon\" also included Rand; that part was then given to another new character, Tamura.[31]In Solow and Justman's book, there was also a reference to a \"rift\" between Whitney and Roddenberry that occurred just prior to her departure and was expected to ensure that she never returned to the series.[32] In her autobiography, Whitney states that an unnamed television executive sexually assaulted her on August 26, 1966, while working on the episode \"Miri\", and she draws a link between this and her sacking a few days later.[33] Whitney's departure was around the time when she was an alcoholic.[34] In an interview in 1988, Whitney blamed her alcoholism and anorexia at the time for being released by the series.[35] She later explained in an interview with Starlog magazine to promote Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, that due to being adopted, she had a fear of rejection when she was younger which stemmed from her mother giving her away, and linked this to Star Trek saying \"when I was let go from Star Trek, it was a psychic pain which pushed me into alcoholism. I couldn't stand the pain, so I drank to get away from it.\"[34]","title":"Concept and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_lee_whitney_sfcon.jpg"},{"link_name":"drinking problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991107-37"},{"link_name":"Harlan Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison"},{"link_name":"The City on the Edge of Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_on_the_Edge_of_Forever"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991112-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991108-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991114-40"},{"link_name":"DeForest Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeForest_Kelley"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Star Trek convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_fandom"},{"link_name":"Bjo and John Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjo_Trimble"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991122-41"},{"link_name":"Susan Sackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sackett"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Phase II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Phase_II"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991130%E2%80%93131-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_lee_whitney_1980.jpg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfieldRoddenberry1991130%E2%80%93131-2"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: The Motion Picture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan"},{"link_name":"Star Trek III: The Search for Spock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_III:_The_Search_for_Spock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starlog105-13"},{"link_name":"Christine Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-touchof-35"},{"link_name":"Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"Kate Mulgrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew"},{"link_name":"Tim Russ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Russ"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"George Takei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Takei"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Sulu"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Star Trek Into Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Roberto Orci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Orci"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Alice Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Eve"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Books"},{"link_name":"Carol Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Marcus_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Daily Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Return","text":"Whitney at a Star Trek convention in the mid-1970sWhitney returned to the set on several occasions during the production of the series, and was also invited to come back for cast parties. But over time these visits decreased gradually as she found it painful to be on set with her friends, but not able to appear on the show. She was continuing to take amphetamines and had developed a drinking problem.[36] Despite this, and despite Whitney being let go from the show, Harlan Ellison wrote the character into his original script for \"The City on the Edge of Forever\".[37] Roddenberry rewrote the script, resulting in a feud between the writers – but the writer was also very disappointed in general that Rand had been removed from the series.[38] After Whitney had left Star Trek, she dated Ellison for a time.[39]Whitney had no further involvement with Star Trek until 1976, when she happened to meet DeForest Kelley at an unemployment office in Van Nuys, Los Angeles. He informed her about a Star Trek convention coming up that was organised by Bjo and John Trimble called Equicon. She received such a reception upon making an appearance there that she was inspired to think more about the series and wanted to appear at more events.[40] In 1977, after reading the back cover of the book Letters to Star Trek by Susan Sackett and finding that \"Whatever happened to Grace Lee Whitney?\" was one of the ten most frequently asked queries, Whitney got in touch with Sackett and was invited to meet at Roddenberry's office at Paramount. When he entered, he was happy and excited to see her and immediately offered to bring back Rand for the new television series Star Trek: Phase II. Roddenberry told her that removing Rand was the biggest mistake he had made, saying that the character should have stayed so that \"when Captain Kirk came back from having affairs with all these other women on all these other planets – he'd have to deal with [Rand]. What a great plot-thickener that would have been!\" Instead, he blamed the decision on executives at NBC, but apologized for it to Whitney.[2]Whitney at a convention circa 1980When Phase II was discussed in the media, the return of Whitney as Rand was one of the things highlighted.[41] Two weeks before the series was about to shoot, it was canceled by Paramount executives. Instead there was going to be a film.[2] Whitney returned for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, with Roddenberry bringing her back as Rand who was now the transporter chief on board the Enterprise.[13] The film reunited the entire main cast of Star Trek.[42] She did not appear in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, and was not in the script for Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. But for the latter film, Nimoy, who was directing the movie, gave Whitney a cameo as another character who was looking out of a window in spacedock watching the return of the damaged Enterprise at the start of the production. As he was also directing The Voyage Home, he was looking to give Whitney a larger role. By this time, she had hoped that Rand had moved over to become a counselor – an idea originally suggested by a fan.[13] Alongside Majel Barrett as Christine Chapel, the duo were given four pages of dialogue initially which was trimmed down to one scene in the final film. Following the reappearance, Whitney was enthusiastic about returning as Rand, saying \"I think Janice Rand is going to be around for a long time, as long as they don't kill our characters off, we have a chance of constantly coming back.\"[34]After a further appearance as Rand in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, Whitney returned for a final official appearance in the Star Trek: Voyager episode \"Flashback\". She praised the \"incredible experience\" and enjoyed working with Kate Mulgrew and Tim Russ.[43] Following the appearance in Voyager, Whitney was supportive of a new Star Trek series focused on the adventures of the Excelsior with Rand appearing once more alongside George Takei as Captain Hikaru Sulu.[44]Following the relaunch of Star Trek in 2009 with a new cast playing those roles seen in The Original Series, there was commentary online about the lack of female characters and whether Rand might be appearing in future installments.[45] While the sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, was in production, Rand was one of five characters who was stated not to be appearing in the film by writer Roberto Orci.[46] But there was still speculation at the time of the broadcast of the first trailer about who Alice Eve was portraying in the film. The options given by Tor.com was that it was either Janice Rand or Carol Marcus.[47] Daily Variety reported that she was cast as someone new to the franchise,[48] but she was actually cast as Marcus.[49]","title":"Concept and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Corbomite Maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corbomite_Maneuver"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"James T. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Kirk"},{"link_name":"McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._McCoy"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Man Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Trap"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Naked Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Time"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Tuvok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvok"},{"link_name":"Flashback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998191-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998192-61"}],"text":"Rand's first filmed appearance is in the episode \"The Corbomite Maneuver\", wherein Captain James T. Kirk is annoyed that he has been assigned a pretty female yeoman and discusses this with McCoy.[50] After Kirk is split into two beings in \"The Enemy Within\", the evil version of the Captain heads to Rand's quarters and reveals his attraction to her. He kisses her forcefully, but she fights back and scratches him across the face. Crewman Fisher intervenes and fights him off – the duo later explain that it was Kirk who attacked her to a surprised good version of the Captain, along with Spock and Doctor McCoy.[51] In \"The Man Trap\", she becomes friends with Sulu while refusing the advances of Crewman Green.[52] Kirk admits his feelings for Rand while under the influence of an affliction in \"The Naked Time\".[53]When Charlie Evans is brought on board the Enterprise in the episode \"Charlie X\", he falls for Rand. She is older than the adolescent boy and attempts to dissuade his affections by introducing him to Yeoman Tina Lawton. But he declares his feelings for Rand. Concerned, Rand seeks the advice of the Captain who intervenes and involves Evans in some sparring practice. After he falls over, he reveals his powers to make people disappear when one of the other sparring partners laughs at him. Charlie takes control of the ship, and goes to Rand's quarters with a rose. She refuses his approach; Spock and Kirk arrive but Charlie attacks them, and Rand slaps the boy. In response, he makes her vanish. It is only after a Thasian vessel appears that the Enterprise and Rand are returned to normal, as Charlie is taken away by the aliens.[54]Rand joins the landing party in the episode \"Miri\", and is infected by the disease that wiped out all of the adults on the planet. She finds comfort in the arms of Kirk, causing Miri to become jealous and the girl kidnaps the Yeoman to attract the attention of the Captain. Kirk convinces Miri to take him to Rand, but the other children attack him. They realise what they're doing is wrong and allow Kirk and Rand to return to the rest of the landing party – where McCoy has synthesized a cure for the disease.[55] Rand's second to last appearance in The Original Series was in The Conscience of the King, where she has no lines but shoots a jealous look at a woman Kirk is attracted to.[56] Her final appearance in the original TV series was on the episode Balance of Terror.She next appeared in the 1979 film Star Trek: The Motion Picture as the chief transporter operator and non-commissioned officer on board the Enterprise.[57] During the events of The Voyage Home, Rand was stationed in San Francisco as a communications officer, but was reunited with the other former members of the Enterprise when they are court-martialed at the end of the film. She subsequently served as a communications officer aboard the USS Excelsior during the events of The Undiscovered Country.[58] The character's final appearance on screen was as part of Tuvok's memories of the events of that final film, as part of the Voyager episode \"Flashback\".[59] Afterwards, Whitney remained hopeful that a new Captain Sulu based series would be created, allowing her to return to the role of Rand once more.[60]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Star Trek fan productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_fan_productions"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: New Voyages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_New_Voyages"},{"link_name":"World Enough and Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Enough_and_Time_(Star_Trek:_New_Voyages)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hugo08-63"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Of Gods and Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Of_Gods_and_Men"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"conn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Vonda N. 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These included the Star Trek: New Voyages episode \"World Enough and Time\",[61] where Rand was once again on the bridge of the Excelsior alongside Takei's Sulu. Despite being fan produced, the episode was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.[62] She also returned as Rand in the film Star Trek: Of Gods and Men. It was directed by Tim Russ, who she had worked with on Voyager, and featured a number of other former Star Trek actors. It was produced in association with New Voyages.[63]Rand was also portrayed by Meghan King Johnson in New Voyages. She was initially going to work on a film with producer Jack Marshall, but when that fell through, he suggested she worked on the Star Trek production. Johnson was first hired to portray Christine Chapel, with Andrea Ajemian playing Rand. However, Ajemian was re-cast to play Onabi in the pilot \"Come What May\", Johnson was moved to play Rand and Shannon Giles recruited to play Chapel. Johnson said that highlights of the role included taking the conn in the pilot, and later working around her pregnancy in the episode \"In Harm's Way\".[64]In print media, Vonda N. McIntyre's non-canon novel Enterprise: The First Adventure expanded on Rand's early history saying that she was originally a refugee, before being sold into slavery and enlisting in Starfleet. But in order to do so, she also had to lie about her age. Once on the Enterprise, she is teased by her new colleagues until her friendship with Uhura helps her to settle in and become the Yeoman that appeared on the television series.[34] During the production of The Original Series, Janice Rand still appeared in the first draft of the script for the episode \"The Galileo Seven\", but was replaced by Yeoman Mears in later versions.[65] When the comic book series by IDW Publishing based on the 2009 film revisited the events of that episode, this was changed to allow Rand to appear.[66]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent Press-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Press-Telegram"},{"link_name":"bust/waist/hip measurements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust/waist/hip_measurements"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherman198889-71"},{"link_name":"Tor.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Books"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdmannBlock200810-73"},{"link_name":"Number One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson-Smith200580-74"},{"link_name":"The A.V. 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The Independent Press-Telegram went as far as printing her bust/waist/hip measurements.[67] Other newspapers were also complimentary of how Whitney looked, calling her attractive and shapely.[68][69] Whitney said that she was popular with the media at the time because she was \"very glib and very eager\", but felt that she may have been seen to be overshadowing other members of the cast with her appearances.[70] Her hairstyle was placed fifth in a list of unforgettable hairstyles in science fiction on Tor.com. It was suggested that when \"you think of the 60s and science fiction hairstyles, the first image is probably Rand's beehive hair\".[71]Rand's role is described within Terry J. Erdmann and Paula M. Block's Star Trek 101 as attending to Kirk, and bringing him reports, meals and coffee as well as having developed a crush on him.[72] Jan Johnson-Smith, in her book American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond, said that Rand was one of a number of \"recognisable stereotypes\" of women who appeared in Star Trek. This was despite an initially progressive agenda towards women in authority by the appearance of Number One in \"The Cage\", which was rejected by NBC. Johnson-Smith described Rand's position as being a typical example of a female character who was only intended to be a romantic interest for a male lead.[73]Zack Handlen, while writing for The A.V. Club in 2009, said that Whitney was a \"competent actress\", but that Rand \"represents some of Trek's most egregious offenses against feminism\". He criticized her role within the show, and specifically in \"Charlie X\" when Charlie slaps her bottom and none of the characters can explain why he should not do that.[74] Michelle Erica Green praised the \"substantial\" role given to Rand in \"Flashback\" while writing for TrekNation, adding that this was the first time such a role had been given to the character in the franchise. However, she criticized Rand's being written out part way through the episode as she felt that the character could have had more to contribute to the plot.[75]In 2015, SyFy rated Yeoman Rand as among the top 21 most interesting supporting characters of Star Trek.[76] In 2019, she was listed as one of the underrated characters of the Star Trek universe by CBS.[77]","title":"Reception and commentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"The Man Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Trap"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitneyDenney1998107-25"}],"text":"^ This was also the date of broadcast of the first episode of Star Trek, \"The Man Trap\".[25]","title":"Annotations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShatner1993208%E2%80%93209_1-0"},{"link_name":"Shatner 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Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"\"Retro Review: Flashback\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160320062038/http://www.trektoday.com/content/2016/02/retro-review-flashback/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.trektoday.com/content/2016/02/retro-review-flashback/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"\"The 21 most interesting Star Trek supporting characters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190626141400/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-21-most-interesting-star-trek-supporting-characters-0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-21-most-interesting-star-trek-supporting-characters-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"\"The Most Underrated Star Trek Characters Ever\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/news/1009112/the-most-underrated-star-trek-characters-ever/"}],"text":"^ Shatner 1993, pp. 208–209.\n\n^ a b c Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, pp. 130–131.\n\n^ Roddenberry 1964, p. 8.\n\n^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 75.\n\n^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 156.\n\n^ a b c d Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 107.\n\n^ a b Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 73.\n\n^ a b Asherman 1988, p. 87.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 117.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 86.\n\n^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 157.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 77.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Dickholtz, Daniel (April 1986). \"The Grace & Wit of Grace Lee Whitney\". Starlog (105): 48–50. Retrieved May 6, 2015.\n\n^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 123.\n\n^ Johnson, Erskine (July 9, 1966). \"Grace Lee Whitney Going Into Orbit On TV Next Fall\". The North Adams Transcript. p. 17. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ a b c \"Now She Prefers Leap in Space\". Weekend Daily Reporter. September 17, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Yeoman Janice Rand\". The Odessa American. September 3, 1966. p. 6. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ a b Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 103.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 76.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 82.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 148.\n\n^ a b Solow & Justman 1996, p. 243.\n\n^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 269.\n\n^ a b Alexander 1995, p. 275.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 107.\n\n^ a b Alexander 1995, p. 276.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 102.\n\n^ a b Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 270.\n\n^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 353.\n\n^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 442-443, 447.\n\n^ Cushman & Osborn 2013, p. 529, 532.\n\n^ Solow & Justman 1996, p. 244.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 106.\n\n^ a b c d Dickholtz, Daniel (March 1987). \"Grace Lee Whitney: A Touch of Grace\". Starlog. 1 (116): 12–14.\n\n^ Asherman 1988, p. 88.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 107.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 112.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 108.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 114.\n\n^ Whitfield & Roddenberry 1991, p. 122.\n\n^ \"Star Trek to go into new production\". Redlands Daily Facts. June 20, 1977. p. 12. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Bankers, Peter (February 1980). \"Star Trek the Motion Picture: The Universe and Beyond\". American Cinematographer. 61 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-07.\n\n^ Spelling, Ian (October 20, 1996). \"'Flashback' Brings Back Capt. Sulu\". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 8, 2015.[dead link]\n\n^ \"Las Vegas\". The Indiana Gazette. January 23, 2001. p. 10. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Anders, Charlie Jane (June 22, 2009). \"Next Star Trek Could Feature Yeoman Rand\". io9. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ \"Star Trek 2 Villain Actually Revealed This Time?\". Tor.com. July 9, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ \"Star Trek Into Darkness Teaser Trailer Features Revenge On A Massive Scale\". Tor.com. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ Kroll, Justin (November 30, 2011). \"J.J. Abrams picks Alice Eve for 'Star Trek'\". Daily Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ Goldberg, Matt (December 11, 2012). \"Alice Eve's Character in Star Trek Into Darkness Revealed\". Deadline. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ Sohl, Jerry (November 10, 1966). \"The Corbomite Maneuver\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 2.\n\n^ Matheson, Richard (October 6, 1966). \"The Enemy Within\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 4.\n\n^ Clayton Johnson, George (September 8, 1966). \"The Man Trap\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 5.\n\n^ Black, John D.F. (September 29, 1966). \"The Naked Time\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 6.\n\n^ Fontana, D.C.; Roddenberry, Gene (September 15, 1966). \"Charlie X\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 7.\n\n^ Spies, Adrian (October 27, 1966). \"Miri\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 11.\n\n^ Atkinson, Torrie; Myers, Eugene (May 19, 2009). \"Star Trek Re-watch: \"The Conscience of the King\"\". Tor.com. Retrieved May 5, 2015.\n\n^ Sackett & Roddenberry (1980): pp. 126 – 127\n\n^ Meyer, Nicholas; Flinn, Dennis Martin (1991). Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (Film). Paramount Pictures.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 191.\n\n^ Whitney & Denney 1998, p. 192.\n\n^ \"Remembering Grace Lee Whitney, 1930–2015\". StarTrek.com. May 3, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2021.\n\n^ \"2008 Hugo Awards\". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. Retrieved September 3, 2016.\n\n^ \"Let There Be Lights: \"Of Gods and Men\" Shoots\". StarTrek.com. July 12, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2016.\n\n^ \"Get to Know Meghan King Johnson In Her Own Words\". Star Trek: New Voyages. 1 (2): 38–40.\n\n^ Myers, Eugene; Atkinson, Torie (May 28, 2009). \"Star Trek Re-watch: \"The Galileo Seven\"\". Tor.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ Asher-Perrin, Emmet; Britt, Ryan (December 5, 2011). \"The Galileo Seven is Down! IDW's Star Trek #3\". Tor.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.\n\n^ Resnik, Bert (October 2, 1966). \"Bert's Eye View\". Independent Press-Telegram. p. 139. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Thursday Night TV\". The Daily Tar Heel. September 10, 1966. p. 36. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Shapely Grace Lee Whitney ...\" The Pantagraph. July 9, 1966. p. 26. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Asherman 1988, p. 89.\n\n^ \"Cosmic Coiffures: 6 Unforgettable Hairstyles in SFF\". Tor.com. April 28, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2016.\n\n^ Erdmann & Block 2008, p. 10.\n\n^ Johnson-Smith 2005, p. 80.\n\n^ Handlen, Zack (January 16, 2009). \"\"The Man Trap\"/\"Charlie X\"/\"The Naked Time\"\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved August 15, 2021.\n\n^ Green, Michelle Erica (February 12, 2016). \"Retro Review: Flashback\". TrekNation. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.\n\n^ \"The 21 most interesting Star Trek supporting characters\". Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.\n\n^ \"The Most Underrated Star Trek Characters Ever\". www.cbs.com. Retrieved 2019-07-12.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Roddenberry wanted Kirk and Rand to have an undercurrent of affection but never to act on it.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/William_Shatner_Star_Trek.JPG/170px-William_Shatner_Star_Trek.JPG"},{"image_text":"Whitney at a Star Trek convention in the mid-1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Grace_lee_whitney_sfcon.jpg/170px-Grace_lee_whitney_sfcon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Whitney at a convention circa 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Grace_lee_whitney_1980.jpg/170px-Grace_lee_whitney_1980.jpg"}]
| null |
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Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2369468//","url_text":"\"Star Trek to go into new production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bankers, Peter (February 1980). \"Star Trek the Motion Picture: The Universe and Beyond\". American Cinematographer. 61 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064441/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1307534311/star-trek-the-motion-picture-tm-the-universe-and","url_text":"\"Star Trek the Motion Picture: The Universe and Beyond\""},{"url":"https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1307534311/star-trek-the-motion-picture-tm-the-universe-and","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Spelling, Ian (October 20, 1996). \"'Flashback' Brings Back Capt. Sulu\". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-56872546","url_text":"\"'Flashback' Brings Back Capt. Sulu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Las Vegas\". The Indiana Gazette. January 23, 2001. p. 10. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2369543//","url_text":"\"Las Vegas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Anders, Charlie Jane (June 22, 2009). \"Next Star Trek Could Feature Yeoman Rand\". io9. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://io9.com/5299914/next-star-trek-could-feature-yeoman-rand","url_text":"\"Next Star Trek Could Feature Yeoman Rand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek 2 Villain Actually Revealed This Time?\". Tor.com. July 9, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tor.com/blogs/2012/07/star-trek-2-villain-actually-revealed-this-time","url_text":"\"Star Trek 2 Villain Actually Revealed This Time?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Star Trek Into Darkness Teaser Trailer Features Revenge On A Massive Scale\". Tor.com. December 6, 2012. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tor.com/blogs/2012/12/star-trek-into-darkness-teaser-trailer-features-revenge-on-a-massive-scale","url_text":"\"Star Trek Into Darkness Teaser Trailer Features Revenge On A Massive Scale\""}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (November 30, 2011). \"J.J. Abrams picks Alice Eve for 'Star Trek'\". Daily Variety. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/film/news/j-j-abrams-picks-alice-eve-for-star-trek-1118046803/","url_text":"\"J.J. Abrams picks Alice Eve for 'Star Trek'\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Matt (December 11, 2012). \"Alice Eve's Character in Star Trek Into Darkness Revealed\". Deadline. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/star-trek-2-into-darkness-alice-eve-carol-marcus/","url_text":"\"Alice Eve's Character in Star Trek Into Darkness Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Sohl, Jerry (November 10, 1966). \"The Corbomite Maneuver\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corbomite_Maneuver","url_text":"The Corbomite Maneuver"}]},{"reference":"Matheson, Richard (October 6, 1966). \"The Enemy Within\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)","url_text":"The Enemy Within"}]},{"reference":"Clayton Johnson, George (September 8, 1966). \"The Man Trap\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Trap","url_text":"The Man Trap"}]},{"reference":"Black, John D.F. (September 29, 1966). \"The Naked Time\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Time","url_text":"The Naked Time"}]},{"reference":"Fontana, D.C.; Roddenberry, Gene (September 15, 1966). \"Charlie X\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_X","url_text":"Charlie X"}]},{"reference":"Spies, Adrian (October 27, 1966). \"Miri\". Star Trek: The Original Series. Season 1. Episode 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miri_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)","url_text":"Miri"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Torrie; Myers, Eugene (May 19, 2009). \"Star Trek Re-watch: \"The Conscience of the King\"\". Tor.com. Retrieved May 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/05/lemgstar-treklemg-re-watch-conscience-of-the-king","url_text":"\"Star Trek Re-watch: \"The Conscience of the King\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_Books","url_text":"Tor.com"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Nicholas; Flinn, Dennis Martin (1991). Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (Film). Paramount Pictures.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Grace Lee Whitney, 1930–2015\". StarTrek.com. May 3, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://intl.startrek.com/article/remembering-grace-lee-whitney-1930-2015","url_text":"\"Remembering Grace Lee Whitney, 1930–2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Hugo Awards\". World Science Fiction Society. Archived from the original on 2011-05-07. 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Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tor.com/blogs/2009/05/lemgstar-treklemg-re-watch-the-galileo-seven","url_text":"\"Star Trek Re-watch: \"The Galileo Seven\"\""}]},{"reference":"Asher-Perrin, Emmet; Britt, Ryan (December 5, 2011). \"The Galileo Seven is Down! IDW's Star Trek #3\". Tor.com. Retrieved May 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tor.com/blogs/2011/12/the-galileo-seven-is-down-idws-star-trek-3","url_text":"\"The Galileo Seven is Down! IDW's Star Trek #3\""}]},{"reference":"Resnik, Bert (October 2, 1966). \"Bert's Eye View\". Independent Press-Telegram. p. 139. Retrieved May 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2369622//","url_text":"\"Bert's Eye View\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Thursday Night TV\". The Daily Tar Heel. September 10, 1966. p. 36. 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Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/star-trek-the-man-trap-charlie-x-the-naked-time-1798205521","url_text":"\"\"The Man Trap\"/\"Charlie X\"/\"The Naked Time\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Green, Michelle Erica (February 12, 2016). \"Retro Review: Flashback\". TrekNation. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160320062038/http://www.trektoday.com/content/2016/02/retro-review-flashback/","url_text":"\"Retro Review: Flashback\""},{"url":"http://www.trektoday.com/content/2016/02/retro-review-flashback/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 21 most interesting Star Trek supporting characters\". Archived from the original on 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190626141400/https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-21-most-interesting-star-trek-supporting-characters-0","url_text":"\"The 21 most interesting Star Trek supporting characters\""},{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-21-most-interesting-star-trek-supporting-characters-0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Underrated Star Trek Characters Ever\". www.cbs.com. Retrieved 2019-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/news/1009112/the-most-underrated-star-trek-characters-ever/","url_text":"\"The Most Underrated Star Trek Characters Ever\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, David (1995). Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry. New York: Roc. 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Tauris. ISBN 978-1-4175-8364-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americansciencef0000john_j6p5","url_text":"American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4175-8364-5","url_text":"978-1-4175-8364-5"}]},{"reference":"Roddenberry, Gene (1964). Star Trek (PDF). Los Angeles: Desilu Studios. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-12. Retrieved 2015-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512162509/http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf","url_text":"Star Trek"},{"url":"http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Star_Trek/1_Original_Series/Star_Trek_Pitch.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sackett, Susan; Roddenberry, Gene (1980). The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-25181-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/makingofstartrek0000rodd","url_text":"The Making of Star Trek: The Motion Picture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-25181-9","url_text":"978-0-671-25181-9"}]},{"reference":"Shatner, William (1993). Star Trek Memories: The Inside Story of the Classic TV Series. London: HarperCollins.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Solow, Herbert F.; Justman, Robert H. (1996). Inside Star Trek: The Real Story. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-89628-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780671896287","url_text":"Inside Star Trek: The Real Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-89628-7","url_text":"978-0-671-89628-7"}]},{"reference":"Whitfield, Stephen E.; Roddenberry, Gene (1991). The Making of Star Trek. London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-85286-363-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85286-363-0","url_text":"978-1-85286-363-0"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, Grace Lee; Denney, Jim (1998). The Longest Trek: My Tour of the Galaxy. Clovis, CA: Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1-884956-03-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884956-03-4","url_text":"978-1-884956-03-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Pottery
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Cambrian Pottery
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["1 Porcelain","2 Later history","3 Notes","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Swansea porcelain plate, from the Dynevor Service, c. 1817. Painting by William Pollard.
Trade-card, 1806
The Cambrian Pottery was founded in 1764 by William Coles in Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales. In 1790, John Coles, son of the founder, went into partnership with George Haynes, who introduced new business strategies based on the ideas of Josiah Wedgwood. Lewis Weston Dillwyn became a partner in 1802 and sole owner when George Haynes left the pottery in 1810. In 1811 Dillwyn took T.& J. Bevington into partnership, the company becoming known as Dillwyn & Co.
Initially "its main product was coarse redware for farm and domestic use, though creamware and lead-glazed earthenware were also made". But Dillwyn, who also wrote naturalist books, was keen to move upmarket and employed the artist William Weston Young from 1806, and also Thomas Rothwell (1740-1807). Between 1814 and about 1822, the famous Swansea china or Swansea porcelain was made there.
Porcelain
After William Billingsley, then owner of the Nantgarw porcelain factory, asked the Board of Trade for help, as he was not making a profit, the board asked Dillwyn, as a noted nearby pottery manager, to report on the matter. Dillwyn was so impressed with Billingsley's soft-paste porcelain product that he arranged with him to transfer production to the Cambrian Pottery, which began in 1814. However, Billingsley kept the secret of his recipe for the paste, which was of extremely high quality, especially for receiving painting, "highly translucent and of beautiful whiteness, but very liable to melt out of shape in the kiln" and so extremely expensive to make, as a high proportion of pieces were unsaleable, 90% according to many sources.
Initially most pieces were still marked "Nantgarw", leading to great uncertainty as to where pieces were made. In 1817 Billingsley and his son-in-law Samuel Walker returned to Nantgarw. Dillwyn devised a new paste recipe, initially using ground flint and a higher proportion of china clay. This is known as the "duck's egg" body and regarded by collectors as somewhat less fine than the original, but better than Dillwyn's next formula, containing steatite (soapstone). In 1817 Dillwyn leased the pottery to Bevington and Company, whose name is sometimes seen as a mark on the porcelain. This continued to be made until "1822 at latest", and the moulds were sold about 1823.
Floral painting, and often similar decoration in low relief, was the staple of the factory's output. The Cambrian employed some notable artists for its porcelain, such as Thomas Baxter, who moved to Swansea for three years from 1816, Thomas Pardoe, and William Pollard. Many of the wares were sent "outside" to London for decoration.
Later history
Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn (Lewis Weston Dillwyn's son) ran the pottery from 1836. He bought out the neighbouring Glamorgan Pottery in 1838. Many of the redundant staff went on to help found the South Wales Pottery at Llanelli, the competition from which, played a part in the ultimate demise of the Cambrian Pottery in 1870.
The pottery closed in 1870, when the site was sold to Cory, Yeo & Co.
Plate, painting attributed to Thomas Pardoe (1770-1823), pearlware, c. 1810
Porcelain soup plate from the Burdette-Coutts Service, c. 1815
Porcelain plate painted by William Pollard, c. 1817
Earthenware cow creamer, 1820–40, "possibly Cambrian Pottery"
Notes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swansea porcelain.
^ British Museum, "Cambrian Pottery"
^ Honey, 314-315, 314 quoted
^ Honey, 315-316, 316 quoted
^ Honey, 317
^ Honey, 322-323
References
Hallesy, Helen L. (1995). The Glamorgan Pottery, Swansea, 1814-38. Llandysul: Gomer. pp. 1–7. ISBN 1-85902-288-X.
Honey, W.B., Old English Porcelain, 1977 (3rd edn.), Faber and Faber, ISBN 0571049028
Hughes, Stephen (2000). Copperopolis: landscapes of the early industrial period in Swansea. Aberystwyth: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. pp. 11–16. ISBN 1-871184-17-7.
E. Morton-Nance, The Pottery and Porcelain of Swansea and Nantgarw (1943)
Further reading
Jimmy Jones and Sir Leslie Joseph, Swansea Porcelain Shapes and Decoration, (Cowbridge, 1988)
W.D. John, Swansea Porcelain, (1958)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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Painting by William Pollard.Trade-card, 1806The Cambrian Pottery was founded in 1764 by William Coles in Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales. In 1790, John Coles, son of the founder, went into partnership with George Haynes, who introduced new business strategies based on the ideas of Josiah Wedgwood. Lewis Weston Dillwyn became a partner in 1802 and sole owner when George Haynes left the pottery in 1810. In 1811 Dillwyn took T.& J. Bevington into partnership, the company becoming known as Dillwyn & Co.Initially \"its main product was coarse redware for farm and domestic use, though creamware and lead-glazed earthenware were also made\".[1] But Dillwyn, who also wrote naturalist books, was keen to move upmarket and employed the artist William Weston Young from 1806, and also Thomas Rothwell (1740-1807). Between 1814 and about 1822, the famous Swansea china or Swansea porcelain was made there.","title":"Cambrian Pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Billingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Billingsley_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Nantgarw porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantgarw_porcelain"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"soft-paste porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-paste_porcelain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"china clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_clay"},{"link_name":"steatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatite"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Thomas Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baxter_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pardoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pardoe"},{"link_name":"William Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Pollard_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"After William Billingsley, then owner of the Nantgarw porcelain factory, asked the Board of Trade for help, as he was not making a profit, the board asked Dillwyn, as a noted nearby pottery manager, to report on the matter. Dillwyn was so impressed with Billingsley's soft-paste porcelain product that he arranged with him to transfer production to the Cambrian Pottery, which began in 1814. However, Billingsley kept the secret of his recipe for the paste, which was of extremely high quality, especially for receiving painting, \"highly translucent and of beautiful whiteness, but very liable to melt out of shape in the kiln\" and so extremely expensive to make, as a high proportion of pieces were unsaleable,[2] 90% according to many sources.Initially most pieces were still marked \"Nantgarw\", leading to great uncertainty as to where pieces were made. In 1817 Billingsley and his son-in-law Samuel Walker returned to Nantgarw. Dillwyn devised a new paste recipe, initially using ground flint and a higher proportion of china clay. This is known as the \"duck's egg\" body and regarded by collectors as somewhat less fine than the original, but better than Dillwyn's next formula, containing steatite (soapstone). In 1817 Dillwyn leased the pottery to Bevington and Company, whose name is sometimes seen as a mark on the porcelain. This continued to be made until \"1822 at latest\", and the moulds were sold about 1823.[3]Floral painting, and often similar decoration in low relief, was the staple of the factory's output.[4] The Cambrian employed some notable artists for its porcelain, such as Thomas Baxter, who moved to Swansea for three years from 1816, Thomas Pardoe, and William Pollard. Many of the wares were sent \"outside\" to London for decoration.[5]","title":"Porcelain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Llewelyn_Dillwyn"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan Pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan_Pottery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plate_LACMA_M.85.227.2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pardoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pardoe"},{"link_name":"pearlware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearlware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burdette-Coutts_Service_(Soup_Plate)_LACMA_55.101.28.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plate_LACMA_55.101.6.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Pollard_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cow_creamjug,_Walker_Art_Gallery.jpg"},{"link_name":"cow creamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_creamer"}],"text":"Lewis Llewelyn Dillwyn (Lewis Weston Dillwyn's son) ran the pottery from 1836. He bought out the neighbouring Glamorgan Pottery in 1838. Many of the redundant staff went on to help found the South Wales Pottery at Llanelli, the competition from which, played a part in the ultimate demise of the Cambrian Pottery in 1870.The pottery closed in 1870, when the site was sold to Cory, Yeo & Co.Plate, painting attributed to Thomas Pardoe (1770-1823), pearlware, c. 1810\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPorcelain soup plate from the Burdette-Coutts Service, c. 1815\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPorcelain plate painted by William Pollard, c. 1817\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEarthenware cow creamer, 1820–40, \"possibly Cambrian Pottery\"","title":"Later history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swansea porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Swansea_porcelain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"British Museum, \"Cambrian Pottery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG87152"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swansea porcelain.^ British Museum, \"Cambrian Pottery\"\n\n^ Honey, 314-315, 314 quoted\n\n^ Honey, 315-316, 316 quoted\n\n^ Honey, 317\n\n^ Honey, 322-323","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5025296#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/135192798"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no99029348"}],"text":"Jimmy Jones and Sir Leslie Joseph, Swansea Porcelain Shapes and Decoration, (Cowbridge, 1988)\nW.D. John, Swansea Porcelain, (1958)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Swansea porcelain plate, from the Dynevor Service, c. 1817. Painting by William Pollard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dynevor_Service_%28Plate%29_LACMA_55.101.4b.jpg/220px-Dynevor_Service_%28Plate%29_LACMA_55.101.4b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trade-card, 1806","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Print%2C_trade-card_%28BM_Banks%2C98.16%29.jpg/220px-Print%2C_trade-card_%28BM_Banks%2C98.16%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hallesy, Helen L. (1995). The Glamorgan Pottery, Swansea, 1814-38. Llandysul: Gomer. pp. 1–7. ISBN 1-85902-288-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85902-288-X","url_text":"1-85902-288-X"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Stephen (2000). Copperopolis: landscapes of the early industrial period in Swansea. Aberystwyth: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. pp. 11–16. ISBN 1-871184-17-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871184-17-7","url_text":"1-871184-17-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG87152","external_links_name":"British Museum, \"Cambrian Pottery\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135192798","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99029348","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_137
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Maryland Route 137
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["1 Route description","2 History","3 Junction list","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Route map: State highway in Maryland, US known as Mount Carmel Rd
Maryland Route 137Mount Carmel RoadMD 137 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by MDSHALength8.50 mi (13.68 km)Existed1927–presentTouristroutes Horses and Hounds Scenic BywayMajor junctionsWest endGunpowder Road near HampsteadMajor intersections
MD 25 near Hampstead
I-83 near Hereford
East end MD 45 at Hereford
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMarylandCountiesBaltimore
Highway system
Maryland highway system
Interstate
US
State
Scenic Byways
← MD 136→ MD 138
Maryland Route 137 (MD 137) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Mount Carmel Road, the state highway runs 8.50 miles (13.68 km) from Gunpowder Road near Hampstead east to MD 45 at Hereford in northern Baltimore County. MD 137 was built in the early 1920s.
Route description
View east along MD 137 at I-83 in Hereford
MD 137 begins at a three-way intersection with Gunpowder Road, which heads east toward Prettyboy Reservoir, and a county-maintained continuation of Mount Carmel Road west toward Hampstead. Mount Carmel Road becomes Lower Beckleysville Road on entering Carroll County and intersects MD 88 (Black Rock Road). MD 137 heads south as a two-lane undivided road and curves east and intersects MD 25 (Falls Road). The state highway continues east through farmland along the drainage divide between Gunpowder Falls to the north and its tributary Western Run to the south and passes its namesake church, now named Mount Carmel United Methodist Church. MD 137 meets Interstate 83 (I-83, Harrisburg Expressway) at a diamond interchange with ramps staggered into four intersections. A park and ride lot is located within the northwest quadrant of this interchange. Opposite the easternmost ramp, which is from northbound I-83 to MD 137, is unsigned MD 889, the access road to the Maryland State Highway Administration's Hereford Shop. East of I-83, MD 137 reaches its eastern terminus at a three-way intersection with MD 45 (York Road) 0.10-mile (0.16 km) north of the western terminus of MD 138 (Monkton Road).
History
MD 137 was paved as a concrete road from its western terminus to Falls Road and from near the Mount Carmel church to York Road by 1921. The intervening segment between Falls Road and the church was completed in 1923. Outside of the construction of its interchange with I-83 between 1954 and 1956, MD 137 has changed very little since it was built.
Junction list
The entire route is in Baltimore County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
0.000.00Gunpowder Road east / Mount Carmel Road west – HampsteadWestern terminus
1.873.01 MD 25 (Falls Road) – Baltimore
Hereford7.9412.78 I-83 (Harrisburg Expressway) – Baltimore, YorkI-83 Exit 27
8.5013.68 MD 45 (York Road) – Parkton, MonktonEastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
See also
Maryland Roads portal
References
^ a b c Highway Information Services Division (December 31, 2013). Highway Location Reference. Maryland State Highway Administration. Retrieved 2002-02-16.
Baltimore County (PDF).
^ Google (2012-02-16). "Maryland Route 137" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
^ Maryland Geological Survey (1921). Map of Maryland: Showing State Road System and State Aid Roads (PDF) (Map). Baltimore: Maryland Geological Survey.
^ Maryland Geological Survey (1923). Map of Maryland: Showing State Road System and State Aid Roads (PDF) (Map). Baltimore: Maryland Geological Survey.
^ Bonnell, Robert O.; Bennett, Edgar T.; McMullen, John J. (November 2, 1956). Report of the State Roads Commission of Maryland (1955–1956 ed.). Baltimore: Maryland State Roads Commission. p. 162. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maryland Route 137.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Maryland Route 137KML is from Wikidata
MDRoads: MD 137
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[{"image_text":"View east along MD 137 at I-83 in Hereford","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2020-07-02_16_33_16_View_east_along_Maryland_State_Route_137_%28Mount_Carmel_Road%29_just_east_of_Interstate_83_%28Baltimore-Harrisburg_Expressway%29_in_Hereford%2C_Baltimore_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Maryland Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Maryland_Roads"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.roads.maryland.gov/mdotsha/pages/Index.aspx?PageId=832","external_links_name":"Highway Location Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.roads.maryland.gov/Location/2013_Baltimore.pdf","external_links_name":"Baltimore County"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Gunpowder+Rd&daddr=MD-137+W%2FMt+Carmel+Rd+to:MD-137+E%2FMt+Carmel+Rd&hl=en&sll=39.59825,-76.73136&sspn=0.102907,0.154324&geocode=FcZxXAIdRCJs-w%3BFYFFXAIdzmRs-w%3BFVkaXAIdATZu-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=13","external_links_name":"\"Maryland Route 137\""},{"Link":"http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4400/sc4409/000002/000000/000006/restricted/msa_sc_5458_51_3145-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of Maryland: Showing State Road System and State Aid Roads"},{"Link":"http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4400/sc4409/000002/000000/000007/restricted/msa_sc_5458__51_3145-52.pdf","external_links_name":"Map of Maryland: Showing State Road System and State Aid Roads"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/reportofstateroa1955mary","external_links_name":"Report of the State Roads Commission of Maryland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Maryland_Route_137&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Maryland_Route_137&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.mdroads.com/routes/120-139.html#md137","external_links_name":"MDRoads: MD 137"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongju_Han_clan
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Cheongju Han clan
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["1 Origin","2 History","3 Genealogy book","4 Living members","5 Royalty of the Chinese Ming dynasty","6 Royalty of the Joseon dynasty","7 See also","8 References"]
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Korean noble family
Cheongju Han clan청주 한씨Current regionKorean peninsulaPlace of originCheongjuFounderHan RanConnected membersQueen InsuQueen InyeolHan HwakQueen GonghyeQueen AnsunQueen JangsunHan Myeong-hoeHan Yong-unHan Duck-sooHan Myeong-sookHan Seung-sooHan TerraMottoRoyalty, humility, sincerity, frugality충효덕례 근금공검忠孝德禮 勤謹恭儉Websitehttp://www.cheongjuhan.net/
The Cheongju Han clan (Korean: 청주 한씨) is a Korean clan who are well known for their many female members including six queens.
The Cheongju Han clan was one of the most prominent clans during the Joseon period, currently, the Cheongju Han is known as a clan that has long been prominent in Korean politics, public service, business and arts.
Origin
The members of the Cheongju Han clan claim descent from the sage Jizi (or Kija), who was a noble from the Chinese Shang dynasty, and rode his white horse and set a nation in "The Farthest East". They were the descendants of Urang (友諒), the son of King Jun, the last monarch of the Gija period, during the ancient Gojoseon Kingdom.
The founder of the Cheongju Han clan was Han Ran (한란; 韓蘭; 853–916), the 32nd descendant of Urang.
History
The clan provided the largest number of generals during the Joseon dynasty. The Cheongju Han clan is well known for the many female members who produced most royal consorts including most six queens. They had produced six queens, five princesses consort, three royal concubines, 315 scholars, 12 Sangshin, 14 Gongshin, and 1 Daejejak throughout the Joseon dynasty.
A member of this clan was Queen Insu, wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong, and the first female author in Korean history, who wrote Naehun, a Confucian morality guidebook for women.
Genealogy book
The Cheongju Han's genealogy records (jokbo; 族譜) written by Han Hyo-jung, Han Hyuk and others in 1617, during the Joseon dynasty, is considered important bibliographically. In addition, the overall system and recording method are different from other genealogies, having a feature that places great importance on royal records.
Living members
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009 – Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (center); Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International; Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa; Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico in Davos, Switzerland.
Han Dong-hoon, the 69th Minister of Justice of South Korea
Han Duck-soo, the 34th Prime Minister of South Korea
Han Myeong-sook, the 33rd Prime Minister of South Korea (as the first female)
Han Min-goo, Minister of National Defense (2014 – 2017)
Han Kang, novelist
Han Sung-joo, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1993 – 1994) and Ambassador to the United States (2003 – 2005)
Han Seung-soo, the 35th Prime Minister of South Korea and President of the United Nations General Assembly (2001 – 2002)
Han Terra, South Korean polymath
Royalty of the Chinese Ming dynasty
Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli of the Korean Cheongju Han clan (康惠莊淑麗妃) (late 14th century – 1424); married to Yongle Emperor.
Lady Gongshen of the Korean Cheongju Han clan (恭慎夫人 清州韓氏) (1410 – 1483); younger sister of Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli; married to Xuande Emperor.
Royalty of the Joseon dynasty
Changgyeong Palace, Seoul. Built during the Joseon dynasty, in 1483, for the three Queens: Queen Insu, Queen Jeonghui, and Queen Ansun. The 226th National treasure of South Korea.
Queen Sinui
Queen Jangsun
Queen Insu
Queen Ansun
Queen Gonghye
Queen Inyeol
Royal Consort Gwi-in
Royal Consort Suk-ui
Royal Noble Consort On
See also
Korean clans of foreign origin
Korean nobility
Bone-rank system
Yangban
House of Yi
Emperor of Japan
Emperor of China
References
^ "Royal Consort, Cheongju Han - 왕비록, 청주한씨세보". www.cheongjuhan.net. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
^ "Secretary-General Appoints Han Seung-Soo of Republic of Korea Special Envoy on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water". United Nations. 19 December 2013.
^ "한승수 前부총리 英서 KBE 작위". Naver News (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ "Former Chairmen of the Korea International Trade Association".
^ Kitamura, Katie (2019-02-25). "Han Kang's Novel Is a Politically Tinged Eulogy for a Dead Sister". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ "Terra Han, Korean musical genius Carnegie Hall recital -MusicalAmerica". www.musicalamerica.com. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ "Political noble family-Cheongju Han clan most queens and prime minister 정치명가-국무총리·왕비 최다배출한 청주 한씨". Joins News -중앙일보 (in Korean). 2012-01-02. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
^ Academy of Korean Studies 청주한씨 淸州韓氏. Academy of Korean Studies.
^ Jin Guanglin (2014). "A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names" (PDF). Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia. 5: 16 – via Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia.
^ 金相勲「韓国人の起源に関する中高生の意識と『国史』教科書との関係 Archived 2018-10-05 at the Wayback Machine」『Yamagata University 歴史・地理・人類学論集、第13号』2012、p48
^ a b "MusicalAmerica - Terra Han introduces East Asian Royal women's identity through her own family traditions of Han clan of Cheongju". www.musicalamerica.com. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
^ "Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women - Queen Sohye (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ "FamilySearch Catalog: 청주한씨족보 淸州韓氏族譜, 5권, 930-1955 — FamilySearch.org". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
^ Concubine of King Jungjong and niece of Queen Ansun
^ Concubine of King Myeongjong.
^ Concubine of King Seonjo.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Joseon period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Cheongju Han clan (Korean: 청주 한씨) is a Korean clan who are well known for their many female members including six queens.[1]The Cheongju Han clan was one of the most prominent clans during the Joseon period, currently, the Cheongju Han is known as a clan that has long been prominent in Korean politics, public service, business and arts.[2][3][4][5][6][7]","title":"Cheongju Han clan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizi"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"King Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_of_Gojoseon"},{"link_name":"Gija period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gija_Joseon"},{"link_name":"Gojoseon Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The members of the Cheongju Han clan claim descent from the sage Jizi (or Kija), who was a noble from the Chinese Shang dynasty, and rode his white horse and set a nation in \"The Farthest East\". They were the descendants of Urang (友諒), the son of King Jun, the last monarch of the Gija period, during the ancient Gojoseon Kingdom.[8]\nThe founder of the Cheongju Han clan was Han Ran (한란; 韓蘭; 853–916), the 32nd descendant of Urang.[9][10]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"Gongshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gongshin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daejejak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daejejak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Queen Insu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Uigyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince_Uigyeong"},{"link_name":"Naehun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naehun"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The clan provided the largest number of generals during the Joseon dynasty. The Cheongju Han clan is well known for the many female members who produced most royal consorts including most six queens. They had produced six queens, five princesses consort, three royal concubines, 315 scholars, 12 Sangshin, 14 Gongshin, and 1 Daejejak throughout the Joseon dynasty.[citation needed]A member of this clan was Queen Insu, wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong, and the first female author in Korean history, who wrote Naehun, a Confucian morality guidebook for women.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseon dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Cheongju Han's genealogy records (jokbo; 族譜) written by Han Hyo-jung, Han Hyuk and others in 1617, during the Joseon dynasty, is considered important bibliographically. In addition, the overall system and recording method are different from other genealogies, having a feature that places great importance on royal records.[13]","title":"Genealogy book"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WORLD_ECONOMIC_FORUM_ANNUAL_MEETING_2009_-_Reviving_Economic_Growth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Han Seung-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Seung-soo"},{"link_name":"Fareed Zakaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria"},{"link_name":"Kgalema Motlanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Felipe Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Han Dong-hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dong-hoon"},{"link_name":"Han Duck-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Duck-soo"},{"link_name":"Han Myeong-sook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Myeong-sook"},{"link_name":"Han Min-goo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Min-goo"},{"link_name":"Han Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Kang"},{"link_name":"Han Sung-joo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Sung-joo"},{"link_name":"Han Seung-soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Seung-soo"},{"link_name":"Han Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Terra"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"}],"text":"World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009 – Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (center); Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International; Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa; Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico in Davos, Switzerland.Han Dong-hoon, the 69th Minister of Justice of South Korea\nHan Duck-soo, the 34th Prime Minister of South Korea\nHan Myeong-sook, the 33rd Prime Minister of South Korea (as the first female)\nHan Min-goo, Minister of National Defense (2014 – 2017)\nHan Kang, novelist\nHan Sung-joo, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1993 – 1994) and Ambassador to the United States (2003 – 2005)\nHan Seung-soo, the 35th Prime Minister of South Korea and President of the United Nations General Assembly (2001 – 2002)\nHan Terra, South Korean polymath","title":"Living members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Han_(Yongle)"},{"link_name":"Yongle Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consort_Han_(Yongle)"},{"link_name":"Xuande Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuande_Emperor"}],"text":"Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli of the Korean Cheongju Han clan (康惠莊淑麗妃) (late 14th century – 1424); married to Yongle Emperor.\nLady Gongshen of the Korean Cheongju Han clan (恭慎夫人 清州韓氏) (1410 – 1483); younger sister of Consort Kanghuizhuangshuli; married to Xuande Emperor.","title":"Royalty of the Chinese Ming dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changgyeong_Palace,_Seoul.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Insu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"Queen Jeonghui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Jeonghui"},{"link_name":"Queen Ansun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ansun"},{"link_name":"Queen Sinui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sinui"},{"link_name":"Queen Jangsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Jangsun"},{"link_name":"Queen Insu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Insu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Queen Ansun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ansun"},{"link_name":"Queen Gonghye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Gonghye"},{"link_name":"Queen Inyeol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Inyeol"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Changgyeong Palace, Seoul. Built during the Joseon dynasty, in 1483, for the three Queens: Queen Insu, Queen Jeonghui, and Queen Ansun. The 226th National treasure of South Korea.Queen Sinui\nQueen Jangsun\nQueen Insu[11]\nQueen Ansun\nQueen Gonghye\nQueen Inyeol\nRoyal Consort Gwi-in[14]\nRoyal Consort Suk-ui[15]\nRoyal Noble Consort On[16]","title":"Royalty of the Joseon dynasty"}]
|
[{"image_text":"World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009 – Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (center); Fareed Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International; Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa; Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico in Davos, Switzerland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WORLD_ECONOMIC_FORUM_ANNUAL_MEETING_2009_-_Reviving_Economic_Growth.jpg/313px-WORLD_ECONOMIC_FORUM_ANNUAL_MEETING_2009_-_Reviving_Economic_Growth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Changgyeong Palace, Seoul. Built during the Joseon dynasty, in 1483, for the three Queens: Queen Insu, Queen Jeonghui, and Queen Ansun. The 226th National treasure of South Korea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Changgyeong_Palace%2C_Seoul.jpg/324px-Changgyeong_Palace%2C_Seoul.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Korean clans of foreign origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_clan_names_of_foreign_origin"},{"title":"Korean nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_nobility"},{"title":"Bone-rank system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone-rank_system"},{"title":"Yangban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban"},{"title":"House of Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Yi"},{"title":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"title":"Emperor of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Royal Consort, Cheongju Han - 왕비록, 청주한씨세보\". www.cheongjuhan.net. Retrieved 2020-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cheongjuhan.net/","url_text":"\"Royal Consort, Cheongju Han - 왕비록, 청주한씨세보\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary-General Appoints Han Seung-Soo of Republic of Korea Special Envoy on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water\". United Nations. 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1447.doc.htm","url_text":"\"Secretary-General Appoints Han Seung-Soo of Republic of Korea Special Envoy on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water\""}]},{"reference":"\"한승수 前부총리 英서 KBE 작위\". Naver News (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=032&aid=0000083124&sid1=001","url_text":"\"한승수 前부총리 英서 KBE 작위\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_News","url_text":"Naver News"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Chairmen of the Korea International Trade Association\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kita.org/about/ceoFormer.do","url_text":"\"Former Chairmen of the Korea International Trade Association\""}]},{"reference":"Kitamura, Katie (2019-02-25). \"Han Kang's Novel Is a Politically Tinged Eulogy for a Dead Sister\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/books/review/han-kang-white-book.html","url_text":"\"Han Kang's Novel Is a Politically Tinged Eulogy for a Dead Sister\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Terra Han, Korean musical genius Carnegie Hall recital -MusicalAmerica\". www.musicalamerica.com. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=39682&categoryid=5&archived=0","url_text":"\"Terra Han, Korean musical genius Carnegie Hall recital -MusicalAmerica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political noble family-Cheongju Han clan most queens and prime minister 정치명가-국무총리·왕비 최다배출한 청주 한씨\". Joins News -중앙일보 (in Korean). 2012-01-02. Retrieved 2019-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.joins.com/article/7035780","url_text":"\"Political noble family-Cheongju Han clan most queens and prime minister 정치명가-국무총리·왕비 최다배출한 청주 한씨\""}]},{"reference":"Academy of Korean Studies 청주한씨 淸州韓氏. Academy of Korean Studies.","urls":[{"url":"http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=291759&cid=42835&categoryId=42835&mobile","url_text":"Academy of Korean Studies 청주한씨 淸州韓氏"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies","url_text":"Academy of Korean Studies"}]},{"reference":"Jin Guanglin [in Japanese] (2014). \"A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names\" (PDF). Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia. 5: 16 – via Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%9E%97_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85)","url_text":"Jin Guanglin"},{"url":"http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf","url_text":"\"A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Cultural_Interaction_in_East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Society for Cultural Interaction in East Asia"}]},{"reference":"\"MusicalAmerica - Terra Han introduces East Asian Royal women's identity through her own family traditions of Han clan of Cheongju\". www.musicalamerica.com. Retrieved 2020-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?archived=0&storyID=45077&categoryID=5","url_text":"\"MusicalAmerica - Terra Han introduces East Asian Royal women's identity through her own family traditions of Han clan of Cheongju\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women - Queen Sohye (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/lQHqekKV13wWkw","url_text":"\"Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women - Queen Sohye (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)\""}]},{"reference":"\"FamilySearch Catalog: 청주한씨족보 淸州韓氏族譜, 5권, 930-1955 — FamilySearch.org\". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2020-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1543629?availability=Family%20History%20Library","url_text":"\"FamilySearch Catalog: 청주한씨족보 淸州韓氏族譜, 5권, 930-1955 — FamilySearch.org\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.cheongjuhan.net/","external_links_name":"http://www.cheongjuhan.net/"},{"Link":"http://www.cheongjuhan.net/","external_links_name":"\"Royal Consort, Cheongju Han - 왕비록, 청주한씨세보\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1447.doc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Secretary-General Appoints Han Seung-Soo of Republic of Korea Special Envoy on Disaster Risk Reduction and Water\""},{"Link":"http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&oid=032&aid=0000083124&sid1=001","external_links_name":"\"한승수 前부총리 英서 KBE 작위\""},{"Link":"http://kita.org/about/ceoFormer.do","external_links_name":"\"Former Chairmen of the Korea International Trade Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/books/review/han-kang-white-book.html","external_links_name":"\"Han Kang's Novel Is a Politically Tinged Eulogy for a Dead Sister\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?storyid=39682&categoryid=5&archived=0","external_links_name":"\"Terra Han, Korean musical genius Carnegie Hall recital -MusicalAmerica\""},{"Link":"https://news.joins.com/article/7035780","external_links_name":"\"Political noble family-Cheongju Han clan most queens and prime minister 정치명가-국무총리·왕비 최다배출한 청주 한씨\""},{"Link":"http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=291759&cid=42835&categoryId=42835&mobile","external_links_name":"Academy of Korean Studies 청주한씨 淸州韓氏"},{"Link":"http://www.sciea.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_JIN.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Comparison of the Korean and Japanese Approaches to Foreign Family Names\""},{"Link":"http://www2.lib.yamagata-u.ac.jp/elib/serials/hgca/013/hgca-13-00270054.pdf","external_links_name":"韓国人の起源に関する中高生の意識と『国史』教科書との関係"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181005023200/http://www2.lib.yamagata-u.ac.jp/elib/serials/hgca/013/hgca-13-00270054.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.musicalamerica.com/news/newsstory.cfm?archived=0&storyID=45077&categoryID=5","external_links_name":"\"MusicalAmerica - Terra Han introduces East Asian Royal women's identity through her own family traditions of Han clan of Cheongju\""},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/lQHqekKV13wWkw","external_links_name":"\"Queen Sohye's Instruction for Women - Queen Sohye (Queen mother Insu, Seongjong's mother)\""},{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1543629?availability=Family%20History%20Library","external_links_name":"\"FamilySearch Catalog: 청주한씨족보 淸州韓氏族譜, 5권, 930-1955 — FamilySearch.org\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82ociny_metro_station
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Młociny metro station
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["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°17′28″N 20°55′44″E / 52.2911°N 20.9289°E / 52.2911; 20.9289Warsaw metro station
"Młociny" redirects here. For the residential neighborhood, see Młociny, Warsaw.
MłocinyGeneral informationCoordinates52°17′28″N 20°55′44″E / 52.2911°N 20.9289°E / 52.2911; 20.9289Owned byPublic Transport AuthorityPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Connections 103, 114, 150, 156, 184, 203, 210, 250, 409, 511, 712, 750, 800 N01, N02, N41, N44, N46, N56, N58 2, 6, 26, 33ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundDepth7.3 m (24 ft)Platform levels1Parking2 park-and-ride car parksAccessibleYesArchitectAndrzej M. ChołdzyńskiOther informationStation codeA23Fare zone1HistoryOpened25 October 2008; 15 years ago (25 October 2008)Services
Preceding station
Warsaw Metro
Following station
Terminus
M1 line
Wawrzyszewtowards Kabaty
Location MłocinyLocation within Warsaw
Młociny is a Warsaw Metro station serving as a northern terminus to Line M1. It is situated within Warsaw administrative boundaries and Public Transport Authority's ticketing zone 1, in the osiedle Młociny of the dzielnica Bielany, in a close proximity to Warsaw's ArcelorMittal steelworks. The station opened on 25 October 2008 and is the final northern extension of Line M1. It was designed by Polish architect Andrzej M. Chołdzyński.
The area beyond the station has been remodelled into a major public transportation junction after Młociny opened. It is served by trams and both urban and suburban buses. Although there are no plans to extend Line M1 further, the station is built in such way that it will be possible to do so if need be.
The trains are turned back at sidings behind Młociny. Terminating trains arrive at eastern side platform, whereas southbound trains depart from western side platform.
Gallery
Entrance to the station
Entrance to the station
Main platform
Interior detail
References
^ "Andrzej Chołdzyński - architekt, właściciel, AMC Chołdzyński". www.propertydesign.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-08-03.
^ "Budowa tunelu B23 i stacji A23 Młociny wraz z węzłem komunikacyjnym". Metro Warszawskie – oficjalny serwis internetowy. Metro Warszawskie sp. z o.o. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
External links
Media related to Młociny metro station at Wikimedia Commons
vteWarsaw Metro M1 line
Młociny
Wawrzyszew
Stare Bielany
Słodowiec
Marymont
Plac Wilsona
Dworzec Gdański
Muranów (unbuilt)
Ratusz Arsenał
Świętokrzyska
Centrum
Plac Konstytucji (unbuilt)
Politechnika
Pole Mokotowskie
Racławicka
Wierzbno
Wilanowska
Służew
Ursynów
Stokłosy
Imielin
Natolin
Kabaty
M2 line
Bemowo
Ulrychów
Księcia Janusza
Młynów
Płocka
Rondo Daszyńskiego
Rondo ONZ
Świętokrzyska
Nowy Świat-Uniwersytet
Centrum Nauki Kopernik
Stadion Narodowy
Dworzec Wileński
Szwedzka
Targówek Mieszkaniowy
Trocka
Zacisze
Kondratowicza
Bródno
Planned lines
M3 line
M4 line
M5 line
Rolling stock
Metrovagonmash 81-717/81-714
Alstom Metropolis
Siemens Inspiro
Škoda Varsovia
List of Warsaw Metro stations
Public Transport Authority
vteBielany, Warsaw
Chomiczówka
Huta
Las Bielański
Marymont-Kaskada
Marymont-Ruda
Młociny
Piaski
Placówka
Radiowo
Stare Bielany
Słodowiec
Wawrzyszew
Wólka Węglowa
Wrzeciono
This Warsaw Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a railway station in Warsaw is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Młociny, Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%82ociny,_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Metro"},{"link_name":"Line M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Metro_Line_1"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Public Transport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Transport_Authority_(Warsaw)"},{"link_name":"osiedle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiedle"},{"link_name":"Młociny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%82ociny,_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dzielnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzielnica"},{"link_name":"Bielany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielany"},{"link_name":"ArcelorMittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcelorMittal"},{"link_name":"steelworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Steelworks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andrzej M. Chołdzyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_M._Cho%C5%82dzy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"trams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Warsaw metro station\"Młociny\" redirects here. For the residential neighborhood, see Młociny, Warsaw.Młociny is a Warsaw Metro station serving as a northern terminus to Line M1. It is situated within Warsaw administrative boundaries and Public Transport Authority's ticketing zone 1, in the osiedle Młociny of the dzielnica Bielany, in a close proximity to Warsaw's ArcelorMittal steelworks. The station opened on 25 October 2008 and is the final northern extension of Line M1. It was designed by Polish architect Andrzej M. Chołdzyński.[1]The area beyond the station has been remodelled into a major public transportation junction after Młociny opened. It is served by trams and both urban and suburban buses. Although there are no plans to extend Line M1 further, the station is built in such way that it will be possible to do so if need be.[2]The trains are turned back at sidings behind Młociny. Terminating trains arrive at eastern side platform, whereas southbound trains depart from western side platform.","title":"Młociny metro station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A2302.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeroA23_9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A23_Warsaw_Metro.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeroA23_5.jpg"}],"text":"Entrance to the station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to the station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior detail","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Andrzej Chołdzyński - architekt, właściciel, AMC Chołdzyński\". www.propertydesign.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.propertydesign.pl/ludzie_z_branzy/andrzej_choldzynski,84.html","url_text":"\"Andrzej Chołdzyński - architekt, właściciel, AMC Chołdzyński\""}]},{"reference":"\"Budowa tunelu B23 i stacji A23 Młociny wraz z węzłem komunikacyjnym\". Metro Warszawskie – oficjalny serwis internetowy. Metro Warszawskie sp. z o.o. 2008. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118203437/http://www.metro.waw.pl/budowa-tunelu-b23-i-stacji-a23-mlociny-wraz-z-wezlem-komunikacyjnym.html","url_text":"\"Budowa tunelu B23 i stacji A23 Młociny wraz z węzłem komunikacyjnym\""},{"url":"http://www.metro.waw.pl/budowa-tunelu-b23-i-stacji-a23-mlociny-wraz-z-wezlem-komunikacyjnym.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C5%82ociny_metro_station¶ms=52.2911_N_20.9289_E_source:plwiki_type:railwaystation_region:PL","external_links_name":"52°17′28″N 20°55′44″E / 52.2911°N 20.9289°E / 52.2911; 20.9289"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=M%C5%82ociny_metro_station¶ms=52.2911_N_20.9289_E_source:plwiki_type:railwaystation_region:PL","external_links_name":"52°17′28″N 20°55′44″E / 52.2911°N 20.9289°E / 52.2911; 20.9289"},{"Link":"http://www.propertydesign.pl/ludzie_z_branzy/andrzej_choldzynski,84.html","external_links_name":"\"Andrzej Chołdzyński - architekt, właściciel, AMC Chołdzyński\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130118203437/http://www.metro.waw.pl/budowa-tunelu-b23-i-stacji-a23-mlociny-wraz-z-wezlem-komunikacyjnym.html","external_links_name":"\"Budowa tunelu B23 i stacji A23 Młociny wraz z węzłem komunikacyjnym\""},{"Link":"http://www.metro.waw.pl/budowa-tunelu-b23-i-stacji-a23-mlociny-wraz-z-wezlem-komunikacyjnym.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%82ociny_metro_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C5%82ociny_metro_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mccauslandi
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Vexillum mccauslandi
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["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]
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Species of gastropod
Vexillum mccauslandi
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Neogastropoda
Superfamily:
Turbinelloidea
Family:
Costellariidae
Genus:
Vexillum
Species:
V. mccauslandi
Binomial name
Vexillum mccauslandiSalisbury & Wolff, 2005
Synonyms
Vexillum (Costellaria) mccauslandi R. Salisbury & Wolff, 2005 ·
Vexillum mccauslandi is a species of small sea snail in the family Costellariidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 23 mm.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2023)
Distribution
This marine species occurs off Flores, Indonesia.
References
^ Vexillum mccauslandi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 24 April 2010.
Salisbury, R. A.; Wolff, J. (2005). Three new mitriform gastropods from the western Indo-Pacific. Visaya. 1(5): 116-127.
External links
WMSDB: image
Taxon identifiersVexillum mccauslandi
Wikidata: Q7924085
CoL: 5BBDN
GBIF: 5727270
IRMNG: 11809327
Open Tree of Life: 2907336
Plazi: A12FC21C-E9C4-E3DD-B362-61184623065E
WoRMS: 389452
ZooBank: 3610000E-6682-4769-A6AE-1DB049256AAD
This Costellariidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Costellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costellariidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Vexillum mccauslandi is a species of small sea snail in the family Costellariidae.[1]","title":"Vexillum mccauslandi"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The length of the shell attains 23 mm.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off Flores, Indonesia.","title":"Distribution"}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexillum_mccauslandi&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389452","external_links_name":"Vexillum mccauslandi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005"},{"Link":"https://conchology.be/?t=2204&CODsp=2070454955&Genus=Vexillum&species=mccauslandi&variety=","external_links_name":"WMSDB: image"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BBDN","external_links_name":"5BBDN"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5727270","external_links_name":"5727270"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11809327","external_links_name":"11809327"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=2907336","external_links_name":"2907336"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12FC21C-E9C4-E3DD-B362-61184623065E","external_links_name":"A12FC21C-E9C4-E3DD-B362-61184623065E"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=389452","external_links_name":"389452"},{"Link":"https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/3610000E-6682-4769-A6AE-1DB049256AAD","external_links_name":"3610000E-6682-4769-A6AE-1DB049256AAD"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vexillum_mccauslandi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozerkovo
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Ozerkovo
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["1 Geography","2 References"]
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Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaOzerkovo
ОзерковоVillageOzerkovoShow map of Vologda OblastOzerkovoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°21′N 39°28′E / 59.350°N 39.467°E / 59.350; 39.467CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictVologodsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Ozerkovo (Russian: Озерково) is a rural locality (a village) in Kubenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2002.
Geography
The distance to Vologda is 43 km (27 mi), to Kubenskoye is 14 km (8.7 mi). GES is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
vteRural localities in Vologodsky DistrictA-I
Abakanovo
Abakshino
Abramovo
Abramtsevo
Afanasovo
Aksenovo
Akulovo
Aleshino
Alexandrovo
Alexandrovskoye
Alexeyevo
Alexeyevo
Alexeyevo
Alexino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Alexino (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement)
Alexino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Anchakovo
Anchutino
Andrakovo
Andreyevskoye
Andronino
Andronovo (Nesvoysky Selsoviet)
Andronovo (Veprevsky Selsoviet)
Androntsevo
Andryushino
Anfalovo
Antonovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Antonovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Antsiferovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Antsiferovo (Spasskoye Rural Settlement)
Avdeyevo
Babik
Babikovo
Babtsyno
Bagrino
Baklanikha
Balobanovo
Barachevo
Barachevo
Baralovo
Barskoye
Barskukovo
Bedrino
Beglovo
Beketovo
Beloye (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Beloye (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Berezhok
Bereznik
Berezovka
Besednoye
Bilkovo
Bobrovskoye
Bogorodskoye
Bolotovo
Bolshoy Dvor
Bolshoye Chertishchevo
Bolshoye
Boltino
Boltutino
Borborino
Borilovo
Borilovo-2
Borisoglebskoye
Borisovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Borisovo (Prilukskoye Rural Settlement)
Borodkino
Bovykino
Bragino
Brodki
Bryacha
Bubyrevo
Bugrino
Burdukovo
Burtsevo
Buyanovo
Chakhlovo
Chemodanovo
Cherepanikha
Chernevo
Cherneyevo
Chuprovo
Davydkovo
Dekteri
Demino (Nesvoysky Selsoviet)
Demino (Vysokovsky Selsoviet)
Derevenka
Dereventsevo
Derevkovo
Derevyagino
Dikaya
Dilyalevo
Dityatyevo
Dmitriyevo
Dmitriyevskoye (Novlensky Selsoviet)
Dmitriyevskoye (Spassky Selsoviet)
Dolgovo
Dolgovo
Domanovo
Dor (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Dor (Pudegsky Selsoviet)
Dor (Staroselsky Selsoviet)
Dorkovo
Doronkino
Dorozhny
Dovodchikovo
Drozdovo
Dubrovo
Dubrovskoye
Dudinskoye
Dulepovo
Dulovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Dulovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Duplino
Duravino
Durnevo
Dyakontsevo
Dyakovo
Dyatkino
Dyukovo
Faleleyevo
Fenino
Fetinino
Filisovo
Filkino
Filyutino
Fofantsevo
Fomkino
Frolovskoye
Fryazinovo
GES
Gavrilovo
Glotovo
Golenevo
Golubkovo
Goncharka
Gorbovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorbovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Gorka-Ilyinskaya
Gorka-Pokrovskaya
Gorka-Pokrovskaya
Gornoye
Gorshkovo
Gribkovo
Gridenskoye
Grishino
Grozilovo
Gulyayevo
Gureikha
Gureyevo
Ignachevo
Ignatovo
Ilekino
Ilyinskoye (Maysky Selsoviet)
Ilyinskoye (Raboche-Krestyansky Selsoviet)
Indalovo
Irkhino
Isakovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Isakovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Isakovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Isayevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Ivakino
Ivanovka
Ivanovskoye (Markovsky Selsoviet)
Ivanovskoye (Spassky Selsoviet)
Ivanovskoye (Veprevsky Selsoviet)
Ivashevo
Ivatino
Ivlevo
Ivlevskoye
K-M
Kalinkino
Kargachevo
Karpovskoye
Kartsevo
Kashkalino
Katalovskoye
Katunino
Kedrovo
Kelebardovo
Kharachevo
Khokhlevo
Khomyakovo
Khorobrets
Khrebtovo
Khripilevo
Kindeyevo
Kipelovo
Kiriki-Ulita
Kishkino
Kishkino
Kishkintso
Klokunovo
Klyushnikovo
Knyaginino
Knyazevo
Knyazhevo
Knyazhovo
Kocheurovo
Kolbino
Kolbino
Kolkino
Kolokolovo
Kolotilovo
Koltseyevo
Kolyshkino
Komarovo
Konishchevo
Konshino
Konstantinovo
Koptsevo
Kopylovo
Korenevo
Korobovo
Korotkovo
Kortsevo
Korytovo
Koskovo
Kostino
Kostromino
Kosyakovo
Kotelnikovo
Kotlovo
Kovshovo
Kovylevo
Kozhevnikovo
Kozhino
Kozino
Kozitsyno
Kraskovo
Krasnovo
Krasny Dvor
Krivoye
Kruglitsa
Krugolka
Kryazhevo
Kryukovo
Kuchino
Kudrino
Kudryavtsevo
Kulakovo
Kulemesovo
Kuleshevo
Kunovo
Kurbatovo
Kurdumovo
Kurkino (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Kurkino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Kurovo
Kurovskoye
Kushchuba
Kusyevo
Kuvshinovo
Kuzminskoye
Kuznetsovka
Lakhmino
Lantyevo
Lapach
Larkino
Laskovtsevo
Lavkino
Lavrentyevo
Lebzino
Legkoye
Leskovo
Leushkino
Lifino
Liminsky
Linkovo
Lisitsyno
Lobkovo
Lomtevo
Loptunovo
Luchnikovo
Lukintsevo
Lumba
Lyagalovo
Lyzlovo
Makarovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Makarovo (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement)
Makarovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Malashkovo
Malaya Gorka
Malgino
Malonovlenskoye
Maloye Chertishchevo
Manino
Mardasovo
Marfino
Markovo (Leskovsky Selsoviet)
Markovo (Markovsky Selsoviet)
Maryino
Maryinskoye (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Maryinskoye (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement)
Maryukhino
Maslozavod
Maslozavod
Matveyevskoye (Kubensky Selsoviet)
Matveyevskoye (Markovsky Selsoviet)
Matveyevskoye (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Maurino
Maurino (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement)
Maurino (Spasskoye Rural Settlement)
Maximishchevo
Maxino
Mayega
Maysky
Meldan
Melnikovo
Meniki
Menshovskoye
Michkovo
Midyanovo
Migunovo
Mikhalevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Mikhalevo (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement)
Mikhaltsevo
Milkovo
Mineyka
Minino (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Minino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Mironositsa
Mitenskoye
Mitenskoye
Mitropolye
Mityukovo
Molbishcha
Molitvino
Molochnaya
Morino
Moseykovo
Mostishcha
Mozhayskoye
Muravyovo
Myagrino
Mynchakovo
Myshkino
N-R
Nadeyeyvo
Nagornoye
Nagoronovo
Nagorskoye
Natsepino
Nazarovo
Nefedovo
Nekrasovo
Nepotyagovo
Nesterovskoye
Nesvoyskoye
Neverovskoye
Nevinnikovo
Nikiforovo
Nikitino (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement)
Nikitino (Spasskoye Rural Settlement)
Nikulino (Kuebnskoye Rural Settlement)
Nikulino (Markovskoye Rural Settlement)
Nikulino (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Nikulinskoye
Nizhneye
Nizma
Norobovo
Novgorodovo
Novlenskoye
Novoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Novoye (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement)
Novoye (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Novoye (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Novy Istochnik
Obraztsovo
Obrosovo
Obsakovo
Obukhovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Obukhovo (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement)
Obukhovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Odoleikha
Ogarkovo
Ogibalovo
Okhlopkovo
Okulovo
Olekhovo
Oleshevo
Omogayevo
Opikhalino
Opuchkovo
Oreshnik
Orlovo
Osinnik
Osinovka
Osipovo
Ostakhovo
Ostanino
Ostashevo
Ostretsovo
Ostretsovo
Ostyunino
Otekleyevo
Otradnoye
Ovsyannikovo
Ozerkovo
Pailovo
Pakhtalovo
Palkino
Panovo
Panteleyevo
Papino
Paprikha
Parichino
Pashinka
Pavlikovo
Pavlovo
Pavshino (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Pavshino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Perkhuryevo
Perkhuryevo
Peryevo
Peryevo
Peski
Pesochnoye
Pestovo
Petrakovo (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Petrakovo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Petrovskoye
Petrushino
Pevomaysky
Pirogovo
Pishchalino
Plyushchevo
Pochenga
Pochinok (Kipelovsky Selsoviet)
Pochinok (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Pochinok (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement)
Pochinok (Spasskoye Rural Settlement)
Pochinok-2
Podberevskoye
Podberezye
Podgorye
Podol
Podomartsevo
Pogorelka
Pogorelovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Pogorelovo (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Pogost Dmitriyevsky
Pogost Onochest
Pogost Voskresenye
Pogostets
Pokrovskoye
Polyanki
Polyany
Pomygalovo
Popadyino
Popovka (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Popovka (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Popovka (Semyonkovskoye Rural Settlement)
Popovo
Popovskoye. Kubenskoye Rural Settlement
Posykino
Potanino
Potrokhovo
Pribytkovo
Pribytkovo
Prokhorovo
Prokino (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Prokino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Prokunino (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement)
Prokunino (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Puchinino
Pudega
Putyatino
Raskopino
Rebrovo
Redkino
Reshetnikovo
Rezvino
Rodiontsevo
Rogachyovo
Rogozkino
Romanovo
Roslovskoye
Roslyatino
Rossolovo
Rubtsovo
Runovo
S-Z
Sarayevo
Savkino
Sazonovo
Selezentsevo
Seleznevo
Selishcha
Semenkovo (Goncharovsky Selsoviet)
Semenkovo (Oktyabrsky Selsoviet)
Semenkovo (Semenkovsky Selsoviet)
Semenkovo (Staroselskoye Rural Settlement)
Semigory
Semigorye
Semryukhovo
Semshino
Semyonovskoye (Novlensky Selsoviet)
Semyonovskoye (Podlesnoy Selsoviet)
Seredneye
Sestrilka
Sevastyanovo
Severnaya Ferma
Severovo
Shadrino
Shatalovo
Shchapilino
Shchekino
Shcherbinino
Shchetnikovo
Shchipino
Shchukarevo
Shelygino
Shilovo
Shirogorye
Shiryayevo
Sholokhovo
Shulgino
Sidelnikovo
Sidorovo
Silino
Sindosh
Sinitsyno
Skorbezhevo
Skresenskoye
Skripilovo
Skryabino
Slobodishcha
Smykovo
Snasudovo
Sopyatino
Sosnovka
Spass
Spasskoye
Sporyshevo
Stralevo
Strelkovo
Sukholomovo
Sukholzhino
Sulinskoye
Susolovo
Svetilki
Svobodny Ugol
Syama
Sychevo
Taraskovo
Tarasovo
Tatarinovo
Tatarovo
Telyachyevo
Terpelka
Tishinovo
Trofimovo
Trufanovo
Tsypoglazovo
Tupochelovo
Turutino
Tyutryumovo
Utkino
Vakhnevo
Vakhrushevo
Varlamovo
Vasilyevskoye
Vasilyovo
Vasnevo
Vasyunino
Vatlanovo
Vedrakovo
Vedrovo
Velikoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Velikoye (Prilukskoye Rural Settlement)
Veprevo
Vepri
Vetskoye
Viktovo
Vinnikovo
Virlovo
Viselkino
Vladychnevo
Vladychnevo
Vlasyevo
Vodogino
Volkovo (Podlesnoye Rural Settlement)
Volkovo (Spasskoye Rural Settlement)
Volochaninovo
Volshnitsy
Voronino
Voskresenskoye (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Voskresenskoye (Sosnovskoye Rural Settlement)
Votolino
Vozdvizhenye
Vysochka
Vysokovo
Vysokovo-1 (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Vysokovo-1 (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Vysokovo-2
Yakovlevskoye
Yakovtsevo
Yakunino
Yaminovo
Yangosar
Yarilovo
Yarunovo
Yarygino
Yefimovo
Yelgino
Yelizarovo
Yeltsyno
Yelyakovo
Yemelyanovo
Yepifanka
Yeremeyevo (Leskovskoye Rural Settlement)
Yeremeyevo (Novlenskoye Rural Settlement)
Yermakovo
Yermolovo (Kubenskoye Rural Settlement)
Yermolovo (Mayskoye Rural Settlement)
Yermolovskoye
Yerofeyka
Yeskino
Yesyukovo
Yesyunino
Yevlashevo
Yurovo
Yuryevo
Yuryevtsevo
Zabolotnoye
Zabolotye
Zakharovo
Zakharyino
Zakobyaykino
Zakryshkino
Zalomaikha
Zaonikiyevo
Zaprudka
Zarechnaya
Zarya
Zazvitsevo
Zhavoronkovo
Zhilino
Zhukovo
Zrelovo
Zuyevo
This Vologodsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Vologodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologodsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ozerkovo (Russian: Озерково) is a rural locality (a village) in Kubenskoye Rural Settlement, Vologodsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 6 as of 2002.[1]","title":"Ozerkovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vologda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda"}],"text":"The distance to Vologda is 43 km (27 mi), to Kubenskoye is 14 km (8.7 mi). GES is the nearest rural locality.","title":"Geography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozerkovo¶ms=59_21_N_39_28_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°21′N 39°28′E / 59.350°N 39.467°E / 59.350; 39.467"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozerkovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_I-4_(arena_football)
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War on I-4 (arena football)
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["1 Game-by-game results","2 References"]
|
This article is about the Arena Football League rivalry. For the college sports rivalry, see War on I-4.
Orlando Predators–Tampa Bay StormIn Tampa, during the final week of the 2010 regular season, two Orlando players entered the stands and fought with fans just before halftime.First meetingJune 1, 1991Predators 51, Storm 38Latest meetingJune 24, 2016Predators 56, Storm 33StatisticsMeetings total61All-time seriesPredators, 34–27Regular season seriesPredators, 30–23Postseason resultsTied, 4–4Largest victoryPredators, 76–25 (2016)Smallest victoryPredators, 44–43 (2000) Storm 63–62, (2010) Storm 35–34, (2014) Predators, 63–62 (2015)Longest win streakPredators, 6 (2015–2016)Playoff and Championship SuccessArenaBowl Championships (7)
TB (5) – 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2003
ORL (2) – 1998, 2000
ArenaBowl Appearances (14)
TB (7) – 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2010
ORL (7) – 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006
The War on I–4 was a rivalry between the Tampa Bay Storm and the Orlando Predators in the Arena Football League. The teams met at least twice and up to four times a season starting in 1991, and both were consistently at the top of the league standings. The rivalry has been compared to the Yankees – Red Sox rivalry in Major League Baseball.
Although the Tampa Bay and Orlando markets, separated by an 80-mile stretch of Interstate 4, have teams in each of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada, none of the Big Five leagues had a team in both cities. Orlando has the Magic of the NBA and Orlando City SC of MLS while Tampa Bay hosts the Rays in MLB, Buccaneers in the NFL and Lightning in the NHL. Despite each market being of relatively large size in its own respective right, few leagues (especially those that have had long histories) have attempted to place teams in both cities; this has created few opportunities for the two nearby cities to form rivalries. The Arena Football League was an aberration in this regard when it approved the Orlando Predators as an expansion team in 1991, then allowed for the Pittsburgh Gladiators, a charter AFL team, to relocate to the Tampa Bay area and become the Tampa Bay Storm. The Storm and Predators became instant rivals.
The games were played either at the teams' respective home arenas. At the time the series ended, these arenas were Amway Center for Orlando and Amalie Arena (previously known as the "Ice Palace", "St. Pete Times Forum", and "Tampa Bay Times Forum") for Tampa Bay. Games hosted by the Storm before the 1997 season were held at what is now Tropicana Field, but was known as "Florida Suncoast Dome" before 1994 and "Thunderdome" thereafter. Games hosted by the Predators until the end of the 2010 season were at Hummer Field at the Amway Arena (originally the "Orlando Arena", later "TD Waterhouse Centre"). For the 2014 season, the Predators played at CFE Arena on the campus of the University of Central Florida.
The Predators led the overall series 34–27 in regular season and playoff games combined. The sides met eight times in the AFL playoffs, with each team winning four times, twice being in the ArenaBowl, with each team winning once. Their final playoff meeting was on August 14, 2010 in the American Conference Championship game, in which Tampa Bay won 63–62 as a long field goal attempt by the Predators fell short as time expired.
The games between the teams were notable for featuring some of the highest attendances in AFL history. The ArenaBowl IX title match of September 1, 1995 drew an Arena Bowl record crowd of 25,087 to Thunderdome to see the Storm defeat the Predators by 48–35. Both teams were known to organize bus trips for supporters down Interstate 4 (hence the War on I-4) to the other city to see their squad play.
The series also had the top overall attendance record in league history when Orlando defeated Tampa Bay 46–45 in front of 28,745 at the Florida Suncoast Dome in week 6 of the 1993 AFL season.
In 2010, the rivalry resumed after a year off caused by the Arena Football League suspending operations in 2009. The rivalry ended when Orlando announced they would suspend operations following the conclusion of the 2016 season. Tampa Bay did the same following the 2017 season. The Predators were relaunched as an expansion team in the National Arena League prior to the 2019 season. The Arena Football League ceased operations after filing for
Shortly after the Predators withdrew from the AFL, the University of South Florida, based in Tampa, and the University of Central Florida, based in Orlando, claimed the "War on I-4" name for their own sports rivalries.
Game-by-game results
Orlando victoriesTampa Bay victoriesNo.DateLocationWinning teamLosing teamAttendance1 June 1, 1991 Florida Suncoast Dome Orlando 51 Tampa Bay 38 10,354
2 July 27, 1991 Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 26 Orlando 16 13,680
3 May 29, 1992 Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 39 Orlando 32 11,312
4 July 2, 1992 Florida Suncoast Dome Orlando 48 Tampa Bay 33 20,091
5 August 15, 1992* Orlando Arena Orlando 24 Tampa Bay 21OT 13,680
6 May 21, 1993 Orlando Arena Orlando 46 Tampa Bay 34 13,680
7 June 19, 1993 Florida Suncoast Dome Orlando 46 Tampa Bay 45 28,745
8 August 14, 1993* Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 55 Orlando 52 13,680
9 July 1, 1994 Orlando Arena Orlando 61 Tampa Bay 40 14,015
10 August 13, 1994 ThunderDome Tampa Bay 40 Orlando 39 20,819
11 July 14, 1995 Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 51 Orlando 34 15,638
12 July 29, 1995 ThunderDome Tampa Bay 44 Orlando 20 24,055
13 September 1, 1995 ThunderDome Tampa Bay 48 Orlando 35 25,087
14 May 18, 1996 ThunderDome Tampa Bay 63 Orlando 42 16,444
15 July 19, 1996 Orlando Arena Orlando 40 Tampa Bay 39 16,236
16 May 17, 1997 Ice Palace Orlando 43 Tampa Bay 17 14,179
17 June 27, 1997 Orlando Arena Orlando 54 Tampa Bay 30 16,529
18 June 12, 1998 Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 42 Orlando 34 15,948
19 June 27, 1998 Ice Palace Tampa Bay 56 Orlando 30 14,125
20 August 23, 1998 Ice Palace Orlando 62 Tampa Bay 31 17,222
21 June 12, 1999 Orlando Arena Tampa Bay 63 Orlando 37 15,101
22 July 11, 1999 Ice Palace Tampa Bay 47 Orlando 28 11,777
23 August 7, 1999* Ice Palace Orlando 41 Tampa Bay 19 10,706
24 May 12, 2000 TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 44 Tampa Bay 43 13,342
25 July 1, 2000 Ice Palace Tampa Bay 50 Orlando 36 14,047
26 August 3, 2000* TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 34 Tampa Bay 24 13,122
27 June 10, 2001 TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 57 Tampa Bay 45 13,691
28 July 1, 2001 Ice Palace Orlando 46 Tampa Bay 38 17,634
29 June 9, 2002 TD Waterhouse Centre Tampa Bay 48 Orlando 45 12,855
30 July 7, 2002 Ice Palace Orlando 55 Tampa Bay 48 11,784
31 February 9, 2003 TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 54 Tampa Bay 51 13,541
32 March 16, 2003 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 52 Orlando 32 15,054
33 June 7, 2003* St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 60 Orlando 50 14,028
34 February 8, 2004 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 52 Orlando 41 15,404
35 May 2, 2004 TD Waterhouse Centre Tampa Bay 63 Orlando 58 13,714
36 February 11, 2005 TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 61 Tampa Bay 46 14,478
37 April 9, 2005 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 54 Orlando 42 18,794
38 February 19, 2006 St. Pete Times Forum Orlando 67 Tampa Bay 64OT 14,692
39 April 22, 2006 TD Waterhouse Centre Orlando 52 Tampa Bay 13 15,920
40 March 2, 2007 St. Pete Times Forum Orlando 52 Tampa Bay 27 15,619
41 April 14, 2007 Amway Arena Orlando 61 Tampa Bay 37 15,303
42 April 26, 2008 Amway Arena Tampa Bay 48 Orlando 41 13,365
43 June 7, 2008 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 71 Orlando 61 17,344
44 May 28, 2010 Amway Arena Tampa Bay 62 Orlando 50 10,924
45 July 31, 2010 St. Pete Times Forum Orlando 75 Tampa Bay 60 17,302
46 August 14, 2010* St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 63 Orlando 62 10,104
47 May 6, 2011 Amway Center Orlando 63 Tampa Bay 61 12,897
48 June 17, 2011 St. Pete Times Forum Tampa Bay 46 Orlando 44 11,151
49 May 5, 2012 Tampa Bay Times Forum Tampa Bay 55 Orlando 31 8,488
50 June 15, 2012 Amway Center Orlando 64 Tampa Bay 40 12,441
51 April 20, 2013 Amway Center Tampa Bay 53 Orlando 35 11,969
52 June 8, 2013 Tampa Bay Times Forum Orlando 55 Tampa Bay 48 14,041
53 March 29, 2014 Tampa Bay Times Forum Orlando 56 Tampa Bay 52 10,896
54 April 19, 2014 CFE Arena Orlando 77 Tampa Bay 65 5,434
55 June 21, 2014 Tampa Bay Times Forum Tampa Bay 35 Orlando 34 11,890
56 May 16, 2015 Amway Center Orlando 63 Tampa Bay 62OT 10,973
57 July 11, 2015 Amalie Arena Orlando 69 Tampa Bay 62 15,835
58 August 8, 2015 Amway Center Orlando 59 Tampa Bay 40 15,188
59 April 1, 2016 Amalie Arena Orlando 76 Tampa Bay 25 9,928
60 May 13, 2016 Amway Center Orlando 42 Tampa Bay 40 12,971
61 June 24, 2016 Amway Center Orlando 56 Tampa Bay 33 13,527
Series: Orlando leads 34–27* Playoff Game
References
^ Pickard, B. J. (June 14, 2011). "The War on I-4: AFL's Biggest Rivals Collide in Tampa". Arena Football League. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
^ "Storm Punch Ticket To ArenaBowl XXIII With 63-62 Win Over Predators". Arena Football League. August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
^ Fran Stuchbury (June 6, 2005). "City reveals vision for Amway Arena area". Our Sports Central. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
^ "Bus Trip to Tampa Announced" Retrieved August 3, 2010
vteOrlando Predators (1991–2016)
Founded in 1991
Based in Orlando, Florida
Franchise
Franchise
Seasons
Players
Relaunched 2019 team
Arenas
Amway Arena
Amway Center
CFE Arena
Culture
War on I-4
Head coaches
Moss
Gruden
Papasedero
Gruden
O'Hara
Munsey
Plank
Keefe
Playoff appearances (23)
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2013
2014
2015
2016
Division championships (9)
1992
1993
1994
1997
2000
2002
2006
2014
2015
ArenaBowl appearances (7)
VI
VIII
IX
XII
XIII
XIV
XX
Hall of Fame members
Carl Aikens, Jr.
Ben Bennett
Cory Fleming
Jay Gruden
Perry Moss
Durwood Roquemore
Reggie Smith
Stevie Thomas
Barry Wagner
Herkie Walls
Seasons (25)1990s
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
vteTampa Bay Storm
Formerly the Pittsburgh Gladiators
Founded in 1986
Folded in 2017
Based in Tampa, Florida
Franchise
Franchise
Seasons
Players
History of the Arena Football League in Pittsburgh
Arenas
Civic Arena
Thunderdome
Amalie Arena
Culture
War on I-4
Head coaches
Haering
Jackson
Curci
Kuharich
Marcum
Ewart
Samuels
James
Playoff appearances (24)
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2010
2013
2016
2017
Division championships (5)
1995
1996
1998
1999
2003
ArenaBowl appearances (10)
I
III
V
VII
IX
X
XII
XVII
XXIII
XXX
Hall of Fame members
Sylvester Bembery
Andre Bowden
Jay Gruden
George LaFrance
Joe March
Tim Marcum
Lawrence Samuels
Stevie Thomas
Craig Walls
Retired numbers
7
20
22
24
25
76
78
League affiliations
League: Arena Football League
Seasons (30)1980s
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War on I-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_I-4"},{"link_name":"rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"Orlando Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Predators"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Yankees – Red Sox rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankees_%E2%80%93_Red_Sox_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_of_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"Orlando City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_City_SC"},{"link_name":"Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"Amway Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway_Center"},{"link_name":"Amalie Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Arena"},{"link_name":"Tropicana Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicana_Field"},{"link_name":"Amway Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway_Arena"},{"link_name":"CFE Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFE_Arena"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"ArenaBowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArenaBowl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ArenaBowl IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArenaBowl_IX"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Interstate 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Predators were relaunched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Predators_(NAL)"},{"link_name":"National Arena League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arena_League"},{"link_name":"University of South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"}],"text":"This article is about the Arena Football League rivalry. For the college sports rivalry, see War on I-4.The War on I–4 was a rivalry between the Tampa Bay Storm and the Orlando Predators in the Arena Football League. The teams met at least twice and up to four times a season starting in 1991, and both were consistently at the top of the league standings. The rivalry has been compared to the Yankees – Red Sox rivalry in Major League Baseball.[1]Although the Tampa Bay and Orlando markets, separated by an 80-mile stretch of Interstate 4, have teams in each of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada, none of the Big Five leagues had a team in both cities. Orlando has the Magic of the NBA and Orlando City SC of MLS while Tampa Bay hosts the Rays in MLB, Buccaneers in the NFL and Lightning in the NHL. Despite each market being of relatively large size in its own respective right, few leagues (especially those that have had long histories) have attempted to place teams in both cities; this has created few opportunities for the two nearby cities to form rivalries. The Arena Football League was an aberration in this regard when it approved the Orlando Predators as an expansion team in 1991, then allowed for the Pittsburgh Gladiators, a charter AFL team, to relocate to the Tampa Bay area and become the Tampa Bay Storm. The Storm and Predators became instant rivals.The games were played either at the teams' respective home arenas. At the time the series ended, these arenas were Amway Center for Orlando and Amalie Arena (previously known as the \"Ice Palace\", \"St. Pete Times Forum\", and \"Tampa Bay Times Forum\") for Tampa Bay. Games hosted by the Storm before the 1997 season were held at what is now Tropicana Field, but was known as \"Florida Suncoast Dome\" before 1994 and \"Thunderdome\" thereafter. Games hosted by the Predators until the end of the 2010 season were at Hummer Field at the Amway Arena (originally the \"Orlando Arena\", later \"TD Waterhouse Centre\"). For the 2014 season, the Predators played at CFE Arena on the campus of the University of Central Florida.The Predators led the overall series 34–27 in regular season and playoff games combined. The sides met eight times in the AFL playoffs, with each team winning four times, twice being in the ArenaBowl, with each team winning once. Their final playoff meeting was on August 14, 2010 in the American Conference Championship game, in which Tampa Bay won 63–62 as a long field goal attempt by the Predators fell short as time expired.[2]The games between the teams were notable for featuring some of the highest attendances in AFL history. The ArenaBowl IX title match of September 1, 1995 drew an Arena Bowl record crowd of 25,087 to Thunderdome to see the Storm defeat the Predators by 48–35.[3] Both teams were known to organize bus trips for supporters down Interstate 4 (hence the War on I-4) to the other city to see their squad play.[4]The series also had the top overall attendance record in league history when Orlando defeated Tampa Bay 46–45 in front of 28,745 at the Florida Suncoast Dome in week 6 of the 1993 AFL season.In 2010, the rivalry resumed after a year off caused by the Arena Football League suspending operations in 2009. The rivalry ended when Orlando announced they would suspend operations following the conclusion of the 2016 season. Tampa Bay did the same following the 2017 season. The Predators were relaunched as an expansion team in the National Arena League prior to the 2019 season. The Arena Football League ceased operations after filing forShortly after the Predators withdrew from the AFL, the University of South Florida, based in Tampa, and the University of Central Florida, based in Orlando, claimed the \"War on I-4\" name for their own sports rivalries.","title":"War on I-4 (arena football)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game-by-game results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Pickard, B. J. (June 14, 2011). \"The War on I-4: AFL's Biggest Rivals Collide in Tampa\". Arena Football League. Retrieved June 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arenafootball.com/news/war-i-4-afl%E2%80%99s-biggest-rivals-collide-tampa","url_text":"\"The War on I-4: AFL's Biggest Rivals Collide in Tampa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League","url_text":"Arena Football League"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Punch Ticket To ArenaBowl XXIII With 63-62 Win Over Predators\". Arena Football League. August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://arenafootball.com/news/index.html?article_id=279","url_text":"\"Storm Punch Ticket To ArenaBowl XXIII With 63-62 Win Over Predators\""}]},{"reference":"Fran Stuchbury (June 6, 2005). \"City reveals vision for Amway Arena area\". Our Sports Central. Retrieved August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3173304","url_text":"\"City reveals vision for Amway Arena area\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.arenafootball.com/news/war-i-4-afl%E2%80%99s-biggest-rivals-collide-tampa","external_links_name":"\"The War on I-4: AFL's Biggest Rivals Collide in Tampa\""},{"Link":"http://arenafootball.com/news/index.html?article_id=279","external_links_name":"\"Storm Punch Ticket To ArenaBowl XXIII With 63-62 Win Over Predators\""},{"Link":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3173304","external_links_name":"\"City reveals vision for Amway Arena area\""},{"Link":"http://www.orlandopredators.com/news/index.html?article_id=74","external_links_name":"\"Bus Trip to Tampa Announced\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Allan_Cup
|
1987 Allan Cup
|
["1 Teams","2 Best-of-Seven Series","3 External links"]
|
Canadian senior ice hockey championship
The Allan Cup trophy
The 1987 Allan Cup was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1986–87 senior "AAA" season. The event was hosted by the Brantford Motts Clamatos in Brantford, Ontario. The 1987 playoff marked the 79th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded.
Teams
Brantford Motts Clamatos (Eastern Canadian Champions)
Nelson Maple Leafs (Western Canadian Champions)
Best-of-Seven Series
Brantford Motts Clamatos 10 - Nelson Maple Leafs 5
Brantford Motts Clamatos 5 - Nelson Maple Leafs 1
Brantford Motts Clamatos 6 - Nelson Maple Leafs 3
Brantford Motts Clamatos 7 - Nelson Maple Leafs 6 (OT)
External links
Allan Cup archives Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
Allan Cup website
vteNational senior ice hockey championships of CanadaAllan Cup
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Hardy Cup
Alexander Cup
Canadian senior teams at World Championships
Hockey Canada
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allan_Cup.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"senior ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Brantford Motts Clamatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Motts_Clamatos"},{"link_name":"Brantford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup"}],"text":"The Allan Cup trophyThe 1987 Allan Cup was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1986–87 senior \"AAA\" season. The event was hosted by the Brantford Motts Clamatos in Brantford, Ontario. The 1987 playoff marked the 79th time that the Allan Cup has been awarded.","title":"1987 Allan Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brantford Motts Clamatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantford_Motts_Clamatos"},{"link_name":"Nelson Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Maple_Leafs"}],"text":"Brantford Motts Clamatos (Eastern Canadian Champions)\nNelson Maple Leafs (Western Canadian Champions)","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Brantford Motts Clamatos 10 - Nelson Maple Leafs 5\nBrantford Motts Clamatos 5 - Nelson Maple Leafs 1\nBrantford Motts Clamatos 6 - Nelson Maple Leafs 3\nBrantford Motts Clamatos 7 - Nelson Maple Leafs 6 (OT)","title":"Best-of-Seven Series"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Allan Cup trophy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allan_Cup.jpg/220px-Allan_Cup.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm","external_links_name":"Allan Cup archives"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515065832/http://www.allancup.ca/allancuparchivescores.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.allancup.ca/","external_links_name":"Allan Cup website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_High_School_(Florida)
|
Brandon High School (Florida)
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Athletics","3.1 Wrestling","3.2 Soccer","4 Brandon High School nature preserve","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 27°56′39″N 82°17′59″W / 27.9441896°N 82.2998139°W / 27.9441896; -82.2998139Public high school in Brandon, Florida, United StatesBrandon High SchoolAddress1101 Victoria StreetBrandon, Florida 33510United StatesCoordinates27°56′39″N 82°17′59″W / 27.9441896°N 82.2998139°W / 27.9441896; -82.2998139InformationTypePublic high schoolEstablished1914School districtHillsborough County Public SchoolsPrincipalJeremy D. KleinTeaching staff103.50 (FTE)Grades9-12Enrollment1,875 (2018–19)Student to teacher ratio18.12Color(s)Maroon and White NicknameEaglesWebsitebrandon.mysdhc.org
Brandon High School is a public high school in Brandon, Florida, United States. It is overseen by the School District of Hillsborough County.
History
The school originally opened in 1914 on the current site of McLane Middle School, for the education of white students only. In 1966, due to the federal lawsuit Manning vs. the School Board of Hillsborough County, a small group of African-American students were permitted to attend for the first time, and in 1971, large scale busing to improve integration of the school commenced. In 2001, the school district achieved unitary status and mandated busing was ended. In 1972, the school moved to its current location on Victoria Street in Brandon. The school colors are maroon and white. The school mascot is the Eagle. Brandon High is currently Pending school grade in SDHC's high school grading scale. The school has been awarded Blue Ribbon School status.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,957 students enrolled in 2012-2013 was:
Male - 51.8%
Female - 48.2%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
Asian/Pacific islanders - 2.2%
Black - 19.7%
Hispanic - 30.0%
White - 44.0%
Multiracial - 3.7%
Additionally, 54.3% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.
Athletics
Wrestling
The Brandon wrestling team holds the national record for the longest winning streak in not just wrestling, but by a high school sports team (459 straight wins), which spanned from 1973 to 2008. The streak came to an end on January 5, 2008, when Brandon was defeated by South Dade High School 32–28.
Soccer
Brandon High boys won the state championship in 2003.
Brandon High School nature preserve
This approximately 1.5-acre (6,100 m2) wooded site located on the south side of the campus was designated an official Schoolyard Habitat in 2006 by the National Wildlife Federation. Ecology students help collect animal and plant data annually using a variety of tools and technologies including Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receivers and digital cameras.
They also construct nesting boxes for birds and roosting boxes for bats to help increase the biodiversity of the area. Many other classes use the area as an outdoor classroom, including art, English, performing arts, and technology.
Notable alumni
Scott Blake, visual artist
J. S. G. Boggs, visual artist
Terry Butler, bassist for death metal acts Obituary, Death, Six Feet Under, and Massacre
Chris Cates, former professional baseball player.
Mark Consuelos, actor
Rick Barrio Dill, bass guitar player
Chone Figgins, former professional baseball player
David Galloway, former professional football player
Franklin Gómez, Olympic freestyle wrestler representing Puerto Rico, NCAA wrestling champion and three-time All-American at Michigan State
Joey Graham, former professional basketball player
Stevie Graham, former professional basketball player
Danny Graves, former professional baseball player
Garry Hancock, former professional baseball player
Frederick Hutson, entrepreneur
Gene Killian, former professional football player
Toney Mack, former professional basketball player
Mark Meadows, U.S. Congressman and chief of staff to President Donald J. Trump
Admiral Charles D. Michel, 30th Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard
Paul Orndorff, former professional wrestler
Mike Pucillo, former professional football player
Jody Reed, former professional baseball player
Dwayne Schintzius, former professional basketball player
Ross Spano, U.S. Congressman
Ronda Storms, Florida state legislature
Ozzie Timmons, baseball player and coach
Jeff Turner, former professional basketball player
References
^ a b c "Brandon High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
^ "Administration". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
^ a b "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Brandon High School". ed.gov. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ "MANNING v. SCHOOL BD. OF HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY". Retrieved 24 December 2018.
^ Vician, Eric. "Integration at Brandon High had its challenges". Retrieved 24 December 2018.
^ "Brandon High School 2014 Grade". ledgerdata.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2011-05-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Florida high school wrestling team's streak ends after 459 straight victories". ESPN.com. 6 January 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2013-12-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Brandon native turns bar codes into works of art". Tampa Bay Online News. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
^ "Brandon High has proven to be the community's leadership institute". December 11, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2024.
^ "Senior Coast Guard Leadership". Retrieved August 29, 2015.
^ "Coaching key in Brandon High's decades of success". Retrieved August 18, 2018.
^ "Ozzie Timmons – Society for American Baseball Research".
External links
Brandon High School website
School profile
vteHillsborough County public and private schoolsHigh schools
Alonso High School (8th–12th grade)
Armwood High School
Blake High School
Bloomingdale High School
Brandon High School
Chamberlain High School
Durant High School
East Bay High School
Freedom High School
Gaither High School
Hillsborough High School
Jefferson High School
King High School
Lennard High School
Leto (A. P. Leto) High School
Middleton High School
Newsome High School
Plant City High School (7th–12th grade)
Plant High School
Riverview High School
Robinson High School
Sickles High School
Spoto High School
Steinbrenner High School
Strawberry Crest High School
Sumner High School
Tampa Bay Technical High School
Tampa Marine Evening (7th–12th grade)
Wharton High School
Middle schools
Louis Benito Middle School
Pete Davidsen Middle School
Angelo L. Greco Middle School
Ben Hill Middle School
John Quincy Adams Middle School
James Buchanan Middle School
William G. Pierce Middle School (6th–9th grade)
Memorial Middle School
Sligh Middle Magnet School
D.W. Webb Middle School
Dowdell Middle Magnet School
Roland Park Middle School
Dr. John A. Coleman Middle School
Martin Van Buren Middle School
James Madison Middle School
Progress Village Middle Magnet School
Dr. R. Reche Williams Middle Magnet School
Nathan B. Young Middle Magnet School
Benjamin Franklin Middle Magnet School
Andrew J. Ferrell Middle Magnet School
James Monroe Middle School
Woodrow Wilson Middle School
Garland V. Stewart Middle Magnet School
Orange Grove Middle Magnet School
Hillsborough Academy (5th–8th grade)
Liberty Middle School
Elementary schools
Booker T. Washington Elementary School
Macfarlane Park International Baccalaureate School
Westchase Elementary School
Alafia Elementary School
Symmes Elementary School
Summerfield Elementary School
Crestwood Elementary School
Claywell Elementary School
Cypress Creek Elementary School
Essrig Elementary School
Limona Elementary School
Boyette Springs Elementary School
Egypt Lake Elementary School
Dale Mabry Elementary School
Pride Elementary School
Forest Hills Elementary School
Dunbar Magnet School
Gorrie Elementary School
Mitchell Elementary School
Oak Grove Elementary School
Lee Magnet School
Roosevelt Elementary School
West Shore Elementary School
Walden Lake Elementary School
Charter schools in Tampa and surrounding Hillsborough County
Anderson Elementary Academy
Bell Creek Academy
Brooks-DeBartolo Collegiate High School
Carl Sagan Academy
Cristo Rey Tampa High School
Hope Preparatory Academy
Kid’s Community College
Learning Gate Community School
Literacy/Leadership/Technology Academy
Metropolitan Ministries
Mount Pleasant Standard-Based Middle School
Pepin Academy of Tampa
Prince Academy
Quest Middle School
Re-birth Academy
RCMA Wimauma Academy
Richardson Montessori Academy
Tampa Bay Academy
Tampa Charter School
Tampa Transitional School of Excellence
Terrace Community Middle School
Trinity School for Children
USF/Patel
USF/Patel Intermediate
Village of Excellence
Walton Academy of the Performing Arts
Private schools in Tampa
Academy of the Holy Names (9–12)
American Youth Academy (PreK–12)
Bayshore Christian School (PreK–12)
Bell Shoals Baptist Academy (PreK–8)
Berkeley Preparatory School (PreK–12)
Cambridge Christian School (PreK–12)
Carrollwood Day School (PreK–12)
Christ the King Catholic School (PreK–8)
Citrus Park Christian School (PreK–12)
Foundation Christian Academy (PreK–12)
Grace Christian School (K–12)
Jesuit High School of Tampa (9–12)
The Paideia School of Tampa Bay (K–12)
Seffner Christian Academy (PreK–12)
St. John's Episcopal Parish Day School (PreK–8)
St. Mary's Episcopal Day School (PreK–8)
Tampa Baptist Academy (PreK–12)
Tampa Catholic High School (9–12)
Tampa Preparatory School (6–12)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Geographic
NCES
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It is overseen by the School District of Hillsborough County.","title":"Brandon High School (Florida)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manning_v_board-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Integration-5"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SDHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_in_Hillsborough_County"},{"link_name":"Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The school originally opened in 1914 on the current site of McLane Middle School, for the education of white students only. In 1966, due to the federal lawsuit Manning vs. the School Board of Hillsborough County,[4] a small group of African-American students were permitted to attend for the first time, and in 1971, large scale busing to improve integration of the school commenced. In 2001, the school district achieved unitary status and mandated busing was ended.[5] In 1972, the school moved to its current location on Victoria Street in Brandon. The school colors are maroon and white. The school mascot is the Eagle. Brandon High is currently Pending school grade[6] in SDHC's high school grading scale. The school has been awarded Blue Ribbon School status.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ed.gov-3"}],"text":"The demographic breakdown of the 1,957 students enrolled in 2012-2013 was:Male - 51.8%\nFemale - 48.2%\nNative American/Alaskan - 0.4%\nAsian/Pacific islanders - 2.2%\nBlack - 19.7%\nHispanic - 30.0%\nWhite - 44.0%\nMultiracial - 3.7%Additionally, 54.3% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dade High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dade_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espn.com-8"}],"sub_title":"Wrestling","text":"The Brandon wrestling team holds the national record for the longest winning streak in not just wrestling, but by a high school sports team (459 straight wins), which spanned from 1973 to 2008. The streak came to an end on January 5, 2008, when Brandon was defeated by South Dade High School 32–28.[8]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Soccer","text":"Brandon High boys won the state championship in 2003.[9]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_Satellite"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"}],"text":"This approximately 1.5-acre (6,100 m2) wooded site located on the south side of the campus was designated an official Schoolyard Habitat in 2006 by the National Wildlife Federation. Ecology students help collect animal and plant data annually using a variety of tools and technologies including Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receivers and digital cameras.They also construct nesting boxes for birds and roosting boxes for bats to help increase the biodiversity of the area. Many other classes use the area as an outdoor classroom, including art, English, performing arts, and technology.","title":"Brandon High School nature preserve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scott Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Blake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"J. S. G. Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._S._G._Boggs"},{"link_name":"Terry Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Butler"},{"link_name":"Obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary_(band)"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(band)"},{"link_name":"Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_(metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cates"},{"link_name":"Mark Consuelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Consuelos"},{"link_name":"Rick Barrio Dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Barrio_Dill"},{"link_name":"Chone Figgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chone_Figgins"},{"link_name":"David Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Galloway_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Franklin Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"freestyle wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"NCAA wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Wrestling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans"},{"link_name":"Joey Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Graham"},{"link_name":"Stevie Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Graham"},{"link_name":"Danny Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Graves"},{"link_name":"Garry Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hutson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hutson"},{"link_name":"Gene Killian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Killian"},{"link_name":"Toney Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toney_Mack"},{"link_name":"Mark Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Meadows"},{"link_name":"Donald J. Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Charles D. Michel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Michel"},{"link_name":"Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Commandant_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Paul Orndorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Orndorff"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mike Pucillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pucillo"},{"link_name":"Jody Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Reed"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Schintzius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Schintzius"},{"link_name":"Ross Spano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Spano"},{"link_name":"Ronda Storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda_Storms"},{"link_name":"Ozzie Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzie_Timmons"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jeff Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Turner"}],"text":"Scott Blake, visual artist[10]\nJ. S. G. Boggs, visual artist\nTerry Butler, bassist for death metal acts Obituary, Death, Six Feet Under, and Massacre\nChris Cates, former professional baseball player.\nMark Consuelos, actor\nRick Barrio Dill, bass guitar player\nChone Figgins, former professional baseball player\nDavid Galloway, former professional football player\nFranklin Gómez, Olympic freestyle wrestler representing Puerto Rico, NCAA wrestling champion and three-time All-American at Michigan State\nJoey Graham, former professional basketball player\nStevie Graham, former professional basketball player\nDanny Graves, former professional baseball player\nGarry Hancock, former professional baseball player\nFrederick Hutson, entrepreneur\nGene Killian, former professional football player\nToney Mack, former professional basketball player\nMark Meadows, U.S. Congressman and chief of staff to President Donald J. Trump[11]\nAdmiral Charles D. Michel, 30th Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard[12]\nPaul Orndorff, former professional wrestler[13]\nMike Pucillo, former professional football player\nJody Reed, former professional baseball player\nDwayne Schintzius, former professional basketball player\nRoss Spano, U.S. Congressman\nRonda Storms, Florida state legislature\nOzzie Timmons, baseball player and coach[14]\nJeff Turner, former professional basketball player","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Burnley_Borough_Council_election
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2021 Burnley Borough Council election
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["1 State of the Parties","2 Election results","2.1 Overall election result","3 Ward results","3.1 Bank Hall","3.2 Briercliffe","3.3 Brunshaw","3.4 Cliviger and Worsthorne","3.5 Coalclough and Deerplay","3.6 Daneshouse and Stoneyholme","3.7 Gannow","3.8 Gawthorpe","3.9 Hapton with Park","3.10 Lanehead","3.11 Queensgate","3.12 Rosegrove with Lowerhouse","3.13 Rosehill with Burnley Wood","3.14 Trinity","3.15 Whittlefield with Ightenhill","4 References"]
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UK local election
Main article: Burnley Borough Council elections
2021 local election results in Burnley
The 2021 Burnley Borough Council election took place on 6 May 2021 to elect members of Burnley Borough Council in England. This election was held on the same day as other local elections. As with many other local elections in England, it was postponed from May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. One third of the council was up for election, and each successful candidate will serve a three-year term of office, expiring in 2024. These seats were last contested in 2016.
Following the 2019 election, a coalition executive was formed by all the other parties after Labour lost control of the council. Led by Alan Hosker UKIP had collected all three seats in Hapton with Park ward after 2019. Its three councillors joined the Conservative group in 2020 with Hosker later being elected as group leader. A rupture occurred within the Conservative group later in the year, amidst Hosker's attempts to obtain a position on the executive for himself. This precipitated the collapse of the coalition in September 2020, with Labour's Mark Townsend temporally returning to the role of Council leader in a minority administration, but expected to stand down after the election to become Mayor.
Andrew Newhouse, who won Cliviger with Worsthorne for the Conservatives in 2016, defected to the Burnley and Padiham Independent Party shortly afterward. Bill Brindle, who won Coalclough and Deerplay for the Lib Dems in 2016 but (along with his wife) joined the Labour group in 2018, decided to retire rather than stand again. Mark Payne, who won Gannow for the Lib Dems in 2016, was one of the councillors who left the party over its stance on Brexit to form the Burnley and Padiham Independent Party in 2017. David Roper (Whittlefield with Ightenhill) who also left the party at that time but continued as an independent, was another who did not stand for re-election.
After the election the council remained in no overall control, with Labour's Afrasiab Anwar taking over from Mark Townsend as council leader in a coalition with the Lib Dems.
State of the Parties
After the election, the composition of the council (compared with May 2019) was:
Burnley Council composition 2021
Party
Seats
±
Labour
18
4
Conservative
9
5
Liberal Democrat
8
0
BAPIP
5
0
Green
5
3
UKIP
0
3
Independent
0
1
Election results
Overall election result
Results
Seats Gained by Parties
Party
Councillors
Votes
Elected
Of total
Full Council
Of total
Labour Party
5
33.3%
18 / 45
7,719
34.5%
Conservative Party
4
26.7%
9 / 45
7,261
32.4%
Green Party
3
20.0%
5 / 45
3,755
16.8%
Liberal Democrats
2
13.3%
8 / 45
2,063
9.2%
Burnley and Padiham Independent Party
1
6.7%
5 / 45
1,529
6.8%
National Front
0
0.0%
0 / 45
45
0.2%
Social Democratic Party
0
0.0%
0 / 45
21
0.1%
Ward results
Bank Hall
Bank Hall
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Lubna Khan
956
66.9
-3.3
Conservative
Maison McGowan-Doe
314
22.0
+9.9
Green
Julie Hurt
158
11.1
-6.6
Majority
642
44.9
-7.6
Turnout
1,428
34.1
Labour hold
Swing
Briercliffe
Briercliffe
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Margaret Lishman
693
49.9
-12.8
Conservative
Mike Steel
404
29.1
+18.6
Labour
Shelagh Limmer
217
15.6
+1.3
Green
Victoria Alker
76
5.5
-4.8
Majority
289
20.8
-27.6
Turnout
1,390
32.0
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Brunshaw
Brunshaw
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Green
Andy Wight
462
38.7
+20.7
Conservative
Claire Ingham
399
33.4
+16.7
Labour Co-op
Lian Pate
333
27.9
-21.1
Majority
63
5.3
Turnout
1,194
25.6
Green gain from Labour
Swing
Cliviger and Worsthorne
Cliviger and Worsthorne
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Green
Scott Cunliffe
959
47.1
+34.4
Conservative
Richard Piers
757
37.2
-9.1
Labour
Carol Lukey
152
7.5
-6.8
BAPIP
Andrew Newhouse
71
3.5
N/A
Liberal Democrats
Pippa Lishman
50
2.5
N/A
National Front
Steven Smith
45
2.2
N/A
Majority
202
9.9
Turnout
2,034
47.4
Green gain from Conservative
Swing
Coalclough and Deerplay
Coalclough and Deerplay
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Jacqueline Inckle
508
36.5
+6.6
Conservative
Linda Whittaker
323
23.2
+11.2
Labour
Bill Horrocks
322
23.1
-0.2
BAPIP
Jimmy Anderson
178
12.8
-14.7
Green
Arash Sedighi
60
4.3
-3.0
Majority
185
13.3
+10.9
Turnout
1,391
35.8
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Daneshouse and Stoneyholme
Daneshouse and Stoneyholme
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Saeed Chaudhary
1,376
70.6
-19.9
Liberal Democrats
Mohammed Hajji-Nazrul
461
23.6
N/A
Conservative
Tom Watson
70
3.6
-0.2
Green
Janet Hall
43
2.2
-3.5
Majority
915
47.0
-37.7
Turnout
1,950
—
Labour hold
Swing
Gannow
Gannow
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
BAPIP
Mark Payne
508
40.4
-29.8
Labour
Fiona Wild
278
22.1
+6.7
Conservative
Darren Broughton
250
19.9
+12.1
Green
Jai Redman
152
12.1
+5.4
Liberal Democrats
Lesley Sumner
69
5.5
N/A
Majority
230
18.3
Turnout
1,257
29.5
BAPIP gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
Gawthorpe
Gawthorpe
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Karen Ingham
776
56.0
+15.7
Labour
Kate Proctor
530
38.2
-2.7
Green
Joseph Davis
80
5.8
-2.0
Majority
246
17.8
Turnout
1,386
30.7
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
Hapton with Park
Hapton with Park
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alan Hosker
1,256
73.8
+63.1
Labour
Alun Lewis
340
20.0
-0.8
Green
Duncan Reed
106
6.2
-13.2
Majority
916
53.8
Turnout
1,702
36.8
Conservative gain from UKIP
Swing
Lanehead
Lanehead
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Asif Raja
863
50.1
-0.1
Conservative
Jamie McGowan
667
38.7
+27.8
Green
Mark Alker
194
11.3
+0.5
Majority
196
11.4
-10.6
Turnout
1,724
37.8
Labour hold
Swing
Queensgate
Queensgate
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Arif Khan
1,105
64.5
-1.2
Conservative
Alfie White
444
25.9
+14.1
Green
Helen Bridges
163
9.5
-1.2
Majority
661
38.6
-15.0
Turnout
1,712
41.1
Labour hold
Swing
Rosegrove with Lowerhouse
Rosegrove with Lowerhouse
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour Co-op
Marcus Johnstone
387
30.5
-0.1
Conservative
Joanne Broughton
353
27.8
+17.5
BAPIP
Dave Alexander
352
27.7
-20.8
Liberal Democrats
Michael Taylor
109
8.6
N/A
Green
Jane Davis
69
5.4
-5.2
Majority
34
2.7
Turnout
1,270
25.8
Labour Co-op hold
Swing
Rosehill with Burnley Wood
Rosehill with Burnley Wood
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Phil Chamberlain
420
31.6
+22.3
Labour
Margaret Brindle
411
30.9
+8.5
Liberal Democrats
Peter McCann
379
28.5
-13.1
Green
Tony Davis
120
9.0
+2.2
Majority
9
0.7
Turnout
1,330
29.5
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
Trinity
Trinity
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Green
Martyn Hurt
634
57.4
-9.1
Labour Co-op
Tony Martin
242
21.9
+3.8
Conservative
Susan Nutter
162
14.7
+11.7
BAPIP
Stephanie Forrest
67
6.1
-3.1
Majority
392
35.5
Turnout
1,105
26.9
Green gain from Labour
Swing
Whittlefield with Ightenhill
Whittlefield with Ightenhill
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Don Whitaker
666
36.8
+14.4
Green
Emma Simpkin
479
26.5
-6.5
BAPIP
Nicola Sedgwick
353
19.5
-13.6
Labour
Shaun Sproule
207
11.4
+3.2
Liberal Democrats
Kathryn Haworth
83
4.6
+1.3
SDP
Mitchell Cryer
21
1.2
N/A
Majority
187
10.3
Turnout
1,809
39.3
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
References
^ "Results 2021". Burnley Borough Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ Peter Magill (30 May 2019). "New leader takes charge of rainbow coalition for Burnley Council". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
^ Bill Jacobs (1 June 2020). "Burnley: Brexit veteran takes reins at council Tory group". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ Bill Jacobs (4 September 2020). "Burnley Council: suspended Tories back as coalition talks start". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ a b c Collis, Dominic (26 April 2021). "Battle lines drawn in Burnley Council election". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ Collis, Dominic (13 June 2018). "Two former Burnley Lib Dems join Labour group". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
^ Collis, Dominic (14 November 2017). "Council leader calls on Lib Dem quit quartet to resign". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
^ Bill Jacobs (12 May 2021). "Burnley Labour group chooses new leader". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
^ Deehan, John (20 May 2021). "Labour and Lib Dem coalition takes control of Burnley Council". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ "Results 2021". burnley.gov.uk. Burnley Borough Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
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See also: Wards
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As with many other local elections in England, it was postponed from May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. One third of the council was up for election, and each successful candidate will serve a three-year term of office, expiring in 2024. These seats were last contested in 2016.Following the 2019 election, a coalition executive was formed by all the other parties after Labour lost control of the council.[2] Led by Alan Hosker UKIP had collected all three seats in Hapton with Park ward after 2019. Its three councillors joined the Conservative group in 2020 with Hosker later being elected as group leader.[3] A rupture occurred within the Conservative group later in the year, amidst Hosker's attempts to obtain a position on the executive for himself.[4] This precipitated the collapse of the coalition in September 2020, with Labour's Mark Townsend temporally returning to the role of Council leader in a minority administration, but expected to stand down after the election to become Mayor.[5]Andrew Newhouse, who won Cliviger with Worsthorne for the Conservatives in 2016, defected to the Burnley and Padiham Independent Party shortly afterward.[5] Bill Brindle, who won Coalclough and Deerplay for the Lib Dems in 2016 but (along with his wife) joined the Labour group in 2018, decided to retire rather than stand again.[5][6] Mark Payne, who won Gannow for the Lib Dems in 2016, was one of the councillors who left the party over its stance on Brexit to form the Burnley and Padiham Independent Party in 2017. David Roper (Whittlefield with Ightenhill) who also left the party at that time but continued as an independent,[7] was another who did not stand for re-election.After the election the council remained in no overall control, with Labour's Afrasiab Anwar taking over from Mark Townsend as council leader in a coalition with the Lib Dems.[8][9]","title":"2021 Burnley Borough Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burnley_Council_2021.svg"}],"text":"After the election, the composition of the council (compared with May 2019) was:Burnley Council composition 2021","title":"State of the Parties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Overall election result","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"[10]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bank Hall","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Briercliffe","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brunshaw","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cliviger and Worsthorne","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coalclough and Deerplay","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Daneshouse and Stoneyholme","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gannow","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gawthorpe","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hapton with Park","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lanehead","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Queensgate","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rosegrove with Lowerhouse","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rosehill with Burnley Wood","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trinity","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Whittlefield with Ightenhill","title":"Ward results"}]
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[{"image_text":"2021 local election results in Burnley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Burnley_Council_Election_Results_Map_2021.svg/300px-Burnley_Council_Election_Results_Map_2021.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Burnley Council composition 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Burnley_Council_2021.svg/220px-Burnley_Council_2021.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Results 2021\". Burnley Borough Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnley.gov.uk/about-council/elections/results-2021","url_text":"\"Results 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_Borough_Council","url_text":"Burnley Borough Council"}]},{"reference":"Peter Magill (30 May 2019). \"New leader takes charge of rainbow coalition for Burnley Council\". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/17673337.new-leader-takes-charge-rainbow-coalition-burnley-council/","url_text":"\"New leader takes charge of rainbow coalition for Burnley Council\""}]},{"reference":"Bill Jacobs (1 June 2020). \"Burnley: Brexit veteran takes reins at council Tory group\". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18488592.burnley-brexit-veteran-takes-reins-council-tory-group/","url_text":"\"Burnley: Brexit veteran takes reins at council Tory group\""}]},{"reference":"Bill Jacobs (4 September 2020). \"Burnley Council: suspended Tories back as coalition talks start\". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18698270.burnley-council-suspended-tories-back-coalition-talks-start/","url_text":"\"Burnley Council: suspended Tories back as coalition talks start\""}]},{"reference":"Collis, Dominic (26 April 2021). \"Battle lines drawn in Burnley Council election\". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/politics/battle-lines-drawn-in-burnley-council-election-3213825","url_text":"\"Battle lines drawn in Burnley Council election\""}]},{"reference":"Collis, Dominic (13 June 2018). \"Two former Burnley Lib Dems join Labour group\". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200103203613/https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/politics/two-former-burnley-lib-dems-join-labour-group-1-9204677","url_text":"\"Two former Burnley Lib Dems join Labour group\""},{"url":"https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/politics/two-former-burnley-lib-dems-join-labour-group-1-9204677","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Collis, Dominic (14 November 2017). \"Council leader calls on Lib Dem quit quartet to resign\". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 21 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/council-leader-calls-on-lib-dem-quit-quartet-to-resign-1-8856942","url_text":"\"Council leader calls on Lib Dem quit quartet to resign\""}]},{"reference":"Bill Jacobs (12 May 2021). \"Burnley Labour group chooses new leader\". Lancashire Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. Retrieved 1 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/19297204.burnley-labour-group-chooses-new-leader/","url_text":"\"Burnley Labour group chooses new leader\""}]},{"reference":"Deehan, John (20 May 2021). \"Labour and Lib Dem coalition takes control of Burnley Council\". Burnley Express. Johnston Press. Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/politics/labour-and-lib-dem-coalition-takes-control-of-burnley-council-3243990","url_text":"\"Labour and Lib Dem coalition takes control of Burnley Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results 2021\". burnley.gov.uk. Burnley Borough Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnley.gov.uk/about-council/elections/results-2021","url_text":"\"Results 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_Borough_Council","url_text":"Burnley Borough Council"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s_dray
|
Trolley (horse-drawn)
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Horse drawn goods vehicle
Not to be confused with Tram or Trolleybus.
Rag and bone man with horse pulling a trolley
Among horse-drawn vehicles, a trolley was a goods vehicle with a platform body with four small wheels of equal size, mounted underneath it, the front two on a turntable undercarriage. The wheels were rather larger and the deck proportionately higher than those of a lorry. A large trolley is likely to have had a headboard with the driver's seat on it, as on a lorry but a smaller trolley may have had a box at the front of the deck or the driver seated on a corner of the deck and his feet on a shaft. With a very small trolley, the 'driver' may even have led the horse as a pedestrian. They were normally drawn by a single pony or horse but a large trolley would have a pair.
It was primarily an urban vehicle so that, on the paved roads, the small wheels were not a handicap. In any case, the axles would normally be sprung. It was typically used by market fruiterers and greengrocers but commonly also by coal merchants. These would have a headboard to stabilize the front row of sacks which then held up the next and so on. The deck was at a good height for taking the bags onto the coalman's back and there was no protruding rear wheel to obstruct his access to them.
Many ended up with rag and bone merchants who were likely to add side and tail boards to keep their purchases aboard.
The largest and sturdiest trolleys were those used with lift vans.
As in many fields, as time went by, people used the word without understanding its detailed meaning so that it became applied less precisely and other configurations were given the name and some trolleys were known by other names. For example, the electric milk float is more a trolley than a float, as is the brewer's 'dray' seen at horse shows.
See also
Cart
Horsecars
Wagon
References
^ Parry, David (1979). "Trolleys and Flats". English Horse Drawn Vehicles. Frederick Warne & Co. p. 36. ISBN 0723221723. OL 4485663M.
Ingram, A. Horse-Drawn Vehicles Since 1760 (1977). ISBN 0-7137-0820-4.
Oxford English Dictionary (1971 & 1987). ISBN 0-19-861212-5.
vteHorse-drawn vehicles and carriagesFour-wheeledcarriages and coaches
Araba
Bandy
Barouche
Berlin
Brake
Britzka
Brougham
Buckboard
Buggy
Calash
Cariole
Carryall
Chaise
Charabanc ‡
Clarence
Coach ‡
Concord coach ‡
Coupé
Diligence ‡
Dos-à-dos
Drag
Droshky
Fiacre
Fly
Four-in-hand
Hackney carriage ‡
Hearse
Herdic
Horsebus/Omnibus ‡
Horsecar ‡
Jingle
Karozzin
Kibitka
Landau
Mail coach ‡
Marathon carriage
Park Drag
Phaeton
Post chaise
Road Coach
Rockaway
Runabout (carriage)
Sociable
Spider phaeton
Stagecoach ‡
Stage wagon ‡
State Coach
Surrey
Tarantass
Triga
Victoria
Vis-à-vis
Vozok
Wagonette
Two-wheeledcarriages and carts
Cabriolet ‡
Cape cart
Cart
Chariot
Biga
Triga
Quadriga
Chasse-marée
Cidomo
Croydon
Curricle
Dogcart
Dokar
Ekka
Float
Gari
Gharry ‡
Gig
Governess cart
Hansom cab ‡
Jaunting car
Kalesa
Limbers and caissons
One-horse shay
Ralli car
Red River cart
Sicilian cart
Sjees
Sprung cart
Stanhope
Sulky
Tanga
Tilbury
Trap
Tumbrel
Two-wheeled calash
Un-sprung cart
Volante
Whiskey
Non-wheeled
Sled/sleigh
Travois
Troika
Wagons & drayage
Chuckwagon
Conestoga wagon
Covered wagon
Float
Lorry
Telega
Trolley
Trolley and lift van
Vardo
Wagon
Vehicle construction
Coachbuilder
Front axle assembly
Hammercloth
Shaft bow
Swingletree/singletree
Undercarriage
Wainwright
Wheelwright
Whippletree/double tree
Harness
Bearing rein
Blinders
Breast collar
Breeching
Bridle
Collar
Crupper
Horse brass
Lines
Saddle
Terret
Trace
Related
Coachman
Footman
Postilion
Livery
Driving
Draft horse
Driving club
Tandem
Museums and collections
Equestrian use of roadways
Categories
Carriages
Carts
Coachbuilders
Carriage museums
Horse driving
Images
‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"Trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rag_and_bone_man.jpg"},{"link_name":"horse-drawn vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parry-1"},{"link_name":"lorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)"},{"link_name":"pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony"},{"link_name":"horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"fruiterers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruiterer"},{"link_name":"greengrocers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greengrocer"},{"link_name":"coal merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_merchant"},{"link_name":"rag and bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag_and_bone"},{"link_name":"lift vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van"},{"link_name":"milk float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_float"},{"link_name":"float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Tram or Trolleybus.Rag and bone man with horse pulling a trolleyAmong horse-drawn vehicles, a trolley was a goods vehicle with a platform body with four small wheels of equal size, mounted underneath it, the front two on a turntable undercarriage.[1] The wheels were rather larger and the deck proportionately higher than those of a lorry. A large trolley is likely to have had a headboard with the driver's seat on it, as on a lorry but a smaller trolley may have had a box at the front of the deck or the driver seated on a corner of the deck and his feet on a shaft. With a very small trolley, the 'driver' may even have led the horse as a pedestrian. They were normally drawn by a single pony or horse but a large trolley would have a pair.It was primarily an urban vehicle so that, on the paved roads, the small wheels were not a handicap. In any case, the axles would normally be sprung. It was typically used by market fruiterers and greengrocers but commonly also by coal merchants. These would have a headboard to stabilize the front row of sacks which then held up the next and so on. The deck was at a good height for taking the bags onto the coalman's back and there was no protruding rear wheel to obstruct his access to them.Many ended up with rag and bone merchants who were likely to add side and tail boards to keep their purchases aboard.The largest and sturdiest trolleys were those used with lift vans.As in many fields, as time went by, people used the word without understanding its detailed meaning so that it became applied less precisely and other configurations were given the name and some trolleys were known by other names. For example, the electric milk float is more a trolley than a float, as is the brewer's 'dray' seen at horse shows.","title":"Trolley (horse-drawn)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rag and bone man with horse pulling a trolley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rag_and_bone_man.jpg/220px-Rag_and_bone_man.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart"},{"title":"Horsecars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsecar"},{"title":"Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon"}]
|
[{"reference":"Parry, David (1979). \"Trolleys and Flats\". English Horse Drawn Vehicles. Frederick Warne & Co. p. 36. ISBN 0723221723. OL 4485663M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co.","url_text":"Frederick Warne & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0723221723","url_text":"0723221723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4485663M","url_text":"4485663M"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4485663M","external_links_name":"4485663M"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Vassilievich_Stepanov
|
Vyacheslav Stepanov
|
["1 Works","2 Contributions","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vyacheslav Stepanov" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Vyacheslav Vassilievich StepanovВячеслав Васильевич СтепановStepanov at a topological congress in Moscow 1935Born(1889-09-04)September 4, 1889SmolenskDiedJuly 22, 1950(1950-07-22) (aged 60)MoscowEducationLomonosov Moscow State UniversityAwardsOrder of the Badge of Honour, USSR State PrizeScientific careerFieldsMathematicianThesis (1915)Doctoral advisorDimitri Fedorowitsch EgorovDoctoral studentsMikhail Bebutov, Boris Budak, Aleksandr Gelfond, Viktor Nemytskii
Vyacheslav Vassilievich Stepanov (Вячеслав Васильевич Степанов; 4 September 1889, Smolensk – 22 July 1950, Moscow) was a mathematician, specializing in analysis. He was from the Soviet Union.
Stepanov was the son of teachers and from 1908 to 1912 studied mathematics at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, where in 1912 he received his Candidate of Sciences degree with Dmitri Egorov as thesis supervisor. Stepanov was also strongly influenced by Nikolai Lusin. In 1912 he undertook further study at the University of Göttingen where he attended lectures by Edmund Landau and David Hilbert. In 1915 he returned to Moscow and became a docent at Moscow State University, where he worked closely with Egorov until 1929 when Egorov was dismissed from his position as director of the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics. In 1928 Stepanov became a professor at Moscow State University and then in 1939 also the Director of the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics, where he continued until his death in 1950.
In two publications (1923 and 1925) Stepanov gave necessary and sufficient conditions for a function of two variables, defined on a set S of measure greater than zero, to have a total differential almost everywhere on S. He also worked on dynamical systems (extending the work of George Birkhoff), the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations, and almost periodic functions (extending the work of Harald Bohr). In the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations Stepanov wrote a well-known textbook with his student Viktor Nemytskii. Stepanov played an important role in the Moscow Mathematical Society and was the founder of a Russian school in the qualitative theory of differential equations and dynamical systems theory.
In addition to Nemytskii, his doctoral students include Alexander Gelfond.
In 1946 Stepanov became a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
Works
With Julia Rozanska: “Sketch of development of the topology in the USSR for a period of ten years” Mat. Sb., 1928, Volume 35, Number supplementary, Pages 43–61
With Viktor V. Nemytskii: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Princeton University Press 1960, Dover 1989
Lehrbuch der Differentialgleichungen, Berlin, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 6th edition 1956
Contributions
Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1936). Специальные функции: Собрание формул и вспомогательные таблицы (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow / Leningrad: Объединенное научно-техническое издательство (НТИБ), ONTI (ОНТИ). Гострансизд-во. Глав. ред. общетехнич. лит-ры и номографии. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (160 pages) (According to an entry in the Russian State Library (RSL), Stepanov wrote or contributed the preface. See also: Gradshteyn-Ryzhik)
Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1943). Таблицы интегралов, сумм, рядов и произведений (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tehniko-Teoretičeskoj Literatury (Государственное издательство технико-теоретической литературы) (GITTL / ГИТТЛ) (Tehteoretizdat / Техтеоретиздат). LCCN ltf89006085.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (400 pages) (According to the foreword of 1st edition, Stepanov provided suggestions and advice. See also: Gradshteyn-Ryzhik)
References
^ Stepanoff, W. (1925). "Sur les conditions de l'existence de la differential totale". Rec. Math. Soc. Math Moscou. 32: 511–526.
^ Vyacheslaw Vassilievich Stepanov at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ Levinson, Norman; Gottschalk, W. (1961). "Review: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Parts I and II, by V. V. Nemytskii and V. V. Stepanov". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 67 (5): 443–446. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1961-10621-6.
External links
Literature by and about Vyacheslav Stepanov in the German National Library catalogue
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Vyacheslav Stepanov", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Stepanov at Mathnet.ru
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
zbMATH
Other
IdRef
|
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He was from the Soviet Union.Stepanov was the son of teachers and from 1908 to 1912 studied mathematics at the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, where in 1912 he received his Candidate of Sciences degree with Dmitri Egorov as thesis supervisor. Stepanov was also strongly influenced by Nikolai Lusin. In 1912 he undertook further study at the University of Göttingen where he attended lectures by Edmund Landau and David Hilbert. In 1915 he returned to Moscow and became a docent at Moscow State University, where he worked closely with Egorov until 1929 when Egorov was dismissed from his position as director of the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics. In 1928 Stepanov became a professor at Moscow State University and then in 1939 also the Director of the Institute of Mechanics and Mathematics, where he continued until his death in 1950.In two publications (1923 and 1925) Stepanov gave necessary and sufficient conditions for a function of two variables, defined on a set S of measure greater than zero, to have a total differential almost everywhere on S.[1] He also worked on dynamical systems (extending the work of George Birkhoff), the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations, and almost periodic functions (extending the work of Harald Bohr). In the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations Stepanov wrote a well-known textbook with his student Viktor Nemytskii. Stepanov played an important role in the Moscow Mathematical Society and was the founder of a Russian school in the qualitative theory of differential equations and dynamical systems theory.In addition to Nemytskii, his doctoral students include Alexander Gelfond.[2]In 1946 Stepanov became a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.","title":"Vyacheslav Stepanov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Rozanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Rozanska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dover 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Qualitative_Theory_of_Differential_Equat.html?id=3-mpZDFifoYC"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Verlag_der_Wissenschaften"}],"text":"With Julia Rozanska: “Sketch of development of the topology in the USSR for a period of ten years” Mat. Sb., 1928, Volume 35, Number supplementary, Pages 43–61\nWith Viktor V. Nemytskii: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Princeton University Press 1960,[3] Dover 1989\nLehrbuch der Differentialgleichungen, Berlin, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 6th edition 1956","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Moiseevich_Ryzhik"},{"link_name":"Специальные функции: Собрание формул и вспомогательные таблицы","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//search.rsl.ru/en/record/01005303273"},{"link_name":"Объединенное научно-техническое издательство","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE"},{"link_name":"ONTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONTI"},{"link_name":"ОНТИ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%98"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160409222258/http://search.rsl.ru/en/record/01005303273"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"Gradshteyn-Ryzhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradshteyn-Ryzhik"},{"link_name":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Moiseevich_Ryzhik"},{"link_name":"Таблицы интегралов, сумм, рядов и произведений","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC,_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9"},{"link_name":"Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tehniko-Teoretičeskoj Literatury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoe_Izdatel%27stvo_Tehniko-Teoreti%C4%8Deskoj_Literatury"},{"link_name":"Государственное издательство технико-теоретической литературы","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B"},{"link_name":"ГИТТЛ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%9B"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"ltf89006085","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/ltf89006085"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"Gradshteyn-Ryzhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradshteyn-Ryzhik"}],"text":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1936). Специальные функции: Собрание формул и вспомогательные таблицы [Special functions: A collection of formulas and an auxiliary table] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow / Leningrad: Объединенное научно-техническое издательство (НТИБ), ONTI (ОНТИ). Гострансизд-во. Глав. ред. общетехнич. лит-ры и номографии. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (160 pages) (According to an entry in the Russian State Library (RSL), Stepanov wrote or contributed the preface. See also: Gradshteyn-Ryzhik)\nRyzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1943). Таблицы интегралов, сумм, рядов и произведений [Tables of integrals, sums, series and products] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tehniko-Teoretičeskoj Literatury (Государственное издательство технико-теоретической литературы) (GITTL / ГИТТЛ) (Tehteoretizdat / Техтеоретиздат). LCCN ltf89006085.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (400 pages) (According to the foreword of 1st edition, Stepanov provided suggestions and advice. See also: Gradshteyn-Ryzhik)","title":"Contributions"}]
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[{"reference":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1936). Специальные функции: Собрание формул и вспомогательные таблицы [Special functions: A collection of formulas and an auxiliary table] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow / Leningrad: Объединенное научно-техническое издательство (НТИБ), ONTI (ОНТИ). Гострансизд-во. Глав. ред. общетехнич. лит-ры и номографии. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Moiseevich_Ryzhik","url_text":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич)"},{"url":"http://search.rsl.ru/en/record/01005303273","url_text":"Специальные функции: Собрание формул и вспомогательные таблицы"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE","url_text":"Объединенное научно-техническое издательство"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONTI","url_text":"ONTI"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%98","url_text":"ОНТИ"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409222258/http://search.rsl.ru/en/record/01005303273","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич) (1943). Таблицы интегралов, сумм, рядов и произведений [Tables of integrals, sums, series and products] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tehniko-Teoretičeskoj Literatury (Государственное издательство технико-теоретической литературы) (GITTL / ГИТТЛ) (Tehteoretizdat / Техтеоретиздат). LCCN ltf89006085.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Moiseevich_Ryzhik","url_text":"Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich (Рыжик, Иосиф Моисеевич)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC,_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9","url_text":"Таблицы интегралов, сумм, рядов и произведений"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoe_Izdatel%27stvo_Tehniko-Teoreti%C4%8Deskoj_Literatury","url_text":"Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Tehniko-Teoretičeskoj Literatury"},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B","url_text":"Государственное издательство технико-теоретической литературы"},{"url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A2%D0%9B","url_text":"ГИТТЛ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/ltf89006085","url_text":"ltf89006085"}]},{"reference":"Stepanoff, W. (1925). \"Sur les conditions de l'existence de la differential totale\". Rec. Math. Soc. Math Moscou. 32: 511–526.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levinson, Norman; Gottschalk, W. (1961). \"Review: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Parts I and II, by V. V. Nemytskii and V. V. Stepanov\". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 67 (5): 443–446. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1961-10621-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Levinson","url_text":"Levinson, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gottschalk","url_text":"Gottschalk, W."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1961-10621-6","url_text":"\"Review: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations, Parts I and II, by V. V. Nemytskii and V. V. Stepanov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1961-10621-6","url_text":"10.1090/S0002-9904-1961-10621-6"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Vyacheslav Stepanov\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Stepanov.html","url_text":"\"Vyacheslav Stepanov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad_(architecture)
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Dargah
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["1 Etymology","2 Throughout the non-Arab Muslim world","3 Worldwide","4 Opposition by other Sunni groups","5 Sufi Defence on Permissibility of Dargah","5.1 See also","6 Bibliography","7 References"]
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Grave shrine
"Sufi shrine" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Dargah, Iran (disambiguation).
Part of a series on IslamSufismTomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
Ideas
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The Tomb of Salim Chishti at Fatehpur Sikri, India was built in 1581 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
A qawwali performance at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah at Ajmer, India. The dargah houses the grave of Moinuddin Chishti of the Chishti order.
Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan, Pakistan. Bahauddin Zakariya was a famous saint of the Suhrawardiyya order.
Sufi saint Shahul Hameed's tomb at Nagore Dargah in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu
Shrine of Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani at Duthro Sharif in Sanghar District, Pakistan
A dargah (Persian: درگاه dargâh or درگه dargah, Turkish: dergâh, Hindustani: dargāh दरगाह درگاہ, Bengali: দরগাহ dôrgah) is a shrine or tomb built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi saint or dervish. Sufis often visit the shrine for ziyarat, a term associated with religious visitation and pilgrimages. Dargahs are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called khanqah or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (madrassas), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.
The same structure, carrying the same social meanings and sites of the same kinds of ritual practices, is called maqam in the Arabic-speaking world.
Dargah today is considered to be place where saints prayed and mediated (their spiritual residence). Shrine is modern day building which encompasses of actual dargah as well but not always.
Etymology
Dargah is derived from a Persian word which literally means "portal" or "threshold." The Persian word is a composite of "dar (در)" meaning "door, gate" and "gah (گاه)" meaning "place". It may have a connection or connotation with the Arabic word "darajah (دَرَجَة)" meaning "stature, prestige, dignity, order, place" or may also mean "status, position, rank, echelon, class"
Some Sufi and other Muslims believe that dargahs are portals by which they can invoke the deceased saint's intercession and blessing (as per tawassul, also known as dawat-e qaboor or ‘ilm-e dawat ). Still others hold a less important view of dargahs, and simply visit as a means of paying their respects to deceased pious individuals or to pray at the sites for perceived spiritual benefits.
However, dargah is originally a core concept in Islamic Sufism and holds great importance for the followers of Sufi saints. Many Muslims believe their wishes are fulfilled after they offer prayer or service at a dargah of the saint they follow. Devotees tie threads of mannat (Persian: منّت, "grace, favour, praise") at dargahs and contribute to langar and pray at dargahs.
Over time, musical offerings of dervishes and sheikhs in the presence of the devout at these shrines, usually impromptu or on the occasion of Urs, gave rise to musical genres like Qawwali and Kafi, wherein Sufi poetry is accompanied by music and sung as an offering to a murshid, a type of Sufi spiritual instructor. Today they have become a popular form of music and entertainment throughout South Asia, with exponents like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Abida Parveen taking their music to various parts of the world.
Throughout the non-Arab Muslim world
Sufi shrines are found in many Muslim communities throughout the world and are called by many names. The term dargah is common in the Persian-influenced Islamic world, notably in Iran, Turkey and South Asia.
In South Africa, the term is used to describe shrines in the Durban area where there is a strong Indian presence, while the term keramat is more commonly used in Cape Town, where there is a strong Cape Malay culture.
In South Asia, dargahs are often the site of festivals (milad) held in honor of the deceased saint on the anniversary of his death (urs). The shrine is illuminated with candles or strings of electric lights at this time. Dargahs in South Asia, have historically been a place for all faiths since the medieval times; for example, the Ajmer Sharif Dargah was a meeting place for Hindus and Muslims to pay respect and even to the revered Saint Mu'in al-Din Chishti.
In China, the term gongbei is usually used for shrine complexes centered around a Sufi saint's tomb.
Worldwide
There are many active dargahs open to the public worldwide where aspirants may go for a retreat. The following is a list of dargahs open to the public.
Shrine of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani in Baghdad, Iraq
Shrine of Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti, Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Shrine of Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Shrine of Syed Shah Wilayat Naqvi, Amroha, India
Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan
Shrine of Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani in Duthro Sharif, Pakistan
Shrine of Baba Bulleh Shah in Kasur, Pakistan
Shrine of Piran Kaliyar in, Roorkee, India.
Shrine of Murshid Nadir Ali Shah in Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan
Shrine of Data Ganj Bakhsh Ali al-Hujwiri, Data Darbar, Lahore, Pakistan
Shrine of Shah Jalal in Sylhet, Bangladesh
Shrine of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani at Ashrafpur Kichhauchha, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shrine of Shah Ata in Gangarampur, West Bengal, India
Shrine of Syed Ibrahim Badshah Shaheed, Erwadi, Tamil Nadu, India
Shrine of Nagore Dargah, Nagore, Tamil Nadu, India
Shrine of Sulthan Sikandhar Badhusha Shaheed, Thiruparankundram Dargah, Tamil Nadu, India
Shrine of Meer Ahmad Ibrahim, Madurai Hazrat Maqbara, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Shrine of Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani in Lefka, Cyprus
Opposition by other Sunni groups
The Ahl-i Hadith, Deobandi, Salafi and Wahhabi religious scholars argue against the practice of constructing shrines over graves, and consider it as associating partners with God, which is called shirk. They believe Islamic prophet Muhammad strongly condemned the practice of turning graves into places of worship and even cursed those who did so. The current Wahhabi rulers of Saudi Arabia have destroyed more than 1400-year-old grave sites of companions and ahl al-bayt including Othman, Khadija and Aisha amongst numerous others, although visiting graves is encouraged in Islam to remember death and the Day of Judgment.
Sufi Defence on Permissibility of Dargah
Sufis, refute such claims on the basis of misquotation of hadith. The hadith "Let there be curse of Allah upon the Jews and the Christians for they have taken the graves of their apostles as places of worship.(Sahih Muslim)", is directed towards the disbelievers not the Muslims who took graves as place of worship i.e. they prayed facing towards the graves, this is not the practice of Sufis as they do not take graves as their Qibla (direction). As for constructing structure over grave, it is refuted on the basis that the grave of Prophet Muhammad and the first two Khalifa, Abu Bakr and Umar, itself have a structure over it.
To construct a building, shelter or edifice around the graves of the Auliya Allah (Friends of Allah) and Scholars of Islam or nearby is proven to be permissible from the Quran and practice and rulings of the Sahaba,.
Narrating the incident of the People of the Cave
Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi explains the above Quran verse in his famous Tafsir al Kabeer, "And when Allah said {Those who prevailed over their affair} this refers to the Muslim ruler or the friends of Ashaab al Kahf (i.e. believers) or the leaders of town. {We will surely build a Mosque over them} so that we can worship Allah in it and preserve the relics of companions of the cave due to this mosque” .
Imam Abu al-Walid al-Baji, quotes in his book Al-Muntaqa Sharh al-Muwatta (commentary of Muwatta Imam Malik), "Hadrat Umar built a dome over the grave of Hadrat Zainab bint Jahsh, and Sayyidah Aisha on the grave of her brother Hadrat Abdur-Rahman and Hadrat Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya on the grave of Hadrat Ibn Abbas. So Whoever has classified building domes to be disliked (Makrooh) has said so if they are built in order to show off. (Imam Badr al-Din al-Ayni, also writes the same in his book Umdat al-Qari - commentary of Sahih Bukhari)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dargahs.
Datuk Keramat
Khanqah
Maqam
Maqbara
Marabout
Mazar
Ziyarat
Bibliography
Ernst, Carl W. The Spirituality of the Sufi Shrine – Chapter 9, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality, 2022. pp. 165–179. doi:10.1002/9781118533789.ch9
References
^ Delage, Remy; Boivin, Michel (2015). Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia: Shrines, Journeys and Wanderers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317380009.
^ Bilgrami, Fatima Zehra (2005). History of the Qadiri Order in India. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 291.
^ Kafi South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, by Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills. Taylor & Francis, 2003. ISBN 0-415-93919-4. p. 317.
^ Kafi Crossing boundaries, by Geeti Sen. Orient Blackswan, 1998. ISBN 8125013415. p. 133.
^ Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.
^ Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.
^ Currim, Mumtaz; Michell, George (1 September 2004). Dargahs, Abodes of the Saints. Mumbai: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026657.
^ Khan, Motiur Rahman (2010). "Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 71. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli: 226–235. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147489.
^ "How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths". nayadaur.tv. 24 November 2020.
^ "Muslim Architecture". China.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
^ "History of Dargah of Shah Ata". Asikolkata.in. ASI, Kolkata Circle. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
^ "Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara".
^ "Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^ "Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
^ "Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
^ "Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".
^ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
^ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
^ a b Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi (ed.). From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur'an, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's most famous work, The Book of God's Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled "About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships Himself."72 Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: "Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: 'Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people.' They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images." He then continues with another hadith: "When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he ... said: 'May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them.'" From this hadith Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.
^ "The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^ "Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.
^ "Sahih Muslim 530b - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
^ Published : idarat al-ittabah al-Muniriya Qahira Egypt, Vol 8, Page 134.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dargah, Iran (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah,_Iran_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Salim Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Fatehpur Sikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qawalli_at_Ajmer_Sharif_dargah.jpg"},{"link_name":"qawwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali"},{"link_name":"Ajmer Sharif Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer"},{"link_name":"Moinuddin Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Chishti order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti_Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Splendid_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Baha-ud-din_Zakariya.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Bahauddin_Zakariya"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya"},{"link_name":"Suhrawardiyya order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardiyya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sufi_saint_Shahul_Hameed%27s_tomb_at_Nagore_Dargah_in_Nagapattinam,_Tamil_Nadu.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darbar-e-Jilani_duthro_Sharif.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Hadi_Hassan_Bux_Shah_Jilani"},{"link_name":"Duthro Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duthro_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Sanghar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghar_District"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine"},{"link_name":"tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"Sufi saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"link_name":"Sufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"ziyarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat"},{"link_name":"khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"madrassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrassas"},{"link_name":"maqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)"}],"text":"\"Sufi shrine\" redirects here. For places in Iran, see Dargah, Iran (disambiguation).The Tomb of Salim Chishti at Fatehpur Sikri, India was built in 1581 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.A qawwali performance at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah at Ajmer, India. The dargah houses the grave of Moinuddin Chishti of the Chishti order.Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan, Pakistan. Bahauddin Zakariya was a famous saint of the Suhrawardiyya order.Sufi saint Shahul Hameed's tomb at Nagore Dargah in Nagapattinam, Tamil NaduShrine of Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani at Duthro Sharif in Sanghar District, PakistanA dargah (Persian: درگاه dargâh or درگه dargah, Turkish: dergâh, Hindustani: dargāh दरगाह درگاہ, Bengali: দরগাহ dôrgah) is a shrine or tomb built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi saint or dervish. Sufis often visit the shrine for ziyarat, a term associated with religious visitation and pilgrimages. Dargahs are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called khanqah or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (madrassas), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.The same structure, carrying the same social meanings and sites of the same kinds of ritual practices, is called maqam in the Arabic-speaking world.Dargah today is considered to be place where saints prayed and mediated (their spiritual residence). Shrine is modern day building which encompasses of actual dargah as well but not always.","title":"Dargah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"connotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"tawassul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"invocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"invocations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"mannat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannat"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"langar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langar_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"sheikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Urs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs"},{"link_name":"Qawwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qawwali"},{"link_name":"Kafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafi"},{"link_name":"Sufi poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_poetry"},{"link_name":"murshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Abida Parveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abida_Parveen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dargah is derived from a Persian word which literally means \"portal\" or \"threshold.\"[1] The Persian word is a composite of \"dar (در)\" meaning \"door, gate\" and \"gah (گاه)\" meaning \"place\". It may have a connection or connotation with the Arabic word \"darajah (دَرَجَة)\" meaning \"stature, prestige, dignity, order, place\" or may also mean \"status, position, rank, echelon, class\"\nSome Sufi and other Muslims believe that dargahs are portals by which they can invoke the deceased saint's intercession and blessing (as per tawassul, also known as dawat-e qaboor[2][Persian: da‘wat-i qabũrدعوتِ قبور, \"invocations of the graves or tombs\"] or ‘ilm-e dawat [Persian: ‘ilm-i da‘wat عِلمِ دعوت, \"knowledge of invocations\"]). Still others hold a less important view of dargahs, and simply visit as a means of paying their respects to deceased pious individuals or to pray at the sites for perceived spiritual benefits.However, dargah is originally a core concept in Islamic Sufism and holds great importance for the followers of Sufi saints. Many Muslims believe their wishes are fulfilled after they offer prayer or service at a dargah of the saint they follow. Devotees tie threads of mannat (Persian: منّت, \"grace, favour, praise\") at dargahs and contribute to langar and pray at dargahs.Over time, musical offerings of dervishes and sheikhs in the presence of the devout at these shrines, usually impromptu or on the occasion of Urs, gave rise to musical genres like Qawwali and Kafi, wherein Sufi poetry is accompanied by music and sung as an offering to a murshid, a type of Sufi spiritual instructor. Today they have become a popular form of music and entertainment throughout South Asia, with exponents like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Abida Parveen taking their music to various parts of the world.[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_South_African"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Cape Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Malay"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"milad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"urs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ajmer Sharif Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Mu'in al-Din Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"In China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China"},{"link_name":"gongbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sufi shrines are found in many Muslim communities throughout the world and are called by many names. The term dargah is common in the Persian-influenced Islamic world, notably in Iran, Turkey and South Asia.[5]In South Africa, the term is used to describe shrines in the Durban area where there is a strong Indian presence, while the term keramat is more commonly used in Cape Town, where there is a strong Cape Malay culture.[6]In South Asia, dargahs are often the site of festivals (milad) held in honor of the deceased saint on the anniversary of his death (urs). The shrine is illuminated with candles or strings of electric lights at this time.[7] Dargahs in South Asia, have historically been a place for all faiths since the medieval times; for example, the Ajmer Sharif Dargah was a meeting place for Hindus and Muslims to pay respect and even to the revered Saint Mu'in al-Din Chishti.[8][9]In China, the term gongbei is usually used for shrine complexes centered around a Sufi saint's tomb.[10]","title":"Throughout the non-Arab Muslim world"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Ajmer Sharif Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Sharif_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Ajmer, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ullah_Maizbhandari"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Syed Shah Wilayat Naqvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrohi_Syed"},{"link_name":"Amroha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amroha"},{"link_name":"Lal Shahbaz Qalandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar"},{"link_name":"Sehwan Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehwan_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Hadi_Hassan_Bux_Shah_Jilani"},{"link_name":"Duthro Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duthro_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Baba Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"Kasur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasur"},{"link_name":"Piran Kaliyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piran_Kaliyar_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Roorkee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roorkee"},{"link_name":"Murshid Nadir Ali Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_Ali_Shah"},{"link_name":"Sehwan Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehwan"},{"link_name":"Data Ganj Bakhsh Ali al-Hujwiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hujwiri"},{"link_name":"Data Darbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Darbar"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jalal_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Shah Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jalal"},{"link_name":"Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Jahangir Semnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Jahangir_Semnani"},{"link_name":"Ashrafpur Kichhauchha, Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashrafpur_Kichhauchha,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Shah Ata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah_of_Shah_Ata"},{"link_name":"Gangarampur, West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangarampur,_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Syed Ibrahim Badshah Shaheed, Erwadi, Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwadi,_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Nagore Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagore_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Nagore, Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagore,_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Sulthan Sikandhar Badhusha Shaheed, Thiruparankundram Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruparankundram_Dargah"},{"link_name":"Meer Ahmad Ibrahim, Madurai Hazrat Maqbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Maqbara"},{"link_name":"Madurai, Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai,_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazim_Al-Haqqani"},{"link_name":"Lefka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefka"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"There are many active dargahs open to the public worldwide where aspirants may go for a retreat. The following is a list of dargahs open to the public.Shrine of Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani in Baghdad, Iraq\nShrine of Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti, Ajmer Sharif Dargah, Ajmer, Rajasthan, IndiaShrine of Ahmad Ullah Maizbhandari in Chittagong, Bangladesh\nShrine of Syed Shah Wilayat Naqvi, Amroha, IndiaShrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan\nShrine of Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani in Duthro Sharif, Pakistan\nShrine of Baba Bulleh Shah in Kasur, Pakistan\nShrine of Piran Kaliyar in, Roorkee, India.\nShrine of Murshid Nadir Ali Shah in Sehwan Sharif, Pakistan\nShrine of Data Ganj Bakhsh Ali al-Hujwiri, Data Darbar, Lahore, Pakistan\nShrine of Shah Jalal in Sylhet, Bangladesh\nShrine of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani at Ashrafpur Kichhauchha, Uttar Pradesh, India\nShrine of Shah Ata in Gangarampur, West Bengal, India[11]\nShrine of Syed Ibrahim Badshah Shaheed, Erwadi, Tamil Nadu, India\nShrine of Nagore Dargah, Nagore, Tamil Nadu, India\nShrine of Sulthan Sikandhar Badhusha Shaheed, Thiruparankundram Dargah, Tamil Nadu, India\nShrine of Meer Ahmad Ibrahim, Madurai Hazrat Maqbara, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India[12]\nShrine of Shaykh Nazim Al-Haqqani in Lefka, Cyprus[13]","title":"Worldwide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahl-i Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith"},{"link_name":"Deobandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi"},{"link_name":"Salafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi"},{"link_name":"Wahhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"shirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muslimhomeschool-14"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wahhabi rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"companions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba"},{"link_name":"ahl al-bayt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-bayt"},{"link_name":"Othman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman"},{"link_name":"Khadija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid"},{"link_name":"Aisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brandeis-19"},{"link_name":"Day of Judgment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Judgment"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brandeis-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Ahl-i Hadith, Deobandi, Salafi and Wahhabi religious scholars argue against the practice of constructing shrines over graves, and consider it as associating partners with God, which is called shirk.[14] They believe Islamic prophet Muhammad strongly condemned the practice of turning graves into places of worship and even cursed those who did so.[15][16] The current Wahhabi rulers of Saudi Arabia have destroyed more than 1400-year-old grave sites of companions and ahl al-bayt including Othman, Khadija and Aisha amongst numerous others,[17][18][19] although visiting graves is encouraged in Islam to remember death and the Day of Judgment.[19][20][21]","title":"Opposition by other Sunni groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"Auliya Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali"},{"link_name":"Sahaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba"},{"link_name":"Holy Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Quran"},{"link_name":"Fakhr al-Din al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al Kabeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Razi"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Walid al-Baji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji"},{"link_name":"Muwatta Imam Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwatta_Imam_Malik"},{"link_name":"Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar"},{"link_name":"Zainab bint Jahsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Jahsh"},{"link_name":"Aisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha"},{"link_name":"Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya"},{"link_name":"Ibn Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abbas"},{"link_name":"Badr al-Din al-Ayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni"},{"link_name":"Sahih Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Sufis, refute such claims on the basis of misquotation of hadith. The hadith \"Let there be curse of Allah upon the Jews and the Christians for they have taken the graves of their apostles as places of worship.(Sahih Muslim)\",[22] is directed towards the disbelievers not the Muslims who took graves as place of worship i.e. they prayed facing towards the graves, this is not the practice of Sufis as they do not take graves as their Qibla (direction). As for constructing structure over grave, it is refuted on the basis that the grave of Prophet Muhammad and the first two Khalifa, Abu Bakr and Umar, itself have a structure over it.To construct a building, shelter or edifice around the graves of the Auliya Allah (Friends of Allah) and Scholars of Islam or nearby is proven to be permissible from the Quran and practice and rulings of the Sahaba,.Narrating the incident of the People of the Cave [Ashaab-e-Kahf), the Holy Quran states, “The person who was dominant in this matter said, “We shall build a Masjid over the People of the Cave.”– [Surah Kahf. Verse 21]Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi explains the above Quran verse in his famous Tafsir al Kabeer, \"And when Allah said {Those who prevailed over their affair} this refers to the Muslim ruler or the friends of Ashaab al Kahf (i.e. believers) or the leaders of town. {We will surely build a Mosque over them} so that we can worship Allah in it and preserve the relics of companions of the cave due to this mosque” [Tafsir al-Kabeer, 5/475].Imam Abu al-Walid al-Baji, quotes in his book Al-Muntaqa Sharh al-Muwatta (commentary of Muwatta Imam Malik), \"Hadrat Umar built a dome over the grave of Hadrat Zainab bint Jahsh, and Sayyidah Aisha on the grave of her brother Hadrat Abdur-Rahman and Hadrat Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya on the grave of Hadrat Ibn Abbas. So Whoever has classified building domes to be disliked (Makrooh) has said so if they are built in order to show off. (Imam Badr al-Din al-Ayni, also writes the same in his book Umdat al-Qari - commentary of Sahih Bukhari) [23]","title":"Sufi Defence on Permissibility of Dargah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dargahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dargahs"},{"link_name":"Datuk Keramat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datuk_Keramat"},{"link_name":"Khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"link_name":"Maqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)"},{"link_name":"Maqbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqbara"},{"link_name":"Marabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marabout"},{"link_name":"Mazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)"},{"link_name":"Ziyarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat"}],"sub_title":"See also","text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dargahs.Datuk Keramat\nKhanqah\nMaqam\nMaqbara\nMarabout\nMazar\nZiyarat","title":"Sufi Defence on Permissibility of Dargah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/9781118533789.ch9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118533789.ch9"}],"text":"Ernst, Carl W. The Spirituality of the Sufi Shrine – Chapter 9, The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality, 2022. pp. 165–179. doi:10.1002/9781118533789.ch9","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tomb of Salim Chishti at Fatehpur Sikri, India was built in 1581 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg/220px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img02.jpg"},{"image_text":"A qawwali performance at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah at Ajmer, India. The dargah houses the grave of Moinuddin Chishti of the Chishti order.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Qawalli_at_Ajmer_Sharif_dargah.jpg/220px-Qawalli_at_Ajmer_Sharif_dargah.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan, Pakistan. Bahauddin Zakariya was a famous saint of the Suhrawardiyya order.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Splendid_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Baha-ud-din_Zakariya.jpg/220px-Splendid_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Baha-ud-din_Zakariya.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sufi saint Shahul Hameed's tomb at Nagore Dargah in Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sufi_saint_Shahul_Hameed%27s_tomb_at_Nagore_Dargah_in_Nagapattinam%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg/220px-Sufi_saint_Shahul_Hameed%27s_tomb_at_Nagore_Dargah_in_Nagapattinam%2C_Tamil_Nadu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shrine of Pir Hadi Hassan Bux Shah Jilani at Duthro Sharif in Sanghar District, Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Darbar-e-Jilani_duthro_Sharif.jpg/220px-Darbar-e-Jilani_duthro_Sharif.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Delage, Remy; Boivin, Michel (2015). Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia: Shrines, Journeys and Wanderers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317380009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317380009","url_text":"978-1317380009"}]},{"reference":"Bilgrami, Fatima Zehra (2005). History of the Qadiri Order in India. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 291.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3UwAAAAYAAJ&q=dawat+sultan+bahoo","url_text":"History of the Qadiri Order in India"}]},{"reference":"Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351940517","url_text":"978-9351940517"}]},{"reference":"Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814818858","url_text":"978-9814818858"}]},{"reference":"Currim, Mumtaz; Michell, George (1 September 2004). Dargahs, Abodes of the Saints. Mumbai: Marg Publications. ISBN 978-8185026657.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185026657","url_text":"978-8185026657"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Motiur Rahman (2010). \"Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer\". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 71. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli: 226–235. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147489.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489","url_text":"\"Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937","url_text":"2249-1937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489","url_text":"44147489"}]},{"reference":"\"How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths\". nayadaur.tv. 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nayadaur.tv/2020/11/how-dargahs-unite-people-of-all-faiths/","url_text":"\"How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muslim Architecture\". China.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/travel/Ningxia/2011-01/04/content_21670030.htm","url_text":"\"Muslim Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Dargah of Shah Ata\". Asikolkata.in. ASI, Kolkata Circle. Retrieved 2017-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asikolkata.in/dinajpur.aspx","url_text":"\"History of Dargah of Shah Ata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maqbara.com/","url_text":"\"Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi\". Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://saltanat.org/","url_text":"\"Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves\" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muslimhomeschool.net/lessonplans/mosqueengyr5/Buildingmosqueslightsongravesnotes.pdf","url_text":"\"Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnah.com/muslim/5/21","url_text":"\"Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnah.com/bukhari/60/121","url_text":"\"Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\". sunnah.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnah.com/nasai:2048","url_text":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\". sunnah.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnah.com/nasai:2047","url_text":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]},{"reference":"Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi (ed.). From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur'an, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's most famous work, The Book of God's Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled \"About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships [the Dead] Himself.\"72 Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: \"Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: 'Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people.' They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images.\" He then continues with another hadith: \"When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he ... said: 'May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them.'\" From this hadith Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/cp/CP2.pdf","url_text":"From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810233401/https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/cp/CP2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim\". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). Retrieved 6 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://sunnah.com/muslim/11","url_text":"\"The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142358/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e315?_hi=4&_pos=7","url_text":"\"Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e315?_hi=4&_pos=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sahih Muslim 530b - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://sunnah.com/muslim:530b","url_text":"\"Sahih Muslim 530b - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]},{"reference":"Published : idarat al-ittabah al-Muniriya Qahira Egypt, Vol 8, Page 134.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118533789.ch9","external_links_name":"10.1002/9781118533789.ch9"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3UwAAAAYAAJ&q=dawat+sultan+bahoo","external_links_name":"History of the Qadiri Order in India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&dq=abida+parveen&pg=PA317","external_links_name":"Kafi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BfukTDZTBNMC&dq=Kafi+poetry&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Kafi"},{"Link":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489","external_links_name":"\"Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937","external_links_name":"2249-1937"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489","external_links_name":"44147489"},{"Link":"https://nayadaur.tv/2020/11/how-dargahs-unite-people-of-all-faiths/","external_links_name":"\"How Dargahs Unite People Of All Faiths\""},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/travel/Ningxia/2011-01/04/content_21670030.htm","external_links_name":"\"Muslim Architecture\""},{"Link":"http://www.asikolkata.in/dinajpur.aspx","external_links_name":"\"History of Dargah of Shah Ata\""},{"Link":"http://www.maqbara.com/","external_links_name":"\"Maqbara.com – Madurai Hazraths Maqbara\""},{"Link":"http://saltanat.org/","external_links_name":"\"Sheikh Nazım Al Haqqani Al Qubrusi An Naqshibandi\""},{"Link":"http://www.muslimhomeschool.net/lessonplans/mosqueengyr5/Buildingmosqueslightsongravesnotes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves\""},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/muslim/5/21","external_links_name":"\"Sahih Muslim 528a – The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/bukhari/60/121","external_links_name":"\"Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 – Prophets – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/nasai:2048","external_links_name":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/nasai:2047","external_links_name":"\"Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 – The Book of Funerals – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""},{"Link":"https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/cp/CP2.pdf","external_links_name":"From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810233401/https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/cp/CP2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sunnah.com/muslim/11","external_links_name":"\"The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210224142358/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e315?_hi=4&_pos=7","external_links_name":"\"Shrine – Oxford Islamic Studies Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e315?_hi=4&_pos=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sunnah.com/muslim:530b","external_links_name":"\"Sahih Muslim 530b - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Bandit
|
Beauty and the Bandit
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1946 film directed by William Nigh
Beauty and the BanditTheatrical release posterDirected byWilliam NighScreenplay byCharles S. BeldenProduced byScott R. DunlapStarringGilbert RolandMartin GarralagaFrank YaconelliRamsay AmesVida AldanaGeorge J. LewisCinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byFred MaguireProductioncompanyMonogram PicturesDistributed byMonogram PicturesRelease date
November 9, 1946 (1946-11-09)
Running time77 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Beauty and the Bandit is a 1946 American Western film directed by William Nigh and written by Charles S. Belden. The film stars Gilbert Roland, Martin Garralaga, Frank Yaconelli, Ramsay Ames, Vida Aldana and George J. Lewis. The film was released on November 9, 1946, by Monogram Pictures.
Plot
Set in the late 1800s of California, The Cisco Kid returns to the screen. The bandito, disguised with his men as an escort, ambushes a stagecoach which carries a wealthy young Frenchman named Du Bois. Du Bois is delivering a chest of silver to San Marino, and the Cisco Kid claims it is money that was stolen over many years from the impoverished people of California, and he intends to return it. The Kid's gang escape with the money, but the Cisco Kid stays behind, only to learn that Du Bois is actually a beautiful young woman, Jeanne Du Bois. Du Bois agrees to accompany the Kid back to his hideout, and the two find themselves attracted to one another even though they are on opposite sides. The bandit eventually offers to return the money to Du Bois, and she must then decide how to distribute that money.
Cast
Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid
Martin Garralaga as Dr. Juan Valegra
Frank Yaconelli as Baby
Ramsay Ames as Jeanne Du Bois
Vida Aldana as Waitress Rosita
George J. Lewis as Capitan
William Gould as Doc Wells
Dimas Sotello as Farmer
Felipe Turich as Sick Farmer
Glen Strange as Cisco’s friend
References
^ Bruce Eder. "Beauty and the Bandit (1946) - William Nigh". AllMovie. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ "Beauty and the Bandit". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
External links
Beauty and the Bandit at IMDb
Beauty and the Bandit at the TCM Movie Database
vteThe Cisco KidCreator
O. Henry
Film
The Caballero's Way (1914) - (William R. Dunn)
The Border Terror (1919) (Vester Pegg)
In Old Arizona (1928)
The Arizona Kid (1930)
The Cisco Kid (1931)
The Return of the Cisco Kid (1939)
The Cisco Kid and the Lady (1939)
Lucky Cisco Kid (1940)
Viva Cisco Kid (1940)
The Gay Caballero (1940)
Romance of the Rio Grande (1941)
Ride on Vaquero (1941)
The Cisco Kid Returns (1945)
In Old New Mexico
South of the Rio Grande (1945)
The Gay Cavalier (1946)
South of Monterey (1946)
Beauty and the Bandit (1946)
Riding the California Trail (1947)
Robin Hood of Monterey (1947)
King of the Bandits (1947)
The Valiant Hombre (1948)
The Gay Amigo (1949)
The Daring Caballero (1949)
Satan's Cradle (1949)
The Girl from San Lorenzo (1950)
Radio
The Cisco Kid (1942–1956)
Television
The Cisco Kid (1950–1956)
The Cisco Kid (1994 TV film)
Print media
Cisco Kid Comics Baily Publishing (1944)
The Cisco Kid Dell Comics (1950–1958)
Cisco Kid comic strip (1950–1958)
The Cisco Kid. Hell's Gate (2004 graphic novel)
The Cisco Kid : American Hero, Hispanic Roots (2004)
The Day the Cisco Kid Shot John Wayne (1998)
Music
"The Cisco Kid (1972)"
"Cisco Kid" (1994)
"Hey Cisco" (1996)
"Pancho" (1998)
Other
The Stolen Jools (1931 charity fund short)
Cisco Kid portrayals
Warner Baxter
William R. Dunn
Vester Pegg
Duncan Renaldo
Gilbert Roland
Cesar Romero
Jimmy Smits
Pancho portrayals
Leo Carrillo
Martin Garralaga
Cheech Marin
Chris-Pin Martin
vteFilms directed by William Nigh
Salomy Jane (1914)
A Royal Family (1915)
Emmy of Stork's Nest (1915)
Mignon (1915)
A Yellow Streak (1915)
Her Debt of Honor (1916)
The Kiss of Hate (1916)
Life's Shadows (1916)
The Child of Destiny (1916)
Notorious Gallagher (1916)
The Slave (1917)
Thou Shalt Not Steal (1917)
Wife Number Two (1917)
The Blue Streak (1917)
My Four Years in Germany (1918)
The Fighting Roosevelts (1919)
Beware! (1919)
School Days (1921)
Your Best Friend (1922)
Notoriety (1922)
Marriage Morals (1923)
Born Rich (1924)
Fear-Bound (1925)
Casey of the Coast Guard (1926)
The Fire Brigade (1926)
The Little Giant (1926)
The Nest (1927)
Mr. Wu (1927)
The Law of the Range (1928)
Across to Singapore (1928)
Four Walls (1928)
Desert Nights (1929)
Thunder (1929)
Lord Byron of Broadway (1930)
Today (1930)
Fighting Thru (1930)
The Single Sin (1931)
The Lightning Flyer (1931)
The Sea Ghost (1931)
Border Devils (1932)
Men Are Such Fools (1932)
Without Honor (1932)
The Night Rider (1932)
He Couldn't Take It (1933)
City Limits (1934)
Mystery Liner (1934)
School for Girls (1934)
The House of Mystery (1934)
Monte Carlo Nights (1934)
Once to Every Bachelor (1934)
Two Heads on a Pillow (1934)
The Mysterious Mr. Wong (1934)
Dizzy Dames (1935)
Sweepstake Annie (1935)
The Headline Woman (1935)
His Night Out (1935)
Without Children (1935)
She Gets Her Man (1935)
The Old Homestead (1935)
Don't Get Personal (1936)
Crash Donovan (1936)
North of Nome (1936)
The Law Commands (1937)
Bill Cracks Down (1937)
Hoosier Schoolboy (1937)
The 13th Man (1937)
Boy of the Streets (1937)
A Bride for Henry (1937)
Atlantic Flight (1937)
Rose of the Rio Grande (1938)
Female Fugitive (1938)
Romance of the Limberlost (1938)
Mr. Wong, Detective (1938)
Gangster's Boy (1938)
I Am a Criminal (1938)
The Mystery of Mr. Wong (1939)
Streets of New York (1939)
Mr. Wong in Chinatown (1939)
Mutiny in the Big House (1939)
The Fatal Hour (1940)
Doomed to Die (1940)
The Ape (1940)
Son of the Navy (1940)
The Kid from Kansas (1941)
Secret Evidence (1941)
No Greater Sin (1941)
Mob Town (1941)
Zis Boom Bah (1941)
Mr. Wise Guy (1942)
Escape from Hong Kong (1942)
Black Dragons (1942)
Tough as They Come (1942)
City of Silent Men (1942)
Lady from Chungking (1942)
The Strange Case of Doctor Rx (1942)
The Ghost and the Guest (1943)
Corregidor (1943)
The Underdog (1943)
Where Are Your Children? (1943)
Trocadero (1944)
Are These Our Parents? (1944)
Allotment Wives (1945)
Divorce (1945)
Forever Yours (1945)
Beauty and the Bandit (1946)
Partners in Time (1946)
South of Monterey (1946)
The Gay Cavalier (1946)
Riding the California Trail (1947)
I Wouldn't Be in Your Shoes (1948)
Stage Struck (1948)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"William Nigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nigh"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Belden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Belden"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Roland"},{"link_name":"Martin Garralaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garralaga"},{"link_name":"Frank Yaconelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yaconelli"},{"link_name":"Ramsay Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Ames"},{"link_name":"George J. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Monogram Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogram_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Beauty and the Bandit is a 1946 American Western film directed by William Nigh and written by Charles S. Belden. The film stars Gilbert Roland, Martin Garralaga, Frank Yaconelli, Ramsay Ames, Vida Aldana and George J. Lewis. The film was released on November 9, 1946, by Monogram Pictures.[1][2]","title":"Beauty and the Bandit"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Set in the late 1800s of California, The Cisco Kid returns to the screen. The bandito, disguised with his men as an escort, ambushes a stagecoach which carries a wealthy young Frenchman named Du Bois. Du Bois is delivering a chest of silver to San Marino, and the Cisco Kid claims it is money that was stolen over many years from the impoverished people of California, and he intends to return it. The Kid's gang escape with the money, but the Cisco Kid stays behind, only to learn that Du Bois is actually a beautiful young woman, Jeanne Du Bois. Du Bois agrees to accompany the Kid back to his hideout, and the two find themselves attracted to one another even though they are on opposite sides. The bandit eventually offers to return the money to Du Bois, and she must then decide how to distribute that money.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Roland"},{"link_name":"The Cisco Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cisco_Kid"},{"link_name":"Martin Garralaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Garralaga"},{"link_name":"Frank Yaconelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yaconelli"},{"link_name":"Ramsay Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Ames"},{"link_name":"George J. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Lewis"},{"link_name":"William Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gould_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Felipe Turich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Turich"},{"link_name":"Glen Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Strange"}],"text":"Gilbert Roland as The Cisco Kid\nMartin Garralaga as Dr. Juan Valegra\nFrank Yaconelli as Baby\nRamsay Ames as Jeanne Du Bois\nVida Aldana as Waitress Rosita\nGeorge J. Lewis as Capitan\nWilliam Gould as Doc Wells\nDimas Sotello as Farmer\nFelipe Turich as Sick Farmer\nGlen Strange as Cisco’s friend","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia
|
Communist Party of Slovakia
|
["1 Electoral results","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
|
For the old party with the same name, see Communist Party of Slovakia (1939).
Political party in Slovakia
Communist Party of Slovakia Komunistická strana SlovenskaLeaderJozef HrdličkaFounded29 August 1992Merger ofKSS '91ZKSHeadquartersBratislavaNewspaperKroky(The Steps)Membership (2022)1,786 ( 43)IdeologyCommunismMarxism–LeninismPolitical positionFar-leftEuropean affiliationINITIATIVEPEL (Observer)International affiliationIMCWPColours RedSloganZáruka lepšieho života(A guarantee of a better life)National Council0 / 150European Parliament0 / 13Presidents of self-governing regions0 / 8Regional parliaments0 / 408Local councils62 / 20,646Party flagWebsitewww.kss.skPolitics of SlovakiaPolitical partiesElections
The Communist Party of Slovakia (Slovak: Komunistická strana Slovenska, KSS) is a communist party in Slovakia, formed in 1992 through the merger of the Communist Party of Slovakia – 91 and the Communist League of Slovakia.
The party is observer of the Party of the European Left although it criticizes the Political Theses for the 1st Congress of European Left. For the 2019 European Parliament election the KSS formed a unity list together with VZDOR – strana práce. The list was called Socialistický Front. It received 0.62% of the votes.
Electoral results
Results since 1992(year links to election page)
Year
Leader
Type of Election
Votes
%
Seats
1992
Vladimír Ďaďo
Parliament
23,349
0.76%
0
1994
Parliament
78,419
2.73%
0
1998
Parliament
94,015
2.79%
0
2002
Jozef Ševc
Parliament
181,872
6.33%
11
2004
European Parliament
31,908
4.54%
0
2006
Parliament
89,418
3.88%
0
2009
Jozef Hrdlička
European Parliament
13,643
1.65%
0
2010
Parliament
21,104
0.83%
0
2012
Parliament
18,583
0.72%
0
2014
European Parliament
8,510
1.51%
0
2016
Parliament
16,278
0.62%
0
2019
European Parliament
6,199
0.63%
0
2023
Parliament
9,867
0.33%
0
See also
Communist Party of Slovakia (1939)
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
Politics of Slovakia
List of political parties in Slovakia
Notes
^ In a joint list with VZDOR, running as KSS–VZDOR
References
^ "Výročná správa KSS za rok 2022" (PDF) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Communist Party of Slovakia. 3 April 2023.
^ a b March, Luke (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
^ "Program KSS". Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "KomInform: KP der Slowakei (KSS) kritisiert Thesen der EU-Linkspartei". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
^ "Zjednotená ľavicová koalícia KSS a VZDORu- strany práce smeruje k voľbám do parlamentu EÚ | VZDOR – strana práce". vzdor.org. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
^ KSS. "Zjednotená ľavica smeruje k voľbám do Európskeho parlamentu". KSS (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-03-16.
External links
Official website
vtePolitical parties in Slovakia In the National Council (150 seats)
Direction (42)
Progressive Slovakia (32)
Voice (27)
Slovakia (12)
Christian Democratic Movement (12)
Freedom and Solidarity (10)
Slovak National Party (10)
Christian Union (2)
For the People (1)
New Majority (1)
Civic Conservative Party (1)
In the European Parliament (15 seats)
Progressive Slovakia (6)
Direction (5)
Republic (2)
Voice (1)
Christian Democratic Movement (1)
Extra-parliamentary parties
Alternative
Apple
The Blues
Chance
Change from Below
Civic Democrats
Common Sense
Communists
Dawn
Democrats
Democrats
Forum
Home
Hungarian Alliance
Initiative of Minorities
Justice
Karma
Košice Party
Labour of Slovak Nation
Let Us Try It Differently
Life
Mayors and Independents
Most–Híd
National Coalition
Party of Modern Slovakia
Party of Municipalities and Cities
Party of the Romani Coalition
Patriotic Bloc
People's Party Our Slovakia
Pirates
Principle
Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party
Slovak National Unity
Slovak PATRIOT
Slovak People's Party of Andrej Hlinka
Slovak Revival Movement
Slovexit
Socialists.sk
Team Bratislava
Team Nitra Region
Team Ružinov
Together Citizens of Slovakia
Volt
We Are Family
We Connect People of Slovakia
We Slovakia
Significant defunct parties (post-1989)
Alliance of the New Citizen
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Portal:Politics
List of political parties
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vteOrthodox communist parties in Europe
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Communism portal
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KPÖ
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This article about a Communist party in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"Communist Party of Slovakia (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovakia_(1939)"},{"title":"Communist Party of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"title":"Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"},{"title":"Politics of Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia"},{"title":"List of political parties in Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovakia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Výročná správa KSS za rok 2022\" [KSS Annual Report for 2022] (PDF) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Communist Party of Slovakia. 3 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/statna_komisia_pre_volby/30_annual_report/ar2022/VS22_KSS.pdf","url_text":"\"Výročná správa KSS za rok 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava","url_text":"Bratislava"}]},{"reference":"March, Luke (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-86872-000-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2018-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf","url_text":"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86872-000-6","url_text":"978-3-86872-000-6"},{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110909054601/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Program KSS\". Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://kss.sk/program","url_text":"\"Program KSS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605124715/http://kss.sk/program","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"KomInform: KP der Slowakei (KSS) kritisiert Thesen der EU-Linkspartei\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612150709/http://www.kominform.at/article.php/20051031185746462/print","url_text":"\"KomInform: KP der Slowakei (KSS) kritisiert Thesen der EU-Linkspartei\""},{"url":"http://www.kominform.at/article.php/20051031185746462/print","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zjednotená ľavicová koalícia KSS a VZDORu- strany práce smeruje k voľbám do parlamentu EÚ | VZDOR – strana práce\". vzdor.org. Retrieved 2019-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://vzdor.org/?p=5114","url_text":"\"Zjednotená ľavicová koalícia KSS a VZDORu- strany práce smeruje k voľbám do parlamentu EÚ | VZDOR – strana práce\""}]},{"reference":"KSS. \"Zjednotená ľavica smeruje k voľbám do Európskeho parlamentu\". KSS (in Slovak). Retrieved 2019-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://kss.sk/zjednotena-lavica-smeruje-k-volbam-do-europskeho-parlamentu","url_text":"\"Zjednotená ľavica smeruje k voľbám do Európskeho parlamentu\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.kss.sk/","external_links_name":"www.kss.sk"},{"Link":"https://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/statna_komisia_pre_volby/30_annual_report/ar2022/VS22_KSS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Výročná správa KSS za rok 2022\""},{"Link":"http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf","external_links_name":"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe"},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110909054601/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kss.sk/program","external_links_name":"\"Program KSS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605124715/http://kss.sk/program","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612150709/http://www.kominform.at/article.php/20051031185746462/print","external_links_name":"\"KomInform: KP der Slowakei (KSS) kritisiert Thesen der EU-Linkspartei\""},{"Link":"http://www.kominform.at/article.php/20051031185746462/print","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vzdor.org/?p=5114","external_links_name":"\"Zjednotená ľavicová koalícia KSS a VZDORu- strany práce smeruje k voľbám do parlamentu EÚ | VZDOR – strana práce\""},{"Link":"http://kss.sk/zjednotena-lavica-smeruje-k-volbam-do-europskeho-parlamentu","external_links_name":"\"Zjednotená ľavica smeruje k voľbám do Európskeho parlamentu\""},{"Link":"http://www.kss.sk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000096559212","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263807405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50062243","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005280300&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026458837","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Slovakia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Slovakia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy
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Dutch Ethical Policy
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["1 Formulation","2 Aims","2.1 Irrigation","2.2 Transmigration","2.3 Education","3 Assessment","4 Notable supporters","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 General references","7 External links"]
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Official policy of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia)
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The Dutch Ethical Policy (Dutch: ethische politiek) was the official policy of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) during the four decades from 1901 (under the Kuyper cabinet) until the Japanese occupation of 1942. In 1901, Dutch Queen Wilhelmina announced that the Netherlands accepted an ethical responsibility for the welfare of their colonial subjects. The announcement was a sharp contrast with the former official doctrine that Indonesia was a win-gewest (region for making a profit) and also marked the start of modern development policy. Other colonial powers talked of a civilising mission, which mainly involved spreading their culture to the colonised peoples.
The policy emphasised improvement in material living conditions. It suffered, however, from severe underfunding, inflated expectations, and the lack of acceptance in the Dutch colonial establishment. The policy had mostly ceased to exist by 1930, during the Great Depression.
Formulation
Students in an agricultural school for Indonesians in Java that was built during this period.
See also: Cultivation System
In 1899, the liberal Dutch lawyer Conrad Theodor van Deventer published an essay in the Dutch journal De Gids that claimed that the colonial Government had a moral responsibility to return the wealth that the Dutch had received from the East Indies to the indigenous population.
The journalist Pieter Brooshooft (1845-1921), wrote about the moral duty of the Dutch to provide more for the peoples of the East Indies. With the support of socialists and concerned middle-class Dutch, he campaigned against what he saw as the unjustness of the colonial surplus. He described the Indies indigenous peoples as "childlike" and in need of assistance, not oppression. Newspapers were one of the few media for the East Indies to communicate to the Dutch Parliament, and as editor of the De Locomotief, the largest Dutch-language newspaper in the East Indies, he published writing by Snouck Hurgronje on understanding Indonesians.
Brooshooft sent reporters across the archipelago to report on local developments; they reported on poverty, crop failure, famine, and epidemics in 1900. Lawyers and politicians supportive of Brooshooft's campaigning had an audience with Queen Wilhelmina and argued that the Netherlands owed the peoples of the Indies a 'debt of honour'.
In 1901, the Queen, under the advice of her prime minister of the Christian Anti-Revolutionary Party, Abraham Kuyper, formally declared a benevolent "Ethical Policy", which was aimed at bringing progress and prosperity to the East Indies. The Dutch conquest had brought them together as a single colonial entity by the early 20th century, which was fundamental to the policy's implementation.
Proponents of the policy argued that financial transfers should not be made to the Netherlands if the conditions of the indigenous people on the archipelago were poor.
Aims
Supporters of the policy were concerned about the social and cultural conditions holding back the native population. They tried to raise awareness among the natives of the need to free themselves from the fetters of the feudal system and to develop themselves along Western lines.
On 17 September 1901, in her speech from the throne before the States-General, the newly-crowned Queen Wilhelmina formally articulated the new policy that the Dutch government had a moral obligation to the native people of the Dutch East Indies. That could be summarised in the three policies of irrigation, transmigration, and education.
Irrigation
Irrigation waterworks in Jember, East Java, built ca. 1927-1929.
The policy promoted efforts to improve a lot of the ordinary people through irrigation programmes, the introduction of banking services for the native population, and subsidies for native industries and handicrafts.
Transmigration
The policy first introduced the concept of transmigration from the overpopulated Java to the less densely-populated areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan with government-sponsored schemes from 1905 onwards. However, the number of people moved during the period of the policy was a tiny fraction of the increase in population in Java during the same period.
Education
Group portrait of indigenous children attending the King Willem III School, Weltevreden, Batavia, 1919-1920.
The opening of Western education to indigenous Indonesians began only in the early 20th century. In 1900, only 1,500 went to European schools compared to 13,000 Europeans. By 1928, however, 75,000 Indonesians had completed Western primary school and nearly 6,500 secondary school although that was still a tiny proportion of the population.
Assessment
The policy was the first serious effort to create programmes for economic development in the tropics. It differed from the "civilising mission" of other colonial powers in emphasising material welfare, rather than a transfer of culture. The policy's educational component was mainly technical, as it did not aim at creating brown Dutchmen and women. The policy foundered on two problems. Firstly, the budgets allocated to the policy's programmes were never sufficient to achieve its aims, with the result that many colonial officials became disillusioned with the possibility of achieving lasting progress. The financial stringencies of the Great Depression put a definitive end to the policy. Secondly, the educational programmes of the policy contributed significantly to the Indonesian National Revival, which gave Indonesians the intellectual tools to organise and articulate their objections to colonial rule. As a result, many in the colonial establishment saw the policy as a mistake, which was counter to Dutch interests.
Notable supporters
Willem Anthony Engelbrecht
See also
Indonesia portal
Cultivation System
Dutch East Indies
Dutch Empire
History of Indonesia
Indonesian National Revolution
References
Notes
^ a b Cribb, Robert (1993). "Development Policy in the Early 20th Century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde), pp. 225-245.
^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300. London: Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
^ a b Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
General references
Robert Cribb 'Development policy in the early 20th century', in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and social welfare: Indonesia’s experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1993), pp. 225–245. Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Article: Ethical Policy
|
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In 1901, Dutch Queen Wilhelmina announced that the Netherlands accepted an ethical responsibility for the welfare of their colonial subjects. The announcement was a sharp contrast with the former official doctrine that Indonesia was a win-gewest (region for making a profit) and also marked the start of modern development policy. Other colonial powers talked of a civilising mission, which mainly involved spreading their culture to the colonised peoples.The policy emphasised improvement in material living conditions. It suffered, however, from severe underfunding, inflated expectations, and the lack of acceptance in the Dutch colonial establishment. The policy had mostly ceased to exist by 1930, during the Great Depression.[1][2]","title":"Dutch Ethical Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Leerlingen_van_de_Inlandse_Landbouwschool_Java_TMnr_10002357.jpg"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Cultivation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_System"},{"link_name":"Conrad Theodor van Deventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer"},{"link_name":"De Gids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gids"},{"link_name":"Pieter Brooshooft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Brooshooft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VickersP17-3"},{"link_name":"De Locomotief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Locomotief"},{"link_name":"Snouck Hurgronje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snouck_Hurgronje"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Wilhelmina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VickersP17-3"},{"link_name":"Anti-Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party"},{"link_name":"Abraham Kuyper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Students in an agricultural school for Indonesians in Java that was built during this period.See also: Cultivation SystemIn 1899, the liberal Dutch lawyer Conrad Theodor van Deventer published an essay in the Dutch journal De Gids that claimed that the colonial Government had a moral responsibility to return the wealth that the Dutch had received from the East Indies to the indigenous population.The journalist Pieter Brooshooft (1845-1921),[3] wrote about the moral duty of the Dutch to provide more for the peoples of the East Indies. With the support of socialists and concerned middle-class Dutch, he campaigned against what he saw as the unjustness of the colonial surplus. He described the Indies indigenous peoples as \"childlike\" and in need of assistance, not oppression. Newspapers were one of the few media for the East Indies to communicate to the Dutch Parliament, and as editor of the De Locomotief, the largest Dutch-language newspaper in the East Indies, he published writing by Snouck Hurgronje on understanding Indonesians.Brooshooft sent reporters across the archipelago to report on local developments; they reported on poverty, crop failure, famine, and epidemics in 1900. Lawyers and politicians supportive of Brooshooft's campaigning had an audience with Queen Wilhelmina and argued that the Netherlands owed the peoples of the Indies a 'debt of honour'.[3]In 1901, the Queen, under the advice of her prime minister of the Christian Anti-Revolutionary Party, Abraham Kuyper, formally declared a benevolent \"Ethical Policy\", which was aimed at bringing progress and prosperity to the East Indies. The Dutch conquest had brought them together as a single colonial entity by the early 20th century, which was fundamental to the policy's implementation.[4]Proponents of the policy argued that financial transfers should not be made to the Netherlands if the conditions of the indigenous people on the archipelago were poor.","title":"Formulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne#Netherlands"},{"link_name":"States-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Queen Wilhelmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"}],"text":"Supporters of the policy were concerned about the social and cultural conditions holding back the native population. They tried to raise awareness among the natives of the need to free themselves from the fetters of the feudal system and to develop themselves along Western lines.On 17 September 1901, in her speech from the throne before the States-General, the newly-crowned Queen Wilhelmina formally articulated the new policy that the Dutch government had a moral obligation to the native people of the Dutch East Indies. That could be summarised in the three policies of irrigation, transmigration, and education.","title":"Aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Waterwerken_in_Djember_op_Oost-Java_TMnr_60009823.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jember"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"}],"sub_title":"Irrigation","text":"Irrigation waterworks in Jember, East Java, built ca. 1927-1929.The policy promoted efforts to improve a lot of the ordinary people through irrigation programmes, the introduction of banking services for the native population, and subsidies for native industries and handicrafts.","title":"Aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transmigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmigration_program"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"}],"sub_title":"Transmigration","text":"The policy first introduced the concept of transmigration from the overpopulated Java to the less densely-populated areas of Sumatra and Kalimantan with government-sponsored schemes from 1905 onwards. However, the number of people moved during the period of the policy was a tiny fraction of the increase in population in Java during the same period.","title":"Aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_leerlingen_van_de_Koning_Willem_III_school_Weltevreden_schooljaar_1919-1920_TMnr_60025980.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Willem III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Willem_III_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Batavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia_(Dutch_East_Indies)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Group portrait of indigenous children attending the King Willem III School, Weltevreden, Batavia, 1919-1920.The opening of Western education to indigenous Indonesians began only in the early 20th century. In 1900, only 1,500 went to European schools compared to 13,000 Europeans. By 1928, however, 75,000 Indonesians had completed Western primary school and nearly 6,500 secondary school although that was still a tiny proportion of the population.[5]","title":"Aims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civilising mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilising_mission"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CribbP225-1"}],"text":"The policy was the first serious effort to create programmes for economic development in the tropics. It differed from the \"civilising mission\" of other colonial powers in emphasising material welfare, rather than a transfer of culture. The policy's educational component was mainly technical, as it did not aim at creating brown Dutchmen and women. The policy foundered on two problems. Firstly, the budgets allocated to the policy's programmes were never sufficient to achieve its aims, with the result that many colonial officials became disillusioned with the possibility of achieving lasting progress. The financial stringencies of the Great Depression put a definitive end to the policy. Secondly, the educational programmes of the policy contributed significantly to the Indonesian National Revival, which gave Indonesians the intellectual tools to organise and articulate their objections to colonial rule. As a result, many in the colonial establishment saw the policy as a mistake, which was counter to Dutch interests.[1]","title":"Assessment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willem Anthony Engelbrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Anthony_Engelbrecht"}],"text":"Willem Anthony Engelbrecht","title":"Notable supporters"}]
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[{"image_text":"Students in an agricultural school for Indonesians in Java that was built during this period.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Leerlingen_van_de_Inlandse_Landbouwschool_Java_TMnr_10002357.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Leerlingen_van_de_Inlandse_Landbouwschool_Java_TMnr_10002357.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irrigation waterworks in Jember, East Java, built ca. 1927-1929.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Waterwerken_in_Djember_op_Oost-Java_TMnr_60009823.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Waterwerken_in_Djember_op_Oost-Java_TMnr_60009823.jpg"},{"image_text":"Group portrait of indigenous children attending the King Willem III School, Weltevreden, Batavia, 1919-1920.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_leerlingen_van_de_Koning_Willem_III_school_Weltevreden_schooljaar_1919-1920_TMnr_60025980.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_leerlingen_van_de_Koning_Willem_III_school_Weltevreden_schooljaar_1919-1920_TMnr_60025980.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Cultivation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_System"},{"title":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"title":"Dutch Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"title":"History of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"}]
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[{"reference":"Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300. London: Macmillan. p. 151. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57690-X","url_text":"0-333-57690-X"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/17","url_text":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/17","url_text":"17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6","url_text":"0-521-54262-6"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/18","url_text":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/18","url_text":"18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6","url_text":"0-521-54262-6"}]},{"reference":"Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri","url_text":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/40","url_text":"40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6","url_text":"0-521-54262-6"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/17","external_links_name":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/17","external_links_name":"17"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/18","external_links_name":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/18","external_links_name":"18"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri","external_links_name":"A History of Modern Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/40","external_links_name":"40"},{"Link":"http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/5/","external_links_name":"Robert Cribb 'Development policy in the early 20th century', in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and social welfare: Indonesia’s experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1993), pp. 225–245."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604234543/http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/5/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060819204606/http://teaching.fec.anu.edu.au/busn2023/Publications/Ethical%20policy.pdf","external_links_name":"Article: Ethical Policy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_1:_Spectre
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Out 1
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["1 Plot and themes","2 Characters","3 Style","4 Exhibition","5 Reception","6 Title","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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1971 film by Jacques Rivette and Suzanne Schiffman
Out 12015 French re-release posterDirected by
Jacques Rivette
Suzanne Schiffman (co-director)
Screenplay by
Jacques Rivette
Suzanne Schiffman
Based onHistory of the Thirteenby Honoré de BalzacProduced byStéphane TchalgadjieffStarring
Jean-Pierre Léaud
Juliet Berto
Michèle Moretti
Michael Lonsdale
Bernadette Lafont
Bulle Ogier
Françoise Fabian
Hermine Karagheuz
CinematographyPierre-William GlennEdited byNicole LubtchanskyMusic byJean-Pierre DrouetDistributed bySunshine ProductionsRelease date
9 October 1971 (1971-10-09)
Running time773 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench
Out 1, also referred to as Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, is a 1971 French film directed by Jacques Rivette and Suzanne Schiffman. It is indebted to Honoré de Balzac's La Comédie humaine, particularly the History of the Thirteen collection (1833–35). Known for its length of nearly 13 hours, the film is divided into eight parts of approximately 90–100 minutes each.
The vast length of Out 1 allows Rivette and Schiffman, like Balzac, to construct multiple loosely connected characters with independent stories whose subplots weave amongst each other and continually uncover new characters with their own subplots. A shorter version of the film exists, and its Spectre subtitle was chosen for the name's ambiguous and various indistinct meanings, while the Noli me tangere ("touch me not") subtitle for the original version is clearly a reference to it being the full-length film as intended by Rivette.
The film's experimentation with parallel subplots was influenced by André Cayatte's two-part Anatomy of a Marriage (1964), while the use of expansive screen time was first toyed with by Rivette in L'amour fou (1969). The parallel narrative structure has since been used in many other notable films, including Krzysztof Kieślowski's Dekalog and Lucas Belvaux's Trilogie, which includes Un couple épatant, Cavale and Après la vie, to name a few. Each part begins with a title in the form of "from person to person" (usually indicating the first and last characters seen in each episode), followed by a handful of black and white still photos recapitulating the scenes of the prior episode, then concluded by showing the final minute or so (in black and white) of the last episode before cutting into the new episode itself (which is entirely in color).
Out 1 received 13 votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll of the greatest films ever made, resulting in a final ranking of 127th.
Plot and themes
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When asked why the film is called Out 1, Rivette responded, "I chose 'Out' as the opposite of the vogue word 'in', which had caught on in France and which I thought was silly. The action of the film is rather like a serial which could continue through several episodes, so I gave it the number 'One'."
From the starting image of a small group of actors lying down with their legs bent back toward themselves, Rivette again focuses his film on rehearsals for a play, a motif present in both L'amour fou and his debut feature Paris nous appartient (1960); in particular, he extends L'amour fou's relentless reportage-style examination of the continual development of a play under rehearsal (in that case Jean Racine's Andromaque) and its effects on the director and his wife. In the case of Out 1, the two main anchors of the film are two different theater groups each rehearsing a different Aeschylus play (Seven Against Thebes and Prometheus Bound), and the film does not particularly privilege any character within these groups more than any other. External to these two groups, two outsiders peripheral to the theater are featured: Colin (Jean-Pierre Léaud), a young man who believes that there may be a real-life Thirteen group in operation, and Frédérique (Juliet Berto), a young swindler who happens to steal letters which may prove to be communication between members of the Thirteen. Other featured characters include Emilie (Bulle Ogier), who runs a local hangout under the name Pauline and whose husband, Igor, has been missing for six months. Michael Lonsdale plays Thomas, the director of the Prometheus Bound group, and there are cameos by directors Barbet Schroeder and Éric Rohmer, who plays a Balzac professor in a scene of both plot exposition and comic relief.
The first few hours of the film alternate between documentary-style scenes observing the two troupes' rehearsals, Colin soliciting money from café patrons as a deaf man by playing irritating harmonica tunes, and Frédérique stealing money through a variety of deceptions. The plot gradually develops when Colin receives three mysterious messages in quick succession containing cryptic references to "the Thirteen" and to Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark. He quickly connects this to Balzac and begins a quixotic quest to uncover what the messages mean and who the Thirteen are. Sometime afterward, Frédérique casually interrupts a businessman, Etienne, playing chess against himself at home; when she has the room to herself briefly, she attempts to locate a stash of money but instead steals a collection of letters. Sensing that they refer to some sort of secret society, she attempts to sell them to several of the correspondents in exchange for either money or more information on the group, but fails to gain any information. Only Emilie buys the letters, but only because they refer to her husband.
The Seven Against Thebes production takes on a newcomer, Renaud, to assist in the production, but he quickly begins to take over more and more of the creative direction of the piece from Lili, who recedes into the background in disgust. Their fortunes appear high when Quentin wins a million francs at the races, but during the ensemble's celebration, Renaud steals all the cash; the production is cancelled, and the members undertake a futile search for Renaud, spreading out all across Paris with a photo of him to try to discover his whereabouts. Thomas brings in old friend Sarah to help work through a creative block on Prometheus Bound, but she instead causes a rift within the group and the play is abandoned after another player leaves for unrelated reasons. It turns out that Thomas's block was largely due to his break-up with Lili after being with her personally and professionally for seven years.
Thomas also is revealed to be a key member of the Thirteen, although the group never really was fully functional and had agreed to go into a period of dormancy two years earlier. Ironically, a chance encounter between Colin and Thomas motivates the latter to suggest reviving the Thirteen to Etienne, who is reluctant because the group never really did anything to begin with. One of the main correspondents in Etienne's letters, Pierre, is frequently discussed but never seen, and is described alternately as sinister and childlike. After reading the contents of the letters sold to her by Frédérique, Emilie prepares packages to be sent to major Parisian newspapers containing photocopies of these letters and purporting to disclose the existence of a scandal involving Pierre setting up Igor. Since Pierre and Igor are both members of the Thirteen, members of the group are forced to reconstitute to prevent the disclosure, and Thomas, Etienne and the ruthless lawyer Lucie de Graffe (Françoise Fabian) meet to discuss what to do.
Frédérique eventually meets up with the young man that her gay friend Honey Moon (Michel Berto) is infatuated with, who turns out to be Renaud; the two become married in a blood ritual, but she suspects that he may be a member of another secret society even more sinister than the Thirteen. After seeing him associate with a local gang, she draws a gun on him, but warns him – causing him to turn around and shoot instantly, killing her.
Colin gives up on the idea of the Thirteen, while it is quietly suggested during a discussion between two other members of the Thirteen, Lucie de Graffe and the cynical professor named Warok (Jean Bouise), that perhaps Pierre was the author of the messages to Colin and has been the invisible hand behind much of the plot, because he misses the Thirteen and wants to either restore it or replace it with young blood like Colin. Several of the characters retreat in the end to Emilie's small seaside house in Normandy called "the Obade" (another Balzacian reference, see "Ferragus"), where she breaks down in front of Sarah, confessing her love for Colin (who had been courting her earlier) and Igor at the same time. Her dilemma is solved at the end, when she receives a call from Igor telling her to meet him in Paris. She and Lili set off for Paris.
Thomas remains behind on the beach at the Obade with two of his actors and has a drunken hysterical episode there, when he pretends to collapse on the sand. His actors are worried and frantically try to revive him. When he reveals his jest, they walk away in disgust and get in the car to go back to Paris. Thomas is left alone on the beach, crying and laughing at the same time, stranded at the Obade and, for the first time in the film, part of no group whatsoever. The film then quickly cuts to a completely unrelated shot of Marie, an actress from the Thebes group, who still seems to be searching for the missing Renaud and the money he stole. A golden statue of a Greek goddess, perhaps Athena, towers above her. The shot is held for a second before fading out.
Characters
Achille (Sylvain Corthay): Actor in Prometheus Bound troupe. Accompanies Thomas and Rose to the Obade at the end of the film.
Arsenal (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Nicolas, Papa, or Theo.
Balzac specialist (Éric Rohmer): Professor who Colin contacts (while still pretending to be a deaf man) to attempt to discover some further clues as to the possibility of the existence of the Thirteen in real life.
Beatrice (Edwine Moatti): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe. Is a confidant and possibly lover of Thomas. Engages in a threesome with Thomas and Sarah. Her relationship with the Ethnologist is broken off when he announces his intention to depart for the Basque region for work. This also causes her to leave the troupe.
Bergamotte (Bernadette Onfroy): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe.
Colin (Jean-Pierre Léaud): Young outsider who pretends to be a deaf whilst playing a harmonica for money around Parisian cafes. Receives three messages from Pierre, which set him off to try to uncover a real-life "Thirteen" in the vein of the Balzac novels. Falls in love with Pauline after numerous meetings at her store. Makes many connections through his investigations, but ultimately fails to find any cooperative parties and abandons his belief in the Thirteen.
Elaine (Karen Puig): Actress in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Alerts Lucie when Lili goes missing for several days (which turns out to be a trip with Emilie to the Obade).
Emilie (Bulle Ogier): Member of the Thirteen. Name that Pauline goes by at home. With Lili she murders the courier and hides his body in the basement of the shop. Wife to Igor and mother of two children with him. His disappearance six months earlier causes her to buy Pierre's letters from Frédérique; these refer to the disappearance. Despite Sarah's admonitions, she plans to send photocopies of the letters to newspapers in order to discover what is going on; however, Iris winds up burning them behind her back. Leaves for Obade, where she confesses her love for Colin and Igor to Sarah. Igor calls her not long after and tells her to meet him in Paris. She leaves with Lili. See Pauline.
The Ethnologist (Michel Delahaye): Romantic interest of Beatrice. Breaks up with her when he announces his departure to the Basque region for work. Beatrice leaves Prometheus Bound shortly afterward because of this.
Etienne (Jacques Doniol-Valcroze): Member of the Thirteen. Frederique steals his letters during an attempted con and tries to sell them off for money and information about the group. Meets with Thomas to discuss the revival of the group and later with Thomas and Lucie to discuss how to control Emilie's potential contact with newspapers.
Faune (Monique Clement): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe.
Frédérique (Juliet Berto): Young petty thief who deceives and exploits men only as long as she needs to get into their wallets. Her only friend and confidant is Honey Moon, a gay barfly played by Juliet Berto's real-life husband Michel Berto. She finds Etienne's letters while looking for his money and takes them instead. Starts calling the correspondents to sell them for money, but begins to try to make sense of the information referring to the Thirteen and also asks for information, particularly from Lucie. Meets Honey Moon's crush, who turns out to be Renaud, and has a blood wedding with him. After suspecting his involvement in a secret society, she follows him and causes him to shoot her dead before he realizes who she is.
Georges (unseen): Member of the Thirteen. Lili's current boyfriend.
Gian-Reto (Barbet Schroeder): Hanger-on at Pauline's store.
Honey Moon (Michel Berto): Gay confidant of Frédérique who borrows money from her, incites her to disrupt black market pornographers. He is infatuated with Renaud, and this eventually leads to Frédérique seeking out Renaud.
Igor (unseen): Emilie's husband and father of her two young children. Member of the Thirteen. Been missing since leaving for work six months ago. Discussed in Etienne's letters, some of which Emilie buys from Frédérique. At the film's end Emilie receives a phone call from Igor asking her to meet him in Paris at Warok's.
Iris (Ode Bitton): Pregnant nanny of Emilie and Igor's children. Solves their problem by giving to Thomas Emilie's letters to the newspapers which would have revealed the Thirteen and scandalized Pierre.
Lili (Michèle Moretti): Director of the Seven Against Thebes troupe, formerly involved with Thomas. May be involved with Quentin. Gradually recedes from the production as Renaud's influence expands. Accidentally takes a picture of Renaud which the troupe uses to try to get someone from the public to identify him. Member of the Thirteen.
Lucie (Françoise Fabian): Lawyer with whom Lili renews contact after a long silence. Member of the Thirteen. Correspondent in some of Etienne's letters. Is contacted by Frédérique and meets her, but instead takes some of the letters from her.
Marie (Hermine Karagheuz): Actress in the Seven Against Thebes troupe. Delivers one of Pierre's messages to Colin, which clearly seems to make her a member of the Thirteen. Last character seen in the film, standing next to a Paris monument.
Marlon (Jean-François Stevenin): Thug with a criminal history who is an acquaintance of Frédérique. She encounters him in a bar, and he bizarrely beats her, but she pickpockets him during the beating.
Max (Louis Julien): Quentin's son. Suggests the Seven Against Thebes troupe use Lili's photograph of Renaud to ask members of the public if they've seen him around.
Nicolas (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Papa, or Theo.
Papa (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Nicolas, or Theo.
Pauline (Bulle Ogier): Name that Emilie goes by at her store where local youths hang out. Colin meets her there and soon falls in love with her. She abandons the shop to retreat to the Obade. See Emilie.
Pierre (unseen): Member of the Thirteen. Author of letters to Colin. Correspondent in some of Etienne's letters who may be implicated in Igor's disappearance. Emilie threatens to send evidence of this to newspapers after she pays Frédérique for the letters.
Quentin (Pierre Baillot): Actor in the Seven Against Thebes troupe. Father to Max. Wins a million francs in the lottery, which is promptly stolen during celebrations by Renaud. Attempts to find Renaud but fails, and joins Prometheus Bound troupe briefly afterwards.
Renaud (Alain Libolt): Brought in by Arsenal/Nicolas/Papa/Theo to help the Seven Against Thebes troupe, but gradually starts to exert more and more influence on the production, to Lili's chagrin. Steals Quentin's million francs of lottery winnings during the troupe's celebration. Turns out to be Honey Moon's crush, which allows Frédérique to find him. She soon suspects that he may be a member of a secret society (though ultimately it seems more likely to be a local gang, and not the Thirteen). He shoots and kills her when she catches him off-guard.
Rose (Christiane Corthay): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe. Accompanies Thomas and Achille to the Obade and comforts him during some of his hysterical episodes at the end.
Sarah (Bernadette Lafont): Writer living in Igor's Obade home. Thomas asks her to help him with the direction of Prometheus Bound, and later has a threesome with her and Beatrice. She clashes with the group, which is a factor in the abandonment of the play, along with Beatrice's departure, which is caused by personal factors. Member of the Thirteen, she doesn't trust Thomas and strenuously attempts (unsuccessfully) to intervene to prevent Emilie from sending Pierre's letters to the newspapers. Emilie later confides her love for Colin and Igor to her.
Theo (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Nicolas, or Papa.
Thomas (Michael Lonsdale): Director of the Prometheus Bound troupe, formerly involved with Lili, and in ambiguously romantic relationships with both Beatrice and Sarah during the course of the film. Asks Sarah to help him direct the play. After a threesome with Sarah and Beatrice, abandons it because of Sarah's friction with the group and Beatrice's unrelated departure. Member of the Thirteen. Destroys Emilie's letters incriminating Pierre. Proposes to reunite with Lili, but is rejected by her, which leads to his final hysteria on the beach.
Warok (Jean Bouise): Member of the Thirteen. Referred to in Etienne's letters. Both Frédérique and Colin ask him about the group, but he denies all knowledge.
Style
After working with both 35mm film and 16mm film in L'amour fou, Rivette was comfortable enough with the 16mm format to work with it on Out 1, the massive length of which precluded any serious attempt to shoot the whole film on expensive 35mm. Despite the immense length of the final product, the film was shot under a tight shooting schedule of only six weeks. Rivette's preference for the long take was the main reason why such a schedule could be maintained. Because he wanted the performances to have a level of realism, some takes include lines "fluffed" by actors, or other common "mistakes" such as camera and boom microphone shadows, as well as unwitting extras looking at the camera in exterior shots (including a well-known scene where two young boys doggedly follow Jean-Pierre Léaud along the street during an extended monologue). Rivette has said that the intimacy of the performances in the face of such mistakes was precisely why he kept those takes in the film. Many of the rehearsal scenes, particularly those of the Prometheus Bound group, are composed almost entirely of long shots, although the film also contains more conventional editing elsewhere. The slow pacing of the film as a whole is also loosely based on Balzac, and its first few hours are constructed more like a prologue, where the editing is slower and the characters are no more than introduced. It is not until three or four hours into the film that characters' motives and the story lines begin to reveal themselves.
The work also includes stylistically adventurous techniques, including the shooting of long shots through mirrors (again developing from work in L'amour fou), shortcuts to black to punctuate otherwise continuous scenes, short cutaways to unrelated or seemingly meaningless shots, non-diegetic sound blocking out crucial parts of the dialogue, and even a conversation in which selected lines are re-edited so that they appear to be spoken backward. However, these experiments form a fairly small part of the work as a whole, which is generally conventional in style (aside from the length of takes and of the work as a whole).
Exhibition
First shown as a work in progress at the Maison de la Culture in Le Havre, the film was re-edited down to a four-hour "short" version called Out 1: Spectre, which is more accessible and available (although not widely). Richard Roud, writing in The Guardian, called this version "a mind-blowing experience, but one which, instead of taking one 'out of this world' as the expression has it, took one right smack into the world. Or into a world which one only dimly realised was there – always right there beneath the everyday world ... the cinema will never be the same again, and nor will I." Few people have seen the full-length version, though it is championed by Chicago Reader critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, who compares it to Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, and has included both Out 1: Noli Me Tangere and Out 1: Spectre in the 100 films singled out from his 1000 favourite films, published in his anthology Essential Cinema.
Out 1: Noli Me Tangere was restored in Germany in 1990 and was shown again at the Rotterdam and Berlin Film Festivals shortly thereafter. It disappeared again into obscurity until 2004, when both Noli Me Tangere and its shorter version Out 1: Spectre featured in the programme on 1–21 June, in the complete retrospective Jacques Rivette Viaggio in Italia di un metteur en scène organized by Deep A.C. and curated by Goffredo De Pascale in Rome at the Sala Trevi Centro Sperimentale and in Naples at Le Grenoble. Then, only in the April/May 2006 Rivette retrospective at London's National Film Theatre, with the shorter film also screening twice across two subsequent nights at Anthology Film Archives in New York City on the same April weekend as the NFT projection of the long work. The North American premiere of Noli Me Tangere took place on 23 and 24 September 2006 in Vancouver's Vancouver International Film Centre organized by Vancouver International Film Festival programmer and Cinema Scope editor Mark Peranson, attended by around twenty people (22 at Peranson's initial count, before episode 1, though others came and went). A subsequent screening took place as a part of the 2006 festival over 30 September and 1 October, introduced by Jonathan Rosenbaum.
The subtitled Out 1: Noli Me Tangere provides a particular challenge for exhibitors, as the subtitles are not burned onto the print of the film itself, as is usual with most foreign films shown in North America. Rather, the subtitles for Out 1, provided by the British Film Institute, are projected from a computer in a separate stream (in the Vancouver screening, just below the film itself); this then has to be synchronized with the film itself, almost certainly by someone unfamiliar with the entire Out 1. Few theatres can meet this technical challenge, especially over a thirteen-hour span. In addition, the film was shot on 16mm at a nonstandard 25 frames per second, a speed few current projectors are equipped to handle. In the Vancouver screening, the film was projected at 24fps, adding about half an hour to the film as a whole.
Screenings of both the long and short works took place in late November and December 2006, during an extensive retrospective of Rivette's work which ran at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, Queens, New York City. The screening of the longer version was sold out for the 9 and 10 December 2006 screening, so the Museum held an encore performance of the film on 3 and 4 March in 2007 (which came close to selling out). It was shown on both occasions over 2 days. In interviews, Rivette has explicitly stated that the work is meant to be seen theatrically "on the big screen", and apparently dislikes it being watched on television. Ironically, the preparation of the film in eight episodes was in large part due to the "naive hope", according to Rivette, of it originally being distributed like that on French television, although his disdain for that mode of exhibition only arose after the film's completion.
Out 1 was restored by Carlotta Films in 2015 and made its U.S. theatrical premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on 4 November 2015. This version has now been released on DVD and Blu-ray in the U.S., while Arrow Films have released it on both formats in the UK.
The restored Out 1 was screened in London, England over two days at the Prince Charles Cinema, Leicester Place on 28 and 29 November 2015. The screening was presented by the Badlands Collective and A Nos Amours.
Reception
Out 1 has garnered acclaim from critics. The film holds an aggregate score of 87/100 on Metacritic, based on 7 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval based on 22 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Time is an essential character in Jacques Rivette's Out 1, Noli Me Tangere, a brilliant 13-hour study of human relationships and an exploration of how a generation's dreams and ideals slowly fade as life goes ruthlessly by."
Title
Out 1 is known by many titles. Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, the frequently-cited longer title of the film, has its origins as a phrase written on the film canister of an early workprint. This longer title was commonly understood as the film's actual title until a finished print was made in 1989 for exhibition at the Rotterdam Film Festival and as a telecine transfer for TV broadcast. At that point Rivette asserted the title on-screen as simply Out 1.
Out 1: Spectre is the proper title of the shorter, four-hour version, which is nonetheless a completely separate and distinctive work rather than simply a shortened form of the longer feature.
See also
List of longest films
References
^ "Votes for OUT 1 (1990)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
^ "Chicago Reader Movie Review". www.chicagoreader.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006.
^ "Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971) Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
^ "Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Fieschi, Jean-André. La Nouvelle Critique, April 1973.
Fieschi, Jean-André. "Jacques Rivette" in Richard Roud (ed). Cinema: A Critical Dictionary. New York: Secker and Warburg, 1980.
Monaco, James. The New Wave: Truffaut, Godard, Chabrol, Rohmer, Rivette. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Rivette, Jacques, interviewed by Carlos Clarens and Edgardo Cozarinsky. Sight and Sound, Autumn 1974.
Rivette, Jacques, interviewed by Bernard Eisenschitz, Jean-Andre Fieschi, and Eduardo de Gregorio. La Nouvelle Critique, April 1973.
Rivette, Jacques, interviewed by Jonathan Rosenbaum, Lauren Sedofsky, and Gilbert Adair. Film Comment, September 1974.
Rosenbaum, Jonathan, Movies as Politics, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Rosenbaum, Jonathan, Placing Movies: The Practice of Film Criticism, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Thomson, David. The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. New York: Little, Brown, 2002.
Further reading
Rivette, Jacques; De Pascale, Goffredo (2003). Jacques Rivette (in Italian). Il Castoro. ISBN 88-8033-256-2.
External links
Out 1: Noli Me Tangere at IMDb
Out 1: Spectre at IMDb
Out 1 at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms by Jacques Rivette
Filmography
Bibliography
Themes and style
Fool's Mate (1956)
Paris Belongs to Us (1960)
The Nun (1966)
L'Amour fou (1969)
Out 1 (1971)
Celine and Julie Go Boating (1974)
Duelle (1976)
Noroît (1976)
Merry-Go-Round (1981)
Le Pont du Nord (1981)
Love on the Ground (1984)
Hurlevent (1985)
Gang of Four (1989)
La Belle Noiseuse (1991)
Joan the Maid (1994)
Up, Down, Fragile (1995)
"Une aventure de Ninon" in Lumière and Company (1995)
Secret Defense (1998)
Va savoir (2001)
The Story of Marie and Julien (2003)
The Duchess of Langeais (2007)
Around a Small Mountain (2009)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Rivette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rivette"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Schiffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Schiffman"},{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"La Comédie humaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine"},{"link_name":"length of nearly 13 hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_films"},{"link_name":"Noli me tangere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_me_tangere"},{"link_name":"André Cayatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cayatte"},{"link_name":"Anatomy of a Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_of_a_Marriage_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"L'amour fou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27amour_fou_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kieślowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski"},{"link_name":"Dekalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekalog"},{"link_name":"Lucas Belvaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Belvaux"},{"link_name":"Un couple épatant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_couple_%C3%A9patant"},{"link_name":"Cavale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavale"},{"link_name":"Après la vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%A8s_la_vie"},{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white"},{"link_name":"Sight & Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Out 1, also referred to as Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, is a 1971 French film directed by Jacques Rivette and Suzanne Schiffman. It is indebted to Honoré de Balzac's La Comédie humaine, particularly the History of the Thirteen collection (1833–35). Known for its length of nearly 13 hours, the film is divided into eight parts of approximately 90–100 minutes each.The vast length of Out 1 allows Rivette and Schiffman, like Balzac, to construct multiple loosely connected characters with independent stories whose subplots weave amongst each other and continually uncover new characters with their own subplots. A shorter version of the film exists, and its Spectre subtitle was chosen for the name's ambiguous and various indistinct meanings, while the Noli me tangere (\"touch me not\") subtitle for the original version is clearly a reference to it being the full-length film as intended by Rivette.The film's experimentation with parallel subplots was influenced by André Cayatte's two-part Anatomy of a Marriage (1964), while the use of expansive screen time was first toyed with by Rivette in L'amour fou (1969). The parallel narrative structure has since been used in many other notable films, including Krzysztof Kieślowski's Dekalog and Lucas Belvaux's Trilogie, which includes Un couple épatant, Cavale and Après la vie, to name a few. Each part begins with a title in the form of \"from person to person\" (usually indicating the first and last characters seen in each episode), followed by a handful of black and white still photos recapitulating the scenes of the prior episode, then concluded by showing the final minute or so (in black and white) of the last episode before cutting into the new episode itself (which is entirely in color).Out 1 received 13 votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll of the greatest films ever made, resulting in a final ranking of 127th.[1]","title":"Out 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris nous appartient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_nous_appartient"},{"link_name":"Jean Racine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Racine"},{"link_name":"Andromaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromaque"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Seven Against Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Against_Thebes"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Léaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9aud"},{"link_name":"Juliet Berto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Berto"},{"link_name":"Bulle Ogier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_Ogier"},{"link_name":"Michael Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"Barbet Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbet_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"Éric Rohmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer"},{"link_name":"deaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deafness"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"The Hunting of the Snark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark"},{"link_name":"Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzac"},{"link_name":"quixotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quixotism"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Françoise Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Michel Berto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Berto"},{"link_name":"Jean Bouise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bouise"}],"text":"When asked why the film is called Out 1, Rivette responded, \"I chose 'Out' as the opposite of the vogue word 'in', which had caught on in France and which I thought was silly. The action of the film is rather like a serial which could continue through several episodes, so I gave it the number 'One'.\"From the starting image of a small group of actors lying down with their legs bent back toward themselves, Rivette again focuses his film on rehearsals for a play, a motif present in both L'amour fou and his debut feature Paris nous appartient (1960); in particular, he extends L'amour fou's relentless reportage-style examination of the continual development of a play under rehearsal (in that case Jean Racine's Andromaque) and its effects on the director and his wife. In the case of Out 1, the two main anchors of the film are two different theater groups each rehearsing a different Aeschylus play (Seven Against Thebes and Prometheus Bound), and the film does not particularly privilege any character within these groups more than any other. External to these two groups, two outsiders peripheral to the theater are featured: Colin (Jean-Pierre Léaud), a young man who believes that there may be a real-life Thirteen group in operation, and Frédérique (Juliet Berto), a young swindler who happens to steal letters which may prove to be communication between members of the Thirteen. Other featured characters include Emilie (Bulle Ogier), who runs a local hangout under the name Pauline and whose husband, Igor, has been missing for six months. Michael Lonsdale plays Thomas, the director of the Prometheus Bound group, and there are cameos by directors Barbet Schroeder and Éric Rohmer, who plays a Balzac professor in a scene of both plot exposition and comic relief.The first few hours of the film alternate between documentary-style scenes observing the two troupes' rehearsals, Colin soliciting money from café patrons as a deaf man by playing irritating harmonica tunes, and Frédérique stealing money through a variety of deceptions. The plot gradually develops when Colin receives three mysterious messages in quick succession containing cryptic references to \"the Thirteen\" and to Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark. He quickly connects this to Balzac and begins a quixotic quest to uncover what the messages mean and who the Thirteen are. Sometime afterward, Frédérique casually interrupts a businessman, Etienne, playing chess against himself at home; when she has the room to herself briefly, she attempts to locate a stash of money but instead steals a collection of letters. Sensing that they refer to some sort of secret society, she attempts to sell them to several of the correspondents in exchange for either money or more information on the group, but fails to gain any information. Only Emilie buys the letters, but only because they refer to her husband.The Seven Against Thebes production takes on a newcomer, Renaud, to assist in the production, but he quickly begins to take over more and more of the creative direction of the piece from Lili, who recedes into the background in disgust. Their fortunes appear high when Quentin wins a million francs at the races, but during the ensemble's celebration, Renaud steals all the cash; the production is cancelled, and the members undertake a futile search for Renaud, spreading out all across Paris with a photo of him to try to discover his whereabouts. Thomas brings in old friend Sarah to help work through a creative block on Prometheus Bound, but she instead causes a rift within the group and the play is abandoned after another player leaves for unrelated reasons. It turns out that Thomas's block was largely due to his break-up with Lili after being with her personally and professionally for seven years.Thomas also is revealed to be a key member of the Thirteen, although the group never really was fully functional and had agreed to go into a period of dormancy two years earlier. Ironically, a chance encounter between Colin and Thomas motivates the latter to suggest reviving the Thirteen to Etienne, who is reluctant because the group never really did anything to begin with. One of the main correspondents in Etienne's letters, Pierre, is frequently discussed but never seen, and is described alternately as sinister and childlike. After reading the contents of the letters sold to her by Frédérique, Emilie prepares packages to be sent to major Parisian newspapers containing photocopies of these letters and purporting to disclose the existence of a scandal involving Pierre setting up Igor. Since Pierre and Igor are both members of the Thirteen, members of the group are forced to reconstitute to prevent the disclosure, and Thomas, Etienne and the ruthless lawyer Lucie de Graffe (Françoise Fabian) meet to discuss what to do.Frédérique eventually meets up with the young man that her gay friend Honey Moon (Michel Berto) is infatuated with, who turns out to be Renaud; the two become married in a blood ritual, but she suspects that he may be a member of another secret society even more sinister than the Thirteen. After seeing him associate with a local gang, she draws a gun on him, but warns him – causing him to turn around and shoot instantly, killing her.Colin gives up on the idea of the Thirteen, while it is quietly suggested during a discussion between two other members of the Thirteen, Lucie de Graffe and the cynical professor named Warok (Jean Bouise), that perhaps Pierre was the author of the messages to Colin and has been the invisible hand behind much of the plot, because he misses the Thirteen and wants to either restore it or replace it with young blood like Colin. Several of the characters retreat in the end to Emilie's small seaside house in Normandy called \"the Obade\" (another Balzacian reference, see \"Ferragus\"), where she breaks down in front of Sarah, confessing her love for Colin (who had been courting her earlier) and Igor at the same time. Her dilemma is solved at the end, when she receives a call from Igor telling her to meet him in Paris. She and Lili set off for Paris.Thomas remains behind on the beach at the Obade with two of his actors and has a drunken hysterical episode there, when he pretends to collapse on the sand. His actors are worried and frantically try to revive him. When he reveals his jest, they walk away in disgust and get in the car to go back to Paris. Thomas is left alone on the beach, crying and laughing at the same time, stranded at the Obade and, for the first time in the film, part of no group whatsoever. The film then quickly cuts to a completely unrelated shot of Marie, an actress from the Thebes group, who still seems to be searching for the missing Renaud and the money he stole. A golden statue of a Greek goddess, perhaps Athena, towers above her. The shot is held for a second before fading out.","title":"Plot and themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvain Corthay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Corthay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Bozonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bozonnet"},{"link_name":"Éric Rohmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Rohmer"},{"link_name":"Edwine Moatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwine_Moatti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Onfroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernadette_Onfroy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Léaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9aud"},{"link_name":"Karen Puig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Puig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulle Ogier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_Ogier"},{"link_name":"Michel Delahaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Delahaye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Doniol-Valcroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Doniol-Valcroze"},{"link_name":"Monique Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monique_Clement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juliet Berto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Berto"},{"link_name":"Barbet Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbet_Schroeder"},{"link_name":"Michel Berto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Berto"},{"link_name":"Ode Bitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_Bitton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michèle Moretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Moretti"},{"link_name":"Françoise Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Hermine Karagheuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermine_Karagheuz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Stevenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Stevenin"},{"link_name":"Louis Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Julien"},{"link_name":"Marcel Bozonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bozonnet"},{"link_name":"Marcel Bozonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bozonnet"},{"link_name":"Bulle Ogier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulle_Ogier"},{"link_name":"Alain Libolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain_Libolt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christiane Corthay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christiane_Corthay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Lafont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Lafont"},{"link_name":"Marcel Bozonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bozonnet"},{"link_name":"Michael Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"Jean Bouise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bouise"}],"text":"Achille (Sylvain Corthay): Actor in Prometheus Bound troupe. Accompanies Thomas and Rose to the Obade at the end of the film.\nArsenal (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Nicolas, Papa, or Theo.\nBalzac specialist (Éric Rohmer): Professor who Colin contacts (while still pretending to be a deaf man) to attempt to discover some further clues as to the possibility of the existence of the Thirteen in real life.\nBeatrice (Edwine Moatti): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe. Is a confidant and possibly lover of Thomas. Engages in a threesome with Thomas and Sarah. Her relationship with the Ethnologist is broken off when he announces his intention to depart for the Basque region for work. This also causes her to leave the troupe.\nBergamotte (Bernadette Onfroy): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe.\nColin (Jean-Pierre Léaud): Young outsider who pretends to be a deaf whilst playing a harmonica for money around Parisian cafes. Receives three messages from Pierre, which set him off to try to uncover a real-life \"Thirteen\" in the vein of the Balzac novels. Falls in love with Pauline after numerous meetings at her store. Makes many connections through his investigations, but ultimately fails to find any cooperative parties and abandons his belief in the Thirteen.\nElaine (Karen Puig): Actress in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Alerts Lucie when Lili goes missing for several days (which turns out to be a trip with Emilie to the Obade).\nEmilie (Bulle Ogier): Member of the Thirteen. Name that Pauline goes by at home. With Lili she murders the courier and hides his body in the basement of the shop. Wife to Igor and mother of two children with him. His disappearance six months earlier causes her to buy Pierre's letters from Frédérique; these refer to the disappearance. Despite Sarah's admonitions, she plans to send photocopies of the letters to newspapers in order to discover what is going on; however, Iris winds up burning them behind her back. Leaves for Obade, where she confesses her love for Colin and Igor to Sarah. Igor calls her not long after and tells her to meet him in Paris. She leaves with Lili. See Pauline.\nThe Ethnologist (Michel Delahaye): Romantic interest of Beatrice. Breaks up with her when he announces his departure to the Basque region for work. Beatrice leaves Prometheus Bound shortly afterward because of this.\nEtienne (Jacques Doniol-Valcroze): Member of the Thirteen. Frederique steals his letters during an attempted con and tries to sell them off for money and information about the group. Meets with Thomas to discuss the revival of the group and later with Thomas and Lucie to discuss how to control Emilie's potential contact with newspapers.\nFaune (Monique Clement): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe.\nFrédérique (Juliet Berto): Young petty thief who deceives and exploits men only as long as she needs to get into their wallets. Her only friend and confidant is Honey Moon, a gay barfly played by Juliet Berto's real-life husband Michel Berto. She finds Etienne's letters while looking for his money and takes them instead. Starts calling the correspondents to sell them for money, but begins to try to make sense of the information referring to the Thirteen and also asks for information, particularly from Lucie. Meets Honey Moon's crush, who turns out to be Renaud, and has a blood wedding with him. After suspecting his involvement in a secret society, she follows him and causes him to shoot her dead before he realizes who she is.\nGeorges (unseen): Member of the Thirteen. Lili's current boyfriend.\nGian-Reto (Barbet Schroeder): Hanger-on at Pauline's store.\nHoney Moon (Michel Berto): Gay confidant of Frédérique who borrows money from her, incites her to disrupt black market pornographers. He is infatuated with Renaud, and this eventually leads to Frédérique seeking out Renaud.\nIgor (unseen): Emilie's husband and father of her two young children. Member of the Thirteen. Been missing since leaving for work six months ago. Discussed in Etienne's letters, some of which Emilie buys from Frédérique. At the film's end Emilie receives a phone call from Igor asking her to meet him in Paris at Warok's.\nIris (Ode Bitton): Pregnant nanny of Emilie and Igor's children. Solves their problem by giving to Thomas Emilie's letters to the newspapers which would have revealed the Thirteen and scandalized Pierre.\nLili (Michèle Moretti): Director of the Seven Against Thebes troupe, formerly involved with Thomas. May be involved with Quentin. Gradually recedes from the production as Renaud's influence expands. Accidentally takes a picture of Renaud which the troupe uses to try to get someone from the public to identify him. Member of the Thirteen.\nLucie (Françoise Fabian): Lawyer with whom Lili renews contact after a long silence. Member of the Thirteen. Correspondent in some of Etienne's letters. Is contacted by Frédérique and meets her, but instead takes some of the letters from her.\nMarie (Hermine Karagheuz): Actress in the Seven Against Thebes troupe. Delivers one of Pierre's messages to Colin, which clearly seems to make her a member of the Thirteen. Last character seen in the film, standing next to a Paris monument.\nMarlon (Jean-François Stevenin): Thug with a criminal history who is an acquaintance of Frédérique. She encounters him in a bar, and he bizarrely beats her, but she pickpockets him during the beating.\nMax (Louis Julien): Quentin's son. Suggests the Seven Against Thebes troupe use Lili's photograph of Renaud to ask members of the public if they've seen him around.\nNicolas (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Papa, or Theo.\nPapa (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Nicolas, or Theo.\nPauline (Bulle Ogier): Name that Emilie goes by at her store where local youths hang out. Colin meets her there and soon falls in love with her. She abandons the shop to retreat to the Obade. See Emilie.\nPierre (unseen): Member of the Thirteen. Author of letters to Colin. Correspondent in some of Etienne's letters who may be implicated in Igor's disappearance. Emilie threatens to send evidence of this to newspapers after she pays Frédérique for the letters.\nQuentin (Pierre Baillot): Actor in the Seven Against Thebes troupe. Father to Max. Wins a million francs in the lottery, which is promptly stolen during celebrations by Renaud. Attempts to find Renaud but fails, and joins Prometheus Bound troupe briefly afterwards.\nRenaud (Alain Libolt): Brought in by Arsenal/Nicolas/Papa/Theo to help the Seven Against Thebes troupe, but gradually starts to exert more and more influence on the production, to Lili's chagrin. Steals Quentin's million francs of lottery winnings during the troupe's celebration. Turns out to be Honey Moon's crush, which allows Frédérique to find him. She soon suspects that he may be a member of a secret society (though ultimately it seems more likely to be a local gang, and not the Thirteen). He shoots and kills her when she catches him off-guard.\nRose (Christiane Corthay): Actress in Prometheus Bound troupe. Accompanies Thomas and Achille to the Obade and comforts him during some of his hysterical episodes at the end.\nSarah (Bernadette Lafont): Writer living in Igor's Obade home. Thomas asks her to help him with the direction of Prometheus Bound, and later has a threesome with her and Beatrice. She clashes with the group, which is a factor in the abandonment of the play, along with Beatrice's departure, which is caused by personal factors. Member of the Thirteen, she doesn't trust Thomas and strenuously attempts (unsuccessfully) to intervene to prevent Emilie from sending Pierre's letters to the newspapers. Emilie later confides her love for Colin and Igor to her.\nTheo (Marcel Bozonnet): Actor in Seven Against Thebes troupe. Vaguely knew Renaud and introduced him to the rest of the group. Also known as Arsenal, Nicolas, or Papa.\nThomas (Michael Lonsdale): Director of the Prometheus Bound troupe, formerly involved with Lili, and in ambiguously romantic relationships with both Beatrice and Sarah during the course of the film. Asks Sarah to help him direct the play. After a threesome with Sarah and Beatrice, abandons it because of Sarah's friction with the group and Beatrice's unrelated departure. Member of the Thirteen. Destroys Emilie's letters incriminating Pierre. Proposes to reunite with Lili, but is rejected by her, which leads to his final hysteria on the beach.\nWarok (Jean Bouise): Member of the Thirteen. Referred to in Etienne's letters. Both Frédérique and Colin ask him about the group, but he denies all knowledge.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35mm film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35mm_movie_film"},{"link_name":"16mm film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm_film"},{"link_name":"long take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"text":"After working with both 35mm film and 16mm film in L'amour fou, Rivette was comfortable enough with the 16mm format to work with it on Out 1, the massive length of which precluded any serious attempt to shoot the whole film on expensive 35mm. Despite the immense length of the final product, the film was shot under a tight shooting schedule of only six weeks. Rivette's preference for the long take was the main reason why such a schedule could be maintained. Because he wanted the performances to have a level of realism, some takes include lines \"fluffed\" by actors, or other common \"mistakes\" such as camera and boom microphone shadows, as well as unwitting extras looking at the camera in exterior shots (including a well-known scene where two young boys doggedly follow Jean-Pierre Léaud along the street during an extended monologue). Rivette has said that the intimacy of the performances in the face of such mistakes was precisely why he kept those takes in the film. Many of the rehearsal scenes, particularly those of the Prometheus Bound group, are composed almost entirely of long shots, although the film also contains more conventional editing elsewhere. The slow pacing of the film as a whole is also loosely based on Balzac,[original research?] and its first few hours are constructed more like a prologue, where the editing is slower and the characters are no more than introduced. It is not until three or four hours into the film that characters' motives and the story lines begin to reveal themselves.The work also includes stylistically adventurous techniques, including the shooting of long shots through mirrors (again developing from work in L'amour fou), shortcuts to black to punctuate otherwise continuous scenes, short cutaways to unrelated or seemingly meaningless shots, non-diegetic sound blocking out crucial parts of the dialogue, and even a conversation in which selected lines are re-edited so that they appear to be spoken backward. However, these experiments form a fairly small part of the work as a whole, which is generally conventional in style (aside from the length of takes and of the work as a whole).","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Richard Roud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roud"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Chicago Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Reader"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Rosenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Rosenbaum"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pynchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon"},{"link_name":"Gravity's Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sala Trevi Centro Sperimentale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sala_Trevi_Centro_Sperimentale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Grenoble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Film Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Anthology Film Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_Film_Archives"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Film Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Film_Centre"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cinema Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Scope"},{"link_name":"Mark Peranson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Peranson"},{"link_name":"subtitles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtitles"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"16mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frames_per_second"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Moving Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Moving_Image_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Arrow Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Films"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Cinema"}],"text":"First shown as a work in progress at the Maison de la Culture in Le Havre, the film was re-edited down to a four-hour \"short\" version called Out 1: Spectre, which is more accessible and available (although not widely). Richard Roud, writing in The Guardian, called this version \"a mind-blowing experience, but one which, instead of taking one 'out of this world' as the expression has it, took one right smack into the world. Or into a world which one only dimly realised was there – always right there beneath the everyday world ... the cinema will never be the same again, and nor will I.\" Few people have seen the full-length version, though it is championed by Chicago Reader critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, who compares it to Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow,[2] and has included both Out 1: Noli Me Tangere and Out 1: Spectre in the 100 films singled out from his 1000 favourite films, published in his anthology Essential Cinema.Out 1: Noli Me Tangere was restored in Germany in 1990 and was shown again at the Rotterdam and Berlin Film Festivals shortly thereafter. It disappeared again into obscurity until 2004, when both Noli Me Tangere and its shorter version Out 1: Spectre featured in the programme on 1–21 June, in the complete retrospective Jacques Rivette Viaggio in Italia di un metteur en scène organized by Deep A.C. and curated by Goffredo De Pascale in Rome at the Sala Trevi Centro Sperimentale and in Naples at Le Grenoble. Then, only in the April/May 2006 Rivette retrospective at London's National Film Theatre, with the shorter film also screening twice across two subsequent nights at Anthology Film Archives in New York City on the same April weekend as the NFT projection of the long work. The North American premiere of Noli Me Tangere took place on 23 and 24 September 2006 in Vancouver's Vancouver International Film Centre organized by Vancouver International Film Festival programmer and Cinema Scope editor Mark Peranson, attended by around twenty people (22 at Peranson's initial count, before episode 1, though others came and went). A subsequent screening took place as a part of the 2006 festival over 30 September and 1 October, introduced by Jonathan Rosenbaum.The subtitled Out 1: Noli Me Tangere provides a particular challenge for exhibitors, as the subtitles are not burned onto the print of the film itself, as is usual with most foreign films shown in North America. Rather, the subtitles for Out 1, provided by the British Film Institute, are projected from a computer in a separate stream (in the Vancouver screening, just below the film itself); this then has to be synchronized with the film itself, almost certainly by someone unfamiliar with the entire Out 1. Few theatres can meet this technical challenge, especially over a thirteen-hour span. In addition, the film was shot on 16mm at a nonstandard 25 frames per second, a speed few current projectors are equipped to handle. In the Vancouver screening, the film was projected at 24fps, adding about half an hour to the film as a whole.Screenings of both the long and short works took place in late November and December 2006, during an extensive retrospective of Rivette's work which ran at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, Queens, New York City. The screening of the longer version was sold out for the 9 and 10 December 2006 screening, so the Museum held an encore performance of the film on 3 and 4 March in 2007 (which came close to selling out). It was shown on both occasions over 2 days. In interviews, Rivette has explicitly stated that the work is meant to be seen theatrically \"on the big screen\", and apparently dislikes it being watched on television. Ironically, the preparation of the film in eight episodes was in large part due to the \"naive hope\", according to Rivette, of it originally being distributed like that on French television, although his disdain for that mode of exhibition only arose after the film's completion.Out 1 was restored by Carlotta Films in 2015 and made its U.S. theatrical premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on 4 November 2015. This version has now been released on DVD and Blu-ray in the U.S., while Arrow Films have released it on both formats in the UK.The restored Out 1 was screened in London, England over two days at the Prince Charles Cinema, Leicester Place on 28 and 29 November 2015. The screening was presented by the Badlands Collective and A Nos Amours.","title":"Exhibition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"100% approval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_a_100%25_rating_on_Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Out 1 has garnered acclaim from critics. The film holds an aggregate score of 87/100 on Metacritic, based on 7 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[3] Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval based on 22 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Time is an essential character in Jacques Rivette's Out 1, Noli Me Tangere, a brilliant 13-hour study of human relationships and an exploration of how a generation's dreams and ideals slowly fade as life goes ruthlessly by.\"[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Out 1 is known by many titles. Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, the frequently-cited longer title of the film, has its origins as a phrase written on the film canister of an early workprint. This longer title was commonly understood as the film's actual title until a finished print was made in 1989 for exhibition at the Rotterdam Film Festival and as a telecine transfer for TV broadcast. At that point Rivette asserted the title on-screen as simply Out 1.Out 1: Spectre is the proper title of the shorter, four-hour version, which is nonetheless a completely separate and distinctive work rather than simply a shortened form of the longer feature.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rivette, Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rivette"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-8033-256-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8033-256-2"}],"text":"Rivette, Jacques; De Pascale, Goffredo (2003). Jacques Rivette (in Italian). Il Castoro. ISBN 88-8033-256-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of longest films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_films"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Votes for OUT 1 (1990)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170101165734/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753590cb/sightandsoundpoll2012","url_text":"\"Votes for OUT 1 (1990)\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b753590cb/sightandsoundpoll2012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Reader Movie Review\". www.chicagoreader.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061019044344/http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/0397/03147.html","url_text":"\"Chicago Reader Movie Review\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/archives/0397/03147.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971) Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/out-1-noli-me-tangere-1971","url_text":"\"Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971) Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 22 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/out-1-episodes-14/","url_text":"\"Out 1, Noli Me Tangere (1971)\""}]},{"reference":"Rivette, Jacques; De Pascale, Goffredo (2003). Jacques Rivette (in Italian). Il Castoro. ISBN 88-8033-256-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rivette","url_text":"Rivette, Jacques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8033-256-2","url_text":"88-8033-256-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum
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Acetabulum
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["1 Structure","1.1 Blood supply","1.2 Reptiles and birds","2 Development","3 History","4 Additional images","5 References","6 External links"]
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Cavity where the thigh bone (femur) articulates with the pelvis
This article is about the human anatomical region. For the Ancient Roman vessel, see Acetabulum (cup). For the unit of measure, see Acetabulum (unit). For the invertebrate organ, see Acetabulum (morphology).
Acetabulum of pelvisPelvic girdleA model of the acetabulum (cotyloid cavity)DetailsIdentifiersLatinacetabulumMeSHD000077TA98A02.5.01.002TA21308FMA16579Anatomical terms of bone
The acetabulum (/ˌæsɪˈtæbjələm/; pl.: acetabula), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.
Structure
There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline.
It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, thick and strong on top, which serves as the point of attachment for the acetabular labrum. The acetabular labrum reduces the size of the opening of the acetabulum and deepens the surface of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.
The acetabulum is also home to the acetabular fossa, an attachment site for the ligamentum teres, a triangular, somewhat flattened band implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris. The notch is converted into a foramen by the transverse acetabular ligament; through the foramen nutrient vessels and nerves enter the joint. This is what holds the head of the femur securely in the acetabulum.
The well-fitting surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum, which face each other, are lined with a layer of slippery tissue called articular cartilage, which is lubricated by a thin film of synovial fluid. Friction inside a normal hip is less than one-tenth that of ice gliding on ice.
Blood supply
The acetabular branch of the obturator artery supplies the acetabulum through the acetabular notch. The pubic branches supply the pelvic surface of the acetabulum. Deep branches of the superior gluteal artery supply the superior region and the inferior gluteal artery supplies the postero-inferior region.
Reptiles and birds
An example of a perforated acetabulum on an ornithischian dinosaur
In reptiles and birds, the acetabula are deep sockets. Organisms in the dinosauria clade are defined by a perforate acetabulum, which can be thought of as a "hip-socket". The perforate acetabulum is a cup-shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts. The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies. In a relatively small number of dinosaurs, particularly ankylosaurians (e.g. Texasetes pleurohalio), an imperforate acetabulum is present, which is not an opening, but instead resembles a shallow concave depression on each side of the pelvic girdle.
Development
In infants and children, a Y-shaped epiphyseal plate called the triradiate cartilage joins the ilium, ischium, and pubis. This cartilage ossifies as the child grows.
History
The word acetabulum literally means "little vinegar cup". It was the Latin word for a small vessel for serving vinegar. The word was later also used as a unit of volume.
Additional images
Right hip bone. External surface.
Plan of ossification of the hip bone
X-ray of the acetabulum, with measurements used in X-ray of hip dysplasia in adults
Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section
Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis
Hip-joint, front view
Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
Structures surrounding right hip-joint
Acetabulum
Hip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum.
Hip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum.
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 237 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ "acetabulum". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
^ a b Field RE, Rajakulendran K (2011). "The labro-acetabular complex". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 94 (Suppl 2): 22–27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01710. PMID 21543684.
^ Griffiths EJ, Khanduja V (2012). "Hip arthroscopy: evolution, current practice and future developments". Int Orthop. 36 (6): 1115–1121. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1459-4. PMC 3353094. PMID 22371112.
^ Petersilge C (2005). "Imaging of the acetabular labrum". Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 13 (4): 641–52. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2005.08.015. PMID 16275573.
^ Balakumar J. "Hip Dysplasia in the Child, Adolescent and Adult". jitbalakumar.com.au. Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
^ OrthoInfo (September 2010). "Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)". orthoinfo.aaos.org. the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
^ Itokazu M, Takahashi K, Matsunaga T, Hayakawa D, Emura S, Isono H, Shoumura S (1997). "A study of the arterial supply of the human acetabulum using a corrosion casting method". Clin Anat. 10 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:2<77::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 9058012.
^ Martin, A.J. (2006). Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs. Second Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 299–300. ISBN 1-4051-3413-5.
^ Smith, Dave. "Dinosauria: Morphology". UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1451119459.
^ Ruiz Santiago, Fernando; Santiago Chinchilla, Alicia; Ansari, Afshin; Guzmán Álvarez, Luis; Castellano García, Maria del Mar; Martínez Martínez, Alberto; Tercedor Sánchez, Juan (2016). "Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques". Radiology Research and Practice. 2016: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2016/6369237. ISSN 2090-1941. PMC 4738697. PMID 26885391. (Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
External links
Look up acetabulum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acetabulum.
vteBones of the pelvisGeneral
sacrum
coccyx
hip bone
Iliumbody
arcuate line
winggluteal lines
posterior
anterior
inferior
iliac spines
anterior superior
anterior inferior
posterior superior
posterior inferior
other:
crest
tuberosity
tubercle
fossa
Ischiumbody
ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
superior ramus
tuberosity of the ischium
inferior ramus
no substructures
Pubis
body
pubic crest
superior ramus
pubic tubercle
obturator crest
inferior ramus
pectineal line
Compound
acetabulum
acetabular notch
iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line
linea terminalis
ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch
Foramina
obturator foramen
greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch
lesser sciatic foramen
Landmarks
pelvic inlet
pelvic brim
pelvic outlet
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases National
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Czech Republic
Other
Terminologia Anatomica
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For the Ancient Roman vessel, see Acetabulum (cup). For the unit of measure, see Acetabulum (unit). For the invertebrate organ, see Acetabulum (morphology).The acetabulum (/ˌæsɪˈtæbjələm/;[1] pl.: acetabula), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.[2][3]","title":"Acetabulum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ischium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischium"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_(bone)"},{"link_name":"pubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)"},{"link_name":"acetabular labrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabular_labrum"},{"link_name":"acetabular notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabular_notch"},{"link_name":"fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"lunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunate"},{"link_name":"head of the femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur_head"},{"link_name":"glenoid fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid_cavity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"fovea capitis femoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_head"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fie-2"},{"link_name":"articular cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articular_cartilage"},{"link_name":"synovial fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline.It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, thick and strong on top, which serves as the point of attachment for the acetabular labrum. The acetabular labrum reduces the size of the opening of the acetabulum and deepens the surface of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[4]The acetabulum is also home to the acetabular fossa, an attachment site for the ligamentum teres, a triangular, somewhat flattened band implanted by its apex into the antero-superior part of the fovea capitis femoris. The notch is converted into a foramen by the transverse acetabular ligament; through the foramen nutrient vessels and nerves enter the joint. This is what holds the head of the femur securely in the acetabulum.[2]The well-fitting surfaces of the femoral head and acetabulum, which face each other, are lined with a layer of slippery tissue called articular cartilage, which is lubricated by a thin film of synovial fluid. Friction inside a normal hip is less than one-tenth that of ice gliding on ice.[5][6]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Blood supply","text":"The acetabular branch of the obturator artery supplies the acetabulum through the acetabular notch. The pubic branches supply the pelvic surface of the acetabulum. Deep branches of the superior gluteal artery supply the superior region and the inferior gluteal artery supplies the postero-inferior region.[7]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ornithischia_pelvis_structure.svg"},{"link_name":"ornithischian dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithischian"},{"link_name":"reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiles"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds"},{"link_name":"dinosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosauria"},{"link_name":"ischium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischium#In_dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"ilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilium_bone#In_dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"pubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubis_(bone)#Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UC_Berkeley_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences-9"},{"link_name":"ankylosaurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurian"},{"link_name":"Texasetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texasetes"}],"sub_title":"Reptiles and birds","text":"An example of a perforated acetabulum on an ornithischian dinosaurIn reptiles and birds, the acetabula are deep sockets. Organisms in the dinosauria clade are defined by a perforate acetabulum, which can be thought of as a \"hip-socket\". The perforate acetabulum is a cup-shaped opening on each side of the pelvic girdle formed where the ischium, ilium, and pubis all meet, and into which the head of the femur inserts.[8][9] The orientation and position of the acetabulum is one of the main morphological traits that caused dinosaurs to walk in an upright posture with their legs directly underneath their bodies. In a relatively small number of dinosaurs, particularly ankylosaurians (e.g. Texasetes pleurohalio), an imperforate acetabulum is present, which is not an opening, but instead resembles a shallow concave depression on each side of the pelvic girdle.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epiphyseal plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate"},{"link_name":"triradiate cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triradiate_cartilage"},{"link_name":"ossifies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In infants and children, a Y-shaped epiphyseal plate called the triradiate cartilage joins the ilium, ischium, and pubis. This cartilage ossifies as the child grows.[10]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acetabulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(cup)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"vinegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar"},{"link_name":"unit of volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum_(unit)"}],"text":"The word acetabulum literally means \"little vinegar cup\". It was the Latin word for a small vessel for serving vinegar. The word was later also used as a unit of volume.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray235.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray237.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iliopectineal_line,_ilioischial_line,_tear_drop,_acetabular_fossa,_and_anterior_and_posterior_wall_of_the_acetabulumi.jpg"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectional_radiography"},{"link_name":"X-ray of hip dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_of_hip_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray321.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray341.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray342.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray343.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray344.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide9AA.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2DAD.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2DADA.JPG"}],"text":"Right hip bone. External surface.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlan of ossification of the hip bone\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tX-ray of the acetabulum, with measurements used in X-ray of hip dysplasia in adults[11]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSymphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHip-joint, front view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCapsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStructures surrounding right hip-joint\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAcetabulum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHip joint. Lateral view. Acetabulum.","title":"Additional images"}]
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[{"image_text":"An example of a perforated acetabulum on an ornithischian dinosaur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ornithischia_pelvis_structure.svg/200px-Ornithischia_pelvis_structure.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"acetabulum\". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/acetabulum","url_text":"\"acetabulum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com","url_text":"Dictionary.com Unabridged"}]},{"reference":"Field RE, Rajakulendran K (2011). \"The labro-acetabular complex\". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 94 (Suppl 2): 22–27. doi:10.2106/JBJS.J.01710. PMID 21543684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2106%2FJBJS.J.01710","url_text":"10.2106/JBJS.J.01710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21543684","url_text":"21543684"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths EJ, Khanduja V (2012). \"Hip arthroscopy: evolution, current practice and future developments\". Int Orthop. 36 (6): 1115–1121. doi:10.1007/s00264-011-1459-4. PMC 3353094. PMID 22371112.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353094","url_text":"\"Hip arthroscopy: evolution, current practice and future developments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00264-011-1459-4","url_text":"10.1007/s00264-011-1459-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353094","url_text":"3353094"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22371112","url_text":"22371112"}]},{"reference":"Petersilge C (2005). \"Imaging of the acetabular labrum\". Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 13 (4): 641–52. doi:10.1016/j.mric.2005.08.015. PMID 16275573.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mric.2005.08.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.mric.2005.08.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16275573","url_text":"16275573"}]},{"reference":"Balakumar J. \"Hip Dysplasia in the Child, Adolescent and Adult\". jitbalakumar.com.au. Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130425155346/http://www.jitbalakumar.com.au/hip-conditions/?Name=Value","url_text":"\"Hip Dysplasia in the Child, Adolescent and Adult\""},{"url":"http://www.jitbalakumar.com.au/hip-conditions/?Name=Value","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"OrthoInfo (September 2010). \"Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)\". orthoinfo.aaos.org. the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Retrieved 2013-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00571","url_text":"\"Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)\""}]},{"reference":"Itokazu M, Takahashi K, Matsunaga T, Hayakawa D, Emura S, Isono H, Shoumura S (1997). \"A study of the arterial supply of the human acetabulum using a corrosion casting method\". Clin Anat. 10 (2): 77–81. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:2<77::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 9058012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2353%281997%2910%3A2%3C77%3A%3AAID-CA1%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1997)10:2<77::AID-CA1>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9058012","url_text":"9058012"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Dave. \"Dinosauria: Morphology\". UC Berkeley. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022145110/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/audinosaur.html","url_text":"\"Dinosauria: Morphology\""},{"url":"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/audinosaur.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1451119459.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-Le5bc5F0sYC","url_text":"Clinically Oriented Anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451119459","url_text":"978-1451119459"}]},{"reference":"Ruiz Santiago, Fernando; Santiago Chinchilla, Alicia; Ansari, Afshin; Guzmán Álvarez, Luis; Castellano García, Maria del Mar; Martínez Martínez, Alberto; Tercedor Sánchez, Juan (2016). \"Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques\". Radiology Research and Practice. 2016: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2016/6369237. ISSN 2090-1941. PMC 4738697. PMID 26885391.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738697","url_text":"\"Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2016%2F6369237","url_text":"10.1155/2016/6369237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2090-1941","url_text":"2090-1941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4738697","url_text":"4738697"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26885391","url_text":"26885391"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Steam
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Roanoke Steam
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["1 Season-by-season","2 Notable players","3 References","4 External links"]
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Arena football team
Roanoke SteamEstablished 1999Folded 2002Played in Roanoke Civic Center in Roanoke, Virginia
League/conference affiliationsaf2 (2000–2002)
American Conference (2000–2002)
Eastern Division (2001)
Atlantic Division (2002)
Current uniformTeam colorsDeep purple, green, white PersonnelOwner(s)Roanoke Pro Football, LLC (2000-2002)af2 (Remainder of 2002)Team history
Roanoke Steam (2000–2002)
ChampionshipsLeague championships (0)Conference championships (0)Division championships (0)Home arena(s)
Roanoke Civic Center (2000–2002)
The Roanoke Steam was an arena football team that began as a charter member franchise of af2, the developmental league for the Arena Football League. They played their home games at the Roanoke Civic Center in Roanoke, Virginia. The Steam were unable to get into the playoffs during their only three years in the league. In early May of the 2002 season, the original ownership group, consisting of businessmen Harold Jordan, Richard Macher, and Richard Yancey, declared that the LLC controlling the franchise was bankrupt and subsequently fired all team employees. In order to preserve the existing af2 schedule, the league office assumed control of the team and hired back the remaining employees. After a two-month search for a new ownership group, the league ceased operations of the franchise in late July 2002. Several reasons were cited for the collapse of the Steam, including poor attendance, inadequate marketing, and Roanoke being an unsuitable market to maintain a minor league football franchise.
The Steam were not the only minor league franchise in the Roanoke area to encounter problems in the 2000s. The Roanoke Dazzle of the NBDL were relocated after also never developing a consistent following; however, the team's attendance was similar to the other inaugural franchises of the NBDL which were located in small cities in the Southeast.
The Roanoke Express, a minor league ice hockey team who were owned for a time by the Steam's ownership group and had enjoyed an unprecedented level of popularity in the mid to late 1990s, began to falter in the early 2000s due to a lack of postseason success and an eventual decline in regular season performance and turmoil in ownership and management that contributed to bad press and less effective marketing than earlier seasons. The Express folded after the 2003-2004 season. A United Hockey League franchise, the Roanoke Valley Vipers, relocated to Roanoke for the 2005-2006 season to replace the Express, but this venture folded after just one season due to poor attendance blamed on a losing record, high ticket prices, and a general disconnect between the local fan base and the midwestern-based league and owners.
On May 1, 2004, nearly two years after the Steam folded, their turf field was sold to the owners of the Wichita Falls Thunder indoor football team for the non-negotiable price of $45,000
Season-by-season
Season records
Season
W
L
T
Finish
Playoff results
2000
3
13
0
7th AC
--
2001
7
9
0
4th AC Northeastern
--
2002
8
8
0
4th AC Atlantic
--
Totals
18
30
0
Notable players
Al Clark
Matt D'Orazio
Derrick McBride
Lindsey Fleshman
Tee Jones
References
^ Scoreboard: Roanoke files for bankruptcy Archived 2016-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Gazette, May 15, 2002
^ Last wisp of Steam dissipates with AstroTurf, Kathy Lu, The Roanoke Times website (roanoke.com), May 2, 2004
External links
Roanoke Steam on ArenaFan.com
vteDefunct af2 teams
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Related articles
Arena Football League
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Arena football
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arena football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_football"},{"link_name":"af2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af2"},{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Civic Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Civic_Center"},{"link_name":"Roanoke, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Dazzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Dazzle"},{"link_name":"NBDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Development_League"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Express"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"United Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Roanoke Valley Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Valley_Vipers"},{"link_name":"midwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wichita_Falls_Thunder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Roanoke Steam was an arena football team that began as a charter member franchise of af2, the developmental league for the Arena Football League. They played their home games at the Roanoke Civic Center in Roanoke, Virginia. The Steam were unable to get into the playoffs during their only three years in the league. In early May of the 2002 season, the original ownership group, consisting of businessmen Harold Jordan, Richard Macher, and Richard Yancey, declared that the LLC controlling the franchise was bankrupt and subsequently fired all team employees. In order to preserve the existing af2 schedule, the league office assumed control of the team and hired back the remaining employees. After a two-month search for a new ownership group, the league ceased operations of the franchise in late July 2002.[1] Several reasons were cited for the collapse of the Steam, including poor attendance, inadequate marketing, and Roanoke being an unsuitable market to maintain a minor league football franchise.The Steam were not the only minor league franchise in the Roanoke area to encounter problems in the 2000s. The Roanoke Dazzle of the NBDL were relocated after also never developing a consistent following; however, the team's attendance was similar to the other inaugural franchises of the NBDL which were located in small cities in the Southeast.The Roanoke Express, a minor league ice hockey team who were owned for a time by the Steam's ownership group and had enjoyed an unprecedented level of popularity in the mid to late 1990s, began to falter in the early 2000s due to a lack of postseason success and an eventual decline in regular season performance and turmoil in ownership and management that contributed to bad press and less effective marketing than earlier seasons. The Express folded after the 2003-2004 season. A United Hockey League franchise, the Roanoke Valley Vipers, relocated to Roanoke for the 2005-2006 season to replace the Express, but this venture folded after just one season due to poor attendance blamed on a losing record, high ticket prices, and a general disconnect between the local fan base and the midwestern-based league and owners.On May 1, 2004, nearly two years after the Steam folded, their turf field was sold to the owners of the Wichita Falls Thunder indoor football team for the non-negotiable price of $45,000 [2]","title":"Roanoke Steam"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Clark_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Matt D'Orazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_D%27Orazio"},{"link_name":"Derrick McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derrick_McBride&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Fleshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsey_Fleshman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tee_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Al Clark\nMatt D'Orazio\nDerrick McBride\nLindsey Fleshman\nTee Jones\n[Samuel Rice]","title":"Notable players"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/RoanokeSteam.PNG/120px-RoanokeSteam.PNG"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=20020515&id=TeEqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E4oFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2699,4021572&hl=en","external_links_name":"Scoreboard: Roanoke files for bankruptcy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503102521/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1957&dat=20020515&id=TeEqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E4oFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2699,4021572&hl=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.roanoke.com/webmin/news/last-wisp-of-steam-dissipates-with-astroturf/article_6f47c4d1-15cf-5886-aeb3-a024a9adba76.html","external_links_name":"Last wisp of Steam dissipates with AstroTurf"},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/teams/?page=history&team=49&year=2002","external_links_name":"Roanoke Steam on ArenaFan.com"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium
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Palaquium
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["1 Description","2 Species","3 References","4 External links"]
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Genus of plant in the family Sapotaceae
Palaquium
Palaquium gutta
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Ericales
Family:
Sapotaceae
Subfamily:
Sapotoideae
Genus:
PalaquiumBlanco
Synonyms
Dichopsis Thwaites
Croixia Pierre
Galactoxylon Pierre
Treubella Pierre
Palaquium is a genus of about 120 species of trees in the family Sapotaceae. Their range is from India across Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and Australasia, to the western Pacific Islands.
Description
Within their range, Palaquium species are mostly found in the Philippines and Borneo. In Borneo, many species are recorded in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak.
The leaves are typically spirally arranged and often clustered near twig ends. Flowers are mostly bisexual, though some unisexual instances are known. Fruits are one- or two-seeded with rare instances of several seeds. Palaquium habitats are coastal, lowland mixed dipterocarp, swamp, and montane forests.
Some species, for example Palaquium gutta, are well known for producing gutta-percha latex.
Species
As of November 2013 The Plant List recognises 120 accepted species:
Palaquium abundantiflorum H.J.Lam
Palaquium amboinense Burck
Palaquium annamense Lecomte
Palaquium barnesii Merr.
Palaquium bataanense Merr.
Palaquium beccarianum (Pierre) P.Royen
Palaquium bourdillonii Brandis
Palaquium brassii H.J.Lam
Palaquium burckii H.J.Lam
Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre ex Burck
Palaquium canaliculatum (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium clarkeanum King & Gamble
Palaquium cochleariifolium P.Royen
Palaquium confertum H.J.Lam
Palaquium crassifolium Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium cryptocariifolium P.Royen
Palaquium cuprifolium Elmer
Palaquium dasyphyllum Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium decurrens H.J.Lam
Palaquium densivenium K.Krause
Palaquium dubardii Elmer
Palaquium edenii Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium elegans Griffoen & H.J.Lam
Palaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Baill.
Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr.
Palaquium elongatum Merr.
Palaquium eriocalyx H.J.Lam
Palaquium erythrospermum H.J.Lam
Palaquium ferrugineum Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium fidjiense Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium firmum C.T.White
Palaquium formosanum Hayata
Palaquium foxworthyi Merr.
Palaquium galactoxylum (F.Muell.) H.J.Lam
Palaquium garrettii Fletcher
Palaquium gigantifolium Merr.
Palaquium glabrifolium Merr.
Palaquium glabrum Merr.
Palaquium globosum H.J.Lam
Palaquium grande (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium gutta (Hook.) Burck
Palaquium hansenii Chantaranothai
Palaquium herveyi King & Gamble
Palaquium heterosepalum Merr.
Palaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.
Palaquium hinmolpedda P.Royen
Palaquium hispidum H.J.Lam
Palaquium hornei (Hartog ex Baker) Dubard
Palaquium impressionervium Ng
Palaquium karrak Kaneh.
Palaquium kinabaluense P.Royen
Palaquium laevifolium (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium lanceolatum Blanco
Palaquium leiocarpum Boerl.
Palaquium lisophyllum Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium lobbianum Burck
Palaquium loheri Merr.
Palaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal
Palaquium macrocarpum Burck
Palaquium maingayi (C.B.Clarke) Engl.
Palaquium majas H.J.Lam
Palaquium maliliense P.Royen
Palaquium masuui P.Royen
Palaquium merrillii Dubard
Palaquium microphyllum King & Gamble
Palaquium mindanaense Merr.
Palaquium montanum Elmer
Palaquium morobense P.Royen
Palaquium multiflorum Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium neoebudicum Guillaumin
Palaquium njatoh Burck
Palaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl.
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck
Palaquium oleosum Burck
Palaquium ottolanderi Koord. & Valeton
Palaquium oxleyanum Pierre
Palaquium oxyspermum H.J.Lam
Palaquium pauciflorum (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium petiolare (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.
Palaquium pierrei Burck
Palaquium pinnatinervium Elmer
Palaquium polyandrum C.B.Rob.
Palaquium polyanthum (Wall. ex G.Don) Baill.
Palaquium porphyreum A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin
Palaquium pseudocalophyllum H.J.Lam
Palaquium pseudocuneatum H.J.Lam
Palaquium pseudorostratum H.J.Lam
Palaquium quercifolium (de Vriese) Burck
Palaquium ravii Sasidh. & Vink
Palaquium regina-montium Ng
Palaquium ridleyi King & Gamble
Palaquium rigidum Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium rioense H.J.Lam
Palaquium rivulare H.J.Lam
Palaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck
Palaquium rubiginosum (Thwaites) Engl.
Palaquium rufolanigerum P.Royen
Palaquium sambasense Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium semaram H.J.Lam
Palaquium sericeum H.J.Lam
Palaquium simun P.Royen
Palaquium sorsogonense Elmer ex H.J.Lam
Palaquium stehlinii Christoph.
Palaquium stellatum King & Gamble
Palaquium stipulare Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium sukoei C.E.C.Fisch.
Palaquium sumatranum Burck
Palaquium supfianum Schltr.
Palaquium tenuifolium K.Krause
Palaquium tenuipetiolatum Merr.
Palaquium thwaitesii Trimen
Palaquium tjipetirense H.J.Lam
Palaquium vexillatum P.Royen
Palaquium vidalii Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium vitilevuense Gilly ex Royen
Palaquium walsurifolium Pierre ex Dubard
Palaquium warburgianum Schltr. ex K.Krause
Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vriese) Pierre ex Burck
Palaquium zeylanicum Verdc.
References
^
"Palaquium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ 1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, as Palaquium oblongifolium, synonym of P. gutta
^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^
Stevens, Peter F. (2001). "Ericales; Sapotoideae; Palaquium". Angiosperm Phylogeny. Version 13, 2013 with updates. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
^ a b c d Mohtar, A.P. Abang Mohd. (April 2002). "Palaquium Blanco". In Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions). Vol. 4. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 271–312. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^
"Palaquium". The Plant List. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
External links
Data related to Palaquium at Wikispecies
Media related to Palaquium at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersPalaquium
Wikidata: Q160364
Wikispecies: Palaquium
APDB: 193362
APNI: 65153
CoL: 8W236
EPPO: 1PQIG
FNA: 123685
FoC: 123685
GBIF: 2886411
GRIN: 8765
iNaturalist: 185147
IPNI: 36827-1
IRMNG: 1310493
ITIS: 500654
NCBI: 191073
Open Tree of Life: 236833
PLANTS: PALAQ
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36827-1
Tropicos: 40036390
WFO: wfo-4000027771
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sapotaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapotaceae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Website-4"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Malesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia"},{"link_name":"Papuasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuasia"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-5"}],"text":"Palaquium is a genus of about 120 species of trees in the family Sapotaceae.[4] Their range is from India across Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and Australasia, to the western Pacific Islands.[3][5]","title":"Palaquium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-5"},{"link_name":"dipterocarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-5"},{"link_name":"Palaquium gutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_gutta"},{"link_name":"gutta-percha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutta-percha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TFSS-5"}],"text":"Within their range, Palaquium species are mostly found in the Philippines and Borneo. In Borneo, many species are recorded in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak.[5]The leaves are typically spirally arranged and often clustered near twig ends. Flowers are mostly bisexual, though some unisexual instances are known. Fruits are one- or two-seeded with rare instances of several seeds. Palaquium habitats are coastal, lowland mixed dipterocarp, swamp, and montane forests.[5]Some species, for example Palaquium gutta, are well known for producing gutta-percha latex.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPL-6"},{"link_name":"Palaquium abundantiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_abundantiflorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium amboinense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_amboinense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium annamense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_annamense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium barnesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_barnesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium bataanense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_bataanense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium beccarianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_beccarianum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium bourdillonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_bourdillonii"},{"link_name":"Palaquium brassii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_brassii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium burckii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_burckii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium calophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_calophyllum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium canaliculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_canaliculatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium clarkeanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_clarkeanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium cochleariifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_cochleariifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium confertum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_confertum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium crassifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_crassifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium cryptocariifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_cryptocariifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium cuprifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_cuprifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium dasyphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_dasyphyllum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium decurrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_decurrens"},{"link_name":"Palaquium densivenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_densivenium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium dubardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_dubardii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium edenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_edenii"},{"link_name":"Palaquium elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_elegans"},{"link_name":"Palaquium ellipticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_ellipticum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium elliptilimbum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_elliptilimbum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium elongatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_elongatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium eriocalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_eriocalyx&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium erythrospermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_erythrospermum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium ferrugineum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_ferrugineum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium fidjiense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_fidjiense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium firmum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_firmum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium formosanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_formosanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium foxworthyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_foxworthyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium galactoxylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_galactoxylum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium garrettii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_garrettii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium gigantifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_gigantifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium glabrifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_glabrifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium glabrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_glabrum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium globosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_globosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_grande"},{"link_name":"Palaquium gutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_gutta"},{"link_name":"Palaquium hansenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_hansenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium herveyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_herveyi"},{"link_name":"Palaquium heterosepalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_heterosepalum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium hexandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_hexandrum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium hinmolpedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_hinmolpedda"},{"link_name":"Palaquium hispidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_hispidum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium hornei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_hornei"},{"link_name":"Palaquium impressionervium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_impressionervium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium karrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_karrak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium kinabaluense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_kinabaluense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium laevifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_laevifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium lanceolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_lanceolatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium leiocarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_leiocarpum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium lisophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_lisophyllum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium lobbianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_lobbianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium loheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_loheri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium luzoniense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_luzoniense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium macrocarpum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_macrocarpum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium maingayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_maingayi"},{"link_name":"Palaquium majas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_majas"},{"link_name":"Palaquium maliliense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_maliliense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium masuui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_masuui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium merrillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_merrillii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium microphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_microphyllum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium mindanaense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_mindanaense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium montanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_montanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium morobense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_morobense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium multiflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_multiflorum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium neoebudicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_neoebudicum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium njatoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_njatoh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium obovatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_obovatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium obtusifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_obtusifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium oleosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_oleosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium ottolanderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_ottolanderi"},{"link_name":"Palaquium oxleyanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_oxleyanum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium oxyspermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_oxyspermum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pauciflorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_pauciflorum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium petiolare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_petiolare"},{"link_name":"Palaquium philippense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_philippense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pierrei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_pierrei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pinnatinervium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_pinnatinervium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium polyandrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_polyandrum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium polyanthum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_polyanthum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium porphyreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_porphyreum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pseudocalophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_pseudocalophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pseudocuneatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_pseudocuneatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium pseudorostratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_pseudorostratum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium quercifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_quercifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium ravii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_ravii"},{"link_name":"Palaquium regina-montium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_regina-montium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium ridleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_ridleyi"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rigidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rigidum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rioense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rioense"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rivulare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rivulare"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rostratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rostratum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rubiginosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rubiginosum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium rufolanigerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_rufolanigerum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium sambasense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_sambasense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium semaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_semaram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium sericeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_sericeum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium simun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_simun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium sorsogonense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_sorsogonense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium stehlinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_stehlinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium stellatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_stellatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium stipulare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_stipulare"},{"link_name":"Palaquium sukoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_sukoei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium sumatranum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_sumatranum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium supfianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_supfianum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium tenuifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_tenuifolium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium tenuipetiolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_tenuipetiolatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium thwaitesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_thwaitesii"},{"link_name":"Palaquium tjipetirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_tjipetirense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium vexillatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_vexillatum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium vidalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_vidalii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium vitilevuense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_vitilevuense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium walsurifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_walsurifolium"},{"link_name":"Palaquium warburgianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium_warburgianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaquium xanthochymum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_xanthochymum"},{"link_name":"Palaquium zeylanicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaquium_zeylanicum"}],"text":"As of November 2013[update] The Plant List recognises 120 accepted species:[6]Palaquium abundantiflorum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium amboinense Burck\nPalaquium annamense Lecomte\nPalaquium barnesii Merr.\nPalaquium bataanense Merr.\nPalaquium beccarianum (Pierre) P.Royen\nPalaquium bourdillonii Brandis\nPalaquium brassii H.J.Lam\nPalaquium burckii H.J.Lam\nPalaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre ex Burck\nPalaquium canaliculatum (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium clarkeanum King & Gamble\nPalaquium cochleariifolium P.Royen\nPalaquium confertum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium crassifolium Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium cryptocariifolium P.Royen\nPalaquium cuprifolium Elmer\nPalaquium dasyphyllum Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium decurrens H.J.Lam\nPalaquium densivenium K.Krause\nPalaquium dubardii Elmer\nPalaquium edenii Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium elegans Griffoen & H.J.Lam\nPalaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Baill.\nPalaquium elliptilimbum Merr.\nPalaquium elongatum Merr.\nPalaquium eriocalyx H.J.Lam\nPalaquium erythrospermum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium ferrugineum Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium fidjiense Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium firmum C.T.White\nPalaquium formosanum Hayata\nPalaquium foxworthyi Merr.\nPalaquium galactoxylum (F.Muell.) H.J.Lam\nPalaquium garrettii Fletcher\nPalaquium gigantifolium Merr.\nPalaquium glabrifolium Merr.\nPalaquium glabrum Merr.\nPalaquium globosum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium grande (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium gutta (Hook.) Burck\nPalaquium hansenii Chantaranothai\nPalaquium herveyi King & Gamble\nPalaquium heterosepalum Merr.\nPalaquium hexandrum (Griff.) Baill.\nPalaquium hinmolpedda P.Royen\nPalaquium hispidum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium hornei (Hartog ex Baker) Dubard\nPalaquium impressionervium Ng\nPalaquium karrak Kaneh.\nPalaquium kinabaluense P.Royen\nPalaquium laevifolium (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium lanceolatum Blanco\nPalaquium leiocarpum Boerl.\nPalaquium lisophyllum Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium lobbianum Burck\nPalaquium loheri Merr.\nPalaquium luzoniense (Fern.-Vill.) Vidal\nPalaquium macrocarpum Burck\nPalaquium maingayi (C.B.Clarke) Engl.\nPalaquium majas H.J.Lam\nPalaquium maliliense P.Royen\nPalaquium masuui P.Royen\nPalaquium merrillii Dubard\nPalaquium microphyllum King & Gamble\nPalaquium mindanaense Merr.\nPalaquium montanum Elmer\nPalaquium morobense P.Royen\nPalaquium multiflorum Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium neoebudicum Guillaumin\nPalaquium njatoh Burck\nPalaquium obovatum (Griff.) Engl.\nPalaquium obtusifolium Burck\nPalaquium oleosum Burck\nPalaquium ottolanderi Koord. & Valeton\nPalaquium oxleyanum Pierre\nPalaquium oxyspermum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium pauciflorum (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium petiolare (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B.Rob.\nPalaquium pierrei Burck\nPalaquium pinnatinervium Elmer\nPalaquium polyandrum C.B.Rob.\nPalaquium polyanthum (Wall. ex G.Don) Baill.\nPalaquium porphyreum A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin\nPalaquium pseudocalophyllum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium pseudocuneatum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium pseudorostratum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium quercifolium (de Vriese) Burck\nPalaquium ravii Sasidh. & Vink\nPalaquium regina-montium Ng\nPalaquium ridleyi King & Gamble\nPalaquium rigidum Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium rioense H.J.Lam\nPalaquium rivulare H.J.Lam\nPalaquium rostratum (Miq.) Burck\nPalaquium rubiginosum (Thwaites) Engl.\nPalaquium rufolanigerum P.Royen\nPalaquium sambasense Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium semaram H.J.Lam\nPalaquium sericeum H.J.Lam\nPalaquium simun P.Royen\nPalaquium sorsogonense Elmer ex H.J.Lam\nPalaquium stehlinii Christoph.\nPalaquium stellatum King & Gamble\nPalaquium stipulare Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium sukoei C.E.C.Fisch.\nPalaquium sumatranum Burck\nPalaquium supfianum Schltr.\nPalaquium tenuifolium K.Krause\nPalaquium tenuipetiolatum Merr.\nPalaquium thwaitesii Trimen\nPalaquium tjipetirense H.J.Lam\nPalaquium vexillatum P.Royen\nPalaquium vidalii Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium vitilevuense Gilly ex Royen\nPalaquium walsurifolium Pierre ex Dubard\nPalaquium warburgianum Schltr. ex K.Krause\nPalaquium xanthochymum (de Vriese) Pierre ex Burck\nPalaquium zeylanicum Verdc.","title":"Species"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Palaquium\". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=145644","url_text":"\"Palaquium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Peter F. (2001). \"Ericales; Sapotoideae; Palaquium\". Angiosperm Phylogeny. Version 13, 2013 with updates. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 6 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Sapotoideae","url_text":"\"Ericales; Sapotoideae; Palaquium\""}]},{"reference":"Mohtar, A.P. Abang Mohd. (April 2002). \"Palaquium Blanco\". In Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G.; Chung, R. C. K. (eds.). Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak. (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions). Vol. 4. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. pp. 271–312. ISBN 983-2181-27-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","url_text":"\"Palaquium Blanco\""},{"url":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","url_text":"Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Research_Institute_Malaysia","url_text":"Forest Research Institute Malaysia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-2181-27-5","url_text":"983-2181-27-5"},{"url":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSS.vol4_5_6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Palaquium\". The Plant List. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Sapotaceae/Palaquium/","url_text":"\"Palaquium\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaquium&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=145644","external_links_name":"\"Palaquium\""},{"Link":"http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=145644","external_links_name":"Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"},{"Link":"http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm#Sapotoideae","external_links_name":"\"Ericales; Sapotoideae; Palaquium\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927074942/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Palaquium Blanco\""},{"Link":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx","external_links_name":"Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak"},{"Link":"http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSS.vol4_5_6.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Sapotaceae/Palaquium/","external_links_name":"\"Palaquium\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/193362","external_links_name":"193362"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/65153","external_links_name":"65153"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8W236","external_links_name":"8W236"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PQIG","external_links_name":"1PQIG"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=123685","external_links_name":"123685"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=123685","external_links_name":"123685"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2886411","external_links_name":"2886411"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=8765","external_links_name":"8765"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/185147","external_links_name":"185147"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/36827-1","external_links_name":"36827-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1310493","external_links_name":"1310493"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500654","external_links_name":"500654"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=191073","external_links_name":"191073"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=236833","external_links_name":"236833"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PALAQ","external_links_name":"PALAQ"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A36827-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36827-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40036390","external_links_name":"40036390"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000027771","external_links_name":"wfo-4000027771"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Tiger_Press
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Green Tiger Press
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["1 Early history","2 Origins","3 Publication history","4 Present day","5 References"]
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Publishing House
Green Tiger PressIndustryPublishingFounded1960FounderHarold Darling, Sandra DarlingHeadquartersSeattle, Washington
Green Tiger Press was an American publishing company known for producing reproductions of illustrations from old children's books and creating children's and gift books. The company was founded by Harold and Sandra Darling in the mid-1960s.
Early history
Before establishing Green Tiger Press, Harold Darling had previously set up The Sign of the Sun bookstore and The Shadow Box film theatre. Those businesses became the Unicorn Theatre and the Mithras Bookstore located in La Jolla, California. Sandra, a literature graduate who later pursued painting, designed film programs and posters for the Unicorn Theatre.
Origins
Green Tiger Press started as a postcard business specializing in reproductions of out-of-print illustrations by artists such as Arthur Rackham, Edmund Dulac, Warwick Goble, Jessie Willcox Smith, and Boutet de Monvel. Sandra's suggestion to reproduce these illustrations led to a positive response, prompting the couple to move the business to larger premises and expand their offerings to include hand-tipped notecards, matted prints, and books. The press also began accepting manuscripts and commissioning artists to create books like The Book of Unicorns, which included a combination of old illustrations, newly commissioned pieces, and text written by Harold.
In 2023, the La Jolla Historical Society paid tribute to Green Tiger Press, The Unicorn Theatre, and The Mithras Bookstore in their exhibition titled 'Tigers, Unicorns, and Puppy Dog Tales'. The exhibition ran from September 23, 2023 to January 21, 2024.
Publication history
Green Tiger Press published books such as All Mirrors Are Magic Mirrors, which emphasized. The press also released award-winning children's books, including The Teddy Bears' Picnic by Alexandra Day, which received recognition at the Children’s International Book Fair in Bologna, Italy. The press's popular series, The Good Dog, Carl, was based on an idea found in an old book, while 'The Night Rainbow' by Cooper Edens became one of their best-selling works.
In 1986, Green Tiger Press was acquired by Simon and Schuster. The Darlings continued with their stationery line and founded Laughing Elephant Publishing, focusing on gift books and paper products. The Darlings later reacquired Green Tiger in 2010, and the press continues to publish children's books.
Present day
Chev and Benjamin Darling, the second generation of Darlings, founded Laughing Elephant Gifts and Books, respectively. Laughing Elephant Gifts, located in Seattle, Washington, specializes in unique gifts using vintage images from the Laughing Elephant and Green Tiger Press archives. Laughing Elephant Books, run by Benjamin Darling in San Diego, California, focuses on publishing children’s and gift books featuring vintage illustrations and designs from the archives.
References
^ a b c Gifford, Mary-Elizabeth (1990-08-30). "Green Tiger Is Alive and Purring in New Home". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ a b c d e f g "Green Tiger Press – a true tale of the publishing business | San Diego Reader". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ "Remembering The Unicorn Cinema". KPBS Public Media. 2023-10-27. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ "Past Exhibitions". La Jolla Historical Society. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ a b c d e f Werris |, Wendy. "Images Still Drive Laughing Elephant Press". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Green Tiger Press Sold". The New York Times. 1990-12-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ "SIMON & SCHUSTER BUYS SAN DIEGO FIRM". Chicago Tribune. 19 December 1990. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
^ a b "About". Laughing Elephant Books. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (November 2023)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Green Tiger Press was an American publishing company known for producing reproductions of illustrations from old children's books and creating children's and gift books.[1] The company was founded by Harold and Sandra Darling in the mid-1960s.[1]","title":"Green Tiger Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Before establishing Green Tiger Press, Harold Darling had previously set up The Sign of the Sun bookstore and The Shadow Box film theatre.[2] Those businesses became the Unicorn Theatre and the Mithras Bookstore located in La Jolla, California. Sandra, a literature graduate who later pursued painting, designed film programs and posters for the Unicorn Theatre.[2]","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Rackham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rackham"},{"link_name":"Edmund Dulac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dulac"},{"link_name":"Warwick Goble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Goble"},{"link_name":"Jessie Willcox Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Green Tiger Press started as a postcard business specializing in reproductions of out-of-print illustrations by artists such as Arthur Rackham, Edmund Dulac, Warwick Goble, Jessie Willcox Smith, and Boutet de Monvel.[1][2] Sandra's suggestion to reproduce these illustrations led to a positive response, prompting the couple to move the business to larger premises and expand their offerings to include hand-tipped notecards, matted prints, and books.[2] The press also began accepting manuscripts and commissioning artists to create books like The Book of Unicorns, which included a combination of old illustrations, newly commissioned pieces, and text written by Harold.[2]In 2023, the La Jolla Historical Society paid tribute to Green Tiger Press, The Unicorn Theatre, and The Mithras Bookstore in their exhibition titled 'Tigers, Unicorns, and Puppy Dog Tales'.[3] The exhibition ran from September 23, 2023 to January 21, 2024.[4]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Good Dog, Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Dog,_Carl"},{"link_name":"Cooper Edens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Edens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Green Tiger Press published books such as All Mirrors Are Magic Mirrors, which emphasized.[5] The press also released award-winning children's books, including The Teddy Bears' Picnic by Alexandra Day, which received recognition at the Children’s International Book Fair in Bologna, Italy.[2] The press's popular series, The Good Dog, Carl, was based on an idea found in an old book, while 'The Night Rainbow' by Cooper Edens became one of their best-selling works.[2]In 1986, Green Tiger Press was acquired by Simon and Schuster.[6][7] The Darlings continued with their stationery line and founded Laughing Elephant Publishing, focusing on gift books and paper products.[5] The Darlings later reacquired Green Tiger in 2010, and the press continues to publish children's books.[5]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"text":"Chev and Benjamin Darling, the second generation of Darlings, founded Laughing Elephant Gifts and Books, respectively.[5] Laughing Elephant Gifts, located in Seattle, Washington, specializes in unique gifts using vintage images from the Laughing Elephant and Green Tiger Press archives.[5][8] Laughing Elephant Books, run by Benjamin Darling in San Diego, California, focuses on publishing children’s and gift books featuring vintage illustrations and designs from the archives.[8][5]","title":"Present day"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Gifford, Mary-Elizabeth (1990-08-30). \"Green Tiger Is Alive and Purring in New Home\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-30-nc-554-story.html","url_text":"\"Green Tiger Is Alive and Purring in New Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Tiger Press – a true tale of the publishing business | San Diego Reader\". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1982/oct/28/cover-once-upon-a-tiger/","url_text":"\"Green Tiger Press – a true tale of the publishing business | San Diego Reader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering The Unicorn Cinema\". KPBS Public Media. 2023-10-27. Retrieved 2024-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kpbs.org/news/arts-culture/2023/10/27/remembering-the-unicorn-cinema","url_text":"\"Remembering The Unicorn Cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Exhibitions\". La Jolla Historical Society. Retrieved 2024-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lajollahistory.org/past","url_text":"\"Past Exhibitions\""}]},{"reference":"Werris |, Wendy. \"Images Still Drive Laughing Elephant Press\". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/59029-images-still-drive-laughing-elephant-press.html","url_text":"\"Images Still Drive Laughing Elephant Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Green Tiger Press Sold\". The New York Times. 1990-12-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/24/business/the-media-business-green-tiger-press-sold.html","url_text":"\"THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Green Tiger Press Sold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"SIMON & SCHUSTER BUYS SAN DIEGO FIRM\". Chicago Tribune. 19 December 1990. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-12-19-9004140818-story.html","url_text":"\"SIMON & SCHUSTER BUYS SAN DIEGO FIRM\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Laughing Elephant Books. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laughingelephantbooks.com/about","url_text":"\"About\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wesley
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Tai Wesley
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["1 Early life","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Europe (2011–2014)","3.2 New Zealand (2014–2017)","3.3 Melbourne United (2016–2018)","3.4 Return to the Breakers (2018–2019)","3.5 Brujos de Guayama (2019)","3.6 South East Melbourne Phoenix (2019–2020)","4 National team career","5 Personal","6 References","7 External links"]
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American basketball player
Tai WesleyPersonal informationBorn (1986-05-13) May 13, 1986 (age 38)Orem, UtahNationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight240 lb (109 kg)Career informationHigh schoolProvo (Provo, Utah)CollegeUtah State (2007–2011)NBA draft2011: undraftedPlaying career2011–2020PositionPower forwardCareer history2011–2012Den Bosch2012–2013SPO Rouen2013–2014Den Bosch2014–2015Southland Sharks2014–2016New Zealand Breakers2016–2017Wellington Saints2016–2018Melbourne United2018–2019New Zealand Breakers2019Brujos de Guayama2019–2020South East Melbourne Phoenix
Career highlights and awards
2× NBL champion (2015, 2018)
All-NBL Second Team (2018)
3× NZNBL champion (2015–2017)
2× NZNBL Finals MVP (2015, 2016)
2× NZNBL All-Star Five (2015, 2017)
DBL champion (2012)
Dutch Supercup champion (2013)
2× All-DBL Team (2012, 2014)
DBL Statistical Player of the Year (2012)
2× DBL All-Star (2012, 2014)
WAC Player of the Year (2011)
2× First-team All-WAC (2010, 2011)
Utah Mr. Basketball (2004)
Medals
Representing Guam
Pacific Games
2015 Papua New Guinea
Team
2019 Samoa
Team
Tai William Evans Wesley (born May 13, 1986) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Utah State Aggies, where he was named the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2011. After beginning his career with successful stints in Europe, he made a name for himself in Australia and New Zealand, winning two Australian NBL championships and three New Zealand NBL championships. Wesley also represented the Guam national team on numerous occasions.
Early life
Wesley was born in Orem, Utah to Susan and Hiagi Wesley. He lived in Guam from age 5–11 while his father worked at the University of Guam. The family then returned to Utah where Wesley attended Provo High School.
At Provo, Wesley played for school's basketball team and was named Mr. Basketball in the state of Utah by the Deseret News and the 4A Most Valuable Player by the Salt Lake Tribune as a prep senior. He averaged 16.7 points, eight rebounds, four assists, two blocks and one steal per game during his senior season, while shooting 65 percent from the field. He led Provo to the state title and was named tournament MVP after averaging 19.3 points in four games.
College career
After redshirting the 2004–05 season, Wesley did not join the Utah State Aggies until the 2007–08 season after he went on a two-year Mormon mission to Oaxaca, Mexico.
Wesley started 24 games and played in all 35 in his first season at Utah State. He finished the year averaging 9.9 points, 4.5 rebounds and 2.1 assists, while shooting 63.5 percent from the field and 72.2 percent from the free throw line.
As a sophomore in 2008–09, Wesley started all 35 games and finished the season averaging 12.0 points, 6.0 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game, while shooting 59.2 percent from the field and 68.4 percent from the free throw line. He subsequently earned NABC All-District 6 second team honors. He was also named to the WAC all-tournament team after averaging 10.0 points, 8.7 rebounds and 4.7 assists in helping the Aggies win the WAC tournament.
As a junior in 2009–10, Wesley started all 35 games and averaged 13.7 points, 6.6 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.3 blocks. He subsequently earned first-team all-WAC and NABC All-District 6 second team honors. He was also named to the WAC all-tournament team for the second straight year after averaging 13.0 points, 9.0 rebounds and 4.3 assists in helping the Aggies reach the final of the WAC tournament.
As a senior in 2010–11, Wesley was the cornerstone of the team, leading the Aggies in points, rebounds and steals per game. He earned honorable mention Associated Press All-America honors as well as being named the WAC Player of the Year. He was also named first-team all-WAC for the second consecutive season. He averaged career-best marks of 14.8 points and 8.0 rebounds per game, to go along with 2.1 assists per game. He started all 34 games, making it three consecutive seasons without missing a start to move to third in total career starts at USU (128). He also averaged 16.5 points and 10.5 rebounds per game during the WAC tournament to make the WAC all-tournament team for the third consecutive year while helping the Aggies win their second tournament title in three years.
Professional career
Europe (2011–2014)
After attending a pre-draft workout with the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves, Wesley moved to the Netherlands for the 2011–12 season, beginning his professional career with Den Bosch of the Dutch Basketball League. In 41 games, he averaged 13.4 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.4 assists, 1.7 steals and 1.0 blocks per game.
For the 2012–13 season, Wesley moved to France to play for SPO Rouen Basket of the LNB Pro B. In 33 games, he averaged 12.9 points, 5.4 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.2 steals per game.
Wesley returned to the Netherlands and Den Bosch for the 2013–14 season. In 45 league games, he averaged 14.1 points, 5.8 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.7 steals per game. He also averaged 17.7 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.0 steals in six EuroChallenge games. He was subsequently named to the All-DBL Team.
New Zealand (2014–2017)
In June 2014, Wesley moved to New Zealand to play for the Southland Sharks. He qualified as a non-restricted player via the FIBA Oceania Pacific Island rule due to his Fijian heritage and association with Guam Basketball. In eight games to finish the 2014 New Zealand NBL season, he averaged 16.0 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.1 steals per game.
As a result of his form with the Sharks, Wesley was offered a contract by the New Zealand Breakers to play in the Australian NBL. He signed with the Breakers for the 2014–15 NBL season, going on to earn player of the week honors for round 12 and helping the Breakers win the championship with a 2–1 grand final series victory over the Cairns Taipans. In 32 games, he averaged 8.0 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.
Wesley remained in New Zealand and re-joined the Southland Sharks for the 2015 New Zealand NBL season. He was twice named player of the week before earning Finals MVP honors after helping the Sharks win the championship with a 72–68 win over the Wellington Saints in the grand final. In 20 games, he averaged 18.4 points, 9.5 rebounds, 2.5 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.8 blocks per game.
Wesley re-joined the Breakers for the 2015–16 NBL season and was experimented at the centre position after he improved his fitness and lowered his weight during the off-season. He started the season in good form before missing time in November 2015 with appendicitis. He helped the Breakers return to the NBL Grand Final series, where they lost 2–1 to the Perth Wildcats. In 26 games, he averaged 11.7 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game.
For the 2016 New Zealand NBL season, Wesley joined the Wellington Saints. He earned back-to-back Finals MVP honors after leading the Saints to the championship with a 94–82 win over the Super City Rangers in the grand final. In 16 games, he averaged 15.0 points, 6.4 rebounds, 3.0 assists, 1.9 steals and 1.5 blocks per game. With the Saints in 2017, he helped the team win back-to-back championships while earning a personal three-peat. In 17 games, he averaged 19.5 points, 8.0 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.2 steals per game. Wesley initially re-signed with the Saints for the 2018 season, but ultimately did not re-join the team.
Melbourne United (2016–2018)
On May 27, 2016, Wesley signed a two-year deal with Melbourne United. He clashed with head coach Dean Demopoulos during the 2016–17 NBL season, which led to Wesley considering retirement at the end of the season. He averaged 8.8 points and 3.5 rebounds per game, which included games where he played only two or three minutes a game.
Wesley was Melbourne's starting power forward in 2017–18 under new coach Dean Vickerman and earned All-NBL Second Team honors. In March 2018, he helped United defeat the Adelaide 36ers 3–2 in the NBL Grand Final series to claim his second Australian NBL championship. He appeared in all 35 games in 2017–18, averaging 11.5 points, 5.4 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 1.1 blocks per game.
Return to the Breakers (2018–2019)
On May 15, 2018, Wesley signed a one-year deal with the New Zealand Breakers, returning to the club for a second stint and on the final year of his status as a non-restricted player. During pre-season, Wesley suffered what was his seventh broken nose in his career. He appeared in all 28 games for the Breakers in 2018–19, averaging 14.5 points, 5.4 rebounds, 3.6 assists and 1.1 blocks per game.
Brujos de Guayama (2019)
Following the NBL season, Wesley moved to Puerto Rico to play for Brujos de Guayama of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. In 24 games, he averaged 15.8 points, 6.4 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.3 blocks per game.
South East Melbourne Phoenix (2019–2020)
On April 1, 2019, Wesley signed a three-year deal with the South East Melbourne Phoenix, a new franchise entering the NBL. For the 2019–20 season, he was reclassified as an import player. While his debut game for the Phoenix marked his 150th in the NBL, he also injured his hamstring which ruled him out for nine weeks.
On July 7, 2020, Wesley announced his retirement from basketball.
National team career
Wesley represented the Guam national basketball team. In July 2015, he helped Guam win gold at the Pacific Games in Papua New Guinea. In November 2018, he played for Guam in the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup pre-qualifiers in Thailand. In Thailand, he played alongside his two older brothers, Mekeli and Russell, for the first time in an official tournament.
In February 2023, Wesley helped Guam qualify for the 2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers.
Personal
Wesley is of Rotuman and Samoan descent. He is the younger brother of former Brigham Young standout Mekeli Wesley, Utah Valley State graduate Russell Wesley, and 2003 all-state selection Tika Wesley.
Wesley and his wife Chyna have three children.
Between 2014 and 2018, Wesley was allowed to play in Australia and New Zealand as a non-restricted player under the now defunct "Oceania rule". In April 2018, the Australian NBL granted Wesley another year as a local in order for him to begin the process of becoming naturalised.
References
^ a b "Guam's Tai Wesley joins New Zealand NBL". FoxSportsPulse.com. June 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Tai Wesley Bio". UtahStateAggies.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ a b "Tai Wesley Bio". UtahStateAggies.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020.
^ "Q+A With Tai Wesley". NZBreakers.com.nz. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ Hinton, Marc (July 23, 2014). "Wesley arrival gives Breakers food for thought". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ a b "Tai Wesley Stats". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ "Wolves to workout Kanter, Williams on Thursday". USAToday.com. June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ "USU Hoops: Wesley's NBA look". SLTrib.com. June 16, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ "EiffelTowers strikt Amerikaan Tai Wesley". OmroepBrabant.nl (in Dutch). June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ "Tai Wesley signs 1 year deal with Dutch team". usustats.com. June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
^ "ShamSports.com: Tai Wesley player profile". ShamSports.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ "SPM Shoeters add Tai Wesley, David Gonzalvez". Sportando.com. August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ "Oude bekenden Wesley en Gonzalvez terug in Den Bosch". BD.nl (in Dutch). August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ "Meeste seizoenprijzen naar GasTerra Flames". iBasketball.nl (in Dutch). April 21, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ a b Savory, Logan (June 5, 2014). "Southland Sharks bulk up their sagging stocks". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
^ a b "Player statistics for Tai Wesley – NZNBL". FoxSportsPulse.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ a b Savory, Logan (November 7, 2014). "Southland Sharks snare Wesley for second stint". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
^ "BREAKERS SIGN GUAM INTERNATIONAL TO ROSTER". NZBreakers.com.nz. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "New Zealand Breakers sign power forward Tai Wesley". 3News.co.nz. July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "R12 Player of the Week: Tai Wesley". NBL.com.au. December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ Anderson, Niall (March 8, 2015). "Ibekwe Historics Lead To Fourth Title For Breakers". NZhoops.co.nz. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "Grand Final Report: Ibekwe jumper wins Breakers the Championship". NBL.com.au. March 8, 2015. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
^ "Player statistics for Tai Wesley – ANBL". FoxSportsPulse.com. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ "WESLEY AND FULLER ARE JOINT PLAYER'S OF THE WEEK". Basketball.org.nz. April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
^ "CRAIG AND WESLEY WIN WEEKLY AWARD". Basketball.org.nz. June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
^ Hyslop, Liam (July 5, 2015). "Southland Sharks beat Wellington Saints in tense NBL final". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
^ "BREAKERS ADD ANOTHER TO THE CLASS OF 2015/16". NZBreakers.com.nz. May 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
^ Hinton, Marc (October 4, 2015). "Small ball rules as NZ Breakers chase another Aussie NBL championship". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
^ Hinton, Marc (November 12, 2015). "Setback for Breakers as forward Tai Wesley ruled out after appendix op". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
^ Hinton, Marc (February 15, 2016). "In-form Tai Wesley expects double trouble from Melbourne in NBL semis". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ "GF3 REPORT: WILDCATS BREAK NZ HOODOO FOR ANOTHER TITLE". NBL.com.au. March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^ Hyslop, Liam (January 13, 2016). "Wellington Saints pull off major coup with signing of Tai Wesley for NBL season". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
^ "MOORE TAKES OUT NBL MVP". Basketball.org.nz. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "SAINTS CLAIM 9TH NBL TITLE". basketball.org.nz. June 6, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016.
^ "Player statistics for Tai Wesley". SportsTG.com. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
^ Hyslop, Liam (March 8, 2017). "Star-studded Wellington Saints team roll into season with only one import - by choice". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ Hyslop, Liam (May 18, 2017). "Tai Wesley's absence threatens Wellington Saints' undefeated record". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ "SAINTS CREATE HISTORY CLAIMING THEIR TENTH TITLE". Basketball.org.nz. June 17, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019.
^ "Wellington Saints re-sign Melbourne United standout Tai Wesley for 2018 NBL season". Stuff.co.nz. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
^ NZhoops (April 20, 2018). "As a result, understand that Tai Wesley..." Twitter. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Egan, Brendon (April 24, 2018). "Wellington Saints look to send coach Kevin Braswell off in style with another NBL title". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ "TAI WESLEY UNITES WITH MELBOURNE". NBL.com.au. May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
^ a b ""Crappy" 2017 Nearly Made Me Retire: Wesley". NBL.com.au. July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
^ a b Ward, Roy (April 16, 2018). "Melbourne United put offer to Goulding, Wesley to leave". SMH.com.au. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ "NBL finals: Melbourne United beats Adelaide 36ers 100–82 in game five to win the title". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
^ "The New Zealand Breakers Sign Tai Wesley". NBL.com.au. May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Hinton, Marc (May 15, 2018). "Breakers get their man – proven winner Tai Wesley coming 'home' on one-year deal". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Hinton, Marc (September 2, 2018). "Breakers owner Matt Walsh: 'We're still a Kiwi club, but this is a business'". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved September 3, 2018. ...a Guam-qualified American who is on the final year of his status as an unrestricted player.
^ Hinton, Marc (September 24, 2018). "Breakers forward Tai Wesley ready to shake off broken nose to play Phoenix Suns". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved September 24, 2018.
^ "Brujos firman a Tai Wesley". bsnpr.com (in Spanish). January 26, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
^ "Tai Wesley signs with South East Melbourne". NBL.com.au. April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
^ Hinton, Marc (May 25, 2019). "NZ Breakers owner Matt Walsh declares big moves are just around the corner". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 25, 2019. ...and most consistent unrestricted player Tai Wesley (who reclassifies as an import next season) also jump ship to the South East Melbourne Phoenix.
^ "Wesley ready for Throwdown battle". semphoenix.com.au. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Ward, Roy (October 3, 2019). "Early risers: Phoenix fire first shot to upset United". smh.com.au. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
^ "Wesley Sidelined by Hamstring Injury". NBL.com.au. October 5, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
^ Ward, Roy (December 3, 2019). "Lean Wesley on verge of Phoenix return". smh.com.au. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
^ Hersz, Tom (December 30, 2019). "Tai Wesley: Feeling Good". NBL.com.au. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
^ a b "Tai Wesley Announces Retirement". NBL.com.au. July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020. Wesley is currently living in Idaho with wife Chyna and their three young kids and can't wait to start his life as a normal dad.
^ Michaels, Jake (July 7, 2020). "NBL icon Tai Wesley calls time on playing career". ESPN.com.au. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
^ Hinton, Marc (September 3, 2015). "Slimmed down Tai Wesley aims for expanded role with New Zealand Breakers". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
^ Tomas, Jojo Santo (November 23, 2018). "Team Guam faces historic FIBA challenge". tallahassee.com. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
^ Hinton, Marc (December 3, 2018). "Slam-dunk family reunion as Breakers star Tai Wesley makes history with Guam". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
^ "Guam punch ticket to Asia Cup Qualifiers; Mongolia, Malaysia start Second Round triumphantly". fiba.basketball. February 24, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.
^ Wilson, Soli (19 July 2019). "Brothers power Guam to gold". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
^ Hinton, Marc (November 10, 2014). "NZ Breakers still mad but satisfied with NBL's response to referee howler". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
^ Hurley, Bevan (January 31, 2016). "'Major' victory for basketball star as Internal Affairs drops baby name challenge". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
^ Ward, Roy (December 13, 2017). "Melbourne United's Tai Wesley fears he may be forced from league next year". SMH.com.au. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
External links
New Zealand Breakers player profile
LNB.fr profile
Utah State bio
NZNBL stats
"Breakers poised to add Tai Wesley to Majok Majok signing for 2018-19 ANBL" at stuff.co.nz
"He wins, grins and gets it done: Tai Wesley rapt to be back with the Breakers" at stuff.co.nz
"Refreshed Wesley Wants to Fire for Breakers" at nbl.com.au
Links to related articles
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1 Chaco
2 Stake
3 Husslein
5 Sakazaki
10 Stinnett
11 Susuico
12 Blas
13 Cruz
14 Rechebong
15 Estella
33 Galloway
42 Wesley
Coach: Edward Calvo
vteGuam squad – 2019 Pacific Games – Gold medal
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vteNew Zealand Breakers 2014–15 NBL Champions
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4 Cedric Jackson (Grand Final MVP)
5 Shea Ili (DP)
7 Reuben Te Rangi
9 Corey Webster
10 Thomas Abercrombie
11 Duane Bailey
12 Brad Anderson (DP)
14 Mika Vukona
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20 Jordan Ngatai (DP)
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35 Alex Pledger
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Assistant coaches
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vteMelbourne United 2017–18 NBL Champions
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2 Felix Von Hofe (DP)
3 Josh Boone (I)
5 Sam Short (DP)
7 Peter Hooley
8 Kyle Adnam
9 Craig Moller
12 Daniel Dillon
13 David Andersen
14 Tohi Smith-Milner (DP)
20 David Barlow
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22 Majok Majok
23 Casey Prather (I)
25 Durrell McDonald (DP)
42 Tai Wesley
43 Chris Goulding (C) (Grand Final MVP)
54 Chris Patton
Head coach Dean Vickerman
Assistant coaches Mike Kelly
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vteWestern Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year
1981: Ainge
1982: Garnett
1983: Cage, Durrant & Mannion
1984: Cage
1985: Saarelainen
1986: Watson
1987: Dembo
1988: Smith
1989: Hardaway
1990: Mitchell
1991: J. Grant
1992: Slater
1993: J. Grant
1994: Brown
1995: Van Horn
1996: Van Horn
1997: Carter & Van Horn
1998: Nailon & Shields
1999: Miller & Sasser
2000: Alexander
2001: Ely
2002: Ely
2003: Ross
2004: Snyder
2005: Fazekas
2006: Fazekas
2007: Fazekas
2008: Carroll
2009: Wilkinson
2010: Babbitt
2011: Wesley
2012: Burton
2013: Barone
2014: Mullings
2015: Harrison
2016: Siakam
2017: Baker
2018: Jones
2019: Toolson
2020: Acquaah
2021: Aimaq
2022: Allen
2023: Q. Grant
2024: Grant-Foster
vteNew Zealand NBL Finals Most Valuable Player Award
2004: Olson
2005: Boucher
2006: Winitana
2007: N/A
2008: Lenden
2009: Bailey
2010: Tait
2011: Tait
2012: Pledger
2013: Henry
2014: Tait
2015: Wesley
2016: Wesley
2017: Ili
2018: Te Rangi
2019: Abercrombie
2020: Hunt
2021: Roach
2022: Williams
2023: Brown
vteNew Zealand NBL Most Outstanding Forward Award
1982: Hill
1983: Anthony
1984: Anthony
1985: Joyner
1986: Smith
1987: Smith
1988: Boagni
1989: Burton
1990: Boagni
1991: Johnson
1992: Thomas
1993: Boagni
1994: Johnson
1995: Stone
1996: Book
1997: DeGraffenreid
1998: Cameron
1999: Ensminger
2000: Rampton
2001: Bush
2002: Whorton
2003: Cooper
2004: Majstrovich
2005: Frank & Holmes
2006: Frank
2007: Abrams
2008: Frank
2009: Abercrombie
2010: Abercrombie
2011: Pledger
2012: Horvath
2013: Conklin
2014: Braimoh
2015: Wesley
2016: Jones
2017: Wesley
2018: Delany
2019: Kay
2020: N/A
2021: Timmins
2022: Cooks
2023: Loe
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah State Aggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Australian NBL championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBL_champions"},{"link_name":"New Zealand NBL championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_NBL_champions"},{"link_name":"Guam national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guamnationalteam-1"}],"text":"Tai William Evans Wesley (born May 13, 1986) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Utah State Aggies, where he was named the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2011. After beginning his career with successful stints in Europe, he made a name for himself in Australia and New Zealand, winning two Australian NBL championships and three New Zealand NBL championships. Wesley also represented the Guam national team on numerous occasions.[1]","title":"Tai Wesley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orem, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orem,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio2-3"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"University of Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Provo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Mr. Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Mr._Basketball"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"}],"text":"Wesley was born in Orem, Utah to Susan and Hiagi Wesley.[2][3] He lived in Guam from age 5–11 while his father worked at the University of Guam.[4][5] The family then returned to Utah where Wesley attended Provo High School.[2]At Provo, Wesley played for school's basketball team and was named Mr. Basketball in the state of Utah by the Deseret News and the 4A Most Valuable Player by the Salt Lake Tribune as a prep senior. He averaged 16.7 points, eight rebounds, four assists, two blocks and one steal per game during his senior season, while shooting 65 percent from the field. He led Provo to the state title and was named tournament MVP after averaging 19.3 points in four games.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah State Aggies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Mormon mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-6"},{"link_name":"WAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"WAC tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_WAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"WAC tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_WAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"WAC Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"WAC tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_WAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio2-3"}],"text":"After redshirting the 2004–05 season, Wesley did not join the Utah State Aggies until the 2007–08 season after he went on a two-year Mormon mission to Oaxaca, Mexico.[2]Wesley started 24 games and played in all 35 in his first season at Utah State. He finished the year averaging 9.9 points, 4.5 rebounds and 2.1 assists, while shooting 63.5 percent from the field and 72.2 percent from the free throw line.[2][6]As a sophomore in 2008–09, Wesley started all 35 games and finished the season averaging 12.0 points, 6.0 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game, while shooting 59.2 percent from the field and 68.4 percent from the free throw line. He subsequently earned NABC All-District 6 second team honors. He was also named to the WAC all-tournament team after averaging 10.0 points, 8.7 rebounds and 4.7 assists in helping the Aggies win the WAC tournament.[2]As a junior in 2009–10, Wesley started all 35 games and averaged 13.7 points, 6.6 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.3 blocks.[2][6] He subsequently earned first-team all-WAC and NABC All-District 6 second team honors.[2] He was also named to the WAC all-tournament team for the second straight year after averaging 13.0 points, 9.0 rebounds and 4.3 assists in helping the Aggies reach the final of the WAC tournament.[2]As a senior in 2010–11, Wesley was the cornerstone of the team, leading the Aggies in points, rebounds and steals per game. He earned honorable mention Associated Press All-America honors as well as being named the WAC Player of the Year. He was also named first-team all-WAC for the second consecutive season. He averaged career-best marks of 14.8 points and 8.0 rebounds per game, to go along with 2.1 assists per game. He started all 34 games, making it three consecutive seasons without missing a start to move to third in total career starts at USU (128). He also averaged 16.5 points and 10.5 rebounds per game during the WAC tournament to make the WAC all-tournament team for the third consecutive year while helping the Aggies win their second tournament title in three years.[3]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Timberwolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Den Bosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Bosch_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Dutch Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"SPO Rouen Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPO_Rouen_Basket"},{"link_name":"LNB Pro B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNB_Pro_B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"EuroChallenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_EuroChallenge"},{"link_name":"All-DBL Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBL_All-Star_Team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Europe (2011–2014)","text":"After attending a pre-draft workout with the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves,[7][8] Wesley moved to the Netherlands for the 2011–12 season, beginning his professional career with Den Bosch of the Dutch Basketball League.[9][10] In 41 games, he averaged 13.4 points, 6.1 rebounds, 2.4 assists, 1.7 steals and 1.0 blocks per game.For the 2012–13 season, Wesley moved to France to play for SPO Rouen Basket of the LNB Pro B.[11] In 33 games, he averaged 12.9 points, 5.4 rebounds, 2.4 assists and 1.2 steals per game.Wesley returned to the Netherlands and Den Bosch for the 2013–14 season.[12][13] In 45 league games, he averaged 14.1 points, 5.8 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.7 steals per game. He also averaged 17.7 points, 6.2 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.0 steals in six EuroChallenge games. He was subsequently named to the All-DBL Team.[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southland Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Sharks"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-non-restricted-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-non-restricted-15"},{"link_name":"2014 New Zealand NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharks-stats-16"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers"},{"link_name":"Australian NBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sign15-17"},{"link_name":"2014–15 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cairns Taipans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns_Taipans"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2015 New Zealand NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sign15-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Finals MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_NBL_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Wellington Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Saints"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sharks-stats-16"},{"link_name":"2015–16 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Perth Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"2016 New Zealand NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Super City Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_City_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2018 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand (2014–2017)","text":"In June 2014, Wesley moved to New Zealand to play for the Southland Sharks.[15] He qualified as a non-restricted player via the FIBA Oceania Pacific Island rule due to his Fijian heritage and association with Guam Basketball.[15] In eight games to finish the 2014 New Zealand NBL season, he averaged 16.0 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.1 steals per game.[16]As a result of his form with the Sharks, Wesley was offered a contract by the New Zealand Breakers to play in the Australian NBL.[17] He signed with the Breakers for the 2014–15 NBL season,[18][19] going on to earn player of the week honors for round 12[20] and helping the Breakers win the championship with a 2–1 grand final series victory over the Cairns Taipans.[21][22] In 32 games, he averaged 8.0 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.[23]Wesley remained in New Zealand and re-joined the Southland Sharks for the 2015 New Zealand NBL season.[17] He was twice named player of the week[24][25] before earning Finals MVP honors after helping the Sharks win the championship with a 72–68 win over the Wellington Saints in the grand final.[26] In 20 games, he averaged 18.4 points, 9.5 rebounds, 2.5 assists, 1.4 steals and 1.8 blocks per game.[16]Wesley re-joined the Breakers for the 2015–16 NBL season[27] and was experimented at the centre position after he improved his fitness and lowered his weight during the off-season.[28] He started the season in good form before missing time in November 2015 with appendicitis.[29] He helped the Breakers return to the NBL Grand Final series,[30] where they lost 2–1 to the Perth Wildcats.[31] In 26 games, he averaged 11.7 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game.For the 2016 New Zealand NBL season, Wesley joined the Wellington Saints.[32] He earned back-to-back Finals MVP honors after leading the Saints to the championship with a 94–82 win over the Super City Rangers in the grand final.[33][34] In 16 games, he averaged 15.0 points, 6.4 rebounds, 3.0 assists, 1.9 steals and 1.5 blocks per game.[35] With the Saints in 2017,[36][37] he helped the team win back-to-back championships while earning a personal three-peat.[38] In 17 games, he averaged 19.5 points, 8.0 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.2 steals per game. Wesley initially re-signed with the Saints for the 2018 season,[39] but ultimately did not re-join the team.[40][41]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_United"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Dean Demopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Demopoulos"},{"link_name":"2016–17 NBL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crappy-43"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"Dean Vickerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Vickerman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crappy-43"},{"link_name":"All-NBL Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-NBL_Team"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wesley-leave-44"},{"link_name":"Adelaide 36ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_36ers"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne United (2016–2018)","text":"On May 27, 2016, Wesley signed a two-year deal with Melbourne United.[42] He clashed with head coach Dean Demopoulos during the 2016–17 NBL season, which led to Wesley considering retirement at the end of the season. He averaged 8.8 points and 3.5 rebounds per game, which included games where he played only two or three minutes a game.[43]Wesley was Melbourne's starting power forward in 2017–18 under new coach Dean Vickerman[43] and earned All-NBL Second Team honors.[44] In March 2018, he helped United defeat the Adelaide 36ers 3–2 in the NBL Grand Final series to claim his second Australian NBL championship.[45] He appeared in all 35 games in 2017–18, averaging 11.5 points, 5.4 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 1.1 blocks per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NBL_season"}],"sub_title":"Return to the Breakers (2018–2019)","text":"On May 15, 2018, Wesley signed a one-year deal with the New Zealand Breakers, returning to the club for a second stint and on the final year of his status as a non-restricted player.[46][47][48] During pre-season, Wesley suffered what was his seventh broken nose in his career.[49] He appeared in all 28 games for the Breakers in 2018–19, averaging 14.5 points, 5.4 rebounds, 3.6 assists and 1.1 blocks per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brujos de Guayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brujos_de_Guayama"},{"link_name":"Baloncesto Superior Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloncesto_Superior_Nacional"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Brujos de Guayama (2019)","text":"Following the NBL season, Wesley moved to Puerto Rico to play for Brujos de Guayama of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.[50] In 24 games, he averaged 15.8 points, 6.4 rebounds, 2.9 assists and 1.3 blocks per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East Melbourne Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Melbourne_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBL_season"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retired-nbl-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"South East Melbourne Phoenix (2019–2020)","text":"On April 1, 2019, Wesley signed a three-year deal with the South East Melbourne Phoenix, a new franchise entering the NBL.[51] For the 2019–20 season, he was reclassified as an import player.[52] While his debut game for the Phoenix marked his 150th in the NBL,[53][54] he also injured his hamstring which ruled him out for nine weeks.[55][56][57]On July 7, 2020, Wesley announced his retirement from basketball.[58][59]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guam national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guamnationalteam-1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2015_Pacific_Games"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"2021 FIBA Asia Cup pre-qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FIBA_Asia_Cup_qualification#Regional_Pre-Qualifiers"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Mekeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekeli_Wesley"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_FIBA_Asia_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Wesley represented the Guam national basketball team.[1] In July 2015, he helped Guam win gold at the Pacific Games in Papua New Guinea.[60] In November 2018, he played for Guam in the 2021 FIBA Asia Cup pre-qualifiers in Thailand.[61] In Thailand, he played alongside his two older brothers, Mekeli and Russell, for the first time in an official tournament.[62]In February 2023, Wesley helped Guam qualify for the 2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers.[63]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotumans"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoans"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Mekeli Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekeli_Wesley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retired-nbl-58"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wesley-leave-44"}],"text":"Wesley is of Rotuman and Samoan descent.[64] He is the younger brother of former Brigham Young standout Mekeli Wesley, Utah Valley State graduate Russell Wesley, and 2003 all-state selection Tika Wesley.[2]Wesley and his wife Chyna have three children.[58][65][66]Between 2014 and 2018, Wesley was allowed to play in Australia and New Zealand as a non-restricted player under the now defunct \"Oceania rule\".[67] In April 2018, the Australian NBL granted Wesley another year as a local in order for him to begin the process of becoming naturalised.[44]","title":"Personal"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Guam's Tai Wesley joins New Zealand NBL\". FoxSportsPulse.com. June 17, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153025/http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-3621-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=30184637","url_text":"\"Guam's Tai Wesley joins New Zealand NBL\""},{"url":"http://www.foxsportspulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=1-3621-0-0-0&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=30184637","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley Bio\". UtahStateAggies.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140607003528/http://www.utahstateaggies.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/wesley_tai00.html","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley Bio\""},{"url":"http://www.utahstateaggies.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/wesley_tai00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley Bio\". UtahStateAggies.com. Archived from the original on July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://utahstateaggies.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/tai-wesley/4837","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley Bio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200710083936/https://utahstateaggies.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/tai-wesley/4837","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Q+A With Tai Wesley\". NZBreakers.com.nz. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809032126/http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/1t5nf54wtepks104707gbke3x1","url_text":"\"Q+A With Tai Wesley\""},{"url":"http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/1t5nf54wtepks104707gbke3x1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (July 23, 2014). \"Wesley arrival gives Breakers food for thought\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved July 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/10296516/Wesley-arrival-gives-Breakers-food-for-thought","url_text":"\"Wesley arrival gives Breakers food for thought\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley Stats\". Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/tai-wesley-1.html","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolves to workout Kanter, Williams on Thursday\". USAToday.com. June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/2011-06-14-320716240_x.htm","url_text":"\"Wolves to workout Kanter, Williams on Thursday\""}]},{"reference":"\"USU Hoops: Wesley's NBA look\". SLTrib.com. June 16, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/blogsususports/52020360-55/wesley-nba-mekeli-tai.html.csp","url_text":"\"USU Hoops: Wesley's NBA look\""}]},{"reference":"\"EiffelTowers strikt Amerikaan Tai Wesley\". OmroepBrabant.nl (in Dutch). June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/1567941263/EiffelTowers+strikt+Amerikaan+Tai+Wesley.aspx","url_text":"\"EiffelTowers strikt Amerikaan Tai Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley signs 1 year deal with Dutch team\". usustats.com. June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usustats.com/blog/2011/06/15/tai-wesley-signs-1-year-deal-with-dutch-team/","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley signs 1 year deal with Dutch team\""}]},{"reference":"\"ShamSports.com: Tai Wesley player profile\". ShamSports.com. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.shamsports.com/content/pages/playerProfiles/profileDisplay.jsp?id=1732","url_text":"\"ShamSports.com: Tai Wesley player profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPM Shoeters add Tai Wesley, David Gonzalvez\". Sportando.com. August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportando.com/en/cups/eurochallenge/104703/spm-shoeters-add-tai-wesley-david-gonzalvez.html","url_text":"\"SPM Shoeters add Tai Wesley, David Gonzalvez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oude bekenden Wesley en Gonzalvez terug in Den Bosch\". BD.nl (in Dutch). August 7, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bd.nl/sport/basketbal/oude-bekenden-wesley-en-gonzalvez-terug-in-den-bosch-1.3947345","url_text":"\"Oude bekenden Wesley en Gonzalvez terug in Den Bosch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meeste seizoenprijzen naar GasTerra Flames\". iBasketball.nl (in Dutch). April 21, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ibasketball.nl/meeste-seizoenprijzen-naar-gasterra-flames/","url_text":"\"Meeste seizoenprijzen naar GasTerra Flames\""}]},{"reference":"Savory, Logan (June 5, 2014). \"Southland Sharks bulk up their sagging stocks\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved June 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/10120438/Southland-Sharks-bulk-up-their-sagging-stocks","url_text":"\"Southland Sharks bulk up their sagging stocks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player statistics for Tai Wesley – NZNBL\". FoxSportsPulse.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113054616/http://www.foxsportspulse.com/team_info.cgi?action=PSTATS&pID=198285343&client=11-8336-114265-356729-23059885","url_text":"\"Player statistics for Tai Wesley – NZNBL\""},{"url":"http://www.foxsportspulse.com/team_info.cgi?action=PSTATS&pID=198285343&client=11-8336-114265-356729-23059885","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Savory, Logan (November 7, 2014). \"Southland Sharks snare Wesley for second stint\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/10712518/Southland-Sharks-snare-Wesley-for-second-stint","url_text":"\"Southland Sharks snare Wesley for second stint\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKERS SIGN GUAM INTERNATIONAL TO ROSTER\". NZBreakers.com.nz. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808173257/http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/141mimi8clme91ir34n7syi7m9","url_text":"\"BREAKERS SIGN GUAM INTERNATIONAL TO ROSTER\""},{"url":"http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/141mimi8clme91ir34n7syi7m9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Breakers sign power forward Tai Wesley\". 3News.co.nz. July 22, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3news.co.nz/New-Zealand-Breakers-sign-power-forward-Tai-Wesley/tabid/415/articleID/353698/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"New Zealand Breakers sign power forward Tai Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"\"R12 Player of the Week: Tai Wesley\". NBL.com.au. December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. 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June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.basketball.org.nz/News/craig-and-wesley-win-weekly-award","url_text":"\"CRAIG AND WESLEY WIN WEEKLY AWARD\""}]},{"reference":"Hyslop, Liam (July 5, 2015). \"Southland Sharks beat Wellington Saints in tense NBL final\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved July 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/69970506/southland-sharks-beat-wellington-saints-in-tense-nbl-final","url_text":"\"Southland Sharks beat Wellington Saints in tense NBL final\""}]},{"reference":"\"BREAKERS ADD ANOTHER TO THE CLASS OF 2015/16\". NZBreakers.com.nz. May 15, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518220158/http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/4f1maw2fwf591bmxos3b95kb0","url_text":"\"BREAKERS ADD ANOTHER TO THE CLASS OF 2015/16\""},{"url":"http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/4f1maw2fwf591bmxos3b95kb0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (October 4, 2015). \"Small ball rules as NZ Breakers chase another Aussie NBL championship\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved October 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/72612850/small-ball-rules-as-nz-breakers-chase-another-aussie-nbl-championship","url_text":"\"Small ball rules as NZ Breakers chase another Aussie NBL championship\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (November 12, 2015). \"Setback for Breakers as forward Tai Wesley ruled out after appendix op\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/73960607/setback-for-breakers-as-forward-tai-wesley-ruled-out-after-appendix-op","url_text":"\"Setback for Breakers as forward Tai Wesley ruled out after appendix op\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (February 15, 2016). \"In-form Tai Wesley expects double trouble from Melbourne in NBL semis\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/76900951/inform-tai-wesley-expects-double-trouble-from-melbourne-in-nbl-semis","url_text":"\"In-form Tai Wesley expects double trouble from Melbourne in NBL semis\""}]},{"reference":"\"GF3 REPORT: WILDCATS BREAK NZ HOODOO FOR ANOTHER TITLE\". NBL.com.au. March 6, 2016. 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Archived from the original on December 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161223153726/http://www.basketball.org.nz/NBL-News/saints-claim-9th-nbl-title","url_text":"\"SAINTS CLAIM 9TH NBL TITLE\""},{"url":"http://www.basketball.org.nz/NBL-News/saints-claim-9th-nbl-title","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Player statistics for Tai Wesley\". SportsTG.com. Retrieved September 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://websites.sportstg.com/team_info.cgi?action=PSTATS&pID=198285343&client=11-8336-114272-402361-25074066","url_text":"\"Player statistics for Tai Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"Hyslop, Liam (March 8, 2017). \"Star-studded Wellington Saints team roll into season with only one import - by choice\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/90214679/starstudded-wellington-saints-team-roll-into-season-with-only-one-import--by-choice","url_text":"\"Star-studded Wellington Saints team roll into season with only one import - by choice\""}]},{"reference":"Hyslop, Liam (May 18, 2017). \"Tai Wesley's absence threatens Wellington Saints' undefeated record\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/92730738/tai-wesleys-absence-threatens-wellington-saints-undefeated-record","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley's absence threatens Wellington Saints' undefeated record\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAINTS CREATE HISTORY CLAIMING THEIR TENTH TITLE\". Basketball.org.nz. June 17, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000755/http://nz.basketball/NBL-News/saints-create-history-claiming-their-tenth-title","url_text":"\"SAINTS CREATE HISTORY CLAIMING THEIR TENTH TITLE\""},{"url":"http://www.basketball.org.nz/NBL-News/saints-create-history-claiming-their-tenth-title","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wellington Saints re-sign Melbourne United standout Tai Wesley for 2018 NBL season\". Stuff.co.nz. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/100688548/wellington-saints-resign-melbourne-united-standout-tai-wesley-for-2018-nbl-season","url_text":"\"Wellington Saints re-sign Melbourne United standout Tai Wesley for 2018 NBL season\""}]},{"reference":"NZhoops (April 20, 2018). \"As a result, understand that Tai Wesley...\" Twitter. Retrieved April 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/NZ_hoops/status/987287949111771137","url_text":"\"As a result, understand that Tai Wesley...\""}]},{"reference":"Egan, Brendon (April 24, 2018). \"Wellington Saints look to send coach Kevin Braswell off in style with another NBL title\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/103164953/wellington-saints-look-to-send-coach-kevin-braswell-off-in-style-with-another-nbl-title","url_text":"\"Wellington Saints look to send coach Kevin Braswell off in style with another NBL title\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAI WESLEY UNITES WITH MELBOURNE\". NBL.com.au. May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/featured-news/tai-wesley-unites-melbourne/","url_text":"\"TAI WESLEY UNITES WITH MELBOURNE\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Crappy\" 2017 Nearly Made Me Retire: Wesley\". NBL.com.au. July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/crappy-2017-nearly-made-me-retire-wesley","url_text":"\"\"Crappy\" 2017 Nearly Made Me Retire: Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Roy (April 16, 2018). \"Melbourne United put offer to Goulding, Wesley to leave\". SMH.com.au. Retrieved April 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/melbourne-united-put-offers-to-goulding-wesley-as-free-agency-begins-20180416-p4z9x2.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne United put offer to Goulding, Wesley to leave\""}]},{"reference":"\"NBL finals: Melbourne United beats Adelaide 36ers 100–82 in game five to win the title\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-31/melbourne-united-claims-nbl-crown-with-win-over-36ers/9607278","url_text":"\"NBL finals: Melbourne United beats Adelaide 36ers 100–82 in game five to win the title\""}]},{"reference":"\"The New Zealand Breakers Sign Tai Wesley\". NBL.com.au. May 15, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/41981-the-new-zealand-breakers-sign-tai-wesley","url_text":"\"The New Zealand Breakers Sign Tai Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (May 15, 2018). \"Breakers get their man – proven winner Tai Wesley coming 'home' on one-year deal\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/103924303/breakers-get-their-man--proven-winner-tai-wesley-coming-home-on-oneyear-deal","url_text":"\"Breakers get their man – proven winner Tai Wesley coming 'home' on one-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (September 2, 2018). \"Breakers owner Matt Walsh: 'We're still a Kiwi club, but this is a business'\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved September 3, 2018. ...a Guam-qualified American who is on the final year of his status as an unrestricted player.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/106754067/breakers-owner-matt-walsh-were-still-a-kiwi-club-but-this-is-a-business","url_text":"\"Breakers owner Matt Walsh: 'We're still a Kiwi club, but this is a business'\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (September 24, 2018). \"Breakers forward Tai Wesley ready to shake off broken nose to play Phoenix Suns\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/107322653/breakers-forward-tai-wesley-ready-to-shake-off-broken-nose-to-play-phoenix-suns","url_text":"\"Breakers forward Tai Wesley ready to shake off broken nose to play Phoenix Suns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brujos firman a Tai Wesley\". bsnpr.com (in Spanish). January 26, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsnpr.com/o/noticias/detalles.asp?r=18509#.XKGPGuszbBI","url_text":"\"Brujos firman a Tai Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley signs with South East Melbourne\". NBL.com.au. April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/tai-wesley-signs-with-south-east-melbourne","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley signs with South East Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (May 25, 2019). \"NZ Breakers owner Matt Walsh declares big moves are just around the corner\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved May 25, 2019. ...and most consistent unrestricted player Tai Wesley (who reclassifies as an import next season) also jump ship to the South East Melbourne Phoenix.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/113004279/nz-breakers-owner-matt-walsh-declares-big-moves-are-just-around-the-corner","url_text":"\"NZ Breakers owner Matt Walsh declares big moves are just around the corner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wesley ready for Throwdown battle\". semphoenix.com.au. October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.semphoenix.com.au/news/article/wesley-ready-for-throwdown-battle","url_text":"\"Wesley ready for Throwdown battle\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Roy (October 3, 2019). \"Early risers: Phoenix fire first shot to upset United\". smh.com.au. Retrieved October 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/newcomers-phoenix-rise-to-win-over-melbourne-united-in-nbl-opener-20191003-p52xhj.html","url_text":"\"Early risers: Phoenix fire first shot to upset United\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wesley Sidelined by Hamstring Injury\". NBL.com.au. October 5, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/wesley-sidelined-by-hamstring-injury","url_text":"\"Wesley Sidelined by Hamstring Injury\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Roy (December 3, 2019). \"Lean Wesley on verge of Phoenix return\". smh.com.au. Retrieved December 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/lean-wesley-on-verge-of-phoenix-return-20191203-p53gh1.html","url_text":"\"Lean Wesley on verge of Phoenix return\""}]},{"reference":"Hersz, Tom (December 30, 2019). \"Tai Wesley: Feeling Good\". NBL.com.au. Retrieved December 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/tai-wesley-feeling-good","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley: Feeling Good\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tai Wesley Announces Retirement\". NBL.com.au. July 7, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020. Wesley is currently living in Idaho with wife Chyna and their three young kids and can't wait to start his life as a normal dad.","urls":[{"url":"https://nbl.com.au/news/tai-wesley-announces-retirement","url_text":"\"Tai Wesley Announces Retirement\""}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Jake (July 7, 2020). \"NBL icon Tai Wesley calls time on playing career\". ESPN.com.au. Retrieved July 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com.au/nbl/story/_/id/29420129/nbl-icon-tai-wesley-calls-playing-career","url_text":"\"NBL icon Tai Wesley calls time on playing career\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (September 3, 2015). \"Slimmed down Tai Wesley aims for expanded role with New Zealand Breakers\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved October 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/71709146/slimmed-down-tai-wesley-aims-for-expanded-role-with-new-zealand-breakers","url_text":"\"Slimmed down Tai Wesley aims for expanded role with New Zealand Breakers\""}]},{"reference":"Tomas, Jojo Santo (November 23, 2018). \"Team Guam faces historic FIBA challenge\". tallahassee.com. Retrieved November 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tallahassee.com/story/sports/2018/11/23/team-guam-faces-historic-fiba-challenge/2089310002/","url_text":"\"Team Guam faces historic FIBA challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (December 3, 2018). \"Slam-dunk family reunion as Breakers star Tai Wesley makes history with Guam\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved December 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/109049739/slamdunk-family-reunion-as-breakers-star-tai-wesley-makes-history-with-guam","url_text":"\"Slam-dunk family reunion as Breakers star Tai Wesley makes history with Guam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guam punch ticket to Asia Cup Qualifiers; Mongolia, Malaysia start Second Round triumphantly\". fiba.basketball. February 24, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2025/pre-qualifiers/news/guam-survive-thailand-punch-ticket-to-asia-cup-qualifiers","url_text":"\"Guam punch ticket to Asia Cup Qualifiers; Mongolia, Malaysia start Second Round triumphantly\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Soli (19 July 2019). \"Brothers power Guam to gold\". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/45930?fbclid=IwAR1dUQwWOkghK9teDfVE_5R1rDHo_Xf34UFaBTQYUVQRbv6_3xnKembHfGw","url_text":"\"Brothers power Guam to gold\""}]},{"reference":"Hinton, Marc (November 10, 2014). \"NZ Breakers still mad but satisfied with NBL's response to referee howler\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved November 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/73889603/nz-breakers-still-mad-but-satisfied-with-nbls-response-to-referee-howler","url_text":"\"NZ Breakers still mad but satisfied with NBL's response to referee howler\""}]},{"reference":"Hurley, Bevan (January 31, 2016). \"'Major' victory for basketball star as Internal Affairs drops baby name challenge\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved January 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/parenting/pregnancy/birth/76354564/major-victory-for-basketball-star-as-internal-affairs-drops-baby-name-challenge","url_text":"\"'Major' victory for basketball star as Internal Affairs drops baby name challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Roy (December 13, 2017). \"Melbourne United's Tai Wesley fears he may be forced from league next year\". SMH.com.au. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/basketball/melbourne-uniteds-tai-wesley-fears-he-may-be-forced-from-league-next-year-20171213-h03xiz.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne United's Tai Wesley fears he may be forced from league next year\""}]}]
|
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AWARD\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/69970506/southland-sharks-beat-wellington-saints-in-tense-nbl-final","external_links_name":"\"Southland Sharks beat Wellington Saints in tense NBL final\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518220158/http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/4f1maw2fwf591bmxos3b95kb0","external_links_name":"\"BREAKERS ADD ANOTHER TO THE CLASS OF 2015/16\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzbreakers.co.nz/article/id/4f1maw2fwf591bmxos3b95kb0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/72612850/small-ball-rules-as-nz-breakers-chase-another-aussie-nbl-championship","external_links_name":"\"Small ball rules as NZ Breakers chase another Aussie NBL championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/73960607/setback-for-breakers-as-forward-tai-wesley-ruled-out-after-appendix-op","external_links_name":"\"Setback for Breakers as forward Tai Wesley ruled out after appendix 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TITLE\""},{"Link":"http://www.basketball.org.nz/NBL-News/saints-create-history-claiming-their-tenth-title","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/100688548/wellington-saints-resign-melbourne-united-standout-tai-wesley-for-2018-nbl-season","external_links_name":"\"Wellington Saints re-sign Melbourne United standout Tai Wesley for 2018 NBL season\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/NZ_hoops/status/987287949111771137","external_links_name":"\"As a result, understand that Tai Wesley...\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/103164953/wellington-saints-look-to-send-coach-kevin-braswell-off-in-style-with-another-nbl-title","external_links_name":"\"Wellington Saints look to send coach Kevin Braswell off in style with another NBL title\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbl.com.au/featured-news/tai-wesley-unites-melbourne/","external_links_name":"\"TAI WESLEY UNITES WITH 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'home' on one-year deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/106754067/breakers-owner-matt-walsh-were-still-a-kiwi-club-but-this-is-a-business","external_links_name":"\"Breakers owner Matt Walsh: 'We're still a Kiwi club, but this is a business'\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/107322653/breakers-forward-tai-wesley-ready-to-shake-off-broken-nose-to-play-phoenix-suns","external_links_name":"\"Breakers forward Tai Wesley ready to shake off broken nose to play Phoenix Suns\""},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpr.com/o/noticias/detalles.asp?r=18509#.XKGPGuszbBI","external_links_name":"\"Brujos firman a Tai Wesley\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbl.com.au/news/article/tai-wesley-signs-with-south-east-melbourne","external_links_name":"\"Tai Wesley signs with South East Melbourne\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/113004279/nz-breakers-owner-matt-walsh-declares-big-moves-are-just-around-the-corner","external_links_name":"\"NZ Breakers owner Matt Walsh 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Tai Wesley to Majok Majok signing for 2018-19 ANBL\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/basketball/104039061/he-wins-grins-and-gets-it-done-tai-wesley-rapt-to-be-back-with-the-breakers","external_links_name":"\"He wins, grins and gets it done: Tai Wesley rapt to be back with the Breakers\""},{"Link":"http://nbl.com.au/news/article/refreshed-wesley-wants-to-fire-for-breakers","external_links_name":"\"Refreshed Wesley Wants to Fire for Breakers\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposmocoma_molluscivora
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Hyposmocoma molluscivora
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Species of moth
Hyposmocoma molluscivora
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Cosmopterigidae
Genus:
Hyposmocoma
Species:
H. molluscivora
Binomial name
Hyposmocoma molluscivora(Rubinoff, 2005)
Hyposmocoma molluscivora is a Hawaiian moth whose larvae are predators, capturing snails in their silk, much like a hunting spider's web, and then crawling inside the snail's shell to eat it alive. It has been called the snail-eating caterpillar or the flesh-eating caterpillar, though no common name has been widely prescribed to it.
They are case bearing moths, spinning a loose shell of their own which they carry around with them as protection, like bagworms. The specific snails they eat are of the Tornatellides genus.
The caterpillars, which live exclusively on the islands of Maui and Molokai, are about 0.3 inches (8 mm) long, and sometimes decorate their silk case with actual snail shells, perhaps as camouflage.
There are about 200 species of Lepidoptera (moths or butterflies) whose larvae are predatory, out of 150,000 known Lepidopteran species overall. However, this is one of the four known species that eat snails.
References
Rubinoff D, Haines WP (July 2005). "Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails". Science. 309 (5734): 575. doi:10.1126/science.1110397. PMID 16040699. S2CID 42604851.
External links
SFGate article on the discovery of this species.
Taxon identifiersHyposmocoma molluscivora
Wikidata: Q135243
Wikispecies: Hyposmocoma molluscivora
BioLib: 98018
iNaturalist: 1181839
This Hyposmocoma moth related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snail"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"bagworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagworm"},{"link_name":"Tornatellides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornatellides"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Molokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"}],"text":"Hyposmocoma molluscivora is a Hawaiian moth whose larvae are predators, capturing snails in their silk, much like a hunting spider's web, and then crawling inside the snail's shell to eat it alive. It has been called the snail-eating caterpillar or the flesh-eating caterpillar, though no common name has been widely prescribed to it.They are case bearing moths, spinning a loose shell of their own which they carry around with them as protection, like bagworms. The specific snails they eat are of the Tornatellides genus.The caterpillars, which live exclusively on the islands of Maui and Molokai, are about 0.3 inches (8 mm) long, and sometimes decorate their silk case with actual snail shells, perhaps as camouflage.There are about 200 species of Lepidoptera (moths or butterflies) whose larvae are predatory, out of 150,000 known Lepidopteran species overall. However, this is one of the four known species that eat snails.","title":"Hyposmocoma molluscivora"}]
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[{"reference":"Rubinoff D, Haines WP (July 2005). \"Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails\". Science. 309 (5734): 575. doi:10.1126/science.1110397. PMID 16040699. S2CID 42604851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110397","url_text":"10.1126/science.1110397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040699","url_text":"16040699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42604851","url_text":"42604851"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110397","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1110397"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040699","external_links_name":"16040699"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42604851","external_links_name":"42604851"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/07/23/MNGC6DSHEP1.DTL","external_links_name":"SFGate article on the discovery of this species."},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id98018","external_links_name":"98018"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1181839","external_links_name":"1181839"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyposmocoma_molluscivora&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Clarke
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Basil Clarke
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["1 Early life","2 Journalism","3 First World War","4 Public relations","5 Personal life","6 Retirement and death","7 Bibliography","8 See also","9 References","10 Sources"]
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English war correspondent
For the cricketer, see Basil Clarke (cricketer).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sir Basil ClarkeBornThomas Basil Clarke12 August 1879Altrincham, EnglandDied12 December 1947(1947-12-12) (aged 68)
Sir Thomas Basil Clarke (12 August 1879 – 12 December 1947) was an English war correspondent during the First World War and is regarded as the UK's first public relations professional.
Early life
Born in Altrincham, the son of a chemist, Clarke went to Manchester Grammar School and then as a young man, he played for Manchester Rugby Club, despite the handicap of having only one eye, the result of an accident in infancy.
Originally, he intended to make a music career. and he started a long-distance degree in Classics and Music at Oxford University but dropped out without completing any exams. After a career in banking, he spent most of 1903 travelling Germany, where he taught English, boxing and swimming and played the piano in an orchestra.
Journalism
His entry into journalism apparently came after a chance encounter in a hotel, where he joined in with some strangers as the fourth voice in a Gilbert & Sullivan quartet and was invited to write an article on musical appreciation for the Evening Gazette in Manchester. He then worked for six months as a "volunteer sub-editor" for the Manchester Courier before joining the Manchester Guardian as a sub-editor.
He worked as a sub-editor between 1904 and 1907 before its editor, C.P. Scott, appointed him as a reporter in 1907. While he covered general news, he specialised in aviation and was an eyewitness to the death of Charles Rolls, the Rolls-Royce founder who was the first Briton to die in an air crash. It was his articles on aviation that drew him to the attention of Lord Northcliffe and in 1910 he was persuaded to join the Daily Mail. There, he was still based in Manchester and covered stories such as the Hawes Junction rail disaster and played a role in the Daily Mail's campaign for improving the nutritional content of bread. Then in 1914 he was sent on his first foreign assignment, travelling to Canada undercover as a migrant worker to find out the life that awaited the hundreds of thousands of people then emigrating to Canada.
First World War
At the outbreak of war, he was called down to London to represent the Daily Mail at the Press Bureau in London. In October 1914 he was ordered to try to get to Ostend before it was taken by the German Army. When he discovered that he was too late, he traveled to Europe anyway and managed to get to Dunkirk, where he stayed three months. He lived there as a fugitive because of a ban on war reporters at the front during the early part of the war and was the first reporter to get into Ypres following the German destruction of it in November 1914.
He was forced to return to England in January 1915, the Daily Mail sent him on a tour of neutral countries to try to uncover their intentions. His time in Greece, Bulgaria and Romania did not yield any very useful information, though while there he did send back some vivid reports of fighting between the Austrian and Russian forces and on one occasion had to escape from Chernivtsi in the middle of the night when he woke to find it had been taken by Russian forces as he had slept.
He returned home to spend the rest of 1915 reporting on the impact of the war at home, including an article about the role of women in munitions factories, before causing a global scandal in January 1916 by accusing the Government of failing to enforce the blockade of Germany. His criticism of the Government, which was covered by newspapers around the world, is seen by some as one of the reasons for the establishment of a Ministry of Blockade in February 1916.
He then reported on the Easter Rising - he was the first English journalist to get independent reports out of Dublin - before leaving the Daily Mail after an argument with its news editor, Walter G Fish. He spent the last few months of 1916 as an accredited reporter at the Battle of the Somme, before publishing a memoir of his war experiences, which he called My Round of the War, at the start of 1918.
Public relations
At the end of 1917, he became director of special intelligence at the Ministry of Reconstruction after being recruited on behalf of Christopher Addison, who had an interest in propaganda. When Addison left to become president of the Local Government Board, Clarke followed him in 1919 and then joined the Ministry of Health when it was founded, with Addison as the Minister of Health, in 1919. After two months he left to become editor of the Sheffield Independent before rejoining the Ministry of Health six months later, in March 1920. he was then seconded to Dublin Castle in August 1920 to lead the British propaganda (Official known as the Department of Publicity/Public Information) effort during the Irish War of Independence.
His time in Dublin was controversial. The official newspaper of the government of the Irish Republic, the Irish Bulletin, accused Clarke of inventing stories and more recently historians have accused him of putting out false information to discredit Sinn Féin and the IRA. But a 2013 biography of Clarke has suggested that while some of the statements issued by his office were incorrect, there is no strong evidence this was done deliberately. Clarke worked to counter the negative press coverage associated with two high profile deaths in Ireland: the death on hunger strike by the Lord Mayor of Cork Terence MacSwiney (25 October 1920) and the execution of 18 year old Kevin Barry (1 November 1920). By mid-November 1920, the Irish Bulletin was publishing information which showed that Clarkes "official" narrative of Irish affairs was highly suspect. Clarkes Department of Publicity/Public Information had the difficult task of writing the British response to the Bloody Sunday retaliatory massacre in November 1920.
Also in Ireland, Clarke pioneered an approach to public relations he called "propaganda by news", the practice of influencing the news agenda through the selection of which news to release. The theory of propaganda by news is that it is facts that will influence public opinion and so these should be presented in as plain language as possible, rather than trying to add negative adjectives to it.
Following the Irish War of Independence, Clarke returned to the Ministry of Health and while there was knighted in 1923 for his services in Ireland. But the same year he was made redundant as part of the Geddes Axe. In 1924 he established Editorial Services Ltd, now generally seen as the first UK public relations agency, and by the end of the 1920s he was running a significant operation with 60 staffers. Its clients included Heinz, Lyons and the National Union of Teachers. While running Editorial Services Ltd, he developed the world's first public relations code of conduct and he championed ethics in public relations.
Personal life
Clarke married Alice in 1904 and they had seven children together. He was a member of various clubs and societies, including President of the Manchester Press Club and he was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog for his membership of the Anglo-Danish Society. He also had various business investments, including Whitehall Films, but these investments were invariably failures.
While well-liked, he displayed a violent temper throughout his adult life. His job teaching English in Germany in 1903 ended following a fight with his employer, while in 1930 he was involved in two high-profile court cases after violent incidents. In one of them he was accused of attacking a former colleague at Whitehall Films with an oar while he was out boating on the River Thames with his wife.
Retirement and death
Clarke had a stroke in 1935 and spent the rest of his life in ill-health. He died in 1947.
Bibliography
The Army's Monster Mail by Basil Clarke. Originally published in ‘the War Illustrated’ 1 September 1917
My round of the war Basil Clarke, published by W. Heinemann, 1917
From the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke, Richard Evans, published by The History Press, 2013
See also
History of public relations
References
^ Evans, Richard (2013). From the frontline : the extraordinary life of Sir Basil Clarke. Stroud: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-9727-3. OCLC 852756369.
^ a b Alan Clarke. "The Life & Times of Sir Basil Clarke – PR Pioneer". Public Relations. 1969. Vol. 22 (2) pp. 8–13.
^ Murphy, Brian (2006), The Origins and Organization of British Propaganda in Ireland 1920, Aubane Historical Society, Millstreet, Cork, pg 9, ISBN 1 903497 24 8.
^ "'War of words' over battle". 26 November 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2019 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ Richard Evans (2013). From the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke. Spellmount. ISBN 978-0-75249-429-6.
^ Murphy, pgs 38-42.
^ Murphy, pg 47.
^ L'Etang, Jacquie (2004). Public relations in Britain: a history of professional practice in the twentieth century. Applied Psychology. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8058-3804-6.
Sources
Murphy, Brian P., The Origins and Organisation of British Propaganda In Ireland – 1920, Aubane Historical Society and SpinWatch (2006)
Evans, Richard, From the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke, The History Press (2013)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
|
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After a career in banking, he spent most of 1903 travelling Germany, where he taught English, boxing and swimming and played the piano in an orchestra.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert & Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_%26_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Manchester Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Guardian"},{"link_name":"C.P. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._P._Scott"},{"link_name":"Charles Rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rolls"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited"},{"link_name":"Lord Northcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Northcliffe"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"Hawes Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawes_Junction_rail_crash"}],"text":"His entry into journalism apparently came after a chance encounter in a hotel, where he joined in with some strangers as the fourth voice in a Gilbert & Sullivan quartet and was invited to write an article on musical appreciation for the Evening Gazette in Manchester. He then worked for six months as a \"volunteer sub-editor\" for the Manchester Courier before joining the Manchester Guardian as a sub-editor.He worked as a sub-editor between 1904 and 1907 before its editor, C.P. Scott, appointed him as a reporter in 1907. While he covered general news, he specialised in aviation and was an eyewitness to the death of Charles Rolls, the Rolls-Royce founder who was the first Briton to die in an air crash. It was his articles on aviation that drew him to the attention of Lord Northcliffe and in 1910 he was persuaded to join the Daily Mail. There, he was still based in Manchester and covered stories such as the Hawes Junction rail disaster and played a role in the Daily Mail's campaign for improving the nutritional content of bread. Then in 1914 he was sent on his first foreign assignment, travelling to Canada undercover as a migrant worker to find out the life that awaited the hundreds of thousands of people then emigrating to Canada.","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk"},{"link_name":"Ypres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres"},{"link_name":"German destruction of it in November 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi"},{"link_name":"blockade of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Walter G Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._G._Fish"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"My Round of the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Round_of_the_War&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"At the outbreak of war, he was called down to London to represent the Daily Mail at the Press Bureau in London. In October 1914 he was ordered to try to get to Ostend before it was taken by the German Army. When he discovered that he was too late, he traveled to Europe anyway and managed to get to Dunkirk, where he stayed three months. He lived there as a fugitive because of a ban on war reporters at the front during the early part of the war and was the first reporter to get into Ypres following the German destruction of it in November 1914.He was forced to return to England in January 1915, the Daily Mail sent him on a tour of neutral countries to try to uncover their intentions. His time in Greece, Bulgaria and Romania did not yield any very useful information, though while there he did send back some vivid reports of fighting between the Austrian and Russian forces and on one occasion had to escape from Chernivtsi in the middle of the night when he woke to find it had been taken by Russian forces as he had slept.He returned home to spend the rest of 1915 reporting on the impact of the war at home, including an article about the role of women in munitions factories, before causing a global scandal in January 1916 by accusing the Government of failing to enforce the blockade of Germany. His criticism of the Government, which was covered by newspapers around the world, is seen by some as one of the reasons for the establishment of a Ministry of Blockade in February 1916.He then reported on the Easter Rising - he was the first English journalist to get independent reports out of Dublin - before leaving the Daily Mail after an argument with its news editor, Walter G Fish. He spent the last few months of 1916 as an accredited reporter at the Battle of the Somme, before publishing a memoir of his war experiences, which he called My Round of the War, at the start of 1918.","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Christopher Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Addison"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health_and_Social_Care"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Irish Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"IRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Terence MacSwiney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_MacSwiney"},{"link_name":"Kevin Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Barry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)"},{"link_name":"Geddes Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geddes_Axe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Heinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Corner_House"},{"link_name":"National Union of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers"}],"text":"At the end of 1917, he became director of special intelligence at the Ministry of Reconstruction after being recruited on behalf of Christopher Addison, who had an interest in propaganda. When Addison left to become president of the Local Government Board, Clarke followed him in 1919 and then joined the Ministry of Health when it was founded, with Addison as the Minister of Health, in 1919. After two months he left to become editor of the Sheffield Independent before rejoining the Ministry of Health six months later, in March 1920. he was then seconded to Dublin Castle in August 1920 to lead the British propaganda (Official known as the Department of Publicity/Public Information) effort during the Irish War of Independence.[3]His time in Dublin was controversial. The official newspaper of the government of the Irish Republic, the Irish Bulletin, accused Clarke of inventing stories and more recently historians have accused him of putting out false information to discredit Sinn Féin and the IRA.[4] But a 2013 biography of Clarke has suggested that while some of the statements issued by his office were incorrect, there is no strong evidence this was done deliberately.[5] Clarke worked to counter the negative press coverage associated with two high profile deaths in Ireland: the death on hunger strike by the Lord Mayor of Cork Terence MacSwiney (25 October 1920) and the execution of 18 year old Kevin Barry (1 November 1920).[6] By mid-November 1920, the Irish Bulletin was publishing information which showed that Clarkes \"official\" narrative of Irish affairs was highly suspect.[7] Clarkes Department of Publicity/Public Information had the difficult task of writing the British response to the Bloody Sunday retaliatory massacre in November 1920.Also in Ireland, Clarke pioneered an approach to public relations he called \"propaganda by news\", the practice of influencing the news agenda through the selection of which news to release. The theory of propaganda by news is that it is facts that will influence public opinion and so these should be presented in as plain language as possible, rather than trying to add negative adjectives to it.Following the Irish War of Independence, Clarke returned to the Ministry of Health and while there was knighted in 1923 for his services in Ireland. But the same year he was made redundant as part of the Geddes Axe. In 1924 he established Editorial Services Ltd, now generally seen as the first UK public relations agency,[8] and by the end of the 1920s he was running a significant operation with 60 staffers. Its clients included Heinz, Lyons and the National Union of Teachers. While running Editorial Services Ltd, he developed the world's first public relations code of conduct and he championed ethics in public relations.","title":"Public relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Press_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"}],"text":"Clarke married Alice in 1904 and they had seven children together. He was a member of various clubs and societies, including President of the Manchester Press Club and he was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog for his membership of the Anglo-Danish Society. He also had various business investments, including Whitehall Films, but these investments were invariably failures.While well-liked, he displayed a violent temper throughout his adult life. His job teaching English in Germany in 1903 ended following a fight with his employer, while in 1930 he was involved in two high-profile court cases after violent incidents. In one of them he was accused of attacking a former colleague at Whitehall Films with an oar while he was out boating on the River Thames with his wife.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Clarke had a stroke in 1935 and spent the rest of his life in ill-health. He died in 1947.","title":"Retirement and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Army's Monster Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Mail_Call/Mail_Call_Text_01.htm"},{"link_name":"My round of the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KNCfAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"From the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.co.uk/From-Frontline-Extraordinary-Basil-Clarke/dp/0752494295"}],"text":"The Army's Monster Mail by Basil Clarke. Originally published in ‘the War Illustrated’ 1 September 1917\nMy round of the war Basil Clarke, published by W. Heinemann, 1917\nFrom the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke, Richard Evans, published by The History Press, 2013","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4867137#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000050020342"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/71319231"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/308235464"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrGw8V63BdjqyWCr7W79C"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/105436818X"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007416179005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2014008816"}],"text":"Murphy, Brian P., The Origins and Organisation of British Propaganda In Ireland – 1920, Aubane Historical Society and SpinWatch (2006)\nEvans, Richard, From the Frontline: The Extraordinary Life of Sir Basil Clarke, The History Press (2013)Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"History of public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_relations"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_of_Mist_Records
|
Season of Mist
|
["1 Music","2 History","3 Roster","4 North American roster","5 Distributed labels","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Independent record label
This article is about the French record label. For the Sandman comic, see The Sandman: Season of Mists.
Season of MistFounded1996 (1996)FounderMichael S. BerberianGenreHeavy metal, extreme metalCountry of originUnited States, FranceLocationMarseille, FranceOfficial websiteseason-of-mist.com
Season of Mist is an independent record label and record distributor with subsidiaries in France and the United States. The record label was founded in 1996 by Michael S. Berberian in Marseille, France. From the start releasing black metal, pagan metal, and death metal records, the label moved on to releasing albums of avant-garde metal, gothic metal and punk bands as well. The label has two offices, one in Marseille, France and one in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Music
From the beginning, Season of Mist focused on releasing more extreme metal records by stylistically diverse bands like Oxiplegatz, Bethzaida and Kampfar. With the signing of Norwegian legends Mayhem in 1999, the label's profile clearly shifted towards black metal and attracted internationally renowned artists like Carpathian Forest, Rotting Christ, Arcturus, and Solefald, with the latter two representing a marked progressive and avant-garde side to Season of Mist.
While staying close to its black metal roots with the creation of the Season of Mist Underground Activists division in 2007, the label widened its musical range and added to its black, death, doom (Saint Vitus) and thrash metal roster bands playing progressive death metal (Morbid Angel, Cynic, Atheist, Gnostic, Gonin-ish), sludge (Kylesa, Outlaw Order Black Tusk), industrial metal (Genitorturers, The CNK, Punish Yourself), hard rock (Ace Frehley), gothic rock (Christian Death), mathcore (The Dillinger Escape Plan, Psykup), garage rock (1969 Was Fine), groove metal (Dagoba, Eths, Trepalium, Black Comedy) and metalcore (Eyeless, The Arrs).
History
Season of Mist was formed in 1996, while founder Michael S. Berberian was completing his scholarships in "International Economics Sciences" initially, according to Berberian, to avoid the compulsory national military service in France. Since his graduation the label has become a full-time job for Michael and achieved a steady growth with Season of Mist now employing 20 staff members. In 2002 Season of Mist also started out as a distributor for the French territory, which includes other metal labels like Spinefarm Records or Napalm Records on their roster.
Season of Mist's name originates from The Sandman: Season of Mists, which in turn comes from the opening phrase of John Keats' "To Autumn".
Roster
1349
ABBATH
Alkaloid
Altarage
Anciients
Archspire
Atheist
Auðn
Baptism
Barishi
Benighted
Beyond Creation
Bizarrekult
Black Tusk
Black Cobra
Cannabis Corpse
Carach Angren
The Casualties
Chaostar
Cloak
Complete Failure
Craft
Crippled Black Phoenix
Darkspace
Deathspell Omega
Defeated Sanity
Defiled
Départe
Der Weg einer Freiheit
Deströyer 666
Disperse
Dodecahedron
Drudkh
Earth Electric
Eivør
Emptiness
Endstille
Engel
Enthroned
Esben and the Witch
Esoteric
Eternal Gray
Eths
Foscor
Funeral
Gaahls Wyrd
Gaerea
Garmarna
George Kollias
Gonin-ish
Gorguts
Grave Desecrator
The Great Old Ones
Hark
Hate Eternal
Hegemon
Heilung
HELGA
Hell Militia
Hierophant
Hooded Menace
Imperium Dekadenz
Impure Wilhelmina
Incantation
KEN Mode
Kontinuum
Leng Tch'e
The Lion's Daughter
Mark Deutrom (ex-Melvins)
Mayhem
Merrimack
Misery Index
Necronomicon
Necrowretch
Necrophagia
Ne Obliviscaris
Nidingr
Nightbringer
Nightmarer
Nocturnal Graves
Numenorean
Obsidian Kingdom
Replacire
Revenge
Ritual Killer
River Black
Rotten Sound
Rotting Christ
Saint Vitus
Saor
Sarah Longfield
Septicflesh
Shape of Despair
Sinistro
Skuggsjá
Shining
Sólstafir
Sons of Balaur
Strigoi
Sylvaine
This Gift Is A Curse
Thy Catafalque
Tsjuder
Ulsect
Venomous Concept
Vévaki
Vipassi
Virvum
Voyager
Vulture Industries
Weedeater
Wildlights
Windswept
Withered
Wormed
Zhrine
Zuriaake
North American roster
Bands signed on a license deal with Season of Mist for exclusive release in North America.
Abysmal Dawn – American death metal
Astarte – Greek black metal
Beherit – Finnish black metal
Deathspell Omega – French black metal
Dying Fetus – American death metal
Eluveitie – Swiss folk metal
Enslaved – Norwegian progressive black metal
Finntroll – Finnish folk black metal
Forgotten Tomb – Italian black metal
Legion of the Damned – Dutch thrash metal
Moonsorrow – Finnish folk black metal
Reverend Bizarre – Finnish doom metal
Sadist – Italian technical death metal
Shape of Despair – Finnish funeral doom metal
Shining – Swedish black metal
Sopor Aeternus – German darkwave
The Gathering – Dutch atmospheric rock
To Separate the Flesh from the Bones – Finnish grindcore
Within Temptation – Dutch gothic metal
Distributed labels
Record companies distributed in France by Season of Mist.
Accession
Ad Noiseam
Agonia Records
Agua Recordings
Alfa Matrix
Ant-Zen
Anticulture
Ark Records
Audioglobe
Aura Mystique
Avantgarde Music
Basement Apes Records
Black Flames
Black Lotus Records
Black Mark Production
Black Rain/Noitekk
Bones Brigade Records
Candlelight/PlasticHead
Cargo Records
Code 666
Cold Meat Industry
Cold Spring
Cruz del Sur
Cyclic Law
Cyclone Empire
D8k Prod
Danse Macabre
Deadrock Industry/Customcore
Deaf & Dumb Music
Debemur Morti
Demolition Records
dependent
Displeased Records
Divine Comedy
Drakkar Entertainment
Dream Catcher
Favored Nations
Firebox Records
GMR Music
Great Dane Records
GSR Records
Hall of Sermon
I For Us
I Hate records
La Chambre Froide
Lifeforce Records
M-Tronic
Magic Circle Music
Massacre Records
Masterpiece Records
Metal Blade/Silverdust
Metal Mind Productions
Metropolis Records
Morbid Records
Moribund Records
Music Avenue
Napalm Records
Norma Evangelium Diaboli
Northern Silence
Nova Media/Alice In.../Bloodline/Minuswelt/Dancing Ferret/Pandaimonium
Optical Sound
Out of Line
Painkiller Records
People Like You
Prikosnovénie
Prophecy Productions
Psychonaut Records
Pulverised Records
Rage of Achilles
Repo Records
Scarlet Records
Sepulchral Production
Several Bleeds/Rupture Music
Shunu Records
Sound Pollution
Spinefarm
Suburban Records
Supernal Music
Target Records
Tatra Productions
Tesco Organisation
The End Records
Trendkill Records
Twilight Vertrieb
Underclass
Virusworx
Von Jakhelln
References
^ "March is Metal Month – Ask The Label Manager With Season of Mist's Sean "Pellet" Pelletier | Metal Insider". 2009-03-04. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ "Interview : "I punched Maniac on the very day I signed Mayhem." (Season of Mist)". Metalorgie (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ Blabbermouth (2007-07-18). "SEASON OF MIST President Talks About UNDERGROUND ACTIVISTS Division". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ Chandler, Anna. "Savannah band Black Tusk signs to Season of Mist". Connect Savannah. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ "Dillinger Escape Plan Guitarist Discusses Season of Mist Deal, iPhone App | Metal Insider". 2009-06-01. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ "Michael Berberian (Season of Mist) interview". Bardo Methodology. 2020-03-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ Blabbermouth (2005-04-14). "SEASON OF MIST Inks North American Licensing Deal With SPINEFARM RECORDS". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
^ "Season Of Mist - Interview". Metal1.info (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Other
MusicBrainz label
|
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For the Sandman comic, see The Sandman: Season of Mists.Season of Mist is an independent record label and record distributor with subsidiaries in France and the United States. The record label was founded in 1996 by Michael S. Berberian in Marseille, France. From the start releasing black metal, pagan metal, and death metal records, the label moved on to releasing albums of avant-garde metal, gothic metal and punk bands as well. The label has two offices, one in Marseille, France and one in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1]","title":"Season of Mist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"Oxiplegatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Svensson_(guitarist)#With_Oxiplegatz"},{"link_name":"Kampfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfar"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Forest"},{"link_name":"Rotting Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotting_Christ"},{"link_name":"Arcturus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcturus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Solefald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solefald"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"Saint Vitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vitus_(band)"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"progressive death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metal"},{"link_name":"Morbid Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbid_Angel"},{"link_name":"Cynic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_(band)"},{"link_name":"Kylesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylesa"},{"link_name":"Outlaw Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehategod#Outlaw_Order"},{"link_name":"Black Tusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tusk_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Genitorturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitorturers"},{"link_name":"Punish Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punish_Yourself"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"Ace Frehley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Frehley"},{"link_name":"gothic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock"},{"link_name":"Christian Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Death"},{"link_name":"mathcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathcore"},{"link_name":"The Dillinger Escape Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"groove metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_metal"},{"link_name":"Dagoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagoba_(band)"},{"link_name":"Eths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eths"}],"text":"From the beginning, Season of Mist focused on releasing more extreme metal records by stylistically diverse bands like Oxiplegatz, Bethzaida and Kampfar. With the signing of Norwegian legends Mayhem in 1999, the label's profile clearly shifted towards black metal and attracted internationally renowned artists like Carpathian Forest, Rotting Christ, Arcturus, and Solefald, with the latter two representing a marked progressive and avant-garde side to Season of Mist.[2]While staying close to its black metal roots with the creation of the Season of Mist Underground Activists division in 2007,[3] the label widened its musical range and added to its black, death, doom (Saint Vitus) and thrash metal roster bands playing progressive death metal (Morbid Angel, Cynic, Atheist, Gnostic, Gonin-ish), sludge (Kylesa, Outlaw Order Black Tusk[4]), industrial metal (Genitorturers, The CNK, Punish Yourself), hard rock (Ace Frehley), gothic rock (Christian Death), mathcore (The Dillinger Escape Plan,[5] Psykup), garage rock (1969 Was Fine), groove metal (Dagoba, Eths, Trepalium, Black Comedy) and metalcore (Eyeless, The Arrs).","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"avoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_evasion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spinefarm Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinefarm_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Napalm Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Records"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Sandman: Season of Mists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sandman:_Season_of_Mists"},{"link_name":"John Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Season of Mist was formed in 1996, while founder Michael S. Berberian was completing his scholarships in \"International Economics Sciences\" [6] initially, according to Berberian, to avoid the compulsory national military service in France[citation needed]. Since his graduation the label has become a full-time job for Michael and achieved a steady growth with Season of Mist now employing 20 staff members. In 2002 Season of Mist also started out as a distributor for the French territory, which includes other metal labels like Spinefarm Records[7] or Napalm Records[citation needed] on their roster.Season of Mist's name originates from The Sandman: Season of Mists, which in turn comes from the opening phrase of John Keats' \"To Autumn\".[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1349_(band)"},{"link_name":"ABBATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBATH_(band)"},{"link_name":"Anciients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciients"},{"link_name":"Archspire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archspire"},{"link_name":"Atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_(band)"},{"link_name":"Baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_(band)"},{"link_name":"Benighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benighted_(band)"},{"link_name":"Beyond Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Creation"},{"link_name":"Black Tusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tusk_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cobra_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cannabis Corpse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_Corpse"},{"link_name":"Carach Angren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carach_Angren"},{"link_name":"The Casualties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Casualties"},{"link_name":"Chaostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaostar"},{"link_name":"Complete Failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complete_Failure_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Crippled Black Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crippled_Black_Phoenix"},{"link_name":"Darkspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkspace_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deathspell Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathspell_Omega"},{"link_name":"Defeated Sanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeated_Sanity"},{"link_name":"Deströyer 666","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destr%C3%B6yer_666"},{"link_name":"Drudkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drudkh"},{"link_name":"Eivør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiv%C3%B8r_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Endstille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endstille"},{"link_name":"Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_(band)"},{"link_name":"Enthroned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthroned"},{"link_name":"Esben and the Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esben_and_the_Witch_(band)"},{"link_name":"Esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_(band)"},{"link_name":"Eternal Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Gray"},{"link_name":"Eths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eths"},{"link_name":"Funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gaahls Wyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaahls_Wyrd"},{"link_name":"Garmarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmarna"},{"link_name":"George Kollias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kollias_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Gorguts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorguts"},{"link_name":"Hate Eternal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_Eternal"},{"link_name":"Heilung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilung"},{"link_name":"Incantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation_(band)"},{"link_name":"KEN Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEN_Mode"},{"link_name":"Kontinuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinuum"},{"link_name":"Leng Tch'e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leng_Tch%27e"},{"link_name":"Melvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvins"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"Misery Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_Index_(band)"},{"link_name":"Necrowretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrowretch"},{"link_name":"Necrophagia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophagia"},{"link_name":"Ne Obliviscaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Obliviscaris_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nidingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidingr_(band)"},{"link_name":"Obsidian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_(Canadian_band)"},{"link_name":"Rotten Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Sound"},{"link_name":"Rotting Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotting_Christ"},{"link_name":"Saint Vitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vitus_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Longfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Longfield"},{"link_name":"Septicflesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_Flesh"},{"link_name":"Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"Sólstafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lstafir"},{"link_name":"Thy Catafalque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thy_Catafalque"},{"link_name":"Tsjuder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjuder"},{"link_name":"Venomous Concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_Concept"},{"link_name":"Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"Weedeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weedeater_(band)"},{"link_name":"Withered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withered"},{"link_name":"Wormed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormed"},{"link_name":"Zuriaake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuriaake"}],"text":"1349\nABBATH\nAlkaloid\nAltarage\nAnciients\nArchspire\nAtheist\nAuðn\nBaptism\nBarishi\nBenighted\nBeyond Creation\nBizarrekult\nBlack Tusk\nBlack Cobra\nCannabis Corpse\nCarach Angren\nThe Casualties\nChaostar\nCloak\nComplete Failure\nCraft\nCrippled Black Phoenix\nDarkspace\nDeathspell Omega\nDefeated Sanity\nDefiled\nDéparte\nDer Weg einer Freiheit\nDeströyer 666\nDisperse\nDodecahedron\nDrudkh\nEarth Electric\nEivør\nEmptiness\nEndstille\nEngel\nEnthroned\nEsben and the Witch\nEsoteric\nEternal Gray\nEths\nFoscor\nFuneral\nGaahls Wyrd\nGaerea\nGarmarna\nGeorge Kollias\nGonin-ish\nGorguts\nGrave Desecrator\nThe Great Old Ones\nHark\nHate Eternal\nHegemon\nHeilung\nHELGA\nHell Militia\nHierophant\nHooded Menace\nImperium Dekadenz\nImpure Wilhelmina\nIncantation\nKEN Mode\nKontinuum\nLeng Tch'e\nThe Lion's Daughter\nMark Deutrom (ex-Melvins)\nMayhem\nMerrimack\nMisery Index\nNecronomicon\nNecrowretch\nNecrophagia\nNe Obliviscaris\nNidingr\nNightbringer\nNightmarer\nNocturnal Graves\nNumenorean\nObsidian Kingdom\nReplacire\nRevenge\nRitual Killer\nRiver Black\nRotten Sound\nRotting Christ\nSaint Vitus\nSaor\nSarah Longfield\nSepticflesh\nShape of Despair\nSinistro\nSkuggsjá\nShining\nSólstafir\nSons of Balaur\nStrigoi\nSylvaine\nThis Gift Is A Curse\nThy Catafalque\nTsjuder\nUlsect\nVenomous Concept\nVévaki\nVipassi\nVirvum\nVoyager\nVulture Industries\nWeedeater\nWildlights\nWindswept\nWithered\nWormed\nZhrine\nZuriaake","title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abysmal Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abysmal_Dawn"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Astarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte_(band)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Beherit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beherit_(band)"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Deathspell Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathspell_Omega"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Dying Fetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Fetus"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Eluveitie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluveitie"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"folk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"Enslaved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enslaved_(band)"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Finntroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finntroll"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Forgotten Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgotten_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Legion of the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_the_Damned_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"Moonsorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonsorrow"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Reverend Bizarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Bizarre"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"Sadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadist_(band)"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"technical death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metal"},{"link_name":"Shape of Despair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_Despair"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"funeral doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal#Funeral_doom"},{"link_name":"Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"black metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_metal"},{"link_name":"Sopor Aeternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopor_Aeternus"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"darkwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkwave"},{"link_name":"The Gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gathering_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"atmospheric rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"To Separate the Flesh from the Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Separate_the_Flesh_from_the_Bones"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"Within Temptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_Temptation"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"gothic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal"}],"text":"Bands signed on a license deal with Season of Mist for exclusive release in North America.Abysmal Dawn – American death metal\nAstarte – Greek black metal\nBeherit – Finnish black metal\nDeathspell Omega – French black metal\nDying Fetus – American death metal\nEluveitie – Swiss folk metal\nEnslaved – Norwegian progressive black metal\nFinntroll – Finnish folk black metal\nForgotten Tomb – Italian black metal\nLegion of the Damned – Dutch thrash metal\nMoonsorrow – Finnish folk black metal\nReverend Bizarre – Finnish doom metal\nSadist – Italian technical death metal\nShape of Despair – Finnish funeral doom metal\nShining – Swedish black metal\nSopor Aeternus – German darkwave\nThe Gathering – Dutch atmospheric rock\nTo Separate the Flesh from the Bones – Finnish grindcore\nWithin Temptation – Dutch gothic metal","title":"North American roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_Records"},{"link_name":"Ad Noiseam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Noiseam"},{"link_name":"Agua Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_de_Annique"},{"link_name":"Alfa Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Matrix"},{"link_name":"Ant-Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_music_labels"},{"link_name":"Avantgarde Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avantgarde_Music"},{"link_name":"Black Mark Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mark_Production"},{"link_name":"Candlelight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_Records"},{"link_name":"Cargo Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_Records_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Cold Meat Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Meat_Industry"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_(label)"},{"link_name":"Danse Macabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_Macabre_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Deaf & Dumb Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_Dumb_Blind"},{"link_name":"Demolition Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_Records"},{"link_name":"dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Displeased Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displeased_Records"},{"link_name":"Drakkar Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakkar_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Favored Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favored_Nations"},{"link_name":"Firebox Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebox_Records"},{"link_name":"Lifeforce Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeforce_Records"},{"link_name":"Magic Circle Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Circle_Music"},{"link_name":"Massacre Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_Records"},{"link_name":"Metal Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Blade"},{"link_name":"Metal Mind Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Mind_Productions"},{"link_name":"Metropolis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_Records"},{"link_name":"Moribund Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moribund_Records"},{"link_name":"Napalm Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Records"},{"link_name":"Alice In...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_In..."},{"link_name":"Bloodline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funker_Vogt"},{"link_name":"Dancing Ferret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Ferret"},{"link_name":"Out of Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Line"},{"link_name":"Prikosnovénie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prikosnov%C3%A9nie"},{"link_name":"Prophecy Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy_Productions"},{"link_name":"Psychonaut Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonaut_Records"},{"link_name":"Scarlet Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_Records"},{"link_name":"Spinefarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinefarm"},{"link_name":"Suburban Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Records"},{"link_name":"Supernal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernal_Music"},{"link_name":"Tesco Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco_Organisation"},{"link_name":"The End Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_Records"},{"link_name":"Von Jakhelln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Jakhelln"}],"text":"Record companies distributed in France by Season of Mist.Accession\nAd Noiseam\nAgonia Records\nAgua Recordings\nAlfa Matrix\nAnt-Zen\nAnticulture\nArk Records\nAudioglobe\nAura Mystique\nAvantgarde Music\nBasement Apes Records\nBlack Flames\nBlack Lotus Records\nBlack Mark Production\nBlack Rain/Noitekk\nBones Brigade Records\nCandlelight/PlasticHead\nCargo Records\nCode 666\nCold Meat Industry\nCold Spring\nCruz del Sur\nCyclic Law\nCyclone Empire\nD8k Prod\nDanse Macabre\nDeadrock Industry/Customcore\nDeaf & Dumb Music\nDebemur Morti\nDemolition Records\ndependent\nDispleased Records\nDivine Comedy\nDrakkar Entertainment\nDream Catcher\nFavored Nations\nFirebox Records\nGMR Music\nGreat Dane Records\nGSR Records\nHall of Sermon\nI For Us\nI Hate records\nLa Chambre Froide\nLifeforce Records\nM-Tronic\nMagic Circle Music\nMassacre Records\nMasterpiece Records\nMetal Blade/Silverdust\nMetal Mind Productions\nMetropolis Records\nMorbid Records\nMoribund Records\nMusic Avenue\nNapalm Records\nNorma Evangelium Diaboli\nNorthern Silence\nNova Media/Alice In.../Bloodline/Minuswelt/Dancing Ferret/Pandaimonium\nOptical Sound\nOut of Line\nPainkiller Records\nPeople Like You\nPrikosnovénie\nProphecy Productions\nPsychonaut Records\nPulverised Records\nRage of Achilles\nRepo Records\nScarlet Records\nSepulchral Production\nSeveral Bleeds/Rupture Music\nShunu Records\nSound Pollution\nSpinefarm\nSuburban Records\nSupernal Music\nTarget Records\nTatra Productions\nTesco Organisation\nThe End Records\nTrendkill Records\nTwilight Vertrieb\nUnderclass\nVirusworx\nVon Jakhelln","title":"Distributed labels"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"March is Metal Month – Ask The Label Manager With Season of Mist's Sean \"Pellet\" Pelletier | Metal Insider\". 2009-03-04. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinsider.net/interviews/march-is-metal-month-ask-the-label-manager-with-season-of-mists-sean-pellet-pelletier","url_text":"\"March is Metal Month – Ask The Label Manager With Season of Mist's Sean \"Pellet\" Pelletier | Metal Insider\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191050/https://metalinsider.net/interviews/march-is-metal-month-ask-the-label-manager-with-season-of-mists-sean-pellet-pelletier","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview : \"I punched Maniac on the very day I signed Mayhem.\" (Season of Mist)\". Metalorgie (in French). Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalorgie.com/interviews/1779_I-punched-Maniac-on-the-very-day-I-signed-Mayhem-Season-of-Mist_Skype-interview-2018","url_text":"\"Interview : \"I punched Maniac on the very day I signed Mayhem.\" (Season of Mist)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005111851/https://www.metalorgie.com/interviews/1779_I-punched-Maniac-on-the-very-day-I-signed-Mayhem-Season-of-Mist_Skype-interview-2018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (2007-07-18). \"SEASON OF MIST President Talks About UNDERGROUND ACTIVISTS Division\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-president-talks-about-underground-activists-division/","url_text":"\"SEASON OF MIST President Talks About UNDERGROUND ACTIVISTS Division\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180446/https://blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-president-talks-about-underground-activists-division","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Anna. \"Savannah band Black Tusk signs to Season of Mist\". Connect Savannah. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/savannah-band-black-tusk-signs-to-season-of-mist/Content?oid=7515928","url_text":"\"Savannah band Black Tusk signs to Season of Mist\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150502/https://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/savannah-band-black-tusk-signs-to-season-of-mist/Content?oid=7515928","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Guitarist Discusses Season of Mist Deal, iPhone App | Metal Insider\". 2009-06-01. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinsider.net/interviews/dillinger-escape-plan-guitarist-discusses-season-of-mist-deal-iphone-app","url_text":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Guitarist Discusses Season of Mist Deal, iPhone App | Metal Insider\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191048/https://metalinsider.net/interviews/dillinger-escape-plan-guitarist-discusses-season-of-mist-deal-iphone-app","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Berberian (Season of Mist) interview\". Bardo Methodology. 2020-03-24. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bardomethodology.com/articles/2020/03/25/michael-berberian-season-of-mist-interview/","url_text":"\"Michael Berberian (Season of Mist) interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220930043016/http://www.bardomethodology.com/articles/2020/03/25/michael-berberian-season-of-mist-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (2005-04-14). \"SEASON OF MIST Inks North American Licensing Deal With SPINEFARM RECORDS\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-inks-north-american-licensing-deal-with-spinefarm-records/","url_text":"\"SEASON OF MIST Inks North American Licensing Deal With SPINEFARM RECORDS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191051/https://blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-inks-north-american-licensing-deal-with-spinefarm-records","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Season Of Mist - Interview\". Metal1.info (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2022-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal1.info/interviews/season-of-mist-michael-berberian-2020/","url_text":"\"Season Of Mist - Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230401095929/https://www.metal1.info/interviews/season-of-mist-michael-berberian-2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://season-of-mist.com/","external_links_name":"season-of-mist.com"},{"Link":"https://metalinsider.net/interviews/march-is-metal-month-ask-the-label-manager-with-season-of-mists-sean-pellet-pelletier","external_links_name":"\"March is Metal Month – Ask The Label Manager With Season of Mist's Sean \"Pellet\" Pelletier | Metal Insider\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191050/https://metalinsider.net/interviews/march-is-metal-month-ask-the-label-manager-with-season-of-mists-sean-pellet-pelletier","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metalorgie.com/interviews/1779_I-punched-Maniac-on-the-very-day-I-signed-Mayhem-Season-of-Mist_Skype-interview-2018","external_links_name":"\"Interview : \"I punched Maniac on the very day I signed Mayhem.\" (Season of Mist)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221005111851/https://www.metalorgie.com/interviews/1779_I-punched-Maniac-on-the-very-day-I-signed-Mayhem-Season-of-Mist_Skype-interview-2018","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-president-talks-about-underground-activists-division/","external_links_name":"\"SEASON OF MIST President Talks About UNDERGROUND ACTIVISTS Division\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221003180446/https://blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-president-talks-about-underground-activists-division","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/savannah-band-black-tusk-signs-to-season-of-mist/Content?oid=7515928","external_links_name":"\"Savannah band Black Tusk signs to Season of Mist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206150502/https://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/savannah-band-black-tusk-signs-to-season-of-mist/Content?oid=7515928","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metalinsider.net/interviews/dillinger-escape-plan-guitarist-discusses-season-of-mist-deal-iphone-app","external_links_name":"\"Dillinger Escape Plan Guitarist Discusses Season of Mist Deal, iPhone App | Metal Insider\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191048/https://metalinsider.net/interviews/dillinger-escape-plan-guitarist-discusses-season-of-mist-deal-iphone-app","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bardomethodology.com/articles/2020/03/25/michael-berberian-season-of-mist-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Berberian (Season of Mist) interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220930043016/http://www.bardomethodology.com/articles/2020/03/25/michael-berberian-season-of-mist-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-inks-north-american-licensing-deal-with-spinefarm-records/","external_links_name":"\"SEASON OF MIST Inks North American Licensing Deal With SPINEFARM RECORDS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815191051/https://blabbermouth.net/news/season-of-mist-inks-north-american-licensing-deal-with-spinefarm-records","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metal1.info/interviews/season-of-mist-michael-berberian-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Season Of Mist - Interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230401095929/https://www.metal1.info/interviews/season-of-mist-michael-berberian-2020/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.season-of-mist.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145616266","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/ab256066-5230-4a00-bc3f-1fcad2026852","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrates_of_Brussels
|
Magistrates of Brussels
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Painting by Anthony van Dyck
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Grisaille sketch of Magistrates of Brussels, in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris
Magistrates of Brussels was a 1634–35 oil painting by Anthony van Dyck. It was destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels in 1695. Its composition is known from a grisaille sketch in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which Van Dyck prepared to show how he planned to lay out the work.
Van Dyck was paid 2,400 florins for the painting in 1628, intended for Brussels Town Hall. It was painted in a period when Van Dyck had returned to the Netherlands. The work was completed in 1634-5 and included portraits of seven magistrates in council, around a statue representing Justice.
At least four sketches of magistrates' heads for the same work are known to exist, each with a distinctive pink background. Two are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. A third was in the collection of the Saint Louis Art Museum from 1952 to 2010, and later sold to a private collector. A fourth (Magistrate of Brussels) was rediscovered in England in 2013. A further work in the Royal Collection may also be from the same series.
See also
List of paintings by Anthony van Dyck
References
A Study for the Head of a Magistrate of Brussels, Artnet
Masters of the loaded brush: oil sketches from Rubens to Tiepolo, p. 75-76
External links
Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599 - 1641): Head of a bearded Man wearing a Wheel Ruff, Ashmolean
Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599 - 1641): Head of a bearded Man wearing a Falling Ruff, Ashmolean
A Study for the Head of a Magistrate of Brussels, Fergus Hall
Anthony van Dyck. "Portrait of a Man". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 406036.
New Van Dyck discovery, Art History News, 5 January 2014
A new Van Dyck discovery at the Royal Collection, Art History News, 15 May 2013
vteAnthony van DyckList of paintingsReligious subjects
Entry of Christ into Jerusalem (1617)
Crucifixion with Saints (1617–1619)
Saint Martin Dividing his Cloak (1618)
The Brazen Serpent (c. 1618–1620)
The Apostle Matthew (c. 1618–1620)
The Crowning with Thorns (1618–1620)
The Betrayal of Christ (1618–1620)
Bristol
Madrid
Minneapolis
Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral (c. 1619–1620)
Samson and Delilah
1620
1630
Susanna and the Elders (c. 1631–1632)
Madonna and Child (1621–1627)
The Mocking of Christ (1628–1630)
The Coronation of Saint Rosalia (1629)
The Vision of the Blessed Hermann Joseph (1629–1630)
Madonna and Child with Two Donors (1630)
Rest on the Flight into Egypt (1630)
Crucifixion (1630)
The Resurrection (1631–1632)
Madonna with Partridges (1632)
Deposition / Lamentation over the Dead Christ
1615
1618
1619
1629
1629–1630
1634
1635
1640
Saint Rosalia series (1624–1625)
Houston
London
Madrid
New York
Ponce
Palermo (studio work)
Munich (autograph or studio)
Mythological subjects
Drunken Silenus (1620)
Jupiter and Antiope (1620)
Diana and a Nymph Surprised by a Satyr (1622–1627)
The Shepherd Paris (1628)
Thetis Receiving the Weapons of Achilles from Hephaestus (1630–1632)
Venus Asks Vulcan to Forge Arms for her Son Aeneas (1630–1632)
Cupid and Psyche (1638–1640)
Portraits
Cornelis van der Geest (1620)
Theresa Shirley (1622)
Robert Shirley (1622)
Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio (c. 1623)
The Lomellini Family (c. 1625–1627)
Gaston, Duke of Orléans (1632 or 1634)
Charles I with M. de St Antoine (1633)
Equestrian Portrait of Francisco de Moncada (1634)
Francisco de Moncada (1634)
Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (1634)
Charles I at the Hunt (c. 1635)
Charles I in Three Positions (1635 or 1636)
The Three Eldest Children of Charles I (Turin) (1635)
The Three Eldest Children of Charles I (Royal Collection) (1636)
Equestrian Portrait of Charles I (1637–1638)
Triple Portrait of Henrietta Maria (1638)
Mary Hill, Lady Killigrew (1638)
William Killigrew (1638)
Queen Henrietta Maria as St Catherine (1639)
Luigia Cattaneo-Gentile (c. 1622)
Magistrates of Brussels (Preparatory sketch) (1634–1635)
Olivia Porter (1630s)
Mary Villiers, Lady Herbert of Shurland (c. 1636)
Lord John Stuart and his Brother, Lord Bernard Stuart (c. 1638)
Self-portraits
Vienna (1613–1614)
New York (1620–1621)
Self-Portrait with a Sunflower (1632–1633)
Self-portrait with Sir Endymion Porter (1635)
London (1640)
Other paintings
A Soldier on Horseback (c. 1616)
Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)
Related
Hendrick van Balen the Elder (master)
Peter Paul Rubens (master)
Paul de Vos (collaborator)
Van Dyke beard
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Dyck_-_Les_Echevins_de_Bruxelles_autour_de_la_statue_de_la_Justice,_1634.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grisaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisaille"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"bombardment of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)"},{"link_name":"grisaille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisaille"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Brussels Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Magistrate of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"Royal Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection"}],"text":"Grisaille sketch of Magistrates of Brussels, in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in ParisMagistrates of Brussels was a 1634–35 oil painting by Anthony van Dyck. It was destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels in 1695. Its composition is known from a grisaille sketch in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which Van Dyck prepared to show how he planned to lay out the work.Van Dyck was paid 2,400 florins for the painting in 1628, intended for Brussels Town Hall. It was painted in a period when Van Dyck had returned to the Netherlands. The work was completed in 1634-5 and included portraits of seven magistrates in council, around a statue representing Justice.At least four sketches of magistrates' heads for the same work are known to exist, each with a distinctive pink background. Two are in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. A third was in the collection of the Saint Louis Art Museum from 1952 to 2010, and later sold to a private collector. A fourth (Magistrate of Brussels) was rediscovered in England in 2013. A further work in the Royal Collection may also be from the same series.","title":"Magistrates of Brussels"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Grisaille sketch of Magistrates of Brussels, in the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Van_Dyck_-_Les_Echevins_de_Bruxelles_autour_de_la_statue_de_la_Justice%2C_1634.jpg/300px-Van_Dyck_-_Les_Echevins_de_Bruxelles_autour_de_la_statue_de_la_Justice%2C_1634.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of paintings by Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Anthony_van_Dyck"}]
|
[{"reference":"Anthony van Dyck. \"Portrait of a Man\". Royal Collection Trust. Inventory no. 406036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck","url_text":"Anthony van Dyck"},{"url":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/406036","url_text":"\"Portrait of a Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust","url_text":"Royal Collection Trust"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.artnet.com/artwork/426117139/425933175/sir-anthony-van-dyck-a-study-for-the-head-of-a-magistrate-of-brusselsbrsold.html","external_links_name":"A Study for the Head of a Magistrate of Brussels"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYkwAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Masters of the loaded brush: oil sketches from Rubens to Tiepolo"},{"Link":"http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/objects/paintings/WA1855.172.php","external_links_name":"Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599 - 1641): Head of a bearded Man wearing a Wheel Ruff"},{"Link":"http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/objects/paintings/WA1855.173.php","external_links_name":"Sir Anthony van Dyck (1599 - 1641): Head of a bearded Man wearing a Falling Ruff"},{"Link":"http://www.hallmasterpaintings.com/View/68/Sir-Anthony-Van-Dyck-A-Study-for-the-Head-of-a-Magistrate-of-Brussels?notable","external_links_name":"A Study for the Head of a Magistrate of Brussels"},{"Link":"https://www.rct.uk/collection/406036","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of a Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.arthistorynews.com/articles/2552_New_Van_Dyck_discovery","external_links_name":"New Van Dyck discovery"},{"Link":"http://www.arthistorynews.com/articles/2204_A_new_Van_Dyck_discovery_at_the_Royal_Collection","external_links_name":"A new Van Dyck discovery at the Royal Collection"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(Belgium)
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8th Infantry Division (Belgium)
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["1 History","1.1 Second World War","2 Structure","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
An editor has performed a search and found that sufficient sources exist to establish the subject's notability. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "8th Infantry Division" Belgium – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "8th Infantry Division" Belgium – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
8th Infantry Division8 ème InfanteriedivisieActive25 August 1939 - 28 May 1940Country BelgiumBranch Belgian Land ComponentTypeInfantry DivisionRoleInfantrySizeDivisionPart ofVII CorpsGarrison/HQNamurEngagements
Second World War
Battle of Belgium
CommandersNotablecommandersMajor General, André LesaffreMilitary unit
The 8th Infantry Division (Dutch: 8 ème Infanteriedivisie) was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium during the Second World War.
History
Second World War
Source:
As part of VII Corps, the 8th Infantry Division was part of the defense of the Meuse between Englis and the Ardennes. It also supported the strategic and fortified position of Namur.(VPN)
At the beginning of the battle, the III battalion of the 19th Line Regiment was deployed to the nearby town of Grand Bois de Grandes Salles to possibly intervene with a German Parachute landing. The 13th line regiment was sent to occupy the forest of Tronquoi to discourage and prevent a possible German landing.
When the Ardennes had been withdrawn from, the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion, and the 3rd Auxiliary regiment join the 8th Infantry Division and fortified the Meuse Meuse Sector. The 8th Infantry Division will become responsible for this sector.
After the collapse of Liège, the 8th Infantry Division's defense was heavily manned with the 2nd Division of the Ardennes Hunters, the French 1st Army, and the retreating forces of III Corps, which made the lines of position Namur extend north. The Germans didn't hesitate to attack and are advancing on a rapid pace. The 8th Infantry Division as to get every advantage it could get to withstand this sudden collapse in resistance.
By May 15, contact was broken for a while as the high command issue that Namur and the Meuse Meuse sector be abandoned. The plan is that by May 16, the entire Corp must be west of the Scheldt Canal. But they managed to arrive at the three villages they have to defend. (Oeselhem, Markegem, and Olsene.) In an agreement with the British, VII Corps shortened their lines so the British army can take up positions south.
But the German advance didn't halt and the 8th Infantry Division was sent to take up positions between the Leie Canal and the Upper Scheldt Canal. The 8th Infantry Division was also responsible for securing the southern Belgian frontier in case of a British withdrawal.
The situation went downhill as the Germans advanced and encircled the Allied forces in northern France and Flanders. The high command ordered that the 8th Infantry Division retreat but the Division retained its positions. The Germans breached the defenses but the 8th Infantry Division still managed to hold on. The division was ordered to stay intact and to the best of its abilities, retain a connecting line between them, and the 9th Infantry Division. It suffered heavy losses as Leie eventually had to be abandoned.
May 26-27 saw great chaos engulf the division as the reorganization was futile. The Germans are steadily closing on the large gap created from the last retreat. The 8th Infantry Division, after a doomed attempt to join with the main army, capitulated near Kortemark.
Structure
On the eve of the Battle of Belgium, the division's structure was as follows:
8th Infantry Division
Divisional Headquarters
13th Infantry Regiment
Regimental Headquarters
Staff Company
Medical Company
Scout Platoon
19th Infantry Regiment
Regimental Headquarters
Staff Company
Medical Company
Scout Platoon
21st Infantry Regiment
Regimental Headquarters
Staff Company
Medical Company
Scout Platoon
5th Artillery Regiment
Regimental Headquarters
Staff Battery
1st Artillery Battalion
2nd Artillery Battalion
3rd Artillery Battalion
4th Artillery Battalion
Armoured Anti-Tank Company
8th Signals Battalion
10th Engineer Battalion
See also
Battle of Belgium
Battle of Belgium Order of battle(1940)
German Elite Airborne Troops
French 1st Army
9th Infantry Division
10th Infantry Division
K-W line
References
^ a b c d "8th INFANTRY DIVISION - Quartermaster Section". www.quartermastersection.com. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
^ "8ste Infanteriedivisie". De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-02-25.
"De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht". De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-02-25.
External links
Video of German Invasion
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qmsec-1"},{"link_name":"Belgian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Army_1940"},{"link_name":"Battle of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"Military unitThe 8th Infantry Division (Dutch: 8 ème Infanteriedivisie)[1] was an Infantry Division of the Belgian Army that fought in the Battle of Belgium during the Second World War.","title":"8th Infantry Division (Belgium)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"German Parachute landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Paratroopers"},{"link_name":"Ardennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes"},{"link_name":"Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"French 1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt%E2%80%93Rhine_Canal"},{"link_name":"Olsene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olsene,_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Kortemark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortemark"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"Source: [2]As part of VII Corps, the 8th Infantry Division was part of the defense of the Meuse between Englis and the Ardennes. It also supported the strategic and fortified position of Namur.(VPN)At the beginning of the battle, the III battalion of the 19th Line Regiment was deployed to the nearby town of Grand Bois de Grandes Salles to possibly intervene with a German Parachute landing. The 13th line regiment was sent to occupy the forest of Tronquoi to discourage and prevent a possible German landing.When the Ardennes had been withdrawn from, the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion, and the 3rd Auxiliary regiment join the 8th Infantry Division and fortified the Meuse Meuse Sector. The 8th Infantry Division will become responsible for this sector.After the collapse of Liège, the 8th Infantry Division's defense was heavily manned with the 2nd Division of the Ardennes Hunters, the French 1st Army, and the retreating forces of III Corps, which made the lines of position Namur extend north. The Germans didn't hesitate to attack and are advancing on a rapid pace. The 8th Infantry Division as to get every advantage it could get to withstand this sudden collapse in resistance.By May 15, contact was broken for a while as the high command issue that Namur and the Meuse Meuse sector be abandoned. The plan is that by May 16, the entire Corp must be west of the Scheldt Canal. But they managed to arrive at the three villages they have to defend. (Oeselhem, Markegem, and Olsene.) In an agreement with the British, VII Corps shortened their lines so the British army can take up positions south.But the German advance didn't halt and the 8th Infantry Division was sent to take up positions between the Leie Canal and the Upper Scheldt Canal. The 8th Infantry Division was also responsible for securing the southern Belgian frontier in case of a British withdrawal.The situation went downhill as the Germans advanced and encircled the Allied forces in northern France and Flanders. The high command ordered that the 8th Infantry Division retreat but the Division retained its positions. The Germans breached the defenses but the 8th Infantry Division still managed to hold on. The division was ordered to stay intact and to the best of its abilities, retain a connecting line between them, and the 9th Infantry Division. It suffered heavy losses as Leie eventually had to be abandoned.May 26-27 saw great chaos engulf the division as the reorganization was futile. The Germans are steadily closing on the large gap created from the last retreat. The 8th Infantry Division, after a doomed attempt to join with the main army, capitulated near Kortemark.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qmsec-1"}],"text":"On the eve of the Battle of Belgium, the division's structure was as follows:[1]8th Infantry Division\nDivisional Headquarters\n13th Infantry Regiment\nRegimental Headquarters\nStaff Company\nMedical Company\nScout Platoon\n19th Infantry Regiment\nRegimental Headquarters\nStaff Company\nMedical Company\nScout Platoon\n21st Infantry Regiment\nRegimental Headquarters\nStaff Company\nMedical Company\nScout Platoon\n5th Artillery Regiment\nRegimental Headquarters\nStaff Battery\n1st Artillery Battalion\n2nd Artillery Battalion\n3rd Artillery Battalion\n4th Artillery Battalion\nArmoured Anti-Tank Company\n8th Signals Battalion\n10th Engineer Battalion","title":"Structure"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Battle of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium"},{"title":"Battle of Belgium Order of battle(1940)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium_order_of_battle"},{"title":"German Elite Airborne Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger"},{"title":"French 1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Army_(France)"},{"title":"9th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(Belgium)"},{"title":"10th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Infantry_Division_(Belgium)"},{"title":"K-W line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-W_Line"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"8th INFANTRY DIVISION - Quartermaster Section\". www.quartermastersection.com. Retrieved 2023-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quartermastersection.com/belgian/divisions/3891/8infbel","url_text":"\"8th INFANTRY DIVISION - Quartermaster Section\""}]},{"reference":"\"8ste Infanteriedivisie\". De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://18daagseveldtocht.be/grote-eenheden/divisies/8ste-infanteriedivisie/","url_text":"\"8ste Infanteriedivisie\""}]},{"reference":"\"De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht\". De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://18daagseveldtocht.be/","url_text":"\"De Achttiendaagse Veldtocht\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Am_I_(Ty_Dolla_Sign_song)
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So Am I (Ty Dolla Sign song)
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["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Charts","4 References"]
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2017 single by Ty Dolla Sign featuring Damian Marley and Skrillex"So Am I"Single by Ty Dolla Sign featuring Damian Marley and Skrillexfrom the album Beach House 3 ReleasedSeptember 1, 2017 (2017-09-01)GenreTropicalclubLength3:45LabelAtlanticWEASongwriter(s)Griffin, Jr. Damian Marley, Boyd S. Moore SirotaProducer(s)SkrillexTy Dolla Sign singles chronology
"Ego" (2017)
"So Am I" (2017)
"Ex" (2017)
Damian Marley singles chronology
"Medication"(2017)
"So Am I"(2017)
"Living It Up"(2018)
Skrillex singles chronology
"Favor"(2017)
"So Am I"(2017)
"GOH"(2018)
"So Am I" is a song by American singer Ty Dolla Sign. It was released through Atlantic Records and WEA International on September 1, 2017, as the second single from his second studio album, Beach House 3 (2017). The song features Jamaican reggae artist Damian Marley and American electronic dance music producer Skrillex, the latter of whom is sole producer of the song.
Background
Sign told Billboard in an interview that he is "trying out 'new reggae'" with the song. It was uploaded to SoundCloud on August 28, 2017, but was unavailable for streaming. On the same day, both Sign and Skrillex teased the track on Twitter. Sign tweeted the single artwork, which features a miniature figurine of him surfing on a tongue. On August 31, 2017, the song was leaked in full ahead of release.
Critical reception
Andrew Rafter of DJ Mag opined that Skrillex, whom he referred as "the king of dubstep", have forgone his usual style for a song that is "a lot closer to what you might expect from Damian Marley and Ty Dolla Sign". Emmanuel C.M. of XXL described the song as "an excellent blend of their respective styles into a cohesive final product". Similarly, Rap-Up wrote that the song "blends their varied musical styles into one banger". Patrick Lyons of Merry Jane stated that Sign's voice sounds like "he's been doing Jamaican-inflected pop his entire life", and he appreciates that Sign is "actually working with Skrillex". Kevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop regarded the song as a "pop-friendly record" and opined that Skrillex supplied "dance-friendly production". Bianca Gracie of Fuse wrote that the song's "warm, sunny vibes" will make the listeners "wish summer was year-round". Matthew Meadow of Your EDM felt the song "features subtle, but recognizable production from Skrillex on a smooth and tropical sound", but is "not particularly a 'summer hit'". Erik of EDM Sauce deemed the song as "an almost entirely reggae tune" and "a downtempo, tradition Jamaican track", he felt "everything flows perfect from one style to another". Hunter Thompson of Run the Trap called the song "a very chill, island inspired soon to be radio hit", and felt it is "a blaring dubstep track". He noted that it would be played frequently everywhere "as summer begins to wind down" and he expect "some pretty dope remixes" of this track. Alex Ross of Vice wrote a negative review of the song, faulting the reggae beat that was "squeezed tightly through Skrillex's desk", which "actively distracts from Ty and Marley's vocals", and blaming Skrillex exclusively for making it "ends up sounding like a Fyre Festival promo", but not "a fun blend of styles between Ty and Marley".
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peak position
New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ)
6
References
^ Tom, Breihan (September 1, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign – "So Am I" (Feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex)". Stereogum. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Michelle, Kim (September 1, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, Damian Marley Team for New Song "So Am I": Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Steven, Horowitz (August 24, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign Aims for Megafame: 'There's No Ceiling for the Dolla'". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Matthew, Meadow (August 28, 2017). "Skrillex & Damian Marley To Release New Collab With Ty Dolla $ign". Your EDM. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Stevo (August 28, 2017). "Skrillex Plans To Release Song With Damian Marley & Ty Dolla Sign". EDM Sauce. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Kat, Bein (August 29, 2017). "Skrillex Teases Track With Ty Dolla $ign & Damian Marley". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ a b Matthew, Meadow (August 31, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign Collaboration With Skrillex & Damian Marley Leaks A Day Ahead Of Release". Your EDM. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ a b Hunter, Thompson (August 31, 2017). "Listen to Skrillex's Collab with Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley Ahead of its Friday Release". Run the Trap. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Andrew, Rafter (September 1, 2017). "Skrillex just dropped his Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley collaboration, 'So Am I': Listen". DJ Mag. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Emmanuel, C.M. (September 1, 2017). "Ty Dolla Sign, Damian Marley and Skrillex Make an Excellent Team on New Song "So Am I"". XXL. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ "New Music: Ty Dolla $ign feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex – 'So Am I'". Rap-Up. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Patrick, Lyons (September 2, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign, Damian Marley & Skrillex Supply the Good Vibes on "So Am I"". Merry Jane. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Kevin, Goddard (September 1, 2017). "Ty Dolla Sign Recruits Skrillex & Damien Marley For "So Am I"". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Bianca, Gracie (September 1, 2017). "Ty Dolla $ign's 'So Am I' Song With Skrillex & Damian Marley Will Whisk You to the Islands: Listen". Fuse. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Erik (August 31, 2017). "Skrillex's New Reggae Production For Damien Marley and Ty Dolla $ign Has Dropped: Listen". EDM Sauce. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Alex, Ross (September 1, 2017). "Here's Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, and Damian Marley's New Song, "So Am I"". Noisey. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ "NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
vteTy Dolla SignDiscographyStudio albums
Free TC (2015)
Beach House 3 (2017)
Featuring Ty Dolla Sign (2020)
Collaborative albums
MihTy (with Jeremih) (2018)
Cheers to the Best Memories (with Dvsn) (2021)
Vultures 1 (with Kanye West as ¥$)
Vultures 2 (with Kanye West as ¥$)
EPs
Beach House EP (2014)
Talk About It in the Morning (with Wiz Khalifa) (2015)
Mixtapes
Campaign (2016)
Singles
"Paranoid"
"Or Nah"
"Shell Shocked"
"Stand For"
"Drop That Kitty"
"Blasé"
"Saved"
"Wavy"
"Sucker for Pain"
"Campaign"
"Zaddy"
"Love U Better"
"So Am I"
"Ex"
"Pineapple"
"OTW"
"Treehouse"
"Midnight Hour"
"Ego Death"
"Expensive"
"Spicy"
"The Business, Pt. II"
"By Yourself"
"Willing to Trust"
"Vultures"
"Talking / Once Again"
"Carnival"
Featured singles
"Toot It and Boot It"
"Nobody"
"You and Your Friends"
"My Main"
"Play No Games"
"Fade"
"Work from Home"
"Bacon"
"Gone"
"Money Showers"
"Are You Sure?"
"I Think She Like Me"
"Blessings"
"Fallen"
"So Good"
"Ain't Nothing"
"Swalla"
"It's a Vibe"
"Vitamin D"
"F with U"
"Trap Paris"
"Whatever You Need"
"Something New"
"Ego"
"Say Less"
"Psycho"
"Me So Bad"
"Accelerate"
"All Mine"
"Bottled Up"
"Nights Like This"
"Think About Us"
"Got Me"
"Hot Girl Summer"
"Hit Different"
"Chosen"
"WusYaName"
"Lifetime"
"Friends"
Other songs
"Real Friends"
"Violent Crimes"
"Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)"
"New Body"
"Everything We Need"
"Back to Me"
"Burn"
"Fuk Sumn"
"Good (Don't Die)"
Category
vteDamian MarleyStudio albums
Mr. Marley
Halfway Tree
Welcome to Jamrock
Stony Hill
Collaborations
Distant Relatives (with Nas)
Singles
"Welcome to Jamrock"
"The Master Has Come Back"
"Road to Zion"
"As We Enter"
"Make It Bun Dem"
Featured singles
"Now That You Got It"
"So Am I"
"Bam"
Other songs
"Liquor Store Blues"
Related articles
Discography
Tuff Gong
SuperHeavy
vteSkrillexDiscographyStudio albums
Recess
Quest for Fire
Don't Get Too Close
Extended plays
My Name Is Skrillex
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites
More Monsters and Sprites
Bangarang
Leaving
Singles
"Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites"
"First of the Year (Equinox)"
"Ruffneck (Full Flex)"
"Breakn' a Sweat"
"Bangarang"
"Make It Bun Dem"
"Try It Out"
"Ragga Bomb"
"Recess"
"Take Ü There"
"Dirty Vibe"
"Where Are Ü Now"
"Purple Lamborghini"
"Would You Ever"
"Face My Fears"
"Midnight Hour"
"Butterflies"
"In da Getto"
"En Mi Cuarto"
"Don't Go"
"Rumble"
Featured singles
"Get Up!"
"Narcissistic Cannibal"
"Chaos Lives in Everything"
"Wild for the Night"
"El Chapo"
"So Am I"
"Ego Death"
Other songs
"Kyoto"
"Ease My Mind"
Tours
Mothership Tour
Related articles
From First to Last
Jack Ü
Dog Blood
Owsla
Skrillex and Diplo Present Jack Ü
There Is a Hell...
The Path of Totality
Spring Breakers (Music from the Motion Picture)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ty Dolla Sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"WEA International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Beach House 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_House_3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Damian Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Marley"},{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Skrillex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrillex"}],"text":"\"So Am I\" is a song by American singer Ty Dolla Sign. It was released through Atlantic Records and WEA International on September 1, 2017, as the second single from his second studio album, Beach House 3 (2017).[2] The song features Jamaican reggae artist Damian Marley and American electronic dance music producer Skrillex, the latter of whom is sole producer of the song.","title":"So Am I (Ty Dolla Sign song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SoundCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoundCloud"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Your_EDM-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Run_the_Trap-8"}],"text":"Sign told Billboard in an interview that he is \"trying out 'new reggae'\" with the song.[3] It was uploaded to SoundCloud on August 28, 2017, but was unavailable for streaming.[4][5] On the same day, both Sign and Skrillex teased the track on Twitter. Sign tweeted the single artwork, which features a miniature figurine of him surfing on a tongue.[6] On August 31, 2017, the song was leaked in full ahead of release.[7][8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Mag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Mag"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"XXL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXL_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rap-Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-Up"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Merry Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Jane"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Your_EDM-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Run_the_Trap-8"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Andrew Rafter of DJ Mag opined that Skrillex, whom he referred as \"the king of dubstep\", have forgone his usual style for a song that is \"a lot closer to what you might expect from Damian Marley and Ty Dolla Sign\".[9] Emmanuel C.M. of XXL described the song as \"an excellent blend of their respective styles into a cohesive final product\".[10] Similarly, Rap-Up wrote that the song \"blends their varied musical styles into one banger\".[11] Patrick Lyons of Merry Jane stated that Sign's voice sounds like \"he's been doing Jamaican-inflected pop his entire life\", and he appreciates that Sign is \"actually working with Skrillex\".[12] Kevin Goddard of HotNewHipHop regarded the song as a \"pop-friendly record\" and opined that Skrillex supplied \"dance-friendly production\".[13] Bianca Gracie of Fuse wrote that the song's \"warm, sunny vibes\" will make the listeners \"wish summer was year-round\".[14] Matthew Meadow of Your EDM felt the song \"features subtle, but recognizable production from Skrillex on a smooth and tropical sound\", but is \"not particularly a 'summer hit'\".[7] Erik of EDM Sauce deemed the song as \"an almost entirely reggae tune\" and \"a downtempo, tradition Jamaican track\", he felt \"everything flows perfect from one style to another\".[15] Hunter Thompson of Run the Trap called the song \"a very chill, island inspired soon to be radio hit\", and felt it is \"a blaring dubstep track\". He noted that it would be played frequently everywhere \"as summer begins to wind down\" and he expect \"some pretty dope remixes\" of this track.[8] Alex Ross of Vice wrote a negative review of the song, faulting the reggae beat that was \"squeezed tightly through Skrillex's desk\", which \"actively distracts from Ty and Marley's vocals\", and blaming Skrillex exclusively for making it \"ends up sounding like a Fyre Festival promo\", but not \"a fun blend of styles between Ty and Marley\".[16]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tom, Breihan (September 1, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign – \"So Am I\" (Feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex)\". Stereogum. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stereogum.com/1960467/ty-dolla-ign-so-am-i-feat-damian-marley-skrillex/music/","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign – \"So Am I\" (Feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum","url_text":"Stereogum"}]},{"reference":"Michelle, Kim (September 1, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, Damian Marley Team for New Song \"So Am I\": Listen\". Pitchfork. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/ty-dolla-dollarign-skrillex-damian-marley-team-for-new-song-so-am-i-listen/","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, Damian Marley Team for New Song \"So Am I\": Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Steven, Horowitz (August 24, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign Aims for Megafame: 'There's No Ceiling for the Dolla'\". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7940980/ty-dolla-sign-fall-preview-interview","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Aims for Megafame: 'There's No Ceiling for the Dolla'\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew, Meadow (August 28, 2017). \"Skrillex & Damian Marley To Release New Collab With Ty Dolla $ign\". Your EDM. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.youredm.com/2017/08/28/skrillex-damian-marley-release-new-collab-ty-dolla-ign/","url_text":"\"Skrillex & Damian Marley To Release New Collab With Ty Dolla $ign\""}]},{"reference":"Stevo (August 28, 2017). \"Skrillex Plans To Release Song With Damian Marley & Ty Dolla Sign\". EDM Sauce. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edmsauce.com/2017/08/28/skrillex-plans-release-song-damian-marley-ty-dolla-sign/","url_text":"\"Skrillex Plans To Release Song With Damian Marley & Ty Dolla Sign\""}]},{"reference":"Kat, Bein (August 29, 2017). \"Skrillex Teases Track With Ty Dolla $ign & Damian Marley\". Billboard. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/7948960/skrillex-ty-dolla-sign-damian-marley-so-am-i","url_text":"\"Skrillex Teases Track With Ty Dolla $ign & Damian Marley\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew, Meadow (August 31, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign Collaboration With Skrillex & Damian Marley Leaks A Day Ahead Of Release\". Your EDM. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.youredm.com/2017/08/31/ty-dolla-ign-collaboration-skrillex-damian-marley-leaks-day-ahead-release/","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign Collaboration With Skrillex & Damian Marley Leaks A Day Ahead Of Release\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Thompson (August 31, 2017). \"Listen to Skrillex's Collab with Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley Ahead of its Friday Release\". Run the Trap. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://runthetrap.com/2017/08/31/listen-skrillexs-collab-ty-dolla-ign-damian-marley-ahead-friday-release/","url_text":"\"Listen to Skrillex's Collab with Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley Ahead of its Friday Release\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew, Rafter (September 1, 2017). \"Skrillex just dropped his Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley collaboration, 'So Am I': Listen\". DJ Mag. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://djmag.com/news/skrillex-just-dropped-his-ty-dolla-ign-and-damian-marley-collaboration-%E2%80%98so-am-i%E2%80%99-listen","url_text":"\"Skrillex just dropped his Ty Dolla $ign and Damian Marley collaboration, 'So Am I': Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Emmanuel, C.M. (September 1, 2017). \"Ty Dolla Sign, Damian Marley and Skrillex Make an Excellent Team on New Song \"So Am I\"\". XXL. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/new-music/2017/09/ty-dolla-sign-damian-marley-skrillex-so-am-i/","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla Sign, Damian Marley and Skrillex Make an Excellent Team on New Song \"So Am I\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: Ty Dolla $ign feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex – 'So Am I'\". Rap-Up. August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/31/new-music-ty-dolla-sign-damian-marley-skrillex-so-am-i/","url_text":"\"New Music: Ty Dolla $ign feat. Damian Marley & Skrillex – 'So Am I'\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Lyons (September 2, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign, Damian Marley & Skrillex Supply the Good Vibes on \"So Am I\"\". Merry Jane. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://merryjane.com/music/ty-dolla-signs-damian-marley-skrillex-so-am-i","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign, Damian Marley & Skrillex Supply the Good Vibes on \"So Am I\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kevin, Goddard (September 1, 2017). \"Ty Dolla Sign Recruits Skrillex & Damien Marley For \"So Am I\"\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/ty-dolla-sign-recruits-skrillex-and-damien-marley-for-so-am-i-new-song.1975568.html","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla Sign Recruits Skrillex & Damien Marley For \"So Am I\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bianca, Gracie (September 1, 2017). \"Ty Dolla $ign's 'So Am I' Song With Skrillex & Damian Marley Will Whisk You to the Islands: Listen\". Fuse. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fuse.tv/2017/09/ty-dolla-sign-so-am-i-song-skrillex-damian-marley","url_text":"\"Ty Dolla $ign's 'So Am I' Song With Skrillex & Damian Marley Will Whisk You to the Islands: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Erik (August 31, 2017). \"Skrillex's New Reggae Production For Damien Marley and Ty Dolla $ign Has Dropped: Listen\". EDM Sauce. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edmsauce.com/2017/08/31/skrillexs-new-reggae-production-damien-marley-ty-dolla-ign-dropped-listen/","url_text":"\"Skrillex's New Reggae Production For Damien Marley and Ty Dolla $ign Has Dropped: Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Alex, Ross (September 1, 2017). \"Here's Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, and Damian Marley's New Song, \"So Am I\"\". Noisey. Retrieved September 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/8xx39z/heres-ty-dolla-dollarign-skrillex-and-damian-marleys-new-song-so-am-i","url_text":"\"Here's Ty Dolla $ign, Skrillex, and Damian Marley's New Song, \"So Am I\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=4397","url_text":"\"NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siempre_te_amar%C3%A9
|
Siempre te amaré
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Mexican telenovela
Siempre te amaréGenreTelenovelaRomanceDramaCreated byCaridad Bravo AdamsFernanda VilleliWritten byConsuelo GarridoGeorgina TinocoAlberto AridjisJuan Carlos TejedaRosita BouchotÁlvaro CuevaIsabel SorianoDirected byPatricia Reyes SpíndolaRoberto D'AmicoAlberto RojasXavier MarcJulián PastorStarringLaura FloresFernando CarrilloArturo PenicheAlejandra ÁvalosGerardo MurguiaOpening themeSigue sin mi by Marco Antonio SolísEnding themePerdóname by Fernando CarrilloCountry of originMexicoOriginal languageSpanishNo. of episodes135ProductionExecutive producerJuan OsorioProducerRamón Ortiz QuiñónezProduction locationsFilmingTelevisa San Ángel Mexico City, MexicoCinematographyEnrique GarcíaAlejandro Álvarez CenicerosEditorRicardo RodriguezCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning time41-44 minutesProduction companyTelevisaOriginal releaseNetworkCanal de las EstrellasReleaseJanuary 24 (2000-01-24) –July 28, 2000 (2000-07-28)RelatedLo imperdonable (1975-1976)Lo imperdonable (2015)
Siempre te amaré (English: I will always love you) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa that premiered on Canal de Las Estrellas on January 24, 2000 and ended on July 28, 2000. It was adapted from the 1975 telenovela Lo imperdonable (The Unforgivable) by Consuelo Garrido and Georgina Tinoco.
Laura Flores, Fernando Carrillo and Arturo Peniche (replacement of Carrillo) starred as protagonists, while Alejandra Ávalos starred as main antagonist.
Cast
Laura Flores as Victoria Robles de Castellanos/Amparo Rivas
Fernando Carrillo as Mauricio Castellanos Grajales
Arturo Peniche as Luis Miguel Garay
Alejandra Ávalos as Gilda Gómez de Castellanos/Martha Laura Izaguirre
Gerardo Murguía as Román Castillo Arteaga
Guillermo García Cantú as Jorge Montesinos
Alejandro Tommasi as Octavio Elizondo
Ofelia Guilmáin as Doña Úrsula Grajales Vda. de Castellanos
María Victoria as Columba Enriqueta Pardo de Serrano
Gabriela Goldsmith as Ariadna de Granados/Ariadna de Mendizábal
Rodrigo Vidal as Eduardo Castellanos Robles
Rafael Rojas as Patricio Mistral
Renée Varsi as Antonia Castellanos Robles de Reyes
Vanessa Guzmán as Sabina Castellanos Grajales
Mónica Dossetti as Rossana Banderas
Mayrín Villanueva as Berenice Gutiérrez
Claudia Silva as Lucía
Alfonso Iturralde as Father Pablo
Abraham Ramos as Leonardo Reyes Pastor
Luis Xavier as Francisco Reyes
Alejandra Procuna as Olivia Salas Berriozábal
Luz Elena González as Mara
José Roberto as Abelardo Roldán
Rosángela Balbó as Constanza de la Parra
Amparo Garrido as Soledad de Estrada
Gabriel Varela as Martín Mendizábal
Oscar Uriel as Tizoc Pardo
Benjamín Rivero as Virgilio Jobito "El Verrugas"
Arturo Vázquez as Alberto Estrada
Miguel Herrer as El Piojo
Manuel "El Loco" Valdés as Francisco "Pancho" Sánchez
Frances Ondiviela as Violeta Arizmendi de Garay
Chao as Julio Granados
Wendy González as Jazmín Elizondo Silva
Evita Muñoz "Chachita" as Estrella "Estrellita" Vda. de Silva
Luis Fernando Torres as Luisito
Germán Gutiérrez as Fausto Berriozábal
Ricardo Alejandro Valdés as José "Pepe" Sánchez
Roberto Marín as Palillo
Benito Castro as Dr.Jonás Pérez
Diana Osorio as Mariana Garay Arismendi
Luis Roberto Guzmán as Alfredo Dominguez
Adriana Riveramelo as Nayeli de la Parra
Eugenio Lobo as Adán
Marco Mũnoz as Hernan
Ivonne Montero as Mercedes "Meche" González
Nancy Pablos as Lorenza
Miguel Priego as Detective Olmos
Ivonne Bardett as Bonnie
Alfredo Vega as Cirilo
Leslie Giovanna as Blanquita
José Eduardo as Eduardo Castellanos (child)
Eduardo Rodríguez as Raúl Acosta
Ernesto Valenzuela as Antonio "Toño" Quintana
Ana Hally as Rita
Natasha Dupeyrón as Antonia Castellanos (child)
Carlos Cámara as Lic. Sandoval
Kenia Hurtado as Veronica Landeros (child)
References
^ "Siempre te amaré" (in Spanish). alma-latina.net. Archived from the original on April 2, 2003. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
External links
Siempre te amaré at IMDb
vteTelevisa telenovelas (2000–2009)2000
Amigos x siempre
Siempre te amaré
Ramona
Locura de amor
Carita de ángel
Mi Destino Eres Tú
Abrázame muy fuerte
Primer amor, a mil por hora
Por un beso
La casa en la playa
El precio de tu amor
Rayito de luz
2001
El noveno mandamiento
El derecho de nacer
Amigas y rivales
Aventuras en el tiempo
Mujer bonita
La intrusa
Sin pecado concebido
Atrévete a olvidarme
María Belén
El Manantial
Salomé
El juego de la vida
Navidad sin fin
2002
Cómplices Al Rescate
Entre el amor y el odio
La Otra
Clase 406
¡Vivan los niños!
Las vías del amor
Así son ellas
2003
Niña amada mía
De pocas, pocas pulgas
Amor real
Velo de novia
Alegrijes y Rebujos
Bajo la misma piel
Mariana de la noche
Clap, el lugar de tus sueños
2004
Amarte es mi Pecado
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul
Corazones al límite
Mujer de madera
Rubí
Amar otra vez
Misión S.O.S
Rebelde
Apuesta por un amor
Inocente de ti
2005
Sueños y caramelos
La Madrastra
Contra viento y marea
Piel de otoño
La esposa virgen
Pablo y Andrea
El Amor no Tiene Precio
Barrera de amor
Alborada
Peregrina
2006
La fea más bella
La verdad oculta
Heridas de amor
Duelo de pasiones
Código Postal
Mundo de fieras
Amor mío
Las dos caras de Ana
Amar sin límites
2007
Destilando Amor
Yo amo a Juan Querendón
Lola, érase una vez
Bajo las riendas del amor
Muchachitas como tú
Pasión
Amor sin maquillaje
Al diablo con los guapos
Palabra de mujer
Tormenta en el paraíso
2008
Fuego en la sangre
Las tontas no van al cielo
Alma de hierro
Querida enemiga
Cuidado con el ángel
Juro Que Te Amo
Un gancho al corazón
En nombre del amor
Mañana es para siempre
2009
Verano de amor
Atrévete a soñar
Sortilegio
Mi pecado
Hasta que el dinero nos separe
Camaleones
Los exitosos Pérez
Corazón salvaje
Mar de amor
Complete
1958–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
This article about Mexican telenovelas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telenovela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Juan Osorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Osorio"},{"link_name":"Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Laura Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Flores"},{"link_name":"Fernando Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"Arturo Peniche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Peniche"},{"link_name":"Alejandra Ávalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandra_%C3%81valos"}],"text":"Siempre te amaré (English: I will always love you) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa that premiered on Canal de Las Estrellas on January 24, 2000 and ended on July 28, 2000.[1] It was adapted from the 1975 telenovela Lo imperdonable (The Unforgivable) by Consuelo Garrido and Georgina Tinoco.Laura Flores, Fernando Carrillo and Arturo Peniche (replacement of Carrillo) starred as protagonists, while Alejandra Ávalos starred as main antagonist.","title":"Siempre te amaré"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laura Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Flores"},{"link_name":"Fernando Carrillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Carrillo"},{"link_name":"Arturo Peniche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Peniche"},{"link_name":"Alejandra Ávalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandra_%C3%81valos"},{"link_name":"Guillermo García Cantú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Garc%C3%ADa_Cant%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Tommasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Tommasi"},{"link_name":"Ofelia Guilmáin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofelia_Guilm%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"María Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Rafael Rojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Rojas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Mónica Dossetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Dossetti"},{"link_name":"Mayrín Villanueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayr%C3%ADn_Villanueva"},{"link_name":"Abraham Ramos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ramos"},{"link_name":"Alejandra Procuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandra_Procuna"},{"link_name":"Luz Elena González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_Elena_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Frances Ondiviela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Ondiviela"},{"link_name":"Wendy González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"Evita Muñoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evita_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Benito Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Castro"},{"link_name":"Luis Roberto Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Roberto_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Adriana Riveramelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Riveramelo"},{"link_name":"Ivonne Montero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivonne_Montero"},{"link_name":"Natasha Dupeyrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Dupeyr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Carlos Cámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_C%C3%A1mara"}],"text":"Laura Flores as Victoria Robles de Castellanos/Amparo Rivas\nFernando Carrillo as Mauricio Castellanos Grajales\nArturo Peniche as Luis Miguel Garay\nAlejandra Ávalos as Gilda Gómez de Castellanos/Martha Laura Izaguirre\nGerardo Murguía as Román Castillo Arteaga\nGuillermo García Cantú as Jorge Montesinos\nAlejandro Tommasi as Octavio Elizondo\nOfelia Guilmáin as Doña Úrsula Grajales Vda. de Castellanos\nMaría Victoria as Columba Enriqueta Pardo de Serrano\nGabriela Goldsmith as Ariadna de Granados/Ariadna de Mendizábal\nRodrigo Vidal as Eduardo Castellanos Robles\nRafael Rojas as Patricio Mistral\nRenée Varsi as Antonia Castellanos Robles de Reyes\nVanessa Guzmán as Sabina Castellanos Grajales\nMónica Dossetti as Rossana Banderas\nMayrín Villanueva as Berenice Gutiérrez\nClaudia Silva as Lucía\nAlfonso Iturralde as Father Pablo\nAbraham Ramos as Leonardo Reyes Pastor\nLuis Xavier as Francisco Reyes\nAlejandra Procuna as Olivia Salas Berriozábal\nLuz Elena González as Mara\nJosé Roberto as Abelardo Roldán\nRosángela Balbó as Constanza de la Parra\nAmparo Garrido as Soledad de Estrada\nGabriel Varela as Martín Mendizábal\nOscar Uriel as Tizoc Pardo\nBenjamín Rivero as Virgilio Jobito \"El Verrugas\"\nArturo Vázquez as Alberto Estrada\nMiguel Herrer as El Piojo\nManuel \"El Loco\" Valdés as Francisco \"Pancho\" Sánchez\nFrances Ondiviela as Violeta Arizmendi de Garay\nChao as Julio Granados\nWendy González as Jazmín Elizondo Silva\nEvita Muñoz \"Chachita\" as Estrella \"Estrellita\" Vda. de Silva\nLuis Fernando Torres as Luisito\nGermán Gutiérrez as Fausto Berriozábal\nRicardo Alejandro Valdés as José \"Pepe\" Sánchez\nRoberto Marín as Palillo\nBenito Castro as Dr.Jonás Pérez\nDiana Osorio as Mariana Garay Arismendi\nLuis Roberto Guzmán as Alfredo Dominguez\nAdriana Riveramelo as Nayeli de la Parra\nEugenio Lobo as Adán\nMarco Mũnoz as Hernan\nIvonne Montero as Mercedes \"Meche\" González\nNancy Pablos as Lorenza\nMiguel Priego as Detective Olmos\nIvonne Bardett as Bonnie\nAlfredo Vega as Cirilo\nLeslie Giovanna as Blanquita\nJosé Eduardo as Eduardo Castellanos (child)\nEduardo Rodríguez as Raúl Acosta\nErnesto Valenzuela as Antonio \"Toño\" Quintana\nAna Hally as Rita\nNatasha Dupeyrón as Antonia Castellanos (child)\nCarlos Cámara as Lic. Sandoval\nKenia Hurtado as Veronica Landeros (child)","title":"Cast"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Siempre te amaré\" (in Spanish). alma-latina.net. Archived from the original on April 2, 2003. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030402091009/http://www.alma-latina.net/SiempreTeAmare/SiempreTeAmare.shtml","url_text":"\"Siempre te amaré\""},{"url":"http://www.alma-latina.net/SiempreTeAmare/SiempreTeAmare.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030402091009/http://www.alma-latina.net/SiempreTeAmare/SiempreTeAmare.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Siempre te amaré\""},{"Link":"http://www.alma-latina.net/SiempreTeAmare/SiempreTeAmare.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0231045/","external_links_name":"Siempre te amaré"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siempre_te_amar%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Morgulov
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Igor Morgulov
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["1 Diplomatic career","2 Personal life","3 Awards and honors","4 References"]
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Russian diplomat (born 1961)
Igor MorgulovИгорь МоргуловMorgulov in 2016Russian Ambassador to ChinaIncumbentAssumed office September 13, 2022PresidentVladimir PutinPrime MinisterMikhail MishustinPreceded byAndrei DenisovVice Minister of Foreign Affairs of RussiaIn officeDecember 22, 2011 – September 13, 2022
Personal detailsBornIgor Vladimirovich Morgulov (1961-05-04) 4 May 1961 (age 63)Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union(now Almaty, Kazakhstan)NationalityRussianResidence(s)Beijing, ChinaAlma materMoscow State UniversityOccupationDiplomat
Igor Vladimirovich Morgulov (Russian: Игорь Владимирович Моргулов; born May 4, 1961) is a Russian diplomat, who is serving as the Russian Ambassador to China since September 2022.
Diplomatic career
In 1983, he graduated from the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University. From 1984, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR, including the trade representation of the Soviet Union in China.
From 1989 to 1991, he worked as an assistant-translator and senior assistant at the Chinese sector of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was assigned to the Foreign Ministry of Russia and held various diplomatic positions in the central office in the ministry, and in diplomatic missions in China, Japan and the United States. From 2005 to 2006, he served as the chief advisor to the First Department of Asia of the Russian Foreign Ministry, which carried responsibilities in dealing relations with China, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In 2006, he was appointed as Minister Counselor of the Russian Embassy in China. From 2009 to 2011, he was the director of the First Asian Department of the Foreign Ministry of Russia.
On December 2011, he was appointed as the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia and at the same time, worked as chairman of the interdepartmental commission for ensuring the participation of Russia within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In a 2015 interview with Interfax, he stated that Russia would not hold a dialogue with Japan on the Kuril Islands dispute as it was "settled 70 years ago", but was ready to continue negotiations on a peace treaty between Japan and Russia. In 2018, he was involved in Japan-Russia vice-ministerial level consultations with Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Takeyoshi Mori .
On September 13, 2022, President of Russia Vladimir Putin appointed Morgulov as the Russian Ambassador to China, succeeding Andrei Denisov. On October 31, he presented his credentials to the Director-General of the Protocol Department of the Foreign Ministry of China Hong Lei. In an April 2022 interview, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Morgulov stated that the "friendship between Moscow and Beijing was based on overlapping basic interests and that it would not be affected by changes in the external environment."
Personal life
He is married and has two children, and is fluent in English and Chinese.
Awards and honors
Order of Merit to the Fatherland, 4th class (2022)
Order of Alexander Nevsky (2020)
Order of Honour (2013)
Order of Friendship (2015)
Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class (2007)
Russian Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour (2011)
Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation (2011, 2021)
Gratitude of the Government of the Russian Federation (2009)
Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 3rd class (2021)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Моргулов, Игорь Владимирович". TASS Encyclopedia (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "ロシア外務次官、「日本と北方領土の対話せぬ」 領土問題は「７０年前に解決済み」". The Sankei News (in Japanese). 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "日露次官級協議 １１日にモスクワで開催". The Sankei News. 2018-05-08. Archived from the original on 2018-12-18. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "日ロ外相を平和条約交渉責任者に 首相訪ロ前に初会合". Nikkei (in Japanese). 2018-12-02. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ Zhao, Jia (2022-09-15). "New Russian envoy to China welcomed". China Daily. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
^ "Director-General Hong Lei of the Protocol Department of the Foreign Ministry Accepts the Copy of Credentials from Newly-appointed Ambassador of Russia to China Igor Morgulov". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China. 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
^ "China welcomes Russian envoy Morgulov to Beijing — diplomat". TASS. 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Новый посол в Пекине Моргулов приступил к работе". RIA Novosti (in Russian). 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 10.02.2020 № 102 "О награждении государственными наградами Российской Федерации"". pravo.gov.ru (in Russian). 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 25 июля 2013 года № 639 «О награждении государственными наградами Российской". President of Russia (in Russian). 2015-07-25. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 09.04.2007 г. № 455". President of Russia (in Russian). 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
^ "Патриаршая награда вручена заместителю министра иностранных дел РФ И.В. Моргулову". patriarchia.ru. 2021-08-02. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Ambassador to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ambassador_to_China"}],"text":"Igor Vladimirovich Morgulov (Russian: Игорь Владимирович Моргулов; born May 4, 1961) is a Russian diplomat, who is serving as the Russian Ambassador to China since September 2022.","title":"Igor Morgulov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Asian and African Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Asian_and_African_Countries"},{"link_name":"Moscow State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_University"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Economic_Relations_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the CPSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_CPSU"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Foreign Ministry of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Interfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfax"},{"link_name":"Kuril Islands dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands_dispute"},{"link_name":"settled 70 years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Takeyoshi Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takeyoshi_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E5%81%A5%E8%89%AF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Andrei Denisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Denisov"},{"link_name":"Foreign Ministry of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Lei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Lei_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1983, he graduated from the Institute of Asian and African Countries at Moscow State University. From 1984, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR, including the trade representation of the Soviet Union in China.[1]From 1989 to 1991, he worked as an assistant-translator and senior assistant at the Chinese sector of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, he was assigned to the Foreign Ministry of Russia and held various diplomatic positions in the central office in the ministry, and in diplomatic missions in China, Japan and the United States. From 2005 to 2006, he served as the chief advisor to the First Department of Asia of the Russian Foreign Ministry, which carried responsibilities in dealing relations with China, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In 2006, he was appointed as Minister Counselor of the Russian Embassy in China. From 2009 to 2011, he was the director of the First Asian Department of the Foreign Ministry of Russia.[1]On December 2011, he was appointed as the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia and at the same time, worked as chairman of the interdepartmental commission for ensuring the participation of Russia within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. In a 2015 interview with Interfax, he stated that Russia would not hold a dialogue with Japan on the Kuril Islands dispute as it was \"settled 70 years ago\", but was ready to continue negotiations on a peace treaty between Japan and Russia. In 2018, he was involved in Japan-Russia vice-ministerial level consultations with Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan Takeyoshi Mori [ja].[1][2][3][4]On September 13, 2022, President of Russia Vladimir Putin appointed Morgulov as the Russian Ambassador to China, succeeding Andrei Denisov. On October 31, he presented his credentials to the Director-General of the Protocol Department of the Foreign Ministry of China Hong Lei. In an April 2022 interview, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Morgulov stated that the \"friendship between Moscow and Beijing was based on overlapping basic interests and that it would not be affected by changes in the external environment.\"[5][6][7]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"}],"text":"He is married and has two children, and is fluent in English and Chinese.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orden_for_Service_IV.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit to the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_to_the_Fatherland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Alexander_Nevsky_2010_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orden_of_Honour.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honour_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orden_of_Friendship.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friendship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medal_for_Service_II.png"},{"link_name":"Medal of the Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation_Presidential_Certificate_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:TASS-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Holy_Prince_Daniel_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Order of Merit to the Fatherland, 4th class (2022)[8]\n Order of Alexander Nevsky (2020)[9]\n Order of Honour (2013)[10]\n Order of Friendship (2015)[1]\n Medal of the Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", 2nd class (2007)[11]\n Russian Federation Presidential Certificate of Honour (2011)[1]\n Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation (2011, 2021)[1]\n Gratitude of the Government of the Russian Federation (2009)[1]\n Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow, 3rd class (2021)[12]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Flowers
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Curtis Flowers
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["1 Case","2 Trials and state-court appeals","2.1 Summary","2.2 First trial and appeals (1997–2000)","2.3 Second trial and appeals (1999–2003)","2.4 Third trial and appeals (2004–2007)","2.5 Fourth trial (2007)","2.6 Fifth trial (2008)","2.7 Sixth trial and appeals (2010–2014)","3 First U.S. Supreme Court ruling","4 In the Dark","5 Second U.S. Supreme Court ruling","6 Resolution of ongoing case","7 References"]
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African-American man (born 1970)
This article's lead section may be too long. Please read the length guidelines and help move details into the article's body. (June 2023)
Curtis FlowersBorn (1970-05-29) May 29, 1970 (age 54)NationalityAmericanNotesTwo mistrials and four overturned convictions, the last by U.S. Supreme Court; Mississippi declined to further prosecute case.
Curtis Giovanni Flowers (born May 29, 1970) is an American man who was tried for murder six times in the U.S. state of Mississippi. Four of the trials resulted in convictions, all of which were overturned on appeal. Flowers was alleged to have committed the July 16, 1996, shooting deaths of four people inside Tardy Furniture store in Winona, seat of Montgomery County. Flowers was first convicted in 1997; in five of the six trials, the prosecutor, Montgomery County District Attorney Doug Evans, sought the death penalty against Flowers. As a result, Flowers was held on death row at the Parchman division of Mississippi State Penitentiary for over 20 years.
2015 photo of building where Tardy Furniture was located (33°28′53″N 89°43′41″W / 33.481440°N 89.728119°W / 33.481440; -89.728119 (Tardy's Furniture, 116 S Front St))
In his first trial, Flowers was convicted of the aggravated murder and robbery of the store owner. This verdict and a conviction in a second trial for the murder of one of the store employees were both overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court due to prosecutorial misconduct. A subsequent trial for all four murders resulted in conviction, but this was overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court for racial bias by the prosecutor in jury selection: Flowers is black and the prosecution excluded a disproportionate number of black jurors. Flowers's fourth and fifth trials ended as mistrials. On June 18, 2010, a majority-white jury in Flowers's sixth trial convicted him of the 1996 murders and voted to impose a death sentence.
Flowers's case was one of three that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in June 2016 were to be remanded to lower courts to be reviewed for evidence of racial bias in jury selection. After the Mississippi Supreme Court reaffirmed the conviction, the U.S. Supreme Court again reviewed Flowers's case. It overturned, on a 7–2 vote, the murder convictions in June 2019 in the decision Flowers v. Mississippi, with Justice Brett Kavanaugh writing for the majority. In December 2019, Flowers was released from prison for the first time since his original arrest, on $250,000 bond, pending a state decision on whether it would attempt another prosecution. On September 4, 2020, Mississippi Attorney General Lynn Fitch, a Republican who had taken over the case from District Attorney Evans, announced she would not seek a seventh trial and had dropped the charges against Flowers.
The Flowers case served as the subject of a 2018 podcast, In the Dark, on American Public Media. In early 2021, Flowers was awarded $500,000—the maximum allowed under Mississippi law providing compensation for wrongful incarceration. Under the agreed order, Mississippi was ordered to pay Flowers $50,000 per year for the next 10 years.
Case
On the morning of July 16, 1996, a retired employee of Tardy Furniture entered the store and found four bodies: owner Bertha Tardy, and three employees, Robert Golden, Carmen Rigby, and Derrick Stewart, who was 16 at the time of his murder. All had been fatally shot. Curtis Flowers was suspected after police learned that he had been fired from the store 13 days prior to the murders. He also owed Bertha Tardy $30 for a cash advance on his paycheck.
Certain eyewitnesses said they saw Flowers near the front of the store on the morning of the shootings. No gun was found, but bullets from the scene were determined to be the same caliber as a gun that had been stolen from Flowers's uncle's car the same day as the murders. The Mississippi Crime Lab found that bullets fired previously from the uncle's gun matched the ballistics evidence of bullets found at the murder scene. Flowers was charged with murder in the shooting deaths of the four victims.
Trials and state-court appeals
Summary
State District Attorney Doug Evans prosecuted all six of Flowers's trials. The first through third trials (1997, 1999, 2004) ended in convictions but were overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court – the first two because of prosecutorial misconduct; the third because District Attorney Evans was found to have discriminated against black jurors during jury selection.
The fourth (2007) and fifth (2008) ended in hung juries. The sixth (2010) resulted in a conviction, and an appeal failed.
In 2016 the U.S. Supreme Court referred the sixth trial back to the Mississippi Supreme Court for review of racial discrimination in jury selection. The following year the state court confirmed the original decision. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Flowers's conviction in 2019 because of Evans' efforts to keep black people off the jury. Flowers was released on bail to await the state's next decision. Evans recused himself from the case and handed the case to the State Attorney General. In 2020, it was announced that charges would be dropped against Flowers.
First trial and appeals (1997–2000)
Trial 1: Oct. 1997
Judge Clarence E. Morgan III
Murder counts: 1 (Bertha Tardy)
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: All white
Defense: John Gilmore; Billy Gilmore
Outcome: Guilty. Sentenced to death
Appeal: Conviction overturned in 2000 by Mississippi Supreme Court due to prosecutorial misconduct
Flowers was first tried in 1997, before Judge Clarence E. Morgan III. The prosecutor decided to try Flowers for the death of the store owner, Bertha Tardy, as occurring in the course of a robbery. This would increase the penalty for conviction, making the defendant eligible for the death penalty. The prosecution said that bloody footprints found at the crime scene were a size 10½, the same as that worn by Flowers. They were identified as Fila's Grant Hill style, which witnesses said Flowers had been wearing that morning.
In addition, prosecution witnesses testified that projectiles found at the crime scene were most likely from a .380 caliber weapon, the same as a gun stolen from Flowers's uncle on the morning of the murders. Forensic evidence revealed gunpowder residue on Flowers's hand. $400 was found to be missing from the till, and $235 was found in Flowers's headboard. According to two of Flowers's cellmates in the first jail in which he was held, Flowers admitted to them that he had stolen the money and committed the murders. Flowers denied this. Of the original two witnesses to the confession, one of the witnesses has since died with no further elaboration on the confession and the other later retracted his testimony. A third witness alleged a later confession by Flowers when the both of them were in a different prison, after the first trial, but that witness also later recanted.
Flowers maintained that he was innocent of the murders and said he never admitted any crimes to his cellmates. He stated he had simply stopped going to the job and did not know he had been fired. He said he was wearing Nike shoes that day, the clothes he was wearing did not match the description given by eyewitnesses, and the particulate matter on his hands was due to his having handled fireworks the day before the murders. In 1997 he was convicted of the murder of the store owner by an all-white jury and sentenced to death.
The conviction verdict in the first trial was overturned in 2000 by the Mississippi Supreme Court after Flowers appealed. The court held that evidence presented by Evans on behalf of the state was prejudicial because, in presenting evidence for all four murders, it went beyond that necessary to prove the murder of Tardy alone. In addition, the prosecutor was held to have asked questions "not in good faith" and "without basis in fact." The court remanded the case for a re-trial.
Second trial and appeals (1999–2003)
Trial 2: March 1999
Judge Clarence E. Morgan III
Murder counts: 1 (Derrick "Bobo" Stewart)
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: 11 white, 1 black
Defense: Chokwe Lumumba; Harvey Freelon
Outcome: Guilty. Sentenced to death
Appeal: Conviction overturned in 2003 by Mississippi Supreme Court due to prosecutorial misconduct.
While the first case was still under appeal, prosecutors initiated a second trial for the murder of employee Derrick Stewart at the Tardy store. Morgan was the judge again; one black person was on the jury. Scheduled for September 1998, the court granted the defense a change of venue, moving the trial to Harrison County due to the difficulties in getting a fair and impartial jury in Montgomery County, and the trial started in on March 22, 1999. Flowers was convicted on March 30 and sentenced to death. This verdict was also overturned (in 2003) on appeal by the Mississippi Supreme Court, which held that Evans' prosecution "employed many of the same tactics during the second trial" as it did in the first, the court had improperly allowed evidence regarding the other murders to be admitted, and that other prosecutorial errors were made.
Third trial and appeals (2004–2007)
Trial 3: Feb. 2004
Judge Clarence E. Morgan III
Murder counts: 4
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: 11 white, 1 black
Defense: Ray Charles Carter; Andre de Gruy; Stacy Ferraro
Outcome: Guilty. Sentenced to death
Appeal: Conviction overturned in 2007 by Mississippi Supreme Court due to prosecution's racial discrimination in jury selection.
A third trial on charges of four counts of murder was concluded on February 12, 2004, and Flowers was convicted of each murder. The jury sentenced him to death. Morgan was again the judge. The verdict was overturned in 2007 by the Mississippi Supreme Court as it held that Evans' peremptory challenges in jury selection were racially motivated and thus unconstitutional. During the selection process, Evans challenged African-American jurors with its first seven strikes, which resulted in a Batson challenge by the defense (Batson v. Kentucky (1986) established that peremptory challenge cannot be used to discriminate against jurors based on race, ethnicity, or sex). Following its submission of non-racial grounds for its challenges, Evans used all of the state's five remaining challenges to strike African-American jurors. This left the jury with only two African-American jurors, one of which was subsequently excused after informing the judge that he could not be impartial. Evans then used the state's three alternate juror strikes to exclude African-Americans. The final jury consisted of one African-American and 11 whites. (The county population is 45% African American.)
The state Supreme Court stated that there was disparate treatment by the prosecutor in evaluation of black compared with white jurors on issues such as the jurors' connections with the defendants and the jurors' willingness to use the death penalty; he struck blacks from the jury on grounds for which he did not strike whites. In addition, the court found that although in many cases Evans presented race-neutral reasons to strike, he used the challenge process as "an exercise in finding race neutral reasons to justify racially motivated strikes." The Mississippi Supreme Court overturned the conviction, saying there had been "as strong case of racial discrimination as we have ever seen in the context of a Batson challenge".
Fourth trial (2007)
Trial 4: Nov. 2007
Judge Clarence E. Morgan III
Murder counts: 4
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: 7 white, 5 black
Defense: Ray Charles Carter; Andre de Gruy
Outcome: Mistrial (hung jury)
At the fourth trial, before Morgan in 2007 on four counts of murder, the prosecution did not seek the death penalty on the request of family of the victims who, aware that the defense would have the harder task of appealing a higher court if the sentence was life in prison, wanted the trial concluded so they could 'move on'. Evans exhausted the state's peremptory challenges in jury selection striking off black candidates; the resulting jury, however, had five African Americans on it. The fourth trial ended in a mistrial, as the jury was split 7–5 in favor of conviction; votes could be classified by race, among other factors, with African Americans voting to acquit.
Fifth trial (2008)
Trial 5: Sept. 2008
Judge Joseph Loper
Murder counts: 4
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: 9 white, 3 black
Defense: Alison Steiner; Ray Charles Carter; Andre de Gruy
Outcome: Mistrial (hung jury)
The prosecution sought the death penalty for Flowers for the four murders in his fifth trial, which took place in 2008. This time Joseph Loper sat as judge. On the first day of testimony, an alternate juror, the only black woman on the jury, was arrested for perjury for lying during jury selection when she said she did not know Flowers. The trial, with a jury of nine white and three black jurors, concluded in 2008 in a mistrial due to a hung jury. James Bibbs, an African American, was the sole juror opposed to conviction. Immediately after the trial the judge, Joseph Loper, accused Bibbs of perjury for having lied during jury selection. Loper recommended Bibbs be prosecuted by Doug Evans, who, after eight months, recused himself and the new prosecution dropped the charges against Bibbs as there was no evidence. Loper was also recused as judge in Bibbs' trial.
Sixth trial and appeals (2010–2014)
Trial 6: June 2010
Judge Joseph Loper
Murder counts: 4
Prosecution: Doug Evans
Jury: 11 white, 1 black
Defense: Alison Steiner; Ray Charles Carter; Andre de Gruy
Outcome: Guilty. Sentenced to death
Appeal: Conviction upheld in 2014 and 2017 by Mississippi Supreme Court. Conviction overturned in 2019 by U.S. Supreme Court due to prosecution's racial discrimination in jury selection.
A jury for a sixth capital murder trial was convened in Winona, Mississippi on June 10, 2010; it was composed of eleven white jurors and one black juror, and presided over by Judge Loper. Following 30 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Flowers guilty of four counts of capital murder. After deliberating for approximately 90 minutes during the penalty phase, the jury returned a death sentence. An appeal by Flowers failed, the Mississippi Supreme Court ruling in 2014 that the conviction was to be upheld.
First U.S. Supreme Court ruling
In June 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court included Flowers's case among three capital cases it remanded to lower courts to review for racial bias by the prosecution in jury selection. In November 2017, the Mississippi Supreme Court renewed its prior determination, and affirmed Flowers's conviction and death sentence from the sixth trial.
In the Dark
Further information: In the Dark (podcast) § Season 2
In 2018, the second season of the American Public Media podcast In the Dark was based on reporting about the Flowers case, hosted and reported by journalist Madeleine Baran. Through in-depth investigative reporting, serious doubt was cast on the legitimacy of the case against Flowers, including claims by numerous witnesses that they had perjured themselves, potential misconduct by the prosecutor, and the disappearance of a gun, potentially the murder weapon, after it was turned over to police.
Second U.S. Supreme Court ruling
Main article: Flowers v. Mississippi
New evidence uncovered during the In the Dark investigation was used by Flowers's lawyers to attempt to get his conviction overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court. A petition for a writ of certiorari was filed, seeking review of the Mississippi Supreme Court's application of Batson v. Kentucky. The U.S. Supreme Court granted the writ on November 2, 2018.
The court heard oral argument on March 20, 2019. Amicus briefs on behalf of Flowers were filed by the Magnolia Bar Association, the Mississippi Center for Justice, and Innocence Project New Orleans. On June 21, 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Flowers's sixth conviction with a vote of 7–2 in Flowers v. Mississippi. The Supreme Court's decision was made based on the argument that the prosecutor, Doug Evans, had committed a Batson violation by striking all but one prospective black juror in Flowers's sixth trial. Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote the majority decision: "The state's relentless, determined effort to rid the jury of black individuals strongly suggests that the state wanted to try Flowers before a jury with as few black jurors as possible, and ideally before an all-white jury. We cannot ignore that history."
Justices Neil Gorsuch and Clarence Thomas dissented from the Court's decision.
The Washington Post described Evans as conducting "a prosecutorial pursuit that may be without parallel". In total in the six trials, Evans had used 41 of 42 challenges to exclude African Americans from the juries.
Resolution of ongoing case
Flowers continued to be held at Parchman, then at the Grenada County, Mississippi, jail, and the Winston-Chickasaw Regional Correctional Facility, in Louisville, Mississippi, pending decisions from prosecutors and the local court on any future prosecution. Flowers's attorneys petitioned for the charges to be dismissed, or failing that, for bail to be granted and for Doug Evans to be removed from any role in the prosecution, citing the multiple findings of prosecutorial misconduct in the case.
Evans was sued in federal court by the local NAACP chapter on behalf of multiple Flowers's jury pool members, seeking class action status to include all jury-eligible black residents of his district, based on his alleged systematic racial discrimination in jury selection. This suit was later dismissed on procedural grounds.
On December 16, 2019, Judge Loper granted Flowers bail in the amount of $250,000, of which he was required to deposit 10 percent. Flowers was restricted to his residence, and required to wear an ankle monitor. Judge Loper noted in his decision that several of the prosecution's key witnesses had recanted. In addition, the podcast In the Dark reported that potentially exculpatory evidence had been uncovered, as well as alternative suspects, seemingly leaving the prosecution with a weaker case than in the previous trials.
Judge Loper reprimanded Evans, who was expected to but did not attend the hearing, for taking no action over the preceding four months to further Flowers's case despite court orders to do so. District Attorney Evans, prosecutor in all six of Flowers's trials, recused himself from the case in January 2020 and asked the presiding judge to turn over prosecution to the Mississippi Attorney General's office. The state declined to prosecute Flowers for the seventh time, officially dropping all charges against Flowers on September 4, 2020. The Attorney General's office stated that it would be nearly impossible to convict Flowers due to the lack of any available living witnesses who had not recanted or otherwise rendered their testimony unusable by making multiple conflicting statements, the identification of alternative suspects, and new potentially-exculpatory evidence. The case was dismissed with prejudice, barring further prosecution and thus freeing Flowers and bringing the case to a formal conclusion.
References
^ "Inmate details". ms.gov. Mississippi Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
^ "116 S Front St – Google Maps". google.com. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
^ Alexander, Paul (August 7, 2013). "For Curtis Flowers, Mississippi Is Still Burning". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Amy, Jeff (June 21, 2016). "Court demands new look at race of jurors in 3 convictions". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Baran, Madeleine; Yesko, Parker (November 2, 2018). "Supreme Court agrees to hear Curtis Flowers appeal". AMP Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b c Williams, Pete (June 21, 2019). "Supreme Court rules for black death row inmate over prosecutor's racial bias". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Liptak, Adam (June 21, 2019). "Excluding Black Jurors in Curtis Flowers Case Violated Constitution, Supreme Court Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Yesko, Parker. "Charges against Curtis Flowers are dropped". www.apmreports.org. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
^ a b "Mississippi to pay Curtis Flowers $500,000 for his decades behind bars".
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Baran, Madeleine. "In the Dark: S2 E1: July 16, 1996". AMP Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b c d e Land, Monica (November 17, 2014). "No 7th trial for Curtis Flowers in quadruple murder". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ Baran, Madeleine (May 1, 2018). "July 16, 1996". In the Dark (Podcast). American Public Media. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b c Jiaxin, Zhu; Liangcheng, Yi; Wenqian, Ma; Ziyue, Zhu; Esquius, Guillem. "The Reliability of Forensic Evidence: The Case of Curtis Flowers". Social Science and Law. Cornell University. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Shamlian, Janet (December 16, 2019). "Mississippi man granted bond after being tried for same killings six times". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Stribling, Wilson (February 27, 2020). "AG: 'No timeline' for next steps in Curtis Flowers case". WLBT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Zhu, Alissa (December 10, 2019). "Curtis Flowers: How a Mississippi man was tried six times for the same murders". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b c d Zaveri, Mihir (August 29, 2019). "Curtis Flowers's Conviction Tossed by Mississippi Supreme Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b "Curtis Flowers' conviction overturned over removal of black jurors". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 22, 2019. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Rojas, Rick (September 4, 2020). "After 8 Murder Trials and 24 Years, Charges Dropped Against Curtis Flowers". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
^ a b c Grinberg, Emanuella (June 18, 2010). "One crime, six trials and a 30-minute guilty verdict". CNN. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
^ Grinberg, Emanuella (June 7, 2010). "Mississippi man faces sixth capital murder trial in 1996 shootings". CNN. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Zhu, Alissa (December 10, 2019). "Curtis Flowers: What you need to know about the Winona furniture store quadruple homicides". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Baran, Madeleine. "In the DarK: S2 E4: The Confessions". APM Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 773 So. 2d 309 (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2000), archived from the original.
^ Higgins, Tucker; Mangan, Dan (June 21, 2019). "Supreme Court rules for Curtis Flowers, black man tried six times for Mississippi murders". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Baran, Madeleine. "In the Dark: S2 E9: Why Curtis?". APM Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ a b Flowers v. Mississippi, Syllabus: Flowers v. Mississippi: Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Mississippi (Supreme Court of the United States 2018), archived from the original.
^ "Marcus Gordon and the Mississippi Bar vs. Chokwe Lumumba". BAMN News. NCBL, MXGM & WUSD: 3. September 2002.
^ a b c d Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 842 So. 2d 531 (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2003), archived from the original.
^ a b Romano, Aja (June 21, 2019). "Curtis Flowers was tried 6 times for the same crime. The Supreme Court just reversed his conviction". Vox. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ a b c d Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 947 So. 2d 910 (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2004), archived from the original. Archived 25 March 2017
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, On Writ Of Certiorari To The Supreme Court Of Mississippi: Joint Appendix Volume 1 (Supreme Court of the United States 2018), archived from the original.
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers a/k/a Curtis Flowers a/k/a Curtis G. Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 2010–DP–01348–SCT (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2014), archived from the original.
^ Liptak, Adam (February 18, 2019). "When Does Kicking Black People Off Juries Cross a Constitutional Line?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Totenburg, Nina (June 21, 2019). "Supreme Court Strikes Down Conviction Of Mississippi Man On Death Row For 22 Years". NPR. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Le Coz, Emily (July 22, 2014). "Lawyers for Mississippi death-row inmate want conviction overturned". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 2010-DP-01348-SCT (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2004), archived from the original. Archived 8 April 2016
^ a b Land, Monica (September 29, 2008). "Judge has alternate juror arrested on perjury charge". Grenada Star. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ "Alternate juror in Flowers's trial in jail". WLBT. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012.
^ "Mistrial declared in fifth Flowers trial". DeSoto Times-Tribune. Associated Press. October 2, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b Thrasher, Steven W. (July 18, 2018). "Sex, Race, and the Law: Considering America 'In the Dark'". The Nation. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ a b McLaughlin, Lacey (June 11, 2020). "Majority White Jury in Flowers Trial". Jackson Free Press. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ "Jury sentences Curtis Flowers to death". The Clarion-Ledger. June 21, 2010.
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers a/k/a Curtis Flowers a/k/a Curtis G. Flowers v. State of Mississippi, 2010-DP-01348-SCT (Supreme Court of Mississippi 2017), archived from the original.
^ Baran, Madeleine (July 3, 2018). "The End". In the Dark (Podcast). American Public Media. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Larson, Sarah (June 1, 2019). "Why "In the Dark" May Be the Best Podcast of the Year". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ a b "The $1 Million Podcast Investigation That Won A Supreme Court Case". Inside Radio. June 24, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b Locker, Melissa (June 21, 2019). "How a podcast helped get Curtis Flowers' conviction overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court". Fast Company. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the Mississippi Supreme Court (Supreme Court of the United States 2017), archived from the original.
^ a b Flowers v. Mississippi, No. 17-9572, 588 U.S. ___ (2019).
^ Heller, Callie. "SCOTUS Hears Oral Arguments in Case with Six Trials and Multiple Batson Violations". American Bar Association. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ Curtis Giovanni Flowers v. State of Mississippi, Brief of amici curiae the Magnolia Bar Association, the Mississippi Center for Justice, and Innocence Project New Orleans (Supreme Court of the United States 2018), archived from the original.
^ "Curtis Flowers: Death row conviction quashed over racial bias". BBC News. BBC. June 21, 2019. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
^ a b Barnes, Robert (June 21, 2019). "The Supreme Court tossed Curtis Flowers's death-row conviction, ruling it was racially biased". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
^ a b "Curtis Flowers moved from Parchman to the Grenada County jail". WTVA. Associated Press. September 24, 2019. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Vance, Taylor (October 1, 2019). "Curtis Flowers transferred to new jail because of "publicity" concerns". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Wamsley, Laurel (December 16, 2019). "Man Whose Conviction Was Overturned By Supreme Court After 6 Trials Is Granted Bail". NPR. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Shu, Alissa (November 19, 2019). "Curtis Flowers: NAACP sues Mississippi prosecutor who tried man 6 times for the same crime". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ Yesko, Parker (September 11, 2020). "Judge dismisses lawsuit against DA Doug Evans". AMP Reports. American Public Media. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^ Yesko, Parker (December 16, 2019). "Curtis Flowers released on bail". APM Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ a b c Mangan, Dan (December 16, 2019). "Curtis Flowers — black man tried six times for same murders — released on bail after Supreme Court reversed case detailed in podcast". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Knowles, Hannah; Hawkins, Derek (December 17, 2019). "After 6 trials over the same killings, Curtis Flowers can await a possible 7th from home". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Zhu, Alissa (December 16, 2019). "Curtis Flowers freed on bond for the first time in more than two decades, six trials". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "Prosecutor recuses himself in case of Curtis Flowers, tried six times in same murder". NBC News. Associated Press. January 7, 2020. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Sexton Ferguson, Amanda (January 6, 2020). "Breaking: Evans Recuses Himself". Winona Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (September 4, 2020). "After 6 Murder Trials and Nearly 24 Years, Charges Dropped Against Curtis Flowers". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
^ Sexton Fergusson, Amanda (September 4, 2020). "Charges against Curtis Flowers dismissed". The Winona Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"convictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conviction"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"Winona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tardy_Furniture_Building.jpeg"},{"link_name":"33°28′53″N 89°43′41″W / 33.481440°N 89.728119°W / 33.481440; -89.728119 (Tardy's Furniture, 116 S Front St)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Curtis_Flowers¶ms=33.48144_N_89.728119_W_region:US-MS_type:landmark&title=Tardy%27s+Furniture%2C+116+S+Front+St"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"aggravated murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated_murder"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"prosecutorial misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct"},{"link_name":"racial bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"jury selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_selection_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"mistrials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistrial_(law)"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"remanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Flowers v. Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_v._Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Brett Kavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Lynn Fitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Fitch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"In the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"American Public Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APM_Compensation-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APM_Compensation-9"}],"text":"Curtis Giovanni Flowers (born May 29, 1970)[1] is an American man who was tried for murder six times in the U.S. state of Mississippi. Four of the trials resulted in convictions, all of which were overturned on appeal. Flowers was alleged to have committed the July 16, 1996, shooting deaths of four people inside Tardy Furniture store in Winona, seat of Montgomery County. Flowers was first convicted in 1997; in five of the six trials, the prosecutor, Montgomery County District Attorney Doug Evans, sought the death penalty against Flowers. As a result, Flowers was held on death row at the Parchman division of Mississippi State Penitentiary for over 20 years.2015 photo of building where Tardy Furniture was located (33°28′53″N 89°43′41″W / 33.481440°N 89.728119°W / 33.481440; -89.728119 (Tardy's Furniture, 116 S Front St))[2]In his first trial, Flowers was convicted of the aggravated murder and robbery of the store owner. This verdict and a conviction in a second trial for the murder of one of the store employees were both overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court due to prosecutorial misconduct. A subsequent trial for all four murders resulted in conviction, but this was overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court for racial bias by the prosecutor in jury selection: Flowers is black and the prosecution excluded a disproportionate number of black jurors. Flowers's fourth and fifth trials ended as mistrials. On June 18, 2010, a majority-white jury in Flowers's sixth trial convicted him of the 1996 murders and voted to impose a death sentence.[3]Flowers's case was one of three that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in June 2016 were to be remanded to lower courts to be reviewed for evidence of racial bias in jury selection.[4] After the Mississippi Supreme Court reaffirmed the conviction, the U.S. Supreme Court again reviewed Flowers's case.[5] It overturned, on a 7–2 vote, the murder convictions in June 2019 in the decision Flowers v. Mississippi, with Justice Brett Kavanaugh writing for the majority.[6][7] In December 2019, Flowers was released from prison for the first time since his original arrest, on $250,000 bond, pending a state decision on whether it would attempt another prosecution. On September 4, 2020, Mississippi Attorney General Lynn Fitch, a Republican who had taken over the case from District Attorney Evans, announced she would not seek a seventh trial and had dropped the charges against Flowers.[8]The Flowers case served as the subject of a 2018 podcast, In the Dark, on American Public Media. In early 2021, Flowers was awarded $500,000—the maximum allowed under Mississippi law providing compensation for wrongful incarceration.[9] Under the agreed order, Mississippi was ordered to pay Flowers $50,000 per year for the next 10 years.[9]","title":"Curtis Flowers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2014-11"},{"link_name":"fired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2014-11"},{"link_name":"cash advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_advance"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2014-11"},{"link_name":"eyewitnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewitness_identification"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2014-11"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On the morning of July 16, 1996, a retired employee of Tardy Furniture entered the store and found four bodies: owner Bertha Tardy, and three employees, Robert Golden, Carmen Rigby, and Derrick Stewart, who was 16 at the time of his murder. All had been fatally shot.[10][11] Curtis Flowers was suspected after police learned that he had been fired from the store 13 days prior to the murders.[12][11] He also owed Bertha Tardy $30 for a cash advance on his paycheck.[11]Certain eyewitnesses said they saw Flowers near the front of the store on the morning of the shootings.[11] No gun was found, but bullets from the scene were determined to be the same caliber as a gun that had been stolen from Flowers's uncle's car the same day as the murders. The Mississippi Crime Lab found that bullets fired previously from the uncle's gun matched the ballistics evidence of bullets found at the murder scene.[13] Flowers was charged with murder in the shooting deaths of the four victims.[14]","title":"Case"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stribling_2020-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaveri_2019-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaveri_2019-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian_2019-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian_2019-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaveri_2019-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stribling_2020-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Summary","text":"State District Attorney Doug Evans prosecuted all six of Flowers's trials.[15] The first through third trials (1997, 1999, 2004) ended in convictions but were overturned by the Mississippi Supreme Court – the first two because of prosecutorial misconduct; the third because District Attorney Evans was found to have discriminated against black jurors during jury selection.[16][17]The fourth (2007) and fifth (2008) ended in hung juries.[16] The sixth (2010) resulted in a conviction, and an appeal failed.[16][17][10]In 2016 the U.S. Supreme Court referred the sixth trial back to the Mississippi Supreme Court for review of racial discrimination in jury selection.[16][18] The following year the state court confirmed the original decision.[10][16] The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Flowers's conviction in 2019 because of Evans' efforts to keep black people off the jury.[18] Flowers was released on bail to await the state's next decision. Evans recused himself from the case and handed the case to the State Attorney General.[17][15] In 2020, it was announced that charges would be dropped against Flowers.[19]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"defendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grinberg_2010-20"},{"link_name":"Fila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fila_(company)"},{"link_name":"witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"testified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony"},{"link_name":".380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.380"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-13"},{"link_name":"Forensic evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_identification"},{"link_name":"gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cornell-13"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019b-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019b-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018b-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession"},{"link_name":"retracted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recantation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018b-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence"},{"link_name":"prejudicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_overturn-27"},{"link_name":"good faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"},{"link_name":"re-trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_trial"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts.ms.gov-24"}],"sub_title":"First trial and appeals (1997–2000)","text":"Flowers was first tried in 1997, before Judge Clarence E. Morgan III.[10] The prosecutor decided to try Flowers for the death of the store owner, Bertha Tardy,[10] as occurring in the course of a robbery. This would increase the penalty for conviction, making the defendant eligible for the death penalty.[20] The prosecution said that bloody footprints found at the crime scene were a size 10½, the same as that worn by Flowers. They were identified as Fila's Grant Hill style, which witnesses said Flowers had been wearing that morning.[21]In addition, prosecution witnesses testified that projectiles found at the crime scene were most likely from a .380 caliber weapon, the same as a gun stolen from Flowers's uncle on the morning of the murders.[13] Forensic evidence revealed gunpowder residue on Flowers's hand.[13][22] $400 was found to be missing from the till, and $235 was found in Flowers's headboard.[22] According to two of Flowers's cellmates in the first jail in which he was held, Flowers admitted to them that he had stolen the money and committed the murders.[23] Flowers denied this.[24] Of the original two witnesses to the confession, one of the witnesses has since died with no further elaboration on the confession and the other later retracted his testimony.[23] A third witness alleged a later confession by Flowers when the both of them were in a different prison, after the first trial, but that witness also later recanted.[24]Flowers maintained that he was innocent of the murders[25] and said he never admitted any crimes to his cellmates.[24] He stated he had simply stopped going to the job and did not know he had been fired.[26] He said he was wearing Nike shoes that day, the clothes he was wearing did not match the description given by eyewitnesses, and the particulate matter on his hands was due to his having handled fireworks the day before the murders.[24] In 1997 he was convicted of the murder of the store owner by an all-white jury and sentenced to death.[16]The conviction verdict in the first trial was overturned in 2000 by the Mississippi Supreme Court after Flowers appealed.[10][16] The court held that evidence presented by Evans on behalf of the state was prejudicial because, in presenting evidence for all four murders, it went beyond that necessary to prove the murder of Tardy alone.[24][27] In addition, the prosecutor was held to have asked questions \"not in good faith\" and \"without basis in fact.\"[24] The court remanded the case for a re-trial.[24]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FvSMiss03-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"change of venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_venue"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FvSMiss03-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FvSMiss03-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FvSMiss03-29"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"}],"sub_title":"Second trial and appeals (1999–2003)","text":"While the first case was still under appeal,[29] prosecutors initiated a second trial for the murder of employee Derrick Stewart at the Tardy store.[10] Morgan was the judge again;[10] one black person was on the jury.[16][10] Scheduled for September 1998, the court granted the defense a change of venue, moving the trial to Harrison County due to the difficulties in getting a fair and impartial jury in Montgomery County, and the trial started in on March 22, 1999.[29] Flowers was convicted on March 30 and sentenced to death.[29] This verdict was also overturned (in 2003) on appeal by the Mississippi Supreme Court, which held that Evans' prosecution \"employed many of the same tactics during the second trial\" as it did in the first, the court had improperly allowed evidence regarding the other murders to be admitted, and that other prosecutorial errors were made.[10][29][16]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"peremptory challenges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_challenge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Batson challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batson_challenge"},{"link_name":"Batson v. Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batson_v._Kentucky"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination#Race_or_ethnicity"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano_2019-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rehear_motion-31"},{"link_name":"impartial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impartiality"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rehear_motion-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rehear_motion-31"},{"link_name":"whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rehear_motion-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romano_2019-30"}],"sub_title":"Third trial and appeals (2004–2007)","text":"A third trial on charges of four counts of murder was concluded on February 12, 2004, and Flowers was convicted of each murder. The jury sentenced him to death. Morgan was again the judge.[10] The verdict was overturned in 2007 by the Mississippi Supreme Court as it held that Evans' peremptory challenges in jury selection were racially motivated and thus unconstitutional.[10][16] During the selection process, Evans challenged African-American jurors with its first seven strikes, which resulted in a Batson challenge by the defense (Batson v. Kentucky (1986) established that peremptory challenge cannot be used to discriminate against jurors based on race, ethnicity, or sex[30]).[31] Following its submission of non-racial grounds for its challenges, Evans used all of the state's five remaining challenges to strike African-American jurors. This left the jury with only two African-American jurors, one of which was subsequently excused after informing the judge that he could not be impartial.[31] Evans then used the state's three alternate juror strikes to exclude African-Americans.[31] The final jury consisted of one African-American and 11 whites.[10][16] (The county population is 45% African American.[32])The state Supreme Court stated that there was disparate treatment by the prosecutor in evaluation of black compared with white jurors on issues such as the jurors' connections with the defendants and the jurors' willingness to use the death penalty; he struck blacks from the jury on grounds for which he did not strike whites. In addition, the court found that although in many cases Evans presented race-neutral reasons to strike, he used the challenge process as \"an exercise in finding race neutral reasons to justify racially motivated strikes.\" The Mississippi Supreme Court overturned the conviction,[31] saying there had been \"as strong [a] case of racial discrimination as we have ever seen in the context of a Batson challenge\".[30]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"life in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grinberg_2010-20"},{"link_name":"peremptory challenges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peremptory_challenge"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"jury was split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_jury"},{"link_name":"acquit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Fourth trial (2007)","text":"At the fourth trial, before Morgan in 2007 on four counts of murder,[10] the prosecution did not seek the death penalty[33] on the request of family of the victims who, aware that the defense would have the harder task of appealing a higher court if the sentence was life in prison, wanted the trial concluded so they could 'move on'.[20] Evans exhausted the state's peremptory challenges in jury selection striking off black candidates;[34] the resulting jury, however, had five African Americans on it.[16][35] The fourth trial ended in a mistrial, as the jury was split 7–5 in favor of conviction; votes could be classified by race, among other factors, with African Americans voting to acquit.[16][36][37]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2008-38"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2014-11"},{"link_name":"jury selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_selection"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Land_2008-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zaveri_2019-17"},{"link_name":"perjury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjury"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thrasher_2018-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-42"},{"link_name":"recused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_disqualification"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thrasher_2018-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-42"}],"sub_title":"Fifth trial (2008)","text":"The prosecution sought the death penalty for Flowers for the four murders in his fifth trial, which took place in 2008.[38] This time Joseph Loper sat as judge.[10] On the first day of testimony, an alternate juror, the only black woman on the jury,[11] was arrested for perjury for lying during jury selection when she said she did not know Flowers.[38][39] The trial, with a jury of nine white and three black jurors, concluded in 2008 in a mistrial due to a hung jury.[16][17] James Bibbs, an African American, was the sole juror opposed to conviction. Immediately after the trial the judge, Joseph Loper, accused Bibbs of perjury[40] for having lied during jury selection.[41][42] Loper recommended Bibbs be prosecuted by Doug Evans, who, after eight months, recused himself and the new prosecution dropped the charges against Bibbs as there was no evidence.[41] Loper was also recused as judge in Bibbs' trial.[42]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_murder"},{"link_name":"Winona, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grinberg_2010-20"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baran_2018a-10"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhu_2019a-16"}],"sub_title":"Sixth trial and appeals (2010–2014)","text":"A jury for a sixth capital murder trial was convened in Winona, Mississippi on June 10, 2010; it was composed of eleven white jurors and one black juror,[16][10] and presided over by Judge Loper.[10] Following 30 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Flowers guilty of four counts of capital murder.[20] After deliberating for approximately 90 minutes during the penalty phase, the jury returned a death sentence.[43] An appeal by Flowers failed, the Mississippi Supreme Court ruling in 2014 that the conviction was to be upheld.[10][16]","title":"Trials and state-court appeals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amy_2016-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"In June 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court included Flowers's case among three capital cases it remanded to lower courts to review for racial bias by the prosecution in jury selection.[4] In November 2017, the Mississippi Supreme Court renewed its prior determination, and affirmed Flowers's conviction and death sentence from the sixth trial.[44]","title":"First U.S. Supreme Court ruling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In the Dark (podcast) § Season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(podcast)#Season_2"},{"link_name":"American Public Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media"},{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"In the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Dark_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Baran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Baran"},{"link_name":"investigative reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigative_journalism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside_Radio_2019-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locker_2019-48"}],"text":"Further information: In the Dark (podcast) § Season 2In 2018, the second season of the American Public Media podcast In the Dark was based on reporting about the Flowers case, hosted and reported by journalist Madeleine Baran. Through in-depth investigative reporting, serious doubt was cast on the legitimacy of the case against Flowers, including claims by numerous witnesses that they had perjured themselves, potential misconduct by the prosecutor, and the disappearance of a gun, potentially the murder weapon, after it was turned over to police.[45][46][47][48]","title":"In the Dark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locker_2019-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside_Radio_2019-47"},{"link_name":"writ of certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Batson v. Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batson_v._Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syllabus_2019-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syllabus_2019-50"},{"link_name":"oral argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_argument_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Amicus briefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"Innocence Project New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_Project_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Flowers v. Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_v._Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_overturn-27"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Batson violation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batson_v._Kentucky#Batson_challenge"},{"link_name":"Brett Kavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh"},{"link_name":"majority decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_opinion"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_2019-54"},{"link_name":"Neil Gorsuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch"},{"link_name":"Clarence Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2019-6"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes_2019-54"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams_2019-6"}],"text":"New evidence uncovered during the In the Dark investigation was used by Flowers's lawyers to attempt to get his conviction overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court.[48][47] A petition for a writ of certiorari was filed,[49] seeking review of the Mississippi Supreme Court's application of Batson v. Kentucky.[50] The U.S. Supreme Court granted the writ on November 2, 2018.[50]The court heard oral argument on March 20, 2019.[51] Amicus briefs on behalf of Flowers were filed by the Magnolia Bar Association, the Mississippi Center for Justice, and Innocence Project New Orleans.[52] On June 21, 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Flowers's sixth conviction with a vote of 7–2 in Flowers v. Mississippi.[27][53] The Supreme Court's decision was made based on the argument that the prosecutor, Doug Evans, had committed a Batson violation by striking all but one prospective black juror in Flowers's sixth trial. Justice Brett Kavanaugh wrote the majority decision:\"The state's relentless, determined effort to rid the jury of black individuals strongly suggests that the state wanted to try Flowers before a jury with as few black jurors as possible, and ideally before an all-white jury. We cannot ignore that history.\"[54]Justices Neil Gorsuch and Clarence Thomas dissented from the Court's decision.[6]The Washington Post described Evans as conducting \"a prosecutorial pursuit that may be without parallel\".[54] In total in the six trials, Evans had used 41 of 42 challenges to exclude African Americans from the juries.[6]","title":"Second U.S. Supreme Court ruling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grenada County, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTVA_2019-55"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTVA_2019-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"class action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"ankle monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tagging"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangan_2019-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"exculpatory evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence"},{"link_name":"case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_case"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangan_2019-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangan_2019-61"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice_(legal_term)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Flowers continued to be held at Parchman, then at the Grenada County, Mississippi, jail,[55] and the Winston-Chickasaw Regional Correctional Facility, in Louisville, Mississippi,[56] pending decisions from prosecutors and the local court on any future prosecution. Flowers's attorneys petitioned for the charges to be dismissed, or failing that, for bail to be granted and for Doug Evans to be removed from any role in the prosecution, citing the multiple findings of prosecutorial misconduct in the case.[55][57]Evans was sued in federal court by the local NAACP chapter on behalf of multiple Flowers's jury pool members, seeking class action status to include all jury-eligible black residents of his district, based on his alleged systematic racial discrimination in jury selection.[58] This suit was later dismissed on procedural grounds.[59]On December 16, 2019, Judge Loper granted Flowers bail in the amount of $250,000, of which he was required to deposit 10 percent.[60] Flowers was restricted to his residence, and required to wear an ankle monitor.[61][62] Judge Loper noted in his decision that several of the prosecution's key witnesses had recanted. In addition, the podcast In the Dark reported that potentially exculpatory evidence had been uncovered, as well as alternative suspects, seemingly leaving the prosecution with a weaker case than in the previous trials.[61]Judge Loper reprimanded Evans, who was expected to but did not attend the hearing, for taking no action over the preceding four months to further Flowers's case despite court orders to do so.[61][63] District Attorney Evans, prosecutor in all six of Flowers's trials, recused himself from the case in January 2020 and asked the presiding judge to turn over prosecution to the Mississippi Attorney General's office. The state declined to prosecute Flowers for the seventh time, officially dropping all charges against Flowers on September 4, 2020.[64][65] The Attorney General's office stated that it would be nearly impossible to convict Flowers due to the lack of any available living witnesses who had not recanted or otherwise rendered their testimony unusable by making multiple conflicting statements, the identification of alternative suspects, and new potentially-exculpatory evidence.[66] The case was dismissed with prejudice,[67] barring further prosecution and thus freeing Flowers and bringing the case to a formal conclusion.","title":"Resolution of ongoing case"}]
|
[{"image_text":"2015 photo of building where Tardy Furniture was located (33°28′53″N 89°43′41″W / 33.481440°N 89.728119°W / 33.481440; -89.728119 (Tardy's Furniture, 116 S Front St))[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tardy_Furniture_Building.jpeg/220px-Tardy_Furniture_Building.jpeg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Inmate details\". ms.gov. Mississippi Department of Corrections. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191213122917/https://www.ms.gov/mdoc/inmate/Search/GetDetails/R2436","url_text":"\"Inmate details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Corrections","url_text":"Mississippi Department of Corrections"},{"url":"https://www.ms.gov/mdoc/inmate/Search/GetDetails/R2436","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"116 S Front St – Google Maps\". google.com. Retrieved September 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/PPim3xyYZwRadP8z5","url_text":"\"116 S Front St – Google Maps\""}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Paul (August 7, 2013). \"For Curtis Flowers, Mississippi Is Still Burning\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/for-curtis-flowers-mississippi-is-still-burning-188496/","url_text":"\"For Curtis Flowers, Mississippi Is Still Burning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922021007/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/for-curtis-flowers-mississippi-is-still-burning-188496/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amy, Jeff (June 21, 2016). \"Court demands new look at race of jurors in 3 convictions\". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/a0f8003ddc9e4cf39d980177b4ecdc7c","url_text":"\"Court demands new look at race of jurors in 3 convictions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Baran, Madeleine; Yesko, Parker (November 2, 2018). \"Supreme Court agrees to hear Curtis Flowers appeal\". AMP Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apmreports.org/story/2018/11/02/curtis-flowers-supreme-court-appeal","url_text":"\"Supreme Court agrees to hear Curtis Flowers appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media","url_text":"American Public Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191211200136/https://www.apmreports.org/story/2018/11/02/curtis-flowers-supreme-court-appeal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Pete (June 21, 2019). \"Supreme Court rules for black death row inmate over prosecutor's racial bias\". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. 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Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtva.com/content/news/Curtis-Flowers-moved-from-Parchman-to-the-Grenada-County-jail-561231991.html","url_text":"\"Curtis Flowers moved from Parchman to the Grenada County jail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVA","url_text":"WTVA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190927011703/https://www.wtva.com/content/news/Curtis-Flowers-moved-from-Parchman-to-the-Grenada-County-jail-561231991.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vance, Taylor (October 1, 2019). \"Curtis Flowers transferred to new jail because of \"publicity\" concerns\". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.djournal.com/news/crime-law-enforcement/curtis-flowers-transferred-to-new-jail-because-of-publicity-concerns/article_a0e66cb4-3d89-5beb-b7e0-f7baf439423d.html","url_text":"\"Curtis Flowers transferred to new jail because of \"publicity\" concerns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Mississippi_Daily_Journal","url_text":"Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191025235556/https://www.djournal.com/news/crime-law-enforcement/curtis-flowers-transferred-to-new-jail-because-of-publicity-concerns/article_a0e66cb4-3d89-5beb-b7e0-f7baf439423d.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wamsley, Laurel (December 16, 2019). \"Man Whose Conviction Was Overturned By Supreme Court After 6 Trials Is Granted Bail\". NPR. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/16/788413418/man-whose-conviction-was-overturned-by-supreme-court-after-6-trials-is-granted-b","url_text":"\"Man Whose Conviction Was Overturned By Supreme Court After 6 Trials Is Granted Bail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200304192624/https://www.npr.org/2019/12/16/788413418/man-whose-conviction-was-overturned-by-supreme-court-after-6-trials-is-granted-b","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shu, Alissa (November 19, 2019). \"Curtis Flowers: NAACP sues Mississippi prosecutor who tried man 6 times for the same crime\". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2019/11/18/curtis-flowers-naacp-sues-mississippi-prosecutor-who-tried-man-6-times-same-crime/4230895002/","url_text":"\"Curtis Flowers: NAACP sues Mississippi prosecutor who tried man 6 times for the same crime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger","url_text":"The Clarion-Ledger"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20200324140609/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2019/11/18/curtis-flowers-naacp-sues-mississippi-prosecutor-who-tried-man-6-times-same-crime/4230895002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yesko, Parker (September 11, 2020). \"Judge dismisses lawsuit against DA Doug Evans\". AMP Reports. American Public Media. Retrieved September 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apmreports.org/story/2020/09/11/judge-dismisses-lawsuit-against-doug-evans","url_text":"\"Judge dismisses lawsuit against DA Doug Evans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media","url_text":"American Public Media"}]},{"reference":"Yesko, Parker (December 16, 2019). \"Curtis Flowers released on bail\". APM Reports. American Public Media. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apmreports.org/story/2019/12/16/curtis-flowers-bail","url_text":"\"Curtis Flowers released on bail\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Media","url_text":"American Public Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191217034804/https://www.apmreports.org/story/2019/12/16/curtis-flowers-bail","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mangan, Dan (December 16, 2019). \"Curtis Flowers — black man tried six times for same murders — released on bail after Supreme Court reversed case detailed in podcast\". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 31, 2019. 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Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/12/16/curtis-flowers-can-go-home-he-awaits-potential-seventh-murder-trial-judge-says/","url_text":"\"After 6 trials over the same killings, Curtis Flowers can await a possible 7th from home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129081738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/12/16/curtis-flowers-can-go-home-he-awaits-potential-seventh-murder-trial-judge-says/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zhu, Alissa (December 16, 2019). \"Curtis Flowers freed on bond for the first time in more than two decades, six trials\". The Clarion-Ledger. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. 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Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/prosecutor-recuses-himself-case-curtis-flowers-tried-six-times-same-n1111611","url_text":"\"Prosecutor recuses himself in case of Curtis Flowers, tried six times in same murder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200212035506/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/prosecutor-recuses-himself-case-curtis-flowers-tried-six-times-same-n1111611","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sexton Ferguson, Amanda (January 6, 2020). \"Breaking: Evans Recuses Himself\". Winona Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.winonatimes.com/front-page-slideshow-news-breaking-news/breaking-evans-recuses-himself#sthash.XqBCn7bX.dpbs","url_text":"\"Breaking: Evans Recuses Himself\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200314141328/https://www.winonatimes.com/front-page-slideshow-news-breaking-news/breaking-evans-recuses-himself","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (September 4, 2020). \"After 6 Murder Trials and Nearly 24 Years, Charges Dropped Against Curtis Flowers\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/us/after-6-murder-trials-and-nearly-24-years-charges-dropped-against-curtis-flowers.html","url_text":"\"After 6 Murder Trials and Nearly 24 Years, Charges Dropped Against Curtis Flowers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Sexton Fergusson, Amanda (September 4, 2020). \"Charges against Curtis Flowers dismissed\". The Winona Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923014801/https://www.winonatimes.com/carrollton-slideshow-front-page-slideshow-news-breaking-news-crime/charges-against-curtis-flowers#sthash.k2bATsj7.dpbs","url_text":"\"Charges against Curtis Flowers dismissed\""},{"url":"https://www.winonatimes.com/carrollton-slideshow-front-page-slideshow-news-breaking-news-crime/charges-against-curtis-flowers#sthash.k2bATsj7.dpbs","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Lejia
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Laguna Lejía
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["1 Geography and geology","1.1 Hydrology","1.2 Lake history","2 Climate","3 Biology","4 Archeology","5 References","5.1 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 23°30′00″S 67°41′33″W / 23.50000°S 67.69250°W / -23.50000; -67.69250Lake in Chile
For the lake in the Ancash Region, Peru, see Lake Lejiacocha.
Laguna LejíaLaguna Lejía with the Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi volcanoes in the backgroundLaguna LejíaLocationAntofagasta RegionCoordinates23°30′00″S 67°41′33″W / 23.50000°S 67.69250°W / -23.50000; -67.69250Catchment area193 km2 (75 sq mi)Basin countriesChileSurface area1.9 km2 (0.73 sq mi)Surface elevation4,325 m (14,190 ft)References
Laguna Lejía is a salt lake located in the Altiplano of the Antofagasta Region of northern Chile. The landscape of the area is dominated by the volcanoes Chiliques, Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi. It is shallow and has no outlet, covering a surface area of about 1.9 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi) in the present-day.
During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger owing to decreased evaporation and increased precipitation rates, with bioherms developing around the waterbody. Presently, flamingos and a number of microorganisms live in the lake.
Geography and geology
Lejía Lake lies in the Puna de Atacama of Chile, close to the border with Argentina. The city of San Pedro de Atacama lies 103 kilometres (64 mi) northwest of Lejía Lake. The lake basin is surrounded by volcanoes, such as Aguas Calientes, Lascar, Tumisa, Lejía, Chiliques and Cordon de Puntas Negras, and smaller centres like Cerro Overo and La Albòndiga. The lake is endorheic and has a 193 square kilometres (75 sq mi) large catchment, and a lava flow forms its southern shore. Farther south lie two other lakes, Laguna Miscanti and Laguna Miniques.
Hydrology
Lejía Lake is a circular, shallow lake at an elevation of 4,325 metres (14,190 ft) with a surface area of 1.9 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi) or 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi). It is a polymictic lake which freezes over occasionally and whose waters are turned over quickly, mainly through evaporation. Winds sometimes create foam on the lake surface and blow them onto the shores. Water temperatures have been measured to range between 3–10.6 °C (37.4–51.1 °F), and the lake is about 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) deep.
The waters of the lake are oligohaline and salinity is often different in one part of the lake from the rest. Sulfate and sodium are the principal salts in the lake water, with chloride and magnesium secondary and calcium, potassium, silica and strontium subordinate.
The lake is nourished from the north through two creeks, one originates on Aguas Calientes and the other from two tributaries on Lascar and Cerro del Abra. From Chiliques and Lejia in the south other creeks run north and enter the southern part of the lake. A groundwater outlet appears to exist, considering that there is no halite accumulating in the lake, and Cerro Overo is a maar that formed through groundwater-magma interaction.
Lake history
The lake lies in a tectonic depression, which is geologically related to the fault system Miscanti-Callejón de Varela; once it was thought that the lake was in a caldera. The Altos de Toro Blanco mountains separate Lejía Lake's drainage basin from the Salar de Aguas Calientes catchment. A lineament known as the Tumisa line runs along the southern shore of the lake, and appears to have been the site of three earthquakes in post-glacial time. The lake is influenced by volcanic activity from the neighbouring Lascar; ash and pyroclastic material entered Lejía Lake in 1993, and the large Soncor eruption from this volcano 26,450 years before present filled the lake.
During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger, reaching a surface area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) with water levels rising to about 25 metres (82 ft) above present-day level; the lake was filled with freshwater at that time. A volcanic marker dated to 16,700 ± 2,000 years before present pre-dates the lake highstand; this volcanic marker is a tephra erupted by the Cerro Corona lava dome south of Lascar. Lake levels stayed high until the Holocene and then decreased; the timing of Holocene changes is unknown. These earlier larger lakes have left terraces around Lejía Lake which contain bioherms and stromatolith leftovers. Even older deposits associated with the Lake Minchin wet period are not present at Lejía Lake unlike other Altiplanic lakes, probably owing to volcanic activity that disrupted the sediments. Weathered sediments at Laguna Lejía have been used as analogues for sediments left by ancient lakes on Mars.
The increase in surface area was a consequence of increased precipitation and increased cloud cover which decreased its evaporation rate. Sediment cores have shown evidence of separate lake stages with water levels mostly higher than today; higher moisture levels owing to a displacement of the tropical circulation during the Lake Tauca stage have been invoked to explain higher lake levels in Lejía and other regional waterbodies. Glaciers developed in the region as well but did not reach the lake.
Climate
Precipitation around the lake is about 200 millimetres per year (7.9 in/year) mostly during the summer months, considerably less than the annual evaporation rate. Temperatures range −6–7 °C (21–45 °F) with an average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F); night temperatures can drop to −18 – −25 °C (0 – −13 °F). There is strong daily and interannual variability of the weather. During glacial highstands, precipitation was about double that of today.
Biology
Lejía Lake is colonized by diatoms, including Amphora coffeaeformis, Cyclotella michiganiana, Cyclotella stelligera, Cymbella pusilla, Navicula halophila, and Navicula radiosa. Algal and bacterial mats also occur in the lake.
Ostracods in the lake include Limnocythere species. The occurrence of their shells in lake sediments has been used to reconstruct the history of the lake, including its salinity. Crustaceans are also found, such as Alona species, Diacyclops andinus, Harpacticoida species, and Macrothrix palearis. Finally, chironomid flies have been encountered at Lejía Lake.
Flamingos, phalaropes and their parasites exist at the lake. High altitude Andean lakes such as Lejía Lake are studied as potential analogues to waterbodies on Mars, given similarities between their present-day environment and the environments of early Mars.
Shoreline vegetation consists of Calandrinia, Deyeuxia, Puccinellia and Stipa species, which occur close to waterbodies and springs. Grass and shrub vegetation of the Puna occurs in the lake basin at elevations of less than 4,500 metres (14,800 ft); at higher elevation bunch grass, cushion plants and rosette plants form a distinct and sparse vegetation. Humans have pastures at the lake.
Archeology
Archeological artifacts from the archaic period have been found on an upper terrace of the lake, indicating that ancient hunters did head to Lejía Lake at that time.
References
^ a b c d e f (in Spanish) IRD en Chile: Laguna Lejía Archived 27 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^
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^ Ureta et al. 2021, p. 2.
^ a b Matthews & Vita-Finzi 1993, p. 115.
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^ De los Ríos, Muñoz-Pedreros & Möller 2013, p. 1640.
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^ a b Gardeweg, Sparks & Matthews 1998, p. 100.
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^ Gardeweg, Sparks & Matthews 1998, p. 92.
^ Bishop, Janice L.; Vega, María Ángeles Lezcano; Parro, Victor; Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Sánchez-García, Laura; Rhodes, Kimberly Warren; Hinman, Nancy W. (28 June 2021). VNIR Spectral Analyses of Paleolake sediments at Lejía in the Altiplano region of Chile. European Planetary Science Congress 2021. doi:10.5194/epsc2021-453.
^ Grosjean 1994, p. 95,96.
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^ Cabrol et al. 2009, p. 7.
^ a b De los Ríos, Muñoz-Pedreros & Möller 2013, p. 1637.
^ Moran, Brendan J.; Boutt, David F.; Munk, Lee Ann (2019). "Stable and Radioisotope Systematics Reveal Fossil Water as Fundamental Characteristic of Arid Orogenic-Scale Groundwater Systems". Water Resources Research. 55 (12): 11298. Bibcode:2019WRR....5511295M. doi:10.1029/2019WR026386. ISSN 1944-7973. S2CID 212895806.
^ Cabrol et al. 2009, p. 10.
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^ Grosjean 1994, p. 99.
Sources
Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Chong, Guillermo; Minkley, Edwin; Hock, Andrew N.; Yu, Youngseob; Bebout, Leslie; Fleming, Erich; Häder, Donat P.; Demergasso, Cecilia; Gibson, John; Escudero, Lorena; Dorador, Cristina; Lim, Darlene; Woosley, Clayton; Morris, Robert L.; Tambley, Cristian; Gaete, Victor; Galvez, Matthieu E.; Smith, Eric; Uskin-Peate, Ingrid; Salazar, Carlos; Dawidowicz, G.; Majerowicz, J. (1 June 2009). "The High-Lakes Project". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 114 (G2): G00D06. Bibcode:2009JGRG..114.0D06C. doi:10.1029/2008JG000818. ISSN 2156-2202.
De los Ríos, Patricio; Muñoz-Pedreros, Andrés; Möller, Patricia (1 January 2013). "Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile" (PDF). Crustaceana. 86 (13–14): 1634–1643. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003265. ISSN 1568-5403. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via Centro de Estudios Agrarios y Ambientales.
Gardeweg, M. C.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Matthews, S. J. (1 February 1998). "Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile". Journal of the Geological Society. 155 (1): 89–104. Bibcode:1998JGSoc.155...89G. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 128916568.
Grosjean, Martin (May 1994). "Paleohydrology of the Laguna Lejía (north Chilean Altiplano) and climatic implications for late-glacial times". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 109 (1): 89–100. Bibcode:1994PPP...109...89G. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90119-8. ISSN 0031-0182.
Matthews, Steve; Vita-Finzi, Claudio (September 1993). "Neotectonics at Laguna Lejia, Atacama desert, Northern Chile" (PDF). Horizon documentation-IRD. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
Ureta, Gabriel; Németh, Károly; Aguilera, Felipe; Zimmer, Martin; Menzies, Andrew (4 March 2021). "A window on mantle-derived magmas within the Central Andes: eruption style transitions at Cerro Overo maar and La Albóndiga lava dome, northern Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 83 (4): 19. Bibcode:2021BVol...83...19U. doi:10.1007/s00445-021-01446-3. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 232108256.
vteHydrography of Antofagasta RegionRivers
Isluga River
Loa
San Salvador
Salado
Toconce
San Pedro de Atacama
San Pedro de Inacaliri
Silala
Lakes
Laguna Lejía
Laguna Miñiques
Laguna Miscanti
Tuyajto Lake
Salt pans
Salar de Atacama
Salar de Punta Negra
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Lejiacocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lejiacocha"},{"link_name":"salt lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lake"},{"link_name":"Altiplano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano"},{"link_name":"Antofagasta Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta_Region"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chiliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliques"},{"link_name":"Lascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar_Volcano"},{"link_name":"Aguas Calientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_Calientes_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Acamarachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamarachi"},{"link_name":"glacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial"},{"link_name":"bioherms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioherm"}],"text":"Lake in ChileFor the lake in the Ancash Region, Peru, see Lake Lejiacocha.Laguna Lejía is a salt lake located in the Altiplano of the Antofagasta Region of northern Chile. The landscape of the area is dominated by the volcanoes Chiliques, Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi. It is shallow and has no outlet, covering a surface area of about 1.9 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi) in the present-day.During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger owing to decreased evaporation and increased precipitation rates, with bioherms developing around the waterbody. Presently, flamingos and a number of microorganisms live in the lake.","title":"Laguna Lejía"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puna de Atacama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199489-3"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199490-4"},{"link_name":"San Pedro de Atacama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Atacama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"Aguas Calientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_Calientes_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Lascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"Tumisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumisa"},{"link_name":"Lejía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lej%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chiliques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliques"},{"link_name":"Cordon de Puntas Negras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordon_de_Puntas_Negras"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"Cerro Overo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Overo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUretaN%C3%A9methAguileraZimmer20212-6"},{"link_name":"endorheic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic"},{"link_name":"catchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catchment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"lava flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flow"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsVita-Finzi1993115-7"},{"link_name":"Laguna Miscanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Miscanti"},{"link_name":"Laguna Miniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Mi%C3%B1iques"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niemeyer-8"}],"text":"Lejía Lake lies in the Puna de Atacama[3] of Chile, close to the border with Argentina.[4] The city of San Pedro de Atacama lies 103 kilometres (64 mi) northwest of Lejía Lake.[5] The lake basin is surrounded by volcanoes, such as Aguas Calientes, Lascar, Tumisa, Lejía, Chiliques and Cordon de Puntas Negras,[5] and smaller centres like Cerro Overo and La Albòndiga.[6] The lake is endorheic and has a 193 square kilometres (75 sq mi) large catchment,[5] and a lava flow forms its southern shore.[7] Farther south lie two other lakes, Laguna Miscanti and Laguna Miniques.[8]","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niemeyer-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ird-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ird-1"},{"link_name":"polymictic lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymictic_lake"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199492-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199494-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199495-11"},{"link_name":"foam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simoneit1980-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley20093-13"},{"link_name":"oligohaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligohaline"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mu%C3%B1oz-Pedreros2013-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131640-15"},{"link_name":"Sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride"},{"link_name":"magnesium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"strontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199495-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niemeyer-8"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"halite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"maar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUretaN%C3%A9methAguileraZimmer202118-17"}],"sub_title":"Hydrology","text":"Lejía Lake is a circular,[8] shallow lake[5] at an elevation of 4,325 metres (14,190 ft)[1] with a surface area of 1.9 square kilometres (0.73 sq mi)[5][1] or 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi). It is a polymictic lake which freezes over occasionally[9] and whose waters are turned over quickly,[10] mainly through evaporation.[11] Winds sometimes create foam on the lake surface and blow them onto the shores.[12] Water temperatures have been measured to range between 3–10.6 °C (37.4–51.1 °F), and the lake is about 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) deep.[13]The waters of the lake are oligohaline[14] and salinity is often different in one part of the lake from the rest.[15] Sulfate and sodium are the principal salts in the lake water, with chloride and magnesium secondary and calcium, potassium, silica and strontium subordinate.[11]The lake is nourished from the north through two creeks, one originates on Aguas Calientes and the other from two tributaries on Lascar and Cerro del Abra. From Chiliques and Lejia in the south other creeks run north and enter the southern part of the lake.[8] A groundwater outlet appears to exist, considering that there is no halite accumulating in the lake,[16] and Cerro Overo is a maar that formed through groundwater-magma interaction.[17]","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simoneit1980-12"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Salar de Aguas Calientes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salar_de_Aguas_Calientes_(La_Pacana)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131636-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsVita-Finzi1993115-7"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewsVita-Finzi1993116-18"},{"link_name":"Lascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley20094-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardewegSparksMatthews1998100-20"},{"link_name":"glacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199492-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199497-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199496-22"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"lava dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardewegSparksMatthews199892-23"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199497-21"},{"link_name":"bioherms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioherm"},{"link_name":"stromatolith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolith"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley20094-19"},{"link_name":"Lake Minchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Minchin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardewegSparksMatthews1998100-20"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199494-10"},{"link_name":"Sediment cores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_core"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199495-11"},{"link_name":"Lake Tauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tauca"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199495,96-25"},{"link_name":"Glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graf1994-26"}],"sub_title":"Lake history","text":"The lake lies in a tectonic depression, which is geologically related to the fault system Miscanti-Callejón de Varela;[5] once it was thought that the lake was in a caldera.[12] The Altos de Toro Blanco mountains separate Lejía Lake's drainage basin from the Salar de Aguas Calientes catchment.[5] A lineament known as the Tumisa line runs along the southern shore of the lake,[7] and appears to have been the site of three earthquakes in post-glacial time.[18] The lake is influenced by volcanic activity from the neighbouring Lascar; ash and pyroclastic material entered Lejía Lake in 1993,[19] and the large Soncor eruption from this volcano 26,450 years before present filled the lake.[20]During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger, reaching a surface area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi)[9] with water levels rising to about 25 metres (82 ft) above present-day level; the lake was filled with freshwater at that time.[21] A volcanic marker dated to 16,700 ± 2,000 years before present pre-dates the lake highstand;[22] this volcanic marker is a tephra erupted by the Cerro Corona lava dome south of Lascar.[23] Lake levels stayed high until the Holocene and then decreased; the timing of Holocene changes is unknown.[21] These earlier larger lakes have left terraces around Lejía Lake which contain bioherms and stromatolith leftovers.[19] Even older deposits associated with the Lake Minchin wet period are not present at Lejía Lake unlike other Altiplanic lakes, probably owing to volcanic activity that disrupted the sediments.[20] Weathered sediments at Laguna Lejía have been used as analogues for sediments left by ancient lakes on Mars.[24]The increase in surface area was a consequence of increased precipitation and increased cloud cover which decreased its evaporation rate.[10] Sediment cores have shown evidence of separate lake stages with water levels mostly higher than today;[11] higher moisture levels owing to a displacement of the tropical circulation during the Lake Tauca stage have been invoked to explain higher lake levels in Lejía and other regional waterbodies.[25] Glaciers developed in the region as well but did not reach the lake.\n[26]","title":"Geography and geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199492-9"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley20097-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131637-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Precipitation around the lake is about 200 millimetres per year (7.9 in/year) mostly during the summer months, considerably less than the annual evaporation rate. Temperatures range −6–7 °C (21–45 °F) with an average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F);[9] night temperatures can drop to −18 – −25 °C (0 – −13 °F).[27] There is strong daily and interannual variability of the weather.[28] During glacial highstands, precipitation was about double that of today.[29]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diatoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom"},{"link_name":"Amphora coffeaeformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora_coffeaeformis"},{"link_name":"Cyclotella michiganiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclotella_michiganiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cyclotella stelligera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclotella_stelligera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cymbella pusilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cymbella_pusilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Navicula halophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navicula_halophila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Navicula radiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navicula_radiosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199497-21"},{"link_name":"Algal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simoneit1980-12"},{"link_name":"bacterial mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_mat"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley200910-30"},{"link_name":"Ostracods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracod"},{"link_name":"Limnocythere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnocythere"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199497-21"},{"link_name":"Crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"Alona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alona_(crustacean)"},{"link_name":"Diacyclops andinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diacyclops_andinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harpacticoida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpacticoida"},{"link_name":"Macrothrix palearis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macrothrix_palearis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131639-31"},{"link_name":"chironomid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chironomid"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley200916-32"},{"link_name":"Flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo"},{"link_name":"phalaropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalarope"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabrolGrinChongMinkley20092-35"},{"link_name":"Calandrinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calandrinia"},{"link_name":"Deyeuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyeuxia"},{"link_name":"Puccinellia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccinellia"},{"link_name":"Stipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipa"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_los_R%C3%ADosMu%C3%B1oz-PedrerosM%C3%B6ller20131637-28"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"Puna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_grassland"},{"link_name":"bunch grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunch_grass"},{"link_name":"cushion plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion_plant"},{"link_name":"rosette plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_plant"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graf1994-26"},{"link_name":"pastures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Lejía Lake is colonized by diatoms, including Amphora coffeaeformis, Cyclotella michiganiana, Cyclotella stelligera, Cymbella pusilla, Navicula halophila, and Navicula radiosa.[21] Algal[12] and bacterial mats also occur in the lake.[30]Ostracods in the lake include Limnocythere species. The occurrence of their shells in lake sediments has been used to reconstruct the history of the lake, including its salinity.[21] Crustaceans are also found, such as Alona species, Diacyclops andinus, Harpacticoida species, and Macrothrix palearis.[31] Finally, chironomid flies have been encountered at Lejía Lake.[32]Flamingos, phalaropes[33] and their parasites exist at the lake.[34] High altitude Andean lakes such as Lejía Lake are studied as potential analogues to waterbodies on Mars, given similarities between their present-day environment and the environments of early Mars.[35]Shoreline vegetation consists of Calandrinia, Deyeuxia, Puccinellia and Stipa species, which occur close to waterbodies and springs.[28] Grass and shrub vegetation of the Puna occurs in the lake basin at elevations of less than 4,500 metres (14,800 ft); at higher elevation bunch grass, cushion plants and rosette plants form a distinct and sparse vegetation.[26] Humans have pastures at the lake.[36]","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_stage"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199497-21"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosjean199499-37"}],"text":"Archeological artifacts from the archaic period have been found on an upper terrace of the lake,[21] indicating that ancient hunters did head to Lejía Lake at that time.[37]","title":"Archeology"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"GNS: Country Files\". Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html","url_text":"\"GNS: Country Files\""},{"url":"http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Niemeyer, Hans F. \"HOYAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DE CHILE: SEGUNDA REGIÓN\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aguas. p. 196. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050915/http://documentos.dga.cl/CUH2886v2.pdf","url_text":"\"HOYAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DE CHILE: SEGUNDA REGIÓN\""},{"url":"http://documentos.dga.cl/CUH2886v2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simoneit, Bernd R. T.; Halpern, H. I.; Didyk, B. M. (1980). \"Lipid Productivity of a High Andean Lake\". Biogeochemistry of Ancient and Modern Environments. p. 201. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-26582-6_21. ISBN 978-0-85847-062-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-26582-6_21","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-26582-6_21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85847-062-0","url_text":"978-0-85847-062-0"}]},{"reference":"Muñoz-Pedreros, Andrés; de Los Ríos, Patricio; Möller, Patricia (2013). \"Zooplankton de Laguna Lejía, un humedal desértico de la alta puna del norte de Chile\" (PDF). Biblioteca digital CEDOC-CIREN (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269987136","url_text":"\"Zooplankton de Laguna Lejía, un humedal desértico de la alta puna del norte de Chile\""}]},{"reference":"Munk, Lee Ann; Boutt, David F.; Hynek, Scott A.; Moran, Brendan J. (August 2018). \"Hydrogeochemical fluxes and processes contributing to the formation of lithium-enriched brines in a hyper-arid continental basin\". Chemical Geology. 493: 50. Bibcode:2018ChGeo.493...37M. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.013. ISSN 0009-2541. S2CID 134531576.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.05.013","url_text":"\"Hydrogeochemical fluxes and processes contributing to the formation of lithium-enriched brines in a hyper-arid continental basin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ChGeo.493...37M","url_text":"2018ChGeo.493...37M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.05.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2541","url_text":"0009-2541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134531576","url_text":"134531576"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Janice L.; Vega, María Ángeles Lezcano; Parro, Victor; Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Sánchez-García, Laura; Rhodes, Kimberly Warren; Hinman, Nancy W. (28 June 2021). VNIR Spectral Analyses of Paleolake sediments at Lejía in the Altiplano region of Chile. European Planetary Science Congress 2021. doi:10.5194/epsc2021-453.","urls":[{"url":"https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2021/EPSC2021-453.html","url_text":"VNIR Spectral Analyses of Paleolake sediments at Lejía in the Altiplano region of Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fepsc2021-453","url_text":"10.5194/epsc2021-453"}]},{"reference":"Graf, Kurt (1994). \"Discussion of palynological methods and paleoclimatical interpretations in northern Chile and the whole Andes\" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (67): 405–415. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1994/4/Graf_1994.pdf","url_text":"\"Discussion of palynological methods and paleoclimatical interpretations in northern Chile and the whole Andes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180204001256/http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1994/4/Graf_1994.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Brendan J.; Boutt, David F.; Munk, Lee Ann (2019). \"Stable and Radioisotope Systematics Reveal Fossil Water as Fundamental Characteristic of Arid Orogenic-Scale Groundwater Systems\". Water Resources Research. 55 (12): 11298. Bibcode:2019WRR....5511295M. doi:10.1029/2019WR026386. ISSN 1944-7973. S2CID 212895806.","urls":[{"url":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019WR026386","url_text":"\"Stable and Radioisotope Systematics Reveal Fossil Water as Fundamental Characteristic of Arid Orogenic-Scale Groundwater Systems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WRR....5511295M","url_text":"2019WRR....5511295M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019WR026386","url_text":"10.1029/2019WR026386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-7973","url_text":"1944-7973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212895806","url_text":"212895806"}]},{"reference":"Hurlbert, Stuart H.; Lopez, Matilde; Keith, James O. (1984). \"Wilson's Phalarope in the Central Andes and its Interaction with the Chilean Flamingo\" (PDF). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 57: 53. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1984/1/Hurlbert_et_al_1984.pdf","url_text":"\"Wilson's Phalarope in the Central Andes and its Interaction with the Chilean Flamingo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180204001057/http://rchn.biologiachile.cl/pdfs/1984/1/Hurlbert_et_al_1984.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Redón, Stella; Vasileva, Gergana P.; Georgiev, Boyko B.; Gajardo, Gonzalo (1 October 2020). \"Exploring parasites in extreme environments of high conservational importance: Artemia franciscana (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) as intermediate host of avian cestodes in Andean hypersaline lagoons from Salar de Atacama, Chile\". Parasitology Research. 119 (10): 3377–3390. doi:10.1007/s00436-020-06768-3. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 32638100. S2CID 220397989.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-020-06768-3","url_text":"\"Exploring parasites in extreme environments of high conservational importance: Artemia franciscana (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) as intermediate host of avian cestodes in Andean hypersaline lagoons from Salar de Atacama, Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00436-020-06768-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00436-020-06768-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1955","url_text":"1432-1955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638100","url_text":"32638100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220397989","url_text":"220397989"}]},{"reference":"Morales, Héctor; Garcés, Alejandro; González, Luis; Dibona, Gisella; Vilches, Juan Carlos; Azócar, Rodrigo; Morales, Héctor; Garcés, Alejandro; González, Luis; Dibona, Gisella; Vilches, Juan Carlos; Azócar, Rodrigo (June 2019). \"Del viaje familiar hasta los grandotes: Mercancías, comunidad y frontera en la Puna Atacameña del Siglo XX\". Diálogo Andino (59): 21–35. doi:10.4067/S0719-26812019000200021. ISSN 0719-2681.","urls":[{"url":"https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0719-26812019000200021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=p","url_text":"\"Del viaje familiar hasta los grandotes: Mercancías, comunidad y frontera en la Puna Atacameña del Siglo XX\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1logo_Andino","url_text":"Diálogo Andino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0719-26812019000200021","url_text":"10.4067/S0719-26812019000200021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0719-2681","url_text":"0719-2681"}]},{"reference":"Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A.; Chong, Guillermo; Minkley, Edwin; Hock, Andrew N.; Yu, Youngseob; Bebout, Leslie; Fleming, Erich; Häder, Donat P.; Demergasso, Cecilia; Gibson, John; Escudero, Lorena; Dorador, Cristina; Lim, Darlene; Woosley, Clayton; Morris, Robert L.; Tambley, Cristian; Gaete, Victor; Galvez, Matthieu E.; Smith, Eric; Uskin-Peate, Ingrid; Salazar, Carlos; Dawidowicz, G.; Majerowicz, J. (1 June 2009). \"The High-Lakes Project\". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 114 (G2): G00D06. Bibcode:2009JGRG..114.0D06C. doi:10.1029/2008JG000818. ISSN 2156-2202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Chong","url_text":"Chong, Guillermo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Dorador","url_text":"Dorador, Cristina"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JG000818","url_text":"\"The High-Lakes Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRG..114.0D06C","url_text":"2009JGRG..114.0D06C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JG000818","url_text":"10.1029/2008JG000818"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202","url_text":"2156-2202"}]},{"reference":"De los Ríos, Patricio; Muñoz-Pedreros, Andrés; Möller, Patricia (1 January 2013). \"Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile\" (PDF). Crustaceana. 86 (13–14): 1634–1643. doi:10.1163/15685403-00003265. ISSN 1568-5403. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via Centro de Estudios Agrarios y Ambientales.","urls":[{"url":"http://ceachile.cl/humedales/cdn/Lejia.pdf","url_text":"\"Zooplankton in Laguna Lejía, a high-altitude Andean shallow lake of the Puna in northern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685403-00003265","url_text":"10.1163/15685403-00003265"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5403","url_text":"1568-5403"}]},{"reference":"Gardeweg, M. C.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Matthews, S. J. (1 February 1998). \"Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile\". Journal of the Geological Society. 155 (1): 89–104. Bibcode:1998JGSoc.155...89G. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 128916568.","urls":[{"url":"http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/155/1/89.short","url_text":"\"Evolution of Lascar Volcano, Northern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JGSoc.155...89G","url_text":"1998JGSoc.155...89G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.155.1.0089","url_text":"10.1144/gsjgs.155.1.0089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7649","url_text":"0016-7649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128916568","url_text":"128916568"}]},{"reference":"Grosjean, Martin (May 1994). \"Paleohydrology of the Laguna Lejía (north Chilean Altiplano) and climatic implications for late-glacial times\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 109 (1): 89–100. Bibcode:1994PPP...109...89G. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)90119-8. ISSN 0031-0182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PPP...109...89G","url_text":"1994PPP...109...89G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-0182%2894%2990119-8","url_text":"10.1016/0031-0182(94)90119-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182","url_text":"0031-0182"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Steve; Vita-Finzi, Claudio (September 1993). \"Neotectonics at Laguna Lejia, Atacama desert, Northern Chile\" (PDF). Horizon documentation-IRD. pp. 115–116. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/38384.pdf","url_text":"\"Neotectonics at Laguna Lejia, Atacama desert, Northern Chile\""}]},{"reference":"Ureta, Gabriel; Németh, Károly; Aguilera, Felipe; Zimmer, Martin; Menzies, Andrew (4 March 2021). \"A window on mantle-derived magmas within the Central Andes: eruption style transitions at Cerro Overo maar and La Albóndiga lava dome, northern Chile\". Bulletin of Volcanology. 83 (4): 19. Bibcode:2021BVol...83...19U. doi:10.1007/s00445-021-01446-3. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 232108256.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00445-021-01446-3","url_text":"\"A window on mantle-derived magmas within the Central Andes: eruption style transitions at Cerro Overo maar and La Albóndiga lava dome, northern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021BVol...83...19U","url_text":"2021BVol...83...19U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00445-021-01446-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00445-021-01446-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0819","url_text":"1432-0819"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232108256","url_text":"232108256"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_de_Carneilhan_(film)
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Julie de Carneilhan (film)
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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1950 French filmJulie de CarneilhanDirected byJacques ManuelWritten byJean-Pierre Gredy Jacques ManuelBased onJulie de Carneilhan by ColetteProduced byAlexandre MnouchkineStarringEdwige Feuillère Pierre Brasseur Jacques DumesnilCinematographyPhilippe AgostiniEdited byCharlotte GuilbertMusic byHenri SauguetProductioncompaniesLes Films Ariane La Société des Films SiriusDistributed byLa Société des Films SiriusRelease date
21 April 1950 (1950-04-21)
Running time95 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench
Julie de Carneilhan is a 1950 French drama film directed by Jacques Manuel and starring Edwige Feuillère, Pierre Brasseur and Jacques Dumesnil. It is an adaptation of the 1941 novel of the same title by Colette. The film's sets were designed by the art director René Moulaert.
Synopsis
Julie de Carneilhan is divorced from her husband who he she still loves. He has married a second wife, a wealthy woman, and pursued a career in politics. He dreams up a scheme for him and Julie to extract money from his wife who holds the purse strings in the relationship.
Cast
Edwige Feuillère as Julie de Carneilhan
Pierre Brasseur as Hubert Espivant
Jacques Dumesnil as Léon de Carneilhan
Marcelle Chantal as Marianne
Michel Lemoine as Toni
Sylvia Bataille as Lucie
Gabrielle Fontan as La concierge
Marion Delbo as La mère Encelade
Andrée Tainsy as Madame Sabrier
Jacques Dacqmine as Coco Votard
Georges Pally as Beaupied
Georges Paulais as L'homme d'affaires
Léon Berton as Le palefrenier
References
^ Parish p.64
Bibliography
Parish, Robert. Film Actors Guide. Scarecrow Press, 1977.
External links
Julie de Carneilhan at IMDb
This article related to a French film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine
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Romani people in Ukraine
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["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine","2 Demographics","3 Sub-groups","4 Gallery","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]
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Ethnic group in Ukraine
Ethnic group
Romani people in UkraineTotal population47,587 (2001 census), est. 400,000Regions with significant populationsZakarpattia region and Odesa regionLanguagesRussian, Ukrainian, Para-RomaniReligionEastern Orthodoxy, Islam
Part of a series onRomani people
Archaeology
Cuisine
Culture
Dance
Dress
Folklore
History
Language
Media
Music
Names
People
Religion
Settlements
Romani people by sub-group
Arlije
Bergitka Roma
Burgenland Roma
Boyash
Cascarots
Crimean Roma
Gurbeti
Judeo-Romani
Kalderash
Kale (Finnish Roma)
Kale (Welsh Roma)
Kawliya
Lovari
Lăutari
Machvaya
Romanisæl
Polska Roma
Romanichal
Ruska Roma
Sepečides Romani
Servitka Roma
Sinti
Ursari
Zargari
Romani diaspora by country
Albania
Argentina
Australia
Austria
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Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Bulgaria
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Cyprus
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Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine (Crimea)
United Kingdom (term, Scotland)
United States (Hungarian-Slovak)
Uruguay
Venezuela
WikiProjectvteThe presence of Romani people in Ukraine (Ukrainian: Цигани в Україні, romanized: Tsyhany v Ukrayini) was first documented in the early 15th century. The Romani maintained their social organizations and folkways, shunning non-Romani contacts, education and values, often as a reaction to anti-Romani attitudes and persecution. They adopted the language and faith of the dominant society, being Orthodox in most of Ukraine, Catholic in Western Ukraine and Zakarpattia Oblast, and Muslim in Crimea.
History
Origin
The Romani people originate from Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab.
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them parts of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.
More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.
According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.
2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine
During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Roma people suffered since the often lack of civil status documentation held off their access to humanitarian assistance.
Several sources report denying refugees access to European countries. EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) called for special attention to Roma seeking sanctuary.
The previous discouragement of the education of Roma girls hit them harder after the war disturbance in the education system. Romani Ukrainians are also fighting Russian soldiers in Liubymivka. Despite being part of a marginalized minority, hundreds of Roma volunteered to fight for the Ukrainian army and were awarded.
Demographics
Census 1897: 12,000 Romani in Ukraine (without Galicia and Transcarpathia who comprise the highest Ukrainian Romani population)
Census 1920: 60,000 Romani in Ukrainian SSR (without Galicia and Transcarpathia)
Census 1959: 28,000 Romani in Ukrainian SSR
Census 1970: 30,100 Romani in Ukrainian SSR.
Census 1979: 34,500 Romani in Ukrainian SSR
Census 2001: 47,587 Romani in Ukraine. The estimate of the World Romani Union and the Council of Europe is considerably higher. In 2006 the Romani organizations estimated the number at over 400,000 persons.
Sub-groups
The Muslim Roma migrated from Central Asia in the 17th and 18th century to Crimea peninsula.
Krimi (Крими), intermingled with Crimean Tatars. Further sub-groups include Audzhi (аюджі), Gurbety (гурбети), Mukani and others. During World War II Nazis killed 800 Krimi Roma in Simferopol. After the Nazi occupation, Stalin ordered all Crimean Tatars and Crimean Romani to be deported to Central Asia as "special settlers" in 1944, further devastating their community.
Gurbeti: The gypsy communities in Crimea in the 19th century were divided by "Yerli" (Yerli) and "Chingene" (Nomad). The Gurbeti (sometimes called Turkmen), lived mainly in the towns and steppe regions. They traded horses and products made out of horse meat (such as the popular chir-chir-byurek). The Krimurja in Crimea incorporated small numbers of Gurbeti through marriage, although in the 19th century they are listed as a separate group of "locals". Their small number likely prevented them from an own community. Their Romani language and nomadic lifestyle determined their separation to the Daifa, and their joining to the Krimurja. In spite of intermarriage between the Gurbeti and Krimurja, a distinct origin is remembered, and an internal separation to some extent has been preserved. Some in Crimea suggest that the "chingene" deny their gypsy origin and declare as Crimean Tatars.
Carpathian Romani The largest number of Roma is in the city of Mukachevo (1.4%), in Vynohradiv (0.8%), Berehove (4.1%) and Uzhgorod (4.1%) districts of the Transcarpathian region.
Kalderash (Hungarian name for Kotlyary; Zakarpattia),
Servica Roma (in Zakarpattia from Slovakia),
Ungriko Roma (in Zakarpattia from Hungary)
Chaladitka Roma (descended from Polish Roma)
Ruska Roma (northern Ukraine),
Servitka Roma (Serby, southern and central Ukraine, from Serbia), Servitka live scattered in small groups among representatives of other ethnic groups. They are characterized by living in large cities of Zhytomyr and Chernihiv regions (cities of Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Korosten, and Malyn).
Lovari (central Ukraine), most representatives of the Lovari group have their compact settlements in Zhytomyr (Bohunia district), Teterivka village of Zhytomyr district and in the city of Malyn.
Kelmysh, In the city of Bila Tserkva lives a group of gypsies-kelmish. In the Cherkasy region, kelmish live not in cities, but in gypsy villages that emerged in the 60s of the XX century. The main region of settlement is the town of Smila and its surroundings.
Gallery
The Romani minority in Zakarpattia Oblast (census 2001)
Romani children in Dubove, Zakarpattia Oblast
Romani people in Lviv
Romani people in Galicia in 1895
Monument at the Nazi mass killing site in Derazhnia. Approximately 4,000 Jews and Romani were shot here on 20 September 1942
"Gypsy Fortune-Teller" 1841 watercolor composition by Taras Shevchenko
Notable people
Further information: Category:Ukrainian Romani people
See also
Ukraine portal
Servitka Roma
Romani people
References
^ a b "The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue UKRAINE". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
^ a b : In reality, by the preliminary estimates of communication within our nation, only the East of Ukraine has approximately 150 thousand Romani nationals, and we are sure that the Romani population on the territory of Ukraine reaches more than 400 thousand people.
^ Volodymyr Kubijovyc (1988). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K.
^ Hancock, Ian F. (2005) . We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.
^ a b Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". New York Times.
^ Current Biology.
^ a b c Meira Goldberg, K.; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (2015-09-28). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes - Google Books. ISBN 9780786494705.
^ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Roma Rajastan Penjab.
^ Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
^ Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
^ "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science. 23 October 2013.
^ Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", PLOS ONE, 7 (11): e48477, Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554
^ "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016.
^ "Romani family denied exit from Ukraine: border guards accuse Roma of "wrongdoings" in Hungary". European Roma Rights Centre (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2022-04-18.
^ "Ensure equal treatment for Roma fleeing Ukraine". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (in Dutch). 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
^ "Rapid gender analysis in Ukraine reveals different impacts and needs of women and men". UN Women – Headquarters. 2022-04-05. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
^ "Roma from Kherson oblast in Ukraine capture tank from Russian occupiers".
^ "Almost 200 pro-Roma and Romani organizations worldwide condemn Russia's war on Ukraine, call for it to end and for the human rights of all refugees to be upheld". romea.cz. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
^ "Braća po oružju: Zbog pomoći protiv ruske agresije mijenja se stav Ukrajinaca prema Romima". www.klix.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2023-04-10.
^ Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2016. ISBN 9783319410562.
^ a b c Geisenhaner-Lange, p. 427
^ a b c d Geisenhaner-Lange,p. 437
^ Geisenhaner-Lange, p. 432
^ Січ, Нова. "Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган". Novasich.org.ua. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ Helbing Adriana, Ukraine: Performing Politics, 28 February 2006
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romani people in Ukraine.
Yanush Panchenko, Mykola Homanyuk. (2023). Servur'a and Krym'a (Crimean Roma) as indigenous peoples of Ukraine // Etnografia Polska, 67(1–2). p. 155-173.
Encyclopedia of Ukraine Vol. 2 (G-K) Toronto, 1988
УКРАЇНСЬКІ ЦИГАНИ
vteEthnic and national minorities of UkraineDominant group
Ukrainians
Over 50,000
Crimean Tatars
Russians
Rusyns
Boykos
Hutsuls
Lemkos
Belarusians
Bulgarians
Hungarians
Romanians
Moldovans
Poles
Jews
Armenians
Greeks
Tatars
Under 50,000
Roma
Azerbaijanis
Georgians
Czechs
Germans
Black Sea
Bessarabia
Crimea
Mennonites
Holenders (Olęders)
Transcarpathia
Gagauz
Koreans
Turks
under 5,000
Serbs
Albanians
Karaites
Krymchaks
Kurds
National or ethnic groups in Ukraine of over 1,000 people are shown.
vteRomani diasporaSettlementsSubgroupsUncontested
Arlije
Bergitka Roma
Boyash
Burgenland Roma
Cascarots
English Romanichal
Erromintxela
Finnish Kale
Kalderash
Kawliya
Lovari
Machvaya
Manouche
Muslim Roma
Zargari
Polska Roma
Ruska Roma
Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)
Scottish Travellers
Sepečides
Servitka Roma
Sinti
Ursari
Welsh Kale
Contested
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
Dom
Garachi
Nawar
Bosha/Lom
Lori
Lyuli
By country
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Libya
Lithuania
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Norway
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Basque Country
Sudan
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
Crimea
United States
Uruguay
United Kingdom
vteRomani people in EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies andother entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
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They adopted the language and faith of the dominant society, being Orthodox in most of Ukraine, Catholic in Western Ukraine and Zakarpattia Oblast, and Muslim in Crimea.","title":"Romani people in Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comas-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-9"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google2-9"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mluvnice-10"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Marwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_(language)"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hub1995-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IsabelMendizabal-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comas-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"northern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Ḍoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%8Coma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indian Minister of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diaspora-14"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"The Romani people originate from Northern India,[4][5][6][7][8][9] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[8][9] and Punjab.[8]The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them parts of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[10]More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[11]Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[5][6][12]\nAccording to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.[13]In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN202204-17"},{"link_name":"Liubymivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liubymivka,_Kakhovka_Raion,_Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine","text":"During the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Roma people suffered since the often lack of civil status documentation held off their access to humanitarian assistance.\nSeveral sources report denying refugees access to European countries.[15] EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) called for special attention to Roma seeking sanctuary.[16]The previous discouragement of the education of Roma girls hit them harder after the war disturbance in the education system.[17] Romani Ukrainians are also fighting Russian soldiers in Liubymivka.[18] Despite being part of a marginalized minority, hundreds of Roma volunteered to fight for the Ukrainian army and were awarded.[19][20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Census 1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Transcarpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Census 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1959)"},{"link_name":"Census 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1970)"},{"link_name":"Census 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1979)"},{"link_name":"Census 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minelres.lv-2"}],"text":"Census 1897: 12,000 Romani in Ukraine (without Galicia and Transcarpathia who comprise the highest Ukrainian Romani population)\nCensus 1920: 60,000 Romani in Ukrainian SSR (without Galicia and Transcarpathia)\nCensus 1959: 28,000 Romani in Ukrainian SSR\nCensus 1970: 30,100 Romani in Ukrainian SSR.\nCensus 1979: 34,500 Romani in Ukrainian SSR\nCensus 2001: 47,587 Romani in Ukraine.[1] The estimate of the World Romani Union and the Council of Europe is considerably higher. In 2006 the Romani organizations estimated the number at over 400,000 persons.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Roma"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Crimea peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_peninsula"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Krimi (Крими)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Roma"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Gurbeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbeti"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-427-Gurbeti-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-427-Gurbeti-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-427-Gurbeti-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-437-Gurbeti-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-437-Gurbeti-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-437-Gurbeti-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL-437-Gurbeti-23"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mukachevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukachevo"},{"link_name":"Vynohradiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynohradiv"},{"link_name":"Berehove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berehove"},{"link_name":"Uzhgorod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzhhorod"},{"link_name":"Transcarpathian region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kalderash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalderash"},{"link_name":"Zakarpattia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Chaladitka Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Roma"},{"link_name":"Polish Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma"},{"link_name":"Ruska Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Roma"},{"link_name":"Servitka Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitka_Roma"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Chernihiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr"},{"link_name":"Korosten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korosten"},{"link_name":"Malyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyn"},{"link_name":"Lovari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovari"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Malyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malyn"},{"link_name":"Bila Tserkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Smila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smila"}],"text":"The Muslim Roma migrated from Central Asia in the 17th and 18th century to Crimea peninsula.[21]Krimi (Крими), intermingled with Crimean Tatars. Further sub-groups include Audzhi (аюджі), Gurbety (гурбети), Mukani and others. During World War II Nazis killed 800 Krimi Roma in Simferopol. After the Nazi occupation, Stalin ordered all Crimean Tatars and Crimean Romani to be deported to Central Asia as \"special settlers\" in 1944, further devastating their community.\nGurbeti: The gypsy communities in Crimea in the 19th century were divided by \"Yerli\" (Yerli) and \"Chingene\" (Nomad).[22] The Gurbeti (sometimes called Turkmen), lived mainly in the towns and steppe regions.[22] They traded horses and products made out of horse meat (such as the popular chir-chir-byurek).[22] The Krimurja in Crimea incorporated small numbers of Gurbeti through marriage, although in the 19th century they are listed as a separate group of \"locals\".[23] Their small number likely prevented them from an own community.[23] Their Romani language and nomadic lifestyle determined their separation to the Daifa, and their joining to the Krimurja.[23] In spite of intermarriage between the Gurbeti and Krimurja, a distinct origin is remembered, and an internal separation to some extent has been preserved.[23] Some in Crimea suggest that the \"chingene\" deny their gypsy origin and declare as Crimean Tatars.[24]\nCarpathian Romani The largest number of Roma is in the city of Mukachevo (1.4%), in Vynohradiv (0.8%), Berehove (4.1%) and Uzhgorod (4.1%) districts of the Transcarpathian region.[25][26]\nKalderash (Hungarian name for Kotlyary; Zakarpattia),\nServica Roma (in Zakarpattia from Slovakia),\nUngriko Roma (in Zakarpattia from Hungary)\nChaladitka Roma (descended from Polish Roma)\nRuska Roma (northern Ukraine),\nServitka Roma (Serby, southern and central Ukraine, from Serbia), Servitka live scattered in small groups among representatives of other ethnic groups. They are characterized by living in large cities of Zhytomyr and Chernihiv regions (cities of Chernihiv, Zhytomyr, Korosten, and Malyn).\nLovari (central Ukraine), most representatives of the Lovari group have their compact settlements in Zhytomyr (Bohunia district), Teterivka village of Zhytomyr district and in the city of Malyn.\nKelmysh, In the city of Bila Tserkva lives a group of gypsies-kelmish. In the Cherkasy region, kelmish live not in cities, but in gypsy villages that emerged in the 60s of the XX century. The main region of settlement is the town of Smila and its surroundings.","title":"Sub-groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomaZakarpatska2001.PNG"},{"link_name":"census 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Census_(2001)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gypsy_Kids.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dubove, Zakarpattia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubove,_Zakarpattia_Oblast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romani_people_Lviv_Ukraine.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kratky,_Frantisek_-_Halic,_romove_(ca_1895).jpg"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mass_killing_site_Derazhnia_1995.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"mass killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Derazhnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derazhnia"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gipsy_Fortune_Teller_by_Taras_Shevchenko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko"}],"text":"The Romani minority in Zakarpattia Oblast (census 2001)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomani children in Dubove, Zakarpattia Oblast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomani people in Lviv\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRomani people in Galicia in 1895\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument at the Nazi mass killing site in Derazhnia. Approximately 4,000 Jews and Romani were shot here on 20 September 1942\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Gypsy Fortune-Teller\" 1841 watercolor composition by Taras Shevchenko","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Ukrainian Romani people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_Romani_people"}],"text":"Further information: Category:Ukrainian Romani people","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romani people in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romani_people_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yanush Panchenko, Mykola Homanyuk. (2023). Servur'a and Krym'a (Crimean Roma) as indigenous peoples of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/112165245/Servura_and_Kryma_Crimean_Roma_as_indigenous_peoples_of_Ukraine_Warsaw_2023"},{"link_name":"УКРАЇНСЬКІ ЦИГАНИ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_minorities_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_minorities_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_minorities_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ethnic and national minorities of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Rusyns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyns"},{"link_name":"Boykos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boykos"},{"link_name":"Hutsuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsuls"},{"link_name":"Lemkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemkos"},{"link_name":"Belarusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Moldovans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovans_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poles_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Georgians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_Germans"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Mennonite"},{"link_name":"Holenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders"},{"link_name":"Transcarpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Germans"},{"link_name":"Gagauz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauz_people_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Koreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Karaites"},{"link_name":"Krymchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymchaks"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romani_diaspora"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Romani diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements"},{"link_name":"Arlije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlije"},{"link_name":"Bergitka Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergitka_Roma"},{"link_name":"Boyash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyash"},{"link_name":"Burgenland Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland_Roma"},{"link_name":"Cascarots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascarots"},{"link_name":"English Romanichal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanichal"},{"link_name":"Erromintxela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromintxela"},{"link_name":"Finnish Kale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kale"},{"link_name":"Kalderash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalderash"},{"link_name":"Kawliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawliya"},{"link_name":"Lovari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovari"},{"link_name":"Machvaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machvaya"},{"link_name":"Manouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manouche"},{"link_name":"Muslim Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Roma"},{"link_name":"Zargari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zargari_tribe"},{"link_name":"Polska Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Roma"},{"link_name":"Ruska Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_Roma"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers"},{"link_name":"Scottish Travellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups"},{"link_name":"Sepečides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani"},{"link_name":"Servitka Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitka_Roma"},{"link_name":"Sinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti"},{"link_name":"Ursari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursari"},{"link_name":"Welsh Kale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)"},{"link_name":"Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Dom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_people"},{"link_name":"Garachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garachi"},{"link_name":"Nawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawar_people"},{"link_name":"Bosha/Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_people"},{"link_name":"Lori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_people"},{"link_name":"Lyuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuli"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Svalbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romani people in Ukraine.Yanush Panchenko, Mykola Homanyuk. (2023). Servur'a and Krym'a (Crimean Roma) as indigenous peoples of Ukraine // Etnografia Polska, 67(1–2). p. 155-173.\nEncyclopedia of Ukraine Vol. 2 (G-K) Toronto, 1988\nУКРАЇНСЬКІ ЦИГАНИvteEthnic and national minorities of UkraineDominant group\nUkrainians\nOver 50,000\nCrimean Tatars\nRussians\nRusyns\nBoykos\nHutsuls\nLemkos\nBelarusians\nBulgarians\nHungarians\nRomanians\nMoldovans\nPoles\nJews\nArmenians\nGreeks\nTatars\nUnder 50,000\nRoma\nAzerbaijanis\nGeorgians\nCzechs\nGermans\nBlack Sea\nBessarabia\nCrimea\nMennonites\nHolenders (Olęders)\nTranscarpathia\nGagauz\nKoreans\nTurks\nunder 5,000\nSerbs\nAlbanians\nKaraites\nKrymchaks\nKurds\nNational or ethnic groups in Ukraine of over 1,000 people are shown.vteRomani diasporaSettlementsSubgroupsUncontested\nArlije\nBergitka Roma\nBoyash\nBurgenland Roma\nCascarots\nEnglish Romanichal\nErromintxela\nFinnish Kale\nKalderash\nKawliya\nLovari\nMachvaya\nManouche\nMuslim Roma\nZargari\nPolska Roma\nRuska Roma\nScandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)\nScottish Travellers\nSepečides\nServitka Roma\nSinti\nUrsari\nWelsh Kale\nContested\nAshkali and Balkan Egyptians\nDom\nGarachi\nNawar\nBosha/Lom\nLori\nLyuli\nBy country\nAlbania\nAlgeria\nArgentina\nAustralia\nAustria\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBrazil\nBulgaria\nCanada\nColombia\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech Republic\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEgypt\nEstonia\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIraq\nIreland\nIsrael\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLibya\nLithuania\nMexico\nMoldova\nMontenegro\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nBasque Country [eu]\nSudan\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nSyria\nTunisia\nTurkey\nUkraine\nCrimea\nUnited States\nUruguay\nUnited KingdomvteRomani people in EuropeSovereign states\nAlbania\nAndorra\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\n\nItaly\nKazakhstan\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nStates with limitedrecognition\nAbkhazia\nKosovo\nNorthern Cyprus\nSouth Ossetia\nTransnistria\nDependencies andother entities\nÅland\nFaroe Islands\nGibraltar\nGuernsey\nIsle of Man\nJersey\nSvalbard","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue UKRAINE\". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914083840/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=120&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=7","url_text":"\"The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue UKRAINE\""},{"url":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=120&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Volodymyr Kubijovyc (1988). Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R0ZEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT311","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Volume II: G-K"}]},{"reference":"Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&pg=PA70","url_text":"We are the Romani People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-19-8","url_text":"978-1-902806-19-8"}]},{"reference":"Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). \"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data\". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039","url_text":"\"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.10.039","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F25348","url_text":"10230/25348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23219723","url_text":"23219723"}]},{"reference":"Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). \"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India\""}]},{"reference":"Meira Goldberg, K.; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (2015-09-28). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes - Google Books. ISBN 9780786494705.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&q=Roma+Rajasthan+Punjab&pg=PA50","url_text":"Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786494705","url_text":"9780786494705"}]},{"reference":"Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Roma Rajastan Penjab.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo","url_text":"World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147","url_text":"147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858286358","url_text":"9781858286358"}]},{"reference":"Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf","url_text":"Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-7044-205-0","url_text":"80-7044-205-0"},{"url":"http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). \"Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku\". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma\". Live Science. 23 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html","url_text":"\"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma\""}]},{"reference":"Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), \"The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations\", PLOS ONE, 7 (11): e48477, Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R","url_text":"2012PLoSO...748477R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0048477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117","url_text":"3509117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554","url_text":"23209554"}]},{"reference":"\"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?\". khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora","url_text":"\"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romani family denied exit from Ukraine: border guards accuse Roma of \"wrongdoings\" in Hungary\". European Roma Rights Centre (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2022-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.errc.org/news/romani-family-denied-exit-from-ukraine-border-guards-accuse-roma-of-wrongdoings-in-hungary","url_text":"\"Romani family denied exit from Ukraine: border guards accuse Roma of \"wrongdoings\" in Hungary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ensure equal treatment for Roma fleeing Ukraine\". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (in Dutch). 2022-04-01. Retrieved 2022-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://fra.europa.eu/nl/news/2022/ensure-equal-treatment-roma-fleeing-ukraine","url_text":"\"Ensure equal treatment for Roma fleeing Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rapid gender analysis in Ukraine reveals different impacts and needs of women and men\". UN Women – Headquarters. 2022-04-05. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/news/2022/04/rapid-gender-analysis-in-ukraine-reveals-different-impacts-and-needs-of-women-and-men","url_text":"\"Rapid gender analysis in Ukraine reveals different impacts and needs of women and men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roma from Kherson oblast in Ukraine capture tank from Russian occupiers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/roma-from-kherson-oblast-in-ukraine-capture-tank-from-russian-occupiers","url_text":"\"Roma from Kherson oblast in Ukraine capture tank from Russian occupiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Almost 200 pro-Roma and Romani organizations worldwide condemn Russia's war on Ukraine, call for it to end and for the human rights of all refugees to be upheld\". romea.cz. Retrieved 2022-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/almost-200-pro-roma-and-romani-organizations-worldwide-condemn-russia-apos-s-war-on-ukraine-call-for-it-to-end-and-for-the","url_text":"\"Almost 200 pro-Roma and Romani organizations worldwide condemn Russia's war on Ukraine, call for it to end and for the human rights of all refugees to be upheld\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braća po oružju: Zbog pomoći protiv ruske agresije mijenja se stav Ukrajinaca prema Romima\". www.klix.ba (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2023-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/braca-po-oruzju-zbog-pomoci-protiv-ruske-agresije-mijenja-se-stav-ukrajinaca-prema-romima/230309152","url_text":"\"Braća po oružju: Zbog pomoći protiv ruske agresije mijenja se stav Ukrajinaca prema Romima\""}]},{"reference":"Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus. 2016. ISBN 9783319410562.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/37870913","url_text":"Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319410562","url_text":"9783319410562"}]},{"reference":"Січ, Нова. \"Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган\". Novasich.org.ua. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117","url_text":"\"Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган\""}]}]
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Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes - Google Books"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo","external_links_name":"World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/147","external_links_name":"147"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf","external_links_name":"Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)"},{"Link":"http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html","external_links_name":"\"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748477R","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...748477R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048477","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0048477"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509117","external_links_name":"3509117"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209554","external_links_name":"23209554"},{"Link":"http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/can-romas-be-part-of-indian-diaspora","external_links_name":"\"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?\""},{"Link":"http://www.errc.org/news/romani-family-denied-exit-from-ukraine-border-guards-accuse-roma-of-wrongdoings-in-hungary","external_links_name":"\"Romani family denied exit from Ukraine: border guards accuse Roma of \"wrongdoings\" in Hungary\""},{"Link":"https://fra.europa.eu/nl/news/2022/ensure-equal-treatment-roma-fleeing-ukraine","external_links_name":"\"Ensure equal treatment for Roma fleeing Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/news/2022/04/rapid-gender-analysis-in-ukraine-reveals-different-impacts-and-needs-of-women-and-men","external_links_name":"\"Rapid gender analysis in Ukraine reveals different impacts and needs of women and men\""},{"Link":"https://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/roma-from-kherson-oblast-in-ukraine-capture-tank-from-russian-occupiers","external_links_name":"\"Roma from Kherson oblast in Ukraine capture tank from Russian occupiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.romea.cz/en/news/world/almost-200-pro-roma-and-romani-organizations-worldwide-condemn-russia-apos-s-war-on-ukraine-call-for-it-to-end-and-for-the","external_links_name":"\"Almost 200 pro-Roma and Romani organizations worldwide condemn Russia's war on Ukraine, call for it to end and for the human rights of all refugees to be upheld\""},{"Link":"https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/svijet/braca-po-oruzju-zbog-pomoci-protiv-ruske-agresije-mijenja-se-stav-ukrajinaca-prema-romima/230309152","external_links_name":"\"Braća po oružju: Zbog pomoći protiv ruske agresije mijenja se stav Ukrajinaca prema Romima\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/37870913","external_links_name":"Gypsies in Central Asia and the Caucasus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUo-lweX0C&pg=PA427","external_links_name":"p. 427"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUo-lweX0C&pg=PA437","external_links_name":"p. 437"},{"Link":"http://www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117","external_links_name":"\"Нова Січ – Новини – Історія українських циган\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/112165245/Servura_and_Kryma_Crimean_Roma_as_indigenous_peoples_of_Ukraine_Warsaw_2023","external_links_name":"Yanush Panchenko, Mykola Homanyuk. (2023). Servur'a and Krym'a (Crimean Roma) as indigenous peoples of Ukraine"},{"Link":"http://www.novasich.org.ua/index.php?go=News&in=view&id=117","external_links_name":"УКРАЇНСЬКІ ЦИГАНИ"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._McHatton
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Robert L. McHatton
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["1 References"]
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American politician
Robert Lytle MchattonMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Kentucky's 7th districtIn officeDecember 7, 1826 – March 3, 1829Preceded byJames JohnsonSucceeded byRichard M. Johnson
Personal detailsBorn(1788-11-17)November 17, 1788Fayette County, Virginia (now Kentucky)DiedMay 20, 1835(1835-05-20) (aged 46)Marion County, Indiana, U.S.
Robert Lytle Mchatton (November 17, 1788 – May 20, 1835) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.
Born in Fayette County, Virginia (now Kentucky), Mchatton attended the common schools.
He engaged in agricultural pursuits. He owned slaves.
He served as a member of the State house of representatives 1814–1816.
He served as major of the Seventy-seventh Regiment of state militia in 1816.
Mchatton was elected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Johnson.
He was reelected as a Jacksonian to the Twentieth Congress and served from December 7, 1826, to March 3, 1829.
He resumed agricultural pursuits.
He died in Marion County, Indiana, May 20, 1835.
He was interred in the Old Cemetery, Georgetown, Kentucky.
References
United States Congress. "Robert L. McHatton (id: M000467)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
^ "Congress slaveowners", The Washington Post, 2022-01-13, retrieved 2022-07-06
This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJames Johnson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 5th congressional district 1826–1829
Succeeded byRichard M. Johnson
vteKentucky's delegation(s) to the 19th–20th United States Congress (ordered by seniority)
20th
Senate: ▌R. M. Johnson (J) · ▌J. Rowan (J)
House:
▌T. Metcalfe (NR)
▌J. Clark (NR)
▌R. Buckner (NR)
▌R. Letcher (NR)
▌T. Moore (J)
▌C. Wickliffe (J)
▌J. Lecompte (J)
▌W. Young (NR)
▌R. McHatton (J)
▌H. Daniel (J)
▌C. Lyon (J)
▌J. Yancy (J)
▌J. Calhoon (NR)
▌T. Chilton (J)
▌J. Chambers (NR)
Authority control databases: People
US Congress
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[]
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[{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Robert L. McHatton (id: M000467)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000467","url_text":"\"Robert L. McHatton (id: M000467)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Congress slaveowners\", The Washington Post, 2022-01-13, retrieved 2022-07-06","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/interactive/2022/congress-slaveowners-names-list/","url_text":"\"Congress slaveowners\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nash_(Artist)
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David Nash (artist)
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["1 Early life","2 Artistic career","3 Artistic creations","4 Recent solo exhibitions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
British sculptor
David NashBorn(1945-11-14)14 November 1945Esher, Surrey, EnglandAlma materKingston College of ArtOccupationSculptorKnown forWooden BoulderTitleOBE
David John Nash, OBE RA (born 14 November 1945) is a British sculptor based in Blaenau Ffestiniog. Nash has worked worldwide with wood, trees and the natural environment.
Early life
David Nash was born at Esher, Surrey, and raised with his older brother Chris in Weybridge, Surrey where they both attended preparatory school. He spent all his childhood holidays in Ffestiniog, Wales
David helped clear and replant a nearby forest that his father owned, and also worked for the Commercial Forestry Group. He learned about wood of many kinds and learned he hated planting trees in rows.
Artistic career
He attended Brighton College from 1959 to 1963, then Kingston College of Art from 1963 to 1967 and the Chelsea School of Art as a postgraduate from 1969 to 1970. Nash was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1999. In 2004, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire. A significant exhibition of his work is displayed in the Yorkshire Sculpture Park for a period in 2010/11.
Kew Gardens currently has a working exhibition, launched in June 2012. David Nash is working on site in a 'wood quarry', his first for 10 years, to create new works at Kew.
Artistic creations
David Nash is known for works in wood and shaping living trees. His large wood sculptures are sometimes carved or partially burned to produce blackening. His main tools for these sculptures are a chainsaw and an axe to carve the wood and a blowtorch to char the wood.
Nash also makes land art, of which the best known is Wooden Boulder, begun in 1978. This work involves the journey of a large wooden sphere from a Welsh mountainside to the Atlantic Ocean. Wooden Boulder is a large wooden sphere carved by Nash in the North Wales landscape and left there to weather. Over the years, the boulder has slipped, rolled and sometime been pushed through the landscape following the course of streams and rivers until finally it was last seen in the estuary of the river Dwyryd. It was thought to have been washed out to sea but, after being missing for over five years, the boulder reappeared in June 2009. Indications are that it had been buried in sand in the estuary. The sculptor had no idea of its location, and enjoys the notion that wood which grew out of the land will finally return to it. The boulder was last seen in 2015.
Nash also makes sculptures which stay in the landscape. For example, Ash Dome is a ring of ash trees he planted in 1977 and trained to form a domed shape. The dome is sited at a secret location somewhere in Snowdonia and whenever it is filmed, crews are taken there by a circuitous route to guard its security.
In the late 1980s, Nash worked at the Djerassi resident artist program, near Woodside, California, where he used Redwood and Madrone wood for his sculptures. Nash has worked with schools, university groups, and teachers throughout his career. He has created a varied body of work in which the relationship between man and nature is a central theme. His artistic ethos has been one of direct, physical involvement with his chosen material – wood – and the landscape.
Since 1967, his sculpture has formed two distinctive groupings; sculptures which connect with the outside, the landscape of making and placements, and works which are presented inside, within and in relation to, architectural environments. The inorganic, non-allusive sculptures that Nash makes using unseasoned wood are based on the universal geometry of the cube, the sphere and the pyramid. He uses the directions of mark-making to his favoured forms: vertical for the cube, horizontal for the sphere, and diagonal for the pyramid. Although the innate character of the material is taken into account, and allowed to affect the outcome, he never allows it to dictate the sculpture's final identity.
Nash takes a different approach to carving. Rather than chisels and abrasives, he uses chain saws and a blowtorch.
For his work habitat received the 2016 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.
Noon Column in Coburg
Recent solo exhibitions
2020 : Red, Black & Blue, Galerie Lelong & Co., 38 avenue Matignon, Paris, France
2019 : David Nash: Sculpture through the Seasons, National Museum Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales
2019 : Trees, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France
2016 : Columns, Peaks and Torso, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France
2012 : Black and Red : Bronze & Wood, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France
2012 : Pastels and Sculptures, Galerie Lelong & Co., Zurich, Switzerland
2011 : Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Wakefield, United Kingdom
2010 : Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom
2009 : Drawings and Sculpture" Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal, & Blackwell, Bowness, Cumbria, United Kingdom
See also
Grizedale Arts
Instant tree shaping
References
^ The Sculpture of David Nash,
Julian Andrews, David Nash, p.8,
Published by University of California Press, 1999
ISBN 0-520-22044-7, ISBN 978-0-520-22044-7
^ Tree News, John May, Spring-Summer 2004, UK
^ a b "David Nash | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts". www.royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ Cumming, Laura (9 June 2012). "David Nash at Kew: A Natural Gallery – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
^ Deakin, Roger (2009). Wildwood : a journey through trees. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-241-14184-7.
^ Hickling, Alfred (29 September 2009). "David Nash". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
^ "An interview with David Nash". Apollo Magazine. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
^ Cooper, Paul (2001). Living Sculpture. London: Mitchell Beazely. p.107. ISBN 1-84000-370-7.
^ "Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture". Marsh Christian Trust. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Red, Black & Blue" byDavid Nash, 23 January – 7 March 2020, Galerie Lelong & Co., Matignon, Paris, France
^ "David Nash: Sculpture through the Seasons", 3 May – 1 September 2019, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Wales Archived 18 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Trees" by David Nash, 5 September – 5 October 2019 à la Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris
External links
David Nash page at the Royal Academy.
David Nash at Tate St. Ives in the UK.
David Nash bio at Crown Point Press
David Nash at Annely Juda Fine Art (representing gallery)
David Nash at Galerie Lelong (French representing gallery)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"RA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academician"},{"link_name":"Blaenau Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog"}],"text":"David John Nash, OBE RA (born 14 November 1945) is a British sculptor based in Blaenau Ffestiniog. Nash has worked worldwide with wood, trees and the natural environment.","title":"David Nash (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher"},{"link_name":"Weybridge, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Ffestiniog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffestiniog"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"David Nash was born at Esher, Surrey, and raised with his older brother Chris in Weybridge, Surrey where they both attended preparatory school. He spent all his childhood holidays in Ffestiniog, Wales[1]\nDavid helped clear and replant a nearby forest that his father owned, and also worked for the Commercial Forestry Group. He learned about wood of many kinds and learned he hated planting trees in rows.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_College"},{"link_name":"Kingston College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_University"},{"link_name":"Chelsea School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Sculpture Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian-4"}],"text":"He attended Brighton College from 1959 to 1963, then Kingston College of Art from 1963 to 1967 and the Chelsea School of Art as a postgraduate from 1969 to 1970.[3] Nash was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1999.[3] In 2004, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire. A significant exhibition of his work is displayed in the Yorkshire Sculpture Park for a period in 2010/11.Kew Gardens currently has a working exhibition, launched in June 2012. David Nash is working on site in a 'wood quarry', his first for 10 years, to create new works at Kew.[4]","title":"Artistic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shaping living trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_sculpture"},{"link_name":"land art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary"},{"link_name":"river Dwyryd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dwyryd"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Djerassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerassi_Artists_Residency"},{"link_name":"Woodside, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside,_California"},{"link_name":"Redwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood"},{"link_name":"Madrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrone"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic"},{"link_name":"allusive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusive"},{"link_name":"cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube"},{"link_name":"sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere"},{"link_name":"pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Award_for_Excellence_in_Public_Sculpture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCT-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coburg-Hofgarten-Column.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coburg"}],"text":"David Nash is known for works in wood and shaping living trees. His large wood sculptures are sometimes carved or partially burned to produce blackening. His main tools for these sculptures are a chainsaw and an axe to carve the wood and a blowtorch to char the wood.Nash also makes land art, of which the best known is Wooden Boulder, begun in 1978. This work involves the journey of a large wooden sphere from a Welsh mountainside to the Atlantic Ocean. Wooden Boulder is a large wooden sphere carved by Nash in the North Wales landscape and left there to weather.[5] Over the years, the boulder has slipped, rolled and sometime been pushed through the landscape following the course of streams and rivers until finally it was last seen in the estuary of the river Dwyryd. It was thought to have been washed out to sea but, after being missing for over five years, the boulder reappeared in June 2009[citation needed]. Indications are that it had been buried in sand in the estuary. The sculptor had no idea of its location, and enjoys the notion that wood which grew out of the land will finally return to it.[6] The boulder was last seen in 2015.[7]Nash also makes sculptures which stay in the landscape. For example, Ash Dome is a ring of ash trees he planted in 1977[8] and trained to form a domed shape. The dome is sited at a secret location somewhere in Snowdonia and whenever it is filmed, crews are taken there by a circuitous route to guard its security.In the late 1980s, Nash worked at the Djerassi resident artist program, near Woodside, California, where he used Redwood and Madrone wood for his sculptures. Nash has worked with schools, university groups, and teachers throughout his career. He has created a varied body of work in which the relationship between man and nature is a central theme. His artistic ethos has been one of direct, physical involvement with his chosen material – wood – and the landscape.Since 1967, his sculpture has formed two distinctive groupings; sculptures which connect with the outside, the landscape of making and placements, and works which are presented inside, within and in relation to, architectural environments. The inorganic, non-allusive sculptures that Nash makes using unseasoned wood are based on the universal geometry of the cube, the sphere and the pyramid. He uses the directions of mark-making to his favoured forms: vertical for the cube, horizontal for the sphere, and diagonal for the pyramid. Although the innate character of the material is taken into account, and allowed to affect the outcome, he never allows it to dictate the sculpture's final identity.Nash takes a different approach to carving. Rather than chisels and abrasives, he uses chain saws and a blowtorch.For his work habitat received the 2016 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.[9]Noon Column in Coburg","title":"Artistic creations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Museum Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"}],"text":"2020 : Red, Black & Blue, Galerie Lelong & Co., 38 avenue Matignon, Paris, France[10]\n2019 : David Nash: Sculpture through the Seasons, National Museum Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales[11]\n2019 : Trees, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France[12]\n2016 : Columns, Peaks and Torso, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France\n2012 : Black and Red : Bronze & Wood, Galerie Lelong & Co., Paris, France\n2012 : Pastels and Sculptures, Galerie Lelong & Co., Zurich, Switzerland\n2011 : Yorkshire Sculpture Park, Wakefield, United Kingdom\n2010 : Royal Academy, London, United Kingdom\n2009 : Drawings and Sculpture\" Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal, & Blackwell, Bowness, Cumbria, United Kingdom","title":"Recent solo exhibitions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Noon Column in Coburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coburg-Hofgarten-Column.jpg/220px-Coburg-Hofgarten-Column.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Grizedale Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizedale_Arts"},{"title":"Instant tree shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_shaping_methods#Instant_tree_shaping"}]
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[{"reference":"\"David Nash | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts\". www.royalacademy.org.uk. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/david-nash-ra","url_text":"\"David Nash | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Cumming, Laura (9 June 2012). \"David Nash at Kew: A Natural Gallery – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jun/10/david-nash-kew-natural-gallery-review","url_text":"\"David Nash at Kew: A Natural Gallery – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Deakin, Roger (2009). Wildwood : a journey through trees. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-241-14184-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Deakin","url_text":"Deakin, Roger"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wildwoodjourneyt00deak","url_text":"Wildwood : a journey through trees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-14184-7","url_text":"978-0-241-14184-7"}]},{"reference":"Hickling, Alfred (29 September 2009). \"David Nash\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Hickling&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Hickling, Alfred"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/29/david-nash-review","url_text":"\"David Nash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"An interview with David Nash\". Apollo Magazine. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apollo-magazine.com/interview-david-nash/","url_text":"\"An interview with David Nash\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture\". Marsh Christian Trust. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/","url_text":"\"Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/david-nash-ra","external_links_name":"\"David Nash | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jun/10/david-nash-kew-natural-gallery-review","external_links_name":"\"David Nash at Kew: A Natural Gallery – review\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wildwoodjourneyt00deak","external_links_name":"Wildwood : a journey through trees"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/29/david-nash-review","external_links_name":"\"David Nash\""},{"Link":"https://www.apollo-magazine.com/interview-david-nash/","external_links_name":"\"An interview with David Nash\""},{"Link":"https://www.marshchristiantrust.org/award/marsh-award-for-excellence-in-public-sculpture/","external_links_name":"\"Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture\""},{"Link":"https://www.galerie-lelong.com/en/exposition/55/david-nash/david-nash","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/10460/David-Nash-Sculpture-Through-the-Seasons/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191118000409/https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/10460/David-Nash-Sculpture-through-the-Seasons/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.galerie-lelong.com/en/exposition/33/trees/david-nash","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/academicians/sculptors/david-nash-ra,117,AR.html","external_links_name":"David Nash page at the Royal Academy."},{"Link":"https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/david-nash-making-and-placing-abstract-sculpture-1978-2004","external_links_name":"David Nash at Tate St. Ives in the UK."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080503112635/http://www.crownpoint.com/artists/nash","external_links_name":"David Nash bio at Crown Point Press"},{"Link":"http://www.annelyjudafineart.co.uk/artists/nash/nash.htm","external_links_name":"David Nash"},{"Link":"http://www.galerie-lelong.com/en/oeuvres-david-nash-23.html","external_links_name":"David Nash"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/199197/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121443546","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95738079","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgH6RRxH4Rj6HKvJwrpfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX841045","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122002606","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122002606","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119362880","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440041405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86007794","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069042500","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810601741105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/925","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/58865","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500009343","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119362880.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/066911834","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku_(disambiguation)
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Kahoku (disambiguation)
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[]
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Kahoku is the name of several places in Japan:
Kahoku, Ishikawa, a small city in Ishikawa Prefecture
Kahoku District, Ishikawa, a district in Ishikawa Prefecture
Kahoku, Kōchi, a defunct town in Kochi Prefecture
Kahoku, Kumamoto, a defunct town in Kumamoto Prefecture
Kahoku, Yamagata, a town in Yamagata Prefecture
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kahoku, Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku,_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Kahoku District, Ishikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku_District,_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Kahoku, Kōchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku,_K%C5%8Dchi"},{"link_name":"Kahoku, Kumamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku,_Kumamoto"},{"link_name":"Kahoku, Yamagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoku,_Yamagata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kahoku_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Kahoku, Ishikawa, a small city in Ishikawa Prefecture\nKahoku District, Ishikawa, a district in Ishikawa Prefecture\nKahoku, Kōchi, a defunct town in Kochi Prefecture\nKahoku, Kumamoto, a defunct town in Kumamoto Prefecture\nKahoku, Yamagata, a town in Yamagata PrefectureTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Kahoku (disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kahoku_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mydin
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Mydin
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["1 History","2 List of stores","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mydin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mydin Mohamed Holdings BerhadCompany typePrivateIndustryWholesale and RetailFounded1957; 67 years ago (1957) in Kelantan, MalaysiaFounderMydin MohamedHeadquartersSubang Jaya, Selangor, MalaysiaNumber of locations65 outlets (2022)Key peopleDatuk Wira (Dr.) Haji Ameer Ali Mydin, Managing Director, Sir Malik, Sir Mohan SamyOwnerMydin Mohamed Holdings BerhadWebsitewww.mydin.com.my
Mydin Mohamed Holdings Berhad (MYDIN) is a Malaysian Halal hypermarket and retail chain.
History
MYDIN was founded in August 1957 by the late Tuan Mydin Mohamed in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The first shop was a small wooden shop in Jalan Tok Hakim, Kota Bharu, selling toys and general goods.
With the help of his children, he expanded the business to Kuala Terengganu in 1979 and later marked a step further by the opening of its first branch in Kuala Lumpur at Jalan Masjid India in 1989.
With the company's vision to become the world's leading distributor of competitive Halal Goods and Services, the company has then grown tremendously to present day.
In 2013, MYDIN ventured into premium retail with the opening of SAM's Groceria; the words SAM's is an acronym for Saya Anak Malaysia. The first store opened at the Kuala Lumpur Sentral railway station.
To date, MYDIN has 65 branches nationwide, including 28 MYDIN Supermarkets, 17 MYDIN Emporiums, 3 MYDIN Bazaars, 3 MYDIN Mart franchises, 5 convenience stores operating as MyMart, 7 MYDIN supermarket and 2 premium stores known as SAM’S Groceria.
List of stores
Mydin's first store in Kuala Lumpur, at Jalan Masjid India
Mydin in Iskandar Puteri, Johor
Mydin Bazaar in Melaka Sentral
This is a list of Mydin stores around Malaysia as of May 2021. Note that Emporiums and Mydin Marts operates as one wholesale supermarket, and is not located at retail mall buildings.
List of Mydin stores around Malaysia
Stores
Location
State
Central Zone
Subang Jaya Hypermarket
USJ, Subang Jaya
Selangor
Semenyih Hypermarket
Bandar Teknologi Kajang, Kajang
Selangor
Putrajaya Bazaar
Diplomatic Precinct, Putrajaya
Federal Territories
Danau Saujana
Setapak, Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories
Bukit Jelutong
Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam
Selangor
Semenyih
Semenyih, Kajang
Selangor
Bangi
Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang
Selangor
Puncak Jalil
Puncak Jalil, Seri Kembangan
Selangor
Lagenda Suria
Batu 14 Hulu Langat, Kajang
Selangor
Sinar Kota Emporium
Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories
Selayang Emporium
Taman Selayang Utama, Selayang
Selangor
Masjid India Emporium
Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories
Masjid India Emporium 2
Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories
Chow Kit Emporium
Kuala Lumpur
Federal Territories
Tengku Kelana Emporium
Klang
Selangor
Kajang Emporium
Kajang
Selangor
Rawang Emporium
Rawang
Selangor
Klang Emporium
Klang
Selangor
Mydin Mart Padang Jawa
Padang Jawa, Shah Alam
Selangor
Mydin Mart Shah Alam
Section 18, Shah Alam
Selangor
Mydin Mart Sri Muda
Taman Sri Muda, Shah Alam
Selangor
North Zone
Manjoi Hypermarket
Manjoi, Ipoh
Perak
Meru Raya Hypermarket
Bandar Meru Raya, Ipoh
Perak
Gopeng Hypermarket
Gopeng, Kampar
Perak
Parit Buntar Hypermarket
Parit Buntar
Perak
Taman Batik Hypermarket
Taman Batik, Sungai Petani
Kedah
Taman Saga Hypermarket
Taman Saga, Alor Setar
Kedah
Bukit Mertajam Hypermarket
Perai
Penang
Bukit Jambul Hypermarket
Bukit Jambul
Penang
Bertam Hypermarket
Bertam, Kepala Batas
Penang
Wholesale Emporium Penang
George Town
Penang
South Zone
Senawang Hypermarket
Senawang, Seremban
Negeri Sembilan
Seremban 2 Hypermarket
Seremban 2, Seremban
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka Hypermarket
MITC, Ayer Keroh
Melaka
Pulau Sebang Hypermarket
Pulau Sebang, Alor Gajah
Melaka
Jasin Hypermarket
Bandar Jasin Bestari, Jasin
Melaka
Kulai Utama Hypermarket
Taman Kulai Utama, Kulai
Johor
Mutiara Rini Hypermarket
Mutiara Rini, Skudai
Johor
Taman Rinting Hypermarket
Taman Rinting, Masai
Johor
Pelangi Indah Hypermarket
Taman Pelangi Indah, Ulu Tiram
Johor
Melaka Bazaar
Melaka Sentral, Melaka City
Melaka
Bazaar Anjung Nusajaya
Iskandar Puteri
Johor
Kota Seriemas
Kota Seriemas, Nilai
Negeri Sembilan
Melaka Emporium
Melaka City
Melaka
East Coast Zone
Kuala Terengganu Hypermarket
Kuala Terengganu
Terengganu
Gong Badak Hypermarket
Gong Badak, Kuala Nerus
Terengganu
Kubang Kerian Hypermarket
Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
Kelantan
Jengka Hypermarket
Bandar Tun Razak, Maran
Pahang
Kuala Terengganu Emporium
Kuala Terengganu
Terengganu
Kuala Ibai Emporium
Kuala Terengganu
Terengganu
Kota Bharu Emporium
Kota Bharu
Kelantan
Rantau Panjang Emporium
Rantau Panjang, Pasir Mas
Kelantan
Pekan Emporium
Pekan
Pahang
Kuantan Emporium
Kuantan
Pahang
Sabah
Sejati Ujana
Sandakan
—
Sarawak
Samariang Hypermarket
Samariang, Kuching
—
Vista Tunku Hypermarket
Petra Jaya, Kuching
—
See also
Companies portal
List of hypermarkets in Malaysia
References
^ "Mydin (RM3bil turnover) eyes Sabah next". Daily Express. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^ "MYDIN Malaysia on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mydin.
Official website
This Malaysian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Halal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halal"}],"text":"Mydin Mohamed Holdings Berhad (MYDIN) is a Malaysian Halal hypermarket and retail chain.","title":"Mydin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kota Bharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Bharu"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"Kuala Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Terengganu"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur Sentral railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sentral_railway_station"}],"text":"MYDIN was founded in August 1957 by the late Tuan Mydin Mohamed in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The first shop was a small wooden shop in Jalan Tok Hakim, Kota Bharu, selling toys and general goods.With the help of his children, he expanded the business to Kuala Terengganu in 1979 and later marked a step further by the opening of its first branch in Kuala Lumpur at Jalan Masjid India in 1989.With the company's vision to become the world's leading distributor of competitive Halal Goods and Services, the company has then grown tremendously to present day.In 2013, MYDIN ventured into premium retail with the opening of SAM's Groceria; the words SAM's is an acronym for Saya Anak Malaysia. The first store opened at the Kuala Lumpur Sentral railway station.To date, MYDIN has 65 branches nationwide, including 28 MYDIN Supermarkets, 17 MYDIN Emporiums, 3 MYDIN Bazaars, 3 MYDIN Mart franchises, 5 convenience stores operating as MyMart, 7 MYDIN supermarket and 2 premium stores known as SAM’S Groceria.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mydin_Masjid_India_20230506_204132.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mydin_Mall_Mutiara_Rini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iskandar Puteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mydin_Bazaar_Melaka_Sentral_(211112).jpg"},{"link_name":"Melaka Sentral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka_Sentral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Mydin's first store in Kuala Lumpur, at Jalan Masjid IndiaMydin in Iskandar Puteri, JohorMydin Bazaar in Melaka SentralThis is a list of Mydin stores around Malaysia as of May 2021. Note that Emporiums and Mydin Marts operates as one wholesale supermarket, and is not located at retail mall buildings.[2][better source needed]","title":"List of stores"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mydin's first store in Kuala Lumpur, at Jalan Masjid India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mydin_Masjid_India_20230506_204132.jpg/220px-Mydin_Masjid_India_20230506_204132.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mydin in Iskandar Puteri, Johor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mydin_Mall_Mutiara_Rini.jpg/220px-Mydin_Mall_Mutiara_Rini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mydin Bazaar in Melaka Sentral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Mydin_Bazaar_Melaka_Sentral_%28211112%29.jpg/220px-Mydin_Bazaar_Melaka_Sentral_%28211112%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of hypermarkets in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypermarkets#Malaysia"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Mydin (RM3bil turnover) eyes Sabah next\". Daily Express. 12 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418104726/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97871","url_text":"\"Mydin (RM3bil turnover) eyes Sabah next\""},{"url":"http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97871","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MYDIN Malaysia on Facebook\". Facebook. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/162993470401931/4336679349699968","url_text":"\"MYDIN Malaysia on Facebook\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MydinMalaysia/photos/a.558332224201385/4336679349699968/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mydin%22","external_links_name":"\"Mydin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mydin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mydin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mydin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mydin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mydin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.mydin.com.my/","external_links_name":"www.mydin.com.my"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418104726/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97871","external_links_name":"\"Mydin (RM3bil turnover) eyes Sabah next\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=97871","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/162993470401931/4336679349699968","external_links_name":"\"MYDIN Malaysia on Facebook\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/MydinMalaysia/photos/a.558332224201385/4336679349699968/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mydin.com.my/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mydin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_huni
|
Mas huni
|
["1 Preparation","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
Maldivian dish
Mas huniMas huni with roshi (flatbread)TypeBreakfast dishCourseMain CoursePlace of originMaldivesRegion or stateSouth AsiaServing temperatureWith freshly baked roshiMain ingredientsTuna and grated coconutVariationsBaraboa (Pumpkin) mas huni, Fai mas huni, Valhoa mas huni
Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) is a typical Maldivian breakfast, comprising tuna, onion, coconut, and chili. All ingredients are finely chopped and mixed with the grated meat of the coconut. This dish is usually eaten with freshly baked roshi (flatbread) and sweetened hot tea.
Preparation
The fish used in mas huni was as a rule cured tuna valhoamas but currently many Maldivians use canned tuna.
Traditionally when fish was scarce, chopped leaves were added to the mas huni mixture. The green leaves of certain local plants and trees such as diguthiyara (Senna occidentalis), kuḷhafilaa or gōramfau (Launaea sarmentosa), mābulhā (Abutilon theophrasti), muranga (Moringa oleifera), massāgu (Amaranthus spinosus or Amaranthus viridis) sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and ḷos (Pisonia grandis), among others, replaced the fish in mas huni in a smaller or greater proportion.
Mas huni may be made with kopee (collard greens) leaves.
Another variant of mas huni is made with muranga pods (Moringa oleifera) instead of leaves. First the pods are boiled; then the flesh with the seeds is scooped out. This is mixed with the rest of the ingredients. This same type of thicker mas huni can be also made with boiled butternut squash or pumpkin.
See also
Maldivian cuisine
List of tuna dishes
References
^ a b c Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
^ Tom Masters. Maldives. Lonely Planet, 2006. ISBN 1-74059-977-2, ISBN 978-1-74059-977-1. Pg 84
^ Himāl Southasian - Eating on the Islands
Bibliography
Xavier Romero-Frias, Eating on the Islands, Himāl Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, pages 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804
External links
Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture
Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods
This Maldives-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This breakfast-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhivehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhivehi_language"},{"link_name":"Maldivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_as_food"},{"link_name":"onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"chili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"roshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapati"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"}],"text":"Mas huni (Dhivehi: މަސްހުނި) is a typical Maldivian breakfast, comprising tuna, onion, coconut, and chili.[2] All ingredients are finely chopped and mixed with the grated meat of the coconut. This dish is usually eaten with freshly baked roshi (flatbread) and sweetened hot tea.[1]","title":"Mas huni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valhoamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_fish"},{"link_name":"canned tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_tuna"},{"link_name":"Senna occidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_occidentalis"},{"link_name":"Launaea sarmentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launaea_sarmentosa"},{"link_name":"Abutilon theophrasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutilon_theophrasti"},{"link_name":"Moringa oleifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera"},{"link_name":"Amaranthus spinosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus_spinosus"},{"link_name":"Amaranthus viridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranthus_viridis"},{"link_name":"Ipomoea batatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_batatas"},{"link_name":"Pisonia grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisonia_grandis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"collard greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collard_greens"},{"link_name":"butternut squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butternut_squash"},{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The fish used in mas huni was as a rule cured tuna valhoamas but currently many Maldivians use canned tuna.Traditionally when fish was scarce, chopped leaves were added to the mas huni mixture. The green leaves of certain local plants and trees such as diguthiyara (Senna occidentalis), kuḷhafilaa or gōramfau (Launaea sarmentosa), mābulhā (Abutilon theophrasti), muranga (Moringa oleifera), massāgu (Amaranthus spinosus or Amaranthus viridis) sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and ḷos (Pisonia grandis), among others, replaced the fish in mas huni in a smaller or greater proportion.[1][failed verification]Mas huni may be made with kopee (collard greens) leaves.Another variant of mas huni is made with muranga pods (Moringa oleifera) instead of leaves. First the pods are boiled; then the flesh with the seeds is scooped out. This is mixed with the rest of the ingredients. This same type of thicker mas huni can be also made with boiled butternut squash or pumpkin.[3]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xavier Romero-Frias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Romero-Frias"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1012-9804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1012-9804"}],"text":"Xavier Romero-Frias, Eating on the Islands, Himāl Southasian, Vol. 26 no. 2, pages 69–91 ISSN 1012-9804","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Maldivian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine"},{"title":"List of tuna dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ZBUFG05jAC&dq=maldivian+cuisine&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"Pg 84"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1012-9804","external_links_name":"1012-9804"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/4398927/Eating_on_the_Islands_-_As_times_have_changed_so_has_the_Maldives_unique_cuisine_and_culture","external_links_name":"Eating on the Islands - As times have changed, so has the Maldives' unique cuisine and culture"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/4657946/Cuisine_of_the_Maldives_-_Mas_huni_and_Masriha","external_links_name":"Mas huni and Masriha - Himal: Farms, Feasts, Famines; Disappearing foods"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mas_huni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mas_huni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Ireland
|
1897 in Ireland
|
["1 Events","2 Arts and literature","3 Sport","3.1 Football","4 Births","5 Deaths","6 See also","7 References"]
|
List of events
←
1896
1895
1894
1893
1892
1897 in Ireland
→
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
Centuries:
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
Decades:
1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s
1910s
See also:1897 in the United KingdomOther events of 1897 List of years in Ireland
Events from the year 1897 in Ireland.
Events
October – Scottish evangelist William Irvine begins preaching independently, origin of the "Two by Twos" ("The Truth") Christian movement.
St Kevin's Pauper Lunatic Asylum opens in Cork.
The Irish Motor Car and Cycle Company is established.
Arts and literature
26 May – Bram Stoker's novel Dracula is first published, in London.
13 December – The third Theatre Royal opens in Dublin.
The first Feis Ceoil musical and cultural festival is organised in Dublin by Dr. Annie Patterson, Edward Martyn and Dr. George Sigerson.
George Sigerson's translated anthology Bards of the Gael and Gall and his daughter Dora Sigerson Shorter's The Fairy Changeling, and Other Poems are published.
Amanda McKittrick Ros publishes Irene Iddesleigh.
Display in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee on Alma Place in Coleraine
Sport
Football
International
20 February England 6–0 Ireland (in Nottingham)
6 March Ireland 4–3 Wales (in Belfast)
27 March Scotland 5–1 Ireland (in Glasgow)
Irish League
Winners: Glentoran
Irish Cup
Winners: Cliftonville 3–1 Sherwood Foresters
Births
1 February – Eddie Doyle, Kilkenny hurler (died 1948).
15 January – Mark Killilea Snr, Fianna Fáil TD, member of the Seanad (died 1970).
1 March – Robert Bruce Bowers, cricketer (died 1956).
23 March – John Lighton Synge, mathematician and physicist (died 1995).
4 April – Francis Evans, British diplomat (died 1983).
29 April – Mainie Jellett, abstract painter (died 1944).
26 May – Ernie O'Malley, prominent officer in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and on anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and a writer (died 1957).
10 June – Moss (Maurice) Twomey, chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (died 1978).
1 July – Tom Barry, guerrilla leader in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence (died 1980).
18 August – Enid Starkie, literary critic and biographer (died 1970).
1 September – Andy Kennedy, footballer (died 1963).
17 September – Bob Fullam, soccer player (died 1974).
26 November – Thomas Derrig, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister (died 1956).
3 December – Kate O'Brien, novelist (died 1974).
Full date unknown – Ed Reavy, fiddle player and songwriter (died 1988).
Deaths
21 January – Anthony O'Grady Lefroy, government official in Western Australia (born 1816).
24 January – Margaret Wolfe Hungerford, novelist (born 1855).
3 March – Garrett Byrne, Irish nationalist and MP (born 1829).
19 March – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, geographer (born 1810).
1 April – William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin (born 1828).
9 August – William R. Roberts, diplomat, Fenian Society member and United States Representative from New York (born 1830).
11 October – Charles W. Jones, lawyer and United States Senator in Florida (born 1834).
31 October – Samuel Haughton, scientific writer (born 1821).
25 November – John Coleman, United States Marine, recipient of Medal of Honor for his actions in 1871 during the Korean Expedition (born 1847).
8 December – Mary O'Connell, nurse during the American Civil War (born 1814).
See also
1897 in Scotland
1897 in Wales
References
^ McGilloway, Ken (2011). George Sigerson: Poet, Patriot Scientist and Scholar. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 9781903688212.
^ Preminger, Alex; Brogan, T. V. F. et al., ed. (1993). "Irish Poetry – Anthologies in English and Translations from Gaelic". In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics. Princeton University Press; MJF Books. p. 633.
^ Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.
^ a b c Hayes, Dean (2006). Northern Ireland International Football Facts. Belfast: Appletree Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-86281-874-5.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Events from the year 1897 in Ireland.","title":"1897 in Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Irvine_(Scottish_evangelist)"},{"link_name":"Two by Twos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_by_Twos"},{"link_name":"Lunatic Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"}],"text":"October – Scottish evangelist William Irvine begins preaching independently, origin of the \"Two by Twos\" (\"The Truth\") Christian movement.\nSt Kevin's Pauper Lunatic Asylum opens in Cork.\nThe Irish Motor Car and Cycle Company is established.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bram Stoker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula"},{"link_name":"The third Theatre Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Dublin#The_third_Theatre_Royal"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Feis Ceoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feis_Ceoil"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Edward Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Martyn"},{"link_name":"George Sigerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sigerson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dora Sigerson Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Sigerson_Shorter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Amanda McKittrick Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_McKittrick_Ros"},{"link_name":"Irene Iddesleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Iddesleigh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamonds_are_a_girl%27s_best_friend_(8527831550).jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria%27s_Diamond_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"Coleraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleraine"}],"text":"26 May – Bram Stoker's novel Dracula is first published, in London.\n13 December – The third Theatre Royal opens in Dublin.\nThe first Feis Ceoil musical and cultural festival is organised in Dublin by Dr. Annie Patterson, Edward Martyn and Dr. George Sigerson.[1]\nGeorge Sigerson's translated anthology Bards of the Gael and Gall[2] and his daughter Dora Sigerson Shorter's The Fairy Changeling, and Other Poems are published.[3]\nAmanda McKittrick Ros publishes Irene Iddesleigh.Display in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee on Alma Place in Coleraine","title":"Arts and literature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH-4"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH-4"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DH-4"},{"link_name":"Irish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Glentoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glentoran_F.C."},{"link_name":"Irish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cliftonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sherwood Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherwood_Foresters_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"International\n20 February England 6–0 Ireland (in Nottingham)[4]\n6 March Ireland 4–3 Wales (in Belfast)[4]\n27 March Scotland 5–1 Ireland (in Glasgow)[4]Irish League\nWinners: GlentoranIrish Cup\nWinners: Cliftonville 3–1 Sherwood Foresters","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Doyle_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_GAA"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mark Killilea Snr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Killilea_Snr"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Seanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Robert Bruce Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Bowers"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Lighton Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lighton_Synge"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Francis Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Evans_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mainie Jellett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainie_Jellett"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ernie O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Moss (Maurice) Twomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_(Maurice)_Twomey"},{"link_name":"chief of staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IRA_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tom Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Barry_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Enid Starkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Starkie"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Andy Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Kennedy_(footballer_born_1897)"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bob Fullam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Fullam"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Derrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Derrig"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kate O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_O%27Brien_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ed Reavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Reavy"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_Ireland"}],"text":"1 February – Eddie Doyle, Kilkenny hurler (died 1948).\n15 January – Mark Killilea Snr, Fianna Fáil TD, member of the Seanad (died 1970).\n1 March – Robert Bruce Bowers, cricketer (died 1956).\n23 March – John Lighton Synge, mathematician and physicist (died 1995).\n4 April – Francis Evans, British diplomat (died 1983).\n29 April – Mainie Jellett, abstract painter (died 1944).\n26 May – Ernie O'Malley, prominent officer in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and on anti-Treaty side in the Irish Civil War and a writer (died 1957).\n10 June – Moss (Maurice) Twomey, chief of staff of the Irish Republican Army (died 1978).\n1 July – Tom Barry, guerrilla leader in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence (died 1980).\n18 August – Enid Starkie, literary critic and biographer (died 1970).\n1 September – Andy Kennedy, footballer (died 1963).\n17 September – Bob Fullam, soccer player (died 1974).\n26 November – Thomas Derrig, Fianna Fáil TD and Cabinet Minister (died 1956).\n3 December – Kate O'Brien, novelist (died 1974).\nFull date unknown – Ed Reavy, fiddle player and songwriter (died 1988).","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony O'Grady Lefroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_O%27Grady_Lefroy"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Margaret Wolfe Hungerford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Wolfe_Hungerford"},{"link_name":"1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Garrett Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Byrne_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"1829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Thomson_d%27Abbadie"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Plunket,_4th_Baron_Plunket"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"1828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1828_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"William R. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Roberts"},{"link_name":"Fenian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_Society"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Jones"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"1834","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Samuel Haughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Haughton"},{"link_name":"1821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coleman_(Medal_of_Honor)"},{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Korean Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Expedition"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mary O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_O%27Connell_(nurse)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814_in_Ireland"}],"text":"21 January – Anthony O'Grady Lefroy, government official in Western Australia (born 1816).\n24 January – Margaret Wolfe Hungerford, novelist (born 1855).\n3 March – Garrett Byrne, Irish nationalist and MP (born 1829).\n19 March – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, geographer (born 1810).\n1 April – William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin (born 1828).\n9 August – William R. Roberts, diplomat, Fenian Society member and United States Representative from New York (born 1830).\n11 October – Charles W. Jones, lawyer and United States Senator in Florida (born 1834).\n31 October – Samuel Haughton, scientific writer (born 1821).\n25 November – John Coleman, United States Marine, recipient of Medal of Honor for his actions in 1871 during the Korean Expedition (born 1847).\n8 December – Mary O'Connell, nurse during the American Civil War (born 1814).","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blank_Ireland.svg/80px-Blank_Ireland.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Display in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee on Alma Place in Coleraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diamonds_are_a_girl%27s_best_friend_%288527831550%29.jpg/220px-Diamonds_are_a_girl%27s_best_friend_%288527831550%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"1897 in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Scotland"},{"title":"1897 in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897_in_Wales"}]
|
[{"reference":"McGilloway, Ken (2011). George Sigerson: Poet, Patriot Scientist and Scholar. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. ISBN 9781903688212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903688212","url_text":"9781903688212"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm","url_text":"The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860634-6","url_text":"0-19-860634-6"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Dean (2006). Northern Ireland International Football Facts. Belfast: Appletree Press. p. 155. ISBN 0-86281-874-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-874-5","url_text":"0-86281-874-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordchr00coxm","external_links_name":"The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUBA1C
|
TUBA1C
|
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
|
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
TUBA1CIdentifiersAliasesTUBA1C, TUBA6, bcm948, tubulin alpha 1cExternal IDsMGI: 1095409; HomoloGene: 69045; GeneCards: TUBA1C; OMA:TUBA1C - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q13.12Start49,188,736 bpEnd49,274,600 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15|15 F1Start98,927,772 bpEnd98,935,991 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insecondary oocyteBrodmann area 46spinal gangliaorbitofrontal cortexinferior ganglion of vagus nervesuperior vestibular nucleusinferior olivary nucleusponstrigeminal ganglionsubthalamic nucleusTop expressed inPaneth cellfetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cellblastocystfossagastrulalipcondyleendothelial cell of lymphatic vesselgranulocyteyolk sacMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
nucleotide binding
GTP binding
structural constituent of cytoskeleton
protein binding
structural molecule activity
GTPase activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
vesicle
microtubule
cytoskeleton
nucleus
microtubule cytoskeleton
Biological process
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
microtubule-based process
cell division
cytoskeleton organization
microtubule cytoskeleton organization
mitotic cell cycle
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez8479022146EnsemblENSG00000167553ENSMUSG00000043091UniProtQ9BQE3P68373RefSeq (mRNA)NM_032704NM_001303114NM_001303115NM_001303116NM_001303117NM_009448RefSeq (protein)NP_001290043NP_001290044NP_001290045NP_001290046NP_116093NP_033474Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 49.19 – 49.27 MbChr 15: 98.93 – 98.94 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Tubulin alpha-1C chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA1C gene.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167553 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043091 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, Yokoyama-Kobayashi M, Aoki T (Feb 1995). "Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.
^ "Entrez Gene: TUBA1C tubulin, alpha 1c".
Further reading
Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". J. Infect. 24 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. PMID 1602151.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–174. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Watts NR, Sackett DL, Ward RD, et al. (2000). "HIV-1 rev depolymerizes microtubules to form stable bilayered rings". J. Cell Biol. 150 (2): 349–360. doi:10.1083/jcb.150.2.349. PMC 2180222. PMID 10908577.
Irobi J, Nelis E, Verhoeven K, et al. (2002). "Mutation analysis of 12 candidate genes for distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II (distal HMN II) linked to 12q24.3". J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 7 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x. PMID 12090300. S2CID 8453412.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Chen D, Wang M, Zhou S, Zhou Q (2004). "HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim". EMBO J. 21 (24): 6801–6810. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf683. PMC 139103. PMID 12486001.
Xu Y, Kulkosky J, Acheampong E, et al. (2004). "HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (18): 7070–7075. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7070X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0304859101. PMC 406467. PMID 15103018.
Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, et al. (2005). "The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (46): 48197–48204. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406195200. PMID 15331610.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, et al. (2005). "Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells". Nat. Biotechnol. 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455. S2CID 7200157.
de Mareuil J, Carre M, Barbier P, et al. (2006). "HIV-1 Tat protein enhances microtubule polymerization". Retrovirology. 2: 5. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-5. PMC 549075. PMID 15691386.
Giacca M (2006). "HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?". Retrovirology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-7. PMC 549042. PMID 15698476.
Valenzuela-Fernández A, Alvarez S, Gordon-Alonso M, et al. (2006). "Histone deacetylase 6 regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (11): 5445–5454. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-04-0354. PMC 1266439. PMID 16148047.
Guo D, Han J, Adam BL, et al. (2005). "Proteomic analysis of SUMO4 substrates in HEK293 cells under serum starvation-induced stress". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337 (4): 1308–1318. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.191. PMID 16236267.
Canani RB, De Marco G, Passariello A, et al. (2006). "Inhibitory effect of HIV-1 Tat protein on the sodium-D-glucose symporter of human intestinal epithelial cells". AIDS. 20 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000198088.85572.68. PMID 16327313. S2CID 21499158.
Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.
Frum R, Busby SA, Ramamoorthy M, et al. (2007). "HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha". J. Proteome Res. 6 (4): 1410–1417. doi:10.1021/pr060584p. PMC 4626875. PMID 17373842.
vtePDB gallery
1ffx: TUBULIN:STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX
1ia0: KIF1A HEAD-MICROTUBULE COMPLEX STRUCTURE IN ATP-FORM
1jff: Refined structure of alpha-beta tubulin from zinc-induced sheets stabilized with taxol
1sa0: TUBULIN-COLCHICINE: STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX
1sa1: Tubulin-podophyllotoxin: stathmin-like domain complex
1tub: TUBULIN ALPHA-BETA DIMER, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
1tvk: The binding mode of epothilone A on a,b-tubulin by electron crystallography
1z2b: Tubulin-colchicine-vinblastine: stathmin-like domain complex
2hxf: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in amppnp-form
2hxh: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in adp-form
vteProteins of the cytoskeletonHumanMicrofilamentsand ABPsMyofilamentActins
A1
A2
B
C1
G1
G2
Myosins
I
MYO1A
MYO1B
MYO1C
MYO1D
MYO1E
MYO1F
MYO1G
MYO1H)
II
MYH1
MYH2
MYH3
MYH4
MYH6
MYH7
MYH7B
MYH8
MYH9
MYH10
MYH11
MYH13
MYH14
MYH15
MYH16
III
MYO3A
MYO3B
V
MYO5A
MYO5B
MYO5C
VI
MYO6
VII
MYO7A
MYO7B
IX
MYO9A
MYO9B
X
MYO10
XV
MYO15A
XVIII
MYO18A
MYO18B
LC
MYL1
MYL2
MYL3
MYL4
MYL5
MYL6
MYL6B
MYL7
MYL9
MYLIP
MYLK
MYLK2
MYLL1
Other
Tropomodulin
1
2
3
4
Troponin
T 1 2 3
C 1 2
I 1 2 3
Tropomyosin
1
2
3
4
Actinin
1
2
3
4
Arp2/3 complex
actin depolymerizing factors
Cofilin
1
2
Destrin
Gelsolin
Profilin
1
2
Titin
Other
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
Fibrillin
Filamin
FLNA
FLNB
FLNC
Espin
TRIOBP
Intermediate filamentsType 1/2(Keratin,Cytokeratin)Epithelial keratins(soft alpha-keratins)
type I/chromosome 17
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
chromosome 12
18
none
21
type II/chromosome 12
1
2A
3
4
5
6A
6B
6C
7
8
Hair keratins(hard alpha-keratins)
type I/chromosome 17
31
32
33A
33B
34
35
36
37
38
type II/chromosome 12
81
82
83
84
85
86
Ungrouped alpha
chromosome 17
23
24
25
26
27
28
39
40
chromosome 12
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Not alpha
Beta-keratin
Type 3
Desmin
GFAP
Peripherin
Vimentin
Type 4
Internexin
Nestin
Neurofilament
NEFL
NEFM
NEFH
Synemin
Syncoilin
Type 5
Nuclear lamins: A/C
B1
B2
Microtubulesand MAPsTubulins
TUBA1A
TUBA1B
TUBA1C
TUBA3C
TUBA3D
TUBA3E
TUBA4A
TUBA8
TUBB
TUBB1
TUBB2A
TUBB2B
TUBB2C
TUBB3
TUBB4
TUBB4Q
TUBB6
TUBB8
TUBG1
TUBG2
TUBGCP2
TUBGCP3
TUBGCP4
TUBGCP5
TUBGCP6
TUBD1
TUBE1
MAPs
EB1
EB2
EB3
MAP1A
MAP1B
MAP2
MAP4
Kinesins
KIF1A
KIF1B
KIF2A
KIF2C
KIF3B
KIF3C
KIF4A
KIF4B
KIF5A
KIF5B
KIF5C
KIF6
KIF7
KIF9
KIF11
KIF12
KIF13A
KIF13B
KIF14
KIF15
KIF16B
KIF17
KIF18A
KIF18B
KIF19
KIF20A
KIF20B
KIF21A
KIF21B
KIF22
KIF23
KIF24
KIF25
KIF26A
KIF26B
KIF27
KIFC1
KIFC2
KIFC3
Dyneins
axonemal: DNAH1
DNAH2
DNAH3
DNAH5
DNAH6
DNAH7
DNAH8
DNAH9
DNAH10
DNAH11
DNAH12
DNAH13
DNAH14
DNAH17
DNAI1
DNAI2
DNALI1
DNAL1
DNAL4
cytoplasmic: DYNC1H1
DYNC2H1
DYNC1I1
DYNC1I2
DYNC1LI1
DYNC1LI2
DYNC2LI1
DYNLL1
DYNLL2
DYNLRB1
DYNLRB2
DYNLT1
DYNLT3
Microtubule organising proteins
CAMSAP1
CAMSAP2
CAMSAP3
Centrin 1
Centrin 2
Centrin 3
PCM1
Microtubule severing proteins
Katanin
Spastin
Other
Tau protein
Dynactin
DCTN1
Stathmin
Tektin
TEKT1
TEKT2
TEKT3
TEKT4
TEKT5
Dynamin
DNM1
DNM2
DNM3
Catenins
Alpha catenin
Beta catenin
APC
Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
Delta catenin
GAN
Membrane
Dystrophin
Dystroglycan
Utrophin
Ankyrin
ANK1
ANK2
ANK3
Spectrin
SPTA1
SPTAN1
SPTB
SPTBN1
SPTBN2
SPTBN4
SPTBN5
Other
Plakins
Corneodesmosin
Desmoplakin
Dystonin
Envoplakin
MACF1
Periplakin
Plectin
Talin
TLN1
Vinculin
Plakophilin
PKP1
PKP2
ACF7
PLEKHA7
Nonhuman
Major sperm proteins
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
Crescentin
FtsZ
MreB
ParM
See also: cytoskeletal defectsThis article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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gene.[5][6]","title":"TUBA1C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-4453%2805%2980037-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1602151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602151"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8125298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9373149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149"},{"link_name":"\"HIV-1 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sperm proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_sperm_protein"},{"link_name":"Prokaryotic cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"Crescentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentin"},{"link_name":"FtsZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FtsZ"},{"link_name":"MreB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MreB"},{"link_name":"ParM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParM"},{"link_name":"cytoskeletal defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cytoskeletal_defects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_12"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TUBA1C&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-12-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-12-stub"}],"text":"Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). \"Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin\". 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(2006). \"Histone deacetylase 6 regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (11): 5445–5454. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-04-0354. PMC 1266439. PMID 16148047.\nGuo D, Han J, Adam BL, et al. (2005). \"Proteomic analysis of SUMO4 substrates in HEK293 cells under serum starvation-induced stress\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337 (4): 1308–1318. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.191. PMID 16236267.\nCanani RB, De Marco G, Passariello A, et al. (2006). \"Inhibitory effect of HIV-1 Tat protein on the sodium-D-glucose symporter of human intestinal epithelial cells\". AIDS. 20 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000198088.85572.68. PMID 16327313. S2CID 21499158.\nOlsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.\nFrum R, Busby SA, Ramamoorthy M, et al. (2007). \"HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha\". J. Proteome Res. 6 (4): 1410–1417. doi:10.1021/pr060584p. PMC 4626875. PMID 17373842.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1ffx: TUBULIN:STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1ia0: KIF1A HEAD-MICROTUBULE COMPLEX STRUCTURE IN ATP-FORM\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1jff: Refined structure of alpha-beta tubulin from zinc-induced sheets stabilized with taxol\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1sa0: TUBULIN-COLCHICINE: STATHMIN-LIKE DOMAIN COMPLEX\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1sa1: Tubulin-podophyllotoxin: stathmin-like domain complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1tub: TUBULIN ALPHA-BETA DIMER, ELECTRON DIFFRACTION\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1tvk: The binding mode of epothilone A on a,b-tubulin by electron crystallography\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1z2b: Tubulin-colchicine-vinblastine: stathmin-like domain complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2hxf: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in amppnp-form\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2hxh: KIF1A head-microtubule complex structure in adp-formvteProteins of the cytoskeletonHumanMicrofilamentsand ABPsMyofilamentActins\nA1\nA2\nB\nC1\nG1\nG2\nMyosins\nI\nMYO1A\nMYO1B\nMYO1C\nMYO1D\nMYO1E\nMYO1F\nMYO1G\nMYO1H)\nII\nMYH1\nMYH2\nMYH3\nMYH4\nMYH6\nMYH7\nMYH7B\nMYH8\nMYH9\nMYH10\nMYH11\nMYH13\nMYH14\nMYH15\nMYH16\nIII\nMYO3A\nMYO3B\nV\nMYO5A\nMYO5B\nMYO5C\nVI\nMYO6\nVII\nMYO7A\nMYO7B\nIX\nMYO9A\nMYO9B\nX\nMYO10\nXV\nMYO15A\nXVIII\nMYO18A\nMYO18B\nLC\nMYL1\nMYL2\nMYL3\nMYL4\nMYL5\nMYL6\nMYL6B\nMYL7\nMYL9\nMYLIP\nMYLK\nMYLK2\nMYLL1\nOther\nTropomodulin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTroponin\nT 1 2 3\nC 1 2\nI 1 2 3\nTropomyosin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nActinin\n1\n2\n3\n4\nArp2/3 complex\nactin depolymerizing factors\nCofilin\n1\n2\nDestrin\nGelsolin\nProfilin\n1\n2\nTitin\nOther\nWiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein\nFibrillin\nFilamin\nFLNA\nFLNB\nFLNC\nEspin\nTRIOBP\nIntermediate filamentsType 1/2(Keratin,Cytokeratin)Epithelial keratins(soft alpha-keratins)\ntype I/chromosome 17\n9\n10\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n19\n20\nchromosome 12\n18\nnone\n21\ntype II/chromosome 12\n1\n2A\n3\n4\n5\n6A\n6B\n6C\n7\n8\nHair keratins(hard alpha-keratins)\ntype I/chromosome 17\n31\n32\n33A\n33B\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\ntype II/chromosome 12\n81\n82\n83\n84\n85\n86\nUngrouped alpha\nchromosome 17\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n39\n40\nchromosome 12\n71\n72\n73\n74\n75\n76\n77\n78\n79\n80\nNot alpha\nBeta-keratin\nType 3\nDesmin\nGFAP\nPeripherin\nVimentin\nType 4\nInternexin\nNestin\nNeurofilament\nNEFL\nNEFM\nNEFH\nSynemin\nSyncoilin\nType 5\nNuclear lamins: A/C\nB1\nB2\nMicrotubulesand MAPsTubulins\nTUBA1A\nTUBA1B\nTUBA1C\nTUBA3C\nTUBA3D\nTUBA3E\nTUBA4A\nTUBA8\nTUBB\nTUBB1\nTUBB2A\nTUBB2B\nTUBB2C\nTUBB3\nTUBB4\nTUBB4Q\nTUBB6\nTUBB8\nTUBG1\nTUBG2\nTUBGCP2\nTUBGCP3\nTUBGCP4\nTUBGCP5\nTUBGCP6\nTUBD1\nTUBE1\nMAPs\nEB1\nEB2\nEB3\nMAP1A\nMAP1B\nMAP2\nMAP4\nKinesins\nKIF1A\nKIF1B\nKIF2A\nKIF2C\nKIF3B\nKIF3C\nKIF4A\nKIF4B\nKIF5A\nKIF5B\nKIF5C\nKIF6\nKIF7\nKIF9\nKIF11\nKIF12\nKIF13A\nKIF13B\nKIF14\nKIF15\nKIF16B\nKIF17\nKIF18A\nKIF18B\nKIF19\nKIF20A\nKIF20B\nKIF21A\nKIF21B\nKIF22\nKIF23\nKIF24\nKIF25\nKIF26A\nKIF26B\nKIF27\nKIFC1\nKIFC2\nKIFC3\nDyneins\naxonemal: DNAH1\nDNAH2\nDNAH3\nDNAH5\nDNAH6\nDNAH7\nDNAH8\nDNAH9\nDNAH10\nDNAH11\nDNAH12\nDNAH13\nDNAH14\nDNAH17\nDNAI1\nDNAI2\nDNALI1\nDNAL1\nDNAL4\ncytoplasmic: DYNC1H1\nDYNC2H1\nDYNC1I1\nDYNC1I2\nDYNC1LI1\nDYNC1LI2\nDYNC2LI1\nDYNLL1\nDYNLL2\nDYNLRB1\nDYNLRB2\nDYNLT1\nDYNLT3\nMicrotubule organising proteins\nCAMSAP1\nCAMSAP2\nCAMSAP3\nCentrin 1\nCentrin 2\nCentrin 3\nPCM1\nMicrotubule severing proteins\nKatanin\nSpastin\nOther\nTau protein\nDynactin\nDCTN1\nStathmin\nTektin\nTEKT1\nTEKT2\nTEKT3\nTEKT4\nTEKT5\nDynamin\nDNM1\nDNM2\nDNM3\nCatenins\nAlpha catenin\nBeta catenin\nAPC\nPlakoglobin (gamma catenin)\nDelta catenin\nGAN\nMembrane\nDystrophin\nDystroglycan\nUtrophin\nAnkyrin\nANK1\nANK2\nANK3\nSpectrin\nSPTA1\nSPTAN1\nSPTB\nSPTBN1\nSPTBN2\nSPTBN4\nSPTBN5\nOther\nPlakins\nCorneodesmosin\nDesmoplakin\nDystonin\nEnvoplakin\nMACF1\nPeriplakin\nPlectin\nTalin\nTLN1\nVinculin\nPlakophilin\nPKP1\nPKP2\nACF7\nPLEKHA7\nNonhuman\nMajor sperm proteins\nProkaryotic cytoskeleton\nCrescentin\nFtsZ\nMreB\nParM\nSee also: cytoskeletal defectsThis article on a gene on human chromosome 12 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=84790","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=22146","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, Yokoyama-Kobayashi M, Aoki T (Feb 1995). \"Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank\". Gene. 150 (2): 243–250. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2. PMID 7821789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990433-2","url_text":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7821789","url_text":"7821789"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: TUBA1C tubulin, alpha 1c\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=84790","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: TUBA1C tubulin, alpha 1c\""}]},{"reference":"Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). \"Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin\". J. Infect. 24 (3): 317–320. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4. 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(1997). \"Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library\". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","url_text":"9373149"}]},{"reference":"Watts NR, Sackett DL, Ward RD, et al. (2000). \"HIV-1 rev depolymerizes microtubules to form stable bilayered rings\". J. Cell Biol. 150 (2): 349–360. doi:10.1083/jcb.150.2.349. PMC 2180222. PMID 10908577.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2180222","url_text":"\"HIV-1 rev depolymerizes microtubules to form stable bilayered rings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.150.2.349","url_text":"10.1083/jcb.150.2.349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2180222","url_text":"2180222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10908577","url_text":"10908577"}]},{"reference":"Irobi J, Nelis E, Verhoeven K, et al. (2002). \"Mutation analysis of 12 candidate genes for distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II (distal HMN II) linked to 12q24.3\". J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 7 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x. PMID 12090300. S2CID 8453412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1529-8027.2002.02014.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12090300","url_text":"12090300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8453412","url_text":"8453412"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–16903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Chen D, Wang M, Zhou S, Zhou Q (2004). \"HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim\". EMBO J. 21 (24): 6801–6810. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf683. PMC 139103. PMID 12486001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139103","url_text":"\"HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdf683","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/cdf683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139103","url_text":"139103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486001","url_text":"12486001"}]},{"reference":"Xu Y, Kulkosky J, Acheampong E, et al. (2004). \"HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (18): 7070–7075. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7070X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0304859101. PMC 406467. PMID 15103018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406467","url_text":"\"HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.7070X","url_text":"2004PNAS..101.7070X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0304859101","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0304859101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406467","url_text":"406467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15103018","url_text":"15103018"}]},{"reference":"Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, et al. (2005). \"The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis\". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (46): 48197–48204. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406195200. PMID 15331610.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200","url_text":"\"The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M406195200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331610","url_text":"15331610"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–2127. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, et al. (2005). \"Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells\". Nat. Biotechnol. 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455. S2CID 7200157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1046","url_text":"10.1038/nbt1046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592455","url_text":"15592455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7200157","url_text":"7200157"}]},{"reference":"de Mareuil J, Carre M, Barbier P, et al. (2006). \"HIV-1 Tat protein enhances microtubule polymerization\". Retrovirology. 2: 5. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-5. PMC 549075. PMID 15691386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549075","url_text":"\"HIV-1 Tat protein enhances microtubule polymerization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4690-2-5","url_text":"10.1186/1742-4690-2-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549075","url_text":"549075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15691386","url_text":"15691386"}]},{"reference":"Giacca M (2006). \"HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?\". Retrovirology. 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-2-7. PMC 549042. PMID 15698476.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549042","url_text":"\"HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4690-2-7","url_text":"10.1186/1742-4690-2-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549042","url_text":"549042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15698476","url_text":"15698476"}]},{"reference":"Valenzuela-Fernández A, Alvarez S, Gordon-Alonso M, et al. (2006). \"Histone deacetylase 6 regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection\". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (11): 5445–5454. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-04-0354. PMC 1266439. PMID 16148047.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266439","url_text":"\"Histone deacetylase 6 regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E05-04-0354","url_text":"10.1091/mbc.E05-04-0354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266439","url_text":"1266439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16148047","url_text":"16148047"}]},{"reference":"Guo D, Han J, Adam BL, et al. (2005). \"Proteomic analysis of SUMO4 substrates in HEK293 cells under serum starvation-induced stress\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337 (4): 1308–1318. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.191. PMID 16236267.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2005.09.191","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16236267","url_text":"16236267"}]},{"reference":"Canani RB, De Marco G, Passariello A, et al. (2006). \"Inhibitory effect of HIV-1 Tat protein on the sodium-D-glucose symporter of human intestinal epithelial cells\". AIDS. 20 (1): 5–10. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000198088.85572.68. PMID 16327313. S2CID 21499158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.aids.0000198088.85572.68","url_text":"\"Inhibitory effect of HIV-1 Tat protein on the sodium-D-glucose symporter of human intestinal epithelial cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.aids.0000198088.85572.68","url_text":"10.1097/01.aids.0000198088.85572.68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16327313","url_text":"16327313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21499158","url_text":"21499158"}]},{"reference":"Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–648. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","url_text":"17081983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7827573","url_text":"7827573"}]},{"reference":"Frum R, Busby SA, Ramamoorthy M, et al. (2007). \"HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha\". J. Proteome Res. 6 (4): 1410–1417. doi:10.1021/pr060584p. PMC 4626875. PMID 17373842.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626875","url_text":"\"HDM2-binding partners: interaction with translation elongation factor EF1alpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fpr060584p","url_text":"10.1021/pr060584p"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626875","url_text":"4626875"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373842","url_text":"17373842"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/20768","external_links_name":"TUBA1C"},{"Link":"http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1095409","external_links_name":"1095409"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=69045","external_links_name":"69045"},{"Link":"https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TUBA1C","external_links_name":"TUBA1C"},{"Link":"https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000167553","external_links_name":"TUBA1C - orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000167553","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000043091","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000167553","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/84790/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000166","external_links_name":"nucleotide binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005525","external_links_name":"GTP binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005200","external_links_name":"structural constituent of cytoskeleton"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515","external_links_name":"protein binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005198","external_links_name":"structural molecule activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003924","external_links_name":"GTPase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031982","external_links_name":"vesicle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005874","external_links_name":"microtubule"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005856","external_links_name":"cytoskeleton"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634","external_links_name":"nucleus"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015630","external_links_name":"microtubule cytoskeleton"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030705","external_links_name":"cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007017","external_links_name":"microtubule-based process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051301","external_links_name":"cell division"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007010","external_links_name":"cytoskeleton organization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000226","external_links_name":"microtubule cytoskeleton organization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000278","external_links_name":"mitotic cell cycle"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/","external_links_name":"Amigo"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=84790&rn=1","external_links_name":"84790"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=22146&rn=1","external_links_name":"22146"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000167553;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSG00000167553"},{"Link":"http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000043091;db=core","external_links_name":"ENSMUSG00000043091"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9BQE3","external_links_name":"Q9BQE3"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P68373","external_links_name":"P68373"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_032704","external_links_name":"NM_032704"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001303114","external_links_name":"NM_001303114"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001303115","external_links_name":"NM_001303115"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001303116","external_links_name":"NM_001303116"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001303117","external_links_name":"NM_001303117"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_009448","external_links_name":"NM_009448"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001290043","external_links_name":"NP_001290043"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001290044","external_links_name":"NP_001290044"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001290045","external_links_name":"NP_001290045"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001290046","external_links_name":"NP_001290046"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_116093","external_links_name":"NP_116093"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_033474","external_links_name":"NP_033474"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:49188736-49274600","external_links_name":"Chr 12: 49.19 – 49.27 Mb"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr15:98927772-98935991","external_links_name":"Chr 15: 98.93 – 98.94 Mb"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000167553","external_links_name":"GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167553"},{"Link":"http://may2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000043091","external_links_name":"GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043091"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=84790","external_links_name":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=22146","external_links_name":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990433-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7821789","external_links_name":"7821789"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=84790","external_links_name":"\"Entrez Gene: TUBA1C tubulin, alpha 1c\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-4453%2805%2980037-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602151","external_links_name":"1602151"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298","external_links_name":"8125298"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149","external_links_name":"9373149"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2180222","external_links_name":"\"HIV-1 rev depolymerizes microtubules to form stable bilayered rings\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.150.2.349","external_links_name":"10.1083/jcb.150.2.349"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2180222","external_links_name":"2180222"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10908577","external_links_name":"10908577"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1529-8027.2002.02014.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12090300","external_links_name":"12090300"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8453412","external_links_name":"8453412"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","external_links_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","external_links_name":"139241"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","external_links_name":"12477932"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139103","external_links_name":"\"HIV-1 Tat targets microtubules to induce apoptosis, a process promoted by the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 relative Bim\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdf683","external_links_name":"10.1093/emboj/cdf683"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139103","external_links_name":"139103"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12486001","external_links_name":"12486001"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406467","external_links_name":"\"HIV-1-mediated apoptosis of neuronal cells: Proximal molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced encephalopathy\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.7070X","external_links_name":"2004PNAS..101.7070X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0304859101","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0304859101"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC406467","external_links_name":"406467"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15103018","external_links_name":"15103018"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200","external_links_name":"\"The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M406195200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M406195200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15331610","external_links_name":"15331610"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","external_links_name":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","external_links_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","external_links_name":"528928"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","external_links_name":"15489334"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1046","external_links_name":"10.1038/nbt1046"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592455","external_links_name":"15592455"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7200157","external_links_name":"7200157"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549075","external_links_name":"\"HIV-1 Tat protein enhances microtubule 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EF1alpha\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fpr060584p","external_links_name":"10.1021/pr060584p"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626875","external_links_name":"4626875"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17373842","external_links_name":"17373842"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TUBA1C&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Limburg
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Duchess of Limburg
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["1 Countess of Limburg","1.1 House of Ardennes, 1065–1119","1.2 House of Ardennes, 1119–1283","1.3 House of Leuven, 1288–1406","1.4 House of Valois, 1406–1482","1.5 House of Habsburg, 1482–1700","1.6 House of Bourbon, 1700–1706","1.7 House of Habsburg, 1706–1780","1.8 House of Habsburg-Lorraine, 1780–1794","1.9 House of Orange-Nassau, 1839–1866","2 See also"]
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See also: Duke of Limburg
Countess of Limburg
House of Ardennes, 1065–1119
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Countess
Ceased to be Countess
Death
Spouse
Jutta of Lower Lorraine
Frederick of Luxembourg, Duke of Lower Lorraine(Elder Luxembourg)
1050
1065
1065husband's accession
1082husband's death
1102
Waleran I
Adelaide of Podenstein
Botho, Count of Pottenstein
1061
-
1082husband's accession
after 13 August 1106
Henry I
House of Ardennes, 1119–1283
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Judith of Guelders, heiress of Wassenberg
Gerard I, Count of Guelders(Dampierre)
1087
1107/10
1119husband's ascession
16 July 1139husband's death
24 June 1151
Waleran II
Matilda of Saffenberg
Adolf, Count of Saffenberg(Saffenberg)
1113
1136
16 July 1139husband's ascession
2 January 1145
Henry II
Laurette of Flanders
Thierry, Count of Flanders(Metz)
1130
1150
before 1152divorce
1175
Sophia of Saarbrücken
Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken(Saarbrücken)
1149
1165
19 August 1167 husband's ascession
1215
Henry III
Ermesinde of Namur, Countess of Luxembourg
Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg and Namur(Namur)
June 1186
May 1214
21 June 1221husband's ascession
2 July 1226husband's death
12 February 1247
Waleran III
Ermengard of Berg
Adolf VI, Count of Berg(Berg)
-
1217/8
2 July 1226husband's ascession
25 February 1247husband's death
1248/9
Henry IV
Judith of Cleves
Dietrich V, Count of Cleves(Cleves)
-
-
25 February 1247 husband's ascession
before 1278
Waleran IV
Kunigunde of Brandenburg
Otto, Margrave of Brandenburg(Ascania)
-
10 January 1278
1279husband's death
after 8 June 1292
Interregnum (1283–1288)
House of Leuven, 1288–1406
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Margaret of Flanders
Guy of Dampierre, Count of Flanders(Dampierre)
1251
1273
5 June 1288Battle of Worringen
3 July 1285
John I
Margaret of England
Edward I of England(Plantagenet)
15 March 1275
8 July 1290
3 May 1294husband's ascession
27 October 1312husband's death
after 11 March 1333
John II
Marie d'Évreux
Louis of France, Count d'Évreux(Évreux)
1303
19 July 1311
27 October 1312husband's ascession
31 October 1335
John III
Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (suo jure)
John III, Duke of Brabant(Reginar)
24 June 1322
1334
5 December 1355father's death
1 November 1406
William IV
House of Valois, 1406–1482
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Jeanne of Saint Pol
Waleran III of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny and Saint Pol(Luxembourg)
1380/85
21 February 1402
1 November 1406husband's accession
12 August 1407
Anthony
Elisabeth, Duchess of Luxembourg
John of Görlitz(Luxembourg)
November 1390
16 July 1409
25 October 1415 husband's death
3 August 1451
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
William II, Duke of Bavaria(Wittelsbach)
16 August 1401
18 April 1418
7 March 1422obtained papal divorce
8 October 1436
John IV
-
Margaret
?
?
?
17 April 1427husband's accession
14 August 1430husband's death
?
Philip I
Isabella of Portugal
John I of Portugal(Aviz)
21 February 1397
7 January 1430
15 July 1467 husband's death
17 December 1471
Philip II
Margaret of York
Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York(York)
3 May 1446
9 July 1468
5 January 1477husband's death
23 November 1503
Charles I
Mary of Burgundy (suo jure)
Charles I(Valois-Burgundy)
13 February 1457
18 August 1477
5 January 1477father's death
23 November 1503
Maximilian I
House of Habsburg, 1482–1700
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Joanna of Castile
Ferdinand II of Aragon(Trastámara)
6 November 1479
20 October 1496
25 September 1506husband's death
12 April 1555
Philip III
Isabella of Portugal
Manuel I of Portugal(Aviz)
24 October 1503
11 March 1526
1 May 1539
Charles II
Mary I of England
Henry VIII of England(Tudor)
18 February 1516
25 July 1554
16 January 1556husband's ascension
17 November 1558
Philip IV
Elisabeth of Valois
Henry II of France(Valois)
2 April 1545
22 June 1559
3 October 1568
Anna of Austria
Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor(Habsburg)
1 November 1549
4 May 1570
26 October 1580
Elisabeth of Bourbon
Henry IV of France(Bourbon)
22 November 1602
25 November 1615
31 March 1621husband's ascension
6 October 1644
Philip V
Mariana of Austria
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor(Habsburg)
24 December 1634
7 October 1649
17 September 1665husband's death
16 May 1696
Marie Louise of Orléans
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans(Bourbon-Orléans)
26 March 1662
19 November 1679
12 February 1689
Charles III
Maria Anna of the Palatinate-Neuburg
Philip William, Elector Palatine(Wittelsbach)
28 October 1667
14 May 1690
1 November 1700husband's death
16 July 1740
House of Bourbon, 1700–1706
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Maria Luisa of Savoy
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia(Savoy)
17 September 1688
2 November 1701
c. 1706Duchy ceded to Austria
14 February 1714
Philip VI
House of Habsburg, 1706–1780
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg(Welf)
28 August 1691
1 August 1708
20 October 1740husband's death
21 December 1750
Charles IV
Maria Theresa(suo jure)
Charles IV(Habsburg)
13 May 1717
12 February 1736
20 October 1740father's death
29 November 1780
Francis I
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, 1780–1794
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Maria Louisa of Spain
Charles III of Spain(Bourbon)
24 November 1745
5 August 1765
20 February 1790husband's ascession
1 March 1792husband's death
15 May 1792
Leopold
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies(Bourbon-Two Sicilies)
6 June 1772
15 September 1790
1 March 1792husband's ascession
1794Limburg occupied by France
13 April 1807
Francis
House of Orange-Nassau, 1839–1866
Picture
Name
Father
Birth
Marriage
Became Duchess
Ceased to be Duchess
Death
Spouse
Anna Pavlovna of Russia
Paul I of Russia(Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov)
18 January 1795
21 February 1816
7 October 1840husband's accession
7 March 1849husband's death
1 March 1865
William II
Sophie of Württemberg
William I of Württemberg(Württemberg)
17 June 1818
18 June 1839
7 March 1849husband's accession
11 May 1867Limburg became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
3 June 1877
William III
See also
Duchess of Brabant
List of Lotharingian consorts
List of Burgundian consorts
List of consorts of Luxembourg
Countess of Flanders
Countess of Holland
List of Dutch consorts
vteDutch royal titlesKing & Queen
Netherlands
Prince & Princess
Orange
Orange-Nassau
Grand Duke & Grand Duchess
Luxemburg
Duke & Duchess
Limburg
Count & Countess
Orange-Nassau
Count
Buren
Culemborg
Leerdam
Dietz
Katzenelnbogen
Spiegelberg
Vianden
Viscount
Antwerp
Marquis
Flushing
Veere
Baron
Breda, Cranendonck
Lands of Cuijk
Eindhoven
City of Grave
IJsselstein
Liesveld
Diest
Herstal
Warneton
Beilstein
Arlay
Nozeroy
Hereditary Lord
Baarn
Borculo
Bredevoort
Geertruidenberg
Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe
Klundert
Lichtenvoorde
't Loo
Naaldwijk
Niervaart
Polanen
Steenbergen
Sint Maartensdijk
Soest
Ter Eem
Willemstad
Zevenbergen
Bütgenbach
Sankt Vith
Turnhout
Besançon
Montfort
Dasburg
Lord
Ameland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg"}],"text":"See also: Duke of Limburg","title":"Duchess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Ardennes, 1065–1119","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Ardennes, 1119–1283","text":"Interregnum (1283–1288)","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Leuven, 1288–1406","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Valois, 1406–1482","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Habsburg, 1482–1700","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Bourbon, 1700–1706","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Habsburg, 1706–1780","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Habsburg-Lorraine, 1780–1794","title":"Countess of Limburg"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"House of Orange-Nassau, 1839–1866","title":"Countess of Limburg"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Duchess of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Brabant"},{"title":"List of Lotharingian consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lotharingian_consorts"},{"title":"List of Burgundian consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Burgundian_consorts"},{"title":"List of consorts of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Luxembourg"},{"title":"Countess of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Flanders"},{"title":"Countess of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Holland"},{"title":"List of Dutch consorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_consorts"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dutch_royal_titles"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Dutch_royal_titles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_royal_titles"},{"title":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"title":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_consorts"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amsterdam_wapenbord.JPG"},{"title":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange"},{"title":"Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"title":"Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg"},{"title":"Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg"},{"title":"Duchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Limburg"},{"title":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"title":"Countess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess"},{"title":"Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"title":"Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Buren"},{"title":"Culemborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Culemborg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Leerdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Leerdam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Dietz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Katzenelnbogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Katzenelnbogen"},{"title":"Spiegelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Spiegelberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Vianden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vianden"},{"title":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viscount_of_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Flushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Flushing"},{"title":"Veere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Veere"},{"title":"Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Breda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cranendonck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Cranendonck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lands of Cuijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_the_Lands_of_Cuijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Eindhoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Eindhoven&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"City of Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_the_City_of_Grave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"IJsselstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_IJsselstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Liesveld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Liesveld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Diest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Diest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Herstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Herstal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Warneton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Warneton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Beilstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Beilstein&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Arlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Arlay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Nozeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_of_Nozeroy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Baarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Baarn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Borculo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Borculo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bredevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Bredevoort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Geertruidenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Hooge_en_Lage_Zwaluwe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Klundert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Klundert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Lichtenvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Lichtenvoorde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"'t Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_%27t_Loo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Naaldwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Naaldwijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Niervaart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Niervaart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Polanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Polanen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Steenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Steenbergen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sint Maartensdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Sint_Maartensdijk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Soest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Soest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ter Eem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Ter_Eem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Willemstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Willemstad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Zevenbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Zevenbergen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bütgenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_B%C3%BCtgenbach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sankt Vith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Sankt_Vith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Turnhout&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Besançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Besan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Montfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Montfort,_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Dasburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_Dasburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ameland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Lordship_of_Ameland&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningvere_Lake
|
List of lakes of Estonia
|
["1 Largest lakes","2 All lakes","3 See also","4 External links"]
|
This is a list of lakes (including reservoirs) in Estonia.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2023)
Largest lakes
Largest lakes of Estonia
#
Name
Area
Greatest depth
Average depth
Length of shoreline
Notes
ha
acre
m
ft
m
ft
km
miles
1.
Peipsi (Peipus)
351,144.9
867,698
17.6
57.7
8.0
26.2
788.410
489.895
Shared with Russia, 1,570 km2 (610 sq mi) in Estonia
2.
Võrtsjärv
26,901.5
66,475
6.0
19.7
2.8
9.2
130.874
81.321
3.
Narva Reservoir
10,226.8
25,271
9.0
29.5
1.9
6.2
209.484
130.167
Shared with Russia, 40 km2 (15 sq mi) in Estonia
4.
Ülemiste
940.9
2,325
4.2
13.8
2.5
8.2
15.219
9.457
Source of drinking water for Tallinn
5.
Saadjärv
724.5
1,790
25.0
82.0
8.0
26.2
19.362
12.031
6.
Vagula
602.8
1,490
11.5
37.7
5.3
17.4
17.838
11.084
7.
Suurlaht
531.0
1,312
2.1
6.9
1.2
3.9
16.173
10.049
Part of Mullutu-Suurlaht
8.
Veisjärv
481.1
1,189
4.0
13.1
1.3
4.3
9.047
5.622
9.
Ermistu
456.2
1,127
2.9
9.5
1.3
4.3
19.545
12.145
10.
Paunküla Reservoir
415.8
1,027
8.7
28.5
3.4
11.2
25.541
15.870
Source of drinking water for Tallinn
11.
Mullutu Bay
412.7
1,020
1.7
5.6
0.9
3.0
19.530
12.135
Part of Mullutu-Suurlaht
12.
Kuremaa
399.6
987
13.8
45.3
5.9
19.4
11.261
6.997
13.
Karujärv
345.6
854
5.5
18.0
1.6
5.2
12.276
7.628
14.
Kahala
345.6
854
2.8
9.2
0.9
3.0
8.727
5.423
15.
Tõhela
338.5
836
1.5
4.9
1.3
4.3
12.021
7.470
16.
Pühajärv
290.7
718
8.5
27.9
4.3
14.1
16.332
10.148
17.
2nd sedimentary pool of Estonian Thermal Power Plant
290.6
718
9.354
5.812
18.
Endla
285.9
706
2.4
7.9
1.5
4.9
28.057
17.434
19.
Koosa
282.7
699
1.9
6.2
1.2
3.9
7.741
4.810
20.
Soodla Reservoir
262.8
649
13.0
42.7
3.2
10.5
26.542
16.492
Source of drinking water for Tallinn
21.
Kaiavere
248.0
613
5.0
16.4
2.8
9.2
8.442
5.246
22.
Aheru
232.5
575
4.5
14.8
3.7
12.1
10.127
6.293
23.
Undu Bay
226.9
561
16,722
10.391
24.
Tamula
208.9
516
7.5
24.6
4.2
13.8
6.465
4.017
25.
Hino
207.1
512
10.4
34.1
3.1
10.2
11.516
7.156
26.
Sutlepa Sea
203.3
502
1.5
4.9
1.2
3.9
11.802
7.333
27.
Kalli
198.7
491
1.4
4.6
1.1
3.6
11.634
7.229
28.
Raku
196.9
487
12.0
39.4
7.0
23.0
15.083
9.372
29.
Lavassaare
196.0
484
1.0
3.3
0.7
2.3
7.146
4.440
30.
Õisu
193.7
479
4.3
14.1
2.8
9.2
6.985
4.340
All lakes
List is incomplete
Name
Area (ha)
Greatestdepth
Averagedepth
Length ofshoreline
Location(County, Municipality)
Notes
Image
Coordinates
Aabra Lake
Aardla Lake
Aastejärv
10.6
1m
Saaremaa, Saare
58°30′21″ N. sh. 21°55′48″ E. d.
Adriska
4.1
1182 km
Saare County, Saaremaa Parish
Aeli Lake
9.9
Agali Lake
Agusalu Lake
2.7
Aheru
Ähijärv
Küti Ahijärv
1.3
Ahvenajärv
0.9
11
Harju, Anija
Päidla Ahvenjärv
5.6
5.1
1030
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Ainja Sinejärv
Aknajärv
Akste
Alatskivi Lake
Alatskivi
Prandi Allikajärv
1.0
Alopi
Andsu lakes
Äntu lakes
Arbi Lake
Arojärv
Auksi
Eistvere lake
Engli Lake
Elistvere Lake
Erastvere Lake
Erastvere
Lake Ermistu
456.2
2.9
1.3
19,545
Haanja kõverjärv
Harju Bay
Saare County
Earlier was a bay
Lake Harku
Hilba
Lake Hino
Holvandi Kivijärv
Hüüdru
Illi lakes
Lake Imatu
Imatu
Lake Jaala
Jaala
Jalase Lake
2.5
Jänukjärv
Lake Järvemäe
Lake Järvepää
Järvepää
Jõksi
Kahrila
Kadastiku Lake
7.2
Lake Kahala
345.6
2.8
0.9
8,727
Kajumeri
Kakerdi
Kalijärv
Lake Kalli
Kalmejärv
3.0
3.0
450
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Kanariku
Võru County, Võru Parish
Kappelkärre
Karijärv
Karjatse meri
Kärnjärv
Karsna
Karujärv
345.6
5.5
1.6
Karula Lake
22.1
Kasaritsa verijärv
Lake Käsmu
Kastjärv
Kaunissaare Reservoir
Lake Kauru
Lake Kavadi
Keema lakes
Lake Keeri
Kiidjärv
Kikkajärv
Lake Kirikumäe
Kirikumäe
Kiruvere Lake
Kisejärv
Kisejärve lakes
Lake Klooga
Klooga
Kõnnu Pikkjärv
Konsu järv
Koolma Lake
6.4
Lake Koosa
Koosa
Kose Valgjärv
Krokatstaindappen
Kubija
Kuningvere Lake
24.5
Lake Kuremaa
399.6
13.8
5.9
Kurgjärv
Kurtna Valgejärv
8.6
part of Kurtna Lake District
Päidla Kõverjärv
6.1
5.7
1300
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Lake Küti
Lahojärv
Lake Peipus
Lämmijärv
Lake Lasva
Lasva
Laukasoo Suurlaugas
4
Lääne-Viru
Lake Lavassaare
Lavassaare
Leevaku paisjärv
Leigo
Lihlhamne
4.8
Lääne
Limu Lake
19.8
Viitna Linajärv
4.2
Linnulaht
Saare
Earlier was a bay
Lake Lohja
Lõõdla
Lake Loosu
Luigetiik
Lüübnitsa umbjärv
Lake Maardu
Maardu
Maksameri
Lake Männiku
Martiska Lake
3.0
Lake Meelva
Mehikoorma Umbjärv
Möldri meri
Päidla Mõisajärv
15.3
6.8
4.2
1700
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Mõrtsuka
23.8
5.4
3.7
2950
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Päidla Mudajärv
1.2
416
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Mullutu laht
412.7
1.7
0.9
Lake Murati
Murati
Must-Jaala
1.1
Ida-Viru
Narva Reservoir
10,226.8
9.0
1.9
209,484
Neitsijärv
Nikejärv
4.0
Niinsaare
Noodasjärv
Nootjärv
Nõuni Lake
81.7
14.7
6.1
5800
Valga, Otepää
Largest lake of the Päidla Lake District
Väike-Nõuni
6.3
7
1025
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Näkijärv
11.7
4.3
3
1420
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Nüpli
Nurme Lake
20.5
Oandu Lake
3.5
Oessaare Bay
formerly a bay
Pabra
Paide Tehisjärv
Lake Paidra
Paidra
Palojüri
Pangodi Lake
Pannjärv
Pappjärv
Paukjärv
Paunküla Reservoir
415.8
8.7
3,4
Peipus (Peipsi)
351,144.9
17.6
8.0
788,410
Pesujärv
Petajärv
3.5
Piigandi Lake
Pillapalu Kivijärv
8.6
Pskov (Pihkva)
Piirakajärv
Pillejärv
Plaani Külajärv
Poogandi Lake
Lake Porkuni
Porkuni
Puide Reservoir
Punane
0.2
Ida-Viru
Põrmujärv
Prossa
Pühajärv
290.7
8.5
4.3
16,332
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Pullijärv
Purgatsi
4.7
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Räätsma
Räbi
9.5
5
1577
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Lake Raigastvere
Raigastvere
Räpina paisjärv
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Lake Ratva
Ratva
Riisipere Valgejärv
10.9
Harju
part of Valgejärve Landscape Conservation Area
Riiska
4.3
Valga
Ropka
8.5
Roosna lake
2.9
Rõuge Liinjärv
Rõuge Suurjärv
Rõuge Valgjärv
Saadjärv
724.5
25.0
8.0
19,362
Saare Lake
27.0
Selgjärv
Šnelli tiik
Soitsjärv
Lake Soka (Saka Lake)
21.5
Sõmerpalu paisjärv
Supilinna pond
Sutlepa meri
Suur-Kikkajärv
Suur Pehmejärv
Suurlaht
531.0
2.1
1.2
16,173
Suur Saarjärv
10.9
Lake Tabina
Tabina
Lake Tamula
Tamula
Lake Tihu
Tikste Lake
1.7
Toku Lake
1.3
Lake Tõhela
338.5
1.5
1.3
Tõlinõmme Lake
6.5
Lake Tooma
Lake Tudu
Ubajärv
Uhtjärv
Päidla Uibojärv
2.2
4.6
675
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Lake Ülemiste
940.9
4.2
2.5
15,219
Lake Uljaste
Üvarjärv
Lake Vagula
602.8
11.5
5.3
17,838
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Neeruti Vahejärv
5.9
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3.4
Vahtsõkivi Lake
69.5
4.6
Võru County, Antsla Parish
artificial
Väike-Aavoja Reservoir
5.5
part of Aavoja
Päidla Väikejärv
2.8
600
Valga, Otepää
Päidla Lake District
Väike Karujärv
Väike-Niinsaare
0.6
Ida-Viru
Väike-Palkna Lake
Vaikne
Väimela Alajärv
Väimela Mäejärv
Väinjärv
Koorküla Valgjärv
44.1
Otepää Valgjärv
60.0
Nohipalu Valgjärv
6.3
Vällämäe Küläjärv
Lake Vanamõisa
Vasavere Lake
41.5
Vaskjala Reservoir
Vaskna
Vasula
8.5
Veisjärv
481.1
4.0
1.3
9,047
Verevi Lake
Veskijärv
Viisjaagu Lake
23.0
Virtsiku
2.1
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7.5
Lake Vissi
Võngjärv
Vöölameri
Võrtsjärv
26,901.5
6.0
2.8
130,874
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of lakes of Estonia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Largest lakes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List is incomplete","title":"All lakes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Lakes portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lakes"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_lakes_of_Estonia&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chapu
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Battle of Chapu
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["1 Battle","2 Aftermath","3 Gallery","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]
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Coordinates: 30°36′22″N 121°5′46″E / 30.60611°N 121.09611°E / 30.60611; 121.09611Battle of ChapuPart of the First Opium WarMap of the battle of ChapuDate18 May 1842LocationZhapu, Zhejiang, China30°36′22″N 121°5′46″E / 30.60611°N 121.09611°E / 30.60611; 121.09611Result
British victoryBelligerents
United Kingdom
British East India Company
Qing dynastyCommanders and leaders
Hugh Gough
William Parker
Nicholas Tomlinson †
Changxi chapooStrength
8 ships
2,220 land troops
8,000–10,000Casualties and losses
13 killed
52 wounded
5,000–6,500
14 junks captured
Battle of ChapuTraditional Chinese乍浦之戰Simplified Chinese乍浦之战TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhàpǔ zhī Zhàn
vteFirst Opium War
Kowloon
1st Chuenpi
1st Chusan
Barrier
2nd Chuenpi
Bogue
First Bar
Whampoa
Broadway
1st Canton
2nd Canton
Sanyuanli
Amoy
2nd Chusan
Chinhai
Ningpo
Tzeki
Chapu
Woosung
Chinkiang
Nerbudda
The Battle of Chapu was fought between British and Qing forces at Chapu (present-day Zhapu) on the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay during the First Opium War.
Battle
Before the attack, the British commander, Major General Hugh Gough divided his forces into three: a column of infantry on the left (863 men) and right (969 men), with artillery in the centre. Gough accompanied the right column, which landed first on May 16. The remaining troops moved round to the rear of the enemy thereby cutting their communications with Zhapu. Meanwhile, the accompanying steamers began a bombardment of the city's defences. In Gough's own words: "The enemy were completely taken by surprise; as usual, they were unprepared for anything except a frontal attack. They gave way on all sides and took to flight, with the exception of a body of some 300 Tartar troops who seized a small joss-house, and held it with indomitable pluck and perseverance."
Multiple assaults proved necessary to capture the joss-house with casualties suffered on both sides; eventually it fell and after each of the gates had been captured, the city fell to the British. Not without cost and Gough lost one of his most accomplished field commanders Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Tomlinson who was killed personally leading a breaching party of the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot.
Aftermath
The British did not remain in Zhapu long. They captured the city's ordnance and destroyed its arsenals before moving on to attack Wusong.
Hailing, the Manchu commander at Zhenjiang, received the report of Zhapu's surrender on June 18. The Manchus committed mass suicide while the Han Chinese discussed the situation with the British. When hostilities ceased, Chinese official Yilibu returned sixteen kidnapped British soldiers to Gough in "recognition of his courtesy in releasing the Chinese captured at Chapoo".
Gallery
Engagement at the joss house
Joss House, Chapoo. Death of Col. Tomlinson
Close of the attack on Chapu
References
Citations
^ Bulletins of State Intelligence 1842, pp. 918–920
^ Rait 1903, p. 263
^ Bulletins of State Intelligence 1842, p. 916
^ a b c d Rait 1903, p. 265
^ Bulletins of State Intelligence 1842, p. 918
^ Rait 1903, p. 264
^ Battle of, Chapu. "Online Collection National Army Museum, London". collection.nam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
^ Rait 1903, p. 266
^ Elliott, Mark (June 1990). "Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan". Late Imperial China 11 (1): 51.
Bibliography
Bulletins of State Intelligence. Westminster: F. Watts. 1842.
Rait, Robert S. (1903). The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal. Volume 1. Westminster: Archibald Constable.
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Not without cost and Gough lost one of his most accomplished field commanders Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Tomlinson who was killed personally leading a breaching party of the 18th (Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot.[7]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attack Wusong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Woosung"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Zhenjiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhenjiang"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p._265-4"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"Yilibu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilibu"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"The British did not remain in Zhapu long. They captured the city's ordnance and destroyed its arsenals before moving on to attack Wusong.[8]Hailing, the Manchu commander at Zhenjiang, received the report of Zhapu's surrender on June 18.[9] The Manchus committed mass suicide[where?] while the Han Chinese discussed the situation with the British.[4] When hostilities[which?] ceased, Chinese official Yilibu returned sixteen kidnapped British soldiers to Gough in \"recognition of his courtesy in releasing the Chinese captured at Chapoo\".[clarification needed]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engagement_at_joss-house.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joss_House,_Chapoo_1842.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_of_the_attack_on_Chapoo.jpg"}],"text":"Engagement at the joss house\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJoss House, Chapoo. Death of Col. Tomlinson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose of the attack on Chapu","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Claret_y_Clar%C3%A1
|
Anthony Mary Claret
|
["1 Life","2 Claretians","3 Archbishop","4 Last years","5 Works","6 Veneration","7 Educational legacy","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 Sources","12 External links"]
|
Spanish archbishop (1807-1870)
SaintAnthony Mary ClaretCMFArchbishop of Santiago de CubaAnthony Mary Claret photographed in 1860ChurchCatholic ChurchSeeSantiago de CubaInstalled1849Term ended1857PredecessorCirilo de Alameda y Brea, O.F.M.SuccessorManuel María Negueruela MendiOther post(s)Titular Archbishop of TrajanopolisPersonal detailsBorn(1807-12-23)December 23, 1807Sallent, Barcelona, SpainDiedOctober 24, 1870(1870-10-24) (aged 62)Fontfroide, Narbonne, FranceSainthoodFeast dayOctober 24October 23 (local calendars and pre-1970 General Roman Calendar)Venerated inCatholic ChurchBeatifiedFebruary 25, 1934Romeby Pope Pius XICanonizedMay 7, 1950Romeby Pope Pius XIIAttributesBishop's robe, crozier, an open book, catechism, 2 students beside him at his side and having his bent arm pointing to the skyPatronageTextile merchants, weavers, savings (taught the poor the importance of savings), Catholic press, Claretians, Dioceses of the Canary Islands, Claretian students, Claretian educators and Claretian educational institutions, FoundationsCoat of arms of Saint Anthony Mary Claret
Anthony Mary Claret, CMF (Catalan: Antoni Maria Claret i Clarà; Spanish: Antonio María Claret y Clarà; December 23, 1807 – October 24, 1870) was a Spanish Catholic prelate and missionary who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba and was the confessor of Isabella II of Spain. He founded the congregation of Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, commonly called the Claretians.
In addition to the Claretians, which in the early 21st century had over 450 houses and 3100 members, with missions in five continents, Claret founded or drew up the rules of several communities of religious sisters. His zealous life and the wonders he wrought, both before and after his death, testified to his sanctity. Claret is the patron saint of weavers.
Life
Anthony Maria Claret i Clarà was born in Sallent, in the county of Bages in the Province of Barcelona, on December 23, 1807, the fifth of the eleven children of Juan and Josefa Claret. His father was a woollen manufacturer. As a child he enjoyed pilgrimages to the nearby Shrine of Our Lady of Fussimanya.
Claret received an elementary education in his native village, and at the age of twelve became a weaver. At the age of eighteen, he went to Barcelona to specialize in his trade as a Jacquard loom programmer, and remained there until he was 20 years old. Meanwhile, he devoted his spare time to study and became proficient in Latin, French and engraving.
Frightened that his love of programming was causing him to become obsessed and burned out, and recognizing a call to religious life, he left Barcelona. He wished to become a Carthusian monk but finally entered the diocesan seminary at Vic in 1829, and was ordained on June 13, 1835, on the feast of St. Anthony of Padua. He received a benefice in his native parish, where he continued to study theology until 1839; but as missionary work strongly appealed to him, he proceeded to Rome. There he entered the Jesuit novitiate but had to leave due to ill health. He then returned to Spain and exercised his pastoral ministry in Viladrau and Girona, attracting notice through his efforts on behalf of the poor. In an area despoiled by the Carlist civil war, he added the practice of rustic medicine to his other endeavors.
Recalled by his superiors to Vic, Claret was sent as Apostolic Missionary throughout Catalonia which had suffered from French invasions. He travelled from one mission to the next on foot. An eloquent preacher fluent in the Catalan language, he drew people from miles around. After a lengthy time in the pulpit, he would spend long hours in the confessional. He was said to have had the gift of discernment of consciences. In 1848 Claret's life was threatened by anti-clerical enemies and he was sent to the Canary Islands where he gave retreats for 15 months. His missions were so well attended that he often preached from an improvised pulpit in the plaza before the church.
Claretians
On his return to Spain, he established the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (The Claretians) on July 16, 1849, the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and founded the great religious library at Barcelona which was called "Librería Religiosa" (now "Librería Claret"). Pope Pius IX gave approval to the congregation on December 22, 1865.
Archbishop
Portrait of Archbishop Anthony Mary Claret by Luis de Madrazo (Museum of Romanticism, Madrid)
Pope Pius IX, at the request of the Spanish crown (Queen-regnant Isabella II of Spain), appointed him Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba, in 1849. He was consecrated at Vic in October 1850. Before he embarked, he made three separate pilgrimages: to Our Lady of the Pillar, patroness of Spain; to the Virgin of Montserrat, patroness of Catalonia; and to Our Lady of Fussimanya, near his home village.
The Santiago seminary was reorganized, clerical discipline strengthened, and over 9,000 marriages validated within the first two years of his arrival. He erected a hospital and numerous schools. Three times he made a visitation of the entire diocese, giving local missions incessantly. Among his great initiatives were trade or vocational schools for disadvantaged children and credit unions for the use of the poor. He wrote books about rural spirituality and agricultural methods, which he himself tested first. On August 25, 1855, he founded the Religious of Mary Immaculate together with Maria Antonia Paris. The congregation was considered as the first women religious institute in Cuba. He also visited jails and hospitals, defended the oppressed and denounced racism. His work stirred up opposition and at Holguín his cheek was stabbed by a would-be assassin, who was associated with freemasonry. Claret obtained a commutation of the assailant's death sentence to a term in prison.
Claret was an exceptional preacher with incredible charisms: witnesses said his body would become transfigured while preaching or in prayer, he would levitate up to six feet off the ground at times in front of credible witnesses, he stopped a series of earthquakes in Cuba by kneeling on the ground and placing his palms to the earth while uttering prayers, he could calm terrible storms by raising a hand to the sky and blessing the storm clouds, he experienced apparitions of both Jesus and Mary, and was even seen walking on water. In addition, a supernatural light that radiated from his body while he was saying Mass was seen by many. It was so intense at times that one witness said he saw the light radiate from his body behind the altar all the way to the sacristy. Queen Isabella of Spain even produced a written statement solemnly declaring that she had personally witnessed this phenomenon.
On September 3, 1859, Claret claimed he had heard Jesus tell him that there were three great evils that were descending upon mankind: the first was a series of enormous, horrifying wars; the second, the four powerful demons of pleasure, love of money, false reasoning and a will separated from God. Finally, in addition to a grievance he had with certain Christians who had left the church, Jesus told Claret that the third chastisement would be brought about by Communism, an unknown, fledgling movement that only had hundreds of followers at the time.
Photograph of Saint Anthony Mary Claret, c. 1862
Two years after the September 3 warning, during benediction of the Blessed Sacrament in August 1861, Claret again said he was warned interiorly by Jesus that Communism was to be the great foe of humanity. The remedy, Jesus told him, would include devotion to the Blessed Sacrament (also known as the Eucharist) and the Rosary.
In February 1857, Claret was recalled to Spain by Queen Isabella II, who made him her confessor. He obtained permission to resign his Cuban see and was appointed to the titular see of Trajanopolis. His influence was now directed solely to help the poor and to propagate learning; he lived frugally and took up his residence in an Italian hospice. For nine years he was rector of the Escorial monastic school, where he established a scientific laboratory, a museum of natural history, a library, college and schools of music and languages. In 1868, a new revolution dethroned the queen and sent her with her family into exile. Claret's life was also in danger, so he accompanied her to France. This gave him the opportunity to preach the Gospel in Paris. He stayed with them for a while, then went to Rome where he was received by Pope Pius IX.
He continued his popular missions and distribution of books wherever he went in accompanying the Spanish Court. When Isabella recognized the new, secular government of a united Italy, he left the Court and hastened to take his place by the side of the pope. At the latter's command, however, he returned to Madrid with faculties for absolving the queen from the censures she had incurred.
Last years
In 1869 he went to Rome to prepare for the First Vatican Council. Owing to failing health he withdrew to Prada de Conflent in the French Pyrenees, where he was still harassed by his Spanish enemies; shortly afterwards he retired to the Cistercian abbey at Fontfroide, Narbonne, southern France, where he died on October 24, 1870, aged 62.
His remains were buried in the Catalan city of Vic, in the County of Osona.
Works
Anthony Mary Claret wrote 144 books. By his sermons and writings he contributed greatly to bring about the revival of the Catalan language, although most of his works were published in Spanish, especially during his stay in Cuba and Madrid. His Autobiography of Anthony Mary Claret is an autobiography that, according to the introduction, was written from 1861 to 1862 at the command of Anthony's spiritual director, Joseph Xifré. The autobiography is divided into chapters. Chapter XVIII is about Anthony's "inner enlightenments." In this chapter, Anthony claims to have received private revelation. In section 694, he claims that on August 26, 1861, he experienced an Eucharistic miracle. In section 695, he claims that, the next day, he had a vision of Jesus speaking of the future.
His printed works number more than one hundred, including "La escala de Jacob"; "Máximas de moral la más pura"; "Avisos";
"Catecismo explicado con láminas"; "La llave de oro";
"Selectos panegíricos" (11 volumes); "Sermones de misión" (3 volumes); "Misión de la mujer"; "Vida de Sta. Mónica"; "La Virgen del Pilar y los Francmasones."
In addition to the Claretians, which in the early 21st century had over 450 houses and 3100 members, with missions in five continents, Archbishop Claret founded or drew up the rules of several communities of religious sisters.
Veneration
His zealous life and the wonders he wrought, both before and after his death, testified to his sanctity. Information was sought in 1887 and he was declared venerable by Pope Leo XIII in 1899. His relics were transferred to the mission house at Vic in 1897, at which time his heart was found incorrupt. His grave is visited by many pilgrims.
Anthony Mary Claret was beatified in Rome by Pope Pius XI on February 24, 1934. He was canonized 16 years later by Pope Pius XII on May 7, 1950. Pope John XXIII included him in the General Roman Calendar in 1960, and fixed his feast on October 23, where it remained for nine years until the 1969 revision of the calendar moved it to the day of his death, October 24, which had been the feast of Saint Raphael the Archangel since 1921.
Anthony Mary Claret is the patron saint of weavers.
Educational legacy
Many educational institutions ranging from kindergarten to undergraduate school are named after Claret and run by the Claretians in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. They are located in Catalonia (Barcelona, Valls and Sabadell), rest of Spain (Madrid, Gran Canaria, Sevilla, and Valencia), Colombia (Cali), Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo), Peru (Trujillo, Huancayo, Arequipa and Lima), Argentina (Buenos Aires and Bahía Blanca), Venezuela (Caracas, Maracaibo and Mérida), Equatorial Guinea (Malabo), Chile (Temuco), Costa Rica (Heredia), the Philippines (Zamboanga City, Quezon City), India (Ziro), and Bangalore.
In popular culture
He is portrayed by Antonio Reyes in the 2022 film Slaves and Kings, produced by the Claretians and Stellarum Films, and directed by Pablo Moreno. The film is a re-release of the 2020 film Claret.
See also
Claretians
List of Catholic saints
Autobiography of Anthony Mary Claret
References
^ a b c St. Anthony Claret, Restless Apostle, Claretian Publications, Chicago, Illinois
^ Claret, St Anthony Mary (2009). The Autobiography of St. Anthony Mary Claret. TAN Books. ISBN 978-1-5051-0457-8.
^ Callahan, William James. Church, politics, and society in Spain, 1750-1874 p.298, 1984 "Antonio Claret (1807-1870), the son of a Catalan textile manufacturer, ... After serving as a parish assistant, he began a successful career as a missionary in Catalonia during the 1840s."
^ a b c d "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ven. Antonio Maria Claret y Clara". www.newadvent.org.
^ a b c "The Congregation | Claretian Missionaries—USA-Canada Province". www.claretiansusa.org.
^ a b "Miller OFM, Don. "Saint Anthony Mary Claret", Franciscan Media". Archived from the original on 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
^ The Miracles of St. Anthony Mary Claret by Juan Echevarria
^ a b "Our Lady of Fatima and the Fall of Communism - Craig Turner". Lighthouse Catholic Media.
^ Vinas 1976, p. 3.
^ Vinas 1976, pp. 114–115.
^ "MAY 7 – CANONIZATION OF FATHER FOUNDER". September 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 22, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
^ Canonization of Claret Movie showing images from the canonization of Anthony Mary Claret
^ "Inicio". www.claretlaspalmas.es.
^ "Claretian order in Seville website". Archived from the original on September 20, 2008.
^ "Colegio Claret Buenos Aires – Colegio Claret del la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, desde 1950 en Misión Educativa, enseñando para la vida". Colegio Claret Buenos Aires – Colegio Claret del la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, desde 1950 en Misión Educativa, enseñando para la vida (in Spanish). 2020-06-02. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
^ "Claretian order in Caracas, Venezuela website". Retrieved 2020-10-24.
^ "Claretian order in Temuco website". Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ "Inicio | Colegio Claretiano". www.claretiano.com.
^ Claretian order in Zamboanga City website Archived December 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Home". Claret School of Quezon City.
Vinas, Jose Maria, ed. (1976), Saint Anthony Mary Claret–Autobiography (PDF), Chicago: Claretian Publications
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ven. Antonio María Claret y Clará". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antoni Maria Claret.
Instituto Claret San Blas 1640, Villa General Mitre, Capital Federal, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, A-0380 (in Spanish)
Catholic Encyclopedia: Congregations of the Heart of Mary
"A Very Special Patron: Saint Anthony Mary Claret" article Catholicism.org
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessor"},{"link_name":"Isabella II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_congregation"},{"link_name":"Claretians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians"}],"text":"Anthony Mary Claret, CMF (Catalan: Antoni Maria Claret i Clarà; Spanish: Antonio María Claret y Clarà; December 23, 1807 – October 24, 1870) was a Spanish Catholic prelate and missionary who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba and was the confessor of Isabella II of Spain. He founded the congregation of Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, commonly called the Claretians.In addition to the Claretians, which in the early 21st century had over 450 houses and 3100 members, with missions in five continents, Claret founded or drew up the rules of several communities of religious sisters. His zealous life and the wonders he wrought, both before and after his death, testified to his sanctity. Claret is the patron saint of weavers.","title":"Anthony Mary Claret"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sallent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallent_de_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Bages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bages"},{"link_name":"Province of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarpub-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaver_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"Jacquard loom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom"},{"link_name":"engraving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"religious life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_life"},{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"novitiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Viladrau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viladrau"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macerlean-4"},{"link_name":"Carlist civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Catalan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarpub-1"}],"text":"Anthony Maria Claret i Clarà was born in Sallent, in the county of Bages in the Province of Barcelona, on December 23, 1807, the fifth of the eleven children of Juan and Josefa Claret. His father was a woollen manufacturer. As a child he enjoyed pilgrimages to the nearby Shrine of Our Lady of Fussimanya.[1][2]Claret received an elementary education in his native village, and at the age of twelve became a weaver. At the age of eighteen, he went to Barcelona to specialize in his trade as a Jacquard loom programmer, and remained there until he was 20 years old. Meanwhile, he devoted his spare time to study and became proficient in Latin, French and engraving.[3]Frightened that his love of programming was causing him to become obsessed and burned out, and recognizing a call to religious life, he left Barcelona. He wished to become a Carthusian monk but finally entered the diocesan seminary at Vic in 1829, and was ordained on June 13, 1835, on the feast of St. Anthony of Padua. He received a benefice in his native parish, where he continued to study theology until 1839; but as missionary work strongly appealed to him, he proceeded to Rome. There he entered the Jesuit novitiate but had to leave due to ill health. He then returned to Spain and exercised his pastoral ministry in Viladrau and Girona, attracting notice through his efforts on behalf of the poor.[4] In an area despoiled by the Carlist civil war, he added the practice of rustic medicine to his other endeavors.Recalled by his superiors to Vic, Claret was sent as Apostolic Missionary throughout Catalonia which had suffered from French invasions. He travelled from one mission to the next on foot. An eloquent preacher fluent in the Catalan language, he drew people from miles around. After a lengthy time in the pulpit, he would spend long hours in the confessional. He was said to have had the gift of discernment of consciences. In 1848 Claret's life was threatened by anti-clerical enemies and he was sent to the Canary Islands where he gave retreats for 15 months. His missions were so well attended that he often preached from an improvised pulpit in the plaza before the church.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Missionary_Sons_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"The Claretians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060425194428/http://www.claretians.org/site/PageServer?pagename=clr_homepage"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macerlean-4"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clusa-5"}],"text":"On his return to Spain, he established the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (The Claretians) on July 16, 1849, the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and founded the great religious library at Barcelona which was called \"Librería Religiosa\" (now \"Librería Claret\").[4] Pope Pius IX gave approval to the congregation on December 22, 1865.[5]","title":"Claretians"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Claret_(Museo_Nacional_del_Romanticismo_de_Madrid).jpg"},{"link_name":"Luis de Madrazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Madrazo"},{"link_name":"Museum of Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Romanticism_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of the Pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar"},{"link_name":"Virgin of Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarpub-1"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_visitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macerlean-4"},{"link_name":"Maria Antonia Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Paris"},{"link_name":"Holguín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holgu%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clusa-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Padre_Claret,_de_Jean_Laurent.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"titular see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_see"},{"link_name":"Trajanopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianoupoli"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Escorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escorial"},{"link_name":"monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clusa-5"},{"link_name":"faculties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macerlean-4"}],"text":"Portrait of Archbishop Anthony Mary Claret by Luis de Madrazo (Museum of Romanticism, Madrid)Pope Pius IX, at the request of the Spanish crown (Queen-regnant Isabella II of Spain), appointed him Archbishop of Santiago de Cuba, in 1849. He was consecrated at Vic in October 1850. Before he embarked, he made three separate pilgrimages: to Our Lady of the Pillar, patroness of Spain; to the Virgin of Montserrat, patroness of Catalonia; and to Our Lady of Fussimanya, near his home village.[1]The Santiago seminary was reorganized, clerical discipline strengthened, and over 9,000 marriages validated within the first two years of his arrival. He erected a hospital and numerous schools. Three times he made a visitation of the entire diocese, giving local missions incessantly.[4] Among his great initiatives were trade or vocational schools for disadvantaged children and credit unions for the use of the poor. He wrote books about rural spirituality and agricultural methods, which he himself tested first. On August 25, 1855, he founded the Religious of Mary Immaculate together with Maria Antonia Paris. The congregation was considered as the first women religious institute in Cuba. He also visited jails and hospitals, defended the oppressed and denounced racism. His work stirred up opposition and at Holguín his cheek was stabbed by a would-be assassin, who was associated with freemasonry.[5] Claret obtained a commutation of the assailant's death sentence to a term in prison.[6]Claret was an exceptional preacher with incredible charisms: witnesses said his body would become transfigured while preaching or in prayer, he would levitate up to six feet off the ground at times in front of credible witnesses, he stopped a series of earthquakes in Cuba by kneeling on the ground and placing his palms to the earth while uttering prayers, he could calm terrible storms by raising a hand to the sky and blessing the storm clouds, he experienced apparitions of both Jesus and Mary, and was even seen walking on water. In addition, a supernatural light that radiated from his body while he was saying Mass was seen by many. It was so intense at times that one witness said he saw the light radiate from his body behind the altar all the way to the sacristy. Queen Isabella of Spain even produced a written statement solemnly declaring that she had personally witnessed this phenomenon.[7]On September 3, 1859, Claret claimed he had heard Jesus tell him that there were three great evils that were descending upon mankind: the first was a series of enormous, horrifying wars; the second, the four powerful demons of pleasure, love of money, false reasoning and a will separated from God. Finally, in addition to a grievance he had with certain Christians who had left the church, Jesus told Claret that the third chastisement would be brought about by Communism, an unknown, fledgling movement that only had hundreds of followers at the time.[8]Photograph of Saint Anthony Mary Claret, c. 1862Two years after the September 3 warning, during benediction of the Blessed Sacrament in August 1861, Claret again said he was warned interiorly by Jesus that Communism was to be the great foe of humanity. The remedy, Jesus told him, would include devotion to the Blessed Sacrament (also known as the Eucharist) and the Rosary.[8]In February 1857, Claret was recalled to Spain by Queen Isabella II, who made him her confessor. He obtained permission to resign his Cuban see and was appointed to the titular see of Trajanopolis. His influence was now directed solely to help the poor and to propagate learning; he lived frugally and took up his residence in an Italian hospice. For nine years he was rector of the Escorial monastic school, where he established a scientific laboratory, a museum of natural history, a library, college and schools of music and languages. In 1868, a new revolution dethroned the queen and sent her with her family into exile. Claret's life was also in danger, so he accompanied her to France.[5] This gave him the opportunity to preach the Gospel in Paris. He stayed with them for a while, then went to Rome where he was received by Pope Pius IX.He continued his popular missions and distribution of books wherever he went in accompanying the Spanish Court. When Isabella recognized the new, secular government of a united Italy, he left the Court and hastened to take his place by the side of the pope. At the latter's command, however, he returned to Madrid with faculties for absolving the queen from the censures she had incurred.[4]","title":"Archbishop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"Prada de Conflent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prades,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales"},{"link_name":"Cistercian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian"},{"link_name":"Fontfroide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontfroide"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narbonne"},{"link_name":"Osona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osona"}],"text":"In 1869 he went to Rome to prepare for the First Vatican Council. Owing to failing health he withdrew to Prada de Conflent in the French Pyrenees, where he was still harassed by his Spanish enemies; shortly afterwards he retired to the Cistercian abbey at Fontfroide, Narbonne, southern France, where he died on October 24, 1870, aged 62.His remains were buried in the Catalan city of Vic, in the County of Osona.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"autobiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography"},{"link_name":"spiritual director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_director"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinas19763-9"},{"link_name":"private revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_revelation"},{"link_name":"Eucharistic miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinas1976114%E2%80%93115-10"}],"text":"Anthony Mary Claret wrote 144 books. By his sermons and writings he contributed greatly to bring about the revival of the Catalan language, although most of his works were published in Spanish, especially during his stay in Cuba and Madrid. His Autobiography of Anthony Mary Claret is an autobiography that, according to the introduction, was written from 1861 to 1862 at the command of Anthony's spiritual director, Joseph Xifré.[9] The autobiography is divided into chapters. Chapter XVIII is about Anthony's \"inner enlightenments.\" In this chapter, Anthony claims to have received private revelation. In section 694, he claims that on August 26, 1861, he experienced an Eucharistic miracle. In section 695, he claims that, the next day, he had a vision of Jesus speaking of the future.[10]His printed works number more than one hundred, including \"La escala de Jacob\"; \"Máximas de moral la más pura\"; \"Avisos\";\n\"Catecismo explicado con láminas\"; \"La llave de oro\";\n\"Selectos panegíricos\" (11 volumes); \"Sermones de misión\" (3 volumes); \"Misión de la mujer\"; \"Vida de Sta. Mónica\"; \"La Virgen del Pilar y los Francmasones.\"In addition to the Claretians, which in the early 21st century had over 450 houses and 3100 members, with missions in five continents, Archbishop Claret founded or drew up the rules of several communities of religious sisters.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"venerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"incorrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorruptibility"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatified"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonized"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"General Roman Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar"},{"link_name":"1969 revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis"},{"link_name":"Raphael the Archangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-6"}],"text":"His zealous life and the wonders he wrought, both before and after his death, testified to his sanctity. Information was sought in 1887 and he was declared venerable by Pope Leo XIII in 1899. His relics were transferred to the mission house at Vic in 1897, at which time his heart was found incorrupt. His grave is visited by many pilgrims.Anthony Mary Claret was beatified in Rome by Pope Pius XI on February 24, 1934. He was canonized 16 years later by Pope Pius XII on May 7, 1950.[11][12] Pope John XXIII included him in the General Roman Calendar in 1960, and fixed his feast on October 23, where it remained for nine years until the 1969 revision of the calendar moved it to the day of his death, October 24, which had been the feast of Saint Raphael the Archangel since 1921.Anthony Mary Claret is the patron saint of weavers.[6]","title":"Veneration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valls"},{"link_name":"Sabadell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabadell"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Huancayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huancayo"},{"link_name":"Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bahía Blanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Malabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabo"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Temuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuco"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Heredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredia_Province"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claret_School_of_Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Ziro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Claret_College,_Ziro"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"}],"text":"Many educational institutions ranging from kindergarten to undergraduate school are named after Claret and run by the Claretians in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia. They are located in Catalonia (Barcelona, Valls and Sabadell), rest of Spain (Madrid, Gran Canaria,[13] Sevilla,[14] and Valencia), Colombia (Cali), Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo), Peru (Trujillo, Huancayo, Arequipa and Lima), Argentina (Buenos Aires[15] and Bahía Blanca), Venezuela (Caracas,[16] Maracaibo and Mérida), Equatorial Guinea (Malabo), Chile (Temuco[17]), Costa Rica (Heredia[18]), the Philippines (Zamboanga City,[19] Quezon City[20]), India (Ziro), and Bangalore.","title":"Educational legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claretians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians"}],"text":"He is portrayed by Antonio Reyes in the 2022 film Slaves and Kings, produced by the Claretians and Stellarum Films, and directed by Pablo Moreno. The film is a re-release of the 2020 film Claret.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Ven. Antonio María Claret y Clará\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Portrait of Archbishop Anthony Mary Claret by Luis de Madrazo (Museum of Romanticism, Madrid)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/San_Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Claret_%28Museo_Nacional_del_Romanticismo_de_Madrid%29.jpg/220px-San_Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Claret_%28Museo_Nacional_del_Romanticismo_de_Madrid%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Photograph of Saint Anthony Mary Claret, c. 1862","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Padre_Claret%2C_de_Jean_Laurent.jpg/220px-Padre_Claret%2C_de_Jean_Laurent.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Claretians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians"},{"title":"List of Catholic saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints"},{"title":"Autobiography of Anthony Mary Claret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_Anthony_Mary_Claret"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirana_brachytarsus
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Indirana brachytarsus
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["1 Habitat","2 Reproduction","3 Threats","4 References"]
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Species of frog
Indirana brachytarsus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Family:
Ranixalidae
Genus:
Indirana
Species:
I. brachytarsus
Binomial name
Indirana brachytarsus(Günther, 1876)
Indirana brachytarsus is a species of frog found in the Western Ghats (including the Anaimalai Hills) of India.
Habitat
This frog lives on the ground in evergreen and mixed evergreen forests near streams on hills between 600 and 1508 meters above sea level. It tends to be found among the leaf litter. This frog has been observed near the edges of the forest but not in fully open areas. It has been observed on cardamom, rubber, and tea plantations.
The frog's range includes several protected parks: Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Anamalai Tiger Reserve, and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.
Reproduction
The frog lays eggs on wet rocks. This frog's tadpoles are semi-aquatic and move across wet rocks and moss using their tails and their hind legs, which grow in at a younger age than those of tadpoles of other species.
Threats
The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of extinction, but it is in some danger from deforestation associated with agriculture, dam construction, and other infrastructure. Some landslide prevention efforts can harm this frog: the concrete people use to strengthen roads can fill in the cracks in the rocks where frogs would lay their eggs. Subsistence wood harvesting may also pose some threat, but only a minor one.
Scientists also cite climate change as a threat. Because the frog lives at high elevations, it cannot readily migrate to cooler habitats.
Scientists have observed the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on this frog, but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.
References
^ a b c d e f g IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023). "Boulenger's Indian Frog: Indirana brachytarsus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T58314A166101476. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
Taxon identifiersIndirana brachytarsus
Wikidata: Q3023929
Wikispecies: Indirana brachytarsus
AmphibiaWeb: 4723
AoI: 332
ARKive: indirana-brachytarsus
ASW: Indirana-brachytarsus
BOLD: 708652
CoL: 3PMW6
EoL: 1024122
GBIF: 5218092
iNaturalist: 26155
IRMNG: 11311020
ITIS: 664993
IUCN: 58308
NCBI: 1185436
Open Tree of Life: 791516
uBio: 4805160
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Anaimalai Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaimalai_Hills"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost-2"}],"text":"Indirana brachytarsus is a species of frog found in the Western Ghats (including the Anaimalai Hills) of India.[2]","title":"Indirana brachytarsus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frost-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"Periyar Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalakad_Mundanthurai_Tiger_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghamalai_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasthyamala_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Anamalai Tiger Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_Wildlife_Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"This frog lives on the ground in evergreen and mixed evergreen forests near streams on hills between 600 and 1508 meters above sea level. It tends to be found among the leaf litter. This frog has been observed near the edges of the forest but not in fully open areas. It has been observed on cardamom, rubber, and tea plantations.[2][1]The frog's range includes several protected parks: Periyar Tiger Reserve, Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Anamalai Tiger Reserve, and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.[1]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"The frog lays eggs on wet rocks. This frog's tadpoles are semi-aquatic and move across wet rocks and moss using their tails and their hind legs, which grow in at a younger age than those of tadpoles of other species.[1]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis"},{"link_name":"chytridiomycosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of extinction, but it is in some danger from deforestation associated with agriculture, dam construction, and other infrastructure. Some landslide prevention efforts can harm this frog: the concrete people use to strengthen roads can fill in the cracks in the rocks where frogs would lay their eggs. Subsistence wood harvesting may also pose some threat, but only a minor one.[1]Scientists also cite climate change as a threat. Because the frog lives at high elevations, it cannot readily migrate to cooler habitats.[1]Scientists have observed the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on this frog, but they do not know its specific morbidity or mortality. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the fungal disease chytridiomycosis.[1]","title":"Threats"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2023). \"Boulenger's Indian Frog: Indirana brachytarsus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T58314A166101476. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en. Retrieved 17 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58314/166101476","url_text":"\"Boulenger's Indian Frog: Indirana brachytarsus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en"}]},{"reference":"Frost, Darrel R. (2014). \"Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876)\". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 30 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-brachytarsus","url_text":"\"Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58314/166101476","external_links_name":"\"Boulenger's Indian Frog: Indirana brachytarsus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T58314A166101476.en"},{"Link":"http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-brachytarsus","external_links_name":"\"Indirana brachytarsus (Günther, 1876)\""},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/4723","external_links_name":"4723"},{"Link":"http://www.indianamphibians.org/#!/sp/332","external_links_name":"332"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/indirana-brachytarsus/","external_links_name":"indirana-brachytarsus"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranixalidae/Indirana/Indirana-brachytarsus","external_links_name":"Indirana-brachytarsus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=708652","external_links_name":"708652"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3PMW6","external_links_name":"3PMW6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1024122","external_links_name":"1024122"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5218092","external_links_name":"5218092"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/26155","external_links_name":"26155"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11311020","external_links_name":"11311020"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=664993","external_links_name":"664993"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/58308","external_links_name":"58308"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1185436","external_links_name":"1185436"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=791516","external_links_name":"791516"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4805160","external_links_name":"4805160"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indirana_brachytarsus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kennedy_(British_politician)
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Tom Kennedy (British politician)
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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British Labour politician
For other people named Thomas Kennedy, see Thomas Kennedy (disambiguation).
Kennedy in 1921
Thomas Kennedy PC (25 December 1874 – 3 March 1954) was a British Labour politician.
Biography
Kennedy was born in Kennethmont, Aberdeenshire, and became a railway clerk. He joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and soon became its organiser for Aberdeen, standing for Parliament in Aberdeen North in the 1906 and January 1910 general elections. He supported the SDF's formation of the British Socialist Party (BSP) and became its National Organiser in 1913, but in 1914 left to fight in World War I. As a supporter of the War, he left the BSP in 1916 to join the new National Socialist Party. He became the editor of the Social Democrat, successor to Justice.
His first wife, Christian Farquharson, whom he married in 1905, was also a socialist, having attended the International Socialist Congress in Paris in 1900. She died in 1917 and he subsequently remarried.
He was Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcaldy Burghs from 1921 to 1922, from 1923 to 1931 and from 1935 to 1944 and also unsuccessfully fought the 1932 Montrose Burghs by-election. He was Scottish Labour Whip in 1921–1922 and from 1923 to 1925. He served in Government as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in 1924, in opposition as Deputy Chief Whip (1925–1927) and Chief Whip of the Labour Party (1927–1931) and again in Government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1929 to 1931.
He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in the 1931 New Year Honours.
He died on 3 March 1954.
References
Thorpe, Andrew. "Kennedy, Thomas (1874–1954)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/59301. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Tom Kennedy
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byJames Dalziel
Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs 1921 – 1922
Succeeded byRobert Hutchison
Preceded byRobert Hutchison
Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs 1923 – 1931
Succeeded byAlbert Russell
Preceded byAlbert Russell
Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy Burghs 1935 – 1944
Succeeded byThomas Hubbard
Political offices
Preceded byBolton Eyres-Monsell
Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury 1929–1931
Succeeded byDavid Margesson
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"image_text":"Kennedy in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tom_Kennedy.jpg/220px-Tom_Kennedy.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Thorpe, Andrew. \"Kennedy, Thomas (1874–1954)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/59301.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F59301","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/59301"}]}]
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