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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A.T.S._Eyes
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C.A.T.S. Eyes
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["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Availability","5 Episodes","5.1 Series 1 (1985)","5.2 Series 2 (1986)","5.3 Series 3 (1987)","6 References","7 External links"]
|
British television series
For other uses, see Cat's eye (disambiguation).
C.A.T.S. EyesGenreDetective fictionCreated byTerence FeelyWritten byVariousDirected byVariousStarringJill GascoineLeslie AshRosalyn LandorTracy Louise WardDon WarringtonComposersJohn KongosBarbara ThompsonCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes30 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producerRex FirkinProducersRaymond MenmuirDickie BamberFrank CoxRunning time60 minutes (w/advertisements) 90 minutes (pilot episode)Production companyTelevision SouthOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease12 April 1985 (1985-04-12) –6 June 1987 (1987-06-06)
C.A.T.S. Eyes is a British television series made by TVS for ITV between 1985 and 1987. The series was a spin-off from The Gentle Touch, and saw Jill Gascoine reprise her role as Maggie Forbes, portrayed as having left the police force to join an all-female private detective agency called "Eyes", based in Kent, that is a front for a Home Office team called C.A.T.S. (Covert Activities Thames Section). C.A.T.S. Eyes was shown on Friday nights during the first series, before moving to a Saturday night slot for the second and third series. The series was a ratings success, regularly in the top twenty most-watched programmes each week of broadcast.
Synopsis
The C.A.T.S. Eyes team consisted of former police officer Maggie Forbes (Jill Gascoine), refined Oxford graduate Pru Standfast (Rosalyn Landor), the leader of the unit, and streetwise computer expert Frederica "Fred" Smith (Leslie Ash). Nigel Beaumont (Don Warrington) was the "man from the ministry" overseeing their activities. For the second series onwards, the Eyes detective agency front had been dropped; Pru was replaced by the similarly upper-class but more frivolous Tessa "Tess" Robinson (Tracy Louise Ward); and Maggie was elevated to team leader.
The only other character from The Gentle Touch to make an appearance in the series was Maggie's love interest, DI Mike Turnbull (Bernard Holley), who appeared in the second episode of the first series, "The Black Magic Man", to help her with a case. Although they had still been a couple at the end of The Gentle Touch, it was implied in C.A.T.S. Eyes that since that time they had ended their relationship and were still good friends. However, their relationship was left somewhat ambiguous and unresolved. In the first episode, "Goodbye Jenny Wren", Maggie refers to her son, Steve Forbes, as having "taken off to Australia". She said that if he hadn't done so, she would not have volunteered to join the organisation. An ongoing reference throughout the series was whenever Maggie was addressed as "Miss", she would correct it sharply to "Mrs" - referring to her being widowed during the first episode of The Gentle Touch.
Cast
Jill Gascoine as Maggie Forbes — A former police officer, and leader of the unit following Pru's departure.
Leslie Ash as Frederica 'Fred' Smith — A streetwise computer expert.
Rosalyn Landor as Pru Standfast — The leader of the unit, and a refined Oxford graduate. (Series 1)
Tracy Louise Ward as Tessa Robinson — A new recruit to the unit following Pru's departure and Maggie's promotion. (Series 2—3)
Don Warrington as Nigel Beaumont — A ministry officer who oversees the work of the unit.
Production
The series was filmed in the then-closed Chatham Dockyard, as well as locations in Medway and Maidstone. All filming was done on location, and post-production editing was performed at the TVS Television Centre in Maidstone. The cars used by the regular cast in the series were loaned by the Ford Motor Company. In the first series, Pru drove a 1985 Ford Escort 1.6i Mark III Cabriolet, which was also featured at the end of the first series title sequence. Fred had a 1984 Fiesta XR2 Mark II, and Maggie used 1985 Escort 1.6 Mark III. In the second series, Fred and Tessa drove 1986 white and Azure blue Ford Escort RS Turbos respectively, with the latter being the only one produced in that colour, whilst Maggie now had a 1986 Ford Sierra Mark I. Similar-looking 1987 models of the vehicles were also used in the third series.
Availability
There has been no domestic commercial release of the series on any format, due to ongoing rights issues. After the production company, TVS, dropped out of the ITV network in 1992, it underwent a number of takeovers. During these years much of the original production paperwork and sales documentation was lost, meaning that the distribution rights to the series could not be determined. The same problem affects the majority of the TVS programme archive. However, a VHS video containing the episodes "Goodbye Jenny Wren", "Frightmare" and "The Double Dutch Deal" was released in Germany in 1987. The theme music from the first series by John Kongos was also released as a single in 1985, with a vocal version on the B-side sung by Louise Burton.
Episodes
Series 1 (1985)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1 "Goodbye Jenny Wren"Terence FeelyWilliam Brayne12 April 1985 (1985-04-12)
Maggie arrives to join the new unit on the day that Jenny, the third member, is killed while investigating a Russian trawler anchored in the estuary. Fred avenges Jenny's death in a cat-and-mouse game with the Russians. 90-minute pilot episode.
2 "The Black Magic Man"Ray JenkinsBen Ringham Terry19 April 1985 (1985-04-19)
A cat burglar breaks into a Special Branch 'safe house', where two illegal female immigrants are being held for questioning. He helps one of the women to escape and Maggie, on the trail of the thief, has to track them both down.
3 "With Vinegar and Brown Paper"Ray JenkinsRobert Fuest26 April 1985 (1985-04-26)
A death on the motorway leads Maggie to a man on the run, in fear of his life, and to a plot involving forged bearer bonds.
4 "Under Plain Cover"Jeremy BurnhamWilliam Brayne3 May 1985 (1985-05-03)
A man's body is found floating in the river. Pru, investigating the mysterious death, finds that an official "block" has been put on the case. Despite this, she exposes a secret deal to build a new CIA listening post in London, and obtains justice for some defrauded investors in exchange for remaining silent about the deal.
5 "Something Nasty Down Below"Don HoughtonJohn Frankau10 May 1985 (1985-05-10)
An elderly woman tells 'Eyes' she has just seen her husband, who was supposed to have perished when a submarine sank nearly forty years ago. Maggie's investigation reveals that the submarine was carrying gold and that the crew mutinied, killing the officers and disappearing with the loot. The murderers, now in their seventies, are willing to kill again to protect themselves.
6 "Cross My Palm With Silver"Jeremy BurnhamRobert Fuest17 May 1985 (1985-05-17)
A clairvoyant asks Pru to find the location of a "vision" - a place where she is convinced she is going to die. Pru discovers that several other dangerous individuals are also searching for it, and that there is a real pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.
7 "Frightmare"Don HoughtonJames Hill24 May 1985 (1985-05-24)
Fred is in the office at night, guarding a valuable jewel for a rich client. Keeping her company is her latest 'date' - an attractive young man who works for the client. The jewel turns out to be a red herring, and before the night is over, Fred begins to doubt her sanity.
8 "The Double Dutch Deal"Martin WorthIan Toynton31 May 1985 (1985-05-31)
Fred, acting as 'best man' at a friend's registry office wedding, stumbles on a marriage racket run by an unscrupulous organisation for Asian girls wanting EC citizenship. She falls for a Dutch boy used by the organisation, and is devastated when the investigation ends in his murder.
9 "My Father Knew Lloyd Mbotu"Terence FeelyWilliam Brayne7 June 1985 (1985-06-07)
A hit man is sent from a newly independent African country to kill Pru's father, who had incurred the enmity of the President whilst serving in the British army there. The retired General refuses protection and Pru is sent to guard him. Her father thus learns for the first time of her real job. Meanwhile, Maggie, acting for an insurance company, exposes a chair-ridden accident victim as a fraud.
10 "Love Byte"Ben SteedJames Hill14 June 1985 (1985-06-14)
A self-made entrepreneur asks 'EYES' to follow an ex-con with whom his young daughter has become involved. Fred unmasks a blackmail sideline run by the entrepreneur's second in command, based on client's personal information fed into the organisation's central computer.
11 "Fingers"Anthony SkeneRobert Fuest21 June 1985 (1985-06-21)
Pru is asked to investigate the theft of an old Debussy manuscript from an exclusive piano emporium. The thief turns out to be an attractive young music buff - a member of a family of thieves who are not all as harmless as he is.
12 "Blue For Danger"Jeremy BurnhamTom Clegg28 June 1985 (1985-06-28)
When Mrs. Driscoll asks the 'EYES' operatives to follow her husband, it seems a perfectly straight forward assignment. It turns out to be the most perilous case they have ever handled, leading Maggie into deep waters, where a ruthless and terrifying adversary lurks.
Series 2 (1986)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1 "One Away"Paul WheelerDennis Abey5 April 1986 (1986-04-05)
Edward Stone, a Soviet spy serving a life sentence in a top security jail, makes a daredevil escape by posing as an army officer in a jeep. Beth, Stone's illegitimate daughter, is kidnapped by Stone's accomplices - she is unaware of her father's identity. Awaiting his escape to Russia, Stone insists on phoning his estranged wife to arrange a meeting. Tension mounts as Maggie's life is endangered, Stone tries to effect his escape to Russia and persuade Beth to accompany him, and a Home Office contact, O'Donahue's. true allegiance is revealed.
2 "Powerline"Terence FeelyIan Sharp12 April 1986 (1986-04-12)
When undercover agent Shirley is killed in some lonely woodland, Fred and Tessa investigate posing as 'travellers' and join a band of nomadic religious freaks camping rough on Lord Leydon's estate. Tessa goes to Manor House to visit the impoverished James Leydon who already suspects her of working with the 'thought police'. A 'friend' of Jamie's, Barbara Dalchley, turns out to be in league with Sergei, a Russian defector, and Seth, one of the 'travellers' whose mission is to take pictures of nuclear missile bases. A security patrol around the estate rescue Fred and Tessa when their camper van is sabotaged, and the episode ends with Tessa involved in a shoot-out.
3 "Hit List"Gerry O'HaraRaymond Menmuir19 April 1986 (1986-04-19)
When an Arab prince and a group of foreign associates with Mafia connections are gunned down on a country estate, the 'EYES' team uncover a drug racket fronted by an international casino consortium. The Triads take exception to the Mafia trying to take a slice of their action and innocent and guilty alike fall by the wayside.
4 "Good As New"Paul WheelerCarol Wiseman26 April 1986 (1986-04-26)
When Sara John's, the daughter of a Russian defector is threatened by a Soviet agent while on a school trip, the 'EYES' team is alerted, and warning bells ring in Whitechapel where one employee shows a more than passing interest in their case. Fred and Tessa go undercover, posing as a grounds man and games mistress respectively, to protect the young schoolgirl while Maggie discovers that Sara's estranged parents are desperately close to revealing a major spy scandal, putting their daughter's life at risk.
5 "Rough Trip"Gerry O'HaraWilliam Brayne3 May 1986 (1986-05-03)
When a young schoolboy is abducted by a terrorist group, the C.A.T.S.EYES team discover that Simon Maxstead's father has access to some top secret government information for which the boy is being held to ransom. Nigel orders the case 'top priority' and Maggie, Tessa and Fred uncover a major international terrorist ring from Bangladesh posing behind a front of an innocent grocery shop.
6 "Passage Hawk"Barry AppletonAnthony Simmons10 May 1986 (1986-05-10)
Jailed in South Africa for bank robbery, Ben Hutchins is released to custody in England as he is supposedly dying of cancer. On arrival, he tries unsuccessfully to escape from his "escort", Kerber, and evade Maggie and Nigel. Further checking by the 'EYES' team reveals that Hutchins health is, in fact, alright but Kerber, a well-known assassin has his own plans for a funeral at which four prominent black African leaders will be present.
7 "Freezeheat"Terence FeelyTerry Marcel17 May 1986 (1986-05-17)
drug racket, using a refrigerated trucking company, Coldburn, for cover, is exposed when Chas' lorry is attacked and he turns to Fred and the 'EYES' team for help and protection. When Chas is kidnapped and required to 'talk' by the Coldburn men, his silence is punished by being locked in the deep freeze. The 'EYES' team arrive in the nick of time to save Chas from a chilly ending and a top ranking drug squad commander is exposed.
8 "Fit"Reg FordTerry Marcel24 May 1986 (1986-05-24)
During an army training stint for the 'EYES' team, Sir Jack Fenn tells Maggie that they are holding a top Czech spy, Kessler, for debriefing. On investigating the other recruits, she discovers that a number of them do not 'check out', and Fenn suspects that the KGB want Kessler - dead or alive. Events take on an unexpected turn when a kidnap and subsequent murder attempt on Kessler are foiled by the team, and Fenn also has something to hide.
9 "Honeytrap"Terence FeelyRobert Fuest31 May 1986 (1986-05-31)
Yuri Yevgenev, a Russian secret agent, lands up in the local police station after being set up by Maggie and the Special Branch boys. In the ensuing KGB attempts to have Yuri returned, Maggie's life is threatened, and Tessa and Fred discover that a Home Office secretary supplied information leading to Maggie's capture. Fred and Tessa affect a dramatic rescue and save Maggie from impending torture.
10 "Crack-Up"Paul WheelerEdward Bennett7 June 1986 (1986-06-07)
Following a car bomb, the 'EYES' team's police contact Roddy is seriously injured, and the team are accused of negligence. Maggie feels responsible and after a period of erratic behaviour, she collapses and is diagnosed as being mentally exhausted. During convalescence, her memory starts to return, and then the truth drug is administered, her recollections reveal unexpected double dealing.
11 "Tranmere Dan And Tokyo Joe"Jenny McDadeDennis Abey14 June 1986 (1986-06-14)
When two ex-P.O.W's think they recognise a frighteningly familiar face on the front page of a newspaper, they call in the 'EYES' team to investigate. Meanwhile, Tessa goes undercover as the chauffeur to a junior Government Minister with bizarre tastes which lead the team on a calamity course to danger.
Series 3 (1987)
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Original airdate
1 "Twelve Bar Blues"Andy de la TourGerry Mill25 April 1987 (1987-04-25)
What's the link between the murder of a stripper in a Middle East nightclub, and Jethro Blackstock, who runs a talent agency and lives in luxury on the South coast? The 'EYES' team investigate a number of cases of arms going missing from local military establishments, and Tessa gets a job as a barmaid in a seedy pub, to find out more. Maggie meets an 'old flame', Derek Moore, who warns her of the dangers involved with Blackstock. The girls remain convinced he is connected with the arms smuggling.
2 "Carrier Pigeon"Paul WheelerJ.B. Wood2 May 1987 (1987-05-02)
Fred is visiting Amsterdam for a few days break when she recognises an old school friend working with a film crew who are making a commercial. Later in a Dutch disco, Fred meets up with Sara Fields and they remember the old days. Flying back home, Sara is caught smuggling drugs through customs and is arrested. Convinced her friend is innocent; Fred puts her own life on the line to prove it but was it worth it.
3 "Country Weekend"Paul WheelerRaymond Menmuir9 May 1987 (1987-05-09)
Tessa visits her mother in the country for the weekend, accompanied by Fred. Their break is interrupted when three men arrive and hold them all hostage, and the relaxing weekend does not turn out the way anyone expects.
4 "The Big Burn"Terence FeelyAlan Bell16 May 1987 (1987-05-16)
The discovery of electronic listening 'bugs' on some valuable antiques stolen from a country house, leads Maggie, Fred and Tessa into the world of espionage and petty crime. The bugs are 'foreign' in design, but why should they have been placed in the home of jailed forger Joe McCrewer.
5 "A Naval Affair"Francis MegahyClaude Whatham23 May 1987 (1987-05-23)
Ship designer Alan Moss' house burns down and all his work on revolutionary design concept for warships is destroyed. His plans had previously been rejected by the Admiralty and he was successfully going it alone until the fire. The 'EYES' team join Moss on a sailing trip which goes wrong when the rudder breaks, but they manage to get safely back to shore. An explosion at Maggie's flat seems like another attempt to kill Moss and Maggie goes to the Admiralty where she meets Commander Hutchins, a supporter of Moss' designs.
6 "Family Tradition"Paul WheelerRaymond Menmuir30 May 1987 (1987-05-30)
Following an annual lunch with close friend Sir Edward John - who recruited Nigel - the 'EYES' team investigate Sir Edward's son Howard, a civil servant with access to secrets, who is reportedly acting strange. Maggie gets to know the Howard family when she goes to Sir Edward's 70th birthday party with Nigel. After Howard fails in a suicide bid, Maggie discovers Sir Edward's 'secret' and the reason for Howard's behaviour.
7 "Backlash"Terence FeelyFrancis Megahy6 June 1987 (1987-06-06)
Pressed into taking a fortnight's holiday, Maggie looks up an old school friend but within hours they both narrowly escape a hit and run driver. Then while visiting a stately home, tumbling scaffolding seems like another deliberate attempt on Maggie's life. So, when her friend Penny is shot, a guilty Maggie is determined to find out who is responsible and uncovers some disturbing revelations.
References
^ "C.A.T.S. Eyes - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com". Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ "C.A.T.S Eyes (ITV 1985-1987, Jill Gascoine, Leslie Ash)". 6 January 2017.
^ http://catseyes2014.wix.com/cats-eyes#!series-one/ccxt
^ http://catseyes2014.wix.com/cats-eyes#!cars/c21t7
^ "Status of TVS archive: Missing in action? - TV Forum".
^ https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10157783616735360&id=51463895359
^ "Single release of theme tune". 45cat. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
External links
C.A.T.S. Eyes at IMDb
C.A.T.S. Eyes at epguides.com
|
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The series was a spin-off from The Gentle Touch, and saw Jill Gascoine reprise her role as Maggie Forbes, portrayed as having left the police force to join an all-female private detective agency called \"Eyes\", based in Kent, that is a front for a Home Office team called C.A.T.S. (Covert Activities Thames Section).[1] C.A.T.S. Eyes was shown on Friday nights during the first series, before moving to a Saturday night slot for the second and third series. The series was a ratings success, regularly in the top twenty most-watched programmes each week of broadcast.[2]","title":"C.A.T.S. Eyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jill Gascoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Gascoine"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Rosalyn Landor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Landor"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ash"},{"link_name":"Don Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Warrington"},{"link_name":"Tracy Louise Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Louise_Ward"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bernard Holley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Holley"}],"text":"The C.A.T.S. Eyes team consisted of former police officer Maggie Forbes (Jill Gascoine), refined Oxford graduate Pru Standfast (Rosalyn Landor), the leader of the unit, and streetwise computer expert Frederica \"Fred\" Smith (Leslie Ash). Nigel Beaumont (Don Warrington) was the \"man from the ministry\" overseeing their activities. For the second series onwards, the Eyes detective agency front had been dropped; Pru was replaced by the similarly upper-class but more frivolous Tessa \"Tess\" Robinson (Tracy Louise Ward); and Maggie was elevated to team leader.[3]The only other character from The Gentle Touch to make an appearance in the series was Maggie's love interest, DI Mike Turnbull (Bernard Holley), who appeared in the second episode of the first series, \"The Black Magic Man\", to help her with a case. Although they had still been a couple at the end of The Gentle Touch, it was implied in C.A.T.S. Eyes that since that time they had ended their relationship and were still good friends. However, their relationship was left somewhat ambiguous and unresolved. In the first episode, \"Goodbye Jenny Wren\", Maggie refers to her son, Steve Forbes, as having \"taken off to Australia\". She said that if he hadn't done so, she would not have volunteered to join the organisation. An ongoing reference throughout the series was whenever Maggie was addressed as \"Miss\", she would correct it sharply to \"Mrs\" - referring to her being widowed during the first episode of The Gentle Touch.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jill Gascoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Gascoine"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ash"},{"link_name":"Rosalyn Landor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Landor"},{"link_name":"Tracy Louise Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Louise_Ward"},{"link_name":"Don Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Warrington"}],"text":"Jill Gascoine as Maggie Forbes — A former police officer, and leader of the unit following Pru's departure.\nLeslie Ash as Frederica 'Fred' Smith — A streetwise computer expert.\nRosalyn Landor as Pru Standfast — The leader of the unit, and a refined Oxford graduate. (Series 1)\nTracy Louise Ward as Tessa Robinson — A new recruit to the unit following Pru's departure and Maggie's promotion. (Series 2—3)\nDon Warrington as Nigel Beaumont — A ministry officer who oversees the work of the unit.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"},{"link_name":"Maidstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone"},{"link_name":"TVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_South"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford Escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escort_(Europe)"},{"link_name":"Fiesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fiesta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The series was filmed in the then-closed Chatham Dockyard, as well as locations in Medway and Maidstone. All filming was done on location, and post-production editing was performed at the TVS Television Centre in Maidstone. 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Similar-looking 1987 models of the vehicles were also used in the third series.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John Kongos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kongos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"There has been no domestic commercial release of the series on any format, due to ongoing rights issues. After the production company, TVS, dropped out of the ITV network in 1992, it underwent a number of takeovers. During these years much of the original production paperwork and sales documentation was lost, meaning that the distribution rights to the series could not be determined. The same problem affects the majority of the TVS programme archive.[5] However, a VHS video containing the episodes \"Goodbye Jenny Wren\", \"Frightmare\" and \"The Double Dutch Deal\" was released in Germany in 1987.[6] The theme music from the first series by John Kongos was also released as a single in 1985, with a vocal version on the B-side sung by Louise Burton.[7]","title":"Availability"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 1 (1985)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 2 (1986)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Series 3 (1987)","title":"Episodes"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Burr_(cricketer)
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George Burr (cricketer)
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["1 Notes"]
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English cricketer and Anglican priest
George Frederick Burr (5 November 1819 – 5 December 1857) was an English first-class cricketer and Anglican priest.
Burr was born in Marylebone and educated at Maidstone Grammar School and St John's College, Cambridge. He was awarded a cricket blue in 1840, appearing for Cambridge University in three first-class matches in 1840 and 1841. After graduating he was ordained as a Church of England priest and was curate at Frittenden, Kent, 1844–55. He became curate at Worlingworth with Southolt, Suffolk, in 1856 but died at Dennington, also in Suffolk, in 1857.
Notes
^ George Burr at CricketArchive
^ "Burr, George Frederic (BR838GF)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
This biographical article related to an English cricket person born in the 1810s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"reference":"\"Burr, George Frederic (BR838GF)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BR838GF&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Burr, George Frederic (BR838GF)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/36/36481/36481.html","external_links_name":"George Burr at CricketArchive"},{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BR838GF&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Burr, George Frederic (BR838GF)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Burr_(cricketer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymocarpoideae
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Didymocarpoideae
|
["1 Description","2 Tribes and genera","3 Distribution","4 References","5 External links"]
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Subfamily of flowering plants
Didymocarpoideae
Cyrtandra grayi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Clade:
Lamiids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Gesneriaceae
Subfamily:
DidymocarpoideaeArn.
The Didymocarpoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly the subfamily Cyrtandroideae. This subfamily consists mostly of tropical and subtropical Old World genera, found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. One species (Rhynchoglossum azureum) is native to Central and South America.
Description
Didymocarpoideae is one of two main subfamilies in the Gesneriaceae, the other being Gesnerioideae. (The third subfamily, Sanangoideae, contains only the genus Sanango.) Didymocarpoideae seedlings usually have cotyledons which become different in size and shape (anisocotylous). One cotyledon ceases to grow at some point and then withers away. The other continues to grow, and in extreme cases may grow to become very large and be the only leaf on the plant (Monophyllaea, some Streptocarpus). Didymocarpoideae flowers usually have two fertile stamens, less often four and rarely one or five. The ovary is always superior. The fruit is usually a dry capsule, although other kinds of fruit, such as a fleshy berry, are also found.
Tribes and genera
A classification published in 2020 divides the subfamily into two tribes.
Tribe Epithemateae
Epithema
Gyrogyne
Loxonia
Monophyllaea
Rhynchoglossum
Stauranthera
Whytockia
Tribe Trichosporeae
Aeschynanthus
Agalmyla
Allocheilos
Allostigma
Anna
Beccarinda
Billolivia
Boea
Boeica
Briggsiopsis
Cathayanthe
Championia
Chayamaritia
Codonoboea
Conandron
Corallodiscus
Cyrtandra
Damrongia
Deinostigma
Didissandra
Didymocarpus
Didymostigma
Dorcoceras
Emarhendia
Glabrella
Gyrocheilos
Haberlea
Hemiboea
Henckelia
Hexatheca
Jerdonia
Kaisupeea
Leptoboea
Liebigia
Litostigma
Loxocarpus
Loxostigma
Lysionotus
Metapetrocosmea
Microchirita
Middletonia
Orchadocarpa
Oreocharis
Ornithoboea
Paraboea
Petrocodon
Petrocosmea
Platystemma
Primulina
Pseudochirita
Rachunia
Ramonda, including Jankaea
Raphiocarpus
Rhabdothamnopsis
Rhynchotechum
Ridleyandra
Senyumia
Sepikea
Somrania
Spelaeanthus
Streptocarpus, including Saintpaulia
Tetraphyllum (syn. Tetraphylloides)
Tribounia
Aeschynanthus speciosus
Cyrtandra cyaneoides
Damrongia orientalis
Haberlea rhodopensis
Microchirita lavandulacea
Monophyllaea glauca – each leaf is one separate plant
Petrocosmea rosettifolia
Ramonda myconi
Rhynchoglossum notonianum
Streptocarpus saxorum
Distribution
The species of the subfamily Didymocarpoideae are native to Europe, Africa, Asia, Malesia, the Pacific and Australia, except for a single species, Rhynchoglossum azureum, which is native to the Neotropics (Central and South America).
References
^ Reveal, James L. (2011) , "Didymocarpoideae", Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium, Plant Biology section, Cornell University, retrieved 2021-04-14
^ a b c d e Weber, A.; Middleton, D.J.; Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2020), "Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae", Rheedea, 30 (1): 5–47, doi:10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02
External links
Media related to "Didymocarpoideae" at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Didymocarpoideae at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersDidymocarpoideae
Wikidata: Q21234240
Wikispecies: Didymocarpoideae
CoL: 93MTH
NCBI: 214597
Open Tree of Life: 708506
Cyrtandroideae
Wikidata: Q5795565
Tropicos: 50104572
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gesneriaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesneriaceae"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics"},{"link_name":"subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"Rhynchoglossum azureum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchoglossum_azureum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-2"}],"text":"The Didymocarpoideae are a subfamily of plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly the subfamily Cyrtandroideae. This subfamily consists mostly of tropical and subtropical Old World genera, found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. One species (Rhynchoglossum azureum) is native to Central and South America.[2]","title":"Didymocarpoideae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gesnerioideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesnerioideae"},{"link_name":"Sanango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanango"},{"link_name":"cotyledons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotyledon"},{"link_name":"Monophyllaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyllaea"},{"link_name":"Streptocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptocarpus"},{"link_name":"stamens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-2"}],"text":"Didymocarpoideae is one of two main subfamilies in the Gesneriaceae, the other being Gesnerioideae. (The third subfamily, Sanangoideae, contains only the genus Sanango.) Didymocarpoideae seedlings usually have cotyledons which become different in size and shape (anisocotylous). One cotyledon ceases to grow at some point and then withers away. The other continues to grow, and in extreme cases may grow to become very large and be the only leaf on the plant (Monophyllaea, some Streptocarpus). Didymocarpoideae flowers usually have two fertile stamens, less often four and rarely one or five. The ovary is always superior. The fruit is usually a dry capsule, although other kinds of fruit, such as a fleshy berry, are also found.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-2"},{"link_name":"Epithema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithema"},{"link_name":"Gyrogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrogyne"},{"link_name":"Loxonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxonia"},{"link_name":"Monophyllaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyllaea"},{"link_name":"Rhynchoglossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchoglossum"},{"link_name":"Stauranthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stauranthera"},{"link_name":"Whytockia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whytockia"},{"link_name":"Aeschynanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynanthus"},{"link_name":"Agalmyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agalmyla"},{"link_name":"Allocheilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocheilos"},{"link_name":"Allostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allostigma"},{"link_name":"Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beccarinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beccarinda"},{"link_name":"Billolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billolivia"},{"link_name":"Boea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boea"},{"link_name":"Boeica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeica"},{"link_name":"Briggsiopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggsiopsis"},{"link_name":"Cathayanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathayanthe"},{"link_name":"Championia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championia"},{"link_name":"Chayamaritia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayamaritia"},{"link_name":"Codonoboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codonoboea"},{"link_name":"Conandron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conandron"},{"link_name":"Corallodiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallodiscus"},{"link_name":"Cyrtandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtandra_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Damrongia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damrongia"},{"link_name":"Deinostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinostigma"},{"link_name":"Didissandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didissandra"},{"link_name":"Didymocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymocarpus"},{"link_name":"Didymostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didymostigma"},{"link_name":"Dorcoceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcoceras"},{"link_name":"Emarhendia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emarhendia"},{"link_name":"Glabrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glabrella"},{"link_name":"Gyrocheilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocheilos"},{"link_name":"Haberlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberlea"},{"link_name":"Hemiboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiboea"},{"link_name":"Henckelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henckelia"},{"link_name":"Hexatheca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexatheca"},{"link_name":"Jerdonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerdonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Kaisupeea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisupeea"},{"link_name":"Leptoboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoboea"},{"link_name":"Liebigia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebigia"},{"link_name":"Litostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litostigma"},{"link_name":"Loxocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxocarpus"},{"link_name":"Loxostigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxostigma"},{"link_name":"Lysionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysionotus"},{"link_name":"Metapetrocosmea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapetrocosmea"},{"link_name":"Microchirita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchirita"},{"link_name":"Middletonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middletonia_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orchadocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchadocarpa"},{"link_name":"Oreocharis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oreocharis_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ornithoboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithoboea"},{"link_name":"Paraboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboea"},{"link_name":"Petrocodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocodon"},{"link_name":"Petrocosmea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocosmea"},{"link_name":"Platystemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platystemma"},{"link_name":"Primulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primulina"},{"link_name":"Pseudochirita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudochirita"},{"link_name":"Rachunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachunia"},{"link_name":"Ramonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramonda_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Raphiocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphiocarpus"},{"link_name":"Rhabdothamnopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdothamnopsis"},{"link_name":"Rhynchotechum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchotechum"},{"link_name":"Ridleyandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridleyandra"},{"link_name":"Senyumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyumia"},{"link_name":"Sepikea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepikea"},{"link_name":"Somrania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somrania"},{"link_name":"Spelaeanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelaeanthus"},{"link_name":"Streptocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptocarpus"},{"link_name":"Tetraphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraphyllum"},{"link_name":"Tribounia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribounia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeschynanthus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aeschynanthus speciosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschynanthus_speciosus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrtandra_cyaneoides_(5490666621).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyrtandra cyaneoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtandra_cyaneoides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Damrongia-orientalis_Roberts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Damrongia orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damrongia_orientalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haberlea_rhodopensis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haberlea rhodopensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberlea_rhodopensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microchirita_lavandulacea_(Chirita_lavandulacea)_-_Botanischer_Garten,_Dresden,_Germany_-_DSC08590.JPG"},{"link_name":"Microchirita lavandulacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchirita_lavandulacea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monophyllaea_glauca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monophyllaea glauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyllaea_glauca"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petrocosmea_rosettifolia.JPG"},{"link_name":"Petrocosmea rosettifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrocosmea_rosettifolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAMONDA_MYCONI_-_LA_CORRIU_-_IB-467_(Orella_d%27%C3%B3s).JPG"},{"link_name":"Ramonda myconi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramonda_myconi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KlugiaWynaad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rhynchoglossum notonianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchoglossum_notonianum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streptocarpus_saxorum_in_bloom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Streptocarpus saxorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptocarpus_saxorum"}],"text":"A classification published in 2020 divides the subfamily into two tribes.[2]Tribe EpithemateaeEpithema\nGyrogyne\nLoxonia\nMonophyllaea\nRhynchoglossum\nStauranthera\nWhytockiaTribe TrichosporeaeAeschynanthus\nAgalmyla\nAllocheilos\nAllostigma\nAnna\nBeccarinda\nBillolivia\nBoea\nBoeica\nBriggsiopsis\nCathayanthe\nChampionia\nChayamaritia\nCodonoboea\nConandron\nCorallodiscus\nCyrtandra\nDamrongia\nDeinostigma\nDidissandra\nDidymocarpus\nDidymostigma\nDorcoceras\nEmarhendia\nGlabrella\nGyrocheilos\nHaberlea\nHemiboea\nHenckelia\nHexatheca\nJerdonia\nKaisupeea\nLeptoboea\nLiebigia\nLitostigma\nLoxocarpus\nLoxostigma\nLysionotus\nMetapetrocosmea\nMicrochirita\nMiddletonia\nOrchadocarpa\nOreocharis\nOrnithoboea\nParaboea\nPetrocodon\nPetrocosmea\nPlatystemma\nPrimulina\nPseudochirita\nRachunia\nRamonda, including Jankaea\nRaphiocarpus\nRhabdothamnopsis\nRhynchotechum\nRidleyandra\nSenyumia\nSepikea\nSomrania\nSpelaeanthus\nStreptocarpus, including Saintpaulia\nTetraphyllum (syn. Tetraphylloides)\nTribouniaAeschynanthus speciosus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCyrtandra cyaneoides\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDamrongia orientalis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHaberlea rhodopensis\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMicrochirita lavandulacea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonophyllaea glauca – each leaf is one separate plant\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPetrocosmea rosettifolia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRamonda myconi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRhynchoglossum notonianum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreptocarpus saxorum","title":"Tribes and genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesia"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Rhynchoglossum azureum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchoglossum_azureum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neotropics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotropical_realm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WebeMiddClarMoll20-2"}],"text":"The species of the subfamily Didymocarpoideae are native to Europe, Africa, Asia, Malesia, the Pacific and Australia, except for a single species, Rhynchoglossum azureum, which is native to the Neotropics (Central and South America).[2]","title":"Distribution"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Reveal, James L. (2011) [onwards], \"Didymocarpoideae\", Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium, Plant Biology section, Cornell University, retrieved 2021-04-14","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileD.html","url_text":"\"Didymocarpoideae\""},{"url":"http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html","url_text":"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium"}]},{"reference":"Weber, A.; Middleton, D.J.; Clark, J.L. & Möller, M. (2020), \"Keys to the infrafamilial taxa and genera of Gesneriaceae\", Rheedea, 30 (1): 5–47, doi:10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.22244%2Frheedea.2020.30.01.02","url_text":"10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileD.html","external_links_name":"\"Didymocarpoideae\""},{"Link":"http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html","external_links_name":"Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.22244%2Frheedea.2020.30.01.02","external_links_name":"10.22244/rheedea.2020.30.01.02"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/93MTH","external_links_name":"93MTH"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=214597","external_links_name":"214597"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=708506","external_links_name":"708506"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50104572","external_links_name":"50104572"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merike_R%C3%B5tova
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Merike Rõtova
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
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Estonian chess player
Merike RõtovaCountry Soviet Union EstoniaBorn (1936-08-19) August 19, 1936 (age 87)Tallinn, EstoniaTitleICCF Lady Grandmaster (1996)ICCF rating2123 (October 2017)ICCF peak rating2276 (July 1995)
Merike Rõtova (née Merike Kuningas; born August 19, 1936), is an Estonian chess player, International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (LGM, 1996).
Biography
Rõtova was born in Tallinn. Her father was literary scholar, literary and theatre critic, cultural historian and translator Oska Kuningas. Her younger sister was writer Astrid Reinla and her first cousin was actress Helle Kuningas. She graduated from secondary school in Türi (1954) and the University of Tartu (1959). From 1959 to 1978 she worked as a literary editor in the Estonian radio, from 1978 to 1980 - as an editor in the publishing house "Eesti Raamat", but from 1980 to 1991 - as a coach of youth children sports school. Since 1992 the Estonian Correspondence Chess Federation board member.
Her father Oskar Kuningas (1911-1997), also a chess player and journalist, taught her to play chess. Rõtova won silver (1975) and bronze medals (1999) in Estonian Women's Chess Championship. Twice (1993, 1994) she had the second place in the World Senior Chess Championship.
Rõtova is a correspondence chess player who holds the titles of Lady International Correspondence Chess Master (LIM, 1991), Lady International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (LGM, 1996), and won Silver Bertl von Massow Medal (2003) and Gold Bertl von Massow Medal (2008). She won bronze medal in 2nd Ladies Correspondence Chess World Championship (1972–77) and silver medal in 3rd Ladies Correspondence Chess World Championship (1978–84). As member the USSR team won the gold medal in 3rd Ladies Correspondence Chess Olympiad Final (1986–92).
Rõtova is married to an Estonian chess master Boris Rõtov (1937-1987). The couple have a son, Igor Rõtov (1963-) and daughter Regina Narva (WFM, 1970-), who were also chess players. Her granddaughters Triin Narva (WCM, 1994-) and Mai Narva (WIM, 1999-) are also chess players. Mai Narva is two times Estonian Women's Chess Championship winner (2014, 2016) and European U16 Girls Champion (2014).
References
^ "Astrid Reinla". EIA - Eesti Ilukirjanduse Andmebaas (in Estonian). Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^ RÕTOVA, MERIKE
^ III C.to Mondiale Seniores femminile 07-11-1993 - 21-11-1993
^ IV C.to Mondiale Seniores 23-07-1994 - 05-08-1994
^ LGM Rõtova, Merike
^ ICCF - 2nd LADIES CC WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP FINAL
^ ICCF - 3rd LADIES CC WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP FINAL
^ ICCF — 3rd CC LADIES OLYMPIAD FINAL
^ 24th EUROPEAN YOUTH CHESS CHAMPIONSHIP 2014 U16 Girls
External links
Merike Rõtova player details at ICCF
Merike Rotova player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Merike Rytova rating card at FIDE
Merike Ritova chess games at 365Chess.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_people
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Isoko people
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["1 Notable people","2 References","3 External links"]
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Ethnic group in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
Ethnic group
IsokoIsoko girlTotal population300,000 ()Regions with significant populationsIsoko region (Nigeria)LanguagesIsokoReligionChristianity and Traditional African religionsRelated ethnic groupsUrhobo, Bini, Esan, Afemai
Isoko mask
Isoko people are an ethnolinguistic group who inhabit the Isoko region of Delta State and Bayelsa State, Nigeria. They are people of southern Nigeria, near the northwestern Niger delta. Delta State and Bayelsa State are part of the 36 states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
The Isokos speak the Isoko language, a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family which is also very linguistically similar to the Urhobo language, Epie-Atissa language, Engenni language. James W. Welch asserted erroneously that Isoko language cluster is a dialect of Urhobo language.
The Isoko culture is related to several cultures in the Niger-Delta - namely, Urhobo, Ijaw and Anioma. Urhobo are related in language and culture, leading to the invaders erroneously labelling the Urhobo and Isoko cultural groups as Sobo. This name was strongly rejected by both tribes.
The Isoko ethnic group consist of nineteen clans ,namely: Uzere, Ozoro, Erowha, Owhe, Iyede, Okpe, Emede, Igbide, Emevor, Ofagbe, Ellu, Oyede, Umeh, Irri, Aviara, Olomoro, Enwhe, Okpolo and Oleh.
Notable people
Obaro Ikime, Renowned Professor of History, University of Ibadan
Stella Omu, Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
Jonathan Akpoborie, Nigerian international footballer
Victor Ikpeba, Nigerian international footballer and brand ambassador
Eva Alordiah, rap musician
Fred Amata, actor
Jeta Amata, filmmaker
Bovi, comedian
Patience Oghogho Maseli, first female Deputy Director of Upstream Division at the Department of Petroleum Resources
Evi Edna Ogholi, reggae musician
Orezi, musician
Daddy Showkey, garala singer
Masai Ujiri, President and former GM of the Toronto Raptors
Solid Star, musician
Samuel Oboh, Canadian architect
Cornelius Adam Igbudu (1914-1981), founder of the Anglican Adam Preaching Society
Ogaga Ifowodo, human rights activist, lawyer, and writer
Louis Titus Zuokumor Osiobe, Music Producer, Cyber Security and Web-developerOborevwori Appoints Louis Zuokumor Osiobe As State Webmaster|url=https://reformeronline.com/oborevwori-appoints-louis-zuokumor-osiobe-as-state-webmaster/ |access-date=11 February 2024 in News|language=en-US}}</ref>Company: louis osiobe |access-date=11 February 2024 in News|language=en-US}}</ref>https://website.informer.com/louis+osiobe.html
References
^ "Isoko in Nigeria". Joshua Project. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
^ The Isoko Tribe, James W. Welch
^ "Isoko | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ a b "Isoko | people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ Welch, James W. (1934). "The Isoko Tribe". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 7 (2): 160–173. doi:10.2307/1155529. JSTOR 1155529. S2CID 145669865.
^ "Isoko Kingdom in Delta Nigeria Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ Tobor, John Oghenero (2014). Urhobo Culture and the Amnesty Program in Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Ethnographic Case Study (Thesis). Walden University.
^ Okpevra, Uwomano Benjamin (19 August 2020). "A discourse on the history and identity of the Isoko of the Niger Delta of Nigeria". African Identities. 19 (4): 536–553. doi:10.1080/14725843.2020.1804828. ISSN 1472-5843. S2CID 225394849.
^ "Elohor Eva Alordiah, Musician, Recording Artist, Nigeria Personality Profiles". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "Fred Amata". IMDb. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "Filmmaker Jeta Amata raises the alarm over whereabouts of ex-wife". Punch Newspapers. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "Bovi Ugboma, Actor, Comedian, Nigeria Personality Profiles". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "18 Notable Alumni of the University of Port Harcourt". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "EVI EDNA OGOLI -Biography". Enorecords LLC. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "Talent without money a waste of time - Orezi". Vanguard News. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ "Daddy Showkey Rewards Outstanding Students In Ajegunle – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja". kapital929.fm. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ Rush, Curtis. "Future Remains Uncertain For Toronto Raptors President Masai Ujiri". Forbes. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ (Musician), Coco Solid (2006), Denim & leisure : Coco & Erik remixes 02-05, Coco Solid, OCLC 156760207, retrieved 11 September 2021
^ "Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada". Canadian Architect. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ https://deltastate.gov.ng/portfolio-item/louis-z-osiobe/
^ https://louisosiobe.weebly.com/
External links
Isoko information
Isoko History Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine - information about Isoko Society by Hon. Chief Clement O. Akugha
vte Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Afemai
Anlo Ewe
Anaang
Afusari
Atyap
Bariba
Berom
Buduma
Chamba
Defaka
Dendi
Djerma
Ebira
Edo
Efik
Eket
Ekoi
Eleme
Esan
Fon
Fula
Gbagyi
Goemai
Hausa
Ibibio
Idoma
Igala
Igede
Igbo
Ekpeye
Etche
Ikwerre
Ukwuani
Ijaw
Bille
Engenni
Ibani
Kalabari
Kula
Nkoro
Nkoroo
Obolo
Isoko
Itsekiri
Iwellemmedan
Jukun
Kamuku
Kanuri
Kilba
Kirdi
Kofyar
Kotoko
Kuteb
Longuda
Mafa
Mambilla
Mandara
Mumuye
Nupe
Ogba
Ogoni
Saro
Tera
Tangale
Tarok
Tiv
Urhobo
Waja
Yakö
Yoruba
Ijebu
Nigeria portal
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IsokoMask.jpg"},{"link_name":"ethnolinguistic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group"},{"link_name":"Isoko region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_region"},{"link_name":"Delta State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_State"},{"link_name":"Bayelsa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa_State"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"southern Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Delta State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_State"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Nigeria.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Isoko language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_language"},{"link_name":"Niger-Congo family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger-Congo_family"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Urhobo language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_language"},{"link_name":"Epie-Atissa language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epie-Atissa_language"},{"link_name":"Engenni language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenni_language"},{"link_name":"Isoko language cluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenni_language"},{"link_name":"Urhobo language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Urhobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people"},{"link_name":"Ijaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people"},{"link_name":"Anioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anioma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/isoko-culture-a-brief-walk-into-the-lives-of-one-of-nigerias-finest-tribe/yr1j4qz.amp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Uzere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzere"},{"link_name":"Ozoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozoro"},{"link_name":"Okpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpe"},{"link_name":"Emede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emede"},{"link_name":"Igbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Ethnic groupIsoko maskIsoko people are an ethnolinguistic group who inhabit the Isoko region of Delta State and Bayelsa State, Nigeria.[2] They are people of southern Nigeria, near the northwestern Niger delta.[3] Delta State and Bayelsa State are part of the 36 states of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.The Isokos speak the Isoko language, a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family[4] which is also very linguistically similar to the Urhobo language, Epie-Atissa language, Engenni language. James W. Welch asserted erroneously that Isoko language cluster is a dialect of Urhobo language.[5]The Isoko culture is related to several cultures in the Niger-Delta - namely, Urhobo, Ijaw and Anioma.[1] Urhobo are related in language and culture, leading to the invaders erroneously labelling the Urhobo and Isoko cultural groups as Sobo.[4] This name was strongly rejected by both tribes.[6][7]The Isoko ethnic group consist of nineteen clans ,namely: Uzere, Ozoro, Erowha, Owhe, Iyede, Okpe, Emede, Igbide, Emevor, Ofagbe, Ellu, Oyede, Umeh, Irri, Aviara, Olomoro, Enwhe, Okpolo and Oleh.[8]","title":"Isoko people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obaro Ikime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaro_Ikime"},{"link_name":"Stella Omu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Omu"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Akpoborie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Akpoborie"},{"link_name":"Victor Ikpeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ikpeba"},{"link_name":"Eva Alordiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Alordiah"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fred Amata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Amata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jeta Amata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta_Amata"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Patience Oghogho Maseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience_Maseli"},{"link_name":"Department of Petroleum Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Petroleum_Resources"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Evi Edna Ogholi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evi_Edna_Ogholi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Orezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orezi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Daddy Showkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Showkey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Masai Ujiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai_Ujiri"},{"link_name":"Toronto Raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Raptors"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Solid Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Star"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Samuel Oboh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Oboh"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Adam Igbudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Adam_Igbudu"},{"link_name":"Ogaga Ifowodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaga_Ifowodo"},{"link_name":"Louis Titus Zuokumor Osiobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Titus_Zuokumor_Osiobe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"https://reformeronline.com/oborevwori-appoints-louis-zuokumor-osiobe-as-state-webmaster/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//reformeronline.com/oborevwori-appoints-louis-zuokumor-osiobe-as-state-webmaster/"},{"link_name":"https://website.informer.com/louis+osiobe.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//website.informer.com/louis+osiobe.html"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Obaro Ikime, Renowned Professor of History, University of Ibadan\nStella Omu, Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria\nJonathan Akpoborie, Nigerian international footballer\nVictor Ikpeba, Nigerian international footballer and brand ambassador\nEva Alordiah, rap musician[9]\nFred Amata, actor[10]\nJeta Amata, filmmaker[11]\nBovi, comedian[12]\nPatience Oghogho Maseli, first female Deputy Director of Upstream Division at the Department of Petroleum Resources[13]\nEvi Edna Ogholi, reggae musician[14]\nOrezi, musician[15]\nDaddy Showkey, garala singer[16]\nMasai Ujiri, President and former GM of the Toronto Raptors[17]\nSolid Star, musician[18]\nSamuel Oboh, Canadian architect[19]\nCornelius Adam Igbudu (1914-1981), founder of the Anglican Adam Preaching Society\nOgaga Ifowodo, human rights activist, lawyer, and writer\nLouis Titus Zuokumor Osiobe, Music Producer, Cyber Security and Web-developer[20]Oborevwori Appoints Louis Zuokumor Osiobe As State Webmaster|url=https://reformeronline.com/oborevwori-appoints-louis-zuokumor-osiobe-as-state-webmaster/ |access-date=11 February 2024 in News|language=en-US}}</ref>Company: louis osiobe |access-date=11 February 2024 in News|language=en-US}}</ref>https://website.informer.com/louis+osiobe.html[21]","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Isoko mask","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/IsokoMask.jpg/220px-IsokoMask.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Isoko in Nigeria\". Joshua Project. Retrieved 14 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12266/NI","url_text":"\"Isoko in Nigeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Project","url_text":"Joshua Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Isoko | people | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Isoko","url_text":"\"Isoko | people | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Isoko | people\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Isoko","url_text":"\"Isoko | people\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, James W. (1934). \"The Isoko Tribe\". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 7 (2): 160–173. doi:10.2307/1155529. JSTOR 1155529. S2CID 145669865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1155529","url_text":"10.2307/1155529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1155529","url_text":"1155529"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145669865","url_text":"145669865"}]},{"reference":"\"Isoko Kingdom in Delta Nigeria Guide\". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Delta/History-of-Isoko-Kingdom-in-Delta-State.html","url_text":"\"Isoko Kingdom in Delta Nigeria Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Tobor, John Oghenero (2014). Urhobo Culture and the Amnesty Program in Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Ethnographic Case Study (Thesis). Walden University.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=dissertations","url_text":"Urhobo Culture and the Amnesty Program in Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Ethnographic Case Study"}]},{"reference":"Okpevra, Uwomano Benjamin (19 August 2020). \"A discourse on the history and identity of the Isoko of the Niger Delta of Nigeria\". African Identities. 19 (4): 536–553. doi:10.1080/14725843.2020.1804828. ISSN 1472-5843. S2CID 225394849.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14725843.2020.1804828","url_text":"\"A discourse on the history and identity of the Isoko of the Niger Delta of Nigeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725843.2020.1804828","url_text":"10.1080/14725843.2020.1804828"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1472-5843","url_text":"1472-5843"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225394849","url_text":"225394849"}]},{"reference":"\"Elohor Eva Alordiah, Musician, Recording Artist, Nigeria Personality Profiles\". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Musicians/Eva-Alordiah.html","url_text":"\"Elohor Eva Alordiah, Musician, Recording Artist, Nigeria Personality Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred Amata\". IMDb. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1676074/","url_text":"\"Fred Amata\""}]},{"reference":"\"Filmmaker Jeta Amata raises the alarm over whereabouts of ex-wife\". Punch Newspapers. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/filmmaker-jeta-amata-raises-alarm-over-whereabouts-of-ex-wife/","url_text":"\"Filmmaker Jeta Amata raises the alarm over whereabouts of ex-wife\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bovi Ugboma, Actor, Comedian, Nigeria Personality Profiles\". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Comedians/Bovi.html","url_text":"\"Bovi Ugboma, Actor, Comedian, Nigeria Personality Profiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"18 Notable Alumni of the University of Port Harcourt\". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://edurank.org/uni/university-of-port-harcourt/alumni/","url_text":"\"18 Notable Alumni of the University of Port Harcourt\""}]},{"reference":"\"EVI EDNA OGOLI -Biography\". Enorecords LLC. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://enorecordsllc.com/evi-edna-ogoli-biography/","url_text":"\"EVI EDNA OGOLI -Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talent without money a waste of time - Orezi\". Vanguard News. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/talent-without-money-a-waste-of-time-orezi/","url_text":"\"Talent without money a waste of time - Orezi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daddy Showkey Rewards Outstanding Students In Ajegunle – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja\". kapital929.fm. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kapital929.fm/ajegunle-soldier-daddy-showkey-rewards-outstanding-students-hood/","url_text":"\"Daddy Showkey Rewards Outstanding Students In Ajegunle – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja\""}]},{"reference":"Rush, Curtis. \"Future Remains Uncertain For Toronto Raptors President Masai Ujiri\". Forbes. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/curtisrush/2021/05/19/future-remains-uncertain-for-toronto-raptors-president-masai-ujiri/","url_text":"\"Future Remains Uncertain For Toronto Raptors President Masai Ujiri\""}]},{"reference":"(Musician), Coco Solid (2006), Denim & leisure : Coco & Erik remixes 02-05, Coco Solid, OCLC 156760207, retrieved 11 September 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/156760207","url_text":"Denim & leisure : Coco & Erik remixes 02-05"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156760207","url_text":"156760207"}]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada\". Canadian Architect. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/samuel-oboh-inducted-as-the-76th-president-of-the-royal-architectural-institute-of-canada/","url_text":"\"Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada\""}]}]
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Orezi\""},{"Link":"https://kapital929.fm/ajegunle-soldier-daddy-showkey-rewards-outstanding-students-hood/","external_links_name":"\"Daddy Showkey Rewards Outstanding Students In Ajegunle – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/curtisrush/2021/05/19/future-remains-uncertain-for-toronto-raptors-president-masai-ujiri/","external_links_name":"\"Future Remains Uncertain For Toronto Raptors President Masai Ujiri\""},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/156760207","external_links_name":"Denim & leisure : Coco & Erik remixes 02-05"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156760207","external_links_name":"156760207"},{"Link":"https://www.canadianarchitect.com/samuel-oboh-inducted-as-the-76th-president-of-the-royal-architectural-institute-of-canada/","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://deltastate.gov.ng/portfolio-item/louis-z-osiobe/","external_links_name":"https://deltastate.gov.ng/portfolio-item/louis-z-osiobe/"},{"Link":"https://louisosiobe.weebly.com/","external_links_name":"https://louisosiobe.weebly.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296289/Isok","external_links_name":"Isoko information"},{"Link":"http://www.isokonewyork.org/history.html","external_links_name":"Isoko History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150208060401/http://www.isokonewyork.org/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119764972","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119764972","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565409905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068637","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027800628","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Africa
|
Susan Africa
|
["1 Career","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 Film and television","1.3 Work off camera","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Filipino actress (b. 1959)
Susan AfricaAfrica in 2020Born (1959-08-20) August 20, 1959 (age 64)PhilippinesNationalityFilipinoAlma materUniversity of Santo Tomas (BFA)OccupationsActresswriterpainterbeauty queentelevision hostYears active1983–presentKnown forOlongapo... The Great American Dream (1987)Mara Clara (1992)A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery (2016)Kadenang Ginto (2018)Height1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)Spouse
Spanky Manikan
(m. 1989; died 2018)Children3
Susan Africa (born August 20, 1959) is a Filipino screen and stage actress, writer, painter, beauty queen and former television host with a career spanning four decades. After placing first runner-up at the 1980 Binibining Pilipinas pageant, she pursued a career in showbusiness. A prominent figure in soap operas, she rose to fame in the television series Mara Clara (1992) and is noted for playing impoverished maternal characters. She won Best Supporting Actress at the 1987 Metro Manila Film Festival for her portrayal in Olongapo... The Great American Dream and has been involved in several international productions such as Noriega: God's Favorite (2000), Blood Surf (2000) and Under Heavy Fire (2001).
Africa also served as the host of PTV4's For Art’s Sake (1989) and Sesame (1984). Among her acclaimed performances include Hele sa Hiwagang Hapis (2016) which competed at the Berlin International Film Festival and earned praises from Meryl Streep. She served as the Corporate Development Director of Ballet Philippines Foundation for 14 years and Associate Director of Alumni Relations at Asian Institute of Management (AIM). Her other memorable roles include Manang Esther in Kadenang Ginto (2018) and Nita Dimaculangan in Batang Quiapo (2023).
Career
Beginnings
Africa studied Fine Arts and Advertising where she graduated cum laude at the University of Santo Tomas. She became involved in acting after joining an actors' workshop at the behest of her aunt Odette Marquez, a film producer, who thought that it would help Africa overcome her shyness. As a young actress, Africa's mentors were Joel Lamangan and Soxie Topacio. She started in the theater in a production of General Goyo (1979) for Bulwagang Gantimpala (now Gantimpala Theater Foundation). Her other plays for Gantimpala include Kanser, Bien Aligtad, Biyaheng Timog, Bongbong at Kris. She has also acted for Teatro Pilipino (The Importance of Being Ernest, Regina Ramos), Dramatis Personae (Antigone) and Dulaang UP (Juna Luna) and has been directed by Rolando S. Tinio, Tony Espejo, Joel Lamangan, Anton Juan and Nonon Padilla.
Film and television
She received the Best Supporting Actress at the 1987 Metro Manila Film Festival for her role as Charlie in Olongapo, The Great American Dream. She is also well known for her five-year role as Susan Davis in the long-running teleserye Mara Clara. In 2005, she transferred to rival station, GMA Network, to play a supporting role on Now and Forever: Mukha and took a television break the following year but came back in 2007 through ABS-CBN's Palimos ng Pag-ibig. Africa later did TV5 and Kapamilya shows intermittently in 2011. During 2013, she returned to GMA-7 after Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala and was seen doing Kapuso teleseryes including Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko and Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real. Africa came back to ABS-CBN in late 2014.
Work off camera
Africa worked with Ballet Philippines of the Cultural Center of the Philippines as corporate development manager/director from 1986 to 2000, and with the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) as alumni relations program manager/associate director from 2000 to 2014.
This 1980 Bb Pilipinas-Universe 1st Runner-up had her 1st one-woman show at Gallery 139, SM Megamall in 2001.
Personal life
Africa is the widow of actor Spanky Manikan. She first met Manikan while acting opposite him in a production of Benjamin Pascual's General Goyo directed by Lamangan in 1979. The couple had three children together: Eli, Miguel, and Mika.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
1980
Nakaw Na Pag-ibig
1983
Hot Property
1984
Teenage Marriage
Lynn
1985
Hinugot sa Langit
Mitchie
1987
Olongapo... The Great American Dream
Charlie
1988
Itanong Mo sa Buwan
1989
Virginia P.
1990
Andrea, Paano Ba ang Maging Isang Ina?
Jackylyn
1992
Nang Gabing Mamulat si Eba
1993
Kailan Dalawa ang Mahal
1994
The Cecilia Masagca Story: Antipolo Massacre – Jesus, Save Us!
Nag-iisang Bituin
1995
Sa Ngalan ng Pag-ibig
Malou
Sa'yo Lamang
Mylene
Asero
Chayong
1996
Mara Clara: The Movie
Susan Davis
1997
Selosa
DNA
Nurse
1999
Gimik: The Reunion
Mrs. Lorenzo
2000
Biyaheng Langit
Koring
Blood Surf
Melba Lofranco
2003
Magnifico
Pracing
Masamang Ugat
Mercedes
My First Romance
Che's mom
2004
Bcuz of U
2006
You Are the One
Sally & Charry's Mother
Ang Pamana: The Inheritance
Celia
2009
Kinatay
Socorro
Tarot
Diana
Biyaheng Lupa
2010
Tingala sa Pugad
Sayong
Dalaw
Milagros
2011
Bahay Bata
Rose
2016
Singing in Graveyards
Myrna
A Lullaby to the Sorrowful Mystery
Hule
2018
The Hows of Us
Leonida 'Tita Lola' Antonio
2019
Sunod
Perla
The Mall, the Merrier!
Aling Mae
2021
Gameboys: The Movie
Tita Myra
Television
Year
Title
Role
Network
Notes
1984
Sesame!
Ate Sylvia
RPN
1992
Mara Clara
Susan Davis
ABS-CBN
1999
Saan Ka Man Naroroon
Gloria
Tabing Ilog
Esperanza 'Esper' Magtibay
2000
Noriega: God's Favorite
Adela Giroldi
Showtime
Television film
2001
Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan
Christina Tiongson
ABS-CBN
2003
It Might Be You
Margaret
2004
Krystala
Aleta
2005
Now and Forever: Mukha
Leonor
GMA Network
2006
Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas
Adult Mashna Andorra
2007
Sineserye Presents: Palimos ng Pag-Ibig
Tesang
ABS-CBN
Walang Kapalit
Elaine Santillian
2008
Lobo
Savannah Blancaflor
Komiks Presents: Tiny Tony
Eden
2009
May Bukas Pa
Isay Valera
2010
Rubi
Pachang
Precious Hearts Romances Presents: You're Mine, Only Mine
Theresa
Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Alyna
Adela Dela Cruz-Del Carmen
2011
Green Rose
Linda Reyes-Delgado
Babaeng Hampaslupa
Epiphania 'Epang' Mallari
TV5
Rod Santiago's The Sisters
Carlota Zialcita
Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig
Aida
ABS-CBN
2012
Angelito: Batang Ama
Carmen Santos
2013
Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala
Demetria Panaligan
Wansapanataym: Baby Ko ang Daddy Ko
Loring
Juan Dela Cruz
Debbie
Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko
Alicia Salazar
GMA Network
2014
Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real
Salome "Umeng" Salazar
2015
Wansapanataym: Wish Upon a Lusis
Minerva
ABS-CBN
All of Me
Maria 'Lola Aya' Sebastian
2015–2016
FPJ's Ang Probinsyano
Lorena
2016
The Story of Us
Aurora Sandoval
2017
My Dear Heart
Cathy Filomena
The Promise of Forever
Janet Trinidad / Helen Reyes
2018–2020
Kadenang Ginto
Esther Magtira
2022
The Broken Marriage Vow
Marina Ilustre
Kapamilya Channel
Maalaala Mo Kaya: "Kakanin" and "Ring Light"
Criselda Lopez-Cabantog
2023–present
Dirty Linen
Pilar Onore
FPJ's Batang Quiapo
Nonita "Nita" Dimaculangan
Awards and nominations
Award
Year
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
Metro Manila Film Festival
1987
Best Supporting Actress
Olongapo... The Great American Dream
Won
Young Critics Circle
2010
Best Performance
Biyaheng Lupa
Nominated
References
^ "More Showbiz Scions Sign up with Star Magic". The Philippine Star. June 25, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
^ What's on TV?. Manila Standard. 1989. p. 19.
^ "Cherie Gil says Meryl Streep praises Susan Africa". Tempo. March 21, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ Lo, Ricky. "Batang West Side won't be at Cinemanila fest after all". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ "Susan Africa is not your typical poor nanay on TV". ph.celebrity.yahoo.com. September 18, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i Tariman, Pablo A. (September 28, 2013). "Spanky Manikan and Susan Africa–how they are able to touch lives 'without our knowing it'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "Veteran actor Spanky Manikan dies after battle with lung cancer". ABS-CBN News. January 14, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ "LOOK: 100 Most Memorable Stars Who Joined FPJ's Ang Probinsyano". ABS-CBN News. August 26, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
^ Miralles, Nitz (1987). Pay role. Manila Standard. p. 14.
^ "Susan Africa trends online because of these funny memes". PEP.ph. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
^ "The indie film Bakal Boys was chosen as Best Film by The Young Critics Circle. This Gina Pareno-star". PEP.ph. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
External links
Susan Africa at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
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After placing first runner-up at the 1980 Binibining Pilipinas pageant, she pursued a career in showbusiness. A prominent figure in soap operas, she rose to fame in the television series Mara Clara (1992) and is noted for playing impoverished maternal characters. She won Best Supporting Actress at the 1987 Metro Manila Film Festival for her portrayal in Olongapo... The Great American Dream and has been involved in several international productions such as Noriega: God's Favorite (2000), Blood Surf (2000) and Under Heavy Fire (2001).Africa also served as the host of PTV4's For Art’s Sake (1989) and Sesame (1984).[2] Among her acclaimed performances include Hele sa Hiwagang Hapis (2016) which competed at the Berlin International Film Festival and earned praises from Meryl Streep.[3] She served as the Corporate Development Director of Ballet Philippines Foundation for 14 years and Associate Director of Alumni Relations at Asian Institute of Management (AIM).[4][5] Her other memorable roles include Manang Esther in Kadenang Ginto (2018) and Nita Dimaculangan in Batang Quiapo (2023).","title":"Susan Africa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Santo Tomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"Joel Lamangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Lamangan"},{"link_name":"Soxie Topacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxie_Topacio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"Rolando S. Tinio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolando_S._Tinio"},{"link_name":"Joel Lamangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Lamangan"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"Africa studied Fine Arts and Advertising where she graduated cum laude at the University of Santo Tomas.[6] She became involved in acting after joining an actors' workshop at the behest of her aunt Odette Marquez,[6] a film producer,[6] who thought that it would help Africa overcome her shyness.[6] As a young actress, Africa's mentors were Joel Lamangan and Soxie Topacio.[6] She started in the theater in a production of General Goyo (1979) for Bulwagang Gantimpala (now Gantimpala Theater Foundation). Her other plays for Gantimpala include Kanser, Bien Aligtad, Biyaheng Timog, Bongbong at Kris. She has also acted for Teatro Pilipino (The Importance of Being Ernest, Regina Ramos), Dramatis Personae (Antigone) and Dulaang UP (Juna Luna) and has been directed by Rolando S. Tinio, Tony Espejo, Joel Lamangan, Anton Juan and Nonon Padilla.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1987 Metro Manila Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Metro_Manila_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"teleserye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_television_drama"},{"link_name":"Mara Clara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Clara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Now and Forever: Mukha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_and_Forever:_Mukha"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"Palimos ng Pag-ibig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palimos_ng_Pag-ibig_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"TV5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV5_Network"},{"link_name":"Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwag_Ka_Lang_Mawawala"},{"link_name":"Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsesa_ng_Buhay_Ko"},{"link_name":"Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Dalawang_Mrs._Real"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"She received the Best Supporting Actress at the 1987 Metro Manila Film Festival for her role as Charlie in Olongapo, The Great American Dream.[6] She is also well known for her five-year role as Susan Davis in the long-running teleserye Mara Clara.[6] In 2005, she transferred to rival station, GMA Network, to play a supporting role on Now and Forever: Mukha and took a television break the following year but came back in 2007 through ABS-CBN's Palimos ng Pag-ibig. Africa later did TV5 and Kapamilya shows intermittently in 2011. During 2013, she returned to GMA-7 after Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala and was seen doing Kapuso teleseryes including Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko and Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real. Africa came back to ABS-CBN in late 2014.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Work off camera","text":"Africa worked with Ballet Philippines of the Cultural Center of the Philippines as corporate development manager/director from 1986 to 2000, and with the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) as alumni relations program manager/associate director from 2000 to 2014.This 1980 Bb Pilipinas-Universe 1st Runner-up had her 1st one-woman show at Gallery 139, SM Megamall in 2001.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanky Manikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanky_Manikan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tariman-6"}],"text":"Africa is the widow of actor Spanky Manikan.[7] She first met Manikan while acting opposite him in a production of Benjamin Pascual's General Goyo directed by Lamangan in 1979.[6] The couple had three children together: Eli, Miguel, and Mika.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"More Showbiz Scions Sign up with Star Magic\". The Philippine Star. June 25, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/06/25/2107836/more-showbiz-scions-sign-star-magic","url_text":"\"More Showbiz Scions Sign up with Star Magic\""}]},{"reference":"What's on TV?. Manila Standard. 1989. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKAVAAAAIBAJ&dq=Susan+Africa+actress+host&pg=PA19&article_id=6738,2233604","url_text":"What's on TV?"}]},{"reference":"\"Cherie Gil says Meryl Streep praises Susan Africa\". Tempo. March 21, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tempo.com.ph/2016/03/22/cherie-gil-says-meryl-streep-praises-susan-africa/","url_text":"\"Cherie Gil says Meryl Streep praises Susan Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Lo, Ricky. \"Batang West Side won't be at Cinemanila fest after all\". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/09/136064/batang-west-side-won146t-be-cinemanila-fest-after-all","url_text":"\"Batang West Side won't be at Cinemanila fest after all\""}]},{"reference":"\"Susan Africa is not your typical poor nanay on TV\". ph.celebrity.yahoo.com. September 18, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ph.celebrity.yahoo.com/news/susan-africa-is-not-your-typical-poor-nanay-on-tv-074456172.html","url_text":"\"Susan Africa is not your typical poor nanay on TV\""}]},{"reference":"Tariman, Pablo A. (September 28, 2013). \"Spanky Manikan and Susan Africa–how they are able to touch lives 'without our knowing it'\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/127643/spanky-manikan-and-susan-africa-how-they-are-able-to-touch-lives-without-our-knowing-it/","url_text":"\"Spanky Manikan and Susan Africa–how they are able to touch lives 'without our knowing it'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran actor Spanky Manikan dies after battle with lung cancer\". ABS-CBN News. January 14, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/01/14/18/veteran-actor-spanky-manikan-dies-after-battle-with-lung-cancer","url_text":"\"Veteran actor Spanky Manikan dies after battle with lung cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOOK: 100 Most Memorable Stars Who Joined FPJ's Ang Probinsyano\". ABS-CBN News. August 26, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.abs-cbn.com/tv/shows/angprobinsyano/photos/albums/128082517-look-100-most-memorable-stars-who-joined-fpjs-ang-probinsyano","url_text":"\"LOOK: 100 Most Memorable Stars Who Joined FPJ's Ang Probinsyano\""}]},{"reference":"Miralles, Nitz (1987). Pay role. Manila Standard. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lKgkAAAAIBAJ&dq=susan+africa+award&pg=PA14&article_id=5724,3979125","url_text":"Pay role"}]},{"reference":"\"Susan Africa trends online because of these funny memes\". PEP.ph. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/news/local/175855/susan-africa-memes-a755-20230915","url_text":"\"Susan Africa trends online because of these funny memes\""}]},{"reference":"\"The indie film Bakal Boys was chosen as Best Film by The Young Critics Circle. This Gina Pareno-star\". PEP.ph. Retrieved October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/1945/the-indie-film-bakal-boys-was-chosen-as-best-film-by-the-young-critics-circle-this-gina-pareno-star","url_text":"\"The indie film Bakal Boys was chosen as Best Film by The Young Critics Circle. This Gina Pareno-star\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/06/25/2107836/more-showbiz-scions-sign-star-magic","external_links_name":"\"More Showbiz Scions Sign up with Star Magic\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OKAVAAAAIBAJ&dq=Susan+Africa+actress+host&pg=PA19&article_id=6738,2233604","external_links_name":"What's on TV?"},{"Link":"https://tempo.com.ph/2016/03/22/cherie-gil-says-meryl-streep-praises-susan-africa/","external_links_name":"\"Cherie Gil says Meryl Streep praises Susan Africa\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2001/10/09/136064/batang-west-side-won146t-be-cinemanila-fest-after-all","external_links_name":"\"Batang West Side won't be at Cinemanila fest after all\""},{"Link":"http://ph.celebrity.yahoo.com/news/susan-africa-is-not-your-typical-poor-nanay-on-tv-074456172.html","external_links_name":"\"Susan Africa is not your typical poor nanay on TV\""},{"Link":"https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/127643/spanky-manikan-and-susan-africa-how-they-are-able-to-touch-lives-without-our-knowing-it/","external_links_name":"\"Spanky Manikan and Susan Africa–how they are able to touch lives 'without our knowing it'\""},{"Link":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/01/14/18/veteran-actor-spanky-manikan-dies-after-battle-with-lung-cancer","external_links_name":"\"Veteran actor Spanky Manikan dies after battle with lung cancer\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.abs-cbn.com/tv/shows/angprobinsyano/photos/albums/128082517-look-100-most-memorable-stars-who-joined-fpjs-ang-probinsyano","external_links_name":"\"LOOK: 100 Most Memorable Stars Who Joined FPJ's Ang Probinsyano\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lKgkAAAAIBAJ&dq=susan+africa+award&pg=PA14&article_id=5724,3979125","external_links_name":"Pay role"},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/news/local/175855/susan-africa-memes-a755-20230915","external_links_name":"\"Susan Africa trends online because of these funny memes\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/1945/the-indie-film-bakal-boys-was-chosen-as-best-film-by-the-young-critics-circle-this-gina-pareno-star","external_links_name":"\"The indie film Bakal Boys was chosen as Best Film by The Young Critics Circle. This Gina Pareno-star\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0012748/","external_links_name":"Susan Africa"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000420687831","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305458524","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061725324","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061725324.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Creek_(Umpqua_River)
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Elk Creek (Umpqua River tributary)
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["1 Tributaries","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°38′01″N 123°34′02″W / 43.63361°N 123.56722°W / 43.63361; -123.56722For other places with the same name, see Elk Creek.
River in Oregon, United StatesElk CreekMap of the Umpqua River watershedLocation of the mouth of Elk Creek in OregonLocationCountryUnited StatesStateOregonCountyDouglasPhysical characteristicsSourceBen More Mountain • locationnear Elkhead, lower Cascade Range • coordinates43°30′00″N 123°09′37″W / 43.50000°N 123.16028°W / 43.50000; -123.16028 • elevation1,245 ft (379 m)
MouthUmpqua River • locationElkton • coordinates43°38′01″N 123°34′02″W / 43.63361°N 123.56722°W / 43.63361; -123.56722 • elevation82 ft (25 m)Length46 mi (74 km)Basin size290 sq mi (750 km2)
Elk Creek is a tributary, about 46 miles (74 km) long, of the Umpqua River in the U.S. state of Oregon.
The creek begins near Ben More Mountain in the lower Cascade Range south of Elkhead and flows generally north until passing under Interstate 5 in Scotts Valley. It then turns sharply west, flowing through the small city of Drain before meeting the Umpqua at Elkton. Oregon Route 99 runs along the creek for a short distance south of Drain, and Oregon Route 38 follows the creek from Drain to Elkton.
Before its demolition in 1995, Roaring Camp Bridge, a private covered bridge, spanned Elk Creek about 6 miles (10 km) west of Drain. Robert Lancaster built the bridge in 1929 to provide road access to his farm. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the bridge was delisted after its destruction in 1995.
Tributaries
Named tributaries of Elk Creek from source to mouth are Shingle Mill, Walker, Adams, Bennet, Cox, Salt, and Wehmeyer creeks followed by Dodge Canyon. Then come Asker, McClintock, Wise, Yoncalla, Pass, Post, and Billy creeks. Further downstream are Hardscrabble, Jack, Parker, Lancaster, Indian, and Brush creeks. Entering the lower reaches are Big Tom Folley, Hancock, and Little Tom Folley creeks.
See also
List of rivers of Oregon
References
^ a b "Elk Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
^ Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates.
^ a b c d "United States Topographic Map". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Acme Mapper. The map includes mile markers along the full length of the creek.
^ "Elk Creek/Umpqua River Watershed Analysis" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. 2003. p. 1. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
^ a b "Oregon National Register List" (PDF). Oregon City County Management Association. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
^ Cockrell, Bill (2008). Oregon's Covered Bridges. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7385-5818-9.
External links
Elk Creek Watershed Council
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elk Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Creek_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Umpqua River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpqua_River"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo_map-3"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"Elkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhead,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Interstate 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Scotts Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotts_Valley,_Oregon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Elkton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_99"},{"link_name":"Oregon Route 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_38"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo_map-3"},{"link_name":"Roaring Camp Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Camp_Bridge"},{"link_name":"covered bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORlist-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cochran-6"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORlist-5"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Elk Creek.River in Oregon, United StatesElk Creek is a tributary, about 46 miles (74 km) long, of the Umpqua River in the U.S. state of Oregon.[3]\nThe creek begins near Ben More Mountain in the lower Cascade Range south of Elkhead and flows generally north until passing under Interstate 5 in Scotts Valley. It then turns sharply west, flowing through the small city of Drain before meeting the Umpqua at Elkton. Oregon Route 99 runs along the creek for a short distance south of Drain, and Oregon Route 38 follows the creek from Drain to Elkton.[3]Before its demolition in 1995, Roaring Camp Bridge, a private covered bridge, spanned Elk Creek about 6 miles (10 km) west of Drain.[5] Robert Lancaster built the bridge in 1929 to provide road access to his farm.[6] Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, the bridge was delisted after its destruction in 1995.[5]","title":"Elk Creek (Umpqua River tributary)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo_map-3"}],"text":"Named tributaries of Elk Creek from source to mouth are Shingle Mill, Walker, Adams, Bennet, Cox, Salt, and Wehmeyer creeks followed by Dodge Canyon. Then come Asker, McClintock, Wise, Yoncalla, Pass, Post, and Billy creeks. Further downstream are Hardscrabble, Jack, Parker, Lancaster, Indian, and Brush creeks. Entering the lower reaches are Big Tom Folley, Hancock, and Little Tom Folley creeks.[3]","title":"Tributaries"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of rivers of Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Oregon"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Elk Creek\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 28, 1980. Retrieved February 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1120443","url_text":"\"Elk Creek\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Topographic Map\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 29, 2016 – via Acme Mapper.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=43.633611,-123.567222&z=12&t=T&marker0=43.633611,-123.567222","url_text":"\"United States Topographic Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elk Creek/Umpqua River Watershed Analysis\" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. 2003. p. 1. Retrieved February 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blm.gov/or/districts/roseburg/plans/files/EkCkURWA.pdf","url_text":"\"Elk Creek/Umpqua River Watershed Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon National Register List\" (PDF). Oregon City County Management Association. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123233752/http://www.occma.org/portals/64/Departments/Community%20Development/oregon_nr_list.pdf","url_text":"\"Oregon National Register List\""},{"url":"http://www.occma.org/portals/64/Departments/Community%20Development/oregon_nr_list.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cockrell, Bill (2008). Oregon's Covered Bridges. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7385-5818-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-5818-9","url_text":"978-0-7385-5818-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elk_Creek_(Umpqua_River_tributary)¶ms=43_38_01_N_123_34_02_W_type:river","external_links_name":"43°38′01″N 123°34′02″W / 43.63361°N 123.56722°W / 43.63361; -123.56722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elk_Creek_(Umpqua_River_tributary)¶ms=43_30_00_N_123_09_37_W_","external_links_name":"43°30′00″N 123°09′37″W / 43.50000°N 123.16028°W / 43.50000; -123.16028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elk_Creek_(Umpqua_River_tributary)¶ms=43_38_01_N_123_34_02_W_type:river","external_links_name":"43°38′01″N 123°34′02″W / 43.63361°N 123.56722°W / 43.63361; -123.56722"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1120443","external_links_name":"\"Elk Creek\""},{"Link":"http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=43.633611,-123.567222&z=12&t=T&marker0=43.633611,-123.567222","external_links_name":"\"United States Topographic Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.blm.gov/or/districts/roseburg/plans/files/EkCkURWA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Elk Creek/Umpqua River Watershed Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160123233752/http://www.occma.org/portals/64/Departments/Community%20Development/oregon_nr_list.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oregon National Register List\""},{"Link":"http://www.occma.org/portals/64/Departments/Community%20Development/oregon_nr_list.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426013732/http://oregonwatersheds.org/councils/watershed-councils-without-website/elk-creek-watershed-council","external_links_name":"Elk Creek Watershed Council"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete_spiny_mouse
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Crete spiny mouse
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["1 References"]
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Species of rodent
Crete spiny mouse
An Acomys minous at the Natural History Museum of Crete
Conservation status
Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Family:
Muridae
Genus:
Acomys
Species:
A. minous
Binomial name
Acomys minous(Bate, 1906)
The Crete spiny mouse (Acomys minous) is a species of mouse endemic to Crete. It is characterized by the coarse, stiff hairs on its back and tail and a notably grayer coloration and more pointed face than other species of spiny mice. Its fur color varies from yellow to red, gray or brown on its face and back, with white fur on its underside. It is a nocturnal forager, feeding mainly on grass blades and seeds, and builds only a very rudimentary nest.
The gestation is between five and six weeks, which is unusually long for a mouse. At birth, other females clean and assist the mother. The young are well developed with open eyes when they are born.
Its taxonomic position is uncertain (it may be a variant of the Cairo spiny mouse) leading the IUCN to consider it data deficient, but it is common within its range and even if a valid species it is not threatened.
References
Burnie, David, ed. (2001), "Crete spiny mouse", Animal, Dorling Kindersly, p. 155
^ a b Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Acomys minous". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T269A2789048. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
vteExtant species of subfamily Deomyinae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Acomys(Spiny mice)
Western Saharan spiny mouse (A. airensis)
Cairo spiny mouse (A. cahirinus)
Chudeau's spiny mouse (A. chudeaui)
Asia Minor spiny mouse (A. cilicicus)
Gray spiny mouse (A. cineraceus)
Eastern spiny mouse (A. dimidiatus)
Fiery spiny mouse (A. ignitus)
Johan's spiny mouse (A. johannis)
Kemp's spiny mouse (A. kempi)
Louise's spiny mouse (A. louisae)
Crete spiny mouse (A. minous)
Mullah spiny mouse (A. mullah)
Muze spiny mouse (A. muzei)
Cyprus spiny mouse (A. nesiotes)
Nguru spiny mouse (A. ngurui)
Percival's spiny mouse (A. percivali)
Golden spiny mouse (A. russatus)
Seurat's spiny mouse (A. seurati)
Southern African spiny mouse (A. spinosissimus)
Cape spiny mouse (A. subspinosus)
Wilson's spiny mouse (A. wilsoni)
Deomys
Link rat (D. ferrugineus)
Lophuromys(Brush-furred mice)
Subgenus Kivumys
Yellow-bellied brush-furred rat (L. luteogaster)
Medium-tailed brush-furred rat (L. medicaudatus)
Woosnam's brush-furred rat (L. woosnami)
Subgenus Lophuromys
Angolan brush-furred rat (L. angolensis)
Ansorge's brush-furred rat (L. ansorgei)
Gray brush-furred rat (L. aquilus)
Short-tailed brush-furred rat (L. brevicaudus)
Thomas's Ethiopian brush-furred rat (L. brunneus)
Mount Chercher brush-furred rat (L. chercherensis)
Ethiopian forest brush-furred rat (L. chrysopus)
Dieterlen's brush-furred mouse (L. dieterleni)
Dudu's brush-furred rat (L. dudui)
Eisentraut's brush-furred rat (L. eisentrauti)
Yellow-spotted brush-furred rat (L. flavopunctatus)
Hutterer's brush-furred mouse (L. huttereri)
Kilonzo's brush furred rat (L. kilonzoi)
L. laticeps
L. machangui
Makundi's brush-furred rat (L. makundii)
L. margarettae
Black-clawed brush-furred rat (L. melanonyx)
North Western Rift brush-furred rat (L. menageshae)
Fire-bellied brush-furred rat (L. nudicaudus)
Sheko Forest brush-furred rat (L. pseudosikapusi)
Rahm's brush-furred rat (L. rahmi)
L. rita
Mount Cameroon brush-furred rat (L. roseveari)
Sabuni's brush-furred rat (L. sabunii)
Rusty-bellied brush-furred rat (L. sikapusi)
L. simensis
Stanley's brush-furred rat (L. stanleyi)
Verhagen's brush-furred rat (L. verhageni)
Zena's brush-furred rat (L. zena)
Uranomys
Rudd's mouse (U. ruddi)
Taxon identifiersAcomys minous
Wikidata: Q304975
Wikispecies: Acomys minous
ADW: Acomys_minous
EoL: 313023
EUNIS: 1350
Fauna Europaea: 305574
Fauna Europaea (new): c8f8b766-2cf4-480a-8c2f-18871ba99559
GBIF: 2438264
iNaturalist: 45591
IRMNG: 10215116
ITIS: 585105
IUCN: 269
MDD: 1002854
MSW: 13001011
NCBI: 83528
Observation.org: 81518
Open Tree of Life: 747232
This Acomys article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"spiny mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny_mouse"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_animal"},{"link_name":"forager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cairo spiny mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_spiny_mouse"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"data deficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_deficient"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The Crete spiny mouse (Acomys minous) is a species of mouse endemic to Crete. It is characterized by the coarse, stiff hairs on its back and tail and a notably grayer coloration and more pointed face than other species of spiny mice. Its fur color varies from yellow to red, gray or brown on its face and back, with white fur on its underside. It is a nocturnal forager, feeding mainly on grass blades and seeds, and builds only a very rudimentary nest.The gestation is between five and six weeks, which is unusually long for a mouse. At birth, other females clean and assist the mother. The young are well developed with open eyes when they are born.Its taxonomic position is uncertain (it may be a variant of the Cairo spiny mouse) leading the IUCN to consider it data deficient, but it is common within its range and even if a valid species it is not threatened.[1]","title":"Crete spiny mouse"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Burnie, David, ed. (2001), \"Crete spiny mouse\", Animal, Dorling Kindersly, p. 155","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). \"Acomys minous\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T269A2789048. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/269/2789048","url_text":"\"Acomys minous\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/269/2789048","external_links_name":"\"Acomys minous\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T269A2789048.en"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Acomys_minous/","external_links_name":"Acomys_minous"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/313023","external_links_name":"313023"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1350","external_links_name":"1350"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305574","external_links_name":"305574"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c8f8b766-2cf4-480a-8c2f-18871ba99559","external_links_name":"c8f8b766-2cf4-480a-8c2f-18871ba99559"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2438264","external_links_name":"2438264"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/45591","external_links_name":"45591"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10215116","external_links_name":"10215116"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=585105","external_links_name":"585105"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/269","external_links_name":"269"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1002854","external_links_name":"1002854"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13001011","external_links_name":"13001011"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=83528","external_links_name":"83528"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/81518/","external_links_name":"81518"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=747232","external_links_name":"747232"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crete_spiny_mouse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Harbor_Belt
|
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
|
["1 Ownership","2 Route and facilities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Class III railroad in the Midwest
Indiana Harbor Belt RailroadIHB number 3801 and 3802, both EMD GP38-2sOverviewHeadquartersHammond, IndianaReporting markIHBLocaleNorthwest Indiana, suburbs of Chicago, IllinoisDates of operation1896–presentTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeOtherWebsitewww.ihbrr.com
The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad (reporting mark IHB) is a Class III railroad in the United States.
Ownership
The IHB is jointly owned by Conrail Shared Assets Operations (51%) and Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited (49%). These shareholders trace their ownership stake in IHB to previous mergers and acquisitions in the railroad industry. Conrail's ownership is traced back to the Penn Central Transportation Company and prior to that, the New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. CPKC's ownership is through its subsidiary, the Soo Line, which inherited it from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the "Milwaukee Road"). Also, the IHB's northern terminus is the Milwaukee District West Line in Franklin Park, Illinois, which is operated by Metra and CPKC.
Route and facilities
The line comprises 320 miles (510 km) of track—30 miles (48 km) of single mainline track, 24 miles (39 km) of double-main track and 266 miles (428 km) of additional yard and side track—starting northwest of Chicago in Franklin Park, Illinois at CPKC's Elgin Subdivision, traveling southeast around the city to its headquarters in Hammond, Indiana.
The railroad's largest yard is Blue Island located in Riverdale, Illinois. The Gibson Yard, located in Hammond, Indiana, is arguably the largest automobile traffic switching operation in the United States. Other yards include Burnham, Calumet City, Alsip, Argo, LaGrange, Rose, Norpaul, Whiting, Michigan Avenue, and Lakefront.
Since the 1970s, the IHB has operated an extensive interlocking tower system including: East End, Osbourne, Calumet, State Line, Gibson, Stewart Avenue, Graselli, 55th Street and Argo towers. Switch tenders are located at North Harvey and Columbia Avenue. IHB also took over State Line tower from the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad.
See also
Railways portal
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co., a landmark torts case which involved the railroad.
References
^ Surface Transportation Board, The Belt Railway Company of Chicago -- Trackage Rights Exemption -- Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Company, January 9, 2002
^ a b "About The Indiana Harbor Belt Rail Road". Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad.
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
RAILChicago - Chicago RAILExperts
Indiana Harbor Belt Archive (railfan site)
Shortlines of Chicago Historical Society IHB History
Preceded byReading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad
Regional Railroad of the Year 2003
Succeeded byWheeling and Lake Erie Railway
vteRailroads of IllinoisCommon carriers
A&R Terminal Railroad
Ag Valley Railroad
Alton & Southern Railway
Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad
Belt Railway of Chicago
Bloomer Shippers Connecting Railroad
BNSF
Burlington Junction Railway
Canadian National
Central Illinois Railroad
Chicago Central & Pacific Railroad
Chicago–Chemung Railroad
Chicago, Fort Wayne & Eastern Railroad
Chicago Port Railroad
Chicago Rail Link
Chicago South Shore & South Bend Railroad
Chicago Terminal Railroad
City of Rochelle Railroad
Coffeen & Western Railroad
CPKC
Crab Orchard & Egyptian Railway
CSX
Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad
Decatur Central Railroad
Decatur & Eastern Illinois Railroad
Decatur Junction Railway
Eastern Illinois Railroad
Effingham Railroad
Evansville Western Railway
Gateway Eastern Railway
Grand Trunk Western Railroad
Illinois Central Railroad
Illinois & Midland Railroad
Illinois Railway
Illinois Western Railroad
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
Indiana Rail Road
Iowa Interstate Railroad
Joppa & Eastern Railroad
Kankakee, Beaverville & Southern Railroad
Kansas City Southern Railway
Keokuk Junction Railway
Lincoln & Southern Railroad
Manufacturers' Junction Railway
Manufacturers Railway
Norfolk Southern
Peoria & Pekin Union Railway
Peru Industrial Railroad
Pioneer Industrial Railway
Port Harbor Railroad
Riverport Railroad
Shawnee Terminal Railway
Soo Line Railroad
South Chicago & Indiana Harbor Railway
Southern Illinois & Missouri Bridge Company
Tazewell & Peoria Railroad
Terminal Railroad Association of St Louis
Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway
Union Pacific
Vandalia Railroad
Vermilion Valley Railroad
Wisconsin Central
Wisconsin & Southern Railroad
Passenger carriers
Airport Transit System
Amtrak
Chicago "L"
Metra
MetroLink
South Shore Line
Private carriers
Bulkmatic Railroad
C&C Railroad
Calumet Transload & Railroad
Captain Mine
Chicago Heights Terminal Transfer Railroad
Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad
DOT Rail Service
FNG Logistics Company
Joliet Junction Railroad
Kaskaskia Regional Port District Railroad
Mokena Illinois Railroad
North American Industrial Railway
Peabody Energy
Peoria, Peoria Heights & Western Railroad
Respondek Railroad Corporation
Heritage railroads
Fox River Trolley Museum
Illinois Railway Museum
Monticello Railway Museum
Silver Creek & Stephenson Railroad
See also: Former carriers in Illinois
List of United States railroads by political division
vteRailroads of IndianaCommon carriers
Bee Line Railroad
Big 4 Terminal Railroad
Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad
Central Indiana and Western Railroad
Central Railroad of Indianapolis
Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad
Central Railroad of Indiana
Chesapeake and Indiana Railroad
C&NC Railroad
Chicago SouthShore and South Bend Railroad
CSX Transportation
Dubois County Railroad
Evansville Western Railway
Elkhart and Western Railroad
Fulton County Railroad
Gary Railway
Grand Trunk Western Railroad
Honey Creek Railroad
Hoosier Southern Railroad
Indian Creek Railroad
Indiana Eastern Railroad
Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
Indiana Northeastern Railroad
Indiana Rail Road
Indiana and Ohio Railway
Indiana Southern Railroad
Indiana Southwestern Railway
Indianapolis Union Railway
Kankakee, Beaverville and Southern Railroad
Kendallville Terminal Railway
Logansport and Eel River Short-Line Company
Louisville and Indiana Railroad
Lake Michigan and Indiana Railroad
Lucas Oil Rail Line
Madison Railroad
MG Rail, Inc.
Napoleon, Defiance & Western Railroad
Norfolk Southern Railway
Ohio Valley Railroad
R.J. Corman Railroad/Western Ohio Lines
South Chicago and Indiana Harbor Railway
Squaw Creek Southern Railroad
Southern Indiana Railway
Soo Line Railroad
Southwind Shortline Railroad
Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway
U S Rail Corporation
Vermilion Valley Railroad
Wabash Central Railroad
Winamac Southern Railway
Passenger carriers
Amtrak
South Shore Line
Private carriers
BP
City of Auburn Port Authority
Steel Dynamics
R.J. Corman
Toyota
Heritage railroads
Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society
Hesston Steam Museum
Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum
Indiana Railway Museum
Indiana Transportation Museum
National New York Central Railroad Museum
Whitewater Valley Railroad
See also: Former carriers in Indiana
List of United States railroads by political division
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"Class III railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_III_railroad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad (reporting mark IHB) is a Class III railroad[1] in the United States.","title":"Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrail Shared Assets Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail_Shared_Assets_Operations"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City"},{"link_name":"Penn Central Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Soo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee District West Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_District_West_Line"},{"link_name":"Franklin Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"}],"text":"The IHB is jointly owned by Conrail Shared Assets Operations (51%) and Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited (49%). These shareholders trace their ownership stake in IHB to previous mergers and acquisitions in the railroad industry. Conrail's ownership is traced back to the Penn Central Transportation Company and prior to that, the New York Central Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad. CPKC's ownership is through its subsidiary, the Soo Line, which inherited it from the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (also known as the \"Milwaukee Road\"). Also, the IHB's northern terminus is the Milwaukee District West Line in Franklin Park, Illinois, which is operated by Metra and CPKC.","title":"Ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Hammond, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Riverdale, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"interlocking tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking_tower"},{"link_name":"Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_and_Western_Indiana_Railroad"}],"text":"The line comprises 320 miles (510 km) of track—30 miles (48 km) of single mainline track, 24 miles (39 km) of double-main track and 266 miles (428 km) of additional yard and side track—starting northwest of Chicago in Franklin Park, Illinois at CPKC's Elgin Subdivision, traveling southeast around the city to its headquarters in Hammond, Indiana.[2]The railroad's largest yard is Blue Island located in Riverdale, Illinois.[2] The Gibson Yard, located in Hammond, Indiana, is arguably the largest automobile traffic switching operation in the United States. Other yards include Burnham, Calumet City, Alsip, Argo, LaGrange, Rose, Norpaul, Whiting, Michigan Avenue, and Lakefront.Since the 1970s, the IHB has operated an extensive interlocking tower system including: East End, Osbourne, Calumet, State Line, Gibson, Stewart Avenue, Graselli, 55th Street and Argo towers. Switch tenders are located at North Harvey and Columbia Avenue. IHB also took over State Line tower from the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad.","title":"Route and facilities"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Railways portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Railways"},{"title":"Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Co. v. American Cyanamid Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Harbor_Belt_Railroad_Co._v._American_Cyanamid_Co."},{"title":"torts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torts"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"About The Indiana Harbor Belt Rail Road\". Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ihbrr.com/about_us","url_text":"\"About The Indiana Harbor Belt Rail Road\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ihbrr.com/","external_links_name":"www.ihbrr.com"},{"Link":"http://www.stb.dot.gov/Decisions/readingroom.nsf/1d523df01e895e5185257497001b8880/237c8f8a53ca0f5985256b350060cb9c?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"The Belt Railway Company of Chicago -- Trackage Rights Exemption -- Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Company"},{"Link":"http://www.ihbrr.com/about_us","external_links_name":"\"About The Indiana Harbor Belt Rail Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.ihbrr.com/","external_links_name":"Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad"},{"Link":"http://www.railchicago.com/","external_links_name":"RAILChicago - Chicago RAILExperts"},{"Link":"http://www.ihbarchive.com/","external_links_name":"Indiana Harbor Belt Archive (railfan site)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724201614/http://www.dhke.com/schs/schs468.htm","external_links_name":"Shortlines of Chicago Historical Society IHB History"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/233122842","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012030972","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonasan_David
|
Yonasan David
|
["1 Biography","2 Black September hijacking","3 Works","4 References"]
|
Harebi Rabbi
Rabbi Yonasan David during the 1970s.
Yonasan Dovid David (also known as Jonathan Dovid David) is a Haredi rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean) of Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok and Kollel Ohr Eliyahu in the Har Nof neighborhood of Jerusalem. He also serves as the co-rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin together with Rabbi Shlomo Halioua (and previously with the Halioua’s father-in-law, Rabbi Aaron Schechter) in Brooklyn, New York.
Biography
David was married to Rebbitzin Bruria David, the only child of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner, until her death on April 9, 2023. David is often cited as a notable source within the Haredi world's intellectual circles.
David became a disciple of Hutner when he enrolled at the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin as a teenager.
He studied for a while also at the Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
Black September hijacking
In 1970 Rabbi David and his wife accompanied her father and mother on a trip from New York to Israel. During their return flight on September 6, 1970, their plane was hijacked by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The terrorists freed the non-Jewish passengers and held the Jewish passengers hostage on the plane for one week, after which the women and children – including David and his mother – were released and sent to Cyprus. During a press conference held on the airfield next to the hijacked planes, journalists were invited to interview several hostages, including David. He told the press that "the captives were being treated decently, but that the terrorists were circulating among their captives with biks (the Yiddish word for machine guns) in their hands".
The hijacked airplanes were subsequently detonated, and the remaining 40-plus Jewish men – including Hutner, David, and two students accompanying Hutner, Rabbi Meir Fund and Rabbi Yaakov Drillman – and male flight crew continued to be held hostage, first in a refugee camp and then in safe houses in and around Amman, Jordan. On September 26, Hutner, David, and the students were released and flown to Nicosia, Cyprus. Israeli Knesset Member Rabbi Menachem Porush chartered a private plane to meet them in Nicosia, and reported that the men looked emaciated. On September 28, Hutner, David, their wives and students were flown back to New York via Europe, and were home in time for the first night of Rosh Hashana.
Works
Yonasan and Bruria have edited the works of Hutner, known as Pachad Yitzchok ("Fear of Isaac"). They also compiled and published the official biography of Hutner, known as "Sefer HaZikaron" ("Book of Remembrance"). David edited a subsequent volume of Hutner's "Igros Ukesavim" ("Letters and Writings"). David has also released previously unpublished sermons of Hutner known as Ma'amarei Pachad Yitzchok ("Talks/Teachings of Pachad Yitzchok").
References
^ Stolper, Pinchos (2005). Chanukah in a New Light. Israel Book Shop. p. 233. ISBN 1-931681-76-7.
^ Fertig, Avi (January 8, 2010). Bridging the gap: clarifying the eternal foundations of mussar and emunah. By Avi Fertig. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 9781583309629.
^ "This World Is Not The End Of Life, by Rabbi Moshe Weinberger". Aish Kodesh Audio.com. January 8, 2010.
^ "Shiurim: Parshas Eikev - 5759. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel". Yeshivat Tiferet Yerushalayim. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007.
^ "Shiurim: Parshas Vayeitze - 5761. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel". Yeshivat Tiferet Yerushalayim. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007.
^ a b Bin-Nun, Dov and Ginsberg, Rachel. "He Swallowed My Papers To Save Me". Mishpacha, 14 September 2011, pp. 34–43.
^ Pachad Yitzhok: Hilchos Dei'os Vechovos Halevavos, Volumes 1 - 10, Edited by Yonason David, published by Gur Aryeh Publications, Brooklyn, NY, USA
^ Sefer HaZikaron: Biography of Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner. Published by Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok, Jerusalem, Israel
^ Igros Ukesavim. Published by Gur Aryeh Publications, Brooklyn, NY, USA
^ "Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner: By the Writing Desk of the Master (originally appeared in Jewish Observer magazine)". Tzemach Dovid.org. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2013. This volume consists of 264 letters and other writings. The unique character of this volume, as distinct from the other published volumes of the Pachad Yitzchak series, is spelled out in a brief introduction consisting of divrei Torah contributed by Rabbi Yonasan David shlita (son-in-law of the Rosh Yeshivah). The volume is divided into several sections: The first section contains letters dealing primarily with Hilchos De'os Vechovas Halevavos (duties of the heart and mind.)
^ Ma'amarei Pachad Yitzchok, written and annoted by Rabbi Yonason David, Gur Aryeh Publications, Brooklyn, NY USA
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R_Yonason_David_1970s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"rosh yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_Pachad_Yitzchok"},{"link_name":"Kollel Ohr Eliyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kollel_Ohr_Eliyahu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Har Nof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Nof"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Chaim_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Aaron Schechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Schechter"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Rabbi Yonasan David during the 1970s.Yonasan Dovid David (also known as Jonathan Dovid David) is a Haredi rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean) of Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok and Kollel Ohr Eliyahu in the Har Nof neighborhood of Jerusalem. He also serves as the co-rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin together with Rabbi Shlomo Halioua (and previously with the Halioua’s father-in-law, Rabbi Aaron Schechter) in Brooklyn, New York.","title":"Yonasan David"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruria David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruria_David"},{"link_name":"Yitzchak Hutner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzchak_Hutner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"David was married to Rebbitzin Bruria David, the only child of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner, until her death on April 9, 2023.[1] David is often cited as a notable source within the Haredi world's intellectual circles.[2][3][4][5]David became a disciple of Hutner when he enrolled at the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin as a teenager.[citation needed]\nHe studied for a while also at the Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hijacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mish-6"},{"link_name":"safe houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_house"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Menachem Porush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Porush"},{"link_name":"Rosh Hashana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mish-6"}],"text":"In 1970 Rabbi David and his wife accompanied her father and mother on a trip from New York to Israel. During their return flight on September 6, 1970, their plane was hijacked by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The terrorists freed the non-Jewish passengers and held the Jewish passengers hostage on the plane for one week, after which the women and children – including David and his mother – were released and sent to Cyprus. During a press conference held on the airfield next to the hijacked planes, journalists were invited to interview several hostages, including David. He told the press that \"the captives were being treated decently, but that the terrorists were circulating among their captives with biks (the Yiddish word for machine guns) in their hands\".[6]The hijacked airplanes were subsequently detonated, and the remaining 40-plus Jewish men – including Hutner, David, and two students accompanying Hutner, Rabbi Meir Fund and Rabbi Yaakov Drillman – and male flight crew continued to be held hostage, first in a refugee camp and then in safe houses in and around Amman, Jordan. On September 26, Hutner, David, and the students were released and flown to Nicosia, Cyprus. Israeli Knesset Member Rabbi Menachem Porush chartered a private plane to meet them in Nicosia, and reported that the men looked emaciated. On September 28, Hutner, David, their wives and students were flown back to New York via Europe, and were home in time for the first night of Rosh Hashana.[6]","title":"Black September hijacking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Yonasan and Bruria have edited the works of Hutner, known as Pachad Yitzchok (\"Fear of Isaac\").[7] They also compiled and published the official biography of Hutner, known as \"Sefer HaZikaron\" (\"Book of Remembrance\").[8] David edited a subsequent volume of Hutner's \"Igros Ukesavim\" (\"Letters and Writings\").[9][10] David has also released previously unpublished sermons of Hutner known as Ma'amarei Pachad Yitzchok (\"Talks/Teachings of Pachad Yitzchok\").[11]","title":"Works"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rabbi Yonasan David during the 1970s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/R_Yonason_David_1970s.jpg/220px-R_Yonason_David_1970s.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Stolper, Pinchos (2005). Chanukah in a New Light. Israel Book Shop. p. 233. ISBN 1-931681-76-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tfv7F_X7XHIC&pg=PA233","url_text":"Chanukah in a New Light"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931681-76-7","url_text":"1-931681-76-7"}]},{"reference":"Fertig, Avi (January 8, 2010). Bridging the gap: clarifying the eternal foundations of mussar and emunah. By Avi Fertig. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 9781583309629.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Effcm-fFgUoC&q=%22rav+yonason+david%22&pg=PA146","url_text":"Bridging the gap: clarifying the eternal foundations of mussar and emunah. By Avi Fertig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583309629","url_text":"9781583309629"}]},{"reference":"\"This World Is Not The End Of Life, by Rabbi Moshe Weinberger\". Aish Kodesh Audio.com. January 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aishkodeshaudio.com/Product/Lecture_Series/Hashkafah/This_World_Is_Not_The_End_Of_Life_(Shabbos_Hagadol)_HAZZ049520080417.html","url_text":"\"This World Is Not The End Of Life, by Rabbi Moshe Weinberger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Eikev - 5759. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\". Yeshivat Tiferet Yerushalayim. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026201459/http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=23&page=2","url_text":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Eikev - 5759. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\""},{"url":"http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=23&page=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Vayeitze - 5761. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\". Yeshivat Tiferet Yerushalayim. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071023083042/http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=41&page=3","url_text":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Vayeitze - 5761. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\""},{"url":"http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=41&page=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner: By the Writing Desk of the Master (originally appeared in Jewish Observer magazine)\". Tzemach Dovid.org. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2013. This volume consists of 264 letters and other writings. The unique character of this volume, as distinct from the other published volumes of the Pachad Yitzchak series, is spelled out in a brief introduction consisting of divrei Torah contributed by Rabbi Yonasan David shlita (son-in-law of the Rosh Yeshivah). The volume is divided into several sections: The first section contains letters dealing primarily with Hilchos De'os Vechovas Halevavos (duties of the heart and mind.)","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120624131542/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rhutner.html","url_text":"\"Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner: By the Writing Desk of the Master (originally appeared in Jewish Observer magazine)\""},{"url":"http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rhutner.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tfv7F_X7XHIC&pg=PA233","external_links_name":"Chanukah in a New Light"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Effcm-fFgUoC&q=%22rav+yonason+david%22&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Bridging the gap: clarifying the eternal foundations of mussar and emunah. By Avi Fertig"},{"Link":"http://www.aishkodeshaudio.com/Product/Lecture_Series/Hashkafah/This_World_Is_Not_The_End_Of_Life_(Shabbos_Hagadol)_HAZZ049520080417.html","external_links_name":"\"This World Is Not The End Of Life, by Rabbi Moshe Weinberger\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026201459/http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=23&page=2","external_links_name":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Eikev - 5759. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\""},{"Link":"http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=23&page=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071023083042/http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=41&page=3","external_links_name":"\"Shiurim: Parshas Vayeitze - 5761. By Rabbi Pesach Siegel\""},{"Link":"http://www.tiferet.org.il/shiurim.php?id=41&page=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120624131542/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rhutner.html","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner: By the Writing Desk of the Master (originally appeared in Jewish Observer magazine)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tzemachdovid.org/gedolim/jo/tworld/rhutner.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066937606","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7344400","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007296353705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2005003495","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypsis_schoenoides
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Sporobolus schoenoides
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Species of grass
Sporobolus schoenoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Sporobolus
Species:
S. schoenoides
Binomial name
Sporobolus schoenoides(L.) P.M.Peterson
Synonyms
List
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roem.Phleum schoenoides L.Spartina phleoides (L.) RothSpartina schoenoides (L.) RothCrypsis schoenoides var. gracilis Lojac.Crypsis schoenoides f. minima Roshev.Crypsis schoenoides var. minima Roshev.Crypsis schoenoides var. minor LangeCrypsis schoenoides var. subcylindrica Batt.Heleochloa schoenoides var. macrostachys Podp.Phleum supinum Lam.
Sporobolus schoenoides is a species of grass known by the common names swamp pricklegrass, swamp timothy, and cowpond grass. This grass is native to Europe but it is present in most other continents where it was introduced and took hold. This is an annual grass with purple-tinted green stems which forms mats and low clumps near water. It has wide-sheathed leaves and large sheaths that partially cover the inflorescences. The clublike inflorescence may exceed 4 centimeters in length and two in width. It is chunky and purple or purplish-green.
References
^ "Sporobolus schoenoides (L.) P.M.Peterson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Crypsis schoenoides". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery
Taxon identifiersCrypsis schoenoides
Wikidata: Q3338330
Wikispecies: Crypsis schoenoides
APDB: 54524
APNI: 87001
BOLD: 434475
Calflora: 2439
EoL: 1114861
EPPO: HLESC
EUNIS: 191707
FNA: 200025086
FoAO2: Crypsis schoenoides
FoC: 200025086
FoIO: CRYSCH
GBIF: 5290185
GrassBase: imp02577
GRIN: 418961
iNaturalist: 59089
IPNI: 396775-1
IRMNG: 11057167
ISC: 113637
ITIS: 41605
IUCN: 164424
MichiganFlora: 2056
NatureServe: 2.157580
NBN: NBNSYS0200003680
Observation.org: 142947
Plant List: kew-405983
PLANTS: CRSC
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396775-1
Tropicos: 25510891
VASCAN: 7513
WisFlora: 3294
WoI: 1399
WFO: wfo-0000860798
Sporobolus schoenoides
Wikidata: Q50346685
APNI: 4288079
CoL: 4ZCS2
FloraBase: 45118
GBIF: 9382716
iNaturalist: 773038
IPNI: 77144677-1
NCBI: 416027
Open Tree of Life: 779950
PFI: 7769
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77144677-1
Tropicos: 100408184
VASCAN: 30310
WFO: wfo-0001341437
Phleum schoenoides
Wikidata: Q21876226
APDB: 54848
APNI: 211078
CoL: 4GFZV
GBIF: 4139029
GRIN: 28021
IPNI: 415875-1
ITIS: 793824
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415875-1
Tropicos: 25518095
WFO: wfo-0000890126
This Chloridoideae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"}],"text":"Sporobolus schoenoides is a species of grass known by the common names swamp pricklegrass, swamp timothy, and cowpond grass. This grass is native to Europe but it is present in most other continents where it was introduced and took hold. This is an annual grass with purple-tinted green stems which forms mats and low clumps near water. It has wide-sheathed leaves and large sheaths that partially cover the inflorescences. The clublike inflorescence may exceed 4 centimeters in length and two in width. It is chunky and purple or purplish-green.","title":"Sporobolus schoenoides"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sporobolus schoenoides (L.) P.M.Peterson\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77144677-1","url_text":"\"Sporobolus schoenoides (L.) P.M.Peterson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. \"Crypsis schoenoides\". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vorontsova_(botanist)","url_text":"Vorontsova, M.S."},{"url":"https://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp02577.htm","url_text":"\"Crypsis schoenoides\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrassBase","url_text":"GrassBase"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]}]
|
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schoenoides"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025086","external_links_name":"200025086"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/CRYSCH","external_links_name":"CRYSCH"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5290185","external_links_name":"5290185"},{"Link":"http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp02577","external_links_name":"imp02577"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=418961","external_links_name":"418961"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/59089","external_links_name":"59089"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/396775-1","external_links_name":"396775-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11057167","external_links_name":"11057167"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/113637","external_links_name":"113637"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=41605","external_links_name":"41605"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/164424","external_links_name":"164424"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2056","external_links_name":"2056"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.157580/","external_links_name":"2.157580"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0200003680","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0200003680"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/142947/","external_links_name":"142947"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-405983","external_links_name":"kew-405983"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CRSC","external_links_name":"CRSC"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A396775-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396775-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25510891","external_links_name":"25510891"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7513","external_links_name":"7513"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=3294","external_links_name":"3294"},{"Link":"https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=1399","external_links_name":"1399"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000860798","external_links_name":"wfo-0000860798"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/4288079","external_links_name":"4288079"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4ZCS2","external_links_name":"4ZCS2"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/45118","external_links_name":"45118"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9382716","external_links_name":"9382716"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/773038","external_links_name":"773038"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/77144677-1","external_links_name":"77144677-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=416027","external_links_name":"416027"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=779950","external_links_name":"779950"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=7769","external_links_name":"7769"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77144677-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77144677-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100408184","external_links_name":"100408184"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/30310","external_links_name":"30310"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001341437","external_links_name":"wfo-0001341437"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/54848","external_links_name":"54848"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/211078","external_links_name":"211078"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4GFZV","external_links_name":"4GFZV"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4139029","external_links_name":"4139029"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28021","external_links_name":"28021"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/415875-1","external_links_name":"415875-1"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=793824","external_links_name":"793824"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A415875-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415875-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25518095","external_links_name":"25518095"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000890126","external_links_name":"wfo-0000890126"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporobolus_schoenoides&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bezanson
|
Philip Bezanson
|
["1 Life","2 List of works","2.1 Stage works","2.2 Orchestral works","2.3 Chamber works","3 References"]
|
American composer
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Philip Bezanson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Philip Thomas Bezanson (January 6, 1916 – March 11, 1975) was an American composer and educator.
Life
Born in Athol, Massachusetts, he graduated from Yale University School of Music in 1940 and after war services enrolled in the graduate program of composition at the State University of Iowa where he joined its faculty eight years later. In 1951 he received his Ph.D. and later became head of composition. He was made a professor in 1961. He was given a Distinguished Alumnus award by Yale.
A prolific and productive composer, Bezanson won several prestigious awards and received commissions from, among others, Dimitri Mitropoulos, who commissioned a piano concerto in 1952. His most famous work is perhaps the opera Golden Child, written in 1960 to a libretto by Paul Engle. The work was commissioned by the NBC Opera Theatre and first performed on television on the Hallmark Hall of Fame program. Several of his vocal and choral works use texts by Engle as well.
His notable students included Olly Wilson, M. William Karlins, Karen Tarlow, and James Yannatos. See: List of music students by teacher: A to B#Philip Bezanson.
He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.
List of works
Stage works
Golden Child, opera in 3 acts (1960)
Stranger in Eden, opera in 3 acts (1963)
Orchestral works
Symphony no 1 in b
Symphony no 2
Cyrano de Bergerac, overture
Dance scherzo
Fantasy, fugue and finale for strings (1951)
Concerto for piano and orchestra (1952)
Rondo-prelude for orchestra (1954)
Anniversary Overture (1956)
Capriccio Concertante (1967)
Sinfonia Concertante (1971)
Chamber works
Children's suite, piano (1946)
Sextet for woodwinds and piano (1956)
Divertimento for eight wind instruments
Duo for cello and piano (1965)
Brass sextet (1974)
References
^ Delta Omicron Archived 2010-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaveer
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Mahavira
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["1 Names and epithets","2 Historical Mahavira","3 Jain tradition","3.1 Birth","3.2 Early life","3.3 Renunciation","3.4 Omniscience","3.5 Disciples","3.6 Nirvana and moksha","3.7 Previous births","3.8 Texts","4 Teachings","4.1 Agamas","4.2 Five Vows","4.3 Soul","4.4 Anekantavada","4.5 Gender","4.6 Rebirth and realms of existence","5 Legacy","5.1 Lineage","5.2 Festivals","5.3 Worship","5.4 Influence","5.5 Iconography","5.6 Temples","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Sources","9 External links"]
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Final tirthankara of Jainism
This article is about the 24th tirthankara of Jainism. For other topics, see Mahavira (disambiguation)
Mahavira24th TirthankaraThe idol of Tirthankara Mahavira atShri Mahaveer Ji templeOther namesVira, Ativira, Vardhamana, SanmatinathaVenerated inJainismPredecessorParshvanathaSuccessorMahāpadma/Padmanābha (first Tirthankara of the ascending next half of time-cycle) MantraŚrī Mahāvīrāya NamaḥSymbolLionAge72TreeShalaComplexionGoldenFestivalsMahavir Janma Kalyanak, DiwaliPersonal informationBornVardhamānac. 599 BCEKshatriyakund (Shvetambara) Kundalpur, Nāya, Vajji (present-day Nalanda district, Bihar, India) (Digambara)Diedc. 527 BCE Pawapuri, Magadha (present-day Nalanda district, Bihar, India)ParentsSiddhartha (father)Trishala (mother)SiblingsNandivardhana SudarśanāDynastyIkshvaku dynasty
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Mahavira (Devanagari: महावीर, Mahāvīra), also known as Vardhamana (Devanagari: वर्धमान, Vardhamāna), was the 24th Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of Jainism. He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha. Mahavira was born in the early 6th century BCE to a royal Jain family of ancient India. His mother's name was Trishala and his father's name was Siddhartha. They were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. Mahavira abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an ascetic. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). He preached for 30 years and attained moksha (liberation) in the 6th century BCE, although the year varies by sect.
Mahavira taught that observance of the vows of ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-attachment) are necessary for spiritual liberation. He taught the principles of Anekantavada (many-sided reality): syadvada and nayavada. Mahavira's teachings were compiled by Indrabhuti Gautama (his chief disciple) as the Jain Agamas. The texts, transmitted orally by Jain monks, are believed to have been largely lost by about the 1st century CE.
Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the North Indian city of Mathura, and is dated from between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak and his nirvana (salvation) and also his first shishya of Gautama Swami is observed by Jains as Diwali.
Historically, Mahavira, who revived and preached Jainism in ancient India, was an older contemporary of Gautama Buddha. Jains celebrate Mahavir Janma Kalyanak every year on the 13th day of the Indian Calendar month of Chaitra.
Names and epithets
Surviving early Jain and Buddhist literature uses several names (or epithets) for Mahavira, including Nayaputta, Muni, Samana, Nigantha, Brahman, and Bhagavan. In early Buddhist sutras, he is referred to as Araha ("worthy") and Veyavi (derived from "Vedas", but meaning "wise"). He is known as Sramana in the Kalpa Sūtra, "devoid of love and hate".
According to later Jain texts, Mahavira's childhood name was Vardhamāna ("the one who grows") because of the kingdom's prosperity at the time of his birth. According to the Kalpasutras, he was called Mahavira ("the great hero") by the gods in the Kalpa Sūtra because he remained steadfast in the midst of dangers, fears, hardships and calamities. He is also known as a tirthankara.
Historical Mahavira
Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira
It is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India. According to the Digambara Uttarapurana text, Mahavira was born in Kundagrama in the Kingdom of the Videhas; the Śvētāmbara Kalpa Sūtra uses the name "Kundagrama", said to be located in present-day Bihar, India. Although it is thought to be the town of Basu Kund, about 60 kilometres (37 miles) north of Patna (the capital of Bihar), his birthplace remains a subject of dispute. Mahavira renounced his material wealth and left home when he was twenty-eight, by some accounts (thirty by others), lived an ascetic life for twelve and a half years in which he did not even sit for a time, attained Kevalgyana and then preached Dharma for thirty years. Where he preached has been a subject of disagreement between the two major traditions of Jainism: Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions.
It is uncertain when Mahavira was born and when he died. One view is that Mahavira was born in 540 BCE and died in 443 BCE. The Barli Inscription in Prakrit language which was inscribed in 443 BCE (year 84 of the Vira Nirvana Samvat), contains the line Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase, which can be interpreted as "dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year", 84 years after the Nirvana of the Mahavira. However, palaeographic analysis dates the inscription to the 2nd-1st century BCE. According to Buddhist and Jain texts, Buddha and Mahavira are believed to have been contemporaries which is supported by much ancient Buddhist literature.
A firmly-established part of the Jain tradition is that the Vira Nirvana Samvat era began in 527 BCE (with Mahavira's nirvana). The 12th-century Jain scholar Hemachandracharya placed Mahavira in the 6th century BCE. According to Jain tradition, the traditional date of 527 BCE is accurate; the Buddha was younger than Mahavira and "might have attained nirvana a few years later". The place of his nirvana, Pavapuri in present-day Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Jains.
Jain tradition
See also: Panch Kalyanaka
According to Jain cosmology, 24 Tirthankaras have appeared on earth; Mahavira is the last tirthankara of Avasarpiṇī (the present time cycle). A tirthankara (ford-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a tirtha, a passage across the sea of birth-and-death cycles.
Birth
The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c. 1375–1400 CE)
Tirthankara Mahavira was born into a royal Kshatriya family of King Siddhartha of the Ikshvaku Dynasty and Queen Trishala of the Licchavi republic. The Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by the First tirthankara Rishabhanatha.
According to Jains, Mahavira was born in 599 BCE. His birth date falls on the thirteenth day of the rising moon in the month of Chaitra in the Vira Nirvana Samvat calendar era. It falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar, and is celebrated by Jains as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak.
Murti of Mahavira at his birthplace, Kshatriyakund (Shvetambara tradition), in Bihar
Kshatriyakund (the place of Mahavira's birth) is traditionally believed to be near Vaishali, an ancient town on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its location in present-day Bihar is unclear, partly because of migrations from ancient Bihar for economic and political reasons. According to the "Universal History" in Jain texts, Mahavira underwent many rebirths (total 27 births) before his 6th-century birth. They included a denizen of hell, a lion, and a god (deva) in a heavenly realm just before his last birth as the 24th tirthankara. Svetambara texts state that his embryo first formed in a Brahman woman before it was transferred by Hari-Naigamesin (the divine commander of Indra's army) to the womb of Trishala, Siddhartha's wife. The embryo-transfer legend is not believed by adherents of the Digambara tradition.
Jain texts state that after Mahavira was born, the god Indra came from the heavens along with 56 digkumaries, anointed him, and performed his abhisheka (consecration) on Mount Meru. These events, illustrated in a number of Jain temples, play a part in modern Jain temple rituals. Although the Kalpa Sūtra accounts of Mahavira's birth legends are recited by Svetambara Jains during the annual Paryushana festival, the same festival is observed by the Digambaras without the recitation.
Early life
Mahavira grew up as a prince. According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text Ācārāṅga Sūtra, his parents were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. Jain traditions differ about whether Mahavira married. The Digambara tradition believes that his parents wanted him to marry Yashoda, but he refused to marry. The Śvētāmbara tradition believes that he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter, Priyadarshana, also called Anojja.
Jain texts portray Mahavira as tall; his height was given as four cubits (6 feet) in the Aupapatika Sutra. According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four tirthankaras; earlier arihants were believed to have been taller, with Neminatha or Aristanemi —the 22nd tirthankara, who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98 feet) in height.
Renunciation
See also: Jain monasticism
Tirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as alms
At age thirty, Mahavira abandoned royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening. He undertook severe fasts and bodily mortifications, meditated under the Ashoka tree, and discarded his clothes. The Ācārāṅga Sūtra has a graphic description of his hardships and self-mortification. According to the Kalpa Sūtra, Mahavira spent the first forty-two monsoons of his life in Astikagrama, Champapuri, Prstichampa, Vaishali, Vanijagrama, Nalanda, Mithila, Bhadrika, Alabhika, Panitabhumi, Shravasti, and Pawapuri. He is said to have lived in Rajagriha during the rainy season of the forty-first year of his ascetic life, which is traditionally dated to 491 BCE.
Omniscience
Rujuwalika Jain Temple near Bandarkupi, Jharkhand representing the place of omniscience of Mahavira
A diorama representing omniscience of Mahavira, Jain Museum, Madhuban, Giridih
See also: Samavasarana
According to traditional accounts, Mahavira achieved Kevala Jnana (omniscience, or infinite knowledge) under a Sāla tree on the bank of the River Rijubalika near Jrimbhikagrama at age 43 after twelve years of rigorous penance. The details of the event are described in the Jain Uttar-purāņa and Harivamśa-purāņa texts. The Ācārāṅga Sūtra describes Mahavira as all-seeing. The Sutrakritanga expands it to all-knowing, and describes his other qualities. Jains believe that Mahavira had a most auspicious body (paramaudārika śarīra) and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience. According to the Śvētāmbara, he traveled throughout India to teach his philosophy for thirty years after attaining omniscience. However, the Digambara believe that he remained in his Samavasarana and delivered sermons to his followers.
Disciples
Jain texts document eleven Brahmanas as Mahavira's first disciples, traditionally known as the eleven Ganadharas. Indrabhuti Gautama is believed to have been their leader, and the others included Agnibhuti, Vayubhuti, Akampita, Arya Vyakta, Sudharman, Manditaputra, Mauryaputra, Acalabhraataa, Metraya, and Prabhasa. The Ganadharas are believed to have remembered and to have verbally transmitted Mahavira's teachings after his death. His teachings became known as Gani-Pidaga, or the Jain Agamas. According to Kalpa Sutra, Mahavira had 14,000 sadhus (male ascetic devotees), 36,000 sadhvis (female ascetics), 159,000 sravakas (male lay followers), and 318,000 sravikas (female lay followers). Jain tradition mentions Srenika and Kunika of Haryanka dynasty (popularly known as Bimbisara and Ajatashatru) and Chetaka of Videha as his royal followers. Mahavira initiated his mendicants with the mahavratas (Five Vows). He delivered fifty-five pravachana (recitations) and a set of lectures (Uttaraadhyayana-sutra). Chandana is believed to be the leader of female monastic order.
Nirvana and moksha
Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India
The "Charan Paduka" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir
According to Jain texts, Mahavira's nirvana (death) occurred in the town of Pawapuri in present-day Bihar. His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as Diwali at the same time that Hindus celebrate it. His chief disciple, Gautama, is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.
Accounts of Mahavira's nirvana vary among Jain texts, with some describing a simple nirvana and others recounting grandiose celebrations attended by gods and kings. According to the Jinasena's Mahapurana, heavenly beings arrived to perform his funeral rites. The Pravachanasara of Digambara tradition says that only the nails and hair of tirthankaras are left behind; the rest of the body dissolves in the air like camphor. In some texts Mahavira is described, at age 72, as delivering his final preaching over a six-day period to a large group of people. The crowd falls asleep, awakening to find that he has disappeared (leaving only his nails and hair, which his followers cremate).
The Jain Śvētāmbara tradition believes that Mahavira's nirvana occurred in 527 BCE, and the Digambara tradition holds that date of 468 BCE. In both traditions, his jiva (soul) is believed to abide in Siddhashila (the home of liberated souls). Mahavira's Jal Mandir stands at the place where he is said to have attained nirvana (moksha). Artworks in Jain temples and texts depict his final liberation and cremation, sometimes shown symbolically as a small pyre of sandalwood and a piece of burning camphor.
Previous births
Mahavira's previous births are recounted in Jain texts such as the Mahapurana and Tri-shashti-shalaka-purusha-charitra. Although a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in the transmigratory cycle of saṃsāra, the birth of a tirthankara is reckoned from the time he determines the causes of karma and pursues ratnatraya. Jain texts describe Mahavira's 26 births before his incarnation as a tirthankara. According to the texts, he was born as Marichi (the son of Bharata Chakravartin) in a previous life.
Texts
Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century
Yativṛṣabha's Tiloya-paṇṇatti recounts nearly all the events of Mahavira's life in a form convenient for memorisation. Jinasena's Mahapurana (which includes the Ādi purāṇa and Uttara-purāṇa) was completed by his disciple, Gunabhadra, in the 8th century. In the Uttara-purāṇa, Mahavira's life is described in three parvans, or sections, (74–76) and 1,818 verses.
Vardhamacharitra is a Sanskrit kāvya poem, written by Asaga in 853 CE , which narrates the life of Mahavira.
The Kalpa Sūtra is a collection of biographies of tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Samavayanga Sutra is a collection of Mahavira's teachings, and the Ācārāṅga Sūtra recounts his asceticism.
Teachings
Main article: Jain philosophy
Colonial-era Indologists considered Jainism (and Mahavira's followers) a sect of Buddhism because of superficial similarities in iconography and meditative and ascetic practices. As scholarship progressed, differences between the teachings of Mahavira and the Buddha were found so divergent that the religions were acknowledged as separate. Mahavira, says Moriz Winternitz, taught a "very elaborate belief in the soul" (unlike the Buddhists, who denied such elaboration). His ascetic teachings have a higher order of magnitude than those of Buddhism or Hinduism, and his emphasis on ahimsa (non-violence) is greater than that in other Indian religions.
Agamas
Main article: Jain Agamas
See also: Jain councils
Mahavira's teachings were compiled by Gautama Swami, his Ganadhara (chief disciple). The canonical scriptures are in twelve parts. Mahavira's teachings were gradually lost after about 300 BCE, according to Jain tradition, when a severe famine in the Magadha kingdom dispersed the Jain monks. Attempts were made by later monks to gather, recite the canon, and re-establish it. These efforts identified differences in recitations of Mahavira's teachings, and an attempt was made in the 5th century CE to reconcile the differences. The reconciliation efforts failed, with Svetambara and Digambara Jain traditions holding their own incomplete, somewhat-different versions of Mahavira's teachings. In the early centuries of the common era, Jain texts containing Mahavira's teachings were written in palm-leaf manuscripts. According to the Digambaras, Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic with partial knowledge of the original canon. Later, some learned achāryas restored, compiled, and wrote down the teachings of Mahavira which were the subjects of the Agamas. Āchārya Dharasena, in the 1st century CE, guided the Āchāryas Pushpadant and Bhutabali as they wrote down the teachings. The two Āchāryas wrote Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama, among the oldest-known Digambara texts, on palm leaves.
Five Vows
Main article: Ethics of Jainism
The swastika and five vows
The Jain Agamas enumerate five vratas (vows) which ascetics and householders must observe. These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira:
Ahimsa (Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. Ahimsa, Jainism's first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought.
Satya (truthfulness): Applies to oneself and others.
Asteya (non-stealing): Not "taking anything that has not been given"
Brahmacharya (chastity): Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures for monks, and faithfulness to one's partner for householders
Aparigraha (non-attachment): For lay people, an attitude of non-attachment to property or worldly possessions; for mendicants, not owning anything
The goal of these principles is to achieve spiritual peace, a better rebirth, or (ultimately) liberation. According to Chakravarthi, these teachings help improve a person's quality of life. However, Dundas writes that Mahavira's emphasis on non-violence and restraint has been interpreted by some Jain scholars to "not be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures" but by "continual self discipline": a cleansing of the soul which leads to spiritual development and release.
Mahavira is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that ahimsa is the supreme moral virtue. He taught that ahimsa covers all living beings, and injuring any being in any form creates bad karma (which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering). According to Mahatma Gandhi, Mahavira was the greatest authority on ahimsa.
Soul
Main article: Jīva (Jainism)
Mahavira taught that the soul exists, a premise shared with Hinduism but not Buddhism. There is no soul (or self) in Buddhism, and its teachings are based on the concept of anatta (non-self). Mahavira taught that the soul is dravya (substantial), eternal, and yet temporary.
To Mahavira, the metaphysical nature of the universe consists of dravya, jiva, and ajiva (inanimate objects). The jiva is bound to saṃsāra (transmigration) because of karma (the effects of one's actions). Karma, in Jainism, includes actions and intent; it colors the soul (lesya), affecting how, where, and as what a soul is reborn after death.
According to Mahavira, there is no creator deity and existence has neither beginning nor end. Deities and demons however exist in Jainism , whose jivas are a part of the same cycle of birth and death. The goal of spiritual practice is to liberate the jiva from its karmic accumulation and enter the realm of the siddhas, souls who are liberated from rebirth. Enlightenment, to Mahavira, is the consequence of self awareness, self-cultivation and restraint from materialism.
Anekantavada
Main article: Anekantavada
Mahavira taught the doctrine of anekantavada (many-sided reality). Although the word does not appear in the earliest Jain literature or the Agamas, the doctrine is illustrated in Mahavira's answers to questions posed by his followers. Truth and reality are complex, and have a number of aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is impossible to express it fully with language alone; human attempts to communicate are nayas ("partial expression of the truth"). Language itself is not truth, but a means of expressing it. From truth, according to Mahavira, language returns—not the other way around. One can experience the "truth" of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempt to express the experience is syāt: valid "in some respect", but still a "perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete". Spiritual truths are also complex, with multiple aspects, and language cannot express their plurality; however, they can be experienced through effort and appropriate karma.
Mahavira's anekantavada doctrine is also summarized in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta (in which he is called Nigantha Nātaputta), and is a key difference between the teachings of Mahavira and those of the Buddha. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting the extremes of "it is" or "it is not"; Mahavira accepted both "it is" and "it is not", with reconciliation and the qualification of "perhaps".
The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahavira's approach to answering metaphysical, philosophical questions was a "qualified yes" (syāt). A version of this doctrine is also found in the Ajivika school of ancient Indian philosophy.
According to Dundas, the anekantavada doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as "promot a universal religious tolerance ... plurality ... ... benign attitude to other positions"; however, this misreads Jain historical texts and Mahavira's teachings. Mahavira's "many pointedness, multiple perspective" teachings are a doctrine about the nature of reality and human existence, not about tolerating religious positions such as sacrificing animals (or killing them for food) or violence against nonbelievers (or any other living being) as "perhaps right". The five vows for Jain monks and nuns are strict requirements, with no "perhaps". Mahavira's Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism beyond the renunciant Jain communities, but each religion was "highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of their rivals".
Gender
A historically contentious view in Jainism is partially attributed to Mahavira and his ascetic life; he did not wear clothing, as a sign of renunciation (the fifth vow, aparigraha). It was disputed whether a female mendicant (sadhvi) could achieve the spiritual liberation like a male mendicant (sadhu) through asceticism.
The digambar sect (the sky-clad, naked mendicant order) believed that a woman is unable to fully practice asceticism and cannot achieve spiritual liberation because of her gender; she can, at best, live an ethical life so she is reborn as a man. According to this view, women are seen as a threat to a monk's chastity.
Mahavira had preached about men and women equality. The Svetambaras have interpreted Mahavira's teaching as encouraging both sexes to pursue a mendicant, ascetic life with the possibility of moksha (kaivalya, spiritual liberation).
Rebirth and realms of existence
Main article: Saṃsāra (Jainism)
Rebirth and realms of existence are fundamental teachings of Mahavira. According to the Acaranga Sutra, Mahavira believed that life existed in myriad forms which included animals, plants, insects, bodies of water, fire, and wind. He taught that a monk should avoid touching or disturbing any of them (including plants) and never swim, light (or extinguish) a fire, or wave their arms in the air; such actions might injure other beings living in those states of matter.
Mahavira preached that the nature of existence is cyclic, and the soul is reborn after death in one of the trilok – the heavenly, hellish, or earthly realms of existence and suffering. Humans are reborn, depending on one's karma (actions) as a human, animal, element, microbe, or other form, on earth or in a heavenly (or hellish) realm. Nothing is permanent; everyone (including gods, demons and earthly beings) dies and is reborn, based on their actions in their previous life. Jinas who have reached Kevala Jnana (omniscience) are not reborn; they enter the siddhaloka, the "realm of the perfected ones".
Legacy
Lineage
Mahavira is erroneously called the founder of Jainism, but Jains believe that the 23 previous tirthankaras also espoused it. Mahavira is placed in Parshvanatha's lineage as his spiritual successor and ultimate leader of shraman sangha.
Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira. Parshvanatha, a tirthankara whom modern Western historians consider a historical figure, lived in about the 8th century BCE. Jain texts suggest that Mahavira's parents were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. When Mahavira revived the Jain community in the 6th century BCE, ahimsa was already an established, strictly observed rule. The followers of Parshvanatha vowed to observe ahimsa; this obligation was part of their caujjama dhamma (Fourfold Restraint).
According to Dundas, Jains believe that the lineage of Parshvanatha influenced Mahavira. Parshvanatha, as the one who "removes obstacles and has the capacity to save", is a popular icon; his image is the focus of Jain temple devotion. Of the 24 tirthankaras, Jain iconography has celebrated Mahavira and Parshvanatha the most; sculptures discovered at the Mathura archaeological site have been dated to the 1st century BCE. According to Moriz Winternitz, Mahavira may be considered a reformer of an existing Jain sect known as Niganthas (fetter-less) which was mentioned in early Buddhist texts. The Barli Inscription dating back to 443 BCE contains the line Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase, which can be interpreted as "dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year".
Festivals
Two major annual Jain festivals associated with Mahavira are Mahavir Janma Kalyanak and Diwali. During Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Jains celebrate Mahavira's birth as the 24th and last tirthankara of avasarpiṇī (the current time cycle). During Mahavir JanmaKalyanak, the five auspicious events of Mahavira's life are re-enacted. Diwali commemorates the anniversary of Mahavira's nirvana, and is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival. Diwali marks the New Year for Jains.
Worship
Mahavira worship in a manuscript c. 1825
Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra praises the twenty-four tirthankaras, and its eight shlokas (songs) adore Mahavira. One such shloka reads:O Lord Jina! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence (Saṃsāra) reigns supreme even in this strife-ridden spoke of time (Pancham Kaal). Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so-called deities that are famous in the world, and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes, adore your doctrine. Samantabhadra's Yuktyanusasana is a 64-verse poem which also praises Mahavira.
Influence
Mahavira's teachings were influential. According to Rabindranath Tagore,
Mahavira proclaimed in India that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention. It is really true that salvation can not be had by merely observing external ceremonies. Religion cannot make any difference between man and man.— Rabindranath Tagore
An event associated with the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's nirvana was held in 1974:
Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history, the mendicants of the Śvētāmbara, Digambara and Sthānakavāsī sects assembled on the same platform, agreed upon a common flag (Jaina dhvaja) and emblem (pratīka); and resolved to bring about the unity of the community. For the duration of the year four dharma cakras, a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the samavasaraṇa (Holy Assembly) of tīrthaṅkara Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India, winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes, a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their history.— Padmanabh Jaini
Iconography
Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.
Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him; each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols. Mahavira's lion emblem is usually carved below his legs. Like all tirthankaras, he is depicted with a Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition. The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue to symbolic icon for their theology. There are several srivasta found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works. and downcast eyes in digamber tradition while in Shetamber tradition it is wide open.
Mahavira's earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the north Indian city of Mathura, dated from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The srivatsa mark on his chest and his dhyana-mudra posture appears in Kushana Empire-era artwork. Differences in Mahavira's depiction between the Digambara and Svetambara traditions appear in the late 5th century CE. According to John Cort, the earliest archaeological evidence of Jina iconography with inscriptions precedes its datable texts by over 250 years.
Many images of Mahavira have been dated to the 12th century and earlier; an ancient sculpture was found in a cave in Sundarajapuram, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. K. Ajithadoss, a Jain scholar in Chennai, dated it to the 9th century.
Jivantasvami represents Mahavira as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.
Jivantasvami image of a Tirthankara carved on Torana in Mahavira Jain temple, Osian
Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Rock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century
Tallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj
Four-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura
Tirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)
Temple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)
Relief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu
16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi
Mahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves
Mahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century
Temples
Along with Rishabhanath, Parshvanath, Neminath, and Shantinath; Mahavira is one of the five tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains. Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Pawapuri, for example, is a hilly part of southern Bihar, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 tirthankaras preached, along with Rishabha. According to John Cort, the Mahavira temple in Osian, Jodhpur, Rajasthan is the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India; it was built in the late 8th century. Important Mahavira temple complexes include Jal Mandir in Pawapuri, Trilokyanatha Temple, Meguti Jain Temple, Kumbharia Mahavira Temple, Sankighatta, Muchhal Mahavir Temple, Bhandavapur Jain Tirth, Dimapur Jain Temple, and Jain temple, Kundalpur
Dharmachakra temple in Gajpanth
Shri Mahavirji
Jain Center of Greater Phoenix
Jain temple, Potters Bar
Jain temple in Tirumalai
Meguti Jain temple, 5th—6th century
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahavira.
Religion portal
Jivantasvami
Arihant (Jainism)
God in Jainism
History of Jainism
Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence
Timeline of Jainism
Bardhaman (city named after Mahaviraswami)
Notes
^ Heinrich Zimmer: "The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present "descending" (avasarpini) period was preceded and will be followed by an "ascending" (utsarpini). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a "serpent" (sarpin); ava- means "down" and ut- means up."
^ Trishala was the sister of King Chetaka of Vaishali in ancient India.
^ The Adipurana By Acharya Jinasena mentions that Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by Lord Rishabhadeva
^ This mythology has similarities with those found in the mythical texts of the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism.
^ On this Champat Rai Jain wrote: ""Of the two versions of Mahavira's life — the Swetambara and the Digambara— it is obvious that only one can be true: either Mahavira married, or he did not marry. If Mahavira married, why should the Digambaras deny it? There is absolutely no reason for such a denial. The Digambaras acknowledge that nineteen out of the twenty-four tirthamkaras married and had children. If Mahavira also married it would make no difference. There is thus no reason whatsoever for the Digambaras to deny a simple incident like this. But there may be a reason for the Swetambaras making the assertion; the desire to ante-date their own origin. As a matter of fact their own books contain clear refutation of the statement that Mahavira had married. In the Samavayanga Sutra (Hyderabad edition) it is definitely stated that nineteen tirthankaras lived as householders, that is, all the twenty-four excepting Shri Mahavira, Parashva, Nemi, Mallinath and Vaspujya."
^ Not to be confused with kevalajnana (omniscience).
^ Samaññaphala Sutta, D i.47: "Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. Just as if a person, when asked about a mango, were to answer with a breadfruit; or, when asked about a breadfruit, were to answer with a mango: In the same way, when asked about a fruit of the contemplative life, visible here and now, Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. The thought occurred to me: 'How can anyone like me think of disparaging a brahman or contemplative living in his realm?' Yet I neither delighted in Nigantha Nātaputta's words nor did I protest against them. Neither delighting nor protesting, I was dissatisfied. Without expressing dissatisfaction, without accepting his teaching, without adopting it, I got up from my seat and left."
^ According to Melton and Baumann, the Digambaras state that "women's physical and emotional character makes it impossible for them to genuinely engage in the intense path necessary for spiritual purification. (...) Only by being reborn as a man can a woman engage in the ascetic path. Later Digambara secondary arguments appealed to human physiology in order to exclude women from the path: by their very biological basis, women constantly generate and destroy (and therefore harm) life forms within their sexual organs. Svetambara oppose this view by appealing to scriptures."
^ A special symbol that marks the chest of a tirthankara.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahavira (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200290-11"},{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_India"},{"link_name":"Trishala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishala"},{"link_name":"Siddhartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_of_Kundagrama"},{"link_name":"ascetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism"},{"link_name":"Kevala Jnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevala_Jnana"},{"link_name":"moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"sect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches"},{"link_name":"ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya"},{"link_name":"asteya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteya"},{"link_name":"brahmacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya"},{"link_name":"aparigraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparigraha"},{"link_name":"Anekantavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada"},{"link_name":"syadvada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada#Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"nayavada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekantavada#Nayav%C4%81da"},{"link_name":"Indrabhuti Gautama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama"},{"link_name":"Jain Agamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Agamas"},{"link_name":"orally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"North Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak"},{"link_name":"nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"Gautama Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Swami"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha"},{"link_name":"Indian Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_national_calendar"},{"link_name":"Chaitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"This article is about the 24th tirthankara of Jainism. For other topics, see Mahavira (disambiguation)Mahavira (Devanagari: महावीर, Mahāvīra), also known as Vardhamana (Devanagari: वर्धमान, Vardhamāna), was the 24th Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of Jainism. He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha.[11] Mahavira was born in the early 6th century BCE to a royal Jain family of ancient India. His mother's name was Trishala and his father's name was Siddhartha. They were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. Mahavira abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an ascetic. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve and a half years, after which he attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). He preached for 30 years and attained moksha (liberation) in the 6th century BCE, although the year varies by sect.Mahavira taught that observance of the vows of ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truth), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (chastity), and aparigraha (non-attachment) are necessary for spiritual liberation. He taught the principles of Anekantavada (many-sided reality): syadvada and nayavada. Mahavira's teachings were compiled by Indrabhuti Gautama (his chief disciple) as the Jain Agamas. The texts, transmitted orally by Jain monks, are believed to have been largely lost by about the 1st century CE.Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the North Indian city of Mathura, and is dated from between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak and his nirvana (salvation) and also his first shishya of Gautama Swami is observed by Jains as Diwali.Historically, Mahavira, who revived and preached Jainism in ancient India, was an older contemporary of Gautama Buddha. Jains celebrate Mahavir Janma Kalyanak every year on the 13th day of the Indian Calendar month of Chaitra.[12]","title":"Mahavira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epithets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"sutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225%E2%80%9326-13"},{"link_name":"Sramana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sramana"},{"link_name":"Kalpa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200293-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199132-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200293-14"},{"link_name":"tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953223-16"}],"text":"Surviving early Jain and Buddhist literature uses several names (or epithets) for Mahavira, including Nayaputta, Muni, Samana, Nigantha, Brahman, and Bhagavan.[1] In early Buddhist sutras, he is referred to as Araha (\"worthy\") and Veyavi (derived from \"Vedas\", but meaning \"wise\").[13] He is known as Sramana in the Kalpa Sūtra, \"devoid of love and hate\".[14]According to later Jain texts, Mahavira's childhood name was Vardhamāna (\"the one who grows\") because of the kingdom's prosperity at the time of his birth.[15] According to the Kalpasutras, he was called Mahavira (\"the great hero\") by the gods in the Kalpa Sūtra because he remained steadfast in the midst of dangers, fears, hardships and calamities.[14] He is also known as a tirthankara.[16]","title":"Names and epithets "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200735%E2%80%9336-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200224%E2%80%9325-18"},{"link_name":"Digambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara"},{"link_name":"Uttarapurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarapurana"},{"link_name":"Kundagrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikpur,_Muzaffarpur"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Videhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPannalal_Jain2015460-19"},{"link_name":"Śvētāmbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999682-9"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010126-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192529-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter200735%E2%80%9336-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19873-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200224-8"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549-23"},{"link_name":"Barli Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Vira Nirvana Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain1972152-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyala2006-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwarajya_Prakash_GuptaK._S._Ramachandran1979106-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200224-8"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferroMarty2010126-20"},{"link_name":"Vira Nirvana Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200224-8"},{"link_name":"Hemachandracharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemachandracharya"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERapson1955155%E2%80%93156-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort201069%E2%80%9370,_587%E2%80%93588-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199184%E2%80%9388-30"},{"link_name":"Pavapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawapuri"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549-23"}],"text":"Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of MahaviraIt is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India.[17][18] According to the Digambara Uttarapurana text, Mahavira was born in Kundagrama in the Kingdom of the Videhas;[19] the Śvētāmbara Kalpa Sūtra uses the name \"Kundagrama\",[1][9] said to be located in present-day Bihar, India. Although it is thought to be the town of Basu Kund, about 60 kilometres (37 miles) north of Patna (the capital of Bihar),[20][21] his birthplace remains a subject of dispute.[1][17][22] Mahavira renounced his material wealth and left home when he was twenty-eight, by some accounts[23] (thirty by others),[24] lived an ascetic life for twelve and a half years in which he did not even sit for a time, attained Kevalgyana and then preached Dharma for thirty years.[23] Where he preached has been a subject of disagreement between the two major traditions of Jainism: Śvētāmbara and Digambara traditions.[1]It is uncertain when Mahavira was born and when he died. One view is that Mahavira was born in 540 BCE and died in 443 BCE.[8][23] The Barli Inscription in Prakrit language which was inscribed in 443 BCE (year 84 of the Vira Nirvana Samvat), contains the line Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase, which can be interpreted as \"dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year\", 84 years after the Nirvana of the Mahavira.[25][26] However, palaeographic analysis dates the inscription to the 2nd-1st century BCE.[27] According to Buddhist and Jain texts, Buddha and Mahavira are believed to have been contemporaries which is supported by much ancient Buddhist literature.[8][20]A firmly-established part of the Jain tradition is that the Vira Nirvana Samvat era began in 527 BCE (with Mahavira's nirvana).[8] The 12th-century Jain scholar Hemachandracharya placed Mahavira in the 6th century BCE.[28][29] According to Jain tradition, the traditional date of 527 BCE is accurate; the Buddha was younger than Mahavira and \"might have attained nirvana a few years later\".[30] The place of his nirvana, Pavapuri in present-day Bihar, is a pilgrimage site for Jains.[23]","title":"Historical Mahavira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panch Kalyanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka"},{"link_name":"Jain cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Avasarpiṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avasarpi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"time cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_cosmology#Time_cycle"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200054-33"},{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"birth-and-death cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953181-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016312%E2%80%93313-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-36"}],"text":"See also: Panch KalyanakaAccording to Jain cosmology, 24 Tirthankaras have appeared on earth; Mahavira is the last tirthankara of Avasarpiṇī (the present time cycle).[note 1][32] A tirthankara (ford-maker, saviour or spiritual teacher) signifies the founding of a tirtha, a passage across the sea of birth-and-death cycles.[33][34][35]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalpa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"Siddhartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_of_Kundagrama"},{"link_name":"Ikshvaku Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshvaku"},{"link_name":"Trishala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishala"},{"link_name":"Licchavi republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunavala193452-37"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"Rishabhanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanatha"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain19915-39"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Chaitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitra"},{"link_name":"Vira Nirvana Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat"},{"link_name":"calendar era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549-23"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowlingScarlett2006225-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016313-43"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGupta20061001-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhagwan_Mahaveer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"Shvetambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Indo-Gangetic Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221,_26-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsClausDiamond2003320,_note:_Indra_is_referred_to_as_Sakra_in_some_Indian_texts.-47"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillsClausDiamond2003320-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200222-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199519-52"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"abhisheka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhisheka"},{"link_name":"Mount Meru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer19785%E2%80%939-53"},{"link_name":"Paryushana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryushana"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010284-54"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c. 1375–1400 CE)Tirthankara Mahavira was born into a royal Kshatriya family of King Siddhartha of the Ikshvaku Dynasty and Queen Trishala of the Licchavi republic.[36][note 2] The Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by the First tirthankara Rishabhanatha.[37][note 3]According to Jains, Mahavira was born in 599 BCE. His birth date falls on the thirteenth day of the rising moon in the month of Chaitra in the Vira Nirvana Samvat calendar era.[23][39][40] It falls in March or April of the Gregorian calendar, and is celebrated by Jains as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak.[41]Murti of Mahavira at his birthplace, Kshatriyakund (Shvetambara tradition), in BiharKshatriyakund (the place of Mahavira's birth) is traditionally believed to be near Vaishali, an ancient town on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Its location in present-day Bihar is unclear, partly because of migrations from ancient Bihar for economic and political reasons.[1] According to the \"Universal History\" in Jain texts, Mahavira underwent many rebirths (total 27 births) before his 6th-century birth. They included a denizen of hell, a lion, and a god (deva) in a heavenly realm just before his last birth as the 24th tirthankara.[42] Svetambara texts state that his embryo first formed in a Brahman woman before it was transferred by Hari-Naigamesin (the divine commander of Indra's army) to the womb of Trishala, Siddhartha's wife.[43][44][note 4] The embryo-transfer legend is not believed by adherents of the Digambara tradition.[46][47][48]Jain texts state that after Mahavira was born, the god Indra came from the heavens along with 56 digkumaries, anointed him, and performed his abhisheka (consecration) on Mount Meru.[42] These events, illustrated in a number of Jain temples, play a part in modern Jain temple rituals.[49] Although the Kalpa Sūtra accounts of Mahavira's birth legends are recited by Svetambara Jains during the annual Paryushana festival, the same festival is observed by the Digambaras without the recitation.[50]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ācārāṅga Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199132-15"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230-55"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200222-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198799,_Quote:_%22According_to_the_Digambara_sect,_Mahavira_did_not_marry,_while_the_Svetambaras_hold_a_contrary_belief.%22-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShanti_Lal_Jain199851-57"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192529-21"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-45"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah1987188-60"},{"link_name":"cubits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit"},{"link_name":"feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah198795-61"},{"link_name":"Neminatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neminatha"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192516-62"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Mahavira grew up as a prince. According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text Ācārāṅga Sūtra, his parents were lay devotees of Parshvanatha.[15][51] Jain traditions differ about whether Mahavira married.[47][52] The Digambara tradition believes that his parents wanted him to marry Yashoda, but he refused to marry.[53][note 5] The Śvētāmbara tradition believes that he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter, Priyadarshana,[21][42] also called Anojja.[55]Jain texts portray Mahavira as tall; his height was given as four cubits (6 feet) in the Aupapatika Sutra.[56] According to Jain texts, he was the shortest of the twenty-four tirthankaras; earlier arihants were believed to have been taller, with Neminatha or Aristanemi —the 22nd tirthankara, who lived for 1,000 years—said to have been sixty-five cubits (98 feet) in height.[57]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jain monasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_monasticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahavir_Swami_giving_alms_to_a_brahmin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953224-31"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobi1964269-64"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20095%E2%80%937-65"},{"link_name":"Ashoka tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_tree"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953224-31"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192530-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199974-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200227-68"},{"link_name":"Kalpa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Champapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champapuri"},{"link_name":"Nalanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda_district"},{"link_name":"Mithila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithila_(ancient)"},{"link_name":"Shravasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravasti"},{"link_name":"Pawapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawapuri"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925327-69"},{"link_name":"Rajagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajagriha"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199179-70"}],"sub_title":"Renunciation","text":"See also: Jain monasticismTirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as almsAt age thirty, Mahavira abandoned royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening.[31][58][59] He undertook severe fasts and bodily mortifications,[60] meditated under the Ashoka tree, and discarded his clothes.[31][61] The Ācārāṅga Sūtra has a graphic description of his hardships and self-mortification.[62][63] According to the Kalpa Sūtra, Mahavira spent the first forty-two monsoons of his life in Astikagrama, Champapuri, Prstichampa, Vaishali, Vanijagrama, Nalanda, Mithila, Bhadrika, Alabhika, Panitabhumi, Shravasti, and Pawapuri.[64] He is said to have lived in Rajagriha during the rainy season of the forty-first year of his ascetic life, which is traditionally dated to 491 BCE.[65]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rujuwalika_Kalyanak_Bhumi_Jain_Temple.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_Universal_History_Diorama_in_Jain_Museum_Madhuban_-_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madhuban, Giridih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuban,_Giridih"},{"link_name":"Samavasarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavasarana"},{"link_name":"Kevala Jnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevala_Jnana"},{"link_name":"Sāla tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorea_robusta"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200030-71"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192530,_327-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200031-73"},{"link_name":"Sutrakritanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutrakritanga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200225-1"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2016b5-74"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"Samavasarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavasarana"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016314-75"}],"sub_title":"Omniscience","text":"Rujuwalika Jain Temple near Bandarkupi, Jharkhand representing the place of omniscience of MahaviraA diorama representing omniscience of Mahavira, Jain Museum, Madhuban, GiridihSee also: SamavasaranaAccording to traditional accounts, Mahavira achieved Kevala Jnana (omniscience, or infinite knowledge) under a Sāla tree on the bank of the River Rijubalika near Jrimbhikagrama at age 43 after twelve years of rigorous penance.[58][66][67] The details of the event are described in the Jain Uttar-purāņa and Harivamśa-purāņa texts.[68] The Ācārāṅga Sūtra describes Mahavira as all-seeing. The Sutrakritanga expands it to all-knowing, and describes his other qualities.[1] Jains believe that Mahavira had a most auspicious body (paramaudārika śarīra) and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience.[69] According to the Śvētāmbara, he traveled throughout India to teach his philosophy for thirty years after attaining omniscience.[58] However, the Digambara believe that he remained in his Samavasarana and delivered sermons to his followers.[70]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096-76"},{"link_name":"Indrabhuti Gautama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpinder_Singh2016314-75"},{"link_name":"Sudharman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudharman"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096%E2%80%938,_26-77"},{"link_name":"sadhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muni_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"sadhvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhvis"},{"link_name":"sravakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeehs200290-11"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008326-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort200147-79"},{"link_name":"Haryanka dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bimbisara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbisara"},{"link_name":"Ajatashatru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajatashatru"},{"link_name":"Chetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetaka"},{"link_name":"Videha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videha"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925327-69"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillatBalbir200888-80"},{"link_name":"mendicants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant"},{"link_name":"mahavratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096-76"},{"link_name":"pravachana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravachan"},{"link_name":"Uttaraadhyayana-sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttaraadhyayana-sutra"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatubhai_Shah200444-81"}],"sub_title":"Disciples","text":"Jain texts document eleven Brahmanas as Mahavira's first disciples, traditionally known as the eleven Ganadharas.[71] Indrabhuti Gautama is believed to have been their leader,[70] and the others included Agnibhuti, Vayubhuti, Akampita, Arya Vyakta, Sudharman, Manditaputra, Mauryaputra, Acalabhraataa, Metraya, and Prabhasa. The Ganadharas are believed to have remembered and to have verbally transmitted Mahavira's teachings after his death. His teachings became known as Gani-Pidaga, or the Jain Agamas.[72] According to Kalpa Sutra, Mahavira had 14,000 sadhus (male ascetic devotees), 36,000 sadhvis (female ascetics), 159,000 sravakas (male lay followers), and 318,000 sravikas (female lay followers).[11][73][74] Jain tradition mentions Srenika and Kunika of Haryanka dynasty (popularly known as Bimbisara and Ajatashatru) and Chetaka of Videha as his royal followers.[64][75] Mahavira initiated his mendicants with the mahavratas (Five Vows).[71] He delivered fifty-five pravachana (recitations) and a set of lectures (Uttaraadhyayana-sutra).[58] Chandana is believed to be the leader of female monastic order.[76]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pawapuri_-_001_Temple_marking_Mahavira%27s_Passing_(9243092471).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jal Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Pawapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawapuri"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MahaviraSwamiPawapuri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jal Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal_Mandir"},{"link_name":"nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Pawapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawapuri"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953222-84"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200222%E2%80%9324-85"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010897-86"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann2010897-86"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549%E2%80%93550-87"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192539-88"},{"link_name":"Jinasena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinasena"},{"link_name":"Mahapurana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapurana_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"heavenly beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Pravachanasara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravachanasara"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPramansagar200838%E2%80%9339-89"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925328-90"},{"link_name":"jiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiva"},{"link_name":"Siddhashila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhashila"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999549%E2%80%93550-87"},{"link_name":"Jal Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal_Mandir"},{"link_name":"moksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainFischer197814,_29%E2%80%9330-92"}],"sub_title":"Nirvana and moksha","text":"Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, IndiaThe \"Charan Paduka\" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal MandirAccording to Jain texts, Mahavira's nirvana (death)[note 6] occurred in the town of Pawapuri in present-day Bihar.[78][79][80] His life as a spiritual light and the night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as Diwali at the same time that Hindus celebrate it.[80][81] His chief disciple, Gautama, is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.[82]Accounts of Mahavira's nirvana vary among Jain texts, with some describing a simple nirvana and others recounting grandiose celebrations attended by gods and kings. According to the Jinasena's Mahapurana, heavenly beings arrived to perform his funeral rites. The Pravachanasara of Digambara tradition says that only the nails and hair of tirthankaras are left behind; the rest of the body dissolves in the air like camphor.[83] In some texts Mahavira is described, at age 72, as delivering his final preaching over a six-day period to a large group of people. The crowd falls asleep, awakening to find that he has disappeared (leaving only his nails and hair, which his followers cremate).[84]The Jain Śvētāmbara tradition believes that Mahavira's nirvana occurred in 527 BCE, and the Digambara tradition holds that date of 468 BCE. In both traditions, his jiva (soul) is believed to abide in Siddhashila (the home of liberated souls).[81] Mahavira's Jal Mandir stands at the place where he is said to have attained nirvana (moksha).[85] Artworks in Jain temples and texts depict his final liberation and cremation, sometimes shown symbolically as a small pyre of sandalwood and a piece of burning camphor.[86]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"causes of karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"ratnatraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnatraya"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925327-69"},{"link_name":"Marichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marichi"},{"link_name":"Bharata Chakravartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200221-45"}],"sub_title":"Previous births","text":"Mahavira's previous births are recounted in Jain texts such as the Mahapurana and Tri-shashti-shalaka-purusha-charitra. Although a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in the transmigratory cycle of saṃsāra, the birth of a tirthankara is reckoned from the time he determines the causes of karma and pursues ratnatraya. Jain texts describe Mahavira's 26 births before his incarnation as a tirthankara.[64] According to the texts, he was born as Marichi (the son of Bharata Chakravartin) in a previous life.[42]","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio"},{"link_name":"Kalpa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Yativṛṣabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yativ%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3abha"},{"link_name":"Tiloya-paṇṇatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiloya_Panatti"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200045-93"},{"link_name":"Ādi purāṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80di_pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a"},{"link_name":"Uttara-purāṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarapurana"},{"link_name":"Gunabhadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabhadra_(Jain_monk)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200046-94"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"kāvya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81vya"},{"link_name":"Asaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaga"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKailash_Chand_Jain199159-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200219-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200047-97"},{"link_name":"Kalpa Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"Samavayanga Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samavayanga_Sutra"},{"link_name":"Ācārāṅga Sūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra"}],"sub_title":"Texts","text":"Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th centuryYativṛṣabha's Tiloya-paṇṇatti recounts nearly all the events of Mahavira's life in a form convenient for memorisation.[87] Jinasena's Mahapurana (which includes the Ādi purāṇa and Uttara-purāṇa) was completed by his disciple, Gunabhadra, in the 8th century. In the Uttara-purāṇa, Mahavira's life is described in three parvans, or sections, (74–76) and 1,818 verses.[88]Vardhamacharitra is a Sanskrit kāvya poem, written by Asaga in 853 CE , which narrates the life of Mahavira.[89][90][91]\nThe Kalpa Sūtra is a collection of biographies of tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Samavayanga Sutra is a collection of Mahavira's teachings, and the Ācārāṅga Sūtra recounts his asceticism.","title":"Jain tradition "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408%E2%80%93409-99"},{"link_name":"ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408%E2%80%93409-99"}],"text":"Colonial-era Indologists considered Jainism (and Mahavira's followers) a sect of Buddhism because of superficial similarities in iconography and meditative and ascetic practices.[92] As scholarship progressed, differences between the teachings of Mahavira and the Buddha were found so divergent that the religions were acknowledged as separate.[93] Mahavira, says Moriz Winternitz, taught a \"very elaborate belief in the soul\" (unlike the Buddhists, who denied such elaboration). His ascetic teachings have a higher order of magnitude than those of Buddhism or Hinduism, and his emphasis on ahimsa (non-violence) is greater than that in other Indian religions.[93]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jain councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_councils"},{"link_name":"Gautama Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrabhuti_Gautama"},{"link_name":"Ganadhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganadhara"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010225-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xi-101"},{"link_name":"Magadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096%E2%80%938-102"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096%E2%80%938-102"},{"link_name":"palm-leaf manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20096%E2%80%938,_26-77"},{"link_name":"Āchārya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Bhutabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutabali"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012xii-103"},{"link_name":"Pushpadant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpadanta_(Jain_monk)"},{"link_name":"Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B9%ADkha%E1%B9%85%E1%B8%8D%C4%81gama"}],"sub_title":"Agamas","text":"See also: Jain councilsMahavira's teachings were compiled by Gautama Swami, his Ganadhara (chief disciple).[94] The canonical scriptures are in twelve parts.[95] Mahavira's teachings were gradually lost after about 300 BCE, according to Jain tradition, when a severe famine in the Magadha kingdom dispersed the Jain monks. Attempts were made by later monks to gather, recite the canon, and re-establish it.[96] These efforts identified differences in recitations of Mahavira's teachings, and an attempt was made in the 5th century CE to reconcile the differences.[96] The reconciliation efforts failed, with Svetambara and Digambara Jain traditions holding their own incomplete, somewhat-different versions of Mahavira's teachings. In the early centuries of the common era, Jain texts containing Mahavira's teachings were written in palm-leaf manuscripts.[72] According to the Digambaras, Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic with partial knowledge of the original canon. Later, some learned achāryas restored, compiled, and wrote down the teachings of Mahavira which were the subjects of the Agamas.[97] Āchārya Dharasena, in the 1st century CE, guided the Āchāryas Pushpadant and Bhutabali as they wrote down the teachings. The two Āchāryas wrote Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama, among the oldest-known Digambara texts, on palm leaves.","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Vows.jpg"},{"link_name":"swastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_symbols#Swastika"},{"link_name":"vratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrata"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200667-104"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkshah5v-106"},{"link_name":"Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya#Jainism"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkshah5v-106"},{"link_name":"Asteya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteya"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201268-107"},{"link_name":"Brahmacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya#Brahmacharya_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pkshah5v-106"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009101%E2%80%93102-108"},{"link_name":"Aparigraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparigraha"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009109-109"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort200126%E2%80%9327-110"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppleton201420%E2%80%9345-111"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams201122-112"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakravarthi20033%E2%80%9322-113"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200288%E2%80%9389,_257%E2%80%93258-114"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008319-63"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainJain200213-115"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze19984-116"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892%E2%80%93894-117"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandey199850-118"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda199744-119"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fhe-120"}],"sub_title":"Five Vows","text":"The swastika and five vowsThe Jain Agamas enumerate five vratas (vows) which ascetics and householders must observe.[98] These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira:[58][99]Ahimsa (Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. Ahimsa, Jainism's first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought.[100]\nSatya (truthfulness): Applies to oneself and others.[100]\nAsteya (non-stealing): Not \"taking anything that has not been given\"[101]\nBrahmacharya (chastity): Abstinence from sex and sensual pleasures for monks, and faithfulness to one's partner for householders[100][102]\nAparigraha (non-attachment): For lay people, an attitude of non-attachment to property or worldly possessions; for mendicants, not owning anything[103]The goal of these principles is to achieve spiritual peace, a better rebirth, or (ultimately) liberation.[104][105][106] According to Chakravarthi, these teachings help improve a person's quality of life.[107] However, Dundas writes that Mahavira's emphasis on non-violence and restraint has been interpreted by some Jain scholars to \"not be driven by merit from giving or compassion to other creatures, nor a duty to rescue all creatures\" but by \"continual self discipline\": a cleansing of the soul which leads to spiritual development and release.[108]Mahavira is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that ahimsa is the supreme moral virtue.[58][109] He taught that ahimsa covers all living beings,[110] and injuring any being in any form creates bad karma (which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering).[111] According to Mahatma Gandhi, Mahavira was the greatest authority on ahimsa.[112][113][114]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199464-122"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel200033-123"},{"link_name":"dravya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravya"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9376-124"},{"link_name":"ajiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajiva"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillatBalbir200888-80"},{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaillatBalbir200888-80"},{"link_name":"lesya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesya"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200299%E2%80%93103-125"},{"link_name":"creator deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200290%E2%80%9399-126"},{"link_name":"siddhas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200291%E2%80%9392,_104%E2%80%93105-127"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200288%E2%80%9389,_257%E2%80%93258-114"}],"sub_title":"Soul","text":"Mahavira taught that the soul exists, a premise shared with Hinduism but not Buddhism. There is no soul (or self) in Buddhism, and its teachings are based on the concept of anatta (non-self).[115][116][117] Mahavira taught that the soul is dravya (substantial), eternal, and yet temporary.[118]To Mahavira, the metaphysical nature of the universe consists of dravya, jiva, and ajiva (inanimate objects).[75] The jiva is bound to saṃsāra (transmigration) because of karma (the effects of one's actions).[75] Karma, in Jainism, includes actions and intent; it colors the soul (lesya), affecting how, where, and as what a soul is reborn after death.[119]According to Mahavira, there is no creator deity and existence has neither beginning nor end. Deities and demons however exist in Jainism , whose jivas are a part of the same cycle of birth and death.[120] The goal of spiritual practice is to liberate the jiva from its karmic accumulation and enter the realm of the siddhas, souls who are liberated from rebirth.[121] Enlightenment, to Mahavira, is the consequence of self awareness, self-cultivation and restraint from materialism.[108]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9379-128"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002229%E2%80%93231-129"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaKhanna201318-130"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9379-128"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9379-128"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9379-128"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iepmahav-131"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iepmahav-131"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharitrapragya200475%E2%80%9379-128"},{"link_name":"Samaññaphala Sutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C3%B1%C3%B1aphala_Sutta"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Middle Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Way"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128%E2%80%93135-134"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"Ajivika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajivika"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1990301%E2%80%93305-135"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalcerowicz2015205%E2%80%93218-136"},{"link_name":"religious tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tolerance"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232%E2%80%93234-137"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002232%E2%80%93234-137"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200998%E2%80%93106-138"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002233-139"}],"sub_title":"Anekantavada","text":"Mahavira taught the doctrine of anekantavada (many-sided reality).[122][123][124] Although the word does not appear in the earliest Jain literature or the Agamas, the doctrine is illustrated in Mahavira's answers to questions posed by his followers.[122] Truth and reality are complex, and have a number of aspects. Reality can be experienced, but it is impossible to express it fully with language alone; human attempts to communicate are nayas (\"partial expression[s] of the truth\").[122] Language itself is not truth, but a means of expressing it. From truth, according to Mahavira, language returns—not the other way around.[122][125] One can experience the \"truth\" of a taste, but cannot fully express that taste through language. Any attempt to express the experience is syāt: valid \"in some respect\", but still a \"perhaps, just one perspective, incomplete\".[125] Spiritual truths are also complex, with multiple aspects, and language cannot express their plurality; however, they can be experienced through effort and appropriate karma.[122]Mahavira's anekantavada doctrine is also summarized in Buddhist texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta (in which he is called Nigantha Nātaputta),[note 7][126] and is a key difference between the teachings of Mahavira and those of the Buddha. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting the extremes of \"it is\" or \"it is not\"; Mahavira accepted both \"it is\" and \"it is not\", with reconciliation and the qualification of \"perhaps\".[127]The Jain Agamas suggest that Mahavira's approach to answering metaphysical, philosophical questions was a \"qualified yes\" (syāt). A version of this doctrine is also found in the Ajivika school of ancient Indian philosophy.[128][129]According to Dundas, the anekantavada doctrine has been interpreted by many Jains as \"promot[ing] a universal religious tolerance ... plurality ... [and a] ... benign attitude to other [ethical, religious] positions\"; however, this misreads Jain historical texts and Mahavira's teachings.[130] Mahavira's \"many pointedness, multiple perspective\" teachings are a doctrine about the nature of reality and human existence, not about tolerating religious positions such as sacrificing animals (or killing them for food) or violence against nonbelievers (or any other living being) as \"perhaps right\".[130] The five vows for Jain monks and nuns are strict requirements, with no \"perhaps\".[131] Mahavira's Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism beyond the renunciant Jain communities, but each religion was \"highly critical of the knowledge systems and ideologies of their rivals\".[132]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200936%E2%80%9337-140"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014182%E2%80%93183-141"},{"link_name":"[note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1994135%E2%80%93138-144"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1994135%E2%80%93138-144"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014182%E2%80%93183-141"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200255%E2%80%9359-145"}],"sub_title":"Gender","text":"A historically contentious view in Jainism is partially attributed to Mahavira and his ascetic life; he did not wear clothing, as a sign of renunciation (the fifth vow, aparigraha). It was disputed whether a female mendicant (sadhvi) could achieve the spiritual liberation like a male mendicant (sadhu) through asceticism.[133][134]The digambar sect (the sky-clad, naked mendicant order) believed that a woman is unable to fully practice asceticism and cannot achieve spiritual liberation because of her gender; she can, at best, live an ethical life so she is reborn as a man.[note 8] According to this view, women are seen as a threat to a monk's chastity.[136]Mahavira had preached about men and women equality. The Svetambaras have interpreted Mahavira's teaching as encouraging both sexes to pursue a mendicant, ascetic life with the possibility of moksha (kaivalya, spiritual liberation).[136][134][137]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acaranga Sutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acaranga_Sutra"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892%E2%80%93894-117"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapelle2011263%E2%80%93270-146"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892%E2%80%93894-117"},{"link_name":"trilok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilok_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200241%E2%80%9342,_90%E2%80%9393-147"},{"link_name":"karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892%E2%80%93894-117"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009179%E2%80%93181-148"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorski2008125%E2%80%93128-149"},{"link_name":"Jinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Kevala Jnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevala_Jnana"},{"link_name":"omniscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008892%E2%80%93894-117"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2009179%E2%80%93181-148"}],"sub_title":"Rebirth and realms of existence","text":"Rebirth and realms of existence are fundamental teachings of Mahavira. According to the Acaranga Sutra, Mahavira believed that life existed in myriad forms which included animals, plants, insects, bodies of water, fire, and wind.[111][138] He taught that a monk should avoid touching or disturbing any of them (including plants) and never swim, light (or extinguish) a fire, or wave their arms in the air; such actions might injure other beings living in those states of matter.[111]Mahavira preached that the nature of existence is cyclic, and the soul is reborn after death in one of the trilok – the heavenly, hellish, or earthly realms of existence and suffering.[139] Humans are reborn, depending on one's karma (actions) as a human, animal, element, microbe, or other form, on earth or in a heavenly (or hellish) realm.[111][140][141] Nothing is permanent; everyone (including gods, demons and earthly beings) dies and is reborn, based on their actions in their previous life. Jinas who have reached Kevala Jnana (omniscience) are not reborn;[111] they enter the siddhaloka, the \"realm of the perfected ones\".[140]","title":"Teachings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley20095%E2%80%937-65"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230%E2%80%9333-150"},{"link_name":"Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-152"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Parshvanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanatha"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-152"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230%E2%80%9333-150"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230%E2%80%9333-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah19879%E2%80%9311-155"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort201025%E2%80%9332,_120%E2%80%93122,_166%E2%80%93171,_189%E2%80%93192-156"},{"link_name":"Moriz Winternitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz"},{"link_name":"Niganthas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism#Political_history"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408-98"},{"link_name":"Barli Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barli_Inscription"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._R._Goyal200522-157"}],"sub_title":"Lineage","text":"Mahavira is erroneously called the founder of Jainism, but Jains believe that the 23 previous tirthankaras also espoused it.[60] Mahavira is placed in Parshvanatha's lineage as his spiritual successor and ultimate leader of shraman sangha.[142]Parshvanatha was born 273 years before Mahavira. Parshvanatha, a tirthankara whom modern Western historians consider a historical figure, lived in about the 8th century BCE.[143][144][145] Jain texts suggest that Mahavira's parents were lay devotees of Parshvanatha. When Mahavira revived the Jain community in the 6th century BCE, ahimsa was already an established, strictly observed rule. The followers of Parshvanatha vowed to observe ahimsa; this obligation was part of their caujjama dhamma (Fourfold Restraint).[144][146]According to Dundas, Jains believe that the lineage of Parshvanatha influenced Mahavira. Parshvanatha, as the one who \"removes obstacles and has the capacity to save\", is a popular icon; his image is the focus of Jain temple devotion.[142] Of the 24 tirthankaras, Jain iconography has celebrated Mahavira and Parshvanatha the most; sculptures discovered at the Mathura archaeological site have been dated to the 1st century BCE.[142][147][148] According to Moriz Winternitz, Mahavira may be considered a reformer of an existing Jain sect known as Niganthas (fetter-less) which was mentioned in early Buddhist texts.[92] The Barli Inscription dating back to 443 BCE contains the line Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase, which can be interpreted as \"dedicated to Lord Vira in his 84th year\".[149]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Mahavir Janma Kalyanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak"},{"link_name":"avasarpiṇī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avasarpi%E1%B9%87%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaGupta20061001-44"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2008394-158"},{"link_name":"nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"Hindu festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhalla200513-159"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Two major annual Jain festivals associated with Mahavira are Mahavir Janma Kalyanak and Diwali. During Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Jains celebrate Mahavira's birth as the 24th and last tirthankara of avasarpiṇī (the current time cycle).[41] During Mahavir JanmaKalyanak, the five auspicious events of Mahavira's life are re-enacted.[150] Diwali commemorates the anniversary of Mahavira's nirvana, and is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival. Diwali marks the New Year for Jains.[151]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_Jaina_Tirthankara,_Mahavira_(6124596033).jpg"},{"link_name":"Samantabhadra's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)"},{"link_name":"shlokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shloka"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015164%E2%80%93169-160"},{"link_name":"Saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2015165-161"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokulchandra_Jain201584-162"}],"sub_title":"Worship","text":"Mahavira worship in a manuscript c. 1825Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra praises the twenty-four tirthankaras, and its eight shlokas (songs) adore Mahavira.[152] One such shloka reads:O Lord Jina! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence (Saṃsāra) reigns supreme even in this strife-ridden spoke of time (Pancham Kaal). Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so-called deities that are famous in the world, and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes, adore your doctrine.[153]Samantabhadra's Yuktyanusasana is a 64-verse poem which also praises Mahavira.[154]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda199744-119"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fhe-120"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200031-163"},{"link_name":"mendicants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_monasticism"},{"link_name":"Sthānakavāsī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Jaina dhvaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_flag"},{"link_name":"Padmanabh Jaini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini"}],"sub_title":"Influence","text":"Mahavira's teachings were influential. According to Rabindranath Tagore,Mahavira proclaimed in India that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention. It is really true that salvation can not be had by merely observing external ceremonies. Religion cannot make any difference between man and man.— Rabindranath Tagore[113][114]An event associated with the 2,500th anniversary of Mahavira's nirvana was held in 1974:[155]Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history, the mendicants of the Śvētāmbara, Digambara and Sthānakavāsī sects assembled on the same platform, agreed upon a common flag (Jaina dhvaja) and emblem (pratīka); and resolved to bring about the unity of the community. For the duration of the year four dharma cakras, a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the samavasaraṇa (Holy Assembly) of tīrthaṅkara Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India, winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes, a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their history.— Padmanabh Jaini","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24th_Tirthankara_Mahavira_Bhagwan_Vardhamana_Nigantha_Jainism.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shrivatsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivatsa#In_Jainism"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah1987192-164"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953225-165"},{"link_name":"Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivatsa"},{"link_name":"[note 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1925426%E2%80%93428-167"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"north Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199515%E2%80%9317-169"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010273%E2%80%93275-170"},{"link_name":"Kushana Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushana_Empire"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199515%E2%80%9317-169"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort201048%E2%80%9349-171"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmakant_P._Shah1987193-172"},{"link_name":"Theni district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theni_district"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Jivantasvami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivantasvami"},{"link_name":"kayotsarga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayotsarga"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVyas199515-174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osian_17-67.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jivantasvami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivantasvami"},{"link_name":"Tirthankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirthankara"},{"link_name":"Mahavira Jain temple, Osian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira_Jain_temple,_Osian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vardhaman_Keezhakuyilkudi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samanar Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanar_Hills"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_Jina_Kalugumalai.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kalugumalai Jain Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalugumalai_Jain_Beds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahavira_Pratimaji.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahaveer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kankali Tila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankali_Tila"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirthankaras.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rishabhanatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanatha"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Seattle Asian Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Asian_Art_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thirakoil-mahaaveerar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thirakoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirakoil"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahinsa_Sthal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ahinsa Sthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahinsa_Sthal"},{"link_name":"Mehrauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrauli"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze1998266-175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Cave_32_si0339.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ellora Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora_Caves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_temple_at_Ambapuram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambapuram cave temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambapuram_cave_temple"}],"sub_title":"Iconography","text":"Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting (or standing) meditative pose, with a lion symbol beneath him;[156] each tīrthankara has a distinct emblem, which allows worshippers to distinguish similar idols.[157] Mahavira's lion emblem is usually carved below his legs. Like all tirthankaras, he is depicted with a Shrivatsa in Shetamber tradition.[note 9] The yoga pose is very common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Each tradition has had a distinctive auspicious chest mark that allows devotees to identify a meditating statue to symbolic icon for their theology. There are several srivasta found in ancient and medieval Jain art works, and these are not found on Buddhist or Hindu art works.[158][159] and downcast eyes in digamber tradition while in Shetamber tradition it is wide open.Mahavira's earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the north Indian city of Mathura, dated from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[160][161] The srivatsa mark on his chest and his dhyana-mudra posture appears in Kushana Empire-era artwork. Differences in Mahavira's depiction between the Digambara and Svetambara traditions appear in the late 5th century CE.[160] According to John Cort, the earliest archaeological evidence of Jina iconography with inscriptions precedes its datable texts by over 250 years.[162]Many images of Mahavira have been dated to the 12th century and earlier;[163] an ancient sculpture was found in a cave in Sundarajapuram, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. K. Ajithadoss, a Jain scholar in Chennai, dated it to the 9th century.[164]Jivantasvami represents Mahavira as a princely state. The Jina is represented as standing in the kayotsarga pose wearing crown and ornaments.[165]Jivantasvami image of a Tirthankara carved on Torana in Mahavira Jain temple, Osian\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Samanar Hills, Madurai, Tamil Nadu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock-cut sculpture of Mahavira in Kalugumalai Jain Beds, 8th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTallest known image of the seated Mahavira, Patnaganj\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFour-sided sculpture of Mahavira in Kankali Tila, Mathura\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTirthankaras Rishabhanatha (left) and Mahavira, 11th century (British Museum)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemple relief of Mahavira, 14th century (Seattle Asian Art Museum)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRelief of Mahavira in Thirakoil, Tamil Nadu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t16-foot, 2-inch stone statue of Mahavira in Ahinsa Sthal, Mehrauli, New Delhi[166]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahavira statue in Cave 32 of the Ellora Caves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMahavira inside Ambapuram cave temple, 7th century","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rishabhanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhanath"},{"link_name":"Parshvanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshvanath"},{"link_name":"Neminath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neminath"},{"link_name":"Shantinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantinath"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200240-176"},{"link_name":"Pawapuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawapuri"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort2010133-177"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitze1998207-178"},{"link_name":"John Cort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Cort"},{"link_name":"Mahavira temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira_Jain_temple,_Osian"},{"link_name":"Osian, Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osian,_Jodhpur"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECort1998112-179"},{"link_name":"Jal Mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jal_Mandir"},{"link_name":"Trilokyanatha Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilokyanatha_Temple"},{"link_name":"Meguti Jain Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aihole#Meguti_hill"},{"link_name":"Kumbharia Mahavira Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbharia_Mahavira_Temple"},{"link_name":"Sankighatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankighatta"},{"link_name":"Muchhal Mahavir Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchhal_Mahavir_Temple"},{"link_name":"Bhandavapur Jain Tirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhandavapur_Jain_Tirth"},{"link_name":"Dimapur Jain Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimapur_Jain_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jain temple, Kundalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_temple,_Kundalpur_(Bihar)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dharmachakra,_lord_mahaviras_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gajpanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajpanth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shri_Mahaveerji_temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shri Mahavirji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Mahavirji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_Temple_-02_by_Jain_Center_of_Greater_Phoenix_(JCGP).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jain Center of Greater Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_Center_of_Greater_Phoenix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potters Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potters_Bar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tirumalai_jaintemple_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HBPA_N_930_Meguti_Jain_temple_Aihole_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Temples","text":"Along with Rishabhanath, Parshvanath, Neminath, and Shantinath; Mahavira is one of the five tirthankaras that attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.[167] Various Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Pawapuri, for example, is a hilly part of southern Bihar, which is believed to have been a place where 23 out of 24 tirthankaras preached, along with Rishabha.[168][169] According to John Cort, the Mahavira temple in Osian, Jodhpur, Rajasthan is the oldest surviving Jain temple in western India; it was built in the late 8th century.[170] Important Mahavira temple complexes include Jal Mandir in Pawapuri, Trilokyanatha Temple, Meguti Jain Temple, Kumbharia Mahavira Temple, Sankighatta, Muchhal Mahavir Temple, Bhandavapur Jain Tirth, Dimapur Jain Temple, and Jain temple, KundalpurDharmachakra temple in Gajpanth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShri Mahavirji\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJain Center of Greater Phoenix\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJain temple, Potters Bar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJain temple in Tirumalai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMeguti Jain temple, 5th—6th century","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953224-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"King Chetaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Chetaka"},{"link_name":"Vaishali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192529-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Ikshvaku Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikshvaku_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord"},{"link_name":"Rishabhadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabhadeva"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006397_footnote_4-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"Champat Rai Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain193997-58"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp192529%E2%80%9331,_205%E2%80%93206:_%22At_the_end_of_almost_thirty_years_of_preaching,_he_died_in_the_chancellory_of_King_Hastipala_of_Pavapuri_and_attained_Nirvana.%22-82"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-132"},{"link_name":"brahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-143"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20101396-142"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-166"}],"text":"^ Heinrich Zimmer: \"The cycle of time continually revolves, according to the Jainas. The present \"descending\" (avasarpini) period was preceded and will be followed by an \"ascending\" (utsarpini). Sarpini suggests the creeping movement of a \"serpent\" (sarpin); ava- means \"down\" and ut- means up.\"[31]\n\n^ Trishala was the sister of King Chetaka of Vaishali in ancient India.[21]\n\n^ The Adipurana By Acharya Jinasena mentions that Ikshvaku Dynasty was founded by Lord Rishabhadeva[38]\n\n^ This mythology has similarities with those found in the mythical texts of the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism.[45]\n\n^ On this Champat Rai Jain wrote: \"\"Of the two versions of Mahavira's life — the Swetambara and the Digambara— it is obvious that only one can be true: either Mahavira married, or he did not marry. If Mahavira married, why should the Digambaras deny it? There is absolutely no reason for such a denial. The Digambaras acknowledge that nineteen out of the twenty-four tirthamkaras married and had children. If Mahavira also married it would make no difference. There is thus no reason whatsoever for the Digambaras to deny a simple incident like this. But there may be a reason for the Swetambaras making the assertion; the desire to ante-date their own origin. As a matter of fact their own books contain clear refutation of the statement that Mahavira had married. In the Samavayanga Sutra (Hyderabad edition) it is definitely stated that nineteen tirthankaras lived as householders, that is, all the twenty-four excepting Shri Mahavira, Parashva, Nemi, Mallinath and Vaspujya.\"[54]\n\n^ Not to be confused with kevalajnana (omniscience).[77]\n\n^ Samaññaphala Sutta, D i.47: \"Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. Just as if a person, when asked about a mango, were to answer with a breadfruit; or, when asked about a breadfruit, were to answer with a mango: In the same way, when asked about a fruit of the contemplative life, visible here and now, Nigantha Nātaputta answered with fourfold restraint. The thought occurred to me: 'How can anyone like me think of disparaging a brahman or contemplative living in his realm?' Yet I [Buddha] neither delighted in Nigantha Nātaputta's words nor did I protest against them. Neither delighting nor protesting, I was dissatisfied. Without expressing dissatisfaction, without accepting his teaching, without adopting it, I got up from my seat and left.\"\n\n^ According to Melton and Baumann, the Digambaras state that \"women's physical and emotional character makes it impossible for them to genuinely engage in the intense [ascetic] path necessary for spiritual purification. (...) Only by being reborn as a man can a woman engage in the ascetic path. Later Digambara secondary arguments appealed to human physiology in order to exclude women from the path: by their very biological basis, women constantly generate and destroy (and therefore harm) life forms within their sexual organs. Svetambara oppose this view by appealing to scriptures.\"[135]\n\n^ A special symbol that marks the chest of a tirthankara.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ancient kingdoms and cities of India at the time of Mahavira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/250px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png"},{"image_text":"The birth of Mahavira, from the Kalpa Sūtra (c. 1375–1400 CE)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg/170px-Detail_of_a_leaf_with_the_birth_of_mahavira.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murti of Mahavira at his birthplace, Kshatriyakund (Shvetambara tradition), in Bihar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bhagwan_Mahaveer.jpg/250px-Bhagwan_Mahaveer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tirthankar Mahavir giving his half garment to a brahmin as alms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mahavir_Swami_giving_alms_to_a_brahmin.jpg/220px-Mahavir_Swami_giving_alms_to_a_brahmin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rujuwalika Jain Temple near Bandarkupi, Jharkhand representing the place of omniscience of Mahavira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Rujuwalika_Kalyanak_Bhumi_Jain_Temple.jpg/220px-Rujuwalika_Kalyanak_Bhumi_Jain_Temple.jpg"},{"image_text":"A diorama representing omniscience of Mahavira, Jain Museum, Madhuban, Giridih","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Jain_Universal_History_Diorama_in_Jain_Museum_Madhuban_-_5.jpg/220px-Jain_Universal_History_Diorama_in_Jain_Museum_Madhuban_-_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lord Mahavira's Jal Mandir (water temple) in Pawapuri, Bihar, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pawapuri_-_001_Temple_marking_Mahavira%27s_Passing_%289243092471%29.jpg/220px-Pawapuri_-_001_Temple_marking_Mahavira%27s_Passing_%289243092471%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Charan Paduka\" or foot impression of Mahavira at Jal Mandir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MahaviraSwamiPawapuri.jpg/220px-MahaviraSwamiPawapuri.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folio from the Kalpa Sūtra, 15th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg/220px-Kalpasutra_Mahavira_Nirvana.jpg"},{"image_text":"The swastika and five vows","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Five_Vows.jpg/220px-Five_Vows.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mahavira worship in a manuscript c. 1825","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Adoration_of_the_Jaina_Tirthankara%2C_Mahavira_%286124596033%29.jpg/220px-Adoration_of_the_Jaina_Tirthankara%2C_Mahavira_%286124596033%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mahavira iconography is distinguished by a lion stamped (or carved) beneath his feet; a Shrivatsa is on his chest.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/24th_Tirthankara_Mahavira_Bhagwan_Vardhamana_Nigantha_Jainism.jpg/200px-24th_Tirthankara_Mahavira_Bhagwan_Vardhamana_Nigantha_Jainism.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Mahavira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mahavira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"title":"Religion portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"title":"Jivantasvami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivantasvami"},{"title":"Arihant (Jainism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)"},{"title":"God in Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Jainism"},{"title":"History of Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jainism"},{"title":"Mahavira: The Hero of Nonviolence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavira:_The_Hero_of_Nonviolence"},{"title":"Timeline of Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism"},{"title":"Bardhaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jain Mandir, Kundalpur\". Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved 20 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/nalanda/jain-mandir-kundalpur","url_text":"\"Jain Mandir, Kundalpur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_State_Tourism_Development_Corporation","url_text":"Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahavir Jayanti | What, When, Why & How To Celebrate Mahavir Swami Jayanti\". 17 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allindianfestivals.in/mahavir-jayanti/","url_text":"\"Mahavir Jayanti | What, When, Why & How To Celebrate Mahavir Swami Jayanti\""}]},{"reference":"Chaudhary, Pranava K. (14 October 2003). \"Row over Mahavira's birthplace\". The Times of India. Patna. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. 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The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (\"the self\").","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta","url_text":"\"Anatta | Buddhism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Mark Owen (14 November 2003). \"Jain Philosophy\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://iep.utm.edu/jain/","url_text":"\"Jain Philosophy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030933/https://iep.utm.edu/jain/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life\". Access to Insight. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2012. Translated from the Pali by Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu 1997","urls":[{"url":"https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html","url_text":"\"Samaññaphala Sutta: The Fruits of the Contemplative Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_Insight","url_text":"Access to Insight"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060616034749/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81nissaro_Bhikkhu","url_text":"Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu"}]},{"reference":"Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000). A comprehensive history of Jainism, 1 (2nd rev. ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 81-215-0931-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0931-9","url_text":"81-215-0931-9"}]},{"reference":"Tähtinen, Unto (1976). Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition. London. p. 132.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992]. The Jains (Second ed.). London and New York City: Routledge. pp. 14, 19, 30. ISBN 0-415-26605-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X","url_text":"0-415-26605-X"}]},{"reference":"Goyal, Śrīrāma (1987). A history of Indian Buddhism. Meerut: Kusumanjali Prakashan. pp. 83, 84, 85, 103.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jainism: Jinas and Other Deities\". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 26 May 2017. 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(ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1-4443-9573-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MF2Oxz3a0XwC","url_text":"The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9573-0","url_text":"978-1-4443-9573-0"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Steven (1994), Reynolds, Frank; Tracy, David (eds.), Religion and Practical Reason, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/holtscienceserie00abru","url_text":"Religion and Practical Reason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press","url_text":"State University of New York Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5","url_text":"978-0-7914-2217-5"}]},{"reference":"Cort, John E., ed. (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-3785-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Cort","url_text":"Cort, John E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC","url_text":"Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3785-8","url_text":"978-0-7914-3785-8"}]},{"reference":"Cort, John E. (2001), Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Cort","url_text":"Cort, John E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PZk-4HOMzsoC","url_text":"Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513234-2","url_text":"978-0-19-513234-2"}]},{"reference":"Cort, John E. (2010), Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Cort","url_text":"Cort, John E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC","url_text":"Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538502-1","url_text":"978-0-19-538502-1"}]},{"reference":"Dalal, Roshen (2010), The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC","url_text":"The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6","url_text":"978-0-14-341517-6"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002), Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9781576070048","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA267","url_text":"Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070048","url_text":"9781576070048"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy, ed. 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D.K.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=924hAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"The Origin of Brahmi script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_(publisher)","url_text":"D.K."}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Graham (2014) [2009], Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-93690-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8","url_text":"978-1-134-93690-8"}]},{"reference":"Heehs, Peter (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-3650-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Heehs","url_text":"Heehs, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC","url_text":"Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press","url_text":"New York University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3650-0","url_text":"978-0-8147-3650-0"}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Thomas (1807). Asiatick Researches. Vol. 9. Kolkata: Hindoostanee Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qMp3mmMy220C&pg=PA310","url_text":"Asiatick Researches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata","url_text":"Kolkata"}]},{"reference":"Jacobi, Hermann (1964), Max Muller (ed.), Jaina Sutras (Translation), The Sacred Books of the East, vol. 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R. Goyal (2005). Ancient Indian Inscriptions: Recent Finds and New Interpretations. Kusumanjali Book World.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pD9mAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Ancient Indian Inscriptions: Recent Finds and New Interpretations"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucanopsis_marimba
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Leucanopsis marimba
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["1 References"]
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Species of moth
Leucanopsis marimba
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Superfamily:
Noctuoidea
Family:
Erebidae
Subfamily:
Arctiinae
Genus:
Leucanopsis
Species:
L. marimba
Binomial name
Leucanopsis marimba(Schaus, 1933)
Synonyms
Halysidota marimba Schaus, 1933
Leucanopsis marimba is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1933. It is found in Venezuela.
References
^ Savela, Markku. "Leucanopsis marimba (Schaus, 1933)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.
Taxon identifiersLeucanopsis marimba
Wikidata: Q13398938
BioLib: 1206921
BOLD: 122475
GBIF: 1810023
IRMNG: 10881462
LepIndex: 43052
Open Tree of Life: 3178020
This Leucanopsis article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Erebidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebidae"},{"link_name":"William Schaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Schaus"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Leucanopsis marimba is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1933. It is found in Venezuela.[1]","title":"Leucanopsis marimba"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81til
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Atil, Sonora
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["1 Geography","2 Economy","3 References","4 Other sources","5 External links","6 See also"]
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Coordinates: 30°50′37″N 111°35′1″W / 30.84361°N 111.58361°W / 30.84361; -111.58361This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Place in Sonora, MexicoAtilMission Santa Teresa de AtilAtilLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 30°50′37″N 111°35′1″W / 30.84361°N 111.58361°W / 30.84361; -111.58361Country MexicoStateSonoraMunicipalityAtilFounded1751Area • City400.43 km2 (154.61 sq mi)Population (2005) • City734 • Metro699Time zoneUTC-7 (Pacific (US Mountain)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (No DST)
Atil (also Átil) is a small town in Atil Municipality in the northwest of the Mexican state of Sonora. The total area is 400.43 km² and the population of the municipality was 734 in 2005, of whom 699 lived in the municipal seat (2000). Neighboring municipalities are Tubutama, Trincheras, Oquitoa, and Altar.
The town was founded in 1687 with the establishment of the mission known as Santa Teresa de Atil by the Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino. The first inhabitants were Pima Alto or Nebome Indians, who before conversion had led a nomadic or semi-nomadic life. The ruins of Kino's misson remain to this day.
Some buildings were constructed by Jesuit missionary Jacobo Sedelmayer.
Atil is one of the smallest municipalities in the state. It is said that its name means "Arrow Point", in the Pima language.
Geography
Atil is one of the smallest municipalities in the state.
The terrain is desert and mostly flat. Summer temperatures average 25.6 °C but daytime extremes are frequently above 40 °C. The winter average is 12.8 °C.
There is one tarmacked road crossing the municipality linking Altar with Tubutama. There are several dirt roads crossing the desert.
Economy
The economy is based on agriculture with lands irrigated by the Cuauhtémoc Reservoir located in the north of the municipality. There is also cattle raising.
References
^ Classen, Albrecht (2013). Early History of the Southwest Through the Eyes of German-speaking Jesuit Missionaries: A Transcultural Experience in the Eighteenth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7391-7784-6.
^ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México : ESTADO DE SONORA". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
Other sources
Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia, e Informática (INEGI)
External links
Atil, Ayuntamiento Digital (Official WebSite of Atil, Sonora)
See also
Santa Teresa de Atil
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Santa Teresa de Atil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Teresa_de_Atil"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_ceremony
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Australian Aboriginal culture
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["1 Oral tradition","2 Art and crafts","3 Astronomy","4 Beliefs","4.1 Sacred sites","5 Customary law","5.1 Kurdaitcha","5.2 Arnhem Land","6 Ceremonies and sacred objects","6.1 Examples of ceremonies","6.2 Musical instruments and other objects","7 Cuisine","8 Medicine","9 Fire practices","10 Language","11 Literature","12 Medicine","13 Music","14 Sport and games","15 See also","16 References","17 Bibliography","18 Further reading"]
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Australian Aboriginal culture, traditions, practices and art
For specific artefacts, see Australian Aboriginal artefacts.
Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures. Due the colonization of Australia under terra nullius concept these cultures were treated as one monoculture. Australian Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Aboriginal music has developed a number of unique instruments. Contemporary Australian Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.
Oral tradition
Cultural traditions and beliefs as well as historical tellings of actual events are passed down in Aboriginal oral tradition, also known loosely as oral history (although the latter has a more specific definition). Some of the stories are many thousands of years old.
In a study published in February 2020, new evidence produced using radiometric dating showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanoes erupted at least 34,000 years ago. Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the Gunditjmara oral histories which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence. An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 was also proof that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill.
Art and crafts
Main article: Indigenous Australian art
Australian Aboriginal art has a history spanning thousands of years. Aboriginal artists continue these traditions using both modern and traditional materials in their artworks. Aboriginal art is the most internationally recognizable form of Australian art. Several styles of Aboriginal art have developed in modern times including the watercolour paintings of Albert Namatjira, the Hermannsburg School, and the acrylic Papunya Tula "dot art" movement. Painting is a large source of income for some Central Australian communities such as at Yuendumu.
Basket weaving has been traditionally practised by the women of many Aboriginal peoples across the continent for centuries.
Astronomy
Main article: Australian Aboriginal astronomy
A depiction of the Emu in the sky, which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than stars. The time of year in which the Emu in the sky stands upright in the evening marks the time when emu eggs are ready to be collected.
For many Aboriginal cultures, the night sky is a repository of stories and law. Songlines can be traced through the sky and the land. Stories and songs associated with the sky under many cultural tents.
Beliefs
See also: Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology
Aboriginal Australians' oral tradition and spiritual values build on reverence for the land and on a belief in the Dreamtime, or Dreaming. The Dreaming is considered to be both the ancient time of creation and the present-day reality of Dreaming. It describes the Aboriginal cosmology, and includes the ancestral stories about the supernatural creator-beings and how they created places. Each story can be called a "Dreaming", with the whole continent criss-crossed by Dreamings or ancestral tracks, also represented by songlines.
There are many different groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure and language.
The Rainbow Serpent is a major ancestral being for many Aboriginal people across Australia.
Baiame or Bunjil are regarded as the primary creator-spirits in South-East Australia.
Dingo Dreaming is a significant ancestor in the interior regions of Bandiyan, as Dingo formed the songlines that cross the continent from north to south and east to west.
The Yowie and Bunyip have their roots in Aboriginal mythology.
Sacred sites
Main article: Australian Aboriginal sacred sites
To Aboriginal people, some places are sacred, owing to their central place in the mythology of the local people.
Customary law
Main article: Australian Aboriginal customary law
The words "law" and "lore" are commonly used interchangeably: "law" was introduced by the British, whereas "lore" relates to the customs and stories from the Dreamtime, which has been passed on through countless generations through songlines, stories and dance. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community.
Kurdaitcha
Main article: Kurdaitcha
Kurdaitcha (or kurdaitcha man, and also spelled kurdaitcha, gadaidja, cadiche, kadaitcha, or karadji) is a type of shaman amongst the Arrernte people, an Aboriginal group in Central Australia. The kurdaitcha may be brought in to punish a guilty party by death. The word may also relate to the ritual in which the death is willed by the kurdaitcha man, known also as bone-pointing.
The expectation that death would result from having a bone pointed at a victim is not without foundation. Other similar rituals that cause death have been recorded around the world. Victims become listless and apathetic, usually refusing food or water with death often occurring within days of being "cursed". When victims survive, it is assumed that the ritual was faulty in its execution. The phenomenon is recognized as psychosomatic in that death is caused by an emotional response—often fear—to some suggested outside force and is known as "voodoo death". As this term refers to a specific religion, the medical establishment has suggested that "self-willed death", or "bone-pointing syndrome" is more appropriate. In Australia, the practice is still common enough that hospitals and nursing staff are trained to manage illness caused by "bad spirits" and bone pointing.
Arnhem Land
See also: Yolngu § Yolŋu culture, law and mythology
The complete system of Yolngu customary law is the "Madayin", which embodies the rights and responsibilities of the owners of the law, or citizens (rom watangu walal, or simply rom). Madayin includes the rom, as well as the objects that symbolise the law, oral rules, names and song cycles, and the sacred places that are used to maintain, develop and provide education in the law. Rom can be roughly translated as "law" or "culture", but it embodies more than either of these words. Galarrwuy Yunupingu has described Rom watangu as the overarching law of the land, which is "lasting and alive... my backbone".
It covers ownership of land and waters and the resources within this region; it controls production trade; and includes social, religious and ethical laws. These include laws for conservation and farming of flora and fauna. Observance of Madayin creates a state of balance, peace and true justice, known as Magaya.
Rom includes bush crafts such as basket-weaving and mat-making, and stories which teach history, hunting, spear-making, gathering food, building shelters and rafts, various rituals, and taking care of others.
"Rom" is a word and concept shared by at least one of the nearby peoples, the Anbarra, who also perform a Rom ceremony.
Ceremonies and sacred objects
Aboriginal ceremonies have been a part of Aboriginal culture since the beginning, and still play a vital part in society. They are held often, for many different reasons, all of which are based on the spiritual beliefs and cultural practices of the community. They include Dreaming stories, secret events at sacred sites, homecomings, births and deaths. They still play a very important part in the lives and culture of Aboriginal people. They are performed in Arnhem Land and Central Australia with the aim of ensuring a plentiful supply of foods; in many regions they play an important part in educating children, passing on the lore of their people, spiritual beliefs and survival skills; some ceremonies are a rite of passage for adolescents; other ceremonies are around marriage, death or burial. Most include dance, song, rituals and elaborate body decoration and/or costume. Ancient Aboriginal rock art shows ceremonies and traditions are still continued today.
Ceremonies provide a time and place for everyone in the group and community to work together to ensure the ongoing survival of spiritual and cultural beliefs. Certain stories are individually "owned" by a group, and in some cases dances, body decoration and symbols in a ceremony pass on these stories only within the group, so it is vital that these ceremonies are remembered and performed correctly. Men and women have different roles, and are sometimes appointed as guardians of a sacred site, whose role it is to care for the site and the spiritual beings who live there, achieved partly by performing ceremonies. The terms “men’s business” and “women’s business” are sometimes used; neither have greater spiritual needs or responsibilities than the other, but jointly ensure that sacred practices are passed on. Men often conduct ceremonies, but women are also guardians of special knowledge, hold great spiritual power within a group, and conduct ceremonies. Participation in ceremonies can also be restricted by age, family group, language group, but are sometimes open to all, depending on the purpose of the ceremony.
Right of access to songs and dances pertaining to a specific ceremony belong to a certain defined group (known as manikay by the Yolngu peoples of north-east Arnhem Land, or clan songs); some may be shared with people outside the community, but some are never shared. There is a wide range of songs, dances, music, body ornamentation, costume, and symbolism, designed to connect the body with the spiritual world of the ancestors. Ceremonies help to sustain Aboriginal identity as well as the group's connection to country and family.
Examples of ceremonies
A bora is an initiation ceremony in which young boys (Kippas) become men.
Bunggul is a traditional ceremonial dance of the Yolngu people of East Arnhem Land.
The bunya feast held in the hinterland of the Sunshine Coast of Queensland is well-known. Representatives from many different groups from across southern Queensland and northern New South Wales would meet to discuss important issues relating to the environment, social relationships, politics and Dreaming lore, feasting and sharing dance ceremonies. Many conflicts would be settled at this event, and consequences for breaches of laws were discussed.
Burial practices differ from group to group. In parts of Northern Australia, there are two stages of burial. After the body has been on an elevated platform, covered with leaves and branches, long enough for the flesh to rot away from the bones, the bones are collected, painted with ochre, and dispersed in various ways.
A corroboree is a ceremonial meeting for Australian Aboriginal people, interacting with the Dreaming and accompanied by song and dance. They differ from group to group, and may be sacred and private.
An ilma is both a public ceremony or performance of the Bardi people, and the hand-held objects used in these ceremonies.
The inma is a cultural ceremony of Aṉangu women of Central Australia, involving song and dance and embodying the stories and designs of the tjukurrpa (Ancestral Law, or Dreamtime). The ceremony carries camaraderie, joy, playfulness and seriousness, and may last for hours. There are many different inma, all profoundly significant to the culture.
The Mamurrng is a ceremony of West Arnhem Land in which two different language communities come together for trade and diplomacy.
The Morning Star Ceremony is a mortuary ceremony of the Dhuwa moiety.
The ngarra is one of the major regional rituals performed in north-east Arnhem Land, begun by the Rirratjingu clan of the Yolŋu people of East Arnhem. The first ngarra was performed by creation ancestors called Djang'kawu at the sacred site of Balma, in Yalangbara, after giving birth to the first of the Rirratjingu clan.
A Pukamani, or Pukumani, is a burial ceremony of the Tiwi Islands, which lasts for several days around the grave of the deceased about six months after their death. Elaborate funerary posts known as tutini are erected around the grave before the ceremony, and dancers dance and sing around the posts.
The ROM (or Rom - see previous section) ceremony, involving songs, dances, and artefacts, which involve presenting other neighbouring communities with decorated totem poles, with the intent of establishing or re-establishing friendly terms with them; a form of diplomacy. The process of making and decorating the poles can extend over weeks, and involves successive sessions of song and dance, culminating in the ceremony where gifts are exchanged. In April 2017, a four-day festival to mark the Rom ceremony was attended by about 500 people at Gapuwiyak School, in north-eastern Arnhem Land. It was planned to hold the event each term. Historian and writer Billy Griffiths wrote in his award-winning book Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia (2018), of the Rom ceremony as an "extension of friendship" and "ritual of diplomacy", of which the "full significance ... has yet to be appreciated by the Australian public. At the heart of this symbolic act is a gift – of song and dance and cultural knowledge, but it comes with obligations. The acceptance of such a gift enmeshes the recipients into a continual process of reciprocity".
A smoking ceremony is a cleansing ritual performed on special occasions.
Tjurunga (or churinga) are objects of religious significance by Central Australian Arrernte groups.
Walkabout is a rite of passage journey during adolescence, often mis-applied.
A welcome to country is a ritual now performed at many events held in Australia, intended to highlight the cultural significance of the surrounding area to a particular Aboriginal group. The welcome must be performed by a recognised elder of the group. The welcome ceremony is sometimes accompanied by a smoking ceremony, music or dance.
Musical instruments and other objects
The didgeridoo originated in northern Australia, but is now used throughout the continent. Clapsticks, seed rattles and objects such as rocks or pieces of wood are used; in a few areas, women play a drum made from goanna, snake, kangaroo or emu skin.
Cuisine
Main article: Bush tucker
Aboriginal boy eating witchetty grub: Yuendumu, 2017
Animal native foods include kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as quandong, kutjera, spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously.
Medicine
Pituri is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco (Nicotiana) or from at least one distinct population of the species Duboisia hopwoodii. Various species of Acacia, Grevillea and Eucalyptus are burned to produce the ash.
Fire practices
Cultural burning, identified by Australian archaeologist Rhys Jones in 1969, is the practice of regularly and systematically burning patches of vegetation used in Central to Northern Australia to facilitate hunting, to reduce the frequency of major bush-fires, and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. This "fire-stick farming", or "burning off", reduces the fuel-load for a potential major bush fire, while fertilising the ground and increasing the number of young plants, providing additional food for kangaroos and other fauna hunted for meat. It is regarded as good husbandry and "looking after the land" by Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory.
Language
Main article: Australian Aboriginal languages
The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363 languages belonging to an estimated 28 language families and isolates, spoken by Aboriginal Australians of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands. The relationships between these languages are not clear at present. Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a manually coded language, a signed counterpart of their oral language. This appears to be connected with various speech taboos between certain kin or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men.
Avoidance speech in Australian Aboriginal languages is closely tied to elaborate tribal kinship systems in which certain relatives are considered taboo. Avoidance relations differ from tribe to tribe in terms of strictness and to whom they apply. Typically, there is an avoidance relationship between a man and his mother-in-law, usually between a woman and her father-in-law, and sometimes between any person and their same-sex parent-in-law. For some tribes, avoidance relationships are extended to other family members, such as the mother-in-law's brother in Warlpiri or cross-cousins in Dyirbal. All relations are classificatory – more people may fall into the "mother-in-law" category than just a man's wife's mother.
Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is a dialect of Australian English used by a large section of the Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander) population. Australian Kriol is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used in the early days of European colonisation. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the Northern Territory, which has maintained a vibrant use of the language, spoken by about 30,000 people. It is distinct from Torres Strait Creole.
Literature
Main article: Indigenous Australian literature
At the point of the first colonisation, Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing, so the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact.
A letter to Governor Arthur Phillip written by Bennelong in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person.
While his father, James Unaipon (c. 1835–1907), contributed to accounts of Ngarrindjeri mythology written by the missionary George Taplin in South Australia, David Unaipon (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by an Aboriginal person, Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines (1924–25), and was the first Aboriginal author to be published.
The Yirrkala bark petitions of 1963 are the first traditional Aboriginal document recognised by the Australian Parliament.
Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964).
Sally Morgan's 1987 memoir My Place brought Indigenous stories to wider notice.
Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton (First Australians documentary TV series, 2008) and Noel Pearson (Up from the Mission, 2009) are contemporary contributors to Australian non-fiction. Other voices of Indigenous Australians include the playwright Jack Davis and Kevin Gilbert.
Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott, Alexis Wright, Kate Howarth, Tara June Winch, Yvette Holt and Anita Heiss. Indigenous authors who have won Australia's Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott, who was joint winner (with Thea Astley) in 2000 for Benang and again in 2011 for That Deadman Dance. Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria. Melissa Lucashenko won the Miles Franklin Award in 2019 for her novel Too Much Lip.
Medicine
Further information: Bush medicine
Traditional healers (known as Ngangkari in the Western jester areas of Central Australia) are highly respected men and women who not only acted as healers or doctors, but also generally served as custodians of important Dreaming stories.
Music
Further information: Indigenous Australian music, didgeridoo, and Indigenous rock § Australia
A didgeridoo, or yidaki
Aboriginal people have developed unique musical instruments and folk styles. The didgeridoo is often considered the national instrument of Aboriginal Australians; however, it was traditionally played by peoples of Northern Australia, and only by the men. It has possibly been used by the people of the Kakadu region for 1500 years.
Clapping sticks are probably the more ubiquitous musical instrument, especially because they help maintain rhythm. More recently, Aboriginal musicians have branched into rock and roll, hip hop and reggae. Bands such as No Fixed Address and Yothu Yindi were two of the earliest Aboriginal bands to gain a popular following among Australians of all cultures.
In 1997 the State and Federal Governments set up the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA) to preserve and nurture Aboriginal music and talent across all styles and genres from traditional to contemporary.
Sport and games
Main article: Indigenous Australian sport
Woggabaliri is a traditional Indigenous Australian "co-operative kicking volley game". The Indigenous in areas of and near New South Wales played a ball game called Woggabaliri. The ball was usually made of possum fur, and was played in a group of four to six players in circle. It was a co-operative kicking game to see for how long the ball can be kept in the air before it touches the ground.An Indigenous community Australian rules football game
The Djab Wurrung and Jardwadjali people of western Victoria once participated in the traditional game of Marn Grook, a type of football played with possum hide. The game is believed by some commentators, including Martin Flanagan, Jim Poulter and Col Hutchinson, to have inspired Tom Wills, inventor of the code of Australian rules football.
Similarity between Marn Grook and Australian football include jumping to catch the ball or high "marking", which results in a free kick. Use of the word "mark" in the game may be influenced by the Marn Grook word mumarki, meaning "catch". However, this is likely a false etymology; the term "mark" is traditionally used in Rugby and other games that predate AFL to describe a free kick resulting from a catch, in reference to the player making a mark on the ground from which to take a free kick, rather than continuing to play on.
There are many Indigenous AFL players at professional level, with approximately one in ten players being of Indigenous origin as of 2007. The contribution of the Aboriginal people to the game is recognized by the annual AFL "Dreamtime at the 'G" match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground between Essendon and Richmond football clubs (the colors of the two clubs combine to form the colours of the Aboriginal flag).
Testifying to this abundance of Indigenous talent, the Aboriginal All-Stars, an AFL-level all-Aboriginal football side competes against any one of the Australian Football League's current football teams in pre-season tests. The Clontarf Foundation and football academy is just one organisation aimed at further developing aboriginal football talent. The Tiwi Bombers began playing in the Northern Territory Football League and became the first all-Aboriginal side to compete in a major Australian competition.
Coreeda is a style of folk wrestling practiced in Australia and is based on Aboriginal combat sports that existed in the pre-colonial period before the 19th century. Combining the movements of the traditional kangaroo dance as a warm up ritual, with a style of wrestling that utilizes a yellow 4.5 meter diameter circle that has black and red borders (similar to the Aboriginal flag), Coreeda is often compared to sports as diverse as capoeira and sumo.
A popular children's game in some parts of Australia is weet weet, or throwing the play stick. The winner throws the weet weet furthest or the most accurately.
See also
Australia portal
Australian Aboriginal artefacts
Black Theatre (Sydney)
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
Country (Indigenous Australians)
Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures
Indigenous Australian art
Indigenous Australian literature
Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship
Jindyworobak Movement, a white Australian literary movement inspired by Aboriginal culture
Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages, a digital archive of literature in endangered languages of the Northern Territory
Lizard Island#Mangrove Beach, a 2024 pottery finding
Stone tool#Aboriginal Australian use
Yaama Ngunna Baaka, 2019 festival consisting of a series of corroborees
References
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^ Peter D'Arcy (1994). Margo Sutton (ed.). The Emu in the Sky: Stories about the Aboriginals and the day and night skies. The emu in the sky is shown in the dark space between stars° - The Emu. The National Science and Technology Centre. pp. 15, 16. ISBN 978-0-64618-202-5.
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^ Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (1995), "1 transparency : col. ; 5.5 x 5.5 cm.", , Collection of photographs taken at opening of 'It's about friendship' - Rom, a ceremony from Arnhem Land exhibition at the National Library of Australia, Canberra, 5 January 1995., nla.obj-147351861, retrieved 29 January 2020 – via Trove
^ a b "ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Blurb of 1986 book by Stephen Wild. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2022. The first ROM ceremony, a 'ritual of diplomacy', performed outside Arnhem Land was held when the Anbarra people...presented a Rom to AIATSIS in 1982.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ a b "Aboriginal ceremonies". Indigenous in Style. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
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^ "Aboriginal Culture: Aboriginal Cultural Ceremonies". Mbantua Fine Art Gallery and Cultural Museum. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
^ "Traditional Aboriginal Ceremonial Dancing". Artlandish Aboriginal Art Gallery. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
^ Lister, Peter. "Song Types in the Top End". Manikay.Com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ Jash, Tahnee (6 August 2023). "Yolngu clans pay tribute to cherished Gumatj leader Yunupiŋu at Garma Festival bunggul". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 5 August 2023.
^ Hennessy, Kate (6 August 2015). "Garma: art and politics come together for a moving Arnhem Land festival". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
^ Lindsay, Kirstyn (4 May 2017). "Tjungu Festival 2017: Anangu Senior Women share law and understanding of coming together". NITV Radio. SBS. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
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^ "IY2019: Saving language through Dreaming story". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ Brown, Reuben (2017). "A Different Mode of Exchange". In Gillespie, Kirsty; Treloyn, Sally; Niles, Don (eds.). A Different Mode of Exchange:: The Mamurrng Ceremony of Western Arnhem Land. Essays in Honour of Stephen A. Wild. ANU Press. pp. 41–72. ISBN 978-1-76046-111-9. JSTOR j.ctt1trkk4c.9. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Hutcherson, Gillian (1995). Djalkiri Wanga: The Land is My Foundation. Western Australia: Berndt Museum of Anthropology. ISBN 0864224214.
^ Norris, Ray P. (2016). "Dawes Review 5: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Navigation". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 33: e039. arXiv:1607.02215. Bibcode:2016PASA...33...39N. doi:10.1017/pasa.2016.25. ISSN 1323-3580.
^ Marika, Banduk; West, Margie (7 December 2010). "Yalangbara: art of the Djang'kawu". Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ "Burial - Pukumani, Tiwi Islands". The Australian Museum. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ "Being Tiwi: the work of 9 artists from the Tiwi Islands - Stories & ideas". MCA Australia. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ Caruana, Wally (4 August 2014). "Art and object". AIATSIS. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
^ Robinson, Scott (12 December 2018). "The archaeologist as hero in Billy Griffiths' Deep Time Dreaming". Overland. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
^ Low, Tim (1991). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-16930-6.
^ Kakadu Man, by Big Bill Neidjie, Stephen Davis, and Allan Fox, 1986, ISBN 0-9589458-0-2
^ Bowern 2011.
^ Bowern & Atkinson 2012, p. 830.
^ Dixon 1980, pp. 58–59.
^ Genoni, Paul (2004). Subverting the Empire: Explorers and Exploration in Australian Fiction. Altona, VIC: Common Ground.
^ Maher, Louise (8 August 2013). "Treasure Trove: Bennelong's letter". 666 ABC Canberra. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
^ Jenkin, Graham (1979). Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri. Adelaide: Rigby. ISBN 9780727011121.
^ "Documenting Democracy". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
^ (in English) "Modern Australian poetry". Ministère de la culture. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011.
^ "2019 Miles Franklin Literary Award shortlist unveiled | Perpetual". www.perpetual.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
^ Traditional Healers of Central Australia: Ngangkari. Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Women's Council Aboriginal Corporation. 2013. Magabala Books, Broome, WA, pp. 15-19.
^ Maynard, John (2011), The Aboriginal soccer tribe : A history of aboriginal involvement with the world game, Magabala Books, ISBN 978-1-921248-39-9
^ "Woggabaliri". NSW Government - Office of Sport. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ Martin Flanagan, The Call. St. Leonards, Allen & Unwin, 1998, p. 8 Martin Flanagan, 'Sport and Culture'
^ "Early History". Footystamps.com.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Francis Marindin". Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
^ "Australian Game, Australian Identity:(Post)Colonial Identity in Football". Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University. 2007. p. 10. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
^ "Australian rules football and improving Indigenous relations". The Roar. 22 May 2013.
^ "Coreeda Association of Australia". Coreedaoz.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Blog Archive » Coreeda Assoc. of Australia | Documenting & Promoting Traditional Wrestling Styles from Around the World". Wrestling Roots. 14 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Weet weet" (PDF). Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
Bibliography
Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011). "How many languages were spoken in Australia?". Anggarrgoon. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). "Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan". Language. 84 (4): 817–845. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.3903. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0081. S2CID 4375648.
Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29450-8. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Further reading
Library resources about Australian Aboriginal culture
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Aboriginal culture.
Indigenous Australian culture travel guide from Wikivoyage
ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property (Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support)
vteAboriginal and Torres Strait IslandersPeoples
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artefacts"},{"link_name":"Dreamtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_languages"},{"link_name":"other","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names"},{"link_name":"terra nullius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius#Australia"},{"link_name":"rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_rock_art"},{"link_name":"watercolour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour"},{"link_name":"colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"sign languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages"}],"text":"For specific artefacts, see Australian Aboriginal artefacts.Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures. Due the colonization of Australia under terra nullius concept these cultures were treated as one monoculture. Australian Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Aboriginal music has developed a number of unique instruments. Contemporary Australian Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.","title":"Australian Aboriginal culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"Budj Bim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budj_Bim"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earlier-1"},{"link_name":"Gunditjmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunditjmara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MatchanPhillips2020-2"},{"link_name":"volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-earlier-1"}],"text":"Cultural traditions and beliefs as well as historical tellings of actual events are passed down in Aboriginal oral tradition, also known loosely as oral history (although the latter has a more specific definition). Some of the stories are many thousands of years old.\nIn a study published in February 2020, new evidence produced using radiometric dating showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Hill volcanoes erupted at least 34,000 years ago.[1] Significantly, this is a \"minimum age constraint for human presence in Victoria\", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the Gunditjmara oral histories which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.[2] An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 was also proof that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill.[1]","title":"Oral tradition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Namatjira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Namatjira"},{"link_name":"Hermannsburg School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsburg_School"},{"link_name":"Papunya Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papunya_Tula"},{"link_name":"Yuendumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuendumu,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Basket weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_weaving"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maningrida_2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archive.maas.museum_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills_2011-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sustainable_Communities_SA_2016-6"}],"text":"Australian Aboriginal art has a history spanning thousands of years. Aboriginal artists continue these traditions using both modern and traditional materials in their artworks. Aboriginal art is the most internationally recognizable form of Australian art. Several styles of Aboriginal art have developed in modern times including the watercolour paintings of Albert Namatjira, the Hermannsburg School, and the acrylic Papunya Tula \"dot art\" movement. Painting is a large source of income for some Central Australian communities such as at Yuendumu.Basket weaving has been traditionally practised by the women of many Aboriginal peoples across the continent for centuries.[3][4][5][6]","title":"Art and crafts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emu_public.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"constellation consisting of dark clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation#Dark_cloud_constellations"},{"link_name":"Songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EmuPD1-7"}],"text":"A depiction of the Emu in the sky, which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than stars. The time of year in which the Emu in the sky stands upright in the evening marks the time when emu eggs are ready to be collected.For many Aboriginal cultures, the night sky is a repository of stories and law. Songlines can be traced through the sky and the land. Stories and songs associated with the sky under many cultural tents.[7]","title":"Astronomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Dreamtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aboriginal_Incursions-8"},{"link_name":"many different groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_Australian_group_names"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Serpent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Serpent"},{"link_name":"Baiame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiame"},{"link_name":"Bunjil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunjil"},{"link_name":"Dingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yowie_(cryptid)"},{"link_name":"Bunyip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyip"}],"text":"See also: Australian Aboriginal religion and mythologyAboriginal Australians' oral tradition and spiritual values build on reverence for the land and on a belief in the Dreamtime, or Dreaming. The Dreaming is considered to be both the ancient time of creation and the present-day reality of Dreaming. It describes the Aboriginal cosmology, and includes the ancestral stories about the supernatural creator-beings and how they created places. Each story can be called a \"Dreaming\", with the whole continent criss-crossed by Dreamings or ancestral tracks, also represented by songlines.[8]There are many different groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure and language.The Rainbow Serpent is a major ancestral being for many Aboriginal people across Australia.\nBaiame or Bunjil are regarded as the primary creator-spirits in South-East Australia.\nDingo Dreaming is a significant ancestor in the interior regions of Bandiyan, as Dingo formed the songlines that cross the continent from north to south and east to west.[9]\nThe Yowie and Bunyip have their roots in Aboriginal mythology.","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAP1-10"}],"sub_title":"Sacred sites","text":"To Aboriginal people, some places are sacred, owing to their central place in the mythology of the local people.[10]","title":"Beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-working-11"}],"text":"The words \"law\" and \"lore\" are commonly used interchangeably: \"law\" was introduced by the British, whereas \"lore\" relates to the customs and stories from the Dreamtime, which has been passed on through countless generations through songlines, stories and dance. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship and community.[11]","title":"Customary law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"shaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman"},{"link_name":"Arrernte people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_people"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"psychosomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine"},{"link_name":"voodoo death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_death"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Kurdaitcha","text":"Kurdaitcha (or kurdaitcha man, and also spelled kurdaitcha, gadaidja, cadiche, kadaitcha, or karadji)[12] is a type of shaman amongst the Arrernte people, an Aboriginal group in Central Australia. The kurdaitcha may be brought in to punish a guilty party by death. The word may also relate to the ritual in which the death is willed by the kurdaitcha man, known also as bone-pointing.The expectation that death would result from having a bone pointed at a victim is not without foundation. Other similar rituals that cause death have been recorded around the world.[13] Victims become listless and apathetic, usually refusing food or water with death often occurring within days of being \"cursed\". When victims survive, it is assumed that the ritual was faulty in its execution. The phenomenon is recognized as psychosomatic in that death is caused by an emotional response—often fear—to some suggested outside force and is known as \"voodoo death\". As this term refers to a specific religion, the medical establishment has suggested that \"self-willed death\", or \"bone-pointing syndrome\" is more appropriate.[14][15] In Australia, the practice is still common enough that hospitals and nursing staff are trained to manage illness caused by \"bad spirits\" and bone pointing.[16]","title":"Customary law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yolngu § Yolŋu culture, law and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu#Yol%C5%8Bu_culture,_law_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhulunbuy-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yidakistory-18"},{"link_name":"Galarrwuy Yunupingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galarrwuy_Yunupingu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhulunbuy-17"},{"link_name":"basket-weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket-weaving"},{"link_name":"mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat"},{"link_name":"gathering food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tucker"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gapuwiyak-20"},{"link_name":"Anbarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burarra_people"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsisrom-22"}],"sub_title":"Arnhem Land","text":"See also: Yolngu § Yolŋu culture, law and mythologyThe complete system of Yolngu customary law is the \"Madayin\", which embodies the rights and responsibilities of the owners of the law, or citizens (rom watangu walal, or simply rom). Madayin includes the rom, as well as the objects that symbolise the law, oral rules, names and song cycles, and the sacred places that are used to maintain, develop and provide education in the law.[17] Rom can be roughly translated as \"law\" or \"culture\", but it embodies more than either of these words.[18] Galarrwuy Yunupingu has described Rom watangu as the overarching law of the land, which is \"lasting and alive... my backbone\".[19]It covers ownership of land and waters and the resources within this region; it controls production trade; and includes social, religious and ethical laws. These include laws for conservation and farming of flora and fauna. Observance of Madayin creates a state of balance, peace and true justice, known as Magaya.[17]Rom includes bush crafts such as basket-weaving and mat-making, and stories which teach history, hunting, spear-making, gathering food, building shelters and rafts, various rituals, and taking care of others.[20]\"Rom\" is a word and concept shared by at least one of the nearby peoples, the Anbarra, who also perform a Rom ceremony.[21][22]","title":"Customary law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-style-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource8-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"lore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"survival skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_skills"},{"link_name":"rite of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_passage"},{"link_name":"adolescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent"},{"link_name":"rituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"body decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_decoration"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_rock_art"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artlandish-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource8-24"},{"link_name":"manikay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manikay"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manikayclan-27"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_identity"},{"link_name":"connection to country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_to_country"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource8-24"}],"text":"Aboriginal ceremonies have been a part of Aboriginal culture since the beginning, and still play a vital part in society.[23] They are held often, for many different reasons, all of which are based on the spiritual beliefs and cultural practices of the community.[24] They include Dreaming stories, secret events at sacred sites, homecomings, births and deaths.[25] They still play a very important part in the lives and culture of Aboriginal people. They are performed in Arnhem Land and Central Australia with the aim of ensuring a plentiful supply of foods; in many regions they play an important part in educating children, passing on the lore of their people, spiritual beliefs and survival skills; some ceremonies are a rite of passage for adolescents; other ceremonies are around marriage, death or burial. Most include dance, song, rituals and elaborate body decoration and/or costume. Ancient Aboriginal rock art shows ceremonies and traditions are still continued today.[26]Ceremonies provide a time and place for everyone in the group and community to work together to ensure the ongoing survival of spiritual and cultural beliefs. Certain stories are individually \"owned\" by a group, and in some cases dances, body decoration and symbols in a ceremony pass on these stories only within the group, so it is vital that these ceremonies are remembered and performed correctly. Men and women have different roles, and are sometimes appointed as guardians of a sacred site, whose role it is to care for the site and the spiritual beings who live there, achieved partly by performing ceremonies. The terms “men’s business” and “women’s business” are sometimes used; neither have greater spiritual needs or responsibilities than the other, but jointly ensure that sacred practices are passed on. Men often conduct ceremonies, but women are also guardians of special knowledge, hold great spiritual power within a group, and conduct ceremonies. Participation in ceremonies can also be restricted by age, family group, language group, but are sometimes open to all, depending on the purpose of the ceremony.[24]Right of access to songs and dances pertaining to a specific ceremony belong to a certain defined group (known as manikay by the Yolngu peoples of north-east Arnhem Land, or clan songs[27]); some may be shared with people outside the community, but some are never shared. There is a wide range of songs, dances, music, body ornamentation, costume, and symbolism, designed to connect the body with the spiritual world of the ancestors. Ceremonies help to sustain Aboriginal identity as well as the group's connection to country and family.[24]","title":"Ceremonies and sacred objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_(Australian)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bunggul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunggul"},{"link_name":"Yolngu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu_people"},{"link_name":"East Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"bunya feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii#Cultural_significance"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource8-24"},{"link_name":"ochre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-style-23"},{"link_name":"corroboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroboree"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aboriginal_Incursions-8"},{"link_name":"ilma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_people#Ilma"},{"link_name":"Bardi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardi_people"},{"link_name":"Aṉangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"tjukurrpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjukurrpa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"West Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Morning Star Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnumbirr#The_Morning_Star_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"Dhuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwa"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-36"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Rirratjingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rirratjingu"},{"link_name":"Yolŋu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu"},{"link_name":"creation ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_being"},{"link_name":"Djang'kawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djang%27kawu"},{"link_name":"Yalangbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalangbara"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wam-37"},{"link_name":"Pukamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukamani"},{"link_name":"Tiwi Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_Islands"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-am-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"totem poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_pole"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsisrom-22"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Gapuwiyak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapuwiyak"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gapuwiyak-20"},{"link_name":"Billy Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Griffiths_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"smoking ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Tjurunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurunga"},{"link_name":"Arrernte groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrernte_people"},{"link_name":"Walkabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkabout"},{"link_name":"rite of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_passage"},{"link_name":"adolescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence"},{"link_name":"welcome to country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_country"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"}],"sub_title":"Examples of ceremonies","text":"A bora is an initiation ceremony in which young boys (Kippas)[28] become men.\nBunggul is a traditional ceremonial dance of the Yolngu people of East Arnhem Land.[29][30]\nThe bunya feast held in the hinterland of the Sunshine Coast of Queensland is well-known. Representatives from many different groups from across southern Queensland and northern New South Wales would meet to discuss important issues relating to the environment, social relationships, politics and Dreaming lore, feasting and sharing dance ceremonies. Many conflicts would be settled at this event, and consequences for breaches of laws were discussed.[24]\nBurial practices differ from group to group. In parts of Northern Australia, there are two stages of burial. After the body has been on an elevated platform, covered with leaves and branches, long enough for the flesh to rot away from the bones, the bones are collected, painted with ochre, and dispersed in various ways.[23]\nA corroboree is a ceremonial meeting for Australian Aboriginal people, interacting with the Dreaming and accompanied by song and dance. They differ from group to group, and may be sacred and private.[8]\nAn ilma is both a public ceremony or performance of the Bardi people, and the hand-held objects used in these ceremonies.\nThe inma is a cultural ceremony of Aṉangu women of Central Australia, involving song and dance and embodying the stories and designs of the tjukurrpa (Ancestral Law, or Dreamtime). The ceremony carries camaraderie, joy, playfulness and seriousness, and may last for hours. There are many different inma, all profoundly significant to the culture.[31][32][33]\nThe Mamurrng is a ceremony of West Arnhem Land in which two different language communities come together for trade and diplomacy.[34]\nThe Morning Star Ceremony is a mortuary ceremony of the Dhuwa moiety.[35][36]\nThe ngarra is one of the major regional rituals performed in north-east Arnhem Land, begun by the Rirratjingu clan of the Yolŋu people of East Arnhem. The first ngarra was performed by creation ancestors called Djang'kawu at the sacred site of Balma, in Yalangbara, after giving birth to the first of the Rirratjingu clan.[37]\nA Pukamani, or Pukumani, is a burial ceremony of the Tiwi Islands, which lasts for several days around the grave of the deceased about six months after their death. Elaborate funerary posts known as tutini are erected around the grave before the ceremony, and dancers dance and sing around the posts.[38][39]\nThe ROM (or Rom - see previous section) ceremony, involving songs, dances, and artefacts, which involve presenting other neighbouring communities with decorated totem poles, with the intent of establishing or re-establishing friendly terms with them; a form of diplomacy. The process of making and decorating the poles can extend over weeks, and involves successive sessions of song and dance, culminating in the ceremony where gifts are exchanged.[22][40] In April 2017, a four-day festival to mark the Rom ceremony was attended by about 500 people at Gapuwiyak School, in north-eastern Arnhem Land. It was planned to hold the event each term.[20] Historian and writer Billy Griffiths wrote in his award-winning book Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia (2018), of the Rom ceremony as an \"extension of friendship\" and \"ritual of diplomacy\", of which the \"full significance ... has yet to be appreciated by the Australian public. At the heart of this symbolic act is a gift – of song and dance and cultural knowledge, but it comes with obligations. The acceptance of such a gift enmeshes the recipients into a continual process of reciprocity\".[41]\nA smoking ceremony is a cleansing ritual performed on special occasions.\nTjurunga (or churinga) are objects of religious significance by Central Australian Arrernte groups.\nWalkabout is a rite of passage journey during adolescence, often mis-applied.\nA welcome to country is a ritual now performed at many events held in Australia, intended to highlight the cultural significance of the surrounding area to a particular Aboriginal group. The welcome must be performed by a recognised elder of the group. The welcome ceremony is sometimes accompanied by a smoking ceremony, music or dance.","title":"Ceremonies and sacred objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Clapsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapstick"},{"link_name":"rattles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)"},{"link_name":"goanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goanna"},{"link_name":"kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resource8-24"}],"sub_title":"Musical instruments and other objects","text":"The didgeridoo originated in northern Australia, but is now used throughout the continent. Clapsticks, seed rattles and objects such as rocks or pieces of wood are used; in a few areas, women play a drum made from goanna, snake, kangaroo or emu skin.[24]","title":"Ceremonies and sacred objects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuendumu_Gold_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yuendumu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuendumu"},{"link_name":"kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_(meat)"},{"link_name":"emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"witchetty grubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchetty_grub"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"quandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalum_acuminatum"},{"link_name":"kutjera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_centrale"},{"link_name":"lemon myrtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_myrtle"},{"link_name":"warrigal greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrigal_greens"},{"link_name":"bushfood industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_bushfood_industry"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Aboriginal boy eating witchetty grub: Yuendumu, 2017Animal native foods include kangaroo, emu, witchetty grubs and crocodile, and plant foods include fruits such as quandong, kutjera, spices such as lemon myrtle and vegetables such as warrigal greens and various native yams. Since the 1970s, there has been recognition of the nutritional and gourmet value of native foods by non-Indigenous Australians, and the bushfood industry has grown enormously.[42]","title":"Cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pituri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituri"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"depressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressant"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal"},{"link_name":"Nicotiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotiana"},{"link_name":"Duboisia hopwoodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_hopwoodii"},{"link_name":"Acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"Grevillea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevillea"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"}],"text":"Pituri is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a stimulant (or, after extended use, a depressant) by Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco (Nicotiana) or from at least one distinct population of the species Duboisia hopwoodii. Various species of Acacia, Grevillea and Eucalyptus are burned to produce the ash.","title":"Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-stick_farming"},{"link_name":"Rhys Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Jones_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Cultural burning, identified by Australian archaeologist Rhys Jones in 1969, is the practice of regularly and systematically burning patches of vegetation used in Central to Northern Australia to facilitate hunting, to reduce the frequency of major bush-fires, and to change the composition of plant and animal species in an area. This \"fire-stick farming\", or \"burning off\", reduces the fuel-load for a potential major bush fire, while fertilising the ground and increasing the number of young plants, providing additional food for kangaroos and other fauna hunted for meat. It is regarded as good husbandry and \"looking after the land\" by Aboriginal people of the Northern Territory.[43]","title":"Fire practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowern2011-44"},{"link_name":"language families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family"},{"link_name":"isolates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowernAtkinson2012830-45"},{"link_name":"manually coded language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manually_coded_language"},{"link_name":"signed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language"},{"link_name":"speech taboos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance_speech"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo"},{"link_name":"Warlpiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri_language"},{"link_name":"cross-cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins"},{"link_name":"Dyirbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyirbal_language"},{"link_name":"classificatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_kinship"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon198058%E2%80%9359-46"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"},{"link_name":"Australian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander"},{"link_name":"Australian Kriol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol"},{"link_name":"English-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-based_creole_languages"},{"link_name":"creole language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"pidgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin"},{"link_name":"European colonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole"}],"text":"The Australian Aboriginal languages consist of around 290–363[44] languages belonging to an estimated 28 language families and isolates, spoken by Aboriginal Australians of mainland Australia and a few nearby islands.[45] The relationships between these languages are not clear at present. Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a manually coded language, a signed counterpart of their oral language. This appears to be connected with various speech taboos between certain kin or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men.Avoidance speech in Australian Aboriginal languages is closely tied to elaborate tribal kinship systems in which certain relatives are considered taboo. Avoidance relations differ from tribe to tribe in terms of strictness and to whom they apply. Typically, there is an avoidance relationship between a man and his mother-in-law, usually between a woman and her father-in-law, and sometimes between any person and their same-sex parent-in-law. For some tribes, avoidance relationships are extended to other family members, such as the mother-in-law's brother in Warlpiri or cross-cousins in Dyirbal. All relations are classificatory – more people may fall into the \"mother-in-law\" category than just a man's wife's mother.[46]Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is a dialect of Australian English used by a large section of the Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander) population. Australian Kriol is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used in the early days of European colonisation. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the Northern Territory, which has maintained a vibrant use of the language, spoken by about 30,000 people. It is distinct from Torres Strait Creole.","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Arthur Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Bennelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennelong"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"James Unaipon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Unaipon"},{"link_name":"Ngarrindjeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarrindjeri"},{"link_name":"George Taplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Taplin"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"David Unaipon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Unaipon"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_mythology"},{"link_name":"Yirrkala bark petitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yirrkala_bark_petitions"},{"link_name":"Australian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Oodgeroo Noonuccal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oodgeroo_Noonuccal"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Sally Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Morgan_(artist)"},{"link_name":"My Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Place_(book)"},{"link_name":"Marcia Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Langton"},{"link_name":"First Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Australians"},{"link_name":"Noel Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"Jack Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Davis_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Gilbert_(author)"},{"link_name":"Kim Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Scott"},{"link_name":"Alexis Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Wright"},{"link_name":"Kate Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Howarth_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Tara June Winch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_June_Winch"},{"link_name":"Yvette Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvette_Holt"},{"link_name":"Anita Heiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Heiss"},{"link_name":"Miles Franklin Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Franklin_Award"},{"link_name":"Kim Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Scott"},{"link_name":"Thea Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Astley"},{"link_name":"Benang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benang"},{"link_name":"That Deadman Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Deadman_Dance"},{"link_name":"Alexis Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Wright"},{"link_name":"Carpentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentaria"},{"link_name":"Melissa Lucashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Lucashenko"},{"link_name":"Too Much Lip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Much_Lip"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"At the point of the first colonisation, Indigenous Australians had not developed a system of writing, so the first literary accounts of Aboriginal people come from the journals of early European explorers, which contain descriptions of first contact.[47]A letter to Governor Arthur Phillip written by Bennelong in 1796 is the first known work written in English by an Aboriginal person.[48]While his father, James Unaipon (c. 1835–1907), contributed to accounts of Ngarrindjeri mythology written by the missionary George Taplin in South Australia,[49] David Unaipon (1872–1967) provided the first accounts of Aboriginal mythology written by an Aboriginal person, Legendary Tales of the Australian Aborigines (1924–25), and was the first Aboriginal author to be published.The Yirrkala bark petitions of 1963 are the first traditional Aboriginal document recognised by the Australian Parliament.[50]Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920–1993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964).[51]Sally Morgan's 1987 memoir My Place brought Indigenous stories to wider notice.Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton (First Australians documentary TV series, 2008) and Noel Pearson (Up from the Mission, 2009) are contemporary contributors to Australian non-fiction. Other voices of Indigenous Australians include the playwright Jack Davis and Kevin Gilbert.Writers coming to prominence in the 21st century include Kim Scott, Alexis Wright, Kate Howarth, Tara June Winch, Yvette Holt and Anita Heiss. Indigenous authors who have won Australia's Miles Franklin Award include Kim Scott, who was joint winner (with Thea Astley) in 2000 for Benang and again in 2011 for That Deadman Dance. Alexis Wright won the award in 2007 for her novel Carpentaria. Melissa Lucashenko won the Miles Franklin Award in 2019 for her novel Too Much Lip.[52]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bush medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_medicine"},{"link_name":"Ngangkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngangkari"},{"link_name":"Central Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Australia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"Further information: Bush medicineTraditional healers (known as Ngangkari in the Western jester areas of Central Australia) are highly respected men and women who not only acted as healers or doctors, but also generally served as custodians of important Dreaming stories.[53]","title":"Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Indigenous rock § Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rock#Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Didgeridoo_Entier1.jpg"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"musical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Kakadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakadu_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Clapping sticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapping_sticks"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"No Fixed Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Fixed_Address_(band)"},{"link_name":"Yothu Yindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yothu_Yindi"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts"}],"text":"Further information: Indigenous Australian music, didgeridoo, and Indigenous rock § AustraliaA didgeridoo, or yidakiAboriginal people have developed unique musical instruments and folk styles. The didgeridoo is often considered the national instrument of Aboriginal Australians; however, it was traditionally played by peoples of Northern Australia, and only by the men. It has possibly been used by the people of the Kakadu region for 1500 years.Clapping sticks are probably the more ubiquitous musical instrument, especially because they help maintain rhythm. More recently, Aboriginal musicians have branched into rock and roll, hip hop and reggae. Bands such as No Fixed Address and Yothu Yindi were two of the earliest Aboriginal bands to gain a popular following among Australians of all cultures.In 1997 the State and Federal Governments set up the Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA) to preserve and nurture Aboriginal music and talent across all styles and genres from traditional to contemporary.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woggabaliri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woggabaliri"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maynard-54"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"possum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aboriginal_football.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Djab Wurrung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djab_Wurrung_people"},{"link_name":"Jardwadjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardwadjali"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Marn Grook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marn_Grook"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football"},{"link_name":"possum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes"},{"link_name":"Martin Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Col Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Tom Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wills"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"false etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marn_Grook#Marn_Grook_and_the_Australian_rules_football_term_%22mark%22"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Aboriginal_culture&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Essendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_All-Stars_(Australian_rules_football)"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Clontarf Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clontarf_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Tiwi Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_Bombers_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_Football_League"},{"link_name":"folk wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"capoeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira"},{"link_name":"sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"weet weet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weet_weet"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Woggabaliri is a traditional Indigenous Australian \"co-operative kicking volley game\".[54] The Indigenous in areas of and near New South Wales played a ball game called Woggabaliri. The ball was usually made of possum fur, and was played in a group of four to six players in circle. It was a co-operative kicking game to see for how long the ball can be kept in the air before it touches the ground.[55]An Indigenous community Australian rules football gameThe Djab Wurrung and Jardwadjali people of western Victoria once participated in the traditional game of Marn Grook, a type of football played with possum hide. The game is believed by some commentators, including Martin Flanagan,[56] Jim Poulter and Col Hutchinson, to have inspired Tom Wills, inventor of the code of Australian rules football.Similarity between Marn Grook and Australian football include jumping to catch the ball or high \"marking\", which results in a free kick. Use of the word \"mark\" in the game may be influenced by the Marn Grook word mumarki, meaning \"catch\".[57] However, this is likely a false etymology; the term \"mark\" is traditionally used in Rugby and other games that predate AFL to describe a free kick resulting from a catch,[58] in reference to the player making a mark on the ground from which to take a free kick, rather than continuing to play on.[59]There are many Indigenous AFL players at professional level, with approximately one in ten players being of Indigenous origin as of 2007[update].[60][61] The contribution of the Aboriginal people to the game is recognized by the annual AFL \"Dreamtime at the 'G\" match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground between Essendon and Richmond football clubs (the colors of the two clubs combine to form the colours of the Aboriginal flag).Testifying to this abundance of Indigenous talent, the Aboriginal All-Stars, an AFL-level all-Aboriginal football side competes against any one of the Australian Football League's current football teams in pre-season tests. The Clontarf Foundation and football academy is just one organisation aimed at further developing aboriginal football talent. The Tiwi Bombers began playing in the Northern Territory Football League and became the first all-Aboriginal side to compete in a major Australian competition.Coreeda is a style of folk wrestling practiced in Australia and is based on Aboriginal combat sports that existed in the pre-colonial period before the 19th century.[62] Combining the movements of the traditional kangaroo dance as a warm up ritual, with a style of wrestling that utilizes a yellow 4.5 meter diameter circle that has black and red borders (similar to the Aboriginal flag), Coreeda is often compared to sports as diverse as capoeira and sumo.[63]A popular children's game in some parts of Australia is weet weet, or throwing the play stick. The winner throws the weet weet furthest or the most accurately.[64]","title":"Sport and games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowern, Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bowern"},{"link_name":"\"How many languages were spoken in Australia?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190203152329/https://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/"},{"link_name":"Bowern, Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bowern"},{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_(journal)"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.691.3903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.691.3903"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/lan.2012.0081","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2012.0081"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4375648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4375648"},{"link_name":"Dixon, R. M. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon"},{"link_name":"The Languages of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0b5XGja0HKIC&pg=PA3"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-29450-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29450-8"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191222090950/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b5XGja0HKIC&pg=PA3"}],"text":"Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011). \"How many languages were spoken in Australia?\". Anggarrgoon. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2018.\nBowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). \"Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan\". Language. 84 (4): 817–845. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.3903. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0081. S2CID 4375648.\nDixon, R. M. W. (1980). The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29450-8. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library"},{"link_name":"Resources in your library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+culture"},{"link_name":"Resources in other libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+culture&library=0CHOOSE0"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_culture#Q3699302"},{"link_name":"ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_communities"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names"},{"link_name":"Tasmanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Victorians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Victorians"},{"link_name":"Western Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australians_from_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_indigenous_rights_activists"},{"link_name":"Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_musicians"},{"link_name":"People from politics and public service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australians_in_politics_and_public_service"},{"link_name":"Performing artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_performing_artists"},{"link_name":"Sportspeople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_sportspeople"},{"link_name":"Visual artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_visual_artists"},{"link_name":"Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_writers"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy"},{"link_name":"Bora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_(Australian)"},{"link_name":"Corroboree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroboree"},{"link_name":"Deadly Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Awards"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_deities"},{"link_name":"The Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dreaming"},{"link_name":"Enumeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_enumeration"},{"link_name":"Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_elder"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_flag"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander_flag"},{"link_name":"Kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship"},{"link_name":"Kurdaitcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdaitcha"},{"link_name":"Literature of Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature"},{"link_name":"Marn Grook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marn_Grook"},{"link_name":"Message stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_stick"},{"link_name":"NAIDOC Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAIDOC_Week"},{"link_name":"National Indigenous Human Rights Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indigenous_Human_Rights_Awards"},{"link_name":"Outstation movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstation_movement"},{"link_name":"Religion and mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Riji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riji"},{"link_name":"Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_seasons"},{"link_name":"Sacred sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sacred_sites"},{"link_name":"Smoking ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"Traditional custodianship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_traditional_custodianship"},{"link_name":"Tjurunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjurunga"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Torres_Strait_Islands_culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Language(s)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Avoidance speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance_speech"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English"},{"link_name":"Macro-Gunwinyguan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages"},{"link_name":"Australian Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol_language"},{"link_name":"Language groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_group_names"},{"link_name":"Loanwords into English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Australian_Aboriginal_origin"},{"link_name":"Palawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_languages"},{"link_name":"Pama–Nyungan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages"},{"link_name":"Placenames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_place_names_of_Aboriginal_origin"},{"link_name":"Sign languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages"},{"link_name":"Taboo on the dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_English"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Island languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_languages"},{"link_name":"Organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organisations_serving_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"ATSIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Commission"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Medical Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Medical_Service"},{"link_name":"Aborigines Advancement League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League"},{"link_name":"Aborigines Progressive Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborigines_Progressive_Association"},{"link_name":"AIATSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies"},{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Progressive_Association"},{"link_name":"Australian Aborigines' League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League"},{"link_name":"Mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_mass_media"},{"link_name":"National Congress of Australia's First Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Australia%27s_First_Peoples"},{"link_name":"National Indigenous Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indigenous_Council"},{"link_name":"Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Registrar_of_Indigenous_Corporations"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_politics"},{"link_name":"Registered Aboriginal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_Aboriginal_Party"},{"link_name":"Reconciliation Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_Australia"},{"link_name":"National Reconciliation Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reconciliation_Week"},{"link_name":"Sorry Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Sorry_Day"},{"link_name":"TSRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Regional_Authority"},{"link_name":"Land councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_council"},{"link_name":"Central Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"Kimberley Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"Maralinga Tjarutja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Local_Aboriginal_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"NSW Aboriginal Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Aboriginal_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"Northern Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Aboriginal_Land_and_Sea_Council"},{"link_name":"Tiwi Land Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwi_Land_Council"},{"link_name":"Bushcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_bushcraft"},{"link_name":"Boomerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang"},{"link_name":"Buka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_cloak"},{"link_name":"Bush bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_bread"},{"link_name":"Bush tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_tucker"},{"link_name":"Bush medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_medicine"},{"link_name":"Coolamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolamon_(vessel)"},{"link_name":"Dugout canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe"},{"link_name":"Fibrecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft"},{"link_name":"Fire-stick farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-stick_farming"},{"link_name":"Food groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_food_groups"},{"link_name":"Humpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpy"},{"link_name":"Possum-skin cloak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak"},{"link_name":"Scarred tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarred_tree"},{"link_name":"Soaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soakage_(source_of_water)"},{"link_name":"Spinifex resin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinifex_resin"},{"link_name":"Sweet foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods"},{"link_name":"Waddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddy"},{"link_name":"Woomera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)"},{"link_name":"Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_art"},{"link_name":"Artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artefacts"},{"link_name":"Bark painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_painting"},{"link_name":"Contemporary visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_dance"},{"link_name":"Didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Dreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_(Australian_Aboriginal_art)"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Music groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indigenous_Australian_musical_groups"},{"link_name":"Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rock"},{"link_name":"NATSIA Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aboriginal_%26_Torres_Strait_Islander_Art_Award"},{"link_name":"Papunya Tula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papunya_Tula"},{"link_name":"Sandpainting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandpainting#Indigenous_Australian_sandpainting"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_Australia"},{"link_name":"Visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"link_name":"Yininmadyemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yininmadyemi_-_Thou_didst_let_fall"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Land_Rights_Act_1976"},{"link_name":"Australian Frontier Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Frontier_Wars"},{"link_name":"Bathurst War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_War"},{"link_name":"Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars"},{"link_name":"Caledon Bay crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis"},{"link_name":"Cummeragunja walk-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummeragunja_walk-off"},{"link_name":"Day of Mourning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Gurindji Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_Hill_walk-off"},{"link_name":"Historical figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Prehistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian history wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_history_wars"},{"link_name":"King plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_breastplate"},{"link_name":"Massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Black War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_War"},{"link_name":"Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Australian_Aboriginal_missions"},{"link_name":"Native police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_native_police"},{"link_name":"Native Title Act 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993"},{"link_name":"Pilbara strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilbara_strike"},{"link_name":"Pintupi Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintupi_Nine"},{"link_name":"Stolen Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Generations"},{"link_name":"Apology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_to_Australia%27s_Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tent embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Tent_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_history_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"1967 Referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)"},{"link_name":"Constitutional recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians_and_crime"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_health_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Land rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Native title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"Media portrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory National Emergency Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory_National_Emergency_Response"},{"link_name":"Self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination"},{"link_name":"Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Stolen Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Generations"},{"link_name":"Half-Caste Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Caste_Act"},{"link_name":"Uluru Statement from the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_commission#Australia"},{"link_name":"Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Voting rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indigenous_music_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_music_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_music_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Indigenous music of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bullroarer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer"},{"link_name":"Clapstick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapstick"},{"link_name":"Didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Lagerphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_stick"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rock"},{"link_name":"Songline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"Wangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangga"}],"text":"Library resources about Australian Aboriginal culture \n\nResources in your library\nResources in other librariesWikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Aboriginal culture.Indigenous Australian culture travel guide from Wikivoyage\nENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property (Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support)vteAboriginal and Torres Strait IslandersPeoples\nAboriginal Australians\nCommunities\nAboriginal groups\nTasmanians\nTorres Strait Islanders\nVictorians\nWestern Australians\nIndividuals\nActivists\nMusicians\nPeople from politics and public service\nPerforming artists\nSportspeople\nVisual artists\nWriters\nCulture\nAstronomy\nBora\nCorroboree\nDeadly Awards\nDeities\nThe Dreaming\nEnumeration\nElders\nFlags\nAboriginal\nTorres Strait Islander\nKinship\nKurdaitcha\nLiterature of Indigenous Australians\nMarn Grook\nMessage stick\nNAIDOC Week\nNational Indigenous Human Rights Awards\nOutstation movement\nReligion and mythology\nRiji\nSeasons\nSacred sites\nSmoking ceremony\nSonglines\nTraditional custodianship\nTjurunga\nTorres Strait Islands\nLanguage(s)\nAvoidance speech\nAustralian Aboriginal English\nMacro-Gunwinyguan languages\nAustralian Creole\nLanguage groups\nLoanwords into English\nPalawa\nPama–Nyungan languages\nPlacenames\nSign languages\nTaboo on the dead\nTorres Strait English\nTorres Strait Island languages\nOrganisations\nATSIC\nAboriginal Medical Service\nAborigines Advancement League\nAborigines Progressive Association\nAIATSIS\nAustralian Aboriginal Progressive Association\nAustralian Aborigines' League\nMass media\nNational Congress of Australia's First Peoples\nNational Indigenous Council\nOffice of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations\nPolitics\nRegistered Aboriginal Party\nReconciliation Australia\nNational Reconciliation Week\nSorry Day\nTSRA\nLand councils\nCentral Land Council\nKimberley Land Council\nMaralinga Tjarutja\nMetropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council\nNSW Aboriginal Land Council\nNorthern Land Council\nSouth West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council\nTiwi Land Council\n\nBushcraft\nBoomerang\nBuka\nBush bread\nBush tucker\nBush medicine\nCoolamon\nDugout canoe\nFibrecraft\nFire-stick farming\nFood groups\nHumpy\nPossum-skin cloak\nScarred tree\nSoaks\nSpinifex resin\nSweet foods\nWaddy\nWoomera\nArts\nArtefacts\nBark painting\nContemporary visual art\nDance\nDidgeridoo\nDreaming\nMusic\nMusic groups\nRock\nNATSIA Award\nPapunya Tula\nSandpainting\nVibe\nVisual art\nYininmadyemi\nHistory\nAboriginal Land Rights Act 1976\nAustralian Frontier Wars\nBathurst War\nHawkesbury and Nepean Wars\nCaledon Bay crisis\nCummeragunja walk-off\nDay of Mourning\nGurindji Strike\nHistorical figures\nHistory\nPrehistory\nAustralian history wars\nKing plates\nMassacres\nBlack War\nMissions\nNative police\nNative Title Act 1993\nPilbara strike\nPintupi Nine\nStolen Generations\nApology\nTent embassy\nWestern Australia\nIssues\n1967 Referendum\nConstitutional recognition\nCrime\nHealth\nLand rights\nNative title\nProtected Area\nMedia portrayal\nNorthern Territory National Emergency Response\nSelf-determination\nReconciliation\nStolen Generations\nHalf-Caste Act\nUluru Statement from the Heart\nTreaty\nTruth\nVoice\nVoting rightsvteIndigenous music of AustraliaInstruments\nBullroarer\nClapstick\nDidgeridoo\nLagerphone\nOther\nAboriginal rock\nSongline\nWangga","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A depiction of the Emu in the sky, which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than stars. The time of year in which the Emu in the sky stands upright in the evening marks the time when emu eggs are ready to be collected.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Emu_public.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aboriginal boy eating witchetty grub: Yuendumu, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Yuendumu_Gold_08.jpg/220px-Yuendumu_Gold_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"A didgeridoo, or yidaki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Didgeridoo_Entier1.jpg/220px-Didgeridoo_Entier1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Indigenous community Australian rules football game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aboriginal_football.jpg/260px-Aboriginal_football.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Australian Aboriginal artefacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_artefacts"},{"title":"Black Theatre (Sydney)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Theatre_(Sydney)"},{"title":"Contemporary Indigenous Australian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"title":"Country (Indigenous Australians)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_(Indigenous_Australians)"},{"title":"Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures"},{"title":"Indigenous Australian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art"},{"title":"Indigenous Australian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_literature"},{"title":"Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_traditional_custodianship"},{"title":"Jindyworobak Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jindyworobak_Movement"},{"title":"Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Archive_of_Aboriginal_Languages"},{"title":"Lizard Island#Mangrove Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Island#Mangrove_Beach"},{"title":"Stone tool#Aboriginal Australian use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Aboriginal_Australian_use"},{"title":"Yaama Ngunna Baaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaama_Ngunna_Baaka"}]
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[{"reference":"Johnson, Sian (26 February 2020). \"Study dates Victorian volcano that buried a human-made axe\". ABC News. Retrieved 9 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/study-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe/11991290","url_text":"\"Study dates Victorian volcano that buried a human-made axe\""}]},{"reference":"Matchan, Erin L.; Phillips, David; Jourdan, Fred; Oostingh, Korien (2020). \"Early human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes\". Geology. 48 (4): 390–394. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..390M. doi:10.1130/G47166.1. ISSN 0091-7613. S2CID 214357121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geo....48..390M","url_text":"2020Geo....48..390M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG47166.1","url_text":"10.1130/G47166.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613","url_text":"0091-7613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214357121","url_text":"214357121"}]},{"reference":"\"About weaving\". Maningrida. 1 March 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maningrida.com/artworks/weavings/about-weaving/","url_text":"\"About weaving\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander textiles\". archive.maas.museum. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.maas.museum/hsc/paperbark/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander textiles\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, Vanessa (21 July 2011). \"Weaving magical baskets and sharing Aboriginal knowledge\". ABC Kimberley. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2011/07/21/3274981.htm","url_text":"\"Weaving magical baskets and sharing Aboriginal knowledge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ngarrindjeri basket weaving\". Sustainable Communities SA. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sustainablecommunitiessa.org.au/craft/ngarrindjeri-basket-weaving/","url_text":"\"Ngarrindjeri basket weaving\""}]},{"reference":"Peter D'Arcy (1994). Margo Sutton (ed.). The Emu in the Sky: Stories about the Aboriginals and the day and night skies. The emu in the sky is shown in the dark space between stars° - The Emu. The National Science and Technology Centre. pp. 15, 16. ISBN 978-0-64618-202-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-64618-202-5","url_text":"978-0-64618-202-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Rainbow dreaming [ceremonies explained]\". Aboriginal Incursions. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aboriginalincursions.com.au/the-dreaming/aboriginal-ceremony-explained","url_text":"\"Rainbow dreaming [ceremonies explained]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacred sites\". Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aapant.org.au/sacred-sites","url_text":"\"Sacred sites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Areas_Protection_Authority","url_text":"Aboriginal Areas Protection Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"The Law and the Lore\". Working with Indigenous Australians. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info/content/Culture_4_The_Law_and_the_Lore.html","url_text":"\"The Law and the Lore\""}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Patrick D (4 September 2007). \"Scared to Death: Self-Willed Death, or the Bone-Pointing Syndrome\". Biology Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biology-online.org/articles/scared_death.html","url_text":"\"Scared to Death: Self-Willed Death, or the Bone-Pointing Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Cannon, Walter. Voodoo Death. pp. 169–181.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Curtis, Kate; Ramsden, Clair; Friendship, Julie, eds. (2007). Emergency and Trauma Nursing. Elsevier Australia. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-7295-3769-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7295-3769-8","url_text":"978-0-7295-3769-8"}]},{"reference":"\"About Yolngu\". Nhulunbuy Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200220095326/http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/","url_text":"\"About Yolngu\""},{"url":"http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yolŋu Rom (Law and Culture)\". Yidaki Story. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://yidakistory.com/dhawu/yolngu-rom/","url_text":"\"Yolŋu Rom (Law and Culture)\""}]},{"reference":"Yunupingu, Galarrwuy (July 2016). \"Rom Watangu\". The Monthly. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galarrwuy_Yunupingu","url_text":"Yunupingu, Galarrwuy"},{"url":"https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2016/july/1467295200/galarrwuy-yunupingu/rom-watangu","url_text":"\"Rom Watangu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gapuwiyak School celebrates Yolngu Rom\". Department of Education. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200401013320/https://education.nt.gov.au/news/2017/gapuwiyak-school-celebrates-yolngu-rom","url_text":"\"Gapuwiyak School celebrates Yolngu Rom\""},{"url":"https://education.nt.gov.au/news/2017/gapuwiyak-school-celebrates-yolngu-rom","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (1995), \"1 transparency : col. ; 5.5 x 5.5 cm.\", [Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...], Collection of photographs taken at opening of 'It's about friendship' - Rom, a ceremony from Arnhem Land exhibition at the National Library of Australia, Canberra, 5 January 1995., nla.obj-147351861, retrieved 29 January 2020 – via Trove","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-147351861","url_text":"[Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...]"}]},{"reference":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Blurb of 1986 book by Stephen Wild. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2022. The first ROM ceremony, a 'ritual of diplomacy', performed outside Arnhem Land was held when the Anbarra people...presented a Rom to AIATSIS in 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/publication/35822","url_text":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal ceremonies\". Indigenous in Style. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indigenousinstyle.com.au/aboriginal-culture/aboriginal-ceremonies/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal ceremonies\""}]},{"reference":"Aboriginal Ceremonies (PDF) (Report). Resource: Indigenous Perspectives: Res008. Queensland Government and Queensland Studies Authority. February 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/downloads/approach2/indigenous_res010_0802.pdf","url_text":"Aboriginal Ceremonies"}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Culture: Aboriginal Cultural Ceremonies\". Mbantua Fine Art Gallery and Cultural Museum. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mbantua.com.au/aboriginal-culture/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Culture: Aboriginal Cultural Ceremonies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traditional Aboriginal Ceremonial Dancing\". Artlandish Aboriginal Art Gallery. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-ceremonial-dancing/","url_text":"\"Traditional Aboriginal Ceremonial Dancing\""}]},{"reference":"Lister, Peter. \"Song Types in the Top End\". Manikay.Com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manikay.com/didjeridu/songs.shtml#clansongs","url_text":"\"Song Types in the Top End\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211258/http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/aboriginals-south-east-queensland/thomas-petrie/66-pt1-chpt5","url_text":"\"Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland\""},{"url":"http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/aboriginals-south-east-queensland/thomas-petrie/66-pt1-chpt5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jash, Tahnee (6 August 2023). \"Yolngu clans pay tribute to cherished Gumatj leader Yunupiŋu at Garma Festival bunggul\". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 5 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-06/garma-festival-bunggul-ceremony/102674470","url_text":"\"Yolngu clans pay tribute to cherished Gumatj leader Yunupiŋu at Garma Festival bunggul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News (Australia)"}]},{"reference":"Hennessy, Kate (6 August 2015). \"Garma: art and politics come together for a moving Arnhem Land festival\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/aug/06/garma-art-and-politics-come-together-for-a-moving-arnhem-land-festival","url_text":"\"Garma: art and politics come together for a moving Arnhem Land festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Kirstyn (4 May 2017). \"Tjungu Festival 2017: Anangu Senior Women share law and understanding of coming together\". NITV Radio. SBS. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/tjungu-festival-2017-anangu-senior-women-share-law-and-understanding-of-coming-together","url_text":"\"Tjungu Festival 2017: Anangu Senior Women share law and understanding of coming together\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inma (dance and song) performance\". Tjanpi Desert Weavers. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gfcomms.com.au/AboutUs/OurWork/Inmaperformance/tabid/273/language/en-US/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Inma (dance and song) performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"IY2019: Saving language through Dreaming story\". Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arts.gov.au/departmental-news/iy2019-saving-language-through-dreaming-story","url_text":"\"IY2019: Saving language through Dreaming story\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Reuben (2017). \"A Different Mode of Exchange\". In Gillespie, Kirsty; Treloyn, Sally; Niles, Don (eds.). A Different Mode of Exchange:: The Mamurrng Ceremony of Western Arnhem Land. Essays in Honour of Stephen A. Wild. ANU Press. pp. 41–72. ISBN 978-1-76046-111-9. JSTOR j.ctt1trkk4c.9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-111-9","url_text":"978-1-76046-111-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1trkk4c.9","url_text":"j.ctt1trkk4c.9"}]},{"reference":"Hutcherson, Gillian (1995). Djalkiri Wanga: The Land is My Foundation. Western Australia: Berndt Museum of Anthropology. ISBN 0864224214.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0864224214","url_text":"0864224214"}]},{"reference":"Norris, Ray P. (2016). \"Dawes Review 5: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Navigation\". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 33: e039. arXiv:1607.02215. Bibcode:2016PASA...33...39N. doi:10.1017/pasa.2016.25. ISSN 1323-3580.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpasa.2016.25","url_text":"\"Dawes Review 5: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Navigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02215","url_text":"1607.02215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASA...33...39N","url_text":"2016PASA...33...39N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpasa.2016.25","url_text":"10.1017/pasa.2016.25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1323-3580","url_text":"1323-3580"}]},{"reference":"Marika, Banduk; West, Margie (7 December 2010). \"Yalangbara: art of the Djang'kawu\". Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay","url_text":"\"Yalangbara: art of the Djang'kawu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum","url_text":"Western Australian Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"Burial - Pukumani, Tiwi Islands\". The Australian Museum. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://australianmuseum.net.au/about/history/exhibitions/death-the-last-taboo/burial-pukumani-tiwi-islands/","url_text":"\"Burial - Pukumani, Tiwi Islands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Being Tiwi: the work of 9 artists from the Tiwi Islands - Stories & ideas\". MCA Australia. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mca.com.au/stories-and-ideas/being-tiwi-curatorial-essay/","url_text":"\"Being Tiwi: the work of 9 artists from the Tiwi Islands - Stories & ideas\""}]},{"reference":"Caruana, Wally (4 August 2014). \"Art and object\". AIATSIS. Retrieved 26 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/collections/about-collection/art-and-object","url_text":"\"Art and object\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Scott (12 December 2018). \"The archaeologist as hero in Billy Griffiths' Deep Time Dreaming\". Overland. Retrieved 11 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://overland.org.au/2018/11/the-archaeologist-as-hero-in-billy-griffiths-deep-time-dreaming/","url_text":"\"The archaeologist as hero in Billy Griffiths' Deep Time Dreaming\""}]},{"reference":"Low, Tim (1991). Wild Food Plants of Australia. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0-207-16930-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-16930-6","url_text":"0-207-16930-6"}]},{"reference":"Genoni, Paul (2004). Subverting the Empire: Explorers and Exploration in Australian Fiction. Altona, VIC: Common Ground.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maher, Louise (8 August 2013). \"Treasure Trove: Bennelong's letter\". 666 ABC Canberra. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/08/08/3821136.htm","url_text":"\"Treasure Trove: Bennelong's letter\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkin, Graham (1979). Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri. Adelaide: Rigby. ISBN 9780727011121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780727011121","url_text":"9780727011121"}]},{"reference":"\"Documenting Democracy\". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601205536/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=104","url_text":"\"Documenting Democracy\""},{"url":"http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=104","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Australian poetry\". Ministère de la culture. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110410090353/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/poetry/index.htm","url_text":"\"Modern Australian poetry\""},{"url":"http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/poetry/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Miles Franklin Literary Award shortlist unveiled | Perpetual\". www.perpetual.com.au. Retrieved 13 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perpetual.com.au/insights/2019-miles-franklin-literary-award-winner","url_text":"\"2019 Miles Franklin Literary Award shortlist unveiled | Perpetual\""}]},{"reference":"Maynard, John (2011), The Aboriginal soccer tribe : A history of aboriginal involvement with the world game, Magabala Books, ISBN 978-1-921248-39-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921248-39-9","url_text":"978-1-921248-39-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Woggabaliri\". NSW Government - Office of Sport. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sport.nsw.gov.au/traditional-indigenous-games/woggabaliri","url_text":"\"Woggabaliri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early History\". Footystamps.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.footystamps.com/ot_early_history.htm","url_text":"\"Early History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014004521/http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/070110LGLAW18_722.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.irb.com/mm/Document/LawsRegs/0/070110LGLAW18_722.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Francis Marindin\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514032921/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FmorleyEC.htm","url_text":"\"Francis Marindin\""},{"url":"http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FmorleyEC.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Game, Australian Identity:(Post)Colonial Identity in Football\". Centre for Australian Indigenous Studies, Monash University. 2007. p. 10. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020837/http://www.academia.edu/346473/Australian_Game_Australian_Identity","url_text":"\"Australian Game, Australian Identity:(Post)Colonial Identity in Football\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University","url_text":"Monash University"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/346473","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian rules football and improving Indigenous relations\". The Roar. 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theroar.com.au/2013/05/22/australian-rules-football-and-improving-indigenous-relations/","url_text":"\"Australian rules football and improving Indigenous relations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coreeda Association of Australia\". Coreedaoz.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160111121924/http://coreedaoz.com/","url_text":"\"Coreeda Association of Australia\""},{"url":"http://coreedaoz.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blog Archive » Coreeda Assoc. of Australia | Documenting & Promoting Traditional Wrestling Styles from Around the World\". Wrestling Roots. 14 January 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221148/http://wrestlingroots.org/coreeda-assoc-of-australia/","url_text":"\"Blog Archive » Coreeda Assoc. of Australia | Documenting & Promoting Traditional Wrestling Styles from Around the World\""},{"url":"http://wrestlingroots.org/coreeda-assoc-of-australia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Weet weet\" (PDF). Australian Sports Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322061416/http://ausport.gov.au/participating/indigenous/resources/games_and_activities/individual_games/target_games/weet_weet.pdf","url_text":"\"Weet weet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Sports_Commission","url_text":"Australian Sports Commission"},{"url":"http://www.ausport.gov.au/participating/indigenous/resources/games_and_activities/individual_games/target_games/weet_weet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011). \"How many languages were spoken in Australia?\". Anggarrgoon. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bowern","url_text":"Bowern, Claire"},{"url":"https://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/","url_text":"\"How many languages were spoken in Australia?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190203152329/https://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). \"Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan\". Language. 84 (4): 817–845. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.691.3903. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0081. S2CID 4375648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Bowern","url_text":"Bowern, Claire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_(journal)","url_text":"Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.691.3903","url_text":"10.1.1.691.3903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2012.0081","url_text":"10.1353/lan.2012.0081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4375648","url_text":"4375648"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29450-8. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon","url_text":"Dixon, R. M. W."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0b5XGja0HKIC&pg=PA3","url_text":"The Languages of Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29450-8","url_text":"978-0-521-29450-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191222090950/https://books.google.com/books?id=0b5XGja0HKIC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Yolngu\""},{"Link":"http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://yidakistory.com/dhawu/yolngu-rom/","external_links_name":"\"Yolŋu Rom (Law and Culture)\""},{"Link":"https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2016/july/1467295200/galarrwuy-yunupingu/rom-watangu","external_links_name":"\"Rom Watangu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200401013320/https://education.nt.gov.au/news/2017/gapuwiyak-school-celebrates-yolngu-rom","external_links_name":"\"Gapuwiyak School celebrates Yolngu Rom\""},{"Link":"https://education.nt.gov.au/news/2017/gapuwiyak-school-celebrates-yolngu-rom","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-147351861","external_links_name":"[Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...]"},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/publication/35822","external_links_name":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\""},{"Link":"http://www.indigenousinstyle.com.au/aboriginal-culture/aboriginal-ceremonies/","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal ceremonies\""},{"Link":"https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/downloads/approach2/indigenous_res010_0802.pdf","external_links_name":"Aboriginal Ceremonies"},{"Link":"https://mbantua.com.au/aboriginal-culture/","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Culture: Aboriginal Cultural Ceremonies\""},{"Link":"https://www.aboriginal-art-australia.com/aboriginal-art-library/aboriginal-ceremonial-dancing/","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Aboriginal Ceremonial Dancing\""},{"Link":"http://www.manikay.com/didjeridu/songs.shtml#clansongs","external_links_name":"\"Song Types in the Top End\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211258/http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/aboriginals-south-east-queensland/thomas-petrie/66-pt1-chpt5","external_links_name":"\"Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland\""},{"Link":"http://www.seqhistory.com/index.php/aboriginals-south-east-queensland/thomas-petrie/66-pt1-chpt5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-06/garma-festival-bunggul-ceremony/102674470","external_links_name":"\"Yolngu clans pay tribute to cherished Gumatj leader Yunupiŋu at Garma Festival bunggul\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/aug/06/garma-art-and-politics-come-together-for-a-moving-arnhem-land-festival","external_links_name":"\"Garma: art and politics come together for a moving Arnhem Land festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/tjungu-festival-2017-anangu-senior-women-share-law-and-understanding-of-coming-together","external_links_name":"\"Tjungu Festival 2017: Anangu Senior Women share law and understanding of coming together\""},{"Link":"http://www.gfcomms.com.au/AboutUs/OurWork/Inmaperformance/tabid/273/language/en-US/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Inma (dance and song) performance\""},{"Link":"https://www.arts.gov.au/departmental-news/iy2019-saving-language-through-dreaming-story","external_links_name":"\"IY2019: Saving language through Dreaming story\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1trkk4c.9","external_links_name":"j.ctt1trkk4c.9"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpasa.2016.25","external_links_name":"\"Dawes Review 5: Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Navigation\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02215","external_links_name":"1607.02215"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASA...33...39N","external_links_name":"2016PASA...33...39N"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpasa.2016.25","external_links_name":"10.1017/pasa.2016.25"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1323-3580","external_links_name":"1323-3580"},{"Link":"http://museum.wa.gov.au/whats-on/yalangbara/background-essay","external_links_name":"\"Yalangbara: art of the Djang'kawu\""},{"Link":"https://australianmuseum.net.au/about/history/exhibitions/death-the-last-taboo/burial-pukumani-tiwi-islands/","external_links_name":"\"Burial - Pukumani, Tiwi Islands\""},{"Link":"https://www.mca.com.au/stories-and-ideas/being-tiwi-curatorial-essay/","external_links_name":"\"Being Tiwi: the work of 9 artists from the Tiwi Islands - Stories & ideas\""},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/collections/about-collection/art-and-object","external_links_name":"\"Art and object\""},{"Link":"https://overland.org.au/2018/11/the-archaeologist-as-hero-in-billy-griffiths-deep-time-dreaming/","external_links_name":"\"The archaeologist as hero in Billy Griffiths' Deep Time Dreaming\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2013/08/08/3821136.htm","external_links_name":"\"Treasure Trove: Bennelong's letter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110601205536/http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=104","external_links_name":"\"Documenting 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Australia\""},{"Link":"http://coreedaoz.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221148/http://wrestlingroots.org/coreeda-assoc-of-australia/","external_links_name":"\"Blog Archive » Coreeda Assoc. of Australia | Documenting & Promoting Traditional Wrestling Styles from Around the World\""},{"Link":"http://wrestlingroots.org/coreeda-assoc-of-australia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322061416/http://ausport.gov.au/participating/indigenous/resources/games_and_activities/individual_games/target_games/weet_weet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Weet weet\""},{"Link":"http://www.ausport.gov.au/participating/indigenous/resources/games_and_activities/individual_games/target_games/weet_weet.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/2011/12/23/how-many-languages-were-spoken-in-australia/","external_links_name":"\"How many languages were spoken in 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library"},{"Link":"https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Australian+Aboriginal+culture&library=0CHOOSE0","external_links_name":"Resources in other libraries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160330114112/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/guide.pdf","external_links_name":"ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Footballer_of_the_Year
|
Dublin Footballer of the Year
|
["1 Former winners","2 References"]
|
The Dublin Footballer of the Year is an award presented to the best Gaelic football player of the year for Dublin GAA.
Former winners
1978 – Tony Hanahoe (St Vincents)
1992 – Vinny Murphy (Trinity Gaels)
1994 – Charlie Redmond (Naomh Barróg)
1995 – Dessie Farrell (Na Fianna)
1996 – Brian Stynes (Ballyboden St Enda's)
1997 – John O'Leary (O'Dwyers)
1998 – Brian Stynes (Ballyboden St Endas)
1999 – Ciarán Whelan (Raheny)
2000 – Paddy Christie (Ballymun Kickhams)
2001 – Darren Homan (Round Towers, Clondalkin)
2002 – Ray Cosgrove (Kilmacud Crokes)
2003 – Paddy Christie (Ballymun Kickhams)
2004 – Jason Sherlock (Na Fianna)
2005 – Tomás Quinn (St Vincents)
2006 – Alan Brogan (St Oliver Plunketts Eoghan Ruadh)
References
http://www.hill16.ie/
vteDublin GAACounty teams
Football
Hurling
Camogie
Ladies' football
Stadiums
O'Toole Park
Parnell Park
Awards
Blue Stars
Footballer of the Year
Hurler of the Year
Honours
CompetitionsFootball
SFC
SBFC
IFC
JFC
U21FC
MFC
AFL Division 1
AFL Division 2
AFL Divisions 3 – 12B
Inner City Tournament
Hurling
SHC
SBHC
IHC
JHC
U21HC
MHC
SHL
Ladies' football
Championship
Category
Commons
vteGaelic games awardsAll Stars
Hurling
Gaelic football
Ladies' Gaelic football
Camogie
Rounders
HurlingTeams
GPA Gaelic Team of the Year
Hurling Team of the Century
Hurling Team of the Millennium
Hurler of the Year
All Stars Hurler of the Year
GPA Hurler of the Year
Texaco Hurler of the Year
GAA/GPA Young Hurler of the Year
GAA Minor Star Hurler of the Year
Munster Hurler of the Year
Dublin Hurler of the Year
Gaelic footballTeams
GPA Gaelic Team of the Year
Football Team of the Century
Football Team of the Millennium
Footballer of the Year
GAA/GPA Footballer of the Year
GPA Footballer of the Year
Texaco Footballer of the Year
GAA/GPA Young Footballer of the Year
U20 Footballer of the Year
GAA Minor Star Footballer of the Year
Dublin Footballer of the Year
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dublin Footballer of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Hanahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hanahoe"},{"link_name":"St Vincents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vincents_GAA"},{"link_name":"Vinny Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinny_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Trinity Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Gaels"},{"link_name":"Charlie Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Naomh Barróg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Barr%C3%B3g"},{"link_name":"Dessie Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessie_Farrell"},{"link_name":"Na Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Fianna_GAA"},{"link_name":"Brian Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Ballyboden St Enda's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyboden_St_Enda%27s_GAA"},{"link_name":"John O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Gaelic_footballer)"},{"link_name":"O'Dwyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Dwyers_GAA"},{"link_name":"Brian Stynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Stynes"},{"link_name":"Ballyboden St Endas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyboden_St_Endas"},{"link_name":"Ciarán Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Raheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheny_GAA"},{"link_name":"Paddy Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Christie"},{"link_name":"Ballymun Kickhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun_Kickhams"},{"link_name":"Darren Homan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Homan"},{"link_name":"Round Towers, Clondalkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Towers,_Clondalkin"},{"link_name":"Ray Cosgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Cosgrove"},{"link_name":"Kilmacud Crokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmacud_Crokes"},{"link_name":"Paddy Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Christie"},{"link_name":"Ballymun Kickhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun_Kickhams"},{"link_name":"Jason Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Sherlock"},{"link_name":"Na Fianna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Fianna_GAA"},{"link_name":"Tomás Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Quinn"},{"link_name":"St Vincents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Vincents_GAA"},{"link_name":"Alan Brogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Brogan"},{"link_name":"St Oliver Plunketts Eoghan Ruadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Oliver_Plunketts_Eoghan_Ruadh"}],"text":"1978 – Tony Hanahoe (St Vincents)\n1992 – Vinny Murphy (Trinity Gaels)\n1994 – Charlie Redmond (Naomh Barróg)\n1995 – Dessie Farrell (Na Fianna)\n1996 – Brian Stynes (Ballyboden St Enda's)\n1997 – John O'Leary (O'Dwyers)\n1998 – Brian Stynes (Ballyboden St Endas)\n1999 – Ciarán Whelan (Raheny)\n2000 – Paddy Christie (Ballymun Kickhams)\n2001 – Darren Homan (Round Towers, Clondalkin)\n2002 – Ray Cosgrove (Kilmacud Crokes)\n2003 – Paddy Christie (Ballymun Kickhams)\n2004 – Jason Sherlock (Na Fianna)\n2005 – Tomás Quinn (St Vincents)\n2006 – Alan Brogan (St Oliver Plunketts Eoghan Ruadh)","title":"Former winners"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.hill16.ie/","external_links_name":"http://www.hill16.ie/"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_spiderhunter
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Little spiderhunter
|
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","5 In culture","6 References","7 Other references","8 External links"]
|
Species of bird
Little spiderhunter
A. l. longirostra (Sabah, Borneo)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Nectariniidae
Genus:
Arachnothera
Species:
A. longirostra
Binomial name
Arachnothera longirostra(Latham, 1790)
The little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) is a species of long-billed nectar-feeding bird in the family Nectariniidae found in the moist forests of South and Southeast Asia. Unlike typical sunbirds, males and females are very similar in plumage. They are usually seen in ones or twos and frequently make a tzeck call. They are most often found near flowering plants where they obtain nectar.
Description
The distinctive long beak set it apart from other sunbirds. The sexes are similar, except that the female has a paler base on the lower mandible. Male has all black beak. They are found near their favourite nectar bearing trees, often species of wild Musaceae or flowers in gardens. They have a buzzy zick-zick call that is made regularly when disturbed or when foraging. Additionally, the song is series of rapid chipping notes and these can go on for long periods.
Taxonomy
The genus name Arachnothera means "spider hunter" and the species epithet refers to the long beak. About thirteen geographic races are recognized. The nominate race longirostra (Latham, 1790) is found in southwestern India, central and northeastern India, foothills of the Himalayas and into Thailand and Yunnan. Race sordida La Touche, 1921 is found in southern China and northeastern Thailand. Race pallida Delacour, 1932 is found in eastern Thailand and C & S Indochina. Two species from the Philippines, the orange-tufted and the pale spiderhunter were formerly considered subspecies. Several other island forms are noted:
cinereicollis (Vieillot, 1819) - south of the Isthmus of Kra to Sumatra and satellite islands
zarhina Oberholser, 1912 - Banyak Is, off W Sumatra.
niasensis van Oort, 1910 - Nias I, off W Sumatra.
rothschildi van Oort, 1910 - N Natuna Is.
atita Oberholser, 1932 - S Natuna Is.
buettikoferi van Oort, 1910 - Borneo.
prillwitzi Hartert, 1901 - Java (including Madura I) and Bali
randi Salomonsen, 1953 - Basilan (off W Mindanao).
Distribution and habitat
Little Spiderhunter foraging on Musa sp.
The species is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Within India, there are disjunct populations in the Eastern Ghats from Lamasinghi, Visakhapatnam and parts of Orissa) and the Western Ghats apart from the main distribution in north-east India that extends into Southeast Asia. A record from the Nicobar Islands is considered doubtful.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is usually found below the canopy. They are also found in gardens, attracted especially by flowers that yield nectar.
Behaviour and ecology
Song of A. l. longirostra, from Kerala, India
They have been noted as good pollinators of wild banana species and several species of the ginger family and often visit Loranthus sp. (= Dendrophthoe sp.), Bombax malabaricum and Erythrina indica for nectar. They are often seen in plantations in forest areas. Although they are more often seen in secondary forests or in clearings and appear to be tolerant of human activities, they have become extinct in some forest fragments. In Singapore they have gone locally extinct within the botanical garden.Little Spiderhunter eggs ]
The breeding season in northeastern India is March to September but mainly May to August. In southern India it breeds from December to August. Two eggs are the usual clutch. The nest is a compact cup attached under a leaf of banana or similar broad leaved plant. The nest is suspended from the underside of the leaf using 150 or so "pop-rivets" of cobwebs and vegetable fibre, a unique method of using spider silk for animal architecture.
It is suspected that Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo and violet cuckoo are brood parasites on this species in India.
Calls
A species of haemosporidian, Leucocytozoon, has been noted in specimens from Malaysia.
In culture
In Sarawak, the Kayan, Kenyah and Punan people consider it a bird of good omen and when they are out collecting camphor, the men would wait until they heard the sit call of one of these spiderhunters.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Arachnothera longirostra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778625A94567188. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ a b c Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 550.
^ Rahman, MA; DFA Gawin; C Moritz (2010). "Patterns of genetic variation in the little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) in Southeast Asia" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 58 (2): 381–390. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-08.
^ Hartert E (1901). "Some notes on Java birds". Novitates Zoologicae. 8: 49–53.
^ Raju, KSR Krishna; Selvin, Justus P (1971). "Little Spiderhunter, Arachnothera longirostris (Latham) in the Eastern Ghats". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68 (2): 454–455.
^ Majumdar,N (1979). "New records of birds from Orissa". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76 (1): 161–162.
^ a b Ali, S & SD Ripley (1999). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 10 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56.
^ Beehler,B; Raju, KSRK; Ali,Shahid (1987). "Avian use of man-disturbed forest in the Eastern Ghats, India". Ibis. 129 (2): 197–211. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1987.tb03201.x.
^ Liu Ai-Zhong; Li De-Zhu; Hong Wang; Kress W. John (2002). "Ornithophilous and chiropterophilous pollination in Musa itinerans (musaceae), a pioneer species in tropical rain forests of Yunnan, Southwestern China". Biotropica. 34 (2): 254–260. doi:10.1646/0006-3606(2002)0342.0.co;2.
^ Sakai, Shoko; Kato, Makoto; Inoue, Tamiji (1999). "Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae)". Am. J. Bot. 86 (5): 646–658. doi:10.2307/2656573. JSTOR 2656573. PMID 10330067.
^ Devasahayam S, Rema J (1993). "Flower birds of Kozhikode District, Kerala". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 33 (6): 103–105.
^ Devasahayam S, Rema J (1993). "Birds visiting flowers of Indian silk cotton tree (Bombax malabaricum) at Calicut, Kerala". In Verghese A, Sridhar S, Chakravarthy AK (eds.). Bird Conservation, Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 184–185.
^ Devasahayam S, Rema J (2003). "Bird visitors to flowers of Indian coral tree (Erythrina indica Lam.) at Kozhikode District, Kerala". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 43 (5): 72–73.
^ Daniels, R J R; Malati Hegde & Madhav Gadgil (1990). "Birds of man-made ecosystems: the plantations". Proceedings: Animal Sciences. 99 (1): 79–89. doi:10.1007/BF03186376. S2CID 129118660.
^ Ranganathan, J.; R. J. Ranjit Daniels; M. D. Subash Chandran; Paul R. Ehrlich & Gretchen C. Daily (2008). "Sustaining biodiversity in ancient tropical countryside". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (46): 17852–17854. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517852R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808874105. PMC 2577706. PMID 18981411.
^ Navjot S. Sodhi; Tien Ming Lee; Lian Pin Koh & Robert R. Dunn (2005). "A century of avifaunal turnover in a small tropical rainforest fragment" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 8 (2): 217–222. Bibcode:2005AnCon...8..217S. doi:10.1017/S1367943005001927. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-05.
^ Baker, ECS (1901). "On Indian birds' eggs and their variations". Ibis. 8 (1): 411–423. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1901.tb00474.x.
^ Hansell, Michael Henry (2007). Built by animals: the natural history of animal architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0-19-920556-1. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ Robert B. Payne; Michael D. Sorenson; Karen Klitz (2005). The Cuckoos : Cuculidae. Oxford University Press. p. 390. ISBN 0198502133.
^ Paperna, Ilan (2008). "Haemosporozoan parasites found in birds in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sarawak and Java" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 56 (2): 211–243. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
^ Haddon, AC (1901). Head-hunters: Black, white and brown. Methuen and Co., London. pp. 390–391.
Other references
Rahman, M. A. 2006. Patterns of morphological variation in the little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) in Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia and Thale Ban National Park, Thailand. In: Othman, S., Yatim, S. H., Elagupillay, S., Md. Nor, S., Ahmad, N., and Mohd Sah, S. H (eds.), Pp: 207–214, Management and Status of Resources in Protected Areas for Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kuala Lumpur. ISBN 983-43010-0-6.
Khan, AR (1977): Territoriality among Sunbirds and Spiderhunter. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 17(1), 5–6.
Law, SC (1945). "Note on the occurrence of some hitherto unrecorded birds in central and South Bengal". Ibis. 87 (3): 405–408. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1945.tb01372.x.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arachnothera longirostra.
Skull
The Internet Bird Collection
Taxon identifiersArachnothera longirostra
Wikidata: Q863101
Wikispecies: Arachnothera longirostra
ADW: Arachnothera_longirostra
Avibase: B4EF3CAD7F76988C
BirdLife: 103778625
BOLD: 118795
BOW: litspi1
CoL: G3WB
eBird: litspi1
GBIF: 2484653
iNaturalist: 202484
IRMNG: 10218161
ITIS: 558738
IUCN: 103778625
NCBI: 237415
Observation.org: 77858
Open Tree of Life: 865549
TSA: 2141
Xeno-canto: Arachnothera-longirostra
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nectariniidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectariniidae"}],"text":"The little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) is a species of long-billed nectar-feeding bird in the family Nectariniidae found in the moist forests of South and Southeast Asia. Unlike typical sunbirds, males and females are very similar in plumage. They are usually seen in ones or twos and frequently make a tzeck call. They are most often found near flowering plants where they obtain nectar.","title":"Little spiderhunter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcr-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcr-2"}],"text":"The distinctive long beak set it apart from other sunbirds. The sexes are similar, except that the female has a paler base on the lower mandible. Male has all black beak.[2] They are found near their favourite nectar bearing trees, often species of wild Musaceae or flowers in gardens. They have a buzzy zick-zick call that is made regularly when disturbed or when foraging. Additionally, the song is series of rapid chipping notes and these can go on for long periods.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orange-tufted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-tufted_spiderhunter"},{"link_name":"pale spiderhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_spiderhunter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The genus name Arachnothera means \"spider hunter\" and the species epithet refers to the long beak. About thirteen geographic races are recognized. The nominate race longirostra (Latham, 1790) is found in southwestern India, central and northeastern India, foothills of the Himalayas and into Thailand and Yunnan. Race sordida La Touche, 1921 is found in southern China and northeastern Thailand. Race pallida Delacour, 1932 is found in eastern Thailand and C & S Indochina. Two species from the Philippines, the orange-tufted and the pale spiderhunter were formerly considered subspecies. Several other island forms are noted:[3]cinereicollis (Vieillot, 1819) - south of the Isthmus of Kra to Sumatra and satellite islands\nzarhina Oberholser, 1912 - Banyak Is, off W Sumatra.\nniasensis van Oort, 1910 - Nias I, off W Sumatra.\nrothschildi van Oort, 1910 - N Natuna Is.\natita Oberholser, 1932 - S Natuna Is.\nbuettikoferi van Oort, 1910 - Borneo.\nprillwitzi Hartert, 1901 - Java (including Madura I) and Bali[4]\nrandi Salomonsen, 1953 - Basilan (off W Mindanao).","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spiderhunter_sipping_honey.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcr-2"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Little Spiderhunter foraging on Musa sp.The species is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Within India, there are disjunct populations in the Eastern Ghats from Lamasinghi,[5] Visakhapatnam and parts of Orissa[6]) and the Western Ghats apart from the main distribution in north-east India that extends into Southeast Asia.[7] A record from the Nicobar Islands is considered doubtful.[2]Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is usually found below the canopy. They are also found in gardens, attracted especially by flowers that yield nectar.[8]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bombax malabaricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombax_malabaricum"},{"link_name":"Erythrina indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrina_indica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egg_spiderhunter.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hbk-7"},{"link_name":"animal architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_architecture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansell2007-18"},{"link_name":"Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgson%27s_hawk-cuckoo"},{"link_name":"violet cuckoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_cuckoo"},{"link_name":"brood parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"haemosporidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemosporidia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Song of A. l. longirostra, from Kerala, IndiaThey have been noted as good pollinators of wild banana species[9] and several species of the ginger family[10] and often visit Loranthus sp. (= Dendrophthoe sp.),[11] Bombax malabaricum and Erythrina indica for nectar.[12][13] They are often seen in plantations in forest areas.[14][15] Although they are more often seen in secondary forests or in clearings and appear to be tolerant of human activities, they have become extinct in some forest fragments. In Singapore they have gone locally extinct within the botanical garden.[16]Little Spiderhunter eggs[17] ]The breeding season in northeastern India is March to September but mainly May to August. In southern India it breeds from December to August. Two eggs are the usual clutch.[7] The nest is a compact cup attached under a leaf of banana or similar broad leaved plant. The nest is suspended from the underside of the leaf using 150 or so \"pop-rivets\" of cobwebs and vegetable fibre, a unique method of using spider silk for animal architecture.[18]It is suspected that Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo and violet cuckoo are brood parasites on this species in India.[19]CallsA species of haemosporidian, Leucocytozoon, has been noted in specimens from Malaysia.[20]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In Sarawak, the Kayan, Kenyah and Punan people consider it a bird of good omen and when they are out collecting camphor, the men would wait until they heard the sit call of one of these spiderhunters.[21]","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"983-43010-0-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-43010-0-6"},{"link_name":"Newsletter for Birdwatchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsletter_for_Birdwatchers"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1474-919x.1945.tb01372.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919x.1945.tb01372.x"}],"text":"Rahman, M. A. 2006. Patterns of morphological variation in the little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) in Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia and Thale Ban National Park, Thailand. In: Othman, S., Yatim, S. H., Elagupillay, S., Md. Nor, S., Ahmad, N., and Mohd Sah, S. H (eds.), Pp: 207–214, Management and Status of Resources in Protected Areas for Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kuala Lumpur. ISBN 983-43010-0-6.\nKhan, AR (1977): Territoriality among Sunbirds and Spiderhunter. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 17(1), 5–6.\nLaw, SC (1945). \"Note on the occurrence of some hitherto unrecorded birds in central and South Bengal\". Ibis. 87 (3): 405–408. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1945.tb01372.x.","title":"Other references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Little Spiderhunter foraging on Musa sp.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Spiderhunter_sipping_honey.jpg/220px-Spiderhunter_sipping_honey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Song of A. l. longirostra, from Kerala, India"},{"image_text":"Little Spiderhunter eggs[17] ]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Egg_spiderhunter.jpg/220px-Egg_spiderhunter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calls"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Arachnothera longirostra\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103778625A94567188. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103778625/94567188","url_text":"\"Arachnothera longirostra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103778625A94567188.en"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 550.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rahman, MA; DFA Gawin; C Moritz (2010). \"Patterns of genetic variation in the little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra) in Southeast Asia\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Jose_Marti
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Order of José Martí
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["1 Notable recipients","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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AwardOrder José MartíTypeSingle-grade orderPresented bythe Republic of CubaEligibilityCitizens of Cuba, foreignersStatusActiveEstablished1972
Related
Order of Cienfuegos
Hero of the Republic of Cuba
The Order of José Martí (Spanish: Orden José Martí) is a state honor in Cuba. The Order was named so after José Martí, the national hero of Cuba. The design was realized by the Cuban sculptor José Delarra.
Notable recipients
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011)
Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia
Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus
Mohammad Najibullah, Former General Secretary Of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
Armando Hart
Antonio Gades
António Mascarenhas Monteiro, former President of Cape Verde
Michael Manley, former Prime Minister of Jamaica
Leonid Brezhnev, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Houari Boumediene, President of Algeria
Ali Abdullah Saleh, former President of Yemen
Kim Il Sung, former President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and former General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
Thomas Sankara, President of Burkina Faso
Todor Zhivkov former General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria
Salvador Allende, former President of Chile
Nicolae Ceaușescu former General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and President of Romania
Owen Arthur, former Prime Minister of Barbados
Hugo Chávez, former President of Venezuela
Gustáv Husák, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Mengistu Haile Mariam, Chairman of the Ethiopian Communist military junta Derg and Head of State of Ethiopia
Rafael Cancel Miranda
Robert Mugabe, former President of Zimbabwe
Sam Nujoma, former President of Namibia
Erich Honecker, former General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and Chairman of the State Council of the East Germany
Felipe González, former Prime Minister of Spain
Julius Nyerere, former President of Tanzania
Omar Torrijos, Military Leader of Panama
Jacob Zuma, former President of South Africa.
Viktor Yanukovych, former President of Ukraine
Nguyễn Phú Trọng General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Tomislav Nikolić former President of Serbia
Vladimir Putin President of Russia
Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, former President of Mongolia and former General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Demetris Christofias, former President of Cyprus
Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq and former Secretary General of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
Fanny Edelman
Marien Ngouabi former President of the People's Republic of the Congo
Nicolás Maduro, President of Venezuela
Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, former President of Vietnam
João Bernardo Vieira, former President of Guinea-Bissau
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico
Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
See also
International José Martí Prize
José Martí
Orders, decorations, and medals of Cuba
References
^ (in Spanish) Article about José Delarra on La Jiribilla
^ "MAHATHIR BESTOWED CUBA'S HIGHEST HONOUR BY CASTRO" (PDF). Bernama. 27 September 1997.
^ Juventud Rebelde article Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in English) accessed on 30 May 2013
^ Kisselgoff, Anna (22 July 2004). "Antonio Gades, 67, Artistic Flamenco Dancer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
^ Ilhas, Expresso das. "Morreu António Mascarenhas Monteiro - Expresso das Ilhas". www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^ "Castro Speech Data Base".
^ "Kim Il Sung". Who's Who in Asian and Australasian Politics. London: Bowker-Saur. 1991. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86291-593-3.
^ Peterson, Brian (2021). Thomas Sankara: A Revolutionary in Cold War Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0253053763.
^ a b c d e f g h Vicent, Mauricio (20 June 2008). "Fuego cruzado sobre Yoani Sánchez". El País.
^ C., Z. D. (16 June 1999). "President Fidel Castro Decorates Barbados PM Arthur" (Press release). Reuters / Alamy Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Cuban President Fidel Castro (R) decorates Barbados' Prime Minister Owen Arthur with the order of Jose Marti in Havana June 16.
^ "Former Alcatraz inmate speaks about his time", Examiner San Francisco, by: D. Morita; October 9, 2009
^ "Remarks by his Excellency President Jacob Zuma on the occasion of the award bestowal on him by Cuban President Raul Castro Ruz, of the order of Jose Marti, the highest honour that the Cubans can bestow on an individual, Havana, Cuba | South African Government". www.gov.za. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
^ "Article at un.ua". Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Chirino, Luis (13 April 2012). "Vietnam´s Communist Leader Wound up Official Visit to Cuba". Radio Havana Cuba. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
^ "Nikolić dobio najviše odlikovanje na Kubi | N1 Srbija". Archived from the original on 26 May 2015.
^ "Raul Castro Welcomes Russian President Vladimir Putin : Escambray". en.escambray.cu. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ "Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus - Speeches and Statements of the President". www.presidency.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ VietnamPlus (21 September 2021). "Vietnam, Cuba issue joint statement on President Nguyen Xuan Phuc's visit | Politics | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)". VietnamPlus. Retrieved 2 March 2023. Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez presents President Nguyen Xuan Phuc with the José Martí Order in recognition of the Vietnamese leader's contributions to the enhancement of the historical friendship, solidarity and cooperation between Cuba and Vietnam.
^ "López Obrador recibirá en Cuba la Orden José Martí durante una visita de alto simbolismo político". 8 May 2022.
^ Cooke, Ernesto (27 May 2022). "PM Gonsalves says 'This medal belongs to the Caribbean'". St Vincent Times. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
External links
Images of the Order of José Martí
This Cuba-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The design was realized by the Cuban sculptor José Delarra.[1]","title":"Order of José Martí"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"President of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Belarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Najibullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah"},{"link_name":"General Secretary Of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan#General_Secretary,_Politburo_and_Secretariat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Armando Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Hart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Antonio Gades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gades"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"António Mascarenhas Monteiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mascarenhas_Monteiro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"President of Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Cape_Verde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Michael Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Manley"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Houari Boumediene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boumediene"},{"link_name":"President of Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Ali Abdullah Saleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh"},{"link_name":"President of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Yemen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kim Il Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sankara"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"President of Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Burkina_Faso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Todor Zhivkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_state_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Salvador Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende"},{"link_name":"President of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"Romanian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"President of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Owen Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"President of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Venezuela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gustáv Husák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Czechoslovakia#General_secretaries_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Mengistu Haile Mariam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian"},{"link_name":"Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Rafael Cancel Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Cancel_Miranda"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESF-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"President of Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Sam Nujoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Nujoma"},{"link_name":"President of Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Namibia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Erich Honecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Honecker"},{"link_name":"General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#General_Secretaries_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_SED"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unity Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the State Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_political_office-holders_in_East_Germany"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Felipe González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Julius Nyerere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Nyerere"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"President of Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Tanzania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Omar Torrijos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Torrijos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-9"},{"link_name":"Military Leader of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama#Military_leaders_of_Panama_(1968%E2%80%931989)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Jacob Zuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zuma"},{"link_name":"President of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yanukovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Phú Trọng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BA_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Tomislav Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"President of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal"},{"link_name":"President of Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Party"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Demetris Christofias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetris_Christofias"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"President of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Cyprus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"President of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Secretary General of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Secretaries_General"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Fanny Edelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Edelman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Marien Ngouabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Maduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Xuân Phúc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BAc"},{"link_name":"President of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"João Bernardo Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bernardo_Vieira"},{"link_name":"President of Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Guinea-Bissau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Andrés Manuel López Obrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador"},{"link_name":"President of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Ralph Gonsalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Gonsalves"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia[2]\n Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus\n Mohammad Najibullah, Former General Secretary Of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan\n Armando Hart[3]\n Antonio Gades[4]\n António Mascarenhas Monteiro,[5] former President of Cape Verde\n Michael Manley, former Prime Minister of Jamaica[6]\n Leonid Brezhnev, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\n Houari Boumediene, President of Algeria\n Ali Abdullah Saleh, former President of Yemen\n Kim Il Sung,[7] former President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and former General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea\n Thomas Sankara,[8] President of Burkina Faso\n Todor Zhivkov former General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria\n Salvador Allende, former President of Chile\n Nicolae Ceaușescu former General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and President of Romania[9]\n Owen Arthur, former Prime Minister of Barbados[10]\n Hugo Chávez, former President of Venezuela\n Gustáv Husák,[9] former General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia\n Mengistu Haile Mariam,[9] Chairman of the Ethiopian Communist military junta Derg and Head of State of Ethiopia\n Rafael Cancel Miranda[11]\n Robert Mugabe,[9] former President of Zimbabwe\n Sam Nujoma, former President of Namibia\n Erich Honecker, former General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and Chairman of the State Council of the East Germany[9]\n Felipe González,[9] former Prime Minister of Spain\n Julius Nyerere,[9] former President of Tanzania\n Omar Torrijos,[9] Military Leader of Panama\n Jacob Zuma, former President of South Africa.[12]\n Viktor Yanukovych,[13] former President of Ukraine\n Nguyễn Phú Trọng General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam[14]\n Tomislav Nikolić[15] former President of Serbia\n Vladimir Putin[16] President of Russia\n Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, former President of Mongolia and former General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party\n Demetris Christofias,[17] former President of Cyprus\n Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq and former Secretary General of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)\n Fanny Edelman\n Marien Ngouabi former President of the People's Republic of the Congo\n Nicolás Maduro, President of Venezuela\n Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, former President of Vietnam[18]\n João Bernardo Vieira, former President of Guinea-Bissau\n Andrés Manuel López Obrador, President of Mexico[19]\n Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[20]","title":"Notable recipients"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"International José Martí Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD_Prize"},{"title":"José Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD"},{"title":"Orders, decorations, and medals of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Cuba"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MAHATHIR BESTOWED CUBA'S HIGHEST HONOUR BY CASTRO\" (PDF). Bernama. 27 September 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1996-1998/1997ko/mahathir%20bestonour%20by%20castro.pdf","url_text":"\"MAHATHIR BESTOWED CUBA'S HIGHEST HONOUR BY CASTRO\""}]},{"reference":"Kisselgoff, Anna (22 July 2004). \"Antonio Gades, 67, Artistic Flamenco Dancer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/22/arts/antonio-gades-67-artistic-flamenco-dancer.html","url_text":"\"Antonio Gades, 67, Artistic Flamenco Dancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Ilhas, Expresso das. \"Morreu António Mascarenhas Monteiro - Expresso das Ilhas\". www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208012456/http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/50200-morreu-antonio-mascarenhas-monteiro","url_text":"\"Morreu António Mascarenhas Monteiro - Expresso das Ilhas\""},{"url":"http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/50200-morreu-antonio-mascarenhas-monteiro","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Castro Speech Data Base\".","urls":[{"url":"http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1975/19750710.html","url_text":"\"Castro Speech Data Base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kim Il Sung\". Who's Who in Asian and Australasian Politics. London: Bowker-Saur. 1991. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86291-593-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge25AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Who's Who in Asian and Australasian Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86291-593-3","url_text":"978-0-86291-593-3"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Brian (2021). Thomas Sankara: A Revolutionary in Cold War Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0253053763.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253053763","url_text":"978-0253053763"}]},{"reference":"Vicent, Mauricio (20 June 2008). \"Fuego cruzado sobre Yoani Sánchez\". El País.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fuego/cruzado/Yoani/Sanchez/elpepuint/20080621elpepiint_5/Tes","url_text":"\"Fuego cruzado sobre Yoani Sánchez\""}]},{"reference":"C., Z. D. (16 June 1999). \"President Fidel Castro Decorates Barbados PM Arthur\" (Press release). Reuters / Alamy Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021. Cuban President Fidel Castro (R) decorates Barbados' Prime Minister Owen Arthur with the order of Jose Marti in Havana June 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210202070448/https://www.alamy.com/cuban-president-fidel-castro-r-decorates-barbados-prime-minister-owen-arthur-with-the-order-of-jose-marti-in-havana-june-16-rpzdc-image381858520.html","url_text":"\"President Fidel Castro Decorates Barbados PM Arthur\""},{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/cuban-president-fidel-castro-r-decorates-barbados-prime-minister-owen-arthur-with-the-order-of-jose-marti-in-havana-june-16-rpzdc-image381858520.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remarks by his Excellency President Jacob Zuma on the occasion of the award bestowal on him by Cuban President Raul Castro Ruz, of the order of Jose Marti, the highest honour that the Cubans can bestow on an individual, Havana, Cuba | South African Government\". www.gov.za. 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Archived from the original on 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526200629/http://rs.n1info.com/a61682/Vesti/Nikolic-dobio-najvise-odlikovanje-na-Kubi.html","url_text":"\"Nikolić dobio najviše odlikovanje na Kubi | N1 Srbija\""},{"url":"http://rs.n1info.com/a61682/Vesti/Nikolic-dobio-najvise-odlikovanje-na-Kubi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Raul Castro Welcomes Russian President Vladimir Putin : Escambray\". en.escambray.cu. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.escambray.cu/2014/raul-castro-welcomes-russian-president-vladimir-putin/","url_text":"\"Raul Castro Welcomes Russian President Vladimir Putin : Escambray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus - Speeches and Statements of the President\". www.presidency.gov.cy. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711091440/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/Presidency/Presidency.nsf/All/D0ADBBBCD9543D3AC2257641003D0647?Opendocument","url_text":"\"Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus - Speeches and Statements of the President\""},{"url":"http://www.presidency.gov.cy/Presidency/Presidency.nsf/All/D0ADBBBCD9543D3AC2257641003D0647?Opendocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"VietnamPlus (21 September 2021). \"Vietnam, Cuba issue joint statement on President Nguyen Xuan Phuc's visit | Politics | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)\". VietnamPlus. Retrieved 2 March 2023. Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez presents President Nguyen Xuan Phuc with the José Martí Order in recognition of the Vietnamese leader's contributions to the enhancement of the historical friendship, solidarity and cooperation between Cuba and Vietnam.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-cuba-issue-joint-statement-on-president-nguyen-xuan-phucs-visit/208373.vnp","url_text":"\"Vietnam, Cuba issue joint statement on President Nguyen Xuan Phuc's visit | Politics | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)\""}]},{"reference":"\"López Obrador recibirá en Cuba la Orden José Martí durante una visita de alto simbolismo político\". 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-05-08/lopez-obrador-recibe-en-cuba-la-orden-jose-marti-durante-una-visita-de-alto-simbolismo-politico.html","url_text":"\"López Obrador recibirá en Cuba la Orden José Martí durante una visita de alto simbolismo político\""}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Ernesto (27 May 2022). \"PM Gonsalves says 'This medal belongs to the Caribbean'\". St Vincent Times. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stvincenttimes.com/pm-gonsalves-says-this-medal-belongs-to-the-caribbean/","url_text":"\"PM Gonsalves says 'This medal belongs to the Caribbean'\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.lajiribilla.cu/2010/n481_07/481_13.html","external_links_name":"Article about José Delarra"},{"Link":"http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1996-1998/1997ko/mahathir%20bestonour%20by%20castro.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MAHATHIR BESTOWED CUBA'S HIGHEST HONOUR BY CASTRO\""},{"Link":"http://www.juventudrebelde.co.cu/cuba/2010-06-12/raul-castro-awards-armando-hart-davalos-jose-marti-order","external_links_name":"Juventud Rebelde article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163855/http://www.juventudrebelde.co.cu/cuba/2010-06-12/raul-castro-awards-armando-hart-davalos-jose-marti-order","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/22/arts/antonio-gades-67-artistic-flamenco-dancer.html","external_links_name":"\"Antonio Gades, 67, Artistic Flamenco Dancer\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208012456/http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/50200-morreu-antonio-mascarenhas-monteiro","external_links_name":"\"Morreu António Mascarenhas Monteiro - Expresso das Ilhas\""},{"Link":"http://www.expressodasilhas.sapo.cv/politica/item/50200-morreu-antonio-mascarenhas-monteiro","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1975/19750710.html","external_links_name":"\"Castro Speech Data Base\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge25AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Who's Who in Asian and Australasian Politics"},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fuego/cruzado/Yoani/Sanchez/elpepuint/20080621elpepiint_5/Tes","external_links_name":"\"Fuego cruzado sobre Yoani Sánchez\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210202070448/https://www.alamy.com/cuban-president-fidel-castro-r-decorates-barbados-prime-minister-owen-arthur-with-the-order-of-jose-marti-in-havana-june-16-rpzdc-image381858520.html","external_links_name":"\"President Fidel Castro Decorates Barbados PM Arthur\""},{"Link":"https://www.alamy.com/cuban-president-fidel-castro-r-decorates-barbados-prime-minister-owen-arthur-with-the-order-of-jose-marti-in-havana-june-16-rpzdc-image381858520.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.za/remarks-his-excellency-president-jacob-zuma-occasion-award-bestowal-him-cuban-president-raul-castro","external_links_name":"\"Remarks by his Excellency President Jacob Zuma on the occasion of the award bestowal on him by Cuban President Raul Castro Ruz, of the order of Jose Marti, the highest honour that the Cubans can bestow on an individual, Havana, Cuba | South African Government\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120830092036/http://un.ua/eng/article/356561.html","external_links_name":"\"Article at un.ua\""},{"Link":"http://un.ua/eng/article/356561.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130801084504/http://www.radiohc.cu/ing/news/cuba/6467-vietnamas-communist-leader-wound-up-official-visit-to-cuba.html","external_links_name":"\"Vietnam´s Communist Leader Wound up Official Visit to Cuba\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiohc.cu/ing/news/cuba/6467-vietnamas-communist-leader-wound-up-official-visit-to-cuba.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526200629/http://rs.n1info.com/a61682/Vesti/Nikolic-dobio-najvise-odlikovanje-na-Kubi.html","external_links_name":"\"Nikolić dobio najviše odlikovanje na Kubi | N1 Srbija\""},{"Link":"http://rs.n1info.com/a61682/Vesti/Nikolic-dobio-najvise-odlikovanje-na-Kubi.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.escambray.cu/2014/raul-castro-welcomes-russian-president-vladimir-putin/","external_links_name":"\"Raul Castro Welcomes Russian President Vladimir Putin : Escambray\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180711091440/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/Presidency/Presidency.nsf/All/D0ADBBBCD9543D3AC2257641003D0647?Opendocument","external_links_name":"\"Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus - Speeches and Statements of the President\""},{"Link":"http://www.presidency.gov.cy/Presidency/Presidency.nsf/All/D0ADBBBCD9543D3AC2257641003D0647?Opendocument","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-cuba-issue-joint-statement-on-president-nguyen-xuan-phucs-visit/208373.vnp","external_links_name":"\"Vietnam, Cuba issue joint statement on President Nguyen Xuan Phuc's visit | Politics | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-05-08/lopez-obrador-recibe-en-cuba-la-orden-jose-marti-durante-una-visita-de-alto-simbolismo-politico.html","external_links_name":"\"López Obrador recibirá en Cuba la Orden José Martí durante una visita de alto simbolismo político\""},{"Link":"https://www.stvincenttimes.com/pm-gonsalves-says-this-medal-belongs-to-the-caribbean/","external_links_name":"\"PM Gonsalves says 'This medal belongs to the Caribbean'\""},{"Link":"http://wawards.narod.ru/america/kub/kub2/40/medal.html","external_links_name":"Images of the Order of José Martí"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Isaszeg_(1265)
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Battle of Isaszeg (1265)
|
["1 Sources"]
|
Medieval battle
For other battles there, see Battle of Isaszeg (disambiguation).
Battle of IsaszegDateMarch 1265LocationIsaszegResult
Victory of Duke StephenBelligerents
King Béla IV
Duke StephenCommanders and leaders
Béla of MacsóHenry Kőszegi (POW)Henry Preussel
Duke StephenPeter Csák
vteHungarian Civil War (1264–1265)
Déva
Sárospatak
Northeast Hungary
Ágasvár
Füzér
Baranka
Feketehalom
Tiszántúl
Isaszeg
The Battle of Isaszeg was fought between King Béla IV of Hungary and his son, Stephen, who served as Junior King and Duke of Transylvania. Stephen defeated his father's army in the subsequent peace Béla was obliged to cede the government of the Eastern parts of his kingdom again to his son.
On 23 March 1266, father and son confirmed the peace in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the Nyulak szigete ('Rabbits' Island').
Sources
Kristó, Gyula: Családja eredete, Csák Máté (Magyar história). Gondolat, 1983, Budapest. ISBN 963-281-736-2
Zsoldos, Attila: Családi ügy - IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években (A Family Affair - The Conflict of Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s); História - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, 2007, Budapest; ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
This article about a battle in Hungary history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Isaszeg_(1265)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smatchet
|
Smatchet
|
["1 Design","2 Use","3 Manufacturers","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
|
Short, heavy fighting knife
Smatchet lodged in wood
A smatchet is a short, heavy fighting knife 16.5 inches (42 cm) in overall length (including grip). It was designed by William E. Fairbairn during World War II.
Design
Though described in the Office of Strategic Services catalogue as a cross between a machete and a bolo, it was actually based on the Royal Welch Fusiliers Trench Knife of World War I, and was designed as a pure combat knife. It has a broad, leaf-shaped blade sharpened the full length on one side, and from the tip to half of the other side. The entire blade is coated with a dull matte finish to prevent detection at night from stray reflections.
Use
According to Fairbairn, the smatchet was an ideal close-combat weapon for those not armed with a rifle and bayonet:
The psychological reaction of any man, when he first takes the smatchet in his hand, is full justification for its recommendation as a fighting weapon. He will immediately register all the essential qualities of a good soldier – confidence, determination, and aggressiveness. Its balance, weight and killing power, with the point, edge or pommel, combined with the extremely simple training necessary to become efficient in its use, make it the ideal personal weapon for all those not armed with a rifle and bayonet.
The smatchet was used by British and American special forces (Special Air Service and Office of Strategic Services, respectively) during World War II.
In the late 1980s, Col. Rex Applegate licensed a modified version of the smatchet he and Fairbairn designed late in World War II. He called it the "Applegate-Fairbairn Combat Smatchet".
Manufacturers
Applegate-Fairbairn
Böker
Cold Steel
Sniper Bladeworks
United Cutlery
Wells Creek Knife & Gun Works
Windlass Steelcraft
W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.
See also
Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife
BC-41
Eric A. Sykes
Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife
Kukri
Pattern 1907 bayonet
Barong (sword)
References
^ Walker, Greg (1993). Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives. Paladin Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-87364-732-8.
^ Buerlein, Robert A (2002). Allied Military Fighting Knives: And The Men Who Made Them Famous (Second ed.). Paladin Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-58160-290-6.
^ Applegate, Rex; Melson, Charles A (1998). The Close-Combat Files of Colonel Rex Applegate. Paladin Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-87364-998-8.
^ Fairbairn, William E. (1942). Get Tough!.
Further reading
Fairbairn, W.E. (Lt. Col.), Get Tough!, 1942 ISBN 0-87364-002-0 (1999 reprint)
vteKnives and daggers
List of daggers
List of blade materials
Kitchen and table knives
Boning
Boti
Bread knife
Butcher knife
Butter knife
Caidao
Cheese knife
Chef's knife
Cleaver
Electric knife
Fillet knife
Grapefruit knife
Lame
Mezzaluna
Parmesan knife
Pizza cutter
Splayd
Steak knife
Tomato knife
Japanese kitchen knives
Deba bōchō
Maguro bōchō
Nakiri bōchō
Santoku
Sashimi bōchō
Udon kiri
Unagisaki hōchō
Usuba bōchō
Yanagi ba
Other knives
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife
Athame
Balisong/Butterfly
Ballistic
Ballpoint pen knife
Bayonet
Boline
Bolo
Boot knife
Bowie
Cane knife
Ceramic knife
Clip point
Combat knife
Commander
Corvo
CQC-6
Deba bōchō
Diving knife
Drop point
Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife
Gerber Mark II
Ginsu
Golok
Gravity knife
Guna
Hacking knife
Higonokami
Hunting knife
Husa knife
Ivan's Knife
Jacob's ladder
Karambit
Kard
Kirpan
Kitchen knife
Kukri
Laguiole knife
Machete
Mandau
Marking knife
Misericorde
Mora knife
Multi-tool
Navaja
Neck knife
Nontron knife
Opinel knife
Palette knife
Pantographic knife
Parang
Penknife
Penny knife
Pesh-kabz
Pirah
Pocketknife
Phurba
Putty knife
Puukko
Rampuri
Resolza
Sabatier
Sami knife
SARK
Scalpel
Seax
Sgian dubh
Sharpfinger
Sheath knife
Shiv
Sliding knife
Smatchet
SOG Knife
Straight razor
Strider SMF
Survival knife
Swiss Army knife
Switchblade
Taping knife
Throwing knife
Trench knife
Tumi
Ulu
Utility knife
Warrior knife
Wedung
X-Acto
Yarara Parachute Knife
Yatagan
Daggers
Anelace
Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife
Arkansas toothpick
BC-41
Bagh nakh
Balarao
Baselard
Bichuwa
Bollock dagger
Cinquedea
Dha
Dirk
Ear dagger
Emeici
Facón
French Nail
Gunong
Hunting dagger
Janbiya
Jile
Kabutowari
Kaiken
Kalis
Katar
Khanjali
Khanjar
Kris
Kunai
Liaoning dagger
Mark I trench knife
Microtech Jagdkommando
Parrying dagger
Poignard
Pugio
Push dagger
Rondel dagger
Seme
Shobo
Sica
Stiletto
Tantō
U.S. Marine Raider stiletto
V-42
Yoroi-dōshi
Manufacturers
Aitor Knife Company
Al Mar Knives
American Tomahawk Company
Aritsugu
Benchmade
Böker
Buck Knives
Camillus Cutlery Company
Cattaraugus Cutlery Company
Chris Reeve Knives
Chroma Cnife
Clauss Cutlery Company
Cobray Company
Cold Steel
Columbia River Knife & Tool
Cuisinart
Cutco
Dalian Hanwei Metal
Dexter-Russell
Ek Commando Knife Co.
EKA
Emerson Knives
F. Dick
Fällkniven
FAMAE
Fiskars
Gerber Legendary Blades
Füritechnics
Glock Ges.m.b.H.
Imperial Schrade
Ivan's
Ka-Bar
Kershaw Knives
KitchenAid
Korin Japanese Trading Company
Kyocera
Leatherman
Mad Dog Knives
Marble Arms
Medford Knife and Tool
Microtech Knives
Morseth
Muela
Murphy Knives
OLFA
Ontario Knife Company
Opinel
Randall Made Knives
Ranz Cuchillos
Rösle
Sabatier
Shun Cutlery
Slice, Inc.
SOG Specialty Knives
Spyderco
STI Knives
Strider Knives
Thiers Issard
TOPS Knives
Tramontina
Victorinox
W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.
Carl Walther GmbH
Wenger
Western Knife Company
Wilkinson Sword
Wüsthof
Yoshida Metal Industry
Global
Zero Tolerance Knives
Zwilling J. A. Henckels
Knifemakers
Rex Applegate
James Black
Blackie Collins
John Nelson Cooper
Ernest Emerson
Jerry Fisk
Bill Harsey Jr.
Phill Hartsfield
Gil Hibben
Jimmy Lile
Bob Loveless
William F. Moran
Ken Onion
Ralph Osterhout
Bo Randall
Chris Reeve
A. G. Russell
Jody Samson
William Scagel
Mike Snody
Robert Terzuola
Michael Walker
Buster Warenski
Daniel Winkler
Associations
American Bladesmith Society
Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association
Knifemakers' Guild
Category:Knives / Daggers
|
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Fairbairn during World War II.","title":"Smatchet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"link_name":"bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_knife"},{"link_name":"Royal Welch Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Trench Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Knife"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"combat knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_knife"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"matte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(material_appearance)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walker-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buerlein-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Applegate-3"}],"text":"Though described in the Office of Strategic Services catalogue as a cross between a machete and a bolo, it was actually based on the Royal Welch Fusiliers Trench Knife of World War I, and was designed as a pure combat knife. It has a broad, leaf-shaped blade sharpened the full length on one side, and from the tip to half of the other side. The entire blade is coated with a dull matte finish to prevent detection at night from stray reflections.[1][2][3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FB-4"},{"link_name":"pommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilt#Pommel"},{"link_name":"bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rex Applegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Applegate"}],"text":"According to Fairbairn, the smatchet was an ideal close-combat weapon for those not armed with a rifle and bayonet:[4]The psychological reaction of any man, when he first takes the smatchet in his hand, is full justification for its recommendation as a fighting weapon. He will immediately register all the essential qualities of a good soldier – confidence, determination, and aggressiveness. Its balance, weight and killing power, with the point, edge or pommel, combined with the extremely simple training necessary to become efficient in its use, make it the ideal personal weapon for all those not armed with a rifle and bayonet.The smatchet was used by British and American special forces (Special Air Service and Office of Strategic Services, respectively) during World War II.In the late 1980s, Col. Rex Applegate licensed a modified version of the smatchet he and Fairbairn designed late in World War II. He called it the \"Applegate-Fairbairn Combat Smatchet\".","title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Applegate-Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Applegate"},{"link_name":"Böker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ker"},{"link_name":"Cold Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Steel_(company)"},{"link_name":"W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Case_%26_Sons_Cutlery_Co."}],"text":"Applegate-Fairbairn\nBöker\nCold Steel\nSniper Bladeworks\nUnited Cutlery\nWells Creek Knife & Gun Works\nWindlass Steelcraft\nW. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.","title":"Manufacturers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairbairn, W.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87364-002-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87364-002-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Knives"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Knives"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Knives"},{"link_name":"Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife"},{"link_name":"daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger"},{"link_name":"List of daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_daggers"},{"link_name":"List of blade materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blade_materials"},{"link_name":"Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_knife"},{"link_name":"table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_knife"},{"link_name":"Boning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boning_knife"},{"link_name":"Boti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boti"},{"link_name":"Bread knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_knife"},{"link_name":"Butcher knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher_knife"},{"link_name":"Butter knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_knife"},{"link_name":"Caidao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidao"},{"link_name":"Cheese knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_knife"},{"link_name":"Chef's knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef%27s_knife"},{"link_name":"Cleaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaver"},{"link_name":"Electric knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_knife"},{"link_name":"Fillet knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_knife"},{"link_name":"Grapefruit knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapefruit_knife"},{"link_name":"Lame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)"},{"link_name":"Mezzaluna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzaluna"},{"link_name":"Parmesan knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmesan_knife"},{"link_name":"Pizza cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_cutter"},{"link_name":"Splayd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splayd"},{"link_name":"Steak knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steak_knife"},{"link_name":"Tomato knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_knife"},{"link_name":"Japanese kitchen knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife"},{"link_name":"Deba bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Maguro bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Nakiri bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Santoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoku"},{"link_name":"Sashimi bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Udon kiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon_kiri"},{"link_name":"Unagisaki hōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unagisaki_h%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Usuba bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Yanagi ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanagi_ba"},{"link_name":"knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife"},{"link_name":"Aircrew Survival Egress Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrew_Survival_Egress_Knife"},{"link_name":"Athame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athame"},{"link_name":"Balisong/Butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_knife"},{"link_name":"Ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_knife"},{"link_name":"Ballpoint pen knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife"},{"link_name":"Bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet"},{"link_name":"Boline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boline"},{"link_name":"Bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_knife"},{"link_name":"Boot knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_knife"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_knife"},{"link_name":"Cane knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_knife"},{"link_name":"Ceramic knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_knife"},{"link_name":"Clip point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clip_point"},{"link_name":"Combat knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_knife"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(knife)"},{"link_name":"Corvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvo_(knife)"},{"link_name":"CQC-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQC-6"},{"link_name":"Deba bōchō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Diving knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_knife"},{"link_name":"Drop point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_point"},{"link_name":"Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife"},{"link_name":"Gerber Mark II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"Ginsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsu"},{"link_name":"Golok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golok"},{"link_name":"Gravity knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_knife"},{"link_name":"Guna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna_(knife)"},{"link_name":"Hacking knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_knife"},{"link_name":"Higonokami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higonokami"},{"link_name":"Hunting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_knife"},{"link_name":"Husa knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husa_knife"},{"link_name":"Jacob's ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder_(knife)"},{"link_name":"Karambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karambit"},{"link_name":"Kard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kard"},{"link_name":"Kirpan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirpan"},{"link_name":"Kitchen knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_knife"},{"link_name":"Kukri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukri"},{"link_name":"Laguiole knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguiole_knife"},{"link_name":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"link_name":"Mandau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandau_(knife)"},{"link_name":"Marking knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marking_knife"},{"link_name":"Misericorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misericorde_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Mora knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_knife"},{"link_name":"Multi-tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-tool"},{"link_name":"Navaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaja"},{"link_name":"Neck knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck_knife"},{"link_name":"Nontron knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontron_knife"},{"link_name":"Opinel knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinel_knife"},{"link_name":"Palette knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife"},{"link_name":"Pantographic knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantographic_knife"},{"link_name":"Parang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_(knife)"},{"link_name":"Penknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penknife"},{"link_name":"Penny knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_knife"},{"link_name":"Pesh-kabz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesh-kabz"},{"link_name":"Pirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirah"},{"link_name":"Pocketknife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocketknife"},{"link_name":"Phurba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurba"},{"link_name":"Putty knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putty_knife"},{"link_name":"Puukko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puukko"},{"link_name":"Rampuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampuri"},{"link_name":"Resolza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolza"},{"link_name":"Sabatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier"},{"link_name":"Sami knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_knife"},{"link_name":"SARK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARK"},{"link_name":"Scalpel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalpel"},{"link_name":"Seax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seax"},{"link_name":"Sgian dubh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgian-dubh"},{"link_name":"Sharpfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpfinger"},{"link_name":"Sheath knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheath_knife"},{"link_name":"Shiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Sliding knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_knife"},{"link_name":"Smatchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"SOG Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOG_Knife"},{"link_name":"Straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"Strider SMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strider_SMF"},{"link_name":"Survival knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_knife"},{"link_name":"Swiss Army knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife"},{"link_name":"Switchblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchblade"},{"link_name":"Taping knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taping_knife"},{"link_name":"Throwing knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_knife"},{"link_name":"Trench knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_knife"},{"link_name":"Tumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumi"},{"link_name":"Ulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu"},{"link_name":"Utility knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_knife"},{"link_name":"Warrior knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior_knife"},{"link_name":"Wedung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedung"},{"link_name":"X-Acto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Acto"},{"link_name":"Yarara Parachute Knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarara_Parachute_Knife"},{"link_name":"Yatagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatagan"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger"},{"link_name":"Anelace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anelace"},{"link_name":"Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applegate%E2%80%93Fairbairn_fighting_knife"},{"link_name":"Arkansas toothpick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_toothpick"},{"link_name":"BC-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC-41"},{"link_name":"Bagh nakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagh_nakh"},{"link_name":"Balarao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarao"},{"link_name":"Baselard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselard"},{"link_name":"Bichuwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichuwa"},{"link_name":"Bollock dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollock_dagger"},{"link_name":"Cinquedea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquedea"},{"link_name":"Dha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dha_(sword)"},{"link_name":"Dirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk"},{"link_name":"Ear dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_dagger"},{"link_name":"Emeici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeici"},{"link_name":"Facón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fac%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"French Nail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Nail"},{"link_name":"Gunong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunong"},{"link_name":"Hunting dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_dagger"},{"link_name":"Janbiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janbiya"},{"link_name":"Jile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jile"},{"link_name":"Kabutowari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabutowari"},{"link_name":"Kaiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)"},{"link_name":"Kalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalis"},{"link_name":"Katar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katar_(dagger)"},{"link_name":"Khanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanjali"},{"link_name":"Khanjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanjar"},{"link_name":"Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris"},{"link_name":"Kunai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunai"},{"link_name":"Liaoning dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture"},{"link_name":"Mark I trench knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_I_trench_knife"},{"link_name":"Parrying dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrying_dagger"},{"link_name":"Poignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poignard"},{"link_name":"Pugio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugio"},{"link_name":"Push dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_dagger"},{"link_name":"Rondel dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondel_dagger"},{"link_name":"Seme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seme_(dagger)"},{"link_name":"Shobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shobo"},{"link_name":"Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica"},{"link_name":"Stiletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiletto"},{"link_name":"Tantō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tant%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Raider stiletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Raider_stiletto"},{"link_name":"V-42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-42_stiletto"},{"link_name":"Yoroi-dōshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoroi-d%C5%8Dshi"},{"link_name":"Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Aitor Knife Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitor_Knife_Company"},{"link_name":"Al Mar Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mar_Knives"},{"link_name":"American Tomahawk Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tomahawk_Company"},{"link_name":"Aritsugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritsugu"},{"link_name":"Benchmade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmade"},{"link_name":"Böker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ker"},{"link_name":"Buck Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Knives"},{"link_name":"Camillus Cutlery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillus_Cutlery_Company"},{"link_name":"Cattaraugus Cutlery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattaraugus_Cutlery_Company"},{"link_name":"Chris Reeve Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Reeve_Knives"},{"link_name":"Chroma Cnife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_Cnife"},{"link_name":"Clauss Cutlery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clauss_Cutlery_Company"},{"link_name":"Cobray Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobray_Company"},{"link_name":"Cold Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Steel_(company)"},{"link_name":"Columbia River Knife & Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River_Knife_%26_Tool"},{"link_name":"Cuisinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinart"},{"link_name":"Cutco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutco"},{"link_name":"Dalian Hanwei Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Hanwei_Metal"},{"link_name":"Dexter-Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter-Russell"},{"link_name":"Ek Commando Knife Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Commando_Knife_Co."},{"link_name":"Emerson Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Knives"},{"link_name":"F. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Dick"},{"link_name":"Fällkniven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4llkniven"},{"link_name":"FAMAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAE"},{"link_name":"Fiskars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskars"},{"link_name":"Gerber Legendary Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_Legendary_Blades"},{"link_name":"Füritechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCritechnics"},{"link_name":"Glock Ges.m.b.H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock_Ges.m.b.H."},{"link_name":"Imperial Schrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Schrade"},{"link_name":"Ka-Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Bar"},{"link_name":"Kershaw Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kershaw_Knives"},{"link_name":"KitchenAid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KitchenAid"},{"link_name":"Korin Japanese Trading Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korin_Japanese_Trading_Company"},{"link_name":"Kyocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera"},{"link_name":"Leatherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherman"},{"link_name":"Mad Dog Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Dog_Knives"},{"link_name":"Marble Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Arms"},{"link_name":"Medford Knife and Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford_Knife_and_Tool"},{"link_name":"Microtech Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtech_Knives"},{"link_name":"Morseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morseth"},{"link_name":"Muela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muela_(knife_manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Murphy Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Knives"},{"link_name":"OLFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLFA"},{"link_name":"Ontario Knife Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Knife_Company"},{"link_name":"Opinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinel"},{"link_name":"Randall Made Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Made_Knives"},{"link_name":"Rösle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6sle"},{"link_name":"Sabatier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier"},{"link_name":"Shun Cutlery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_Cutlery"},{"link_name":"Slice, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slice,_Inc."},{"link_name":"SOG Specialty Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOG_Specialty_Knives"},{"link_name":"Spyderco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyderco"},{"link_name":"Strider Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strider_Knives"},{"link_name":"Thiers Issard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiers_Issard"},{"link_name":"TOPS Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPS_Knives"},{"link_name":"Tramontina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramontina"},{"link_name":"Victorinox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorinox"},{"link_name":"W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Case_%26_Sons_Cutlery_Co."},{"link_name":"Carl Walther GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Walther_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Wenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenger"},{"link_name":"Western Knife Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Knife_Company"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Sword"},{"link_name":"Wüsthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCsthof"},{"link_name":"Yoshida Metal Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshida_Metal_Industry"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_(cutlery)"},{"link_name":"Zero Tolerance Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Tolerance_Knives"},{"link_name":"Zwilling J. A. Henckels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwilling_J._A._Henckels"},{"link_name":"Knifemakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_making"},{"link_name":"Rex Applegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Applegate"},{"link_name":"James Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_(blacksmith)"},{"link_name":"Blackie Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackie_Collins"},{"link_name":"John Nelson Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nelson_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Ernest Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Emerson"},{"link_name":"Jerry Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Fisk"},{"link_name":"Bill Harsey Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Harsey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Phill Hartsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phill_Hartsfield"},{"link_name":"Gil Hibben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Hibben"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Lile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Lile"},{"link_name":"Bob Loveless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Loveless"},{"link_name":"William F. Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Moran_(knifemaker)"},{"link_name":"Ken Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Onion"},{"link_name":"Ralph Osterhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Osterhout"},{"link_name":"Bo Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Randall"},{"link_name":"Chris Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Reeve"},{"link_name":"A. G. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._Russell"},{"link_name":"Jody Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Samson"},{"link_name":"William Scagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Scagel"},{"link_name":"Mike Snody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Snody"},{"link_name":"Robert Terzuola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Terzuola"},{"link_name":"Michael Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Walker_(knifemaker)"},{"link_name":"Buster Warenski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Warenski"},{"link_name":"Daniel Winkler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Winkler_(knifemaker)"},{"link_name":"American Bladesmith Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bladesmith_Society"},{"link_name":"Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutlery_and_Allied_Trades_Research_Association"},{"link_name":"Knifemakers' Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knifemakers%27_Guild"},{"link_name":"Category:Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Knives"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Daggers"}],"text":"Fairbairn, W.E. (Lt. Col.), Get Tough!, 1942 ISBN 0-87364-002-0 (1999 reprint)vteKnives and daggers\nList of daggers\nList of blade materials\nKitchen and table knives\nBoning\nBoti\nBread knife\nButcher knife\nButter knife\nCaidao\nCheese knife\nChef's knife\nCleaver\nElectric knife\nFillet knife\nGrapefruit knife\nLame\nMezzaluna\nParmesan knife\nPizza cutter\nSplayd\nSteak knife\nTomato knife\nJapanese kitchen knives\nDeba bōchō\nMaguro bōchō\nNakiri bōchō\nSantoku\nSashimi bōchō\nUdon kiri\nUnagisaki hōchō\nUsuba bōchō\nYanagi ba\nOther knives\nAircrew Survival Egress Knife\nAthame\nBalisong/Butterfly\nBallistic\nBallpoint pen knife\nBayonet\nBoline\nBolo\nBoot knife\nBowie\nCane knife\nCeramic knife\nClip point\nCombat knife\nCommander\nCorvo\nCQC-6\nDeba bōchō\nDiving knife\nDrop point\nFairbairn–Sykes fighting knife\nGerber Mark II\nGinsu\nGolok\nGravity knife\nGuna\nHacking knife\nHigonokami\nHunting knife\nHusa knife\nIvan's Knife\nJacob's ladder\nKarambit\nKard\nKirpan\nKitchen knife\nKukri\nLaguiole knife\nMachete\nMandau\nMarking knife\nMisericorde\nMora knife\nMulti-tool\nNavaja\nNeck knife\nNontron knife\nOpinel knife\nPalette knife\nPantographic knife\nParang\nPenknife\nPenny knife\nPesh-kabz\nPirah\nPocketknife\nPhurba\nPutty knife\nPuukko\nRampuri\nResolza\nSabatier\nSami knife\nSARK\nScalpel\nSeax\nSgian dubh\nSharpfinger\nSheath knife\nShiv\nSliding knife\nSmatchet\nSOG Knife\nStraight razor\nStrider SMF\nSurvival knife\nSwiss Army knife\nSwitchblade\nTaping knife\nThrowing knife\nTrench knife\nTumi\nUlu\nUtility knife\nWarrior knife\nWedung\nX-Acto\nYarara Parachute Knife\nYatagan\nDaggers\nAnelace\nApplegate–Fairbairn fighting knife\nArkansas toothpick\nBC-41\nBagh nakh\nBalarao\nBaselard\nBichuwa\nBollock dagger\nCinquedea\nDha\nDirk\nEar dagger\nEmeici\nFacón\nFrench Nail\nGunong\nHunting dagger\nJanbiya\nJile\nKabutowari\nKaiken\nKalis\nKatar\nKhanjali\nKhanjar\nKris\nKunai\nLiaoning dagger\nMark I trench knife\nMicrotech Jagdkommando\nParrying dagger\nPoignard\nPugio\nPush dagger\nRondel dagger\nSeme\nShobo\nSica\nStiletto\nTantō\nU.S. Marine Raider stiletto\nV-42\nYoroi-dōshi\nManufacturers\nAitor Knife Company\nAl Mar Knives\nAmerican Tomahawk Company\nAritsugu\nBenchmade\nBöker\nBuck Knives\nCamillus Cutlery Company\nCattaraugus Cutlery Company\nChris Reeve Knives\nChroma Cnife\nClauss Cutlery Company\nCobray Company\nCold Steel\nColumbia River Knife & Tool\nCuisinart\nCutco\nDalian Hanwei Metal\nDexter-Russell\nEk Commando Knife Co.\nEKA\nEmerson Knives\nF. Dick\nFällkniven\nFAMAE\nFiskars\nGerber Legendary Blades\nFüritechnics\nGlock Ges.m.b.H.\nImperial Schrade\nIvan's\nKa-Bar\nKershaw Knives\nKitchenAid\nKorin Japanese Trading Company\nKyocera\nLeatherman\nMad Dog Knives\nMarble Arms\nMedford Knife and Tool\nMicrotech Knives\nMorseth\nMuela\nMurphy Knives\nOLFA\nOntario Knife Company\nOpinel\nRandall Made Knives\nRanz Cuchillos\nRösle\nSabatier\nShun Cutlery\nSlice, Inc.\nSOG Specialty Knives\nSpyderco\nSTI Knives\nStrider Knives\nThiers Issard\nTOPS Knives\nTramontina\nVictorinox\nW. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.\nCarl Walther GmbH\nWenger\nWestern Knife Company\nWilkinson Sword\nWüsthof\nYoshida Metal Industry\nGlobal\nZero Tolerance Knives\nZwilling J. A. Henckels\nKnifemakers\nRex Applegate\nJames Black\nBlackie Collins\nJohn Nelson Cooper\nErnest Emerson\nJerry Fisk\nBill Harsey Jr.\nPhill Hartsfield\nGil Hibben\nJimmy Lile\nBob Loveless\nWilliam F. Moran\nKen Onion\nRalph Osterhout\nBo Randall\nChris Reeve\nA. G. Russell\nJody Samson\nWilliam Scagel\nMike Snody\nRobert Terzuola\nMichael Walker\nBuster Warenski\nDaniel Winkler\nAssociations\nAmerican Bladesmith Society\nCutlery and Allied Trades Research Association\nKnifemakers' Guild\n\n Category:Knives / Daggers","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Smatchet lodged in wood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Smatchetwiki.jpg/300px-Smatchetwiki.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applegate%E2%80%93Fairbairn_fighting_knife"},{"title":"BC-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC-41"},{"title":"Eric A. Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_A._Sykes"},{"title":"Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife"},{"title":"Kukri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukri"},{"title":"Pattern 1907 bayonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_1907_bayonet"},{"title":"Barong (sword)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barong_(sword)"}]
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[{"reference":"Walker, Greg (1993). Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives. Paladin Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-87364-732-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eJsHAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-732-8","url_text":"978-0-87364-732-8"}]},{"reference":"Buerlein, Robert A (2002). Allied Military Fighting Knives: And The Men Who Made Them Famous (Second ed.). Paladin Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-58160-290-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q4wOAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Allied Military Fighting Knives: And The Men Who Made Them Famous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-290-6","url_text":"978-1-58160-290-6"}]},{"reference":"Applegate, Rex; Melson, Charles A (1998). The Close-Combat Files of Colonel Rex Applegate. Paladin Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-87364-998-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Applegate","url_text":"Applegate, Rex"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6IIAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Close-Combat Files of Colonel Rex Applegate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87364-998-8","url_text":"978-0-87364-998-8"}]},{"reference":"Fairbairn, William E. (1942). Get Tough!.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Fairbairn","url_text":"Fairbairn, William E."}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eJsHAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Battle Blades: A Professional's Guide to Combat/Fighting Knives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q4wOAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Allied Military Fighting Knives: And The Men Who Made Them Famous"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O6IIAAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Close-Combat Files of Colonel Rex Applegate"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Alamgir_(1958)
|
HMS Creole (R82)
|
["1 History in the Royal Navy","2 History in the Pakistan Navy","3 References","4 Publications"]
|
C-class destroyer
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Creole.
HMS Creole with deckhouse in place of 'B' Turret, 1947
History
United Kingdom
NameHMS Creole
BuilderWhite, Cowes
Laid down3 August 1944
Launched22 November 1945
Commissioned14 October 1946
Out of service1956
IdentificationPennant number: R82, changed to D82
FateSold to the Pakistan Navy
History
Pakistan
NamePNS Alamgir
Commissioned1958
HomeportKarachi
IdentificationPennant number:160
FateScrapped 1982
General characteristics
Class and typeC-class destroyer
Displacement1,710 tons (standard) 2,520 tons (full)
Length363 ft (111 m) o/a
Beam35.75 ft (10.90 m)
Draught
10 ft (3.0 m) light
14.5 ft (4.4 m) full
Propulsion
2 Admiralty 3-drum boilers,
Parsons geared steam turbines,
40,000 shp (30,000 kW), 2 shafts
Speed37 knots (69 km/h)
Range615 tons oil, 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km) at 32 knots (59 km/h)
Complement186
Armament
4 × QF 4.5 in (114 mm) L/45 guns Mark IV on mounts CP Mk.V
2 × Bofors 40 mm L/60 guns on twin mount "Hazemeyer" Mk.IV
4 × anti-aircraft mountings;
Bofors 40 mm, single mount Mk.III
QF 2-pdr Mk VIII, single mount Mk.XVI
Oerlikon 20 mm, single mount P Mk.III
Oerlikon 20 mm, twin mount Mk.V
1 × quadruple tubes for 21 inch (533 mm) torpedoes Mk.IX
2 × Squid ASW mortars (after 1956)
HMS Creole was a C-class destroyer of the Royal Navy built by J. Samuel White, Cowes between 1944 and 1946. She was sold to the Pakistan Navy in 1958 and renamed PNS Alamgir. She was scrapped in 1982.
History in the Royal Navy
Commissioned too late for service in the Second World War, her pennant number was soon changed to D82. Along with HMS Crispin she was the only 'Cr' group ship to see service with the Royal Navy - the rest served with another navies. Both served with the 3rd Training Squadron based in Londonderry Port. Both ships had their 'B' gun turret removed in 1948 and replaced with a deckhouse. In 1953 she took part in the Coronation Review of the Fleet to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1954 both ships were laid up in reserve.
History in the Pakistan Navy
For other ships with the same name, see PNS Alamgir.
Creole was sold to the Pakistan Navy on 29 February 1956 and renamed Alamgir. Before being transferred she was given a refit by Thornycroft at Woolston. As part of this refit the gun turret was reinstated in 'B' position. The gun at 'X' position was removed and replaced by two Squid anti-submarine mortars. She was formally handed over to the Pakistan Navy at Southampton in 1958. The refit and transfer was made under a US contract and transferred to the Pakistan Navy as part of the Military Assistance Program.
Alamgir continued to serve in the Pakistan Navy until scrapped in 1982.
References
^ Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. Ian Allan Ltd. pp. 67.
^ Souvenir Programme, Coronation Review of the Fleet, Spithead, 15 June 1953, HMSO, Gale and Polden
^ Critchley, Mike (1982). British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Books. p. 98. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2.
^ a b Blackman, Raymond V B (ed.). Jane's Fighting Ships 1963-4. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd. p. 194.
Publications
Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.
Marriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0.
vteC-class destroyersCa- class
Pellew / Cavalier
Pique / Carysfort
Ranger / Caesar
Sibyl / Cavendish
Spitfire / Cambrian
Strenuous / Carron
Swallow / Caprice
Tourmaline / Cassandra
Ch- class
Champion / Chequers
Chaplet
Charity
Cheviot
Chevron
Chieftain
Childers
Chivalrous
Co- class
Cockade
Comet
Comus
Consort
Constance
Contest
Corso / Concord
Cossack
Cr- class
Craccher / Crispin
Creole
Crescent
Cretan / Cromwell
Crown
Croziers
Crusader
Crystal
Other operators Royal Canadian Navy
Crescent
Crusader
Royal Norwegian Navy
Oslo (ex-Crown)
Bergen (ex-Cromwell)
Trondheim (ex-Croziers)
Stavanger (ex-Crystal)
Pakistan Navy
Alamgir (ex-Creole)
Jahangir (ex-Crispin)
Shah Jahan (ex-Charity)
Taimur (ex-Chivalrous)
Preceded by: Z class
Followed by: Weapon class
List of destroyers of the Royal Navy
This article about a specific destroyer of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Creole"},{"link_name":"C-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-class_destroyer_(1943)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"J. Samuel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Samuel_White"},{"link_name":"Cowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowes"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Creole.HMS Creole was a C-class destroyer of the Royal Navy built by J. Samuel White, Cowes between 1944 and 1946. She was sold to the Pakistan Navy in 1958 and renamed PNS Alamgir. She was scrapped in 1982.","title":"HMS Creole (R82)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Londonderry Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonderry_Port"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Commissioned too late for service in the Second World War, her pennant number was soon changed to D82. Along with HMS Crispin she was the only 'Cr' group ship to see service with the Royal Navy - the rest served with another navies. Both served with the 3rd Training Squadron based in Londonderry Port. Both ships had their 'B' gun turret removed in 1948 and replaced with a deckhouse.[1] In 1953 she took part in the Coronation Review of the Fleet to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[2] In 1954 both ships were laid up in reserve.","title":"History in the Royal Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PNS Alamgir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Alamgir"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thornycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Woolston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolston,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackman-4"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Military Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Program#Mutual_Assistance_Program_-_Military_Assistance_Program"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackman-4"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see PNS Alamgir.Creole was sold to the Pakistan Navy on 29 February 1956 and renamed Alamgir.[3] Before being transferred she was given a refit by Thornycroft at Woolston. As part of this refit the gun turret was reinstated in 'B' position. The gun at 'X' position was removed and replaced by two Squid anti-submarine mortars.[4] She was formally handed over to the Pakistan Navy at Southampton in 1958. The refit and transfer was made under a US contract and transferred to the Pakistan Navy as part of the Military Assistance Program.[4]Alamgir continued to serve in the Pakistan Navy until scrapped in 1982.","title":"History in the Pakistan Navy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colledge, J. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"},{"link_name":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86176-281-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/royalnavydestroy0000marr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-1817-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1817-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:C_class_destroyer_(1943)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:C_class_destroyer_(1943)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C_class_destroyer_(1943)"},{"link_name":"C-class 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J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.\nMarriott, Leo (1989). Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. Ian Allan Ltd. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Publications"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushima_Station
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Kushima Station
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["1 Lines","2 Layout","3 History","4 Passenger statistics","5 Surrounding area","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 31°27′47″N 131°13′49″E / 31.46306°N 131.23028°E / 31.46306; 131.23028Railway station in Kushima, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
Kushima Station串間駅Kushima Station in 2023General informationLocationNishikata, Kushima-shi, Miyazaki-ken 888-0001JapanCoordinates31°27′47″N 131°13′49″E / 31.46306°N 131.23028°E / 31.46306; 131.23028Operated by JR KyushuLine(s)■ Nichinan LineDistance74.4 km from Minami-MiyazakiPlatforms1 side platformTracks1 + 1 sidingConstructionStructure typeAt gradeParkingAvailable at forecourtBicycle facilitiesBike shedOther informationStatusKan'i itaku agent on siteWebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpened15 April 1935 (1935-04-15)Previous namesFukushima-nakamachi (until 1 October 1959)PassengersFY201686 daily
Services
Preceding station
JR Kyushu
Following station
Hyūga-Kitakatatowards Minami-Miyazaki
Nichinan Line
Fukushima-Imamachitowards Shibushi
LocationKushima StationLocation within Miyazaki PrefectureShow map of Miyazaki PrefectureKushima StationKushima Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Kushima Station in 2009
Kushima Station (串間駅, Kushima-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Kushima, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.
Lines
The station is served by the Nichinan Line and is located 74.4 km from the starting point of the line at Minami-Miyazaki.
Layout
The station consists of a side platform serving a single track at grade with a siding. The station premises are located to one side of a modern concrete building most of which is occupied by a produce/seafood market. Within the station area are a waiting area and a staffed ticket window. Parking and a bike shed are available at the station forecourt. The station is not staffed by JR Kyushu but some types of tickets are available from the Kushima City Tourism Association which manages the ticket window as a kan'i itaku agent.
History
Japanese Government Railways (JGR) had opened the Shibushi Line from Nishi-Miyakonojō to Sueyoshi (now closed) in 1923. By 1925, the line had been extended eastwards to the east coast of Kyushu at Shibushi. The line was then extended northwards in phases. The first major phase of expansion added 28.5 km of track and several stations, reaching Yowara, which opened as the new northern terminus on 15 April 1935. Kushima was one of the intermediate stations which opened on the same day. At the time of opening, the station was named Fukushima-nakamachi (福島仲町) but was renamed Fushima on 1 October 1959. On 8 May 1963, the track from Shibushi to Minami-Miyazaki was designated the Nichinan Line. Freight operations were discontinued in 1980 and baggae handling in 1985. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Kyushu. A new station building was completed in 2023.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 86 passengers (boarding only) per day.
Surrounding area
Kushimaeki no eki (くしま駅の駅), literally, "The station at Kushima Station", a large marketplace selling local produce and seafood. This occupies the larger part of the building which also houses the railway station premises.
Japan National Route 220
Kushima City Hall
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
^ "JR Kyushu Route Map" (PDF). JR Kyushu. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ a b "串間" . hacchi-no-he.net. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
^ a b Kawashima, Ryōzō (2013). 図説: 日本の鉄道 四国・九州ライン 全線・全駅・全配線・第7巻 宮崎・鹿児島・沖縄エリア (in Japanese). Kodansha. pp. 56, 96. ISBN 9784062951661.
^ "串間駅" . jr-mars.dyndns.org. Retrieved 12 May 2018. See images of tickets sold.
^ "串間駅" . blog.livedoor.jp. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2018. Blog entry with good photographic coverage of station facilities.
^ Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 (in Japanese). Vol. I. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. pp. 232–3. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
^ Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 776. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
^ Imao, Keisuke (2009). 日本鉄道旅行地図帳 12号 九州 沖縄―全線・全駅・全廃線 (in Japanese). Mook. pp. 21, 62–3. ISBN 9784107900302.
^ "宮崎県統計年鑑 鉄道輸送実績（１日平均）" . Miyazaki Prefectural Government website. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018. See the table for 平成28年度 .
^ "くしま駅の駅" . inseason.jp.net. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
External links
Media related to Kushima Station at Wikimedia Commons
Kushima (JR Kyushu)(in Japanese)
vteStations of the Nichinan Line
Minami-Miyazaki
Tayoshi
Minamikata
Kibana
Undōkōen
Sosanji
Kodomonokuni
Aoshima
Oryūzako
Uchiumi
Kouchiumi
Ibii
Kitagō
Uchinoda
Obi
Nichinan
Aburatsu
Ōdōtsu
Nangō
Taninokuchi
Yowara
Hyūga-Ōtsuka
Hyūga-Kitakata
Kushima
Fukushima-Imamachi
Fukushima-Takamatsu
Ōsumi-Natsui
Shibushi
This Miyazaki Prefecture railroad station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"image_text":"Kushima Station in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nichinan_Line_Kushima_Station_01.JPG/220px-Nichinan_Line_Kushima_Station_01.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of railway stations in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Japan"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"JR Kyushu Route Map\" (PDF). JR Kyushu. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/english/pdf/jrkyushu_routemap_en.pdf","url_text":"\"JR Kyushu Route Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"串間\" [Kushima]. hacchi-no-he.net. Retrieved 12 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://hacchi-no-he.net/line/nichinan/station/0230_kushima.htm","url_text":"\"串間\""}]},{"reference":"Kawashima, Ryōzō (2013). 図説: 日本の鉄道 四国・九州ライン 全線・全駅・全配線・第7巻 宮崎・鹿児島・沖縄エリア [Japan Railways Illustrated. Shikoku and Kyushu. All lines, all stations, all track layouts. Volume 7 Miyazaki Kagoshima Okinawa Area] (in Japanese). Kodansha. pp. 56, 96. ISBN 9784062951661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784062951661","url_text":"9784062951661"}]},{"reference":"\"串間駅\" [Kushima Station]. jr-mars.dyndns.org. Retrieved 12 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://jr-mars.dyndns.org/view/station/view1.php?stat_no=600536","url_text":"\"串間駅\""}]},{"reference":"\"串間駅\" [Kushima Station]. blog.livedoor.jp. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.livedoor.jp/un_journal-chapitre_deux/archives/51694360.html","url_text":"\"串間駅\""}]},{"reference":"Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. I. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. pp. 232–3. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-533-02980-9","url_text":"4-533-02980-9"}]},{"reference":"Ishino, Tetsu; et al., eds. (1998). 停車場変遷大事典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR] (in Japanese). Vol. II. Tokyo: JTB Corporation. p. 776. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-533-02980-9","url_text":"4-533-02980-9"}]},{"reference":"Imao, Keisuke (2009). 日本鉄道旅行地図帳 12号 九州 沖縄―全線・全駅・全廃線 [Japan Rail Travel Atlas No. 12 Kyushu Okinawa - all lines, all stations and disused lines] (in Japanese). Mook. pp. 21, 62–3. ISBN 9784107900302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784107900302","url_text":"9784107900302"}]},{"reference":"\"宮崎県統計年鑑 鉄道輸送実績（１日平均）\" [Miyazaki Prefecture Statistics Yearbook Railway Transportation Record (daily average)]. Miyazaki Prefectural Government website. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003236/http://stat.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/modules/stat/tkav00101.php?tk_id=2012000061&tk_no=009","url_text":"\"宮崎県統計年鑑 鉄道輸送実績（１日平均）\""},{"url":"http://stat.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/modules/stat/tkav00101.php?tk_id=2012000061&tk_no=009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"くしま駅の駅\" [Kushimaeki no eki]. inseason.jp.net. Retrieved 12 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inseason.jp.net/station/201307/","url_text":"\"くしま駅の駅\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kushima_Station¶ms=31_27_47_N_131_13_49_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation_source:kolossus-jawiki","external_links_name":"31°27′47″N 131°13′49″E / 31.46306°N 131.23028°E / 31.46306; 131.23028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kushima_Station¶ms=31_27_47_N_131_13_49_E_region:JP_type:railwaystation_source:kolossus-jawiki","external_links_name":"31°27′47″N 131°13′49″E / 31.46306°N 131.23028°E / 31.46306; 131.23028"},{"Link":"http://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/railway/station/1191551_1601.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/english/pdf/jrkyushu_routemap_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"JR Kyushu Route Map\""},{"Link":"http://hacchi-no-he.net/line/nichinan/station/0230_kushima.htm","external_links_name":"\"串間\""},{"Link":"http://jr-mars.dyndns.org/view/station/view1.php?stat_no=600536","external_links_name":"\"串間駅\""},{"Link":"http://blog.livedoor.jp/un_journal-chapitre_deux/archives/51694360.html","external_links_name":"\"串間駅\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180507003236/http://stat.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/modules/stat/tkav00101.php?tk_id=2012000061&tk_no=009","external_links_name":"\"宮崎県統計年鑑 鉄道輸送実績（１日平均）\""},{"Link":"http://stat.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/modules/stat/tkav00101.php?tk_id=2012000061&tk_no=009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.inseason.jp.net/station/201307/","external_links_name":"\"くしま駅の駅\""},{"Link":"http://www.jrkyushu.co.jp/railway/station/1191551_1601.html","external_links_name":"Kushima (JR Kyushu)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushima_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_(sidewheeler_1853)
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Portland (sidewheeler 1853)
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["1 Design, construction, and ownership","2 Operations","2.1 People's Line","2.2 Citizens' Line","3 Transfer to upper Willamette river","4 Destruction at the falls","5 Wreckage floats downstream","6 The Jamieson brothers","7 Historical memory","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Books","9.2 Journals","9.3 On line historic newspaper collections"]
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Advertisement for steamers Portland and Multnomah, of the People's line, published April 7, 1854.
History
NamePortland
RouteWillamette River
In service1853
Out of serviceMarch 17, 1857
FateWashed over Willamette Falls and wrecked.
General characteristics
Typewooden-hulled inland/coastal steamboat.
Length90 ft (27.4 m)
Installed powersteam engines
Propulsionsidewheels
Portland was a side wheel steamer built at Portland, Oregon in the summer of 1853. This vessel was chiefly remembered for its dramatic destruction in 1857 by being washed over Willamette Falls, an incident which killed its captain and a deckhand. The death of the captain, Arthur Jamieson, was one of at least four brothers, all steamboat officers, who were killed in three separate steamboating accidents occurring between 1857 and 1861 in Oregon and in British Columbia.
Design, construction, and ownership
Portland was a small sidewheeler, 90 ft (27.4 m) long, launched at Portland on July 2, 1853. Built by Alexander S. Murray and Jack Torrance, Portland was designed to run between Oregon City and Portland. The vessel was owned by Murray, Torrence, and Capt. Archibald Jamieson.
Operations
People's Line
For a brief period starting in 1853 Portland, under captain A.S. Murray, and Multnomah, under Capt George W. Hoyt, were combined as the People's Line. This was the first merger of steamboat interests on the river. As of November 12, 1853 Portland would leave Oregon City daily at 9:00 a.m. for Portland, and leave Portland at 2:00 p.m. on the return trip to Oregon City. Multnomah left Portland at 9:00 a.m. for Oregon City, and departed Oregon City in the afternoon, at 3:00 p.m. to return to Portland.
As of April 21, 1855, under Capt. A.S. Murray, Portland was running on a daily route between Oregon City and Portland, departing Oregon City at 8:00 a.m., and leaving Portland at 2:00 p.m.
Advertisement for steamers of the Citizen's Line, Portland and Enterprise, published March 1, 1856.
Citizens' Line
As of February 16, 1856, Portland, still under Capt. Murray, had joined with the Enterprise, under Captain Archibald Jamieson, to run under the name of the Citizens' Line. Portland ran every day except Sundays for Oregon City, leaving Portland from the Hoyt wharf boat at 10:00 a.m. Above Willamette Falls, the Enterprise made semi-weekly trips to Corvallis, departing from Canemah on Mondays at 6:00 am., and Thursdays at 2:00 p.m. This association continued at least through March 8, 1856.
Transfer to upper Willamette river
In October 1856, Portland was taken from the lower Willamette river around Willamette Falls, to run on the upper river to serve in the trade between Canameh and Dayton, on the Yamhill river Portland was able to reach Dayton most of the year, except when there was extreme low water on the Yamhill river bar, where the Yamhill flowed into the Willamette.
Destruction at the falls
I stood on the rocks below the falls and saw the ill-fated Portland plunge over to her doom. It was a fearful sight.Jacob Kamm, speaking in 1900.
At about 5:00 p.m. on St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1857, the steamer Portland was carried over Willamette Falls and destroyed.
With Capt. Arthur Jamieson in command, and one of his brothers as the engineer, Portland had come down river and landed the passengers at Canemah. The steamer had been coming down from the Yamhill River.
Some trouble had been encountered with the rudder about twenty miles upstream, and the boat's engineer had gone ashore at Canemah to get some iron hardware for the rudder. Pending more thorough repair, the rudder had been lashed with ropes for temporary use.
While engineer Jamieson was ashore, Captain Jamieson, a fireman known as Dutch Pete (or Peter Anderson), and a deckhand, Alexander Bell, took the boat to the west side of the river to land some freight at the Linn City Mills. Dutch Pete was acting as engineer.
When this was complete, the boat started back across the river under very low steam, and was caught in the current, and carried over the falls. The rudder reportedly became uncontrollable. The boat went broadside onto the breakwater, but then spun round and headed stern first over the falls, with the engine working the whole time.
Steamboat captain George A. Pease had been on shore, and realized the danger Portland was in. Pease threw out lines, and called to the men on the steamer to jump in, grab one of the lines, and save themselves.
Dutch Pete the fireman either leapt or was thrown off the boat, and managed to reach a rock. He was able to get to a floating log, where he was caught one of the lines thrown out by rescuers. Captain Jamieson and deckhand Bell stayed on board longer, trying to save the vessel.
Just before it went over the brink, Captain Jamieson jumped off the boat into the water. It was only waist deep, but the current was strong enough to carry him over the falls. Deckhand Bell was reported to have jumped overboard at about the same time. He was likewise swept over the falls. The bodies of the two men were later found in the swirling waters below the falls.
The steamer went over stern first and broke into two pieces. The steam whistle went off just as the boat broke in two. The steamer crashed into the bottom of the falls a total wreck, pieces of which floated down the river.
Wreckage floats downstream
The upper works floated downriver in pieces. The steamer Jennie Clark, coming up river bound for Oregon City, found pieces of the wreck floating near the city. The crew of the Jennie, as that steamer was known, lashed on some of the wreckage, recovering some mattresses, blankets, a trunk, a carpet bag, and the steam whistle and compass of the Portland.
One section came by the city of Portland, and a few miles downstream, a man searched it and found $75 in a room from the upper deck. The mattresses in the cabin were still dry. If Jamieson and Bell had stayed on board, they might have survived.
At the time of its destruction, Portland was valued at about $8,000. It was uncertain whether the machinery would be raised.
The Jamieson brothers
Arthur Jamieson, last captain of Portland, was one of several sons of a family from the Isle of Arran, on the Firth of Clyde Scotland, who had emigrated to North American and became involved in the steamboat business. Four of these brothers were to die in steamboat accidents.
As related, Arthur Jamieson died in the wreck of the Portland on March 17, 1851. Smith Baird Jamieson, captain of the Fraser river steamer Fort Yale, was killed on April 14, 1861, when his steamboat's boiler exploded near Hope, British Columbia. In August 1861, Capt. Archibald Jamieson, former master of the Willamette steamer Enterprise, and brother James Baird Jamieson, second engineer, were killed when their new steamer, Cariboo and Fly, then known simply as Cariboo, exploded near Victoria, British Columbia.
A fifth, unnamed, brother is often reported to have perished in the explosion of the Gazelle on April 8, 1854, at Canemah, Oregon However, a contemporaneous report from the Oregon Spectator about the explosion of the Gazelle, contained a list of the persons killed and injured and made no mention of anyone on board named Jamieson. A fifth, unnamed, Jamieson brother was reported to have died in Oregon City sometime in the 1850s, with no mention of the cause of death. The deceased brothers were reported to have been survived by their mother, then still a resident on the Isle of Arran.
Historical memory
The deaths of the Jamieson brothers, including the wreck of the Portland, were the subject of a 1999 song, The Steamboatin' Jamiesons, performed by the Canadian musical group Tiller's Folly.
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost". Sacramento Daily Union (reprinting story from the Oregon Weekly Times). Vol. XIII, no. 1, 877. James Anthony & Co. April 2, 1857.
^ a b c d e f g Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 34 n.2, 44, 67–68. LCCN 28001147.
^ a b c Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 53, 130, 199. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.
^ a b Schnebly, D.J., ed. (August 19, 1853). "The "Portland" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …". Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 3.
^ a b c Corning, Howard McKinley (1973). Willamette Landings -- Ghost Towns of the River (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society. pp. 118, 182. ISBN 0875950426.
^ Goodrich, C.L., ed. (April 7, 1854). "Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland". Oregon Spectator (advertisement). Vol. 7. Oregon City, O.T.: 8. p. 4 col. 2.
^ "Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 5. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. May 19, 1855. p. 3 col. 6.
^ a b c "Citizens' Line of Steamers". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 44. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. February 16, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.
^ "Citizens' Line of Steamers". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 47. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 8, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.
^ Miller, Lischen M. (November 18, 1900). "Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2". The Sunday Oregonian (biographical sketches of Willamette river steamboat captains). Vol. XL, no. 47. Portland, OR. Sec. 3 p. 1 col. 2.
^ a b c d e f g "Over the Falls". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 21, 1857. p. 2 col. 2.
^ a b c d "Disasters of Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Oddities. Portland, OR: Works Progress Administration of Oregon. March 15, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ a b Harry, De Witt; Morton, Emma Hyatt (January 4, 1920). "Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance". The Sunday Oregonian. Vol. XXXIX, no. 1. Portland, OR. Magazine section p. 2 col. 4.
^ a b c d e Adams, William L., ed. (August 17, 1861). "Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!". The Oregon Argus. Vol. VII, no. 19. Oregon City, OR: Craig, D.W. p. 2 col. 2.
^ a b c d e Hacking, Norman R. (January 1946). Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.). "Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties" (PDF). British Columbia Historical Quarterly. X (1). Victoria, BC: British Columbia Historical Association: 16.
^ a b Adams, William L., ed. (March 21, 1857). "Capt. Arthur Jamieson". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 5.
^ a b Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 99, 104. LCCN 28001147.
^ "Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!". Oregon Spectator. Vol. 7, no. 9. Oregon City, O.T.: Goodrich, C.L. April 14, 1854. p. 1 col. 1.
^ Marshall, Don (1984). "Appendix C: Passengers and crew of the Gazelle". Oregon Shipwrecks (printing list of dead and injured from explosion). Portland, OR: Binford and Mort Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 0-8323-0430-1. LCCN 84071477.
^
"Steamboatin' Jamiesons". Tiller's Folly. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
References
Books
Corning, Howard McKinley (1973). Willamette Landings -- Ghost Towns of the River (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0875950426.
Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.
Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. LCCN 28001147.
Journals
Oregon Writers' Project (March 15, 1941). "Disasters of Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Oddities. Portland, OR: Works Progress Administration of Oregon: 4. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
On line historic newspaper collections
"Historic Oregon Newspapers". University of Oregon.
vteSteamboats of the Willamette RiverParticular vessels
Columbia (1850)
Lot Whitcomb (1850)
Black Hawk (1851)
Canemah (1851)
Multnomah (1851)
Washington (1851)
Oregon (1852)
Shoalwater (1852)
Belle (1853)
Fenix (1853)
Portland (1853)
Wallamet (1853)
Gazelle (1854)
Enterprise (1855)
Jennie Clark (1855)
Franklin (1855)
Señorita (1855)
James Clinton (1856)
Elk (1857)
Minnie Holmes (1857)
Swan (1857)
Surprise (1857)
Cowlitz (1858)
Onward (1858)
Carrie Ladd (1858)
Relief (1858)
Moose (1859)
Rival (1860)
Unio /Union (1861)
Enterprise (1863)
Senator (1864)
Alert (1865)
Active (1865)
Echo (1865)
Fannie Patton (1865)
Shoshone (1866)
Minnehaha (186)
Onward (1867)
Albany (1868)
Dayton (1868)
Wenat (1868)
Shoo Fly (1870)
Alice (1871)
Beaver (1873)
Gov. Grover (1873)
Willamette Chief (1874)
Occident (1875)
Orient (1875)
O&CRR Ferry No. 2 (1879)
Manzanillo (1881)
Three Sisters (1886)
N.S. Bentley (1886)
Altona (1890)
Elwood (1891)
Northwest (1891)
Ramona (1892)
Grey Eagle ((1894)
Ruth (1895)
Pomona (1898)
America (1899)
Leona (1899)
Bonita (1900)
Oregona (1904)
Gazelle (1905)
Grahamona (1912)
Nespelem (1918)
Robert Young (1920)
Portland (1947)
Portages, locks, and canals
Willamette Falls Locks
Yamhill River lock and dam
Steamboat lines
Upper Willamette Transportation Line (1859)
Oregon Steam Navigation Company (1860)
People's Transportation Company (1861)
Willamette Steam Navigation Company (1865)
Oregon Pacific Railroad (1880)
Geographic features
Willamette River
Willamette Falls
Yamhill River
Oswego Lake
Tualatin River
Owners and personnel
George Abernethy
John T. Apperson
Charles H. Bennett
John H. Couch
John Gates
Bernard Goldsmith
Joseph Kellogg
James D. Miller
George A. Pease
Riley E. Stratton
Builders and shipyards
Canemah
Willamette Iron Works
Shipwrecks
Elk
Gazelle
Portland
Senator
Other areas
Columbia River
Oregon Coast
Yaquina Bay and river
Coquille River
Cowlitz River
Puget Sound
Lake Washington
Grays Harbor
Chehalis River
Hoquiam River
Willapa Bay
Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach)
Lake Crescent
Arrow Lakes
Upper Fraser River
Skeena River
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The death of the captain, Arthur Jamieson, was one of at least four brothers, all steamboat officers, who were killed in three separate steamboating accidents occurring between 1857 and 1861 in Oregon and in British Columbia.","title":"Portland (sidewheeler 1853)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills53-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Title-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Title-4"}],"text":"Portland was a small sidewheeler, 90 ft (27.4 m) long, launched at Portland on July 2, 1853.[2][3] Built by Alexander S. Murray and Jack Torrance, Portland was designed to run between Oregon City and Portland.[4] The vessel was owned by Murray, Torrence, and Capt. Archibald Jamieson.[1][2][4]","title":"Design, construction, and ownership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multnomah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_(sidewheeler_1851)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills53-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corning118-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corning118-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZ-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizens_line_ad_1856.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(1855)"}],"sub_title":"People's Line","text":"For a brief period starting in 1853 Portland, under captain A.S. Murray, and Multnomah, under Capt George W. Hoyt, were combined as the People's Line.[2][3][5] This was the first merger of steamboat interests on the river.[5] As of November 12, 1853 Portland would leave Oregon City daily at 9:00 a.m. for Portland, and leave Portland at 2:00 p.m. on the return trip to Oregon City.[6] Multnomah left Portland at 9:00 a.m. for Oregon City, and departed Oregon City in the afternoon, at 3:00 p.m. to return to Portland.\nAs of April 21, 1855, under Capt. A.S. Murray, Portland was running on a daily route between Oregon City and Portland, departing Oregon City at 8:00 a.m., and leaving Portland at 2:00 p.m.[7]Advertisement for steamers of the Citizen's Line, Portland and Enterprise, published March 1, 1856.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(1855)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citizen-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citizen-8"},{"link_name":"Willamette Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Falls"},{"link_name":"Corvallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Canemah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canemah,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Citizen-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Citizens' Line","text":"As of February 16, 1856, Portland, still under Capt. Murray, had joined with the Enterprise, under Captain Archibald Jamieson, to run under the name of the Citizens' Line.[8] Portland ran every day except Sundays for Oregon City, leaving Portland from the Hoyt wharf boat at 10:00 a.m.[8] Above Willamette Falls, the Enterprise made semi-weekly trips to Corvallis, departing from Canemah on Mondays at 6:00 am., and Thursdays at 2:00 p.m.[8] This association continued at least through March 8, 1856.[9]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willamette Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Falls"},{"link_name":"Dayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Yamhill river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhill_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corning118-5"}],"text":"In October 1856, Portland was taken from the lower Willamette river around Willamette Falls, to run on the upper river to serve in the trade between Canameh and Dayton, on the Yamhill river[1][2] Portland was able to reach Dayton most of the year, except when there was extreme low water on the Yamhill river bar, where the Yamhill flowed into the Willamette.[5]","title":"Transfer to upper Willamette river"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacob Kamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Kamm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Willamette Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Falls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"Yamhill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhill_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWP-12"},{"link_name":"Linn City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWP-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"George A. Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anson_Pease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills53-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeWitt-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWP-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeWitt-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argus1-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"}],"text":"I stood on the rocks below the falls and saw the ill-fated Portland plunge over to her doom. It was a fearful sight.Jacob Kamm, speaking in 1900.[10]At about 5:00 p.m. on St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1857, the steamer Portland was carried over Willamette Falls and destroyed.[1]With Capt. Arthur Jamieson in command, and one of his brothers as the engineer, Portland had come down river and landed the passengers at Canemah.[1] The steamer had been coming down from the Yamhill River.[11]Some trouble had been encountered with the rudder about twenty miles upstream, and the boat's engineer had gone ashore at Canemah to get some iron hardware for the rudder.[1] Pending more thorough repair, the rudder had been lashed with ropes for temporary use.[11]While engineer Jamieson was ashore, Captain Jamieson, a fireman known as Dutch Pete (or Peter Anderson),[12] and a deckhand, Alexander Bell, took the boat to the west side of the river to land some freight at the Linn City Mills.[1][11] Dutch Pete was acting as engineer.[11]When this was complete, the boat started back across the river under very low steam, and was caught in the current, and carried over the falls.[1][12] The rudder reportedly became uncontrollable.[11] The boat went broadside onto the breakwater, but then spun round and headed stern first over the falls, with the engine working the whole time.[11]Steamboat captain George A. Pease had been on shore, and realized the danger Portland was in.[2] Pease threw out lines, and called to the men on the steamer to jump in, grab one of the lines, and save themselves.[2][3][13]Dutch Pete the fireman either leapt or was thrown off the boat, and managed to reach a rock.[1] He was able to get to a floating log, where he was caught one of the lines thrown out by rescuers.[1] Captain Jamieson and deckhand Bell stayed on board longer, trying to save the vessel.[12]Just before it went over the brink, Captain Jamieson jumped off the boat into the water.[1] It was only waist deep, but the current was strong enough to carry him over the falls.[1] Deckhand Bell was reported to have jumped overboard at about the same time.[1] He was likewise swept over the falls.[1] The bodies of the two men were later found in the swirling waters below the falls.[13]The steamer went over stern first and broke into two pieces.[1] The steam whistle went off just as the boat broke in two.[11] The steamer crashed into the bottom of the falls a total wreck, pieces of which floated down the river.[1]","title":"Destruction at the falls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"Jennie Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Clark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"carpet bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet_bag"},{"link_name":"steam whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_whistle"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWP-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destruction-1"}],"text":"The upper works floated downriver in pieces.[1] The steamer Jennie Clark, coming up river bound for Oregon City, found pieces of the wreck floating near the city.[1] The crew of the Jennie, as that steamer was known, lashed on some of the wreckage, recovering some mattresses, blankets, a trunk, a carpet bag, and the steam whistle and compass of the Portland.[1]One section came by the city of Portland, and a few miles downstream, a man searched it and found $75 in a room from the upper deck.[1] The mattresses in the cabin were still dry.[1] If Jamieson and Bell had stayed on board, they might have survived.[2][12]At the time of its destruction, Portland was valued at about $8,000.[1] It was uncertain whether the machinery would be raised.[1]","title":"Wreckage floats downstream"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isle of Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Arran"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibald-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacking-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacking-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-16"},{"link_name":"Fraser river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"Fort Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Yale_(sternwheeler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hope, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibald-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacking-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden2-17"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_(1855)"},{"link_name":"Cariboo and Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribou_and_Fly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victoria, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibald-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacking-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LewisDryden2-17"},{"link_name":"Gazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle_(sidewheeler_1854)"},{"link_name":"Canemah, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canemah,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hacking-15"},{"link_name":"Oregon Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awful-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibald-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arthur-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archibald-14"}],"text":"Arthur Jamieson, last captain of Portland, was one of several sons of a family from the Isle of Arran, on the Firth of Clyde Scotland,[14] who had emigrated to North American and became involved in the steamboat business.[15] Four of these brothers were to die in steamboat accidents.[15]As related, Arthur Jamieson died in the wreck of the Portland on March 17, 1851.[16] Smith Baird Jamieson, captain of the Fraser river steamer Fort Yale, was killed on April 14, 1861, when his steamboat's boiler exploded near Hope, British Columbia.[14][15][17] In August 1861, Capt. Archibald Jamieson, former master of the Willamette steamer Enterprise, and brother James Baird Jamieson, second engineer, were killed when their new steamer, Cariboo and Fly, then known simply as Cariboo, exploded near Victoria, British Columbia.[14][15][17]A fifth, unnamed, brother is often reported to have perished in the explosion of the Gazelle on April 8, 1854, at Canemah, Oregon[15] However, a contemporaneous report from the Oregon Spectator about the explosion of the Gazelle, contained a list of the persons killed and injured and made no mention of anyone on board named Jamieson.[18][19] A fifth, unnamed, Jamieson brother was reported to have died in Oregon City sometime in the 1850s, with no mention of the cause of death.[14][16] The deceased brothers were reported to have been survived by their mother, then still a resident on the Isle of Arran.[14]","title":"The Jamieson brothers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The deaths of the Jamieson brothers, including the wreck of the Portland, were the subject of a 1999 song, The Steamboatin' Jamiesons, performed by the Canadian musical group Tiller's Folly.[20]","title":"Historical memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Destruction_1-22"},{"link_name":"\"Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18570402.2.13#"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Daily Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden_2-6"},{"link_name":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific 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V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_V._Mills"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-5874-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5874-7"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"77007161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/77007161"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Title_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Title_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"The \"Portland\" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1853-08-19/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"Oregon Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Corning118_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Corning118_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Corning118_5-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0875950426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875950426"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AZ_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-07/ed-1/seq-4/"},{"link_name":"Oregon Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1855-05-19/ed-1/seq-3/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Citizen_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Citizen_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Citizen_8-2"},{"link_name":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-02-16/ed-1/seq-3/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-03-08/ed-1/seq-3/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1900-11-18/ed-1/seq-25/"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Oregonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian"},{"link_name":"Willamette river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River"},{"link_name":"Portland, OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Argus1_11-6"},{"link_name":"\"Over the Falls\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OWP_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OWP_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OWP_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OWP_12-3"},{"link_name":"\"Disasters of Oregon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201311180819581/odd4.14.pdf"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeWitt_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeWitt_13-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1920-01-04/ed-1/seq-81/"},{"link_name":"Portland, OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archibald_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archibald_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archibald_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archibald_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archibald_14-4"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"\"Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1861-08-17/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hacking_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hacking_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hacking_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hacking_15-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hacking_15-4"},{"link_name":"\"Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchq_1946_1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Victoria, BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Historical_Federation"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arthur_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arthur_16-1"},{"link_name":"Adams, William L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"\"Capt. Arthur Jamieson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden2_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LewisDryden2_17-1"},{"link_name":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28001147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/28001147"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Awful_18-0"},{"link_name":"\"Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-14/ed-1/seq-1/"},{"link_name":"Oregon Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator"},{"link_name":"Oregon City, O.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Binford and Mort Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binford_%26_Mort"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8323-0430-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8323-0430-1"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84071477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/84071477"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Steamboatin' Jamiesons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tillersfolly.com/7_steamboatin_jamiesons1/"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w \"Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost\". Sacramento Daily Union (reprinting story from the Oregon Weekly Times). Vol. XIII, no. 1, 877. James Anthony & Co. April 2, 1857.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 34 n.2, 44, 67–68. LCCN 28001147.\n\n^ a b c Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 53, 130, 199. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.\n\n^ a b Schnebly, D.J., ed. (August 19, 1853). \"The \"Portland\" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …\". Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 3.\n\n^ a b c Corning, Howard McKinley (1973). Willamette Landings -- Ghost Towns of the River (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society. pp. 118, 182. ISBN 0875950426.\n\n^ Goodrich, C.L., ed. (April 7, 1854). \"Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland\". Oregon Spectator (advertisement). Vol. 7. Oregon City, O.T.: 8. p. 4 col. 2.\n\n^ \"Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 5. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. May 19, 1855. p. 3 col. 6.\n\n^ a b c \"Citizens' Line of Steamers\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 44. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. February 16, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.\n\n^ \"Citizens' Line of Steamers\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 47. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 8, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.\n\n^ Miller, Lischen M. (November 18, 1900). \"Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2\". The Sunday Oregonian (biographical sketches of Willamette river steamboat captains). Vol. XL, no. 47. Portland, OR. Sec. 3 p. 1 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g \"Over the Falls\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 21, 1857. p. 2 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c d \"Disasters of Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Oddities. Portland, OR: Works Progress Administration of Oregon. March 15, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved May 31, 2015.\n\n^ a b Harry, De Witt; Morton, Emma Hyatt (January 4, 1920). \"Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance\". The Sunday Oregonian. Vol. XXXIX, no. 1. Portland, OR. Magazine section p. 2 col. 4.\n\n^ a b c d e Adams, William L., ed. (August 17, 1861). \"Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. VII, no. 19. Oregon City, OR: Craig, D.W. p. 2 col. 2.\n\n^ a b c d e Hacking, Norman R. (January 1946). Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.). \"Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties\" (PDF). British Columbia Historical Quarterly. X (1). Victoria, BC: British Columbia Historical Association: 16.\n\n^ a b Adams, William L., ed. (March 21, 1857). \"Capt. Arthur Jamieson\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 5.\n\n^ a b Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 99, 104. LCCN 28001147.\n\n^ \"Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!\". Oregon Spectator. Vol. 7, no. 9. Oregon City, O.T.: Goodrich, C.L. April 14, 1854. p. 1 col. 1.\n\n^ Marshall, Don (1984). \"Appendix C: Passengers and crew of the Gazelle\". Oregon Shipwrecks (printing list of dead and injured from explosion). Portland, OR: Binford and Mort Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 0-8323-0430-1. LCCN 84071477.\n\n^ \n\"Steamboatin' Jamiesons\". Tiller's Folly. Retrieved June 5, 2015.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Advertisement for steamers of the Citizen's Line, Portland and Enterprise, published March 1, 1856.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Citizens_line_ad_1856.jpg/220px-Citizens_line_ad_1856.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost\". Sacramento Daily Union (reprinting story from the Oregon Weekly Times). Vol. XIII, no. 1, 877. James Anthony & Co. April 2, 1857.","urls":[{"url":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18570402.2.13#","url_text":"\"Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union","url_text":"Sacramento Daily Union"}]},{"reference":"Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 34 n.2, 44, 67–68. LCCN 28001147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","url_text":"28001147"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. pp. 53, 130, 199. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_V._Mills","url_text":"Mills, Randall V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5874-7","url_text":"0-8032-5874-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","url_text":"77007161"}]},{"reference":"Schnebly, D.J., ed. (August 19, 1853). \"The \"Portland\" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …\". Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1853-08-19/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"The \"Portland\" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator","url_text":"Oregon Spectator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."}]},{"reference":"Corning, Howard McKinley (1973). Willamette Landings -- Ghost Towns of the River (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society. pp. 118, 182. ISBN 0875950426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875950426","url_text":"0875950426"}]},{"reference":"Goodrich, C.L., ed. (April 7, 1854). \"Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland\". Oregon Spectator (advertisement). Vol. 7. Oregon City, O.T.: 8. p. 4 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-07/ed-1/seq-4/","url_text":"\"Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator","url_text":"Oregon Spectator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."}]},{"reference":"\"Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 5. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. May 19, 1855. p. 3 col. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1855-05-19/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."}]},{"reference":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 44. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. February 16, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-02-16/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."}]},{"reference":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\". The Oregon Argus (advertisement). Vol. 1, no. 47. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 8, 1856. p. 3 col. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-03-08/ed-1/seq-3/","url_text":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."}]},{"reference":"Miller, Lischen M. (November 18, 1900). \"Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2\". The Sunday Oregonian (biographical sketches of Willamette river steamboat captains). Vol. XL, no. 47. Portland, OR. Sec. 3 p. 1 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1900-11-18/ed-1/seq-25/","url_text":"\"Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Sunday Oregonian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River","url_text":"Willamette river"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"Portland, OR"}]},{"reference":"\"Over the Falls\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T.: Adams, William L. March 21, 1857. p. 2 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Over the Falls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."}]},{"reference":"\"Disasters of Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Oddities. Portland, OR: Works Progress Administration of Oregon. March 15, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved May 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201311180819581/odd4.14.pdf","url_text":"\"Disasters of Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration","url_text":"Works Progress Administration"}]},{"reference":"Harry, De Witt; Morton, Emma Hyatt (January 4, 1920). \"Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance\". The Sunday Oregonian. Vol. XXXIX, no. 1. Portland, OR. Magazine section p. 2 col. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1920-01-04/ed-1/seq-81/","url_text":"\"Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"Portland, OR"}]},{"reference":"Adams, William L., ed. (August 17, 1861). \"Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. VII, no. 19. Oregon City, OR: Craig, D.W. p. 2 col. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."},{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1861-08-17/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, OR"}]},{"reference":"Hacking, Norman R. (January 1946). Lamb, W. Kaye (ed.). \"Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties\" (PDF). British Columbia Historical Quarterly. X (1). Victoria, BC: British Columbia Historical Association: 16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchq_1946_1.pdf","url_text":"\"Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia","url_text":"Victoria, BC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Historical_Federation","url_text":"British Columbia Historical Association"}]},{"reference":"Adams, William L., ed. (March 21, 1857). \"Capt. Arthur Jamieson\". The Oregon Argus. Vol. II, no. 49. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2 col. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Adams_(pioneer)","url_text":"Adams, William L."},{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/","url_text":"\"Capt. Arthur Jamieson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."}]},{"reference":"Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. pp. 99, 104. LCCN 28001147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","url_text":"28001147"}]},{"reference":"\"Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!\". Oregon Spectator. Vol. 7, no. 9. Oregon City, O.T.: Goodrich, C.L. April 14, 1854. p. 1 col. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-14/ed-1/seq-1/","url_text":"\"Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Spectator","url_text":"Oregon Spectator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon","url_text":"Oregon City, O.T."}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Don (1984). \"Appendix C: Passengers and crew of the Gazelle\". Oregon Shipwrecks (printing list of dead and injured from explosion). Portland, OR: Binford and Mort Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 0-8323-0430-1. LCCN 84071477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binford_%26_Mort","url_text":"Binford and Mort Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8323-0430-1","url_text":"0-8323-0430-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/84071477","url_text":"84071477"}]},{"reference":"\"Steamboatin' Jamiesons\". Tiller's Folly. Retrieved June 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tillersfolly.com/7_steamboatin_jamiesons1/","url_text":"\"Steamboatin' Jamiesons\""}]},{"reference":"Corning, Howard McKinley (1973). Willamette Landings -- Ghost Towns of the River (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0875950426.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oregon Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875950426","url_text":"0875950426"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Randall V. (1947). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_V._Mills","url_text":"Mills, Randall V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5874-7","url_text":"0-8032-5874-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","url_text":"77007161"}]},{"reference":"Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. LCCN 28001147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","url_text":"28001147"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Writers' Project (March 15, 1941). \"Disasters of Oregon\" (PDF). Oregon Oddities. Portland, OR: Works Progress Administration of Oregon: 4. Retrieved May 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Oregon Writers' Project"},{"url":"http://library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201311180819581/odd4.14.pdf","url_text":"\"Disasters of Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration","url_text":"Works Progress Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Oregon Newspapers\". University of Oregon.","urls":[{"url":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/","url_text":"\"Historic Oregon Newspapers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oregon","url_text":"University of Oregon"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18570402.2.13#","external_links_name":"\"Additional from Oregon and Washington: Destruction of a Steamer by Going Over the Willamette Falls — Two Lives Lost\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","external_links_name":"28001147"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","external_links_name":"77007161"},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1853-08-19/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"\"The \"Portland\" is the title of a new steam boat built by Messrs Murray and Torrence …\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-07/ed-1/seq-4/","external_links_name":"\"Peoples Line!! Steamers Multnomah & Portland\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1855-05-19/ed-1/seq-3/","external_links_name":"\"Steamer Portland, Capt. A.S. Murray\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-02-16/ed-1/seq-3/","external_links_name":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1856-03-08/ed-1/seq-3/","external_links_name":"\"Citizens' Line of Steamers\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1900-11-18/ed-1/seq-25/","external_links_name":"\"Early Navigation on Willamette, Part 2\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"\"Over the Falls\""},{"Link":"http://library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201311180819581/odd4.14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Disasters of Oregon\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1920-01-04/ed-1/seq-81/","external_links_name":"\"Fresh Water Salts Investigate Rivers of Romance\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1861-08-17/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"\"Terrible Explosion! — Death of Capt. Jamieson!\""},{"Link":"http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/bchf/bchq_1946_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Steamboating on the Fraser in the 'Sixties\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025129/1857-03-21/ed-1/seq-2/","external_links_name":"\"Capt. Arthur Jamieson\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","external_links_name":"28001147"},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn84022662/1854-04-14/ed-1/seq-1/","external_links_name":"\"Awful Explosion of Steamer Gazelle: Twenty-Eight Lives Lost !!!: Thirty Others Wounded !!\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/84071477","external_links_name":"84071477"},{"Link":"http://www.tillersfolly.com/7_steamboatin_jamiesons1/","external_links_name":"\"Steamboatin' Jamiesons\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77007161","external_links_name":"77007161"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=seRDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/28001147","external_links_name":"28001147"},{"Link":"http://library.state.or.us/repository/2013/201311180819581/odd4.14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Disasters of Oregon\""},{"Link":"http://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Historic Oregon Newspapers\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Midland
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Colorado Midland Railway
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["1 History","2 Topography and operations","3 Equipment","4 References","5 External links"]
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Railway
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Colorado Midland Railwayca. 1900 map of the Colorado Midland RailwayOverviewReporting markCMLocaleColoradoDates of operation1883–1918TechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
The Colorado Midland Railway (reporting mark CM), incorporated in 1883, was the first standard gauge railroad built over the Continental Divide in Colorado. It ran from Colorado Springs to Leadville and through the divide at Hagerman Pass to Glenwood Springs and Grand Junction.
History
Circa early 1900s postcard ad for the line.
John J. Hagerman gained control of the Colorado Midland Railway Company in June 1885. In September 1890, Hagerman sold the railroad to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, which operated the railroad as a subsidiary and changed the name to the Colorado Midland Railroad.
For a short time the railroad was consolidated with the Aspen Short Line (1893-1897). Following the Panic of 1893, the Santa Fe railroad failed and both it and the Colorado Midland went into receivership. During this time, a crash in the price of silver also led to economic decline in the mining towns served by the railway.
After the company was sold through the bankruptcy court on May 4, 1897, a new company known as the Colorado Midland Railway took over operation of the railroad. It then came under the joint control of
the Colorado and Southern Railway and the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1900. It again declared bankruptcy April 21, 1917, and was sold at auction to Albert E. Carlton of Colorado Springs. Carlton attempted to revive the railroad's fortunes, but his stewardship of the road coincided with the entry of the United States into the First World War. After the inauguration of the United States Railroad Administration in late 1917, the government managers redirected much of the trans-Colorado traffic that was previously carried by other railroads onto the Midland, which was ill-equipped to deal with the sudden upturn in business. The traffic overwhelmed the railroad, and when it became apparent that the Midland was incapable of dealing with the volume of business, the government redirected all of it elsewhere. Business dropped off precipitately, and Carleton was forced to apply for permission to abandon operations. He received it, and the Colorado Midland Railway ceased operations in 1918. Segments of the railroad were then sold to the Midland Terminal Railway; the rest of the line, mostly west of the Midland Terminal connection at Divide, was abandoned. The line was scrapped in the early 1920s.
Much of the line’s grade was incorporated into the modern day U.S. Route 24 in Colorado, in particular the section from Colorado Springs to Buena Vista.
Topography and operations
Midland Terminal Railroad Depot, Victor, Colorado
The Midland (as it was colloquially known) was an extraordinarily difficult railroad to operate, in large part because it had very little level track. In crossing Colorado, the line made three summits – at Hayden Divide, west of Colorado Springs, at Trout Creek Pass, and at Hagerman Pass on the Continental Divide. The Hagerman Tunnel was completed in 1887. In 1891, it was replaced by the Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel which was at a lower altitude. This shortened the line and made the grade easier, but the approaches to these summits were severe: eastbound trains faced an ascent of about twenty miles of three percent grades in the climb from Basalt to the western portal of the tunnel at Ivanhoe; westbound trains climbing out of the Arkansas River Valley faced a shorter but still difficult climb of 3.24%. The ascent from Colorado Springs to Divide was also severe, with several stretches of 4% grade and significant curvature.
The portion of the line from Leadville to Hagerman Pass provided the setting for some of the finest railroad imagery ever taken. Especially noteworthy was the work of W. H. Jackson, particularly the photos circa 1890 showing the rise over five levels and the massive wood trestle leading to the final tier.
Even after the boring of the Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel, much of this trackage was above nine thousand feet, in a district of Colorado where the snow often does not melt entirely until June. The railroad was difficult to operate at the best of times, and in winter it was often nearly impossible: the 1899 blizzard closed the line over Hagerman Pass for 77 days and cost the company more than $73,000 (approx $2 million in 2013).
Wild flower excursion from Colorado Springs, 1917.
As great a problem as topography was, the route and terminals posed a still greater one. The line was originally projected to connect Colorado Springs, Leadville, and Salt Lake City, Utah, but it eventually stopped at Grand Junction, Colorado. If the line had been extended to Salt Lake City it would have had access to connections with the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific at Ogden, but at Grand Junction, it connected only with the Denver & Rio Grande, its principal competitor for traffic at Leadville and Colorado Springs. While the Midland had no choice but to turn over westbound traffic to the D&RGW at Grand Junction, the competing line had no such incentive; it could move eastbound traffic over its own line to any spot the Midland served. When A.E. Carleton bought the CM, he planned to remedy this situation by extending the railroad across Utah to Salt Lake City, but he was unable to do so, relying instead on his business connections to obtain cars consigned for shipment east at Grand Junction.
Ironically, the situation reversed itself abruptly after the government took control of the railroads, and the USRA decided to route all trans-Colorado traffic onto the Midland. The railroad suddenly found itself handling a swelling volume of interchange traffic at Colorado Springs and Grand Junction. The line had neither the motive power nor the physical facilities to deal with this sudden change, and yards and even on-line sidings rapidly filled with cars waiting movement to one of the terminals. After an investigation, the government reversed its decision, redirecting through traffic to neighboring lines that were more capable of handling it; this was a wise decision, but the business generated by the road's on-line customers was not sufficient to keep it profitable without through traffic, and Carleton was compelled to seek permission from a court to abandon service in the summer of 1918.
Equipment
At the time of its construction, the Midland was among the best-appointed roads in the United States. Ten of the locomotives it purchased in 1886 and 1887 (the Class 115 2-8-0s) were among the largest and most powerful of their type in the United States. Unfortunately, the Midland's cash situation militated against capital replacement, and most of the locomotives purchased in the road's first decade were still on the property when it closed in 1918. The Midland purchased its last locomotives, the Class 175 2-8-0s, in 1907; after that, the purchase of new power fell behind ordinary operations and maintenance expenses on the company's priority list, and was postponed in part because of concerns about the ability of the roadbed and track to support heavier equipment. At the outbreak of the First World War, the road's chief mechanical officer proposed the immediate construction of a new class of engines to handle the surging traffic, but the state of the road's physical plant (which urgently needed both maintenance and upgrading) was such that he limited his proposal to a copy of the D&RGW's C-48 class locomotives, a design that was thirteen years old and approaching obsolescence.
Locomotives
Numbers
Class
Builder
SN
Type
Built
1-3
Class 115
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2225-2227
2-8-0
1886
4-10
Class 115
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2228-2234
2-8-0
1887
11-13
Class 102
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2235-2236,2417
4-6-0
1887
14-22
Class 104
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2418,2239-2246
4-6-0
1887
23-25
Class 93
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2309-2311
4-6-0
1887
26-28
Class 102
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2419-2421
4-6-0
1888
29-38
Class 102
Baldwin Locomotive Works
9206,9209,9208,9210,9215,9217,9298,9300,9302
4-6-0
1888
39-44
Class 102
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2925-2930
4-6-0
1889
45-48
Class 102
Schenectady Locomotive Works
3261-3264
4-6-0
1890
49-53
Class 136
Baldwin Locomotive Works
15130-15134
2-8-0
1897
100-102
Class 91
Schenectady Locomotive Works
2309-2311
0-6-0
1887
201-205
Class 159
Baldwin Locomotive Works
18631-18632,18646=18648
2-8-0
1897
301-306
Class 175
Baldwin Locomotive Works
32124-32127,32151-32152
2-8-0
1907
References
^ Railway Equipment and Publication Company, The Official Railway Equipment Register, June 1917, p. 786
Abbott, Dan, & Ronzio, Richard A. (1989). Colorado Midland Railway: Daylight through the divide. Denver, CO: Sundance Books. ISBN 0-913582-45-X
External links
Railways portal
Colorado Midland Railway – A Short History (dead link)
Colorado Historical Society
The Colorado Midland Railway (a detailed history)
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A
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Timeline
1910–1929
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1977–present
Railroads in italics meet the revenue specifications for Class I status, but are not technically Class I railroads due to being passenger-only railroads with no freight component.
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reporting mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Leadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Hagerman Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_Pass"},{"link_name":"Glenwood Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Grand Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado"}],"text":"The Colorado Midland Railway (reporting mark CM),[1] incorporated in 1883, was the first standard gauge railroad built over the Continental Divide in Colorado. It ran from Colorado Springs to Leadville and through the divide at Hagerman Pass to Glenwood Springs and Grand Junction.","title":"Colorado Midland Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado_Midland_Railway_postcard_ad_circa_1900.JPG"},{"link_name":"John J. Hagerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hagerman"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Aspen Short Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aspen_Short_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893"},{"link_name":"Colorado and Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_and_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Denver and Rio Grande Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_and_Rio_Grande_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Albert E. Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_E._Carlton"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"United States Railroad Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Railroad_Administration"},{"link_name":"Midland Terminal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Terminal_Railway"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 24 in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Colorado"}],"text":"Circa early 1900s postcard ad for the line.John J. Hagerman gained control of the Colorado Midland Railway Company in June 1885. In September 1890, Hagerman sold the railroad to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, which operated the railroad as a subsidiary and changed the name to the Colorado Midland Railroad.For a short time the railroad was consolidated with the Aspen Short Line (1893-1897). Following the Panic of 1893, the Santa Fe railroad failed and both it and the Colorado Midland went into receivership. During this time, a crash in the price of silver also led to economic decline in the mining towns served by the railway.After the company was sold through the bankruptcy court on May 4, 1897, a new company known as the Colorado Midland Railway took over operation of the railroad. It then came under the joint control of \nthe Colorado and Southern Railway and the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1900. It again declared bankruptcy April 21, 1917, and was sold at auction to Albert E. Carlton of Colorado Springs. Carlton attempted to revive the railroad's fortunes, but his stewardship of the road coincided with the entry of the United States into the First World War. After the inauguration of the United States Railroad Administration in late 1917, the government managers redirected much of the trans-Colorado traffic that was previously carried by other railroads onto the Midland, which was ill-equipped to deal with the sudden upturn in business. The traffic overwhelmed the railroad, and when it became apparent that the Midland was incapable of dealing with the volume of business, the government redirected all of it elsewhere. Business dropped off precipitately, and Carleton was forced to apply for permission to abandon operations. He received it, and the Colorado Midland Railway ceased operations in 1918. Segments of the railroad were then sold to the Midland Terminal Railway; the rest of the line, mostly west of the Midland Terminal connection at Divide, was abandoned. The line was scrapped in the early 1920s.Much of the line’s grade was incorporated into the modern day U.S. Route 24 in Colorado, in particular the section from Colorado Springs to Buena Vista.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Midland_Terminal_Railroad_Depot_(Victor,_Colorado).JPG"},{"link_name":"Midland Terminal Railroad Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Terminal_Railroad_Depot"},{"link_name":"Victor, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Hayden Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Trout Creek Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Creek_Pass"},{"link_name":"Hagerman Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagerman_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busk-Ivanhoe_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"W. H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Jackson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colorado_Midlland_Railway_Wild_Flower_excursion_1917.JPG"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Leadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Grand Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Junction,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Denver & Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_%26_Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"USRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Railroad_Administration"}],"text":"Midland Terminal Railroad Depot, Victor, ColoradoThe Midland (as it was colloquially known) was an extraordinarily difficult railroad to operate, in large part because it had very little level track. In crossing Colorado, the line made three summits – at Hayden Divide, west of Colorado Springs, at Trout Creek Pass, and at Hagerman Pass on the Continental Divide. The Hagerman Tunnel was completed in 1887. In 1891, it was replaced by the Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel which was at a lower altitude. This shortened the line and made the grade easier, but the approaches to these summits were severe: eastbound trains faced an ascent of about twenty miles of three percent grades in the climb from Basalt to the western portal of the tunnel at Ivanhoe; westbound trains climbing out of the Arkansas River Valley faced a shorter but still difficult climb of 3.24%. The ascent from Colorado Springs to Divide was also severe, with several stretches of 4% grade and significant curvature.The portion of the line from Leadville to Hagerman Pass provided the setting for some of the finest railroad imagery ever taken. Especially noteworthy was the work of W. H. Jackson, particularly the photos circa 1890 showing the rise over five levels and the massive wood trestle leading to the final tier.Even after the boring of the Busk-Ivanhoe Tunnel, much of this trackage was above nine thousand feet, in a district of Colorado where the snow often does not melt entirely until June. The railroad was difficult to operate at the best of times, and in winter it was often nearly impossible: the 1899 blizzard closed the line over Hagerman Pass for 77 days and cost the company more than $73,000 (approx $2 million in 2013).Wild flower excursion from Colorado Springs, 1917.As great a problem as topography was, the route and terminals posed a still greater one. The line was originally projected to connect Colorado Springs, Leadville, and Salt Lake City, Utah, but it eventually stopped at Grand Junction, Colorado. If the line had been extended to Salt Lake City it would have had access to connections with the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific at Ogden, but at Grand Junction, it connected only with the Denver & Rio Grande, its principal competitor for traffic at Leadville and Colorado Springs. While the Midland had no choice but to turn over westbound traffic to the D&RGW at Grand Junction, the competing line had no such incentive; it could move eastbound traffic over its own line to any spot the Midland served. When A.E. Carleton bought the CM, he planned to remedy this situation by extending the railroad across Utah to Salt Lake City, but he was unable to do so, relying instead on his business connections to obtain cars consigned for shipment east at Grand Junction.Ironically, the situation reversed itself abruptly after the government took control of the railroads, and the USRA decided to route all trans-Colorado traffic onto the Midland. The railroad suddenly found itself handling a swelling volume of interchange traffic at Colorado Springs and Grand Junction. The line had neither the motive power nor the physical facilities to deal with this sudden change, and yards and even on-line sidings rapidly filled with cars waiting movement to one of the terminals. After an investigation, the government reversed its decision, redirecting through traffic to neighboring lines that were more capable of handling it; this was a wise decision, but the business generated by the road's on-line customers was not sufficient to keep it profitable without through traffic, and Carleton was compelled to seek permission from a court to abandon service in the summer of 1918.","title":"Topography and operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At the time of its construction, the Midland was among the best-appointed roads in the United States. Ten of the locomotives it purchased in 1886 and 1887 (the Class 115 2-8-0s) were among the largest and most powerful of their type in the United States. Unfortunately, the Midland's cash situation militated against capital replacement, and most of the locomotives purchased in the road's first decade were still on the property when it closed in 1918. The Midland purchased its last locomotives, the Class 175 2-8-0s, in 1907; after that, the purchase of new power fell behind ordinary operations and maintenance expenses on the company's priority list, and was postponed in part because of concerns about the ability of the roadbed and track to support heavier equipment. At the outbreak of the First World War, the road's chief mechanical officer proposed the immediate construction of a new class of engines to handle the surging traffic, but the state of the road's physical plant (which urgently needed both maintenance and upgrading) was such that he limited his proposal to a copy of the D&RGW's C-48 class locomotives, a design that was thirteen years old and approaching obsolescence.","title":"Equipment"}]
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[{"image_text":"Circa early 1900s postcard ad for the line.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Colorado_Midland_Railway_postcard_ad_circa_1900.JPG/180px-Colorado_Midland_Railway_postcard_ad_circa_1900.JPG"},{"image_text":"Midland Terminal Railroad Depot, Victor, Colorado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Midland_Terminal_Railroad_Depot_%28Victor%2C_Colorado%29.JPG/220px-Midland_Terminal_Railroad_Depot_%28Victor%2C_Colorado%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wild flower excursion from Colorado Springs, 1917.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colorado_Midlland_Railway_Wild_Flower_excursion_1917.JPG/220px-Colorado_Midlland_Railway_Wild_Flower_excursion_1917.JPG"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22","external_links_name":"\"Colorado Midland Railway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Colorado+Midland+Railway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A3WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT631","external_links_name":"The Official Railway Equipment Register"},{"Link":"http://www.willcallhandyman.com/ColoradoMidland/Short_History_Content_00.html","external_links_name":"Colorado Midland Railway – A Short History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327160746/http://games.historycolorado.org/chs_library/research_coll_files/Finding_Aids/ColoradoMidland_find_aid.htm","external_links_name":"Colorado Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://www.drgw.net/info/ColoradoMidland","external_links_name":"The Colorado Midland Railway (a detailed history)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126668665","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80090328","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Tunisia)
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Workers' Party (Tunisia)
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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"Tunisian Workers' Communist Party" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tunisian Communist Party.
Political party in Tunisia
Workers' Party LeaderHamma HammamiFounded3 January 1986 (1986-01-03)Legalized18 March 2011NewspaperAl BadilIdeologyCommunismMarxism–LeninismHoxhaismPan-ArabismPolitical positionLeft-wing to far-leftNational affiliationPopular Front (2013–2019)International affiliationICMLPO(US)IPAWebsitealbadil.info Politics of TunisiaPolitical partiesElections
The Workers' Party (Arabic: حزب العمال, romanized: Ḥizb el-'Ummēl; French: Parti des travailleurs) is a communist party in Tunisia. Legalized only in 2011, it participates in the Popular Front coalition, which is represented in the Assembly of the Representatives of the People. The party's long-term leader is general secretary Hamma Hammami.
Founded in 1986, the party was known as the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party (Arabic: حزب العمال الشيوعي التونسي, romanized: Ḥizb el-'Ummēl esh-Shuyū'ī et-Tūnsī; French: Parti communiste des ouvriers de Tunisie, PCOT) until 2012. After the rename it remained a member of the Hoxhaist International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle).
History
The party was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a failed attempt to shore up the state framework it and another banned parties were invited to participate in a national unity government. Subsequently, the party and other opposition elements refused this attempt to co-opt the ongoing revolution by installing a government composed at its senior levels by associates of the former regime.
It was founded on 3 January 1986 and has a youth wing the Union of Communist Youth of Tunisia (UJCT).
Amnesty International reports that in 1998 five students were charged with belonging to PCOT and given 4-year prison sentences after student demonstrations.
After their involvement in the uprising against Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, PCOT held their first conference as a legal party on 22–24 July, with up to 2000 attending. Removing the word "communist" from the party's name was among the topics debated. In the end, party spokesperson Abed Jabbar Bdouri stated the party decided "not to make any changes since we're currently too busy with the electoral campaign".
In the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, the candidates of PCOT's electoral formation ran by the name "Revolutionary Alternative" (Arabic: البديل الثوري el-bedīl es-sewrī; French: Alternative révolutionaire) and won 3 of the 217 seats, in Sfax, Kairouan and Siliana. Member Chrif Khraief has stated the party was dissatisfied with the result, as "3 seats in the CA doesn't reflect at all the real weight of the party on the streets"; PCOT issued a statement condemning the use of political donations and electoral violations during the campaign.
In July 2012, the PCOT decided to remove the word "communist" from its name to avoid the stereotype associated with this term.
References
^ a b "How Communist is Tunisia's Communist Party?". tunisialive. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.
^ "Le Parti des travailleurs au gouvernement : " Touche pas aux protestations sociales !"". kapitalis.com (in French). 26 September 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
^ a b Samti, Farah (11 July 2012). "Tunisian 'Communist' Party Changes Name to Tunisian Workers Party". Tunisia Live. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
^ "Anti-government protests continue in Tunisia during official mourning period" World Socialist Website
^ Jorge Martin, "Tunisia: the revolutionary initiative of the masses continues," In Defense of Marxism, (21 January 2011).
^ "Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999 Tunisia" (Press release). Retrieved 28 January 2011.
^ "Tunisia: Left group holds first legal congress in 25 years". Green Left Weekly. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
^ a b "Private Site". themoornextdoor.wordpress.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^ "Al-Thawra Eyewitness: Interview with the Tunisian Communist Worker's Party, part 2". Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011
External links
Africa portalPolitics portal
"Let Us Make the Awakening of the Movement our Central Task," La Forge: Organ of the Communist Party of the Workers of France (April 1997) (Document released on PCOT's 11th anniversary).
"Interview with Hamma Hammani on the situation in Tunisia," La Forge: Organ of the Communist Party of the Workers of France (September 1997).
Hamma Hammami, Tunisian Communist Workers Party, "Tunisia: For a Constitutional Assembly to Lay the Foundations of a Democratic Republic," (Tunisia, 15 January 2011). .
vtePolitical parties in Tunisia Assembly of theRepresentativesof the People
25th of July Movement (80)
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Independent lists (52)
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Unrepresented
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Errahma
Tunisian Alternative
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Afek Tounes
Green League
Current of Love
Farmers' Voice Party
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Al Amal
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Reform Front Party
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Wafa Movement
Defunct
Young Tunisians (1907–?)
Destour (1920–1960)
Neo Destour (1934–1964)
Communist Party (1934–1993)
Socialist Destourian Party (1964–1988)
Democratic Constitutional Rally (1988–2011)
Progressive Democratic Party (1983–2012)
Ettajdid Movement (1993–2012)
Al-Watan Party (2011–2013)
Democratic Alliance Party (2012–2017)
National Destourian Initiative (2011–2019)
Politics Portal
List of political parties
Politics of Tunisia
vteInternational Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)Africa
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Communism portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"communist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_party"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)"},{"link_name":"Assembly of the Representatives of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Representatives_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"Hamma Hammami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamma_Hammami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-communist-3"},{"link_name":"Hoxhaist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxhaism"},{"link_name":"International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(Unity_%26_Struggle)"}],"text":"\"Tunisian Workers' Communist Party\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tunisian Communist Party.Political party in TunisiaThe Workers' Party (Arabic: حزب العمال, romanized: Ḥizb el-'Ummēl; French: Parti des travailleurs) is a communist party in Tunisia. Legalized only in 2011, it participates in the Popular Front coalition, which is represented in the Assembly of the Representatives of the People. The party's long-term leader is general secretary Hamma Hammami.Founded in 1986, the party was known as the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party (Arabic: حزب العمال الشيوعي التونسي, romanized: Ḥizb el-'Ummēl esh-Shuyū'ī et-Tūnsī; French: Parti communiste des ouvriers de Tunisie, PCOT) until 2012.[3] After the rename it remained a member of the Hoxhaist International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle).","title":"Workers' Party (Tunisia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunisian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"national unity government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_unity_government"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glw-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tl-1"},{"link_name":"2011 Constituent Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Tunisian_Constituent_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Siliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliana_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moor-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moor-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-communist-3"}],"text":"The party was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a failed attempt to shore up the state framework it and another banned parties were invited to participate in a national unity government.[4] Subsequently, the party and other opposition elements refused this attempt to co-opt the ongoing[5] revolution by installing a government composed at its senior levels by associates of the former regime.It was founded on 3 January 1986 and has a youth wing the Union of Communist Youth of Tunisia (UJCT).Amnesty International reports that in 1998 five students were charged with belonging to PCOT and given 4-year prison sentences after student demonstrations.[6]After their involvement in the uprising against Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, PCOT held their first conference as a legal party on 22–24 July, with up to 2000 attending.[7] Removing the word \"communist\" from the party's name was among the topics debated. In the end, party spokesperson Abed Jabbar Bdouri stated the party decided \"not to make any changes since we're currently too busy with the electoral campaign\".[1]In the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, the candidates of PCOT's electoral formation ran by the name \"Revolutionary Alternative\" (Arabic: البديل الثوري el-bedīl es-sewrī; French: Alternative révolutionaire) and won 3 of the 217 seats, in Sfax, Kairouan and Siliana.[8] Member Chrif Khraief has stated the party was dissatisfied with the result, as \"3 seats in the CA doesn't reflect at all the real weight of the party on the streets\";[9] PCOT issued a statement condemning the use of political donations and electoral violations during the campaign.[8]In July 2012, the PCOT decided to remove the word \"communist\" from its name to avoid the stereotype associated with this term.[3]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"How Communist is Tunisia's Communist Party?\". tunisialive. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130222085757/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/11/how-communist-is-tunisias-communist-party/","url_text":"\"How Communist is Tunisia's Communist Party?\""},{"url":"http://www.tunisia-live.net/2011/10/11/how-communist-is-tunisias-communist-party/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Le Parti des travailleurs au gouvernement : \" Touche pas aux protestations sociales !\"\". kapitalis.com (in French). 26 September 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/09/26/le-parti-des-travailleurs-au-gouvernement-touche-pas-aux-protestations-sociales/","url_text":"\"Le Parti des travailleurs au gouvernement : \" Touche pas aux protestations sociales !\"\""}]},{"reference":"Samti, Farah (11 July 2012). \"Tunisian 'Communist' Party Changes Name to Tunisian Workers Party\". Tunisia Live. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717075533/http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/07/11/tunisian-communist-party-changes-its-name-to-tunisian-workers-party/","url_text":"\"Tunisian 'Communist' Party Changes Name to Tunisian Workers Party\""},{"url":"http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/07/11/tunisian-communist-party-changes-its-name-to-tunisian-workers-party/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999 Tunisia\" (Press release). Retrieved 28 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/hrtunisia99.html","url_text":"\"Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999 Tunisia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tunisia: Left group holds first legal congress in 25 years\". Green Left Weekly. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/48356","url_text":"\"Tunisia: Left group holds first legal congress in 25 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Left_Weekly","url_text":"Green Left Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Private Site\". themoornextdoor.wordpress.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://themoornextdoor.wordpress.com/2011/11/02/studies-vii-the-pcot-and-electoral-performance/","url_text":"\"Private Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Thawra Eyewitness: Interview with the Tunisian Communist Worker's Party, part 2\". Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140411193007/http://thawraeyewitness.blogspot.com/2011/11/interview-with-tunisian-communist_26.html","url_text":"\"Al-Thawra Eyewitness: Interview with the Tunisian Communist Worker's Party, part 2\""},{"url":"http://thawraeyewitness.blogspot.com/2011/11/interview-with-tunisian-communist_26.html/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_incident
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Niš incident
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["1 Background","2 Incident","3 Reactions","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography"]
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Aerial confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union
For other uses, see Battle of Niš.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
vteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941
Axis invasion
Bombing of Belgrade
Bombing of Sarajevo
Uprisings
Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sanski Most
Eastern Herzegovina
Drvar uprising
Rogatica
Olovo
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Loznica
Banja Koviljača
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Mihailovic
Sjenica
Uprising in Montenegro
Bullseye
Pljevlja
1942
Dražgoše
Southeast Croatia
Hydra
Prijedor
Nanos
Trio
Chetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines
Montenegro
Kozara
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Kupres
Livno
Alfa
Kopaonik
Bihać
1943
Case White
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Otto
Fungus
Hoathley 1
Case Black
Typical
Zvornik
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Delphin
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Kugelblitz
Kočevje
1944
Maibaum
Bombing of Belgrade
Raid on Šolta
Dafoe
Lindsay
Rösselsprung
Andrijevica
Halyard
Ožbalt
Ratweek
Serbia
Belgrade
Niš
Stracin–Kumanovo
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Syrmian Front
Floxo
Niš airspace incident
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1945
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Axis occupation of Serbia
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Kosovo during World War II
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Air warfare in Yugoslavia
Allied bombing campaign
The Niš incident was a friendly fire incident during World War II involving United States and Soviet forces. Taking place on 7 November 1944, the incident began when United States Army Air Forces fighters strafed a Red Army vehicle column near Niš, Yugoslavia, which resulted in an air battle over the area between American and responding Soviet Air Force fighters. More than thirty Red Army soldiers were killed on the ground. Two American P-38 Lightning and two Soviet Yak-9 fighters were shot down in the air battle, and a third Yak-9 fell to Soviet antiaircraft fire. Due to the death of Red Army general Grigory Kotov in the American attack, the incident caused diplomatic uproar, which was resolved when Soviet officials accepted the American explanation that the attack was a mistake caused by navigational error. Despite the official Soviet conclusion, postwar memoirs claimed that the American attack was intentional.
Background
After the occupation of Bulgaria, Soviet forces from the 3rd Ukrainian Front advanced into southern Yugoslavia in the Belgrade offensive and in cooperation with the Yugoslav Partisans liberated Belgrade. After taking part in the occupation of Bulgaria with the 37th Army, Lieutenant General Grigory Kotov's 6th Guards Rifle Corps was transferred to the 3rd Ukrainian Front's 57th Army, preparing to attack into southern Hungary. In the first week of November, the corps marched into Yugoslavia en route to the positions of the 57th Army. At the same time, German troops were retreating from Greece into Yugoslavia and Hungary. Тhe 3rd Ukrainian Front and Yugoslav partisan troops sought to block their retreat, which the Western Allies interdicted with aircraft based in Italy.
Incident
On 7 November, the 82nd Fighter Group of the Fifteenth Air Force was assigned to launch strikes against German motorized columns and trains moving between Sjenica and Mitrovica. Commanded by Colonel Clarence T. "Curly" Edwinson, the strike included the P-38 Lightnings of the 95th, 96th, and 97th Fighter Squadrons. At the beginning of the strike the 95th Fighter Squadron claimed a German locomotive destroyed in a strafing attack, and Captain Charles King's P-38 was shot down by flak. King was rescued by local peasants near Sjenica and saved by Chetniks. Continuing eastward, the three squadrons of the 82nd spotted the vehicle column from the 6th Guards Rifle Corps moving from Niš towards Belgrade, and attacked at about 10:00 a.m., from southeast over Mount Jastrebac, some 50 miles into Soviet held territory. The first squadron immediately started to strafe the leading vehicles, destroying several, with 31 killed and 37 wounded. The commander of the corps, Lieutenant General Grigory Petrovich Kotov, was also killed in this attack.Two P-38 Lightnings of the 82nd Fighter Group descending for a strafing attackWhile the second group of American P-38s were starting their attack, the commander of the 17th Air Army, General Vladimir Sudets, who was at the Niš airbase at the time, issued an order for immediate takeoff to the pilots on duty flying Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters from 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment of 288th Fighter Aviation Division based at Niš, believing they were being attacked by German Focke-Wulf Fw 189 dual boom reconnaissance planes. The American planes shifted their fire to the Soviet fighters which were taking off in spite of clearly visible large red star markings on their wings. One of the Yak-9s was immediately destroyed.
The P-38s then climbed to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) and formed a defensive circle above the city of Niš itself, waiting to see how this uncertain situation would be resolved.
Soon the battle was joined by a second group of Yaks led by Soviet fighter ace Captain Aleksandr Koldunov, who took off from another airbase near Niš. The 'tangle of death' that formed in the air moved westward across the city with the sound of machine gun and cannon fire. Nine Soviet Yak-3 and an unidentified number of US P-38 fighters participated in the battle, which lasted for about another 15 minutes.
The report of the 866th IAP, the first Soviet account of the air battle, began by describing the incident as follows:
On 7 November 1944, at 12:50 a group of 12 Lightning aircraft carried out a ground attack on units of the rifle corps of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, moving west along the road from Niš in the area of Čamurlija. Four aircraft in formation on an extended bearing carried out an attack, one at a time...Two flights of Lightnings flew in formation on an extended bearing...After the first attack anti-aircraft fire opened up on the aircraft from the air defenses of the Niš airfield, anti-aircraft fire shot down one Lightning, which fell 1 kilometer north of the airfield. At 13:00 the Yak-9 pair on duty of the 866th IAP took off by sight, leader Lieutenant Krivonogikh and wingman Junior Lieutenant Shipulya. At 13:05 six Yak-9s took off, leader squadron commander Captain Bondar, flight commanders Senior Lieutenants Surnev, Zheleznov, and Potsiba, pilots Lieutenant Zhestovsky and Junior Lieutenant Serdyuk. At 13:10 a Yak-3 pair took off, leader Captain Koldunov and wingman Lieutenant Krasyukov.
The first pair, taking off, approached the four attacking Lightnings with a turn to the right. Two Lightnings attacked Krivonogikh's pair. Jr. Lt. Shipulya attacked a Lightning, which was beginning a repeated attack on the ground forces. It caught fire on the first pass and crashed into the ground at an angle of 40 degrees in the area 500 meters north of the Niš airfield, where it burned. Lt. Krivonogikh, repelling the attacks of two Lightnings, set one of them on fire with a vertical maneuver, which fell burning 8 to 10 kilometers north of Niš, on the mountain in a forest tract.
The 288th Fighter Aviation Division report diverged from the initial report of the 866th IAP, claiming that Koldunov personally ended the air battle when he approached the lead P-38 at close range and waggled his wings to show the red star on his aircraft, and exaggerated the American strength, describing an attack by "up to 18 Lightnings" rather than the original twelve. The embellishment of Koldunov's role was repeated by the air army report and then by Aleksey Antonov when he summarized the incident for John R. Deane. The combat journal of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division reported ten Yak-9s scrambled to cover the Niš airfield, with two shot down by the Americans. One pilot was killed and the other sent to the hospital, suffering serious burns bailing out of his aircraft. A third aircraft, pursuing a P-38, was shot down by Soviet antiaircraft fire and pilot killed. All downed aircraft crashed in the area of Niš. The division suffered losses on the ground when the 611th Fighter Aviation Regiment, relocating by vehicle from the Niš to Kruševac, was strafed by Lightnings, killing a mechanic and seriously wounding another. The 17th Air Army combat journal reported the air battle as taking place between 12:40 and 13:30 (Moscow time) and involved eight Yak-9s and eighteen Lightnings. The journal reported that the Soviet pilots entered battle in "self defense, attempting to inform the American aircraft of their error." The 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment claimed to have downed three P-38s and damaged three more. In fact, two P-38s were downed with both pilots killed. Soviet troops reached the crash sites and confirmed that the dead pilots were American by their documents and the airframes.
At the same time as the 866th IAP's pilots took off, between 12:50 and 13:20 (Moscow time), four Yak-9T of the 897th IAP, also based at Niš airfield, took off to cover the air base. Approaching the American aircraft, they waggled their wings and avoided engaging them.
Reactions
Edwinson did not report the incident to his superiors and instead went on leave. Three days later, on 10 November, Red Army deputy chief of the General Staff General Aleksey Antonov reported the incident to Major General John R. Deane, chief of the American military mission in Moscow. In his report, Antonov increased the number of attacking Lightnings to 27. Edwinson was reassigned stateside after an investigation.
The United States apologized to the Soviet Union, stating that the attack was the result of a grave error by American pilots sent to attack German forces on the road from Skopje to Pristina. On 14 December, American ambassador to the Soviet Union W. Averell Harriman apologized on behalf of Franklin D. Roosevelt and George C. Marshall and offered to send liaison officers to the 3rd Ukrainian Front to prevent further incidents; Stalin rejected it, because a line of demarcation had been drawn indicating the boundaries of Allied air actions.
Legacy
In the Soviet Union, the incident was kept secret during the war, potentially to deny Nazi Germany any propaganda value from the incident. Memoirs of Soviet officers published in the 1960s during the Khrushchev Thaw were the first public discussion of the incident within the country, although none of the Soviet pilots who were direct participants published memoirs. These accounts, from the peak of the Cold War, repeated a distinctly hostile interpretation of the American actions. Because the incident happened on 7 November, October Revolution Day, claims arose that the incident was a deliberate American attack. 37th Army commander Sergey Biryuzov first mentioned the incident in literature in 1963, when he described the death of Kotov. In his memoirs, Biryuzov quoted Koldunov and Syrtsov as describing the air battle as an unprovoked attack by "two groups of American aircraft," one circling over Niš and the second dive-bombing Soviet troops. The pilots stated that the American aircraft "blockaded" the airfield and continued to shoot despite multiple Soviet approaches trying to display their red stars. Biryuzov described the action as a "provocative allied aviation raid," and recalled that an American liaison officer apologized to him, but that this "insincere step" could not "revive those who perished, just as destroyed cities could not be restored." Biryuzov's chief of staff, Arefa Blazhey, mentioned the incident in his memoirs, published four years later, describing the incident as a "treacherous strike from around the corner." Ground attack pilot Nikolay Shmelyov, who was a deputy squadron commander in the Niš-based 707th Assault Aviation Regiment during the incident, provided the first eyewitness account in his 1966 memoirs, repeating the claim of two separate American attacks. Shmelyov included numerous embellishments, including a fanciful account of Kotov dying in the arms of his son, and described the incident as "a piratical, treacherous raid by the "allies"".
After the thaw ended there was less public discussion until after the Glasnost era, when 288th Fighter Aviation Division commander Boris Smirnov published his memoirs, in which he recalled investigating the incident and repeated the earlier claims that the American fighters initiated the air battle. Smirnov wrote that he found a map on a dead American pilot that designated Niš as a target, implying that the attack was deliberate. 2015 monument to the soldiers killed in the incidentBeginning in the 2010s, the Russian government sponsored efforts to memorialize the incident, describing it as an American attack. A Russian-designed monument commemorating the Soviet soldiers killed in the incident was unveiled in Niš in 2015, the impetus for which came from the Russian embassy in Belgrade, Serbian government and the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center. The monument was presented by its promoters as a symbol of Russian-Serbian cooperation. A second monument was unveiled for Victory Day 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in a ceremony attended by the Russian ambassador and Serbian interior minister Aleksandar Vulin. The Russian ambassador described the monument as a preservation of the "memory of the heroes and the combined struggle against Nazism," "taking into account the present events in Europe." A year later, a mural was unveiled at the monument depicting American aircraft attacking Soviet troops.
See also
Belgrade Offensive
References
Citations
^ Glantz & Maslov 1998, pp. 143–144.
^ Myers 1987, p. 189.
^ Lanning, Michael Lee (1 October 2021). The Blister Club: The Extraordinary Story of the Downed American Airmen Who Escaped to Safety in World War II. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8117-6972-3.
^ "82ndfghonor-roll". raf-112-squadron.org. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "MR-1944-11-07". 82nd FGA. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ Glantz & Maslov 1998, p. 148.
^ a b c Bykov 2012.
^ Smirnov & Koloshin 1944, pp. 1–2.
^ a b Korsakov & Artemyev 1944, p. 24.
^ a b c Myers 1987, pp. 190–191.
^ Junior Lieutenant Shipulya
^ Lieutenant Zhestovsky
^ Lieutenant Krivonogikh
^ a b Koloshin & Veksler 1944, pp. 8–9.
^
^ Zaychikov 1944, p. 1.
^ Glantz & Maslov 1998, p. 149.
^ Glantz & Maslov 1998, p. 165.
^ Glantz & Maslov 1998, pp. 145–146.
^ Shmelyov 1966, Chapter 8.
^ Smirnov 1990, pp. 295–297.
^ "Власти Сербии установили памятник советским освободителям". Российская газета. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ "В Сербии открыли памятник убитым авиацией США бойцам Красной армии". РИА Новости (in Russian). 8 May 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ "В Сербии открыли мурал в память о советских воинах, погибших в Нишском инциденте". TACC. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
Bibliography
Bykov, Mikhail (29 July 2012). "Как союзнички праздник испортили" . LiveJournal (in Russian).
Glantz, David M.; Maslov, Aleksandr A. (1998). "How and why did the Americans kill Soviet general Kotov?". Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 11 (2): 142–171. doi:10.1080/13518049808430344.
Myers, Harold P. (March 1987). "The Kotov Affair and the Road to Yalta". Military Affairs. 51 (4): 188–192. doi:10.2307/1987948. JSTOR 1987948 – via JSTOR.
Shmelyov, Nikolay (1966). С малых высот (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.
Smirnov, Boris (1990). Небо моей молодости (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.
Stafford, Gene (1984). P-38 Lightning in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-89747-024-7.
Tillman, Barrett (2014). Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine. Simon and Schuster. pp. 112–115. ISBN 978-1-62157-235-0.
Military documents
Koloshin, Colonel; Veksler, Major (1944). "Журнал боевых действий 288 иад" . Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (TsAMO, fond 20257, opus 1, file 42)
Korsakov, Lieutenant General; Artemyev, Colonel (1944). "Журнал боевых действий частей 17 ВА за ноябрь 1944 г." . Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (TsAMO, fond 370, opus 0006518, file 0308)
Smirnov, Boris; Koloshin, Major General (1944). "Боевое донесение штаба 288 иад" . Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (TsAMO, fond 243, opus 2900, file 209)
Zaychikov, Colonel (1944). "Журнал боевых действий 6 гв. ск" . Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. (TsAMO, fond 821, opus 1, file 122)
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Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"Transdanubian Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Transdanubian_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lika-Primorje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lika-Primorje_operation"},{"link_name":"Nagykanizsa-Körmend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagykanizsa-K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo_Operation"},{"link_name":"Lijevče Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste_operation"},{"link_name":"Zelengora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora"},{"link_name":"Poljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana"},{"link_name":"Odžak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak"},{"link_name":"Axis occupation of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Hungarian occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories"},{"link_name":"Kosovo during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II in the Slovene Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands"},{"link_name":"World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Air warfare in Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_in_Yugoslavia_(1941%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Allied bombing campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Yugoslavia_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"P-38 Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Yak-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9"},{"link_name":"Grigory Kotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kotov"}],"text":"For other uses, see Battle of Niš.vteWorld War II in Yugoslavia1941\nAxis invasion\nBombing of Belgrade\nBombing of Sarajevo\nUprisings\n\nUprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nSanski Most\nEastern Herzegovina\nDrvar uprising\nRogatica\nOlovo\nUprising in Croatia\nSrb uprising\nUprising in Serbia\nBela Crkva\nLoznica\nBanja Koviljača\nŠabac\nKruševac\nMačva\nUzice\nKraljevo\nTrešnjica\nNovi Pazar\nMihailovic\nSjenica\nUprising in Montenegro\nBullseye\nPljevlja\n1942\n\nDražgoše\nSoutheast Croatia\nHydra\nPrijedor\nNanos\nTrio\nChetnik sabotage of Axis communication lines\nMontenegro\nKozara\nPartisan Long March\nKupres\nLivno\nAlfa\nKopaonik\nBihać\n1943\n\nCase White\nGreenwood–Rootham\nOtto\nFungus\nHoathley 1\nCase Black\nTypical\nZvornik\nDavidson\nGrčarice\nTurjak Castle\nMaclean\nVišegrad\nBombing of Podgorica\nBombing of Zadar\nDelphin\nRogers\nKugelblitz\nKočevje\n1944\n\nMaibaum\nBombing of Belgrade\nRaid on Šolta\nDafoe\nLindsay\nRösselsprung\nAndrijevica\nHalyard\nOžbalt\nRatweek\nSerbia\nBelgrade\nNiš\nStracin–Kumanovo\nVukov Klanac\nBregalnitsa–Strumica\nKosovo\nSyrmian Front\nFloxo\nNiš airspace incident\nBatina\nKnin\n1945\n\nTrnovo\nMostar\nBombing of Zagreb\nSpring Awakening\nTransdanubian Hills\nLika-Primorje\nNagykanizsa-Körmend\nSarajevo\nLijevče Field\nTrieste\nZelengora\nPoljana\nOdžak\n\nAxis occupation of Serbia\nHungarian occupation\nKosovo during World War II\nWorld War II in the Slovene Lands\nWorld War II in Yugoslav Macedonia\nAir warfare in Yugoslavia\nAllied bombing campaignThe Niš incident was a friendly fire incident during World War II involving United States and Soviet forces. Taking place on 7 November 1944, the incident began when United States Army Air Forces fighters strafed a Red Army vehicle column near Niš, Yugoslavia, which resulted in an air battle over the area between American and responding Soviet Air Force fighters. More than thirty Red Army soldiers were killed on the ground. Two American P-38 Lightning and two Soviet Yak-9 fighters were shot down in the air battle, and a third Yak-9 fell to Soviet antiaircraft fire. Due to the death of Red Army general Grigory Kotov in the American attack, the incident caused diplomatic uproar, which was resolved when Soviet officials accepted the American explanation that the attack was a mistake caused by navigational error. Despite the official Soviet conclusion, postwar memoirs claimed that the American attack was intentional.","title":"Niš incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Ukrainian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Ukrainian_Front"},{"link_name":"Belgrade offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_offensive"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"37th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Grigory Kotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kotov"},{"link_name":"6th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Guards_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"57th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Western Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_allies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzMaslov1998143%E2%80%93144-1"}],"text":"After the occupation of Bulgaria, Soviet forces from the 3rd Ukrainian Front advanced into southern Yugoslavia in the Belgrade offensive and in cooperation with the Yugoslav Partisans liberated Belgrade. After taking part in the occupation of Bulgaria with the 37th Army, Lieutenant General Grigory Kotov's 6th Guards Rifle Corps was transferred to the 3rd Ukrainian Front's 57th Army, preparing to attack into southern Hungary. In the first week of November, the corps marched into Yugoslavia en route to the positions of the 57th Army. At the same time, German troops were retreating from Greece into Yugoslavia and Hungary. Тhe 3rd Ukrainian Front and Yugoslav partisan troops sought to block their retreat, which the Western Allies interdicted with aircraft based in Italy.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"82nd Fighter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Sjenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjenica"},{"link_name":"Mitrovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Clarence T. \"Curly\" Edwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_T._%22Curly%22_Edwinson"},{"link_name":"P-38 Lightnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"95th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"96th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"97th Fighter Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1987189-2"},{"link_name":"Sjenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjenica"},{"link_name":"Chetniks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetniks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jastrebac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastrebac"},{"link_name":"Grigory Petrovich Kotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kotov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzMaslov1998148-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Two_82nd_FG_Lightnings_in_the_descent_prior_to_a_strafing_attack_against_an_enemy_airfield.jpg"},{"link_name":"17th Air Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Air_Army"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Sudets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Sudets"},{"link_name":"Yakovlev Yak-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9"},{"link_name":"Focke-Wulf Fw 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_189"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Koldunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Koldunov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykov2012-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykov2012-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmirnovKoloshin19441%E2%80%932-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorsakovArtemyev194424-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1987190%E2%80%93191-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kruševac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac_Airport"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoloshinVeksler19448%E2%80%939-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorsakovArtemyev194424-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoloshinVeksler19448%E2%80%939-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaychikov19441-16"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykov2012-7"}],"text":"On 7 November, the 82nd Fighter Group of the Fifteenth Air Force was assigned to launch strikes against German motorized columns and trains moving between Sjenica and Mitrovica. Commanded by Colonel Clarence T. \"Curly\" Edwinson, the strike included the P-38 Lightnings of the 95th, 96th, and 97th Fighter Squadrons.[2] At the beginning of the strike the 95th Fighter Squadron claimed a German locomotive destroyed in a strafing attack, and Captain Charles King's P-38 was shot down by flak. King was rescued by local peasants near Sjenica and saved by Chetniks.[3][4][5] Continuing eastward, the three squadrons of the 82nd spotted the vehicle column from the 6th Guards Rifle Corps moving from Niš towards Belgrade, and attacked at about 10:00 a.m., from southeast over Mount Jastrebac, some 50 miles into Soviet held territory. The first squadron immediately started to strafe the leading vehicles, destroying several, with 31 killed and 37 wounded. The commander of the corps, Lieutenant General Grigory Petrovich Kotov, was also killed in this attack.[6]Two P-38 Lightnings of the 82nd Fighter Group descending for a strafing attackWhile the second group of American P-38s were starting their attack, the commander of the 17th Air Army, General Vladimir Sudets, who was at the Niš airbase at the time, issued an order for immediate takeoff to the pilots on duty flying Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters from 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment of 288th Fighter Aviation Division based at Niš, believing they were being attacked by German Focke-Wulf Fw 189 dual boom reconnaissance planes. The American planes shifted their fire to the Soviet fighters which were taking off in spite of clearly visible large red star markings on their wings. One of the Yak-9s was immediately destroyed.The P-38s then climbed to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) and formed a defensive circle above the city of Niš itself, waiting to see how this uncertain situation would be resolved.Soon the battle was joined by a second group of Yaks led by Soviet fighter ace Captain Aleksandr Koldunov, who took off from another airbase near Niš. The 'tangle of death' that formed in the air moved westward across the city with the sound of machine gun and cannon fire. Nine Soviet Yak-3 and an unidentified number of US P-38 fighters participated in the battle, which lasted for about another 15 minutes.The report of the 866th IAP, the first Soviet account of the air battle, began by describing the incident as follows:[7]On 7 November 1944, at 12:50 [Moscow time] a group of 12 Lightning aircraft carried out a ground attack on units of the rifle corps of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, moving west along the road from Niš in the area of Čamurlija. Four aircraft in formation on an extended bearing carried out an attack, one at a time...Two [four-plane] flights of Lightnings flew in formation on an extended bearing...After the first attack anti-aircraft fire opened up on the aircraft from the air defenses of the Niš airfield, anti-aircraft fire shot down one Lightning, which fell 1 kilometer north of the airfield. At 13:00 the Yak-9 pair on duty of the 866th IAP took off by sight, leader Lieutenant Krivonogikh and wingman Junior Lieutenant Shipulya. At 13:05 six Yak-9s took off, leader squadron commander Captain Bondar, flight commanders Senior Lieutenants Surnev, Zheleznov, and Potsiba, pilots Lieutenant Zhestovsky and Junior Lieutenant Serdyuk. At 13:10 a Yak-3 pair took off, leader Captain Koldunov and wingman Lieutenant Krasyukov.\nThe first pair, taking off, approached the four attacking Lightnings with a turn to the right. Two Lightnings attacked Krivonogikh's pair. Jr. Lt. Shipulya attacked a Lightning, which was beginning a repeated attack on the ground forces. It caught fire on the first pass and crashed into the ground at an angle of 40 degrees in the area 500 meters north of the Niš airfield, where it burned. Lt. Krivonogikh, repelling the attacks of two Lightnings, set one of them on fire with a vertical maneuver, which fell burning 8 to 10 kilometers north of Niš, on the mountain in a forest tract.The 288th Fighter Aviation Division report diverged from the initial report of the 866th IAP, claiming that Koldunov personally ended the air battle when he approached the lead P-38 at close range and waggled his wings to show the red star on his aircraft, and exaggerated the American strength, describing an attack by \"up to 18 Lightnings\" rather than the original twelve.[7][8] The embellishment of Koldunov's role was repeated by the air army report and then by Aleksey Antonov when he summarized the incident for John R. Deane.[9][10] The combat journal of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division reported ten Yak-9s scrambled to cover the Niš airfield, with two shot down by the Americans. One pilot was killed[11] and the other [12]sent to the hospital, suffering serious burns bailing out of his aircraft. A third aircraft, pursuing a P-38, was shot down by Soviet antiaircraft fire and pilot killed.[13] All downed aircraft crashed in the area of Niš. The division suffered losses on the ground when the 611th Fighter Aviation Regiment, relocating by vehicle from the Niš to Kruševac, was strafed by Lightnings, killing a mechanic and seriously wounding another.[14] The 17th Air Army combat journal reported the air battle as taking place between 12:40 and 13:30 (Moscow time) and involved eight Yak-9s and eighteen Lightnings. The journal reported that the Soviet pilots entered battle in \"self defense, attempting to inform the American aircraft of their error.\"[9] The 866th Fighter Aviation Regiment claimed to have downed three P-38s and damaged three more.[14] In fact, two P-38s were downed with both pilots killed.[15] Soviet troops reached the crash sites and confirmed that the dead pilots were American by their documents and the airframes.[16]At the same time as the 866th IAP's pilots took off, between 12:50 and 13:20 (Moscow time), four Yak-9T of the 897th IAP, also based at Niš airfield, took off to cover the air base. Approaching the American aircraft, they waggled their wings and avoided engaging them.[7]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksey Antonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Antonov"},{"link_name":"John R. Deane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Deane"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1987190%E2%80%93191-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzMaslov1998149-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers1987190%E2%80%93191-10"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"W. Averell Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall"}],"text":"Edwinson did not report the incident to his superiors and instead went on leave. Three days later, on 10 November, Red Army deputy chief of the General Staff General Aleksey Antonov reported the incident to Major General John R. Deane, chief of the American military mission in Moscow.[10] In his report, Antonov increased the number of attacking Lightnings to 27.[17] Edwinson was reassigned stateside after an investigation.[10]The United States apologized to the Soviet Union, stating that the attack was the result of a grave error by American pilots sent to attack German forces on the road from Skopje to Pristina. On 14 December, American ambassador to the Soviet Union W. Averell Harriman apologized on behalf of Franklin D. Roosevelt and George C. Marshall and offered to send liaison officers to the 3rd Ukrainian Front to prevent further incidents; Stalin rejected it, because a line of demarcation had been drawn indicating the boundaries of Allied air actions.","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"October Revolution Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution_Day"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzMaslov1998165-18"},{"link_name":"Sergey Biryuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Biryuzov"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzMaslov1998145%E2%80%93146-19"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Shmelyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shmelyov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShmelyov1966Chapter_8-20"},{"link_name":"Glasnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnost"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmirnov1990295%E2%80%93297-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niski_Incident-spomenik_15_jun_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-Serbian_Humanitarian_Center"},{"link_name":"Russian-Serbian cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Victory Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Vulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vulin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In the Soviet Union, the incident was kept secret during the war, potentially to deny Nazi Germany any propaganda value from the incident. Memoirs of Soviet officers published in the 1960s during the Khrushchev Thaw were the first public discussion of the incident within the country, although none of the Soviet pilots who were direct participants published memoirs. These accounts, from the peak of the Cold War, repeated a distinctly hostile interpretation of the American actions. Because the incident happened on 7 November, October Revolution Day, claims arose that the incident was a deliberate American attack.[18] 37th Army commander Sergey Biryuzov first mentioned the incident in literature in 1963, when he described the death of Kotov. In his memoirs, Biryuzov quoted Koldunov and Syrtsov as describing the air battle as an unprovoked attack by \"two groups of American aircraft,\" one circling over Niš and the second dive-bombing Soviet troops. The pilots stated that the American aircraft \"blockaded\" the airfield and continued to shoot despite multiple Soviet approaches trying to display their red stars. Biryuzov described the action as a \"provocative allied aviation raid,\" and recalled that an American liaison officer apologized to him, but that this \"insincere step\" could not \"revive those who perished, just as destroyed cities could not be restored.\" Biryuzov's chief of staff, Arefa Blazhey, mentioned the incident in his memoirs, published four years later, describing the incident as a \"treacherous strike from around the corner.\"[19] Ground attack pilot Nikolay Shmelyov, who was a deputy squadron commander in the Niš-based 707th Assault Aviation Regiment during the incident, provided the first eyewitness account in his 1966 memoirs, repeating the claim of two separate American attacks. Shmelyov included numerous embellishments, including a fanciful account of Kotov dying in the arms of his son, and described the incident as \"a piratical, treacherous raid by the \"allies\"\".[20]After the thaw ended there was less public discussion until after the Glasnost era, when 288th Fighter Aviation Division commander Boris Smirnov published his memoirs, in which he recalled investigating the incident and repeated the earlier claims that the American fighters initiated the air battle. Smirnov wrote that he found a map on a dead American pilot that designated Niš as a target, implying that the attack was deliberate.[21]2015 monument to the soldiers killed in the incidentBeginning in the 2010s, the Russian government sponsored efforts to memorialize the incident, describing it as an American attack. A Russian-designed monument commemorating the Soviet soldiers killed in the incident was unveiled in Niš in 2015, the impetus for which came from the Russian embassy in Belgrade, Serbian government and the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center. The monument was presented by its promoters as a symbol of Russian-Serbian cooperation.[22] A second monument was unveiled for Victory Day 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in a ceremony attended by the Russian ambassador and Serbian interior minister Aleksandar Vulin. The Russian ambassador described the monument as a preservation of the \"memory of the heroes and the combined struggle against Nazism,\" \"taking into account the present events in Europe.\"[23] A year later, a mural was unveiled at the monument depicting American aircraft attacking Soviet troops.[24]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Two P-38 Lightnings of the 82nd Fighter Group descending for a strafing attack","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Two_82nd_FG_Lightnings_in_the_descent_prior_to_a_strafing_attack_against_an_enemy_airfield.jpg/220px-Two_82nd_FG_Lightnings_in_the_descent_prior_to_a_strafing_attack_against_an_enemy_airfield.jpg"},{"image_text":"2015 monument to the soldiers killed in the incident","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Niski_Incident-spomenik_15_jun_2017.jpg/220px-Niski_Incident-spomenik_15_jun_2017.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Belgrade Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive"}]
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[{"reference":"Lanning, Michael Lee (1 October 2021). The Blister Club: The Extraordinary Story of the Downed American Airmen Who Escaped to Safety in World War II. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8117-6972-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zFkzEAAAQBAJ&dq=charles+king+pilot+chetniks&pg=PA207","url_text":"The Blister Club: The Extraordinary Story of the Downed American Airmen Who Escaped to Safety in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6972-3","url_text":"978-0-8117-6972-3"}]},{"reference":"\"82ndfghonor-roll\". raf-112-squadron.org. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://raf-112-squadron.org/82ndfghonor_roll.html","url_text":"\"82ndfghonor-roll\""}]},{"reference":"\"MR-1944-11-07\". 82nd FGA. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.82ndfightergroup.org/mr-1944-11-07.html","url_text":"\"MR-1944-11-07\""}]},{"reference":"\"Власти Сербии установили памятник советским освободителям\". Российская газета. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rg.ru/2015/05/09/pamyatnik-site.html","url_text":"\"Власти Сербии установили памятник советским освободителям\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Сербии открыли памятник убитым авиацией США бойцам Красной армии\". РИА Новости (in Russian). 8 May 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ria.ru/20220508/serbiya-1787498500.html","url_text":"\"В Сербии открыли памятник убитым авиацией США бойцам Красной армии\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Сербии открыли мурал в память о советских воинах, погибших в Нишском инциденте\". TACC. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.ru/obschestvo/17701513","url_text":"\"В Сербии открыли мурал в память о советских воинах, погибших в Нишском инциденте\""}]},{"reference":"Bykov, Mikhail (29 July 2012). \"Как союзнички праздник испортили\" [How the allies spoiled the holiday]. LiveJournal (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://owl-99.livejournal.com/2890.html","url_text":"\"Как союзнички праздник испортили\""}]},{"reference":"Glantz, David M.; Maslov, Aleksandr A. (1998). \"How and why did the Americans kill Soviet general Kotov?\". Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 11 (2): 142–171. doi:10.1080/13518049808430344.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518049808430344","url_text":"10.1080/13518049808430344"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Harold P. (March 1987). \"The Kotov Affair and the Road to Yalta\". Military Affairs. 51 (4): 188–192. doi:10.2307/1987948. JSTOR 1987948 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987948","url_text":"\"The Kotov Affair and the Road to Yalta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987948","url_text":"10.2307/1987948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987948","url_text":"1987948"}]},{"reference":"Shmelyov, Nikolay (1966). С малых высот [From low altitudes] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smirnov, Boris (1990). Небо моей молодости [The sky of my youth] (in Russian). Moscow: Voenizdat.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stafford, Gene (1984). P-38 Lightning in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. ISBN 978-0-89747-024-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rHX792e5bIEC","url_text":"P-38 Lightning in Action"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89747-024-7","url_text":"978-0-89747-024-7"}]},{"reference":"Tillman, Barrett (2014). Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine. Simon and Schuster. pp. 112–115. ISBN 978-1-62157-235-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9tfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT112","url_text":"Forgotten Fifteenth: The Daring Airmen Who Crippled Hitler's War Machine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-235-0","url_text":"978-1-62157-235-0"}]},{"reference":"Koloshin, Colonel; Veksler, Major (1944). \"Журнал боевых действий 288 иад\" [Combat Journal of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division]. Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=150401889","url_text":"\"Журнал боевых действий 288 иад\""}]},{"reference":"Korsakov, Lieutenant General; Artemyev, Colonel (1944). \"Журнал боевых действий частей 17 ВА за ноябрь 1944 г.\" [Combat Journal of the 17th Air Army for November 1944]. Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=451002492","url_text":"\"Журнал боевых действий частей 17 ВА за ноябрь 1944 г.\""}]},{"reference":"Smirnov, Boris; Koloshin, Major General (1944). \"Боевое донесение штаба 288 иад\" [Combat Report of the headquarters of the 288th Fighter Aviation Division]. Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=135240093","url_text":"\"Боевое донесение штаба 288 иад\""}]},{"reference":"Zaychikov, Colonel (1944). \"Журнал боевых действий 6 гв. ск\" [Combat Journal of the 6th Guards Rifle Corps]. Pamyat Naroda (in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/documents/view/?id=211326717","url_text":"\"Журнал боевых действий 6 гв. ск\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Boisserie
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La Boisserie
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 48°13′7.7″N 4°52′59.4″E / 48.218806°N 4.883167°E / 48.218806; 4.883167Charles-de-Gaulle house, France
La BoisserieLa BoisserieInteractive fullscreen mapEstablished1810LocationColombey-les-Deux-ÉglisesFranceCoordinates48°13′7.7″N 4°52′59.4″E / 48.218806°N 4.883167°E / 48.218806; 4.883167TypeMonument and MuseumWebsitecharles-de-gaulle.org/les-lieux-gaulliens/la-boisserie/
La Boisserie (French for "the woodland glade") is the former personal residence of General Charles de Gaulle, leader of Free France during World War II and the first President of the French Fifth Republic. It is located in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises in the Haute-Marne department of northeastern France, 120 miles (190 km) southeast of Paris. It has been a museum open to the public since 1980, and was owned by the General's only son, Admiral Philippe de Gaulle, until the latter's death in 2024.
De Gaulle liked to come and rest in what he considered to be his true and only home, especially during his political “crossing the desert”. He wrote for example: “I miss Colombey. I can’t see myself living anywhere else.” He took refuge there to make important decisions, in calm and solitude. Even when elected President of the French Republic, he initially refused to stay at the Élysée, contrary to protocol. He ended up living in the presidential palace but continued to spend a lot of time and every other weekend with his family in Colombey. In 1969, de Gaulle resigned and retired to his house with his wife. He died there on November 9, 1970.
Yvonne de Gaulle lived in La Boisserie until 1978, when she left it permanently for Paris, where she entered the retirement home of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception. She died a year later at the Val-de-Grâce hospital, at the age of 79, on November 8, 1979, the day before the 9th anniversary of her husband's death.
The house and its park, including the fence overlooking the street, are listed as historic monuments by a decree of September 6, 2004.
The residence was labeled Maisons des Illustres in 2011.
References
^ À bientôt 101 ans, l’amiral Philippe de Gaulle se confie au JDD : « Ça n’a pas été drôle d’être le fils du Général »
^ Inside La Boisserie, the Country Home of Charles de Gaulle
^ DE GAULLE : POURQUOI COLOMBEY-LES-DEUX-EGLISES EST-IL ASSOCIÉ À LA MÉMOIRE DU GÉNÉRAL ?
^ Maison dite "la Boisserie"
^ La Boisserie – Maison de Charles de Gaulle
External links
Media related to La Boisserie at Wikimedia Commons
La Boisserie
Authority control databases: Geographic
Mérimée
2
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Boisserie¶ms=48_13_7.7_N_4_52_59.4_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°13′7.7″N 4°52′59.4″E / 48.218806°N 4.883167°E / 48.218806; 4.883167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=La_Boisserie¶ms=48_13_7.7_N_4_52_59.4_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"48°13′7.7″N 4°52′59.4″E / 48.218806°N 4.883167°E / 48.218806; 4.883167"},{"Link":"https://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/les-lieux-gaulliens/la-boisserie/","external_links_name":"charles-de-gaulle.org/les-lieux-gaulliens/la-boisserie/"},{"Link":"https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/a-bientot-101ans-lamiral-philippe-de-gaulle-se-confie-au-jdd-ca-na-pas-ete-drole-detre-le-fils-du-general-4147345","external_links_name":"À bientôt 101 ans, l’amiral Philippe de Gaulle se confie au JDD : « Ça n’a pas été drôle d’être le fils du Général »"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/27/archives/inside-la-boisserie-the-country-home-of-charles-de-gaulle.html","external_links_name":"Inside La Boisserie, the Country Home of Charles de Gaulle"},{"Link":"https://www.cnews.fr/france/2020-11-09/de-gaulle-pourquoi-colombey-les-deux-eglises-est-il-associe-la-memoire-du-general","external_links_name":"DE GAULLE : POURQUOI COLOMBEY-LES-DEUX-EGLISES EST-IL ASSOCIÉ À LA MÉMOIRE DU GÉNÉRAL ?"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA52000023","external_links_name":"Maison dite \"la Boisserie\""},{"Link":"https://illustres.fr/fiche-illustres/la-boisserie-maison-de-charles-de-gaulle/","external_links_name":"La Boisserie – Maison de Charles de Gaulle"},{"Link":"https://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/les-lieux-gaulliens/la-boisserie/","external_links_name":"La Boisserie"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA52000023","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/MI050","external_links_name":"2"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_24_(Italy)
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Radio 24 (Italy)
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["1 External links"]
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For other uses, see Radio24.
Radio stationRadio 24First logo from 1999 to 2016Broadcast areaItaly, Albania, Austria, Switzerland - National FM & SatelliteFrequencyFM several frequencies, change from geographical side to sideSKY Italia Channel 700ProgrammingFormatAll-newsOwnershipOwnerIl Sole 24 OreLinksWebcast, Websiteradio24.it
Radio 24 is an Italian national radio station mainly devoted to news, founded on 4 October 1999. It is owned by the editorial group Gruppo 24 ORE, which also owns the newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore.
External links
(in Italian) Official Site
This article about a radio station in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about mass media in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radio24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio24_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Il Sole 24 Ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Sole_24_Ore"}],"text":"For other uses, see Radio24.Radio stationRadio 24 is an Italian national radio station mainly devoted to news, founded on 4 October 1999. It is owned by the editorial group Gruppo 24 ORE, which also owns the newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore.","title":"Radio 24 (Italy)"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://shoutcast.radio24.it:8000/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://shoutcast2.radio24.it:8000/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.radio24.it/","external_links_name":"radio24.it"},{"Link":"http://www.radio24.it/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_24_(Italy)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_24_(Italy)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_Gabriel_Perry
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The Case of Gabriel Perry
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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1935 British filmThe Case of Gabriel PerryDirected byAlbert de CourvilleWritten byL. du Garde PeachBased onplay Wild Justice by James DaleProduced byHerbert SmithStarringHenry OscarOlga LindoMargaret LockwoodCinematographyCharles Van EngerProductioncompanyBritish Lion Film CorporationDistributed byBritish Lion Film Corporation (UK)Release date
May 1935 (1935-05) (UK)
Running time77 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish
The Case of Gabriel Perry is a 1935 British crime film directed by Albert de Courville and starring Henry Oscar, Olga Lindo and Margaret Lockwood.
Plot
An unstable Victorian doctor murders a woman.
Cast
Henry Oscar as Gabriel Perry
Olga Lindo as Mrs Perry
Margaret Lockwood as Mildred Perry
Franklin Dyall as Prosecution
Raymond Lovell as Defence
John Wood as Godfrey Perry
Martita Hunt as Mrs Read
Rodney Ackland as Tommy Read
Percy Walsh as William Read
Ralph Truman as Inspector White
Alastair Sim as Minor role
Critical reception
Allmovie described it as a "rusty-dusty British courtroom drama."
References
^ Goble, Alan (1 January 1999). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943 – via Google Books.
^ BFI.org
^ "The Case of Gabriel Perry (1935) - Albert de Courville - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie". AllMovie.
External links
The Case of Gabriel Perry at IMDb
The Case of Gabriel Perry at TCMDB
vteThe films of Albert de Courville
Wolves (1930)
77 Park Lane (1931)
77 Rue Chalgrin (1931)
Between Night and Day (1932)
Under the Leather Helmet (1932)
There Goes the Bride (1932)
The Midshipmaid (1932)
This Is the Life (1933)
Wild Boy (1934)
Things Are Looking Up (1935)
Charing Cross Road (1935)
The Case of Gabriel Perry (1935)
Seven Sinners (1936)
Strangers on Honeymoon (1936)
Clothes and the Woman (1937)
The Rebel Son (1938)
Oh Boy! (1938)
Star of the Circus (1938)
Crackerjack (1938)
The Lambeth Walk (1939)
An Englishman's Home (1940)
This article related to a British film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1930s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Albert de Courville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Courville"},{"link_name":"Henry Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oscar"},{"link_name":"Olga Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood"}],"text":"1935 British filmThe Case of Gabriel Perry is a 1935 British crime film directed by Albert de Courville and starring Henry Oscar, Olga Lindo and Margaret Lockwood.","title":"The Case of Gabriel Perry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An unstable Victorian doctor murders a woman.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Oscar"},{"link_name":"Olga Lindo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Lindo"},{"link_name":"Margaret Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood"},{"link_name":"Franklin Dyall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Dyall"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lovell"},{"link_name":"John Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_(Australian_Actor,_b.1909)"},{"link_name":"Martita Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martita_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Rodney Ackland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Ackland"},{"link_name":"Percy Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Ralph Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Truman"},{"link_name":"Alastair Sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Sim"}],"text":"Henry Oscar as Gabriel Perry\nOlga Lindo as Mrs Perry\nMargaret Lockwood as Mildred Perry\nFranklin Dyall as Prosecution\nRaymond Lovell as Defence\nJohn Wood as Godfrey Perry\nMartita Hunt as Mrs Read\nRodney Ackland as Tommy Read\nPercy Walsh as William Read\nRalph Truman as Inspector White\nAlastair Sim as Minor role","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Allmovie described it as a \"rusty-dusty British courtroom drama.\"[3]","title":"Critical reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Goble, Alan (1 January 1999). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110951943 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C&q=the+case+of+gabriel+perry+1935+literary+sources+in+film&pg=PA104","url_text":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110951943","url_text":"9783110951943"}]},{"reference":"\"The Case of Gabriel Perry (1935) - Albert de Courville - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie\". AllMovie.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-case-of-gabriel-perry-v86778","url_text":"\"The Case of Gabriel Perry (1935) - Albert de Courville - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity-St._Sergius_Lavra
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Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius
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["1 History","1.1 14th century","1.2 15th century","1.3 16th century","1.4 17th century","1.5 18th and 19th centuries","1.6 20th century","2 Notable burials","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 56°18′37.26″N 38°7′52.32″E / 56.3103500°N 38.1312000°E / 56.3103500; 38.1312000Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church
Trinity Lavra of St. SergiusТроице-Сергиева лавра (Russian)General viewMonastery informationOrderRussian Orthodox ChurchEstablished1345PeopleFounder(s)Sergius of RadonezhSiteLocationSergiyev Posad, Russia
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameArchitectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev PosadCriteriaCultural: (ii), (iv)Reference657Inscription1993 (17th Session)Area22.75 ha (0.0878 sq mi)Buffer zone15.57 ha (0.0601 sq mi)Websitewww.stsl.ru/languages/en/Coordinates56°18′37.26″N 38°7′52.32″E / 56.3103500°N 38.1312000°E / 56.3103500; 38.1312000Location of Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in European RussiaShow map of European RussiaTrinity Lavra of St. Sergius (Europe)Show map of Europe
The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius (Russian: Троице-Сергиева лавра) is a lavra and the most important Russian monastery, being the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church. The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the northeast from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl, and currently is home to over 300 monks.
History
14th century
The monastery was founded in 1337 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh, who built a wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity on Makovets Hill. Early development of the monastic community is well documented in contemporary lives of Sergius and his disciples. Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitri Donskoi before the Battle of Kulikovo depicted in a 1907 watercolor on paper by Ernst Lissner.
In 1355, Sergius introduced a charter which required the construction of auxiliary buildings, such as refectory, kitchen, and bakery. This charter was a model for Sergius' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia, including the celebrated Solovetsky, Kirillov, and Simonov monasteries.
St. Sergius supported Dmitri Donskoi in his struggle against the Tatars and sent two of his monks, Peresvet and Oslyabya, to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). At the outbreak of the battle, Peresvet died in a single combat against a Tatar bogatyr. The monastery was devastated by fire, when a Tatar unit raided the area in 1408.
15th century
Rublev's icon The Trinity is the central piece of the Trinity Cathedral's iconostasis.
St. Sergius was declared patron saint of the Russian state in 1422. The same year the first stone cathedral was built by a team of Serbian monks who had found refuge in the monastery after the Battle of Kosovo. The relics of St. Sergius still may be seen in this cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny, were summoned to decorate the cathedral with frescoes. Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here.
In 1476, Ivan III invited several Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit. This structure is one of the few remaining examples of a Russian church topped with a belltower. The interior contains the earliest specimens of the use of glazed tiles for decoration. In the early 16th century, Vasily III added the Nikon annex and the Serapion tent, where several of Sergius' disciples were interred.
16th century
It took 26 years to construct the six-pillared Assumption Cathedral, which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559. The cathedral is much larger than its model and namesake in the Moscow Kremlin. The magnificent iconostasis of the 16th–18th centuries features Simon Ushakov's masterpiece, the icon of Last Supper. The interior walls were painted with violet and blue frescoes by a team of Yaroslavl masters in 1684. The vault contains burials of Boris Godunov, his family and several 20th-century patriarchs.
As the monastery grew into one of the wealthiest landowners in Russia, the woods where it had stood were cleared and a village (or posad) sprang up near the monastery walls. It gradually developed into the modern town of Sergiyev Posad. The cloister itself was a notable centre of chronicle-writing and icon painting. Just opposite the monastery walls St. Paraskeva's Convent was established, among whose buildings St. Paraskeva's Church (1547), Introduction Church (1547), and a 17th-century chapel over St. Paraskeva's well are still visible.
17th century
Siege of 1608–1610: Orthodox monks led by the chronicler Avraamy Palitsyn defended the monastery against Polish troops from September 1609 to January 1611.
In 1550s, a wooden palisade surrounding the cloister was replaced with 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long stone walls, featuring twelve towers, which helped the monastery to withstand a celebrated 16-month Polish-Lithuanian siege in 1608–1610. A shell-hole in the cathedral gates is preserved as a reminder of Wladyslaw IV's abortive siege in 1618.
By the end of the 17th century, when young Peter I twice found refuge within the monastery from his enemies, numerous buildings had been added. These include a small baroque palace of the patriarchs, noted for its luxurious interiors, and a royal palace, with its facades painted in checkerboard design. The refectory of St. Sergius, covering 510 square metres (5,500 sq ft) and also painted in dazzling checkerboard design, used to be the largest hall in Russia. The five-domed Church of John the Baptist's Nativity (1693–1699) was commissioned by the Stroganovs and built over one of the gates. Other 17th-century structures include the monks' cells, a hospital topped with a tented church, and a chapel built over a holy well discovered in 1644.
18th and 19th centuries
View of the lavra in the 1890s.
In 1744, Empress Elizabeth conferred on the cloister the dignity of a Lavra. The metropolitan of Moscow was henceforth also the Archimandrite of the Lavra. Elizabeth particularly favoured the Trinity and annually proceeded afoot from Moscow to the cloister. Her secret spouse Alexey Razumovsky accompanied her on such journeys and commissioned a baroque church to the Virgin of Smolensk, the last major shrine to be erected in the Lavra. Another pledge of Elizabeth's affection for the monastery is a white-and-blue baroque belltower, which, at 88 meters, was one of the tallest structures built in Russia up to that date. Its architects were Ivan Michurin and Dmitry Ukhtomsky.
Throughout the 19th century, the Lavra maintained its status as the richest Russian monastery. A seminary founded in 1742 was replaced by an ecclesiastical academy in 1814. The monastery boasted a supreme collection of manuscripts and books.
Medieval collections of the Lavra sacristy attracted thousands of visitors. In Sergiyev Posad, the monastery maintained several sketes, one of which is a place of burial for the conservative philosophers Konstantin Leontiev and Vasily Rozanov.
20th century
1993 5 ruble coin depicting Trinity LavraAfter the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government closed the lavra in 1920. Its buildings were assigned to different civic institutions or declared museums. Part was used for training electrical engineers specialising in radio. In May 1923 Charles Ashleigh reported how the hall was used to demonstrate the new radio technology before a mixed audience primarily composed of peasants and soldiers, but with some townspeople. The broadcast started with an announcement followed by music with a band from the Moscow cavalry playing Stenka Razin. Then the audience were treated to a short lecture on the benefits of chemical manure and machine ploughs. After a gypsy song the performance was brought to a conclusion with a talk about the wonders of radio. In 1930, monastery bells, including the Tsar-Bell of 65 tons, were destroyed. Pavel Florensky and his followers prevented the authorities from stealing and selling the sacristy collection but overall many valuables were lost or transferred to other collections.
Aerial viewIn 1945, following Joseph Stalin's temporary tolerance of the church during World War II, the Lavra was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On April 16, 1946 divine service was renewed at the Assumption Cathedral. The lavra continued as the seat of the Moscow Patriarchate until 1983, when the patriarch was allowed to settle at the Danilov Monastery in Moscow.
After that, the monastery continued as a prime centre of religious education. Important restoration works were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1993, the Trinity Lavra was inscribed on the UN World Heritage List.
The Lavra has a number of representative churches (podvorie or metochia) in its vicinity and throughout Russia. The Lavra's hieromonks have manned a number of sketes at remote locations (such as the Anzer Island in the Solovki Archipelago in the White Sea), as well as Trinity Church on King George Island in the Antarctic.
Notable burials
Innocent of Alaska
Patriarch Alexy I of Russia
Tsar Boris Godunov and family
Yuriy Trubetskoy
Dmitry Troubetskoy
Sergius of Radonezh
Feodor II of Russia
References
^ "The Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit : Sergiev Posad Museum". 2014-02-10. Archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
^ Assumption Cathedral
^ "Sergiev Posad Museum: Tsar Palace". www.musobl.divo.ru. Archived from the original on 3 September 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105325/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/refector.jpg Refectory of St. Sergius>
^ Church of John the Baptist's Nativity
^ "Sergiev Posad Museum: Bell Tower". www.musobl.divo.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
^ Ashleigh, Charles (1924). "Radio in Russia". Radio Times (15, 6 January 1924 - 12 January 1924). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
^ Подворья Лавры (Lavra's podvories)
Further reading
William Craft Brumfield (1993), A History of Russian Architecture, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-40333-7
Scott M. Kenworthy, The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
David B. Miller, Saint Sergius of Radonezh, His Trinity Monastery, and the Formation of Russian Identity. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra (category)
(in English) Official site of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra
(in English) UN World Heritage Site
The Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra at Google Cultural Institute
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The monastery is situated in the town of Sergiyev Posad, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the northeast from Moscow by the road leading to Yaroslavl, and currently is home to over 300 monks.","title":"Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergius of Radonezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergii_Radonezhsky"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sergius of Radonezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergii_Radonezhsky"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Donskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Donskoi"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kulikovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo"},{"link_name":"Ernst Lissner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Lissner"},{"link_name":"refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen"},{"link_name":"bakery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery"},{"link_name":"cloisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Solovetsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovetsky_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kirillov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirillo-Belozersky_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Simonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonov_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Donskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Donskoi"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars"},{"link_name":"Peresvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Peresvet"},{"link_name":"Oslyabya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslyabya"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kulikovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo"},{"link_name":"Peresvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Peresvet"},{"link_name":"bogatyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogatyr"}],"sub_title":"14th century","text":"The monastery was founded in 1337 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh, who built a wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity on Makovets Hill. Early development of the monastic community is well documented in contemporary lives of Sergius and his disciples.Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitri Donskoi before the Battle of Kulikovo depicted in a 1907 watercolor on paper by Ernst Lissner.In 1355, Sergius introduced a charter which required the construction of auxiliary buildings, such as refectory, kitchen, and bakery. This charter was a model for Sergius' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia, including the celebrated Solovetsky, Kirillov, and Simonov monasteries.St. Sergius supported Dmitri Donskoi in his struggle against the Tatars and sent two of his monks, Peresvet and Oslyabya, to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). At the outbreak of the battle, Peresvet died in a single combat against a Tatar bogatyr. The monastery was devastated by fire, when a Tatar unit raided the area in 1408.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Rublev"},{"link_name":"The Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(Andrei_Rublev)"},{"link_name":"Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Cathedral_(Sergiyev_Posad)"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"first stone cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Katholikon_of_the_Trinity_Lavra"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Andrei Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Rublev"},{"link_name":"Daniil Chyorny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniil_Chyorny"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Muscovite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Ivan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Pskovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vasily III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia"}],"sub_title":"15th century","text":"Rublev's icon The Trinity is the central piece of the Trinity Cathedral's iconostasis.St. Sergius was declared patron saint of the Russian state in 1422. The same year the first stone cathedral was built by a team of Serbian monks who had found refuge in the monastery after the Battle of Kosovo. The relics of St. Sergius still may be seen in this cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny, were summoned to decorate the cathedral with frescoes. Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here.In 1476, Ivan III invited several Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit.[1] This structure is one of the few remaining examples of a Russian church topped with a belltower. The interior contains the earliest specimens of the use of glazed tiles for decoration. In the early 16th century, Vasily III added the Nikon annex and the Serapion tent, where several of Sergius' disciples were interred.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ivan the Terrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"model and namesake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition"},{"link_name":"Moscow Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Simon Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"the icon of Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simon_ushakov_last_supper_1685.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boris Godunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov"},{"link_name":"posad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posad"}],"sub_title":"16th century","text":"It took 26 years to construct the six-pillared Assumption Cathedral,[2] which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559. 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A shell-hole in the cathedral gates is preserved as a reminder of Wladyslaw IV's abortive siege in 1618.By the end of the 17th century, when young Peter I twice found refuge within the monastery from his enemies, numerous buildings had been added. These include a small baroque palace of the patriarchs, noted for its luxurious interiors, and a royal palace,[3] with its facades painted in checkerboard design. The refectory of St. Sergius,[4] covering 510 square metres (5,500 sq ft) and also painted in dazzling checkerboard design, used to be the largest hall in Russia. The five-domed Church of John the Baptist's Nativity[5] (1693–1699) was commissioned by the Stroganovs and built over one of the gates. Other 17th-century structures include the monks' cells, a hospital topped with a tented church, and a chapel built over a holy well discovered in 1644.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Empress Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Lavra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavra"},{"link_name":"Alexey Razumovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Razumovsky"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ivan Michurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorovich_Michurin"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Ukhtomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ukhtomsky"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Greek_Latin_Academy"},{"link_name":"sacristy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristy"},{"link_name":"sketes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skete"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Leontiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev"},{"link_name":"Vasily Rozanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov"}],"sub_title":"18th and 19th centuries","text":"View of the lavra in the 1890s.In 1744, Empress Elizabeth conferred on the cloister the dignity of a Lavra. The metropolitan of Moscow was henceforth also the Archimandrite of the Lavra. Elizabeth particularly favoured the Trinity and annually proceeded afoot from Moscow to the cloister. Her secret spouse Alexey Razumovsky accompanied her on such journeys and commissioned a baroque church to the Virgin of Smolensk, the last major shrine to be erected in the Lavra. Another pledge of Elizabeth's affection for the monastery is a white-and-blue baroque belltower,[6] which, at 88 meters, was one of the tallest structures built in Russia up to that date. Its architects were Ivan Michurin and Dmitry Ukhtomsky.Throughout the 19th century, the Lavra maintained its status as the richest Russian monastery. A seminary founded in 1742 was replaced by an ecclesiastical academy in 1814. The monastery boasted a supreme collection of manuscripts and books. \nMedieval collections of the Lavra sacristy attracted thousands of visitors. In Sergiyev Posad, the monastery maintained several sketes, one of which is a place of burial for the conservative philosophers Konstantin Leontiev and Vasily Rozanov.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RR5012-0002R_BU_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.png"},{"link_name":"5 ruble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_ruble"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"electrical engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer"},{"link_name":"Charles Ashleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ashleigh"},{"link_name":"Stenka Razin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenka_Razin#In_Russian-language_culture_and_folklore"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Radio_in_Russia-7"},{"link_name":"Pavel Florensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Florensky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lavra,_aerial_view_4_-_Sergiyev_Posad,_Russia_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"divine service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)"},{"link_name":"Moscow Patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate"},{"link_name":"Danilov Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilov_Monastery"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"metochia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metochia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hieromonks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieromonk"},{"link_name":"sketes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skete"},{"link_name":"Solovki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solovetsky_Islands"},{"link_name":"Trinity Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"King George Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"1993 5 ruble coin depicting Trinity LavraAfter the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government closed the lavra in 1920. Its buildings were assigned to different civic institutions or declared museums. Part was used for training electrical engineers specialising in radio. In May 1923 Charles Ashleigh reported how the hall was used to demonstrate the new radio technology before a mixed audience primarily composed of peasants and soldiers, but with some townspeople. The broadcast started with an announcement followed by music with a band from the Moscow cavalry playing Stenka Razin. Then the audience were treated to a short lecture on the benefits of chemical manure and machine ploughs. After a gypsy song the performance was brought to a conclusion with a talk about the wonders of radio.[7] In 1930, monastery bells, including the Tsar-Bell of 65 tons, were destroyed. Pavel Florensky and his followers prevented the authorities from stealing and selling the sacristy collection but overall many valuables were lost or transferred to other collections.Aerial viewIn 1945, following Joseph Stalin's temporary tolerance of the church during World War II, the Lavra was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On April 16, 1946 divine service was renewed at the Assumption Cathedral. The lavra continued as the seat of the Moscow Patriarchate until 1983, when the patriarch was allowed to settle at the Danilov Monastery in Moscow.After that, the monastery continued as a prime centre of religious education. Important restoration works were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1993, the Trinity Lavra was inscribed on the UN World Heritage List.The Lavra has a number of representative churches (podvorie or metochia) in its vicinity and throughout Russia.[8] The Lavra's hieromonks have manned a number of sketes at remote locations (such as the Anzer Island in the Solovki Archipelago in the White Sea), as well as Trinity Church on King George Island in the Antarctic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Innocent of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Patriarch Alexy I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Boris Godunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov"},{"link_name":"Yuriy Trubetskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Trubetskoy"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Troubetskoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Troubetskoy"},{"link_name":"Sergius of Radonezh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh"},{"link_name":"Feodor II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia"}],"text":"Innocent of Alaska\nPatriarch Alexy I of Russia\nTsar Boris Godunov and family\nYuriy Trubetskoy\nDmitry Troubetskoy\nSergius of Radonezh\nFeodor II of Russia","title":"Notable burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-40333-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40333-7"}],"text":"William Craft Brumfield (1993), A History of Russian Architecture, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-40333-7\nScott M. Kenworthy, The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.\nDavid B. Miller, Saint Sergius of Radonezh, His Trinity Monastery, and the Formation of Russian Identity. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitri Donskoi before the Battle of Kulikovo depicted in a 1907 watercolor on paper by Ernst Lissner.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg/220px-Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rublev's icon The Trinity is the central piece of the Trinity Cathedral's iconostasis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/220px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siege of 1608–1610: Orthodox monks led by the chronicler Avraamy Palitsyn defended the monastery against Polish troops from September 1609 to January 1611.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Miloradovichdefense.jpg/220px-Miloradovichdefense.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the lavra in the 1890s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trinity_view.jpg/220px-Trinity_view.jpg"},{"image_text":"1993 5 ruble coin depicting Trinity Lavra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/RR5012-0002R_BU_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.png/150px-RR5012-0002R_BU_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B3._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4.png"},{"image_text":"Aerial view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lavra%2C_aerial_view_4_-_Sergiyev_Posad%2C_Russia_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Lavra%2C_aerial_view_4_-_Sergiyev_Posad%2C_Russia_-_panoramio.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit : Sergiev Posad Museum\". 2014-02-10. Archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2014-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/Ehist_duhov.html","url_text":"\"The Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit : Sergiev Posad Museum\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20140210034540/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/Ehist_duhov.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Tsar Palace\". www.musobl.divo.ru. Archived from the original on 3 September 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050903040245/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/palace_e.html","url_text":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Tsar Palace\""},{"url":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/palace_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Bell Tower\". www.musobl.divo.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050909215714/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/belfry_e.html","url_text":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Bell Tower\""},{"url":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/belfry_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ashleigh, Charles (1924). \"Radio in Russia\". Radio Times (15, 6 January 1924 - 12 January 1924). Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/dd4daf21915044e5b1f838eee6823b89?page=2","url_text":"\"Radio in Russia\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius¶ms=56_18_37.26_N_38_7_52.32_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"56°18′37.26″N 38°7′52.32″E / 56.3103500°N 38.1312000°E / 56.3103500; 38.1312000"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/657","external_links_name":"657"},{"Link":"http://www.stsl.ru/languages/en/","external_links_name":"www.stsl.ru/languages/en/"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius¶ms=56_18_37.26_N_38_7_52.32_E_region:RU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"56°18′37.26″N 38°7′52.32″E / 56.3103500°N 38.1312000°E / 56.3103500; 38.1312000"},{"Link":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/Ehist_duhov.html","external_links_name":"\"The Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit : Sergiev Posad Museum\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140210034540/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/Ehist_duhov.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150602072400/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/assump_e.html","external_links_name":"Assumption Cathedral"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050903040245/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/palace_e.html","external_links_name":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Tsar Palace\""},{"Link":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/palace_e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105325/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/refector.jpg","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928105325/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/refector.jpg"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050907040932/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/stjohn_e.html","external_links_name":"Church of John the Baptist's Nativity"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050909215714/http://www.musobl.divo.ru/belfry_e.html","external_links_name":"\"Sergiev Posad Museum: Bell Tower\""},{"Link":"http://www.musobl.divo.ru/belfry_e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/page/dd4daf21915044e5b1f838eee6823b89?page=2","external_links_name":"\"Radio in Russia\""},{"Link":"http://www.stsl.ru/intro/info/podvor.php","external_links_name":"Подворья Лавры (Lavra's podvories)"},{"Link":"http://www.stsl.ru/languages/en/index.php","external_links_name":"Official site of the Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/657","external_links_name":"UN World Heritage Site"},{"Link":"https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/trinity-lavra-of-st-sergius","external_links_name":"The Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra at Google Cultural Institute"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106702749","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146609095","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10150994-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007415639705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82165215","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000187640&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030108002&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/03223970X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsau
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Ludwigsau
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["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Neighbouring communities","1.3 Constituent communities","2 History","2.1 Amalgamations","3 Politics","3.1 Community council","3.2 Mayor","3.3 Coat of arms","3.4 Town partnerships","4 Culture and sightseeing","4.1 Buildings","4.2 Natural monuments","5 Economy and infrastructure","5.1 Transport","5.2 Established businesses","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°54′N 09°46′E / 50.900°N 9.767°E / 50.900; 9.767Municipality in Hesse, GermanyLudwigsau Municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Ludwigsau within Hersfeld-Rotenburg district
Ludwigsau Show map of GermanyLudwigsau Show map of HesseCoordinates: 50°54′N 09°46′E / 50.900°N 9.767°E / 50.900; 9.767CountryGermanyStateHesseAdmin. regionKassel DistrictHersfeld-Rotenburg Government • Mayor (2018–24) Wilfried Hagemann (Ind.)Area • Total111.92 km2 (43.21 sq mi)Highest elevation520 m (1,710 ft)Lowest elevation192 m (630 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total5,569 • Density50/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes36251Dialling codes06670, 06621Vehicle registrationHEFWebsitewww.ludwigsau.de
Ludwigsau is a municipality in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in northeastern Hesse, Germany. With an area of 112 km² it is Hesse's biggest community by land area.
Geography
Location
The community lies on the Fulda in the triangle defined by the towns of Bad Hersfeld, Bebra and Rotenburg an der Fulda. The municipal area lies on the edge of the Seulingswald (range) and stretches along the Rohrbach and Endersbach (streams) into the eastern Knüll (range). The Rohrbach empties into the Fulda near Reilos. The Rohrbach valley is also known as the Besengrund (“Broom Ground” or “Besom Ground”), a reference to basket weavers and broom makers. In centuries gone by, these were common occupations.
View over parts of the community of Ludwigsau
Neighbouring communities
Ludwigsau borders in the north on the community of Alheim and town of Rotenburg an der Fulda, in the east on the town of Bebra and the community of Ronshausen, in the southeast on the community of Friedewald, in the south on the town of Bad Hersfeld and in the west on the communities of Neuenstein (all in Hersfeld-Rotenburg) and Knüllwald (in the Schwalm-Eder-Kreis).
Constituent communities
Ludwigsau's 13 Ortsteile are Beenhausen, Biedebach, Ersrode, Friedlos, Gerterode, Hainrode, Meckbach, Mecklar, Niederthalhausen, Oberthalhausen, Reilos, Rohrbach and Tann.
History
Schloss Ludwigseck
Within the framework of municipal reform in Hesse in 1972, two greater communities were founded in the Fulda valley, the Besengrund and the neighbouring valleys north of Bad Hersfeld. After a short time, these areas, along with further villages that until now had been self-administering, were melded into the greater community of Ludwigsau. The community's namesake is Landgrave Ludwig I of Hesse, who had two castles built within what are now municipal limits, Schloss Ludwigseck and Ludwigsaue Castle (built in 1416). Of the later, no trace is to be found today. It stood, however, at the mouth of the Rohrbach, where it empties into the Fulda.
Amalgamations
With effect from 31 December 1971, the community of Ludwigseck came into being through the voluntary merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Beenhausen, Ersrode, Hainrode and Oberthalhausen. At the same time, the community of Ludwigsau came into being through the voluntary merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Biedebach, Friedlos, Gerterode, Meckbach, Mecklar, Reilos, Rohrbach and Tann. Friedlos in particular was interested in a forcible merger with the district seat of Bad Hersfeld.
Since Niederthalhausen had come out against a merger with Ludwigseck, in the course of municipal reform on 1 August 1972 – after only seven months of existence – the community of Ludwigseck was dissolved and the whole municipal area, along with Niederthalhausen, was forcibly merged with the greater community of Ludwigsau.
Politics
Community council
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)
The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:
Parties and voter communities
%2006
Seats2006
%2001
Seats2001
CDU
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
38.8
12
38.3
12
SPD
Social Democratic Party of Germany
61.2
19
61.7
19
Total
100.0
31
100.0
31
Voter turnout in %
61.1
63.6
The community's executive (Gemeindevorstand) is made up of eight members, with five seats allotted to the SPD and three to the CDU.
Mayor
1994–2018: Thomas Baumann (independent)
2018–incumbent: Wilfried Hagemann (independent)
Coat of arms
The community's arms might be described thus: Argent two bendlets wavy sinister azure, the chief dexter a castle embattled gules, the base sinister a waterwheel of the last.
The waterwheel's 13 blades stand for the constituent communities (although the German blazon does not mention that there should be thirteen of them), and the castle stands for, not the community's namesake castle, but the other one, Schloss Ludwigseck. The two wavy bendlets stand for the river Fulda and the Rohrbach.
Town partnerships
Changé, Sarthe, France (near Le Mans) since 1997
Struth-Helmershof, Thuringia (now part of Floh-Seligenthal, near Schmalkalden) since 1990.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
Schloss Ludwigseck, between Beenhausen, Ersrode and Sterkelshausen, built about 1400, today owned by the family von und zu Gilsa
Fliers’ Memorial “In der Nonnenrod”
Natural monuments
Fuldaaue (“Fulda Floodplain”) conservation area with renaturalized gravel pit (near Mecklar)
Malchustal landscape conservation area (near Ersrode)
The Gernkopf (417 m above sea level, above Oberthalhausen)
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Through the constituent communities of Mecklar, Reilos and Friedlos runs Bundesstraße 27. In Friedlos is a railway station on the Bebra–Fulda railway served by Cantus (Line R5 in the Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund). Mecklar station, which also included a big goods station, was closed in the 1980s, making the community somewhat hard to reach on public transport.
Established businesses
In the industrial area on the Fulda floodplain in Mecklar-Meckbach there has been since 2007 the DHL Exel Supply Chain with its own building. There are three long-distance gas pipelines near Mecklar-Meckbach, and in the community itself is an electrical substation.
This convinced the electrical firm Iberdrola to build a gas and steam power plant here. Building work is to begin in 2009.
References
^ "Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 5 September 2022.
^ "Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. June 2023.
External links
Constituent community of Gerterode (in German)
vteTowns and municipalities in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district
Alheim
Bad Hersfeld
Bebra
Breitenbach
Cornberg
Friedewald
Hauneck
Haunetal
Heringen
Hohenroda
Kirchheim
Ludwigsau
Nentershausen
Neuenstein
Niederaula
Philippsthal
Ronshausen
Rotenburg
Schenklengsfeld
Schwarzenhasel
Wildeck
Wappen des Landkreises Hersfeld-Rotenburg
Authority control databases: National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hersfeld-Rotenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersfeld-Rotenburg"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"Municipality in Hesse, GermanyLudwigsau is a municipality in Hersfeld-Rotenburg district in northeastern Hesse, Germany. With an area of 112 km² it is Hesse's biggest community by land area.","title":"Ludwigsau"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda_River"},{"link_name":"Bad Hersfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld"},{"link_name":"Bebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebra"},{"link_name":"Rotenburg an der Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenburg_an_der_Fulda"},{"link_name":"Seulingswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seulingswald"},{"link_name":"Knüll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%BCll"},{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwigsau_panorama.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"The community lies on the Fulda in the triangle defined by the towns of Bad Hersfeld, Bebra and Rotenburg an der Fulda. The municipal area lies on the edge of the Seulingswald (range) and stretches along the Rohrbach and Endersbach (streams) into the eastern Knüll (range). The Rohrbach empties into the Fulda near Reilos. The Rohrbach valley is also known as the Besengrund (“Broom Ground” or “Besom Ground”), a reference to basket weavers and broom makers. In centuries gone by, these were common occupations.View over parts of the community of Ludwigsau","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alheim"},{"link_name":"Rotenburg an der Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotenburg_an_der_Fulda"},{"link_name":"Bebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebra"},{"link_name":"Ronshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronshausen"},{"link_name":"Friedewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedewald,_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Bad Hersfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld"},{"link_name":"Neuenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenstein,_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Knüllwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%BCllwald"},{"link_name":"Schwalm-Eder-Kreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring communities","text":"Ludwigsau borders in the north on the community of Alheim and town of Rotenburg an der Fulda, in the east on the town of Bebra and the community of Ronshausen, in the southeast on the community of Friedewald, in the south on the town of Bad Hersfeld and in the west on the communities of Neuenstein (all in Hersfeld-Rotenburg) and Knüllwald (in the Schwalm-Eder-Kreis).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ortsteile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortsteil"}],"sub_title":"Constituent communities","text":"Ludwigsau's 13 Ortsteile are Beenhausen, Biedebach, Ersrode, Friedlos, Gerterode, Hainrode, Meckbach, Mecklar, Niederthalhausen, Oberthalhausen, Reilos, Rohrbach and Tann.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_ludwigseck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bad Hersfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda_River"}],"text":"Schloss LudwigseckWithin the framework of municipal reform in Hesse in 1972, two greater communities were founded in the Fulda valley, the Besengrund and the neighbouring valleys north of Bad Hersfeld. After a short time, these areas, along with further villages that until now had been self-administering, were melded into the greater community of Ludwigsau. The community's namesake is Landgrave Ludwig I of Hesse, who had two castles built within what are now municipal limits, Schloss Ludwigseck and Ludwigsaue Castle (built in 1416). Of the later, no trace is to be found today. It stood, however, at the mouth of the Rohrbach, where it empties into the Fulda.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Amalgamations","text":"With effect from 31 December 1971, the community of Ludwigseck came into being through the voluntary merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Beenhausen, Ersrode, Hainrode and Oberthalhausen. At the same time, the community of Ludwigsau came into being through the voluntary merger of the formerly self-administering communities of Biedebach, Friedlos, Gerterode, Meckbach, Mecklar, Reilos, Rohrbach and Tann. Friedlos in particular was interested in a forcible merger with the district seat of Bad Hersfeld.Since Niederthalhausen had come out against a merger with Ludwigseck, in the course of municipal reform on 1 August 1972 – after only seven months of existence – the community of Ludwigseck was dissolved and the whole municipal area, along with Niederthalhausen, was forcibly merged with the greater community of Ludwigsau.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Community council","text":"The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:The community's executive (Gemeindevorstand) is made up of eight members, with five seats allotted to the SPD and three to the CDU.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mayor","text":"1994–2018: Thomas Baumann (independent)\n2018–incumbent: Wilfried Hagemann (independent)","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Fulda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulda_River"}],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"The community's arms might be described thus: Argent two bendlets wavy sinister azure, the chief dexter a castle embattled gules, the base sinister a waterwheel of the last.The waterwheel's 13 blades stand for the constituent communities (although the German blazon does not mention that there should be thirteen of them), and the castle stands for, not the community's namesake castle, but the other one, Schloss Ludwigseck. The two wavy bendlets stand for the river Fulda and the Rohrbach.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Changé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%C3%A9,_Sarthe"},{"link_name":"Sarthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarthe"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Floh-Seligenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floh-Seligenthal"},{"link_name":"Schmalkalden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkalden"}],"sub_title":"Town partnerships","text":"Changé, Sarthe, France (near Le Mans) since 1997\n Struth-Helmershof, Thuringia (now part of Floh-Seligenthal, near Schmalkalden) since 1990.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"Schloss Ludwigseck, between Beenhausen, Ersrode and Sterkelshausen, built about 1400, today owned by the family von und zu Gilsa\nFliers’ Memorial “In der Nonnenrod”","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"}],"sub_title":"Natural monuments","text":"Fuldaaue (“Fulda Floodplain”) conservation area with renaturalized gravel pit (near Mecklar)\nMalchustal landscape conservation area (near Ersrode)\nThe Gernkopf (417 m above sea level, above Oberthalhausen)","title":"Culture and sightseeing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Bebra–Fulda railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebra%E2%80%93Fulda_railway"},{"link_name":"Cantus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantus_Verkehrsgesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_transport_associations"}],"sub_title":"Transport","text":"Through the constituent communities of Mecklar, Reilos and Friedlos runs Bundesstraße 27. In Friedlos is a railway station on the Bebra–Fulda railway served by Cantus (Line R5 in the Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund). Mecklar station, which also included a big goods station, was closed in the 1980s, making the community somewhat hard to reach on public transport.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DHL Exel Supply Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL"},{"link_name":"electrical substation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"Iberdrola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberdrola"}],"sub_title":"Established businesses","text":"In the industrial area on the Fulda floodplain in Mecklar-Meckbach there has been since 2007 the DHL Exel Supply Chain with its own building. There are three long-distance gas pipelines near Mecklar-Meckbach, and in the community itself is an electrical substation.This convinced the electrical firm Iberdrola to build a gas and steam power plant here. Building work is to begin in 2009.","title":"Economy and infrastructure"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ludwigsau_in_HEF.svg/240px-Ludwigsau_in_HEF.svg.png"},{"image_text":"View over parts of the community of Ludwigsau","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ludwigsau_panorama.jpg/200px-Ludwigsau_panorama.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schloss Ludwigseck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Schloss_ludwigseck.jpg/220px-Schloss_ludwigseck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wappen des Landkreises Hersfeld-Rotenburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wappen_Landkreis_Hersfeld-Rotenburg.svg/30px-Wappen_Landkreis_Hersfeld-Rotenburg.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden\" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2022-10/direktwahlen_09_2022_10102022.xlsx","url_text":"\"Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Statistisches_Landesamt","url_text":"Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden\" (XLS) (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-06/ai2_j2022_bevoelkerung_tabelle_2.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Statistisches_Landesamt","url_text":"Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ludwigsau¶ms=50_54_N_09_46_E_type:city(5569)_region:DE-HE","external_links_name":"50°54′N 09°46′E / 50.900°N 9.767°E / 50.900; 9.767"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ludwigsau¶ms=50_54_N_09_46_E_type:city(5569)_region:DE-HE","external_links_name":"50°54′N 09°46′E / 50.900°N 9.767°E / 50.900; 9.767"},{"Link":"https://www.ludwigsau.de/","external_links_name":"www.ludwigsau.de"},{"Link":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2022-10/direktwahlen_09_2022_10102022.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden\""},{"Link":"https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-06/ai2_j2022_bevoelkerung_tabelle_2.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Bevölkerung in Hessen am 31.12.2022 nach Gemeinden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135031/http://www.ludwigsau-gerterode.de/","external_links_name":"Constituent community of Gerterode"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036468-9","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1958_Air_Observation_Post_Flight_RAF
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No. 661 Squadron AAC
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["1 Royal Air Force","2 Surviving aircraft","2.1 Army Air Corps","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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No. 661 Squadron AACNo. 661 Squadron RAuxAFNo. 661 Squadron RAFActive31 August 1943 – 31 October 1945 (RAF) 1 May 1949 – 10 March 1957 (RAxuAF)1 November 1978 -Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyPart of1 Regiment Army Air CorpsGarrison/HQRNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)Aircraft flownHelicopterAgustaWestland Wildcat AH.1Military unit
No. 661 Squadron AAC is a squadron of the British Army's Army Air Corps (AAC). It was formerly No. 661 Squadron, a Royal Air Force air observation post squadron associated with the Canadian 1st Army and later part of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. Numbers 651 to 663 Squadrons of the RAF were air observation post units working closely with British Army units in artillery spotting and liaison. A further three of these squadrons, 664–666, were manned with Canadian personnel. Their duties and squadron numbers were transferred to the Army with the formation of the Army Air Corps on 1 September 1957.
Royal Air Force
No. 661 Squadron was formed at RAF Old Sarum on 31 August 1943 with the Taylorcraft Auster III and in March 1944 the Auster IV. The squadron role was to support the Canadian 1st Army and in July 1944 it moved to France. Fighting in the break-out from Normandy it followed the Canadians across the low countries and into Germany. The squadron disbanded at Ghent, Belgium on 31 October 1945.
It's motto was: Latin Designo oculis ad caedem ("With my eyes i designate for slaughter") it's identification symbol was: A grenade enfiled by a compass ring. It used the following identification symbols: OE (Aug 1944 – Oct 1945) ROA (Feb 1949 – Apr 1951)
After the war the Air Observation Squadrons were reformed and No. 661 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force was as such formed at RAF Kenley on 1 May 1949, consisting of five flights -nos. 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 (Reserve) AOP Flights-, to provide support to the Army in the south London and Surrey area until it was disbanded on 10 March 1957 at RAF Henlow.
No. 1957 Air Observation Post Flight was formed within 662 Squadron along with No. 1958 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 1959 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 1960 Air Observation Post Flight & No. 1961 Air Observation Post Flight.
Ex-661 Squadron Auster AOP IV NJ695.
Aircraft operated by No. 661 Squadron RAF
From
To
Aircraft
Variant
August 1943
April 1944
Auster
Mk.III
March 1944
October 1945
Auster
AOP IV
November 1944
October 1945
Auster
AOP V
Aircraft operated by No. 661 Squadron RAuxAF
From
To
Aircraft
Variant
Jul 1949
February 1950
Auster
AOP IV
May 1949
October 1951
Auster
AOP V
May 1949
February 1957
Auster
AOP.6
Surviving aircraft
Three known 661 Squadron aircraft survive in airworthy condition.
Serial
Geographic location
Institutional location
History
Photo
NJ695
Lee on the Solent, Hampshire, UK
The Historic Aircraft Hangar, "Bellman 4", Solent Airport, EGHF
Auster Mk.IV, built in 1943 and deployed to France in July 1944. It was operated by 661 squadron in Europe until the squadron was disbanded. Demobbed and civilianised by Taylorcraft England, it was sold to a flying school in East Anglia in 1948, then to a French parachuting club in 1958, before returning to the UK in 1973. Currently in flyable condition, restoration to full airworthiness is planned to be completed in 2024.
NJ695
TW384
Rakovník, Czechia
Rakovnik Airport, LKRK
Auster Mk.V, C/N 1753, To 20 MU Aston Down 31.8.45. To CS(A) at A&AEE, Boscombe Down 12.9.46 (to replace TW513 for photography of smokescreens & communications duties). To 20 MU Aston Down 13.7.48. To 1960 Flt/661 Squadron, Kenley 19.5.49; coded ‘RCE-D’. To 19 MU St Athan 20.9.51. Sold 1953. Operated by Channel Airways from 1954 to 1974 as G-ANHZ. Sold to Switzerland in 1995 as HB-EZJ and fully restored in Switzerland to original condition. Since 2022 OK-BTA, privately owned by Jiri Hruska.
MS980
Niederöblarn, Austria
Niederöblarn Airport
Auster MK.V built in February 1944 as MS980, issued to 661 Squadron "C Flight" on 15.06.1944; Transferred to 652 Squadron on 12.4.1945, released to 663 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 11.8.1949; Put in storage surplus 3.3.1954; civilized as G-ANGW and sold to the Austrian Flying Club "Fliegerclub Wien Aspern" registered since then in Austria as OE-AAT.
Was sold to Fliegerclub Fürstenfeld in 1964, removed from flying in 1984 and put in long term storage until 2004. Now restored to original authentic RAF WWII D Day factory config including camouflage between 2006-2012 by Erich and Matthias Lemmerer; Aircraft based in Austria;
MS980 OE-AAT
Army Air Corps
The squadron was reformed from the original RAF squadron on 1 November 1978 while in Germany.
See also
List of Army Air Corps aircraft units
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons
References
Citations
^ Halley 1988, pp. 444–451.
^ Jefford 2001, pp. 102–104.
^ a b c d Jefford 2001, p. 104.
^ a b c Halley 1988, p. 448.
^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 79.
^ Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 95.
^ Bowyer & Rawlings 1979, p. 138.
^ Flintham & Thomas 2003, p. 187.
^ Sturtivant & Hamlin 2007, p. 131.
^ Lake 1999, p. 101.
^ Farrar-Hockley 1994, p. 239.
Bibliography
Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.
Farrar-Hockley, A (1994). The Army In The Air. UK: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-0617-0.
Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (2nd ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
Lake, Alan (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
Sturtivant, Ray, ISO; Hamlin, John (2007). RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing.
External links
661 Squadron entry at helis.com
Squadron history for nos. 651–670 sqn. at RAF Web
661 sqn. page of RAF website
vteArmy Air Corps (units)Airfields
JHC FS Aldergrove
RAF Barkston Heath
Stirling Lines
AAC Middle Wallop
Wattisham Flying Station
RNAS Yeovilton
RegularunitsBrigades1st Aviation Brigade Combat Team1 Regiment
No. 651 Squadron AAC
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3 Regiment
HQ Squadron
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4 Regiment
No. 656 Squadron AAC
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5 Regiment
No. 665 Squadron AAC
No. 29 (BATUS) Flight AAC (Alberta, Canada)
Army reserve units6 Regiment
No. 675 (The Rifles) Squadron AAC
No. 677 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Squadron AAC
No. 678 (The Rifles) Squadron AAC
No. 679 (The Duke of Connaught's) Squadron AAC
Trainingunits2 (Training) Regiment
No. 668 (Training) Squadron AAC
No. 676 Squadron AAC
7 (Training) Regiment
No. 671 Squadron AAC
No. 673 Squadron AAC
9 Regiment
No. 670 Squadron AAC
Other
No. 660 Squadron AAC (No. 1 Flying Training School RAF)
Apache Display Team
Band of the Army Air Corps
Independent squadrons
No. 658 Squadron AAC (Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing)
No. 667 Squadron AAC
Former display units
Army Historic Aircraft Flight
Helicopter Display Team (Blue Eagles)
Category United Kingdom portal
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Australian Flying Corps unitsattached to the RAFduring the First World War
67 (1 Sqn AFC)
68 (2 Sqn AFC)
69 (3 Sqn AFC)
71 (4 Sqn AFC)
Article XV (Commonwealth) air force units attached to the RAF during the Second World WarRoyal Canadian Air Force (RCAF)
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Squadrons formed fromnon-Commonwealth personnelduring the Second World War
Argentine
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Royal Auxiliary Air ForceSpecial Reserve
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Canadian 1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_1st_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Auxiliary Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Auxiliary_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"air observation post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_observation_post"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Military unitNo. 661 Squadron AAC is a squadron of the British Army's Army Air Corps (AAC). It was formerly No. 661 Squadron, a Royal Air Force air observation post squadron associated with the Canadian 1st Army and later part of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. Numbers 651 to 663 Squadrons of the RAF were air observation post units working closely with British Army units in artillery spotting and liaison. A further three of these squadrons, 664–666, were manned with Canadian personnel. Their duties and squadron numbers were transferred to the Army with the formation of the Army Air Corps on 1 September 1957.[1][2]","title":"No. 661 Squadron AAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAF Old Sarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Old_Sarum"},{"link_name":"Taylorcraft Auster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorcraft_Auster"},{"link_name":"Canadian 1st Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ghent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jefford2001-3"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley1988-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RAF Kenley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Kenley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"RAF Henlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Henlow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jefford2001-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake1999101-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auster_AOP_IV.jpg"}],"text":"No. 661 Squadron was formed at RAF Old Sarum on 31 August 1943 with the Taylorcraft Auster III and in March 1944 the Auster IV. The squadron role was to support the Canadian 1st Army and in July 1944 it moved to France. Fighting in the break-out from Normandy it followed the Canadians across the low countries and into Germany. The squadron disbanded at Ghent, Belgium on 31 October 1945.[3]It's motto was: Latin Designo oculis ad caedem (\"With my eyes i designate for slaughter\") it's identification symbol was: A grenade enfiled by a compass ring.[4] It used the following identification symbols: OE (Aug 1944 – Oct 1945)[5][6] ROA (Feb 1949 – Apr 1951)[7][8]After the war the Air Observation Squadrons were reformed and No. 661 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force was as such formed at RAF Kenley on 1 May 1949, consisting of five flights -nos. 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 and 1961 (Reserve) AOP Flights-,[9] to provide support to the Army in the south London and Surrey area until it was disbanded on 10 March 1957 at RAF Henlow.[3]No. 1957 Air Observation Post Flight was formed within 662 Squadron along with No. 1958 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 1959 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 1960 Air Observation Post Flight & No. 1961 Air Observation Post Flight.[10]Ex-661 Squadron Auster AOP IV NJ695.","title":"Royal Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Three known 661 Squadron aircraft survive in airworthy condition.","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrar-Hockley1994239-11"}],"sub_title":"Army Air Corps","text":"The squadron was reformed from the original RAF squadron on 1 November 1978 while in Germany.[11]","title":"Surviving aircraft"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ex-661 Squadron Auster AOP IV NJ695.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Auster_AOP_IV.jpg/300px-Auster_AOP_IV.jpg"},{"image_text":"NJ695","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Auster_AOP_IV.jpg/220px-Auster_AOP_IV.jpg"},{"image_text":"MS980 OE-AAT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Luidolt_Werner-0164334.jpg/220px-Luidolt_Werner-0164334.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Army Air Corps aircraft units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Army_Air_Corps_aircraft_units_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons"}]
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[{"reference":"Bowyer, Michael J.F.; Rawlings, John D.R. (1979). Squadron Codes, 1937–56. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-364-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-364-6","url_text":"0-85059-364-6"}]},{"reference":"Farrar-Hockley, A (1994). The Army In The Air. UK: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-0617-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-0617-0","url_text":"0-7509-0617-0"}]},{"reference":"Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-281-8","url_text":"1-84037-281-8"}]},{"reference":"Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-164-9","url_text":"0-85130-164-9"}]},{"reference":"Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (2nd ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-053-6","url_text":"1-85310-053-6"}]},{"reference":"Lake, Alan (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury","url_text":"Shrewsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-086-6","url_text":"1-84037-086-6"}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, Ray, ISO; Hamlin, John (2007). RAF Flying Training And Support Units since 1912. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-365-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-365-X","url_text":"0-85130-365-X"}]},{"reference":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). Orbis Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrated_Encyclopedia_of_Aircraft","url_text":"Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.helis.com/database/sqd/uk_661_squadron/","external_links_name":"661 Squadron entry at helis.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519090621/http://www.rafweb.org/Sqn651-670.htm","external_links_name":"Squadron history for nos. 651–670 sqn. at RAF Web"},{"Link":"http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/h661.html","external_links_name":"661 sqn. page of RAF website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_art
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Culture of Bulgaria
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["1 Music","2 Customs and rites","3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites","4 Theatres","5 Visual art","6 Cuisine","7 Media","8 Religion","9 Clothing","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Sources","12 External links"]
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Bulgarian traditional dance.
This article is part of a series on theCulture of Bulgaria
Society
History
Golden Age
Language
Bulgarian
dialects
Banat Bulgarian
People
race and ethicity
Religion
Arts and literature
Architecture
Art
Dance
Literature
Music
Theatre
Other
Cuisine
Festivals
Media
newspapers
radio
cinema
TV
Internet
Names
Mythology
Costumes
Sport
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
Script
Anthem
Animal
Adornment
Instrument
Patron saint
Drink
World Heritage Sites
Bulgaria portalvte
A man from Florence, 1888 Renaissance-style painting by Konstantin Velichkov.
A number of ancient civilizations, including the Thracians, ancient Greeks, Scythians, Celts, ancient Romans, Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Slavs (East and West Slavs), Varangians and the Bulgars have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria. Due to this great variety of influences, Bulgaria has adopted many unusual traditions. Thracian artifacts include numerous temples, tombs, golden treasures and ancient rites and rituals, while the Bulgars have left traces of their heritage in statehood, early architecture, music and dances. Thracian rituals such as the Tryphon Zarezan which is dedicated to Saint Tryphon of Campsada, Kukeri and Martenitsa are to this day kept alive in the modern Bulgarian culture.
The oldest treasure of worked gold in the world, dating back to the 5th millennium BC, comes from the site of the Varna Necropolis.
Kukeri in Razlog
Bulgaria functioned as a cultural hub of Slavic Europe during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools. Bulgaria also gave the world the Cyrillic script, the second most widely used alphabet and sixth most-used writing system in the world, which originated in these two schools in the tenth century.
Bulgaria's contribution to humanity continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with individuals such as John Atanasoff — a United States citizen of Bulgarian and British descent, regarded as the father of the digital computer. A number of noted opera-singers (Nicolai Ghiaurov, Boris Christoff, Raina Kabaivanska, Ghena Dimitrova, Anna Tomowa-Sintow, Vesselina Kasarova), pianist Alexis Weissenberg, and successful artists (Christo, Pascin, Vladimir Dimitrov) popularized the culture of Bulgaria abroad.
Music
Main article: Music of Bulgaria
Gadulka, a traditional folk instrument.
Bulgaria has a long-standing musical tradition dating to the early Middle Ages. One of the earliest known composers of Medieval Europe, Yoan Kukuzel (ca. 1280–1360), became famous for his work Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman. About 90 of his works have survived. Kukuzel also reformed the Byzantine musical writing system, and became known as The Angel-voiced for his singing abilities.
The tradition of church singing in Bulgaria is more than thousand years old. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church there are two traditions of church singing - Eastern monodic (one-voice) singing and choral (polyphonic). The Eastern monodic singing observes the tradition of Greek and Byzantine music as well as the requirements of the eight-voices polyphonic canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The second tradition is the choral church music, established during the nineteenth century, when in Bulgaria enters the influence of Russian polyphonic choral church music. Many Bulgarian composers (Dobri Hristov, Petar Dinev, etc.) create their works in the spirit of Russian polyphony. Today Orthodox music is alive and is performed both during church worship services and at concerts by secular choirs and soloists. Contemporary Bulgarian worldwide recognized choirs and singers in whose repertoire permanently takes place the orthodox music are: Yoan Kukuzel Choir, Plovdiv Boys' Choir 'Stefka Blagoeva', Sofia Boys' Choir, Madrigal Sofia Choir, Sofia Orthodox Choir, Sofia Priest Choir, etc., worldwide famous opera singers Boris Christoff and Nicola Ghiuselev.
The distinctive sound of Bulgarian folk music comes partly from the asymmetric rhythms, harmony and polyphony, such as the use of close intervals like the major second and the singing of a drone accompaniment underneath the melody, especially common in songs from the Shopluk region in Western Bulgaria and the Pirin region.
Bulgarian folk music is unique in its complex harmonies and highly irregular rhythms. These kinds of rhythms, also called uneven beats or asymmetric measures, were introduced to musicologists only in 1886 when music teacher Anastas Stoyan published Bulgarian folk melodies for the first time. Examples of such beats are 58, 78, 88, 98 and 118, or composite ones like 5+78, 15+148 and 9+516. Each area of Bulgaria has a characteristic music and dance style. Bulgarian folk music inspired and was used by musicians like Kate Bush and George Harrison.
Bulgarian vocal style has a unique throat quality, while the singers themselves are renowned for their range. Their voices are low and soprano and the children love singing as well as anything artistic. Diatonic scales predominate but in the Rhodope Mountains, for example, pentatonic scales occur, while in Thrace chromatic scales with augmented intervals (similar to the music of Classical Greece). Also, the intonation varies, and is quite different from the modern Western equal temperament. Depending on whether the melody moves up or down, an interval can augment or decrease by a quarter tone.
Musical instruments (also characteristic of the whole Balkan region) include gaida гайда (bagpipe), kaval кавал (rim-blown flute), zurna or zurla зурна (another woodwind, similar to oboe typical among Roma), tambura тамбура (long-necked lute), gadulka гъдулка (bowed instrument held upright).
The gaida of Bulgaria is worthy of its own subsection. In Bulgaria the gaida has been a long symbol of the country and its heritage, and is one of the more well-known instruments of the country. The gaida most widely used is the Thracian gaida. There is in the Rhodope Mountains the deep-sounding kaba gaida. In the north, common of Dobrudzha and the Vlachs there is the dzhura gaida. Also in the Strandzha region near the border with Turkey there is the Strandzha gaida. The bag itself is made of a goat skin turned inside out, and most often the rims of the different parts of the instrument - chanter and drone pipe - have a piece of horn on it.
Dances have complex steps matching the rhythms, and are often fast. Most are circle-dances or line dances called horo; but some are done singly or in pairs.
Although traditional music and dance are not popular among Bulgarian city youth, they are often performed at weddings, and generally in countryside festivals. They are also performed in Bulgaria and abroad by amateur and professional performing artists and choirs.
Regional folk musical styles abound in Bulgaria. Northern Bulgaria, Dobruja, Shopluk, Thrace, Strandzha, Macedonia and Rhodopes - all have distinctive sounds. Much of traditional folk music revolved around holidays like Christmas, New Year's Day, midsummer, and the Feast of St. Lazarus, as well as the Strandzha region's unusual Nestinarstvo rites on May 21.
Several world-renowned troupes perform Bulgarian folk music, including the State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances, founded by Philip Koutev (1903-1982), Trio Bulgarka and the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir, who are featured, among others, on the anthologies titled Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares, volume 2 of which received a Grammy Award in 1989.
One internationally known artist, Valya Balkanska, sang the song Izlel e Delyu Haydutin, which was chosen to be part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music sent into space in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir also known as Mystery of Bulgarian voices has also attained a considerable degree of fame.
Customs and rites
Usual type of Bulgarian martenitsa.
Bulgarian folk costume
A decorated horse, prepared for a race. Horseraces take place each year to mark Todorovden (St. Theodore's day).
Bulgarians often give each other a martenitsa (мартеница) — an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes — from March 1 until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th century and the time of Khan Kubrat, the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs. Romania and some parts of Greece also have a similar custom. In 2017, UNESCO added the cultural practices centered around the martenitsa ritual in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
The ancient Bulgarian ritual of kukeri (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each kuker, who also have bells attached to his waist. The kukeri dance, jump and shout in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. In 2015, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as part of the traditional Surva Folk Fest held annually in Pernik.
Another characteristic custom called Nestinarstvo (Нестинарство), or firedancing, is found in the Strandzha region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. In 2009, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Main article: UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria
Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are part of the national route tourist map of 100 national tourist sites
of the Bulgarian Tourist Union:
The early medieval large rock relief Madara Rider
Two Thracian tombs (one in Sveshtari and one in Kazanlak)
Three monuments of medieval Bulgarian culture (the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery and the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo)
Two examples of natural beauty: the Fisherman Momerioland the Sreburna Nature Reserve
The ancient city of Nessebur — a unique combination of European cultural interaction, as well as, historically, one of the most important centres of seaborne trade in the Black Sea
"Surva"- International Kukeri Festival in Pernik, Bulgaria. One of the biggest masquerade festival on the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Conducted in the last three days of January. Kukeri or Surva Festival (Mummer's games) in the town of Pernik, is the most spectacular "Kukeri" event in Bulgaria. At the end of January thousands of "kukeri" participants from different regions of Bulgaria, as well as from all around the world gather in Pernik for the three-day event. The festival held in Pernik is the oldest festival of the masquerade games in Bulgaria. The first edition was opened on January 16, 1966. In 1995 the International Federation of Carnival Cities accepted the town of Pernik as its full member. In 2009 Pernik was proclaimed as the European capital of Surva's and Mummer's. The news that the Kukeri tradition and the Surva Festival in Pernik will be included in UNESCO's list of protected non-material cultural heritage, was announced before the inaugural ceremony of the 20th edition of the mummery fest in 2015.
Local archaeologists assume that the number of archaeological sites is the third-largest in Europe after Italy and Greece.
Theatres
According to the Bulgarian Statistical Institute as of 2005 there were 75 theatres in Bulgaria including National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria with around 30,000 seats altogether.
The first theatrical events in Bulgaria are related to community centers which were the center of the spiritual and social life of the country in the middle of the 19th century.
The first theatrical production was presented in Shumen in 1856. This is the comedy Mihal Mouseoed by Sava Dobroplodni, who at that time was a teacher in Shumen.
The name of Dobri Voynikov means the beginning of the Bulgarian theater. They call it the father of the Bulgarian drama and theater. According to the fact - an inaccurate definition, because the first dramaturgic work in Bulgaria is the comedy of Theodosius Ikonomov, "The Lovecycle Wanderer or Bella of the hunting poet Sahatchiya", published in 1863 but compiled as early as 1857. The first theatrical performances on the Bulgarian stage are also not Soldiers. These are the comedy "Mihal", translated by Greek and adapted for the Bulgarian audience by Sava Dobroplodni, who organized her performance in Shumen, and the dramas "Multitudes Genoveva" and "Belisarius", placed by Krastyu Pishurka in Lom. All three titles were first played in 1856.
Vazov tells of theater in the 1870s. Until then, dozens of theatrical and pre-theatrical performances have been performed. The first of them began to be organized in the 1940s and 1950s. Even then there are traces of scenographic attempts in our country.
A more important theatrical fact during the Renaissance was the creation of the Svishtov People's Theater. The Bulgarian performances in the town began in the 1870s, when the two enthusiastic theaters - Dimitar Shishmanov and Nikolay Pavlovich - returned in their home country. The first is a director, the second is a local theater painter. The Svishtov performances are played on a specially built stage, whose artistic layout is entrusted to N. Pavlovich. And he probably managed to overcome the level of the then Bulgarian theater.
During the period 1900–1917, the Bulgarian theater entered a new stage of its development - a stage of real professionalisation of the acting art, the Europeanization of the appearance of the spectacle and the permanent establishment of the National Theater as a nationally representative cultural institution.
The Bulgarian Theater in the years to 1989 has ideological-party orientation. It is in the service of socialist realism.
The arts are called "the means of education", and "socialist realism - the only method of artistic creativity". Changes in society, culture, the arts, the theater are ubiquitous. The imposition of socialist realism takes place through the repertoire, the new Bulgarian drama, as well as the staging practice.
The dynamic development of the Bulgarian theater after 1989 typifies theater phenomena for a long period of nearly 25 years and highlights by them trends, essential characteristics and innovative movements.
Famous Bulgarian theatrical actors are: Georgi Kaloyanchev, Stoyanka Mutafova, Roza Popova, Vasil Gendov, Georgi Partsalev, Velko Kanev, Pavel Poppandov, Maria Sapundjieva, Iossif Surchadzhiev and others.
Famous Bulgarian playwrights include: Peyo Yavorov, Nedyalko Yordanov, Stoslav Stratiev, Rangel Ignatov and others.
Visual art
Fresco, depicting Sebastocratoress Desislava in Boyana Church.
A ceramic icon of St. Theodore, made by the Preslav Literary School in the 10th century
Bulgaria has a rich heritage in the visual arts, especially in frescoes, murals and icons. The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak offers fine examples of excellently preserved ancient Thracian art. Tomb art provides one of the most important sources of information about Thracian lifestyle and culture. Visual arts in the Bulgarian lands experienced an upsurge during the entire period of the Middle Ages. The crypt of the Alexander Nevski cathedral features an exhibition of a large collection of medieval icons. The earliest of those dates from around the 9th century. The Tarnovo Artistic School, the mainstream of the Bulgarian fine arts and architecture between 13th and 14th centuries, takes its name from the capital and main cultural center of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo. Although it shows the influence of some tendencies of the Palaeologan Renaissance in the Byzantine Empire, the Tarnovo painting had its own unique features which makes it a separate artistic school.
Art historians classify its products into two types:
mural painting: mural decoration of churches
iconography: easel painting
The works of the school show some degree of realism, portrait individualism and psychology.
The unique and realistic portraits in the Boyana Church class as forerunners of the Renaissance.
The wall piers and the arches often featured medallion-shaped bust images of saints. Magnificent examples of those survive in Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church in Tarnovo. Along with traditional scenes such as "Christ's passions" and "Feast cycle" in the second layer; "Christ Pantokrator" in the dome and the Madonna with the infant Christ in the apse, specific images and scenes also appear. During the period of Ottoman rule (1396-1878) the authorities suppressed Bulgarian art. Many churches suffered destruction, and newly built ones remained somewhat modest. In the end of the 18th century the Islamic Ottoman Empire began to decay slowly, thus permitting the Bulgarian National Revival of the 18th and 19th centuries to occur. Bulgaria experienced a revival in every area of culture. Following the Liberation in 1878, fine arts rapidly recovered and came under the influence of European artistic currents such as late Romanticism.
After 1878 until the middle of the 20th century, there was an extremely intensive process of incorporating the Bulgarian art into the contemporary European artistic culture. The development of Bulgarian art follows the path of the ethnographic and descriptive genre scenes, painted by the artists after the Liberation, such as Ivan Markvichka, Anton Mitov, Ivan Angelov, Yaroslav Veshin in the exquisite landscapes and elegant portraits typical of the beginning of the 20th century by Nikola Petrov, Nikola Marinov, Stefan Ivanov, Elena Karamihailova together with the expressive decoration of the 1920s (Ivan Milev, Ivan Penkov, Pencho Georgiev ... ) to the extremely wealthy creative talents and various plastic quests in the 1930s and 1940s by Vladimir Dimitrov - The Master, Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Dechko Uzunov, Nenko Balkanski, Sirak Skitnik, Vera Nedkova, Ivan Nenov, Bencho Obreshkov, with many different artists from different parts of the country.
The cartoon, the illustration and the layout of the book with the three great ones first appear as they are called Alexander Bozhinov, Ilia Beshkov, Raiko Aleksiev, Kiril Buyukliiski, Alexander Zhendov, Stoyan Venev, Sirak Skitnik. The Bulgarian sculpture is also developing: Boris Shaz and Zheko Spiridonov, Andrey Nikolov and Ivan Lazarov, Lyubomir Dalchev, Vaska Emanouilova, Marko Markov, Ivan Funev give it its foundation. But the development of Bulgarian art continues to develop vigorously and independently in our time also.
Cuisine
Main article: Bulgarian cuisine
Tarator.
Melnik is a major wine production center since 1346.
The relatively warm climate and diverse geography afford excellent growing conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits, Bulgarian cuisine (българска кухня, bulgarska kuhnya) offers great diversity.
Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine also features diverse quality dairy products and a variety of wines and local alcoholic drinks such as rakia (ракия), mastika (мастика) and menta (мента). Bulgarian cuisine also features a variety of hot and cold soups, for example tarator. Many different Bulgarian pastries exist as well, such as banitsa, a traditional pastry prepared by layering a mixture of whisked eggs and pieces of Bulgarian cheese with filo pastry and then baking it in an oven.
Traditionally, Bulgarian cooks put lucky charms into their pastry on certain occasions, particularly on Christmas Eve, the first day of Christmas, or New Year's Eve. Such charms may include coins or small symbolic objects (such as a small piece of a dogwood branch with a bud, symbolizing health or longevity). More recently, people have started writing happy wishes on small pieces of paper and wrapping them in tin foil. Messages may include wishes for happiness, health, long life or success throughout the new year.
Bulgarians eat banitsa — hot or cold — for breakfast with plain yogurt, ayran, or boza. Some varieties include banitsa with spinach (спаначена баница, spanachena banitsa) or the sweet version, banitsa with milk (млечна баница, mlechna banitsa) or pumpkin (тиквеник, tikvenik).
The Bulgarian lyutenitsa (лютеница) is a spicy mixture of mashed and cooked tomatoes, aubergines, garlic, hot peppers and vegetable oil, seasoned with salt, pepper and parsley. Variations of lyutenitsa exist in the national cuisines of most Balkan states.
Tripe soup (шкембе чорба, skhembe chorba) takes as its basis the thick lining of the cleaned stomach of cattle, prepared with milk and seasoned with vinegar, garlic and hot peppers. Under Ottoman rule, the sultans allegedly preferred tripe soup made by Bulgarian cooks, whose mastery in preparing the dish remained unmatched in the Balkans. In addition, Bulgaria is included in the Michelin catalog because of its rich cuisine and traditional dishes.
Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the Thracians, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually, ranking 20th in the world.
Media
Main article: Media of Bulgaria
Bulgaria's media are generally deemed unbiased, although the state still dominates the field through the Bulgarian National Television (BNT), the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR), and the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Bulgarian media have a record of unbiased reporting, although they are deemed potentially at risk of political influence due to the lack of legislation to protect them. The written media have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirely liberal. The extensive freedom of the press means that no exact number of publications can be established, although some research put an estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006. The largest-circulation daily newspapers include Dneven Trud and 24 Chasa.
Non-printed media sources, such as television and radio, are overseen by the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body with the authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from a state-operated national television channel, radio station and the Bulgarian News Agency, a large number of private television and radio stations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradation of media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure. Slavi's Show and Gospodari Na Efira are among the most popular TV programs, both having more than 1,000,000 views per show.
Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack of censorship and diverse content.
Religion
Main article: Religion in Bulgaria
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world.
Bulgaria is officially a secular nation and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion but designates Orthodoxy as a "traditional" religion. In the 2001 census, 82.6% Bulgarians declared themselves Orthodox Christians, 12.2% Muslim, 1.2% other Christian denominations, 4% other religions (Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, Judaism) and zero percent atheists. Most citizens of Bulgaria have associations — at least nominally — with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Founded in 870 AD under the Patriarchate of Constantinople (from which it obtained its first primate, its clergy and theological texts), the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had autocephalous status since 927 AD. The Church became subordinate within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, twice during the periods of Byzantine (1018 – 1185) and Ottoman (1396 – 1878) domination. It was re-established first in 1870 in the form of the Bulgarian Exarchate, and then in the 1950s as the Bulgarian Patriarchate.
Sofia Synagogue. The Jewish community in the country numbers less than 2,000 people.
Islam came to Bulgaria at the end of the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the Ottomans. It gradually gained ground throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries through the introduction of Turkish colonists. One Islamic sect, Ahmadiyya, faces problems in Bulgaria. Some officials have moved against Ahmadis
on the grounds that other countries also attack the religious rights of Ahmadis, who many Muslims regard as heretical.
In the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, missionaries from Rome converted Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Today their descendants form the bulk of Bulgarian Catholics, whose number stood at 44,000 in 2001.
Missionaries from the United States introduced Protestantism into Bulgarian territory in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. In 2001 Bulgaria had some 42,000 Protestants.
Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism became popular among Bulgarians in the time of perestroika and especially after the fall of communist regime and are usually a co-religion or co-belief to Bulgarians who otherwise are Christians (Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy). Among these Eastern (Asian) religions Buddhist centres are officially registered in Bulgaria as religious denominations. The number of followers of Buddhism has increased gradually in recent years also due to the influx of Vietnamese citizens (predominantly Buddhist) to Bulgaria.
According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005,
40% of Bulgarian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 40% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", 13% that "they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force", and 6% did not answer.
Clothing
Main article: Bulgarian national garb
Bulgarian children in national costumes.
Bulgarian traditional clothing is diverse, and every ethnographic area in Bulgaria has its distinct styles.
Bulgarians call their traditional clothing 'носия' (nosiya).
See also
Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture
Art School of Tarnovo
Tarnovo Literary School
Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School
Bulgarian language
Public holidays in Bulgaria
References
^ New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007
^ "Cyrillic alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica".
^ "Past Winners". Grammy.com. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.
^ "Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March".
^ "Surova folk feast in Pernik region". UNESCO.
^ "Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari". UNESCO.
^ "Bulgaria's Treasure Hunters and the Lost Rome". Novinite. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
^
"Bulgarian Statistical Institute - Theatres in 2005". www.nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
^ "Българският театър". 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Театър София". sofiatheatre.eu.
^ "Plovdiv Drama Theater - Official Website". Plovdiv Drama Theater.
^ "ЗА ТЕАТЪРА". www.dramavarna.com.
^ "Програма - МДТ Константин Кисимов". www.teatarvtarnovo.com.
^ "Театри в цяла България - Опознай.bg". opoznai.bg.
^
Graba, A. La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie, Paris, 1928, p. 95
^
Цончева, М. За Търновската живописна школа. - В: Търновска книжовна школа. 1371-1971, С., 1974, с. 343.
^ "Старобългарско изкуство", Том ІІ - Никола Мавродинов, издателство "Наука и изкуство", София, 1959 г.
^ Тихомир Църов (20 March 2018). "Изкуството винаги надживява пропагандата (СНИМКИ) - Габрово". DarikNews.bg.
^ Катерина Павлова (29 December 2013). "Образът на Бай Ганьо в карикатурите от българския хумористично-сатиричен периодичен печат (1895-1944)". Електронно списание LiterNet, № 12 (169).
^ LITERNET (9 March 2015). "Българска карикатура – класици и съвременници. 20.-21.век". kulturni-novini.info.
^ Петров, Калин. "9. Българското изкуство от началото на XX век - движението "родно изкуство". Иван Милев, Сирак Скитник, Владимир Димитров - майстора". www.bg-istoria.com.
^ Емил Георгиев (17 May 2016). "Как българските художници се опитаха да настигнат Европа - Площад Славейков".
^ "Млади български художници". Young Bulgarian Artists.
^ "Welcome to the official site - ICA-Sofia". ica-sofia.org.
^ "Art Today Association / Center for Contemporary Art - Plovdiv". www.arttoday.org.
^ "Contemporary Space - Художествена галерия". Contemporary Space.
^ "Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today". Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today.
^ WebGravity. "BulgariaInside: портал за туризъм и пътешествия". www.bulgariainside.com. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
^ Lifestyle, Michelin Travel (16 March 2012). Michelin Bulgaria / Michelin Bulgarie. ISBN 978-2067174023.
^ "Руснаците купиха 81 милиона литра българско вино". Investor.bg. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
^ See List of wine-producing countries
^
Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (October 2006). "Country Profile: Bulgaria" (PDF). Library of Congress. pp. 18, 23. Retrieved 4 September 2009. Mass Media: In 2006 Bulgaria's print and broadcast media generally were considered unbiased, although the government dominated broadcasting through the state-owned Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) and print news dissemination through the largest press agency, the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Human Rights: In the early 2000s, Bulgaria generally has been rated highly on the issue of human rights. However, some exceptions exist. Although the media have a record of unbiased reporting, Bulgaria's lack of specific legislation protecting the media from state interference is a theoretical weakness.
^ a b c Media Landscape – Bulgaria Archived July 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, European Journalism Centre
^ a b Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media, Bulgaria Country Report Archived 2011-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, Open Society Institute, December 2009
^ 20-те най-гледани предавания са по bTV, без изключение! Archived 2012-06-28 at archive.today, slusham.com, January 2010
^ a b c
Corley, Felix. "Ahmadis barred "because it is against the religions that people follow here"". Forum 18. Oslo: Forum 18 News Service. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 2008-09-01. Bulgaria's small Ahmadi Muslim community is concerned by persistent attempts by a local prosecutor and the national state Religious Affairs Directorate to strip it of its legal status
^ "Историята на центъра ни | Тибетски будизъм - Будистки център Шечен България". Shechen-bg.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
^ Виетнамците се завръщат у нас, BGBen.co.uk
^
"Social values, science and technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. European Commission. June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-24. Retrieved 2007-01-01.
Sources
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (2006). Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe. Routledge. pp. 336–353. ISBN 0-415-38602-0.
Montiglio, Daniel. Скритите символи в българските шевици
Petkova-Campbell, Gabriela,(2013). "The tsars of Bulgaria: collections and relics." Journal of the History of Collections. V. 25 (July): 217–226.
External links
Center for Traditional Music and Dance
Nikolov, A. The Perception of the Bulgarian Past in the Court of Preslav around 900 AD. - In: State and Church: Studies in Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantium. Ed. by V. Gjuzelev and K. Petkov. American Research Center in Sofia: Sofia, 2011, 157-171
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Girls_02.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Velichkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Velichkov"},{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"ancient Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"West Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Varangians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temples"},{"link_name":"tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb"},{"link_name":"golden treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_treasure"},{"link_name":"Kukeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri"},{"link_name":"Martenitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martenitsa"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Varna Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kukeri_razlog.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kukeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri"},{"link_name":"Razlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razlog"},{"link_name":"Slavic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Europe"},{"link_name":"Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"Ohrid Literary Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet"},{"link_name":"writing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writing_systems"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Atanasoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Atanasoff"},{"link_name":"digital computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_computer"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Ghiaurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov"},{"link_name":"Boris Christoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Christoff"},{"link_name":"Raina Kabaivanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina_Kabaivanska"},{"link_name":"Ghena Dimitrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghena_Dimitrova"},{"link_name":"Anna Tomowa-Sintow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Tomowa-Sintow"},{"link_name":"Vesselina Kasarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesselina_Kasarova"},{"link_name":"Alexis Weissenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Weissenberg"},{"link_name":"Christo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude"},{"link_name":"Pascin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Dimitrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dimitrov_-_Maistora"}],"text":"Bulgarian traditional dance.A man from Florence, 1888 Renaissance-style painting by Konstantin Velichkov.A number of ancient civilizations, including the Thracians, ancient Greeks, Scythians, Celts, ancient Romans, Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Slavs (East and West Slavs), Varangians and the Bulgars have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of Bulgaria. Due to this great variety of influences, Bulgaria has adopted many unusual traditions. Thracian artifacts include numerous temples, tombs, golden treasures and ancient rites and rituals, while the Bulgars have left traces of their heritage in statehood, early architecture, music and dances. Thracian rituals such as the Tryphon Zarezan which is dedicated to Saint Tryphon of Campsada, Kukeri and Martenitsa are to this day kept alive in the modern Bulgarian culture.\nThe oldest treasure of worked gold in the world, dating back to the 5th millennium BC, comes from the site of the Varna Necropolis.[1]Kukeri in RazlogBulgaria functioned as a cultural hub of Slavic Europe during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools. Bulgaria also gave the world the Cyrillic script, the second most widely used alphabet and sixth most-used writing system in the world, which originated in these two schools in the tenth century.[2]Bulgaria's contribution to humanity continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with individuals such as John Atanasoff — a United States citizen of Bulgarian and British descent, regarded as the father of the digital computer. A number of noted opera-singers (Nicolai Ghiaurov, Boris Christoff, Raina Kabaivanska, Ghena Dimitrova, Anna Tomowa-Sintow, Vesselina Kasarova), pianist Alexis Weissenberg, and successful artists (Christo, Pascin, Vladimir Dimitrov) popularized the culture of Bulgaria abroad.","title":"Culture of Bulgaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gadulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadulka"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Medieval Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Europe"},{"link_name":"Yoan Kukuzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoan_Kukuzel"},{"link_name":"Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polieleion_of_the_Bulgarian_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"monodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodic"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphonic"},{"link_name":"Byzantine music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Dobri Hristov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobri_Hristov"},{"link_name":"Yoan Kukuzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoan_Kukuzel"},{"link_name":"Sofia Boys' Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_boys_choir"},{"link_name":"Madrigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)"},{"link_name":"Boris Christoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Christoff"},{"link_name":"Nicola Ghiuselev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Ghiuselev"},{"link_name":"polyphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"major second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_second"},{"link_name":"Pirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"asymmetric measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature#Complex_time_signatures"},{"link_name":"Kate Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bush"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"quarter tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_tone"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan"},{"link_name":"Northern Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Shopluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopluk"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Strandzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandzha"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Rhodopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopes"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"St. Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany"},{"link_name":"Nestinarstvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestinarstvo"},{"link_name":"State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Ensemble_for_Folk_Songs_and_Dances"},{"link_name":"Philip Koutev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Koutev"},{"link_name":"Trio Bulgarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_Bulgarka"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir"},{"link_name":"Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Myst%C3%A8re_des_Voix_Bulgares_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Valya Balkanska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valya_Balkanska"},{"link_name":"Voyager Golden Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir"}],"text":"Gadulka, a traditional folk instrument.Bulgaria has a long-standing musical tradition dating to the early Middle Ages. One of the earliest known composers of Medieval Europe, Yoan Kukuzel (ca. 1280–1360), became famous for his work Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman. About 90 of his works have survived. Kukuzel also reformed the Byzantine musical writing system, and became known as The Angel-voiced for his singing abilities.The tradition of church singing in Bulgaria is more than thousand years old. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church there are two traditions of church singing - Eastern monodic (one-voice) singing and choral (polyphonic). The Eastern monodic singing observes the tradition of Greek and Byzantine music as well as the requirements of the eight-voices polyphonic canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The second tradition is the choral church music, established during the nineteenth century, when in Bulgaria enters the influence of Russian polyphonic choral church music. Many Bulgarian composers (Dobri Hristov, Petar Dinev, etc.) create their works in the spirit of Russian polyphony. Today Orthodox music is alive and is performed both during church worship services and at concerts by secular choirs and soloists. Contemporary Bulgarian worldwide recognized choirs and singers in whose repertoire permanently takes place the orthodox music are: Yoan Kukuzel Choir, Plovdiv Boys' Choir 'Stefka Blagoeva', Sofia Boys' Choir, Madrigal Sofia Choir, Sofia Orthodox Choir, Sofia Priest Choir, etc., worldwide famous opera singers Boris Christoff and Nicola Ghiuselev.The distinctive sound of Bulgarian folk music comes partly from the asymmetric rhythms, harmony and polyphony, such as the use of close intervals like the major second and the singing of a drone accompaniment underneath the melody, especially common in songs from the Shopluk region in Western Bulgaria and the Pirin region.Bulgarian folk music is unique in its complex harmonies and highly irregular rhythms. These kinds of rhythms, also called uneven beats or asymmetric measures, were introduced to musicologists only in 1886 when music teacher Anastas Stoyan published Bulgarian folk melodies for the first time. Examples of such beats are 58, 78, 88, 98 and 118, or composite ones like 5+78, 15+148 and 9+516. Each area of Bulgaria has a characteristic music and dance style. Bulgarian folk music inspired and was used by musicians like Kate Bush and George Harrison.Bulgarian vocal style has a unique throat quality, while the singers themselves are renowned for their range. Their voices are low and soprano and the children love singing as well as anything artistic. Diatonic scales predominate but in the Rhodope Mountains, for example, pentatonic scales occur, while in Thrace chromatic scales with augmented intervals (similar to the music of Classical Greece). Also, the intonation varies, and is quite different from the modern Western equal temperament. Depending on whether the melody moves up or down, an interval can augment or decrease by a quarter tone.Musical instruments (also characteristic of the whole Balkan region) include gaida гайда (bagpipe), kaval кавал (rim-blown flute), zurna or zurla зурна (another woodwind, similar to oboe typical among Roma), tambura тамбура (long-necked lute), gadulka гъдулка (bowed instrument held upright).The gaida of Bulgaria is worthy of its own subsection. In Bulgaria the gaida has been a long symbol of the country and its heritage, and is one of the more well-known instruments of the country. The gaida most widely used is the Thracian gaida. There is in the Rhodope Mountains the deep-sounding kaba gaida. In the north, common of Dobrudzha and the Vlachs there is the dzhura gaida. Also in the Strandzha region near the border with Turkey there is the Strandzha gaida. The bag itself is made of a goat skin turned inside out, and most often the rims of the different parts of the instrument - chanter and drone pipe - have a piece of horn on it.Dances have complex steps matching the rhythms, and are often fast. Most are circle-dances or line dances called horo; but some are done singly or in pairs.Although traditional music and dance are not popular among Bulgarian city youth, they are often performed at weddings, and generally in countryside festivals. They are also performed in Bulgaria and abroad by amateur and professional performing artists and choirs.Regional folk musical styles abound in Bulgaria. Northern Bulgaria, Dobruja, Shopluk, Thrace, Strandzha, Macedonia and Rhodopes - all have distinctive sounds. Much of traditional folk music revolved around holidays like Christmas, New Year's Day, midsummer, and the Feast of St. Lazarus, as well as the Strandzha region's unusual Nestinarstvo rites on May 21.Several world-renowned troupes perform Bulgarian folk music, including the State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances, founded by Philip Koutev (1903-1982), Trio Bulgarka and the Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir, who are featured, among others, on the anthologies titled Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares, volume 2 of which received a Grammy Award in 1989.[3]One internationally known artist, Valya Balkanska, sang the song Izlel e Delyu Haydutin, which was chosen to be part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music sent into space in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir also known as Mystery of Bulgarian voices has also attained a considerable degree of fame.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martenitsa_E2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg"},{"link_name":"martenitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martenitsa"},{"link_name":"Baba Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Marta"},{"link_name":"Khan Kubrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubrat"},{"link_name":"Old Great Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"kukeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"Pernik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernik"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nestinarstvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestinarstvo"},{"link_name":"Strandzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strandzha"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Usual type of Bulgarian martenitsa.Bulgarian folk costumeA decorated horse, prepared for a race. Horseraces take place each year to mark Todorovden (St. Theodore's day).Bulgarians often give each other a martenitsa (мартеница) — an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes — from March 1 until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as Baba Marta (Баба Марта), meaning Grandmother March. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th century and the time of Khan Kubrat, the ruler of Old Great Bulgaria. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs. Romania and some parts of Greece also have a similar custom. In 2017, UNESCO added the cultural practices centered around the martenitsa ritual in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[4]The ancient Bulgarian ritual of kukeri (кукери), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each kuker, who also have bells attached to his waist. The kukeri dance, jump and shout in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. In 2015, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as part of the traditional Surva Folk Fest held annually in Pernik.[5]Another characteristic custom called Nestinarstvo (Нестинарство), or firedancing, is found in the Strandzha region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. In 2009, the ritual was entered in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[6]","title":"Customs and rites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 national tourist sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Tourist_Sites_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Madara Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara_Rider"},{"link_name":"Sveshtari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari"},{"link_name":"Kazanlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak"},{"link_name":"Boyana Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyana_Church"},{"link_name":"Rila Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rila_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-hewn_Churches_of_Ivanovo"},{"link_name":"Sreburna Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebarna_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Nessebur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesebar"},{"link_name":"Surva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surva"},{"link_name":"Kukeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukeri"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Carnival Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Carnival_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UNESCO's list of protected non-material cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are part of the national route tourist map of 100 national tourist sites\nof the Bulgarian Tourist Union:The early medieval large rock relief Madara Rider\nTwo Thracian tombs (one in Sveshtari and one in Kazanlak)\nThree monuments of medieval Bulgarian culture (the Boyana Church, the Rila Monastery and the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo)\nTwo examples of natural beauty: the Fisherman Momerioland the Sreburna Nature Reserve\nThe ancient city of Nessebur — a unique combination of European cultural interaction, as well as, historically, one of the most important centres of seaborne trade in the Black Sea\n\"Surva\"- International Kukeri Festival in Pernik, Bulgaria. One of the biggest masquerade festival on the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Conducted in the last three days of January. Kukeri or Surva Festival (Mummer's games) in the town of Pernik, is the most spectacular \"Kukeri\" event in Bulgaria. At the end of January thousands of \"kukeri\" participants from different regions of Bulgaria, as well as from all around the world gather in Pernik for the three-day event. The festival held in Pernik is the oldest festival of the masquerade games in Bulgaria. The first edition was opened on January 16, 1966. In 1995 the International Federation of Carnival Cities accepted the town of Pernik as its full member. In 2009 Pernik was proclaimed as the European capital of Surva's and Mummer's. The news that the Kukeri tradition and the Surva Festival in Pernik will be included in UNESCO's list of protected non-material cultural heritage, was announced before the inaugural ceremony of the 20th edition of the mummery fest in 2015.Local archaeologists assume that the number of archaeological sites is the third-largest in Europe after Italy and Greece.[7]","title":"UNESCO World Heritage Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Georgi Kaloyanchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Kaloyanchev"},{"link_name":"Stoyanka Mutafova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyanka_Mutafova"},{"link_name":"Roza Popova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roza_Popova"},{"link_name":"Vasil Gendov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Gendov"},{"link_name":"Georgi Partsalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Partsalev"},{"link_name":"Velko Kanev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velko_Kanev"},{"link_name":"Iossif Surchadzhiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iossif_Surchadzhiev"},{"link_name":"Peyo Yavorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyo_Yavorov"},{"link_name":"Nedyalko Yordanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedyalko_Yordanov"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"According to the Bulgarian Statistical Institute as of 2005 there were 75 theatres in Bulgaria including National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria with around 30,000 seats altogether.\n[8]\nThe first theatrical events in Bulgaria are related to community centers which were the center of the spiritual and social life of the country in the middle of the 19th century.The first theatrical production was presented in Shumen in 1856. This is the comedy Mihal Mouseoed by Sava Dobroplodni, who at that time was a teacher in Shumen.The name of Dobri Voynikov means the beginning of the Bulgarian theater. They call it the father of the Bulgarian drama and theater. According to the fact - an inaccurate definition, because the first dramaturgic work in Bulgaria is the comedy of Theodosius Ikonomov, \"The Lovecycle Wanderer or Bella of the hunting poet Sahatchiya\", published in 1863 but compiled as early as 1857. The first theatrical performances on the Bulgarian stage are also not Soldiers. These are the comedy \"Mihal\", translated by Greek and adapted for the Bulgarian audience by Sava Dobroplodni, who organized her performance in Shumen, and the dramas \"Multitudes Genoveva\" and \"Belisarius\", placed by Krastyu Pishurka in Lom. All three titles were first played in 1856.Vazov tells of theater in the 1870s. Until then, dozens of theatrical and pre-theatrical performances have been performed. The first of them began to be organized in the 1940s and 1950s. Even then there are traces of scenographic attempts in our country.A more important theatrical fact during the Renaissance was the creation of the Svishtov People's Theater. The Bulgarian performances in the town began in the 1870s, when the two enthusiastic theaters - Dimitar Shishmanov and Nikolay Pavlovich - returned in their home country. The first is a director, the second is a local theater painter. The Svishtov performances are played on a specially built stage, whose artistic layout is entrusted to N. Pavlovich. And he probably managed to overcome the level of the then Bulgarian theater.During the period 1900–1917, the Bulgarian theater entered a new stage of its development - a stage of real professionalisation of the acting art, the Europeanization of the appearance of the spectacle and the permanent establishment of the National Theater as a nationally representative cultural institution.The Bulgarian Theater in the years to 1989 has ideological-party orientation. It is in the service of socialist realism.The arts are called \"the means of education\", and \"socialist realism - the only method of artistic creativity\". Changes in society, culture, the arts, the theater are ubiquitous. The imposition of socialist realism takes place through the repertoire, the new Bulgarian drama, as well as the staging practice.The dynamic development of the Bulgarian theater after 1989 typifies theater phenomena for a long period of nearly 25 years and highlights by them trends, essential characteristics and innovative movements.Famous Bulgarian theatrical actors are: Georgi Kaloyanchev, Stoyanka Mutafova, Roza Popova, Vasil Gendov, Georgi Partsalev, Velko Kanev, Pavel Poppandov, Maria Sapundjieva, Iossif Surchadzhiev and others.Famous Bulgarian playwrights include: Peyo Yavorov, Nedyalko Yordanov, Stoslav Stratiev, Rangel Ignatov and others.[9][10][11][12][13][14]","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desislava.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sebastocratoress Desislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloyan_and_Desislava"},{"link_name":"Boyana Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyana_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Theodor.jpg"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"St. Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates"},{"link_name":"Preslav Literary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"murals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak"},{"link_name":"lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nevski cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Tarnovo Artistic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School"},{"link_name":"Second Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Palaeologan Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Art"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"mural painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural_painting"},{"link_name":"churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul,_Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Fresco, depicting Sebastocratoress Desislava in Boyana Church.A ceramic icon of St. Theodore, made by the Preslav Literary School in the 10th centuryBulgaria has a rich heritage in the visual arts, especially in frescoes, murals and icons. The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak offers fine examples of excellently preserved ancient Thracian art. Tomb art provides one of the most important sources of information about Thracian lifestyle and culture. Visual arts in the Bulgarian lands experienced an upsurge during the entire period of the Middle Ages[citation needed]. The crypt of the Alexander Nevski cathedral features an exhibition of a large collection of medieval icons. The earliest of those dates from around the 9th century. The Tarnovo Artistic School, the mainstream of the Bulgarian fine arts and architecture between 13th and 14th centuries, takes its name from the capital and main cultural center of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo. Although it shows the influence of some tendencies of the Palaeologan Renaissance in the Byzantine Empire, the Tarnovo painting had its own unique features which makes it a separate artistic school.[15]\nArt historians classify its products into two types:mural painting: mural decoration of churches\niconography: easel paintingThe works of the school show some degree of realism, portrait individualism and psychology.[16]The unique and realistic portraits in the Boyana Church class as forerunners of the Renaissance.[17]The wall piers and the arches often featured medallion-shaped bust images of saints. Magnificent examples of those survive in Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church in Tarnovo. Along with traditional scenes such as \"Christ's passions\" and \"Feast cycle\" in the second layer; \"Christ Pantokrator\" in the dome and the Madonna with the infant Christ in the apse, specific images and scenes also appear. During the period of Ottoman rule (1396-1878) the authorities suppressed Bulgarian art. Many churches suffered destruction, and newly built ones remained somewhat modest. In the end of the 18th century the Islamic Ottoman Empire began to decay slowly, thus permitting the Bulgarian National Revival of the 18th and 19th centuries to occur. Bulgaria experienced a revival in every area of culture.[citation needed] Following the Liberation in 1878, fine arts rapidly recovered and came under the influence of European artistic currents such as late Romanticism.After 1878 until the middle of the 20th century, there was an extremely intensive process of incorporating the Bulgarian art into the contemporary European artistic culture. The development of Bulgarian art follows the path of the ethnographic and descriptive genre scenes, painted by the artists after the Liberation, such as Ivan Markvichka, Anton Mitov, Ivan Angelov, Yaroslav Veshin in the exquisite landscapes and elegant portraits typical of the beginning of the 20th century by Nikola Petrov, Nikola Marinov, Stefan Ivanov, Elena Karamihailova together with the expressive decoration of the 1920s (Ivan Milev, Ivan Penkov, Pencho Georgiev ... ) to the extremely wealthy creative talents and various plastic quests in the 1930s and 1940s by Vladimir Dimitrov - The Master, Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Dechko Uzunov, Nenko Balkanski, Sirak Skitnik, Vera Nedkova, Ivan Nenov, Bencho Obreshkov, with many different artists from different parts of the country.The cartoon, the illustration and the layout of the book with the three great ones first appear as they are called Alexander Bozhinov, Ilia Beshkov, Raiko Aleksiev, Kiril Buyukliiski, Alexander Zhendov, Stoyan Venev, Sirak Skitnik. The Bulgarian sculpture is also developing: Boris Shaz and Zheko Spiridonov, Andrey Nikolov and Ivan Lazarov, Lyubomir Dalchev, Vaska Emanouilova, Marko Markov, Ivan Funev give it its foundation.[18][19][20][21][22][23] But the development of Bulgarian art continues to develop vigorously and independently in our time also.[24][25][26][27][28]","title":"Visual art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TaratorBg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tarator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meleniko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Melnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnik,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"rakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakia"},{"link_name":"mastika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastika"},{"link_name":"menta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menta_(drink)"},{"link_name":"tarator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarator"},{"link_name":"banitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banitsa"},{"link_name":"pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirene"},{"link_name":"filo pastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo_pastry"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"dogwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogwood"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"ayran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayran"},{"link_name":"boza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boza"},{"link_name":"spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach"},{"link_name":"milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk"},{"link_name":"pumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin"},{"link_name":"lyutenitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljutenica"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan"},{"link_name":"Tripe soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkembe_chorba"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_wine"},{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Tarator.Melnik is a major wine production center since 1346.The relatively warm climate and diverse geography afford excellent growing conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits, Bulgarian cuisine (българска кухня, bulgarska kuhnya) offers great diversity.Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine also features diverse quality dairy products and a variety of wines and local alcoholic drinks such as rakia (ракия), mastika (мастика) and menta (мента). Bulgarian cuisine also features a variety of hot and cold soups, for example tarator. Many different Bulgarian pastries exist as well, such as banitsa, a traditional pastry prepared by layering a mixture of whisked eggs and pieces of Bulgarian cheese with filo pastry and then baking it in an oven.Traditionally, Bulgarian cooks put lucky charms into their pastry on certain occasions, particularly on Christmas Eve, the first day of Christmas, or New Year's Eve. Such charms may include coins or small symbolic objects (such as a small piece of a dogwood branch with a bud, symbolizing health or longevity). More recently[update], people have started writing happy wishes on small pieces of paper and wrapping them in tin foil. Messages may include wishes for happiness, health, long life or success throughout the new year.Bulgarians eat banitsa — hot or cold — for breakfast with plain yogurt, ayran, or boza. Some varieties include banitsa with spinach (спаначена баница, spanachena banitsa) or the sweet version, banitsa with milk (млечна баница, mlechna banitsa) or pumpkin (тиквеник, tikvenik).The Bulgarian lyutenitsa (лютеница) is a spicy mixture of mashed and cooked tomatoes, aubergines, garlic, hot peppers and vegetable oil, seasoned with salt, pepper and parsley. Variations of lyutenitsa exist in the national cuisines of most Balkan states.Tripe soup (шкембе чорба, skhembe chorba) takes as its basis the thick lining of the cleaned stomach of cattle, prepared with milk and seasoned with vinegar, garlic and hot peppers. Under Ottoman rule, the sultans allegedly preferred tripe soup made by Bulgarian cooks, whose mastery in preparing the dish remained unmatched in the Balkans. In addition, Bulgaria is included in the Michelin catalog because of its rich cuisine and traditional dishes.\n[29]Exports of Bulgarian wine go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the Thracians, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually,[30] ranking 20th in the world.[31]","title":"Cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian National Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Telegraph Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Telegraph_Agency"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landscape-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landscape-33"},{"link_name":"Dneven Trud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dneven_Trud"},{"link_name":"24 Chasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Chasa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landscape-33"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"national television channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian News Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-34"},{"link_name":"Slavi's Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi%27s_Show"},{"link_name":"Gospodari Na Efira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodari_Na_Efira"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-media-34"}],"text":"Bulgaria's media are generally deemed unbiased, although the state still dominates the field through the Bulgarian National Television (BNT), the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR), and the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Bulgarian media have a record of unbiased reporting, although they are deemed potentially at risk of political influence due to the lack of legislation to protect them.[32] The written media have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirely liberal.[33] The extensive freedom of the press means that no exact number of publications can be established, although some research put an estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006.[33] The largest-circulation daily newspapers include Dneven Trud and 24 Chasa.[33]Non-printed media sources, such as television and radio, are overseen by the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body with the authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from a state-operated national television channel, radio station and the Bulgarian News Agency, a large number of private television and radio stations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradation of media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure.[34] Slavi's Show and Gospodari Na Efira are among the most popular TV programs, both having more than 1,000,000 views per show.[35]Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack of censorship and diverse content.[34]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia"},{"link_name":"secular nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"primate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"autocephalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocephaly"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Exarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sofia Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corley-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corley-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corley-36"},{"link_name":"heretical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Paulicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulicians"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Svishtov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svishtov"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world.Bulgaria is officially a secular nation and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion but designates Orthodoxy as a \"traditional\" religion. In the 2001 census, 82.6% Bulgarians declared themselves Orthodox Christians, 12.2% Muslim, 1.2% other Christian denominations, 4% other religions (Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, Judaism) and zero percent atheists. Most citizens of Bulgaria have associations — at least nominally — with the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Founded in 870 AD under the Patriarchate of Constantinople (from which it obtained its first primate, its clergy and theological texts), the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had autocephalous status since 927 AD. The Church became subordinate within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, twice during the periods of Byzantine (1018 – 1185) and Ottoman (1396 – 1878) domination. It was re-established first in 1870 in the form of the Bulgarian Exarchate, and then in the 1950s as the Bulgarian Patriarchate.Sofia Synagogue. The Jewish community in the country numbers less than 2,000 people.Islam came to Bulgaria at the end of the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the Ottomans. It gradually gained ground throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries through the introduction of Turkish colonists. One Islamic sect, Ahmadiyya, faces problems in Bulgaria. Some officials have moved against Ahmadis[36]\non the grounds[36] that other countries also attack the religious rights of Ahmadis, who many[36] Muslims regard as heretical.In the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, missionaries from Rome converted Bulgarian Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Today[update] their descendants form the bulk of Bulgarian Catholics, whose number stood at 44,000 in 2001.\nMissionaries from the United States introduced Protestantism into Bulgarian territory in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. In 2001 Bulgaria had some 42,000 Protestants.Buddhism, Hinduism and Taoism became popular among Bulgarians in the time of perestroika and especially after the fall of communist regime[37] and are usually a co-religion or co-belief to Bulgarians who otherwise are Christians (Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy). Among these Eastern (Asian) religions Buddhist centres are officially registered in Bulgaria as religious denominations. The number of followers of Buddhism has increased gradually in recent years also due to the influx of Vietnamese citizens (predominantly Buddhist) to Bulgaria.[38]According to the most recent Eurostat \"Eurobarometer\" poll, in 2005,[39]\n40% of Bulgarian citizens responded that \"they believe there is a God\", whereas 40% answered that \"they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force\", 13% that \"they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force\", and 6% did not answer.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg"}],"text":"Bulgarian children in national costumes.Bulgarian traditional clothing is diverse, and every ethnographic area in Bulgaria has its distinct styles. \nBulgarians call their traditional clothing 'носия' (nosiya).","title":"Clothing"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bulgarian traditional dance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bulgarian_Girls_02.jpg/262px-Bulgarian_Girls_02.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A man from Florence, 1888 Renaissance-style painting by Konstantin Velichkov.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg/250px-Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kukeri in Razlog","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kukeri_razlog.JPG/350px-Kukeri_razlog.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gadulka, a traditional folk instrument.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg/150px-Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Usual type of Bulgarian martenitsa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martenitsa_E2.jpg/200px-Martenitsa_E2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bulgarian folk costume","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg"},{"image_text":"A decorated horse, prepared for a race. Horseraces take place each year to mark Todorovden (St. Theodore's day).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg/200px-Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresco, depicting Sebastocratoress Desislava in Boyana Church.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Desislava.jpg/250px-Desislava.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ceramic icon of St. Theodore, made by the Preslav Literary School in the 10th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/250px-St._Theodor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tarator.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TaratorBg.jpg/220px-TaratorBg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melnik is a major wine production center since 1346.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meleniko.jpg/220px-Meleniko.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg/160px-Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sofia Synagogue. The Jewish community in the country numbers less than 2,000 people.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/160px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bulgarian children in national costumes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg/200px-Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_medieval_Bulgarian_culture"},{"title":"Art School of Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_School_of_Tarnovo"},{"title":"Tarnovo Literary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnovo_Literary_School"},{"title":"Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School"},{"title":"Bulgarian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"title":"Public holidays in Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cyrillic alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cyrillic-alphabet","url_text":"\"Cyrillic alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Winners\". Grammy.com. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728020928/http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=mystere&year=All&genre=All","url_text":"\"Past Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=&field_nominee_work_value=mystere&year=All&genre=All","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/cultural-practices-associated-to-the-1st-of-march-01287","url_text":"\"Cultural practices associated to the 1st of March\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surova folk feast in Pernik region\". UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/surova-folk-feast-in-pernik-region-00968","url_text":"\"Surova folk feast in Pernik region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari\". UNESCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191","url_text":"\"Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria's Treasure Hunters and the Lost Rome\". Novinite. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=128889","url_text":"\"Bulgaria's Treasure Hunters and the Lost Rome\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgarian Statistical Institute - Theatres in 2005\". www.nsi.bg. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2008-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117011724/http://www.nsi.bg/SocialActivities/Theatres05.htm","url_text":"\"Bulgarian Statistical Institute - Theatres in 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.nsi.bg/SocialActivities/Theatres05.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Българският театър\". 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214227/https://citysightseeing.bg/blgarskiyat-teatr/","url_text":"\"Българският театър\""},{"url":"https://citysightseeing.bg/blgarskiyat-teatr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Театър София\". sofiatheatre.eu.","urls":[{"url":"http://sofiatheatre.eu/","url_text":"\"Театър София\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plovdiv Drama Theater - Official Website\". Plovdiv Drama Theater.","urls":[{"url":"http://dtp.bg/en/","url_text":"\"Plovdiv Drama Theater - Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"ЗА ТЕАТЪРА\". www.dramavarna.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dramavarna.com/","url_text":"\"ЗА ТЕАТЪРА\""}]},{"reference":"\"Програма - МДТ Константин Кисимов\". www.teatarvtarnovo.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teatarvtarnovo.com/index.php?option=com_eventlist&view=categoriesdetailed&Itemid=12","url_text":"\"Програма - МДТ Константин Кисимов\""}]},{"reference":"\"Театри в цяла България - Опознай.bg\". opoznai.bg.","urls":[{"url":"https://opoznai.bg/teatri","url_text":"\"Театри в цяла България - Опознай.bg\""}]},{"reference":"Тихомир Църов (20 March 2018). \"Изкуството винаги надживява пропагандата (СНИМКИ) - Габрово\". DarikNews.bg.","urls":[{"url":"https://dariknews.bg/regioni/gabrovo/izkustvoto-vinagi-nadzhiviava-propagandata-snimki-2085832","url_text":"\"Изкуството винаги надживява пропагандата (СНИМКИ) - Габрово\""}]},{"reference":"Катерина Павлова (29 December 2013). \"Образът на Бай Ганьо в карикатурите от българския хумористично-сатиричен периодичен печат (1895-1944)\". Електронно списание LiterNet, № 12 (169).","urls":[{"url":"https://liternet.bg/publish29/katerina-pavlova/karikaturi.htm","url_text":"\"Образът на Бай Ганьо в карикатурите от българския хумористично-сатиричен периодичен печат (1895-1944)\""}]},{"reference":"LITERNET (9 March 2015). \"Българска карикатура – класици и съвременници. 20.-21.век\". kulturni-novini.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://kulturni-novini.info/news.php?page=news_show&nid=20979&sid=2","url_text":"\"Българска карикатура – класици и съвременници. 20.-21.век\""}]},{"reference":"Петров, Калин. \"9. Българското изкуство от началото на XX век - движението \"родно изкуство\". Иван Милев, Сирак Скитник, Владимир Димитров - майстора\". www.bg-istoria.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bg-istoria.com/2013/09/9-xx.html","url_text":"\"9. Българското изкуство от началото на XX век - движението \"родно изкуство\". Иван Милев, Сирак Скитник, Владимир Димитров - майстора\""}]},{"reference":"Емил Георгиев (17 May 2016). \"Как българските художници се опитаха да настигнат Европа - Площад Славейков\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ploshtadslaveikov.com/kak-balgarskite-hudozhnitsi-se-opitaha-da-nastignat-evropa/","url_text":"\"Как българските художници се опитаха да настигнат Европа - Площад Славейков\""}]},{"reference":"\"Млади български художници\". Young Bulgarian Artists.","urls":[{"url":"http://young-bulgarian-artists.org/bg","url_text":"\"Млади български художници\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the official site - ICA-Sofia\". ica-sofia.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://ica-sofia.org/en/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the official site - ICA-Sofia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art Today Association / Center for Contemporary Art - Plovdiv\". www.arttoday.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arttoday.org/site/bg/news-bg.php","url_text":"\"Art Today Association / Center for Contemporary Art - Plovdiv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contemporary Space - Художествена галерия\". Contemporary Space.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.contemporaryspace.bg/","url_text":"\"Contemporary Space - Художествена галерия\""}]},{"reference":"\"Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today\". Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artandculture.today/koi-sme-nie","url_text":"\"Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today\""}]},{"reference":"WebGravity. \"BulgariaInside: портал за туризъм и пътешествия\". www.bulgariainside.com. Retrieved 2018-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bulgariainside.com/bg/articles/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9,-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE/1731/index.html","url_text":"\"BulgariaInside: портал за туризъм и пътешествия\""}]},{"reference":"Lifestyle, Michelin Travel (16 March 2012). Michelin Bulgaria / Michelin Bulgarie. ISBN 978-2067174023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2067174023","url_text":"978-2067174023"}]},{"reference":"\"Руснаците купиха 81 милиона литра българско вино\". Investor.bg. Retrieved 2011-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.investor.bg/?cat=5&id=60913","url_text":"\"Руснаците купиха 81 милиона литра българско вино\""}]},{"reference":"Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (October 2006). \"Country Profile: Bulgaria\" (PDF). Library of Congress. pp. 18, 23. Retrieved 4 September 2009. Mass Media: In 2006 Bulgaria's print and broadcast media generally were considered unbiased, although the government dominated broadcasting through the state-owned Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) and print news dissemination through the largest press agency, the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. [...]Human Rights: In the early 2000s, Bulgaria generally has been rated highly on the issue of human rights. However, some exceptions exist. Although the media have a record of unbiased reporting, Bulgaria's lack of specific legislation protecting the media from state interference is a theoretical weakness.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Research_Division","url_text":"Library of Congress – Federal Research Division"},{"url":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf","url_text":"\"Country Profile: Bulgaria\""}]},{"reference":"Corley, Felix. \"Ahmadis barred \"because it is against the religions that people follow here\"\". Forum 18. Oslo: Forum 18 News Service. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 2008-09-01. Bulgaria's small Ahmadi Muslim community is concerned by persistent attempts by a local prosecutor and the national state Religious Affairs Directorate to strip it of its legal status","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=874","url_text":"\"Ahmadis barred \"because it is against the religions that people follow here\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Историята на центъра ни | Тибетски будизъм - Будистки център Шечен България\". Shechen-bg.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2011-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100405094023/http://shechen-bg.org/Bulgarian_Dharma_Center_History","url_text":"\"Историята на центъра ни | Тибетски будизъм - Будистки център Шечен България\""},{"url":"http://www.shechen-bg.org/Bulgarian_Dharma_Center_History","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Social values, science and technology\" (PDF). Eurobarometer. European Commission. June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-24. Retrieved 2007-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Social values, science and technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurobarometer","url_text":"Eurobarometer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission","url_text":"European Commission"},{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (2006). Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe. Routledge. pp. 336–353. ISBN 0-415-38602-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bpxt4uaMi_YC&q=bulgaria+tolerant+society&pg=PA351","url_text":"Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38602-0","url_text":"0-415-38602-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifah_(Sufism)
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Tariqa
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["1 Orders of Sufism","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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School or order of Sufism
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Part of a series on IslamSufismTomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
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A tariqa (Arabic: طريقة, romanized: ṭarīqa) is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".
A tariqa has a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as muridin (singular murid), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of God and loving God" (also called a faqir).
Tariqa is also believed to be the same as Tzadik of Judaism meaning the "rightly guided one".
The metaphor of "way, path" is to be understood in connection of the term sharia which also has the meaning of "path", more specifically "well-trodden path; path to the waterhole". The "path" metaphor of tariqa is that of a further path, taken by the mystic, which continues from the "well-trodden path" or exoteric of sharia towards the esoteric haqiqa. A fourth "station" following the succession of shariah, tariqa and haqiqa is called marifa. This is the "unseen center" of haqiqa, and the ultimate aim of the mystic, corresponding to the unio mystica in Western mysticism. Tasawwuf, an Arabic word that refers to mysticism and Islamic esotericism, is known in the West as Sufism.
Orders of Sufism
Main article: List of Sufi orders
"Tariqat" in the Four Spiritual Stations: The Four Stations are Sharia, Ṭarīqah, Haqiqa, and the fourth station marifa, which is considered "unseen" and actually located at the center of the haqiqa region. It is the essence of all four stations.
The most popular tariqa in the West is the Mevlevi Order, named after Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi. In the same time the Bektashi Order was also founded, named after the Haji Bektash Veli. Five large tariqas in South Asia are: the Naqshbandi Order, named after Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari; the Qadiri Order, named after Abdul Qadir Jilani; the Chishti Order, named after Khawaja Mawdood Chisti while Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti is the most famous sheikh; the Suhrawardi Order, named after Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ; the Burhaniyya becoming popular within the people of Pakistan & India. Large tariqats in Africa include Muridiyya, Burhaniyya and Tijaniyya. Others can be offshoots of a tariqa. For example, the Qalandariyya has roots in Malamatiyya and Wafa'i (a combination of Yasawiyya-Sunni and Batiniyya-Shia) of orders are offshoots of the Suhrawardi order. The Ashrafia after the 13th century illustrious Sufi saint Ashraf Jahangir Semnani is the sub branch of Chishti spiritual lineage. The Maizbhandari Tariqa or Maizbhandari Sufi order is a liberated Sufism order established in the Bangladesh in the 19th century by the Gausul Azam Shah Sufi Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari (1826 AD − 1906 AD), 27th descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Warsi Tariqa was founded by Waris Ali Shah.
Membership in a particular Sufi order is not exclusive, unlike the Christian monastic orders which are demarcated by firm lines of authority and sacrament. Sufis often are members of various Sufi orders. The non-exclusiveness of Sufi orders has consequences for the social extension of Sufism. They cannot be regarded as indulging in a zero sum competition which a purely political analysis might have suggested. Rather, their joint effect is to impart to Sufism a cumulant body of tradition, rather than individual and isolated experiences.
In most cases the sheikh nominates his khalifa or "successor" during his lifetime, who will take over the order. In rare cases, if the sheikh dies without naming a khalifa, the students of the tariqa elect another spiritual leader by vote. In some orders it is recommended to take a Khalif from the same order as the murshid. In some groups it is customary for the khalifa to be the son of the sheikh, although in other groups the khalīfa and the sheikh are not normally relatives. In yet other orders a successor may be identified through the spiritual dreams of its members.
Tariqas have silsilas (Arabic: سلسلة; "chain, lineage of sheikhs"). All orders claim a silsila that leads back to Muhammad through Ali, except the Naqshbandi silsila, which traces its roots to Abu Bakr, the first Caliph of Sunni Islam.
Every Murid, on entering the tariqa, gets his awrad, or daily recitations, authorized by his murshid (usually to be recited before or after the pre-dawn prayer, after the afternoon prayer and after the evening prayer). Usually these recitations are extensive and time-consuming (for example the awrad may consist of reciting a certain formula 99, 500 or even 1000 times). One must also be in a state of ritual purity (as one is for the obligatory prayers to perform them while facing Mecca). The recitations change as a student (murid) moves from a mere initiate to other Sufi degrees (usually requiring additional initiations). The Initiation ceremony is routine and consists of reading chapter 1 of the Quran followed by a single phrase prayer. Criteria have to be met to be promoted in rank: the common way is to repeat a single phrase prayer 82,000 times or more as in the case of Burhaniyya, a number that grows with each achieved rank. Murids who experience unusual interaction during meditation: hear voices like "would you like to see a prophet?" or see visions who might even communicate with the Murid are held dear in the "Haḍra", the weekly group-chanting of prayers in attempt of reaching spirits as they are likely to experience something unusual and pass it on. This Murid is promoted faster than others. The least common way is to cause a miracle to happen with criteria similar to that of Catholic Sainthood.
Being mostly followers of the spiritual traditions of Islam loosely referred to as Sufism, these groups were sometimes distinct from the Ulma or officially mandated scholars, and often acted as informal missionaries of Islam. They provided accepted avenues for emotional expressions of faith, and the Tariqas spread to all corners of the Muslim world, and often exercised a degree of political influence inordinate to their size (take for example the influence that the sheikhs of the Safavid had over the armies of Tamerlane, or the missionary work of Ali-Shir Nava'i in Turkistan among the Mongol and Tatar people).
History
The tariqas were particularly influential in the spread of Islam in the sub-Sahara during the 9th to 14th centuries, where they spread south along trade routes between North Africa and the sub-Saharan kingdoms of Ghana and Mali. On the West African coast they set up Zawiyas on the shores of the river Niger and even established independent kingdoms such as al-Murabitun or Almoravids. The Al Hakika Mizaan Mizaani Sufi order deals with heavy internalization and meditations, their spiritual practice is called Al Qudra Mizaan . The Sanusi order was also highly involved in missionary work in Africa during the 19th century, spreading both Islam and a high level of literacy into Africa as far south as Lake Chad and beyond by setting up a network of zawiyas where Islam was taught.
Much of Central Asia and southern Russia was won over to Islam through the missionary work of the Tarīqahs, and the majority of Indonesia's population, where a Muslim army never set foot, was converted to Islam by the perseverance of both Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries. Sufism in India played a similarly crucial role in the diffusion of Islam at the élite and popular levels; its music, art, and poetry flourished in a highly sophisticated Persianate society.
Tariqas were brought to China in the 17th century by Ma Laichi and other Chinese Sufis who had studied in Mecca and Yemen, and had also been influenced by spiritual descendants of the Kashgarian Sufi master Afaq Khoja. On the Chinese soil the institutions became known as menhuan, and are typically headquartered near the tombs (gongbei) of their founders.
See also
Dargah
Dervish
Khanqah
Zawiya (institution)
Noble Eightfold Path
References
^ Tariqa, Britannica.
^ "Gyarvi Sharif". Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ 'Hayate Makhdoom Syed Ashraf Jahangir Semnani(1975), Second Edition(2017) ISBN 978-93-85295-54-6, Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002,India.
^ Harder, Hans (2011). Sufism and Saint Veneration in Contemporary Bangladesh: The Maijbhandaris of Chittagong. Routledge.
^ Administrator. "Waris Pak". Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ Hasan, Prof M. (2007). SUFISM AND ENGLISH LITERATURE : Chaucer to the Present Age. Adam Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7435-523-2.
^ Sufi martyrs of love By Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence. Pg 28
^ Mohammad, Taher (1997). Encyclopaedic survey of Islamic culture. evolution and practice. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.
^ Lloyd., Ridgeon (2008). Sufism. Routledge.
^ Hisham., Kabbani, Muhammad (2004). Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi tradition. Islamic Supreme Council of America.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Routledge. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. One of Dillon's main sources is: 馬通 (Ma Tong) (1983). Zhongguo Yisilan jiaopai yu menhuan zhidu shilue 中国伊斯兰教派与门宦制度史略 (in Chinese). Yinchuan: 宁夏人民出版社 (Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe).
Bibliography
J. M. Abun-Nasr, "The Tijaniyya", London 1965
M. Berger, "Islam in Egypt today - social and political aspects of popular religion", London, 1970
J. K. Birge, "The Bektashi Order of Dervishes", London and Hartford, 1937
Clayer, Nathalie, Muslim Brotherhood Networks, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: May 23, 2011.
O. Depont and X. Coppolani, "Les confreries religieuses musulmans" (the Muslim brotherhoods as they existed then), Algiers, 1897
E. E. Evans-Pritchard, "The Sanusi of Cyrenaica", Oxford, 1949
M. D. Gilsenen, "Saint and Sufi in Modern Egypt", Oxford, 1978
G. H. Jansen, "Militant Islam", Pan, London 1979
F. de Jong, "Turuq and Turuq-Linked Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Egypt", Brill, Leiden,1978
J. W. McPherson, "The Moulids of Egypt", Cairo, 1941
Mateus Soares de Azevedo, "Ordens Sufis no Islã: Iniciação às Confrarias Esotéricas muçulmanas no Irã xiita e no mundo sunita", São Paulo, Polar Editora, 2020
External links
PHILTAR (Philosophy of Theology and Religion at the Division of Religion and Philosophy of St Martin's College) has a very useful Graphical illustration of the Sufi schools.
Infographics on the evolution of Tasawwuf and notable Sufi masters in history. Unveiling the Mystical World of Tasawwuf and Sufi Stories: Personal Experiences and Perspectives
vteSufismSufi orders
Malamatiyya (Hamdun al-Qassar)
Junaydiyya (Al-Junayd)
Four Sufi poles
Qadiriyya ('Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani)
Rifa'iyya (Ahmad al-Rifa'i)
Badawiyya (Ahmad al-Badawi)
Desuqiyya (Ibrahim al-Desuqi)
Naqshbandiyya (Baha' al-Din Naqshband)
Chishtiyya (Mu'in al-Din Chishti)
Shadhiliyya (Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili)
Darqawiyya (Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Darqawi)
Suhrawardiyya (Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi)
Akbariyya (Ibn Arabi)
Khalwatiyya ('Umar al-Khalwati)
Rahmaniyya (Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari)
Bayramiyya (Bayram Wali)
Ba 'Alawiyya (Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi)
Tijaniyya (Ahmad al-Tijani)
Idrisiyya (Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi)
Practices
Dhikr
Haḍra
Zuhd
Ziyarat
Mawlid
Muraqabah
Taqwa
Tazkiyah
Tawassul
Tabarruk
Tawakkul
Ideas
Ihsan
Wajd
Kashf
Karamat
Nūr
Dhawq
Ishq
Murid
Salik
Sufi studies
Sufi poetry
Sufi philosophy
Sufi literature
Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
Hilyat al-Awliya'
Kashf al-Mahjub
The Alchemy of Happiness
The Revival of the Religious Sciences
Al-Burda
Dala'il al-Khayrat
Fadha'il al-'Amal
Notable Sufis2nd AH/8th AD
Al-Hasan al-Basri (d. 110 AH)
Malik ibn Dinar (d. 128 AH)
Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 160 AH)
Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 161 AH)
Dawud al-Ta'i (d. 165 AH)
'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid (d. 177 AH)
Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya (d. 180 AH)
Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181 AH)
Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad (d. 188 AH)
Shaqiq al-Balkhi (d. 194 AH)
Ma'ruf al-Karkhi (d. 200 AH)
3rd AH/9th AD
Al-Darani (d. 205 or 215 AH)
Bishr al-Hafi (d. 227 AH)
Al-Harith al-Muhasibi (d. 243 AH)
Dhul-Nun al-Misri (d. 245 AH)
Sari al-Saqati (d. 253 AH)
Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi (d. 258 AH)
Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz (d. 277 or 286 AH)
Sahl al-Tustari (d. 283 AH)
Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d. 295 or 320 AH)
Abu al-Husain al-Nuri (d. 295 AH)
4th AH/10th AD
Ruwaym (d. 303 AH)
Abu Bakr al-Shibli (d. 334 AH)
Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 386 AH)
Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 380 AH)
Sufi leaders
Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (d. 589 AH)
Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri (d. 630 AH)
Yusuf Abu al-Haggag (d. 642 AH)
Muhammad al-Fateh (d. 886 AH)
Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1277 AH)
Bahadur Shah Zafar (d. 1278 AH)
Imam Shamil (d. 1287 AH)
Emir Abdel-Kader (d. 1300 AH)
Muhammad Ahmad (d. 1302/1885)
Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH)
'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH)
Portal
vteSufism terminologySufis
Abdal
Ahl al-Khutwa
Al-Insān al-Kāmil
Bash Hezzab
Dervish
Fakir
Hafiz
Hezzab
Imam
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Marabout
Mudaqiq
Muqaddam
Muqarrab
Murshid
Mutahaqiq
Murid
Nass al-Houdhour
Pir
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Qāriʾ
Qutb
Rabbani
Salik
Sheikh
Siddiq
Sufis ranks
Talibe
The Seven ranks
Wali
Wasil
Concepts
Aayane
Aayane Thabita
Aql
Baqaa
Dhawq
Fana
Ghaflah
Hal
Hijab
Huwa
Ihsan
Ishq
Ismul Azam
Lataif-e-Sitta
Maqam
Nafs
Qalb
Ran
Rūḥ
Sadr
Yaqeen
Awrad
Dhikr
Djamaa
Djoua
Dua
Ibara
Ichara
Latifa
Lazimi
Muhasabah
Muraqabah
Raising hands in Dua
Sabr
Sahar
Salat al-Fatih
Salawat
Samt
Shuhud
Shukr
Sufism pillars
Tafakur
Tahara
Tahlia
Takhlia
Tawajud
Tawakkul
Tawassul
Tazkiah
Uzla
Wajd
Wazifa
Zarruqiyya
Wird
Zuhd
Waridates
Barakah
Basirah
Bast
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Fath
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Hidayah
Ilham
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Secret
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Uns
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Misconducts
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Sebiba
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Sufi orders
Tariqa
Tweeza
Wezeea
Ziyarat
Arts
Ashewiq
Madih nabawi
Nasheed
Naʽat
Qawwali
Sama
Sufi cosmology
Sufism history
Sufi literature
Sufi metaphysics
Sufi music
Sufis persecution
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Places
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Objects
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Portals: Religion Islam Education Psychology
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"haqiqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqiqa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"murshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid"},{"link_name":"muridin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"faqir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqir"},{"link_name":"Tzadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik"},{"link_name":"the meaning of \"path\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia#Etymology_and_usage"},{"link_name":"marifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marifa"},{"link_name":"unio mystica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_mystica"}],"text":"A tariqa (Arabic: طريقة, romanized: ṭarīqa) is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as \"ultimate truth\".[1]A tariqa has a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as muridin (singular murid), meaning \"desirous\", viz. \"desiring the knowledge of God and loving God\" (also called a faqir).\nTariqa is also believed to be the same as Tzadik of Judaism meaning the \"rightly guided one\".The metaphor of \"way, path\" is to be understood in connection of the term sharia which also has the meaning of \"path\", more specifically \"well-trodden path; path to the waterhole\". The \"path\" metaphor of tariqa is that of a further path, taken by the mystic, which continues from the \"well-trodden path\" or exoteric of sharia towards the esoteric haqiqa. A fourth \"station\" following the succession of shariah, tariqa and haqiqa is called marifa. This is the \"unseen center\" of haqiqa, and the ultimate aim of the mystic, corresponding to the unio mystica in Western mysticism. Tasawwuf, an Arabic word that refers to mysticism and Islamic esotericism, is known in the West as Sufism.","title":"Tariqa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Ṭarīqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah"},{"link_name":"Haqiqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haqiqa"},{"link_name":"marifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marifa"},{"link_name":"Mevlevi Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlevi_Order"},{"link_name":"Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi"},{"link_name":"Bektashi Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order"},{"link_name":"Haji Bektash Veli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli"},{"link_name":"Naqshbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi"},{"link_name":"Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari"},{"link_name":"Qadiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Abdul Qadir Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Jilani"},{"link_name":"Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti"},{"link_name":"Moinuddin Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardiyya"},{"link_name":"Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi"},{"link_name":"Burhaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhaniyya"},{"link_name":"Muridiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridiyya"},{"link_name":"Burhaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhaniyya"},{"link_name":"Tijaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijaniyya"},{"link_name":"Qalandariyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandariyya"},{"link_name":"Malamatiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamatiyya"},{"link_name":"Yasawiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Yesevi"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Batiniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiniyya"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"Suhrawardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardiyya"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Jahangir Semnani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Jahangir_Semnani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maizbhandari Tariqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarika-e-Maizbhandari"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Waris Ali Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris_Ali_Shah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Khalif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalif"},{"link_name":"murshid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshid"},{"link_name":"silsilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Naqshbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Murid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid"},{"link_name":"awrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"},{"link_name":"Burhaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhaniyya"},{"link_name":"Haḍra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra"},{"link_name":"Ulma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulema"},{"link_name":"Safavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid"},{"link_name":"Tamerlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlane"},{"link_name":"Ali-Shir Nava'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i"},{"link_name":"Turkistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar"}],"text":"\"Tariqat\" in the Four Spiritual Stations: The Four Stations are Sharia, Ṭarīqah, Haqiqa, and the fourth station marifa, which is considered \"unseen\" and actually located at the center of the haqiqa region. It is the essence of all four stations.The most popular tariqa in the West is the Mevlevi Order, named after Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi. In the same time the Bektashi Order was also founded, named after the Haji Bektash Veli. Five large tariqas in South Asia are: the Naqshbandi Order, named after Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari; the Qadiri Order,[2] named after Abdul Qadir Jilani; the Chishti Order, named after Khawaja Mawdood Chisti while Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti is the most famous sheikh; the Suhrawardi Order, named after Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi ; the Burhaniyya becoming popular within the people of Pakistan & India. Large tariqats in Africa include Muridiyya, Burhaniyya and Tijaniyya. Others can be offshoots of a tariqa. For example, the Qalandariyya has roots in Malamatiyya and Wafa'i (a combination of Yasawiyya-Sunni and Batiniyya-Shia) of orders are offshoots of the Suhrawardi order. The Ashrafia after the 13th century illustrious Sufi saint Ashraf Jahangir Semnani[3] is the sub branch of Chishti spiritual lineage. The Maizbhandari Tariqa or Maizbhandari Sufi order[4] is a liberated Sufism order established in the Bangladesh in the 19th century by the Gausul Azam Shah Sufi Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari (1826 AD − 1906 AD), 27th descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Warsi Tariqa was founded by Waris Ali Shah.[5][6]Membership in a particular Sufi order is not exclusive, unlike the Christian monastic orders which are demarcated by firm lines of authority and sacrament. Sufis often are members of various Sufi orders.[citation needed] The non-exclusiveness of Sufi orders has consequences for the social extension of Sufism. They cannot be regarded as indulging in a zero sum competition which a purely political analysis might have suggested. Rather, their joint effect is to impart to Sufism a cumulant body of tradition, rather than individual and isolated experiences.[7]In most cases the sheikh nominates his khalifa or \"successor\"[8] during his lifetime, who will take over the order. In rare cases, if the sheikh dies without naming a khalifa, the students of the tariqa elect another spiritual leader by vote. In some orders it is recommended to take a Khalif from the same order as the murshid. In some groups it is customary for the khalifa to be the son of the sheikh, although in other groups the khalīfa and the sheikh are not normally relatives. In yet other orders a successor may be identified through the spiritual dreams of its members.Tariqas have silsilas (Arabic: سلسلة; \"chain, lineage of sheikhs\"). All orders claim a silsila that leads back to Muhammad through Ali,[9] except the Naqshbandi silsila, which traces its roots to Abu Bakr, the first Caliph of Sunni Islam.[10]Every Murid, on entering the tariqa, gets his awrad, or daily recitations, authorized by his murshid (usually to be recited before or after the pre-dawn prayer, after the afternoon prayer and after the evening prayer). Usually these recitations are extensive and time-consuming (for example the awrad may consist of reciting a certain formula 99, 500 or even 1000 times). One must also be in a state of ritual purity (as one is for the obligatory prayers to perform them while facing Mecca). The recitations change as a student (murid) moves from a mere initiate to other Sufi degrees (usually requiring additional initiations). The Initiation ceremony is routine and consists of reading chapter 1 of the Quran followed by a single phrase prayer. Criteria have to be met to be promoted in rank: the common way is to repeat a single phrase prayer 82,000 times or more as in the case of Burhaniyya, a number that grows with each achieved rank. Murids who experience unusual interaction during meditation: hear voices like \"would you like to see a prophet?\" or see visions who might even communicate with the Murid are held dear in the \"Haḍra\", the weekly group-chanting of prayers in attempt of reaching spirits as they are likely to experience something unusual and pass it on. This Murid is promoted faster than others. The least common way is to cause a miracle to happen with criteria similar to that of Catholic Sainthood.Being mostly followers of the spiritual traditions of Islam loosely referred to as Sufism, these groups were sometimes distinct from the Ulma or officially mandated scholars, and often acted as informal missionaries of Islam. They provided accepted avenues for emotional expressions of faith, and the Tariqas spread to all corners of the Muslim world, and often exercised a degree of political influence inordinate to their size (take for example the influence that the sheikhs of the Safavid had over the armies of Tamerlane, or the missionary work of Ali-Shir Nava'i in Turkistan among the Mongol and Tatar people).","title":"Orders of Sufism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spread of Islam in the sub-Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Almoravids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids"},{"link_name":"Sanusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senussi"},{"link_name":"zawiyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Sufism in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism_in_India"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_music"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_poetry"},{"link_name":"Persianate society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianate_society"},{"link_name":"Ma Laichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Laichi"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Kashgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"Afaq Khoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaq_Khoja"},{"link_name":"menhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhuan"},{"link_name":"gongbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dillon113-11"}],"text":"The tariqas were particularly influential in the spread of Islam in the sub-Sahara during the 9th to 14th centuries, where they spread south along trade routes between North Africa and the sub-Saharan kingdoms of Ghana and Mali. On the West African coast they set up Zawiyas on the shores of the river Niger and even established independent kingdoms such as al-Murabitun or Almoravids. The Al Hakika Mizaan Mizaani Sufi order deals with heavy internalization and meditations, their spiritual practice is called Al Qudra Mizaan [(United States)]. The Sanusi order was also highly involved in missionary work in Africa during the 19th century, spreading both Islam and a high level of literacy into Africa as far south as Lake Chad and beyond by setting up a network of zawiyas where Islam was taught.Much of Central Asia and southern Russia was won over to Islam through the missionary work of the Tarīqahs, and the majority of Indonesia's population, where a Muslim army never set foot, was converted to Islam by the perseverance of both Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries. Sufism in India played a similarly crucial role in the diffusion of Islam at the élite and popular levels; its music, art, and poetry flourished in a highly sophisticated Persianate society.Tariqas were brought to China in the 17th century by Ma Laichi and other Chinese Sufis who had studied in Mecca and Yemen, and had also been influenced by spiritual descendants of the Kashgarian Sufi master Afaq Khoja. On the Chinese soil the institutions became known as menhuan, and are typically headquartered near the tombs (gongbei) of their founders.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhood Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011050932"},{"link_name":"EGO - European History Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ieg-ego.eu/"},{"link_name":"Institute of European History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php"},{"link_name":"Mateus Soares de Azevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateus_Soares_de_Azevedo"}],"text":"J. M. Abun-Nasr, \"The Tijaniyya\", London 1965\nM. Berger, \"Islam in Egypt today - social and political aspects of popular religion\", London, 1970\nJ. K. Birge, \"The Bektashi Order of Dervishes\", London and Hartford, 1937\nClayer, Nathalie, Muslim Brotherhood Networks, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: May 23, 2011.\nO. Depont and X. Coppolani, \"Les confreries religieuses musulmans\" (the Muslim brotherhoods as they existed then), Algiers, 1897\nE. E. Evans-Pritchard, \"The Sanusi of Cyrenaica\", Oxford, 1949\nM. D. Gilsenen, \"Saint and Sufi in Modern Egypt\", Oxford, 1978\nG. H. Jansen, \"Militant Islam\", Pan, London 1979\nF. de Jong, \"Turuq and Turuq-Linked Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Egypt\", Brill, Leiden,1978\nJ. W. McPherson, \"The Moulids of Egypt\", Cairo, 1941\nMateus Soares de Azevedo, \"Ordens Sufis no Islã: Iniciação às Confrarias Esotéricas muçulmanas no Irã xiita e no mundo sunita\", São Paulo, Polar Editora, 2020","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Tariqat\" in the Four Spiritual Stations: The Four Stations are Sharia, Ṭarīqah, Haqiqa, and the fourth station marifa, which is considered \"unseen\" and actually located at the center of the haqiqa region. It is the essence of all four stations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Syariah-thariqah-hakikah2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Dargah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargah"},{"title":"Dervish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish"},{"title":"Khanqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah"},{"title":"Zawiya (institution)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)"},{"title":"Noble Eightfold Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Gyarvi Sharif\". Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/gyarvi-sharif.html","url_text":"\"Gyarvi Sharif\""}]},{"reference":"Harder, Hans (2011). Sufism and Saint Veneration in Contemporary Bangladesh: The Maijbhandaris of Chittagong. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"Waris Pak\". Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/waris-pak.html","url_text":"\"Waris Pak\""}]},{"reference":"Hasan, Prof M. (2007). SUFISM AND ENGLISH LITERATURE : Chaucer to the Present Age. Adam Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7435-523-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kTn-XgtlLmcC&dq=warsi+sufi+order&pg=PA183","url_text":"SUFISM AND ENGLISH LITERATURE : Chaucer to the Present Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-523-2","url_text":"978-81-7435-523-2"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad, Taher (1997). Encyclopaedic survey of Islamic culture. evolution and practice. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lloyd., Ridgeon (2008). Sufism. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hisham., Kabbani, Muhammad (2004). Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi tradition. Islamic Supreme Council of America.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Routledge. pp. 113–114. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC","url_text":"China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4","url_text":"0-7007-1026-4"}]},{"reference":"馬通 (Ma Tong) (1983). Zhongguo Yisilan jiaopai yu menhuan zhidu shilue 中国伊斯兰教派与门宦制度史略 [A sketch of the history of Chinese Islamic sects and the menhuan system] (in Chinese). Yinchuan: 宁夏人民出版社 (Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe).","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tung
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Bill Tung
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["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bill TungBorn朱文彪 (Chu Man Biu)(1933-03-30)March 30, 1933British Hong KongDiedFebruary 22, 2006(2006-02-22) (aged 72)Hong KongYears active1967 - 1996Chinese nameTraditional Chinese董驃Simplified Chinese董骠Transcriptions
William Tung Biu (Chinese: 董驃) (March 30, 1933 in Hong Kong — February 22, 2006) was a Hong Kong actor and horse racing commentator. Tung started off as a jockey with his family racing horse stable. He was then recruited to become a horse racing commentator. Due to his fame, he was invited to act in many movies beginning in the late 1970s. He appeared in several films with Jackie Chan during the 1980s and 1990s, such as playing Inspector "Uncle" Bill Wong in the original Police Story series, including his final movie role in Police Story 4: First Strike in 1996. Tung retired from horse racing commentating in 2000. Tung died in 2006 of lung failure.
Biography
Tung was born in Hong Kong in 1933. He started to learn horse riding when he was eight years old. He became an official horse jockey when he was twelve after graduating from the first post war Hong Kong Jockey Club training. In his short horse jockey career, he went to Singapore, United Kingdom and other countries as a professional horse jockey. After learning to be a horse trainer, Tung served in his family's stables as a vice-horse trainer.
In 1967, when Rediffusion Television (now Asia Television) began broadcasting horse racing, Tung was recruited to become a horse racing commentator. Due to his frank assessment and criticism in the horse racing circles, he was respectfully called "Uncle Biu". Due to the loss of broadcasting rights, Tung was not able to continue as a commentator on television and he joined the Hong Kong Jockey Club as a radio show host. It had an effect on the radio industry as the listenership for Radio Television Hong Kong increased significantly.
After 1997, when Asia Television lost the horse racing broadcasting rights, Tung went to the Macau Jockey Club as a horse trainer. In his first year as a trainer, Tung won 64 races with the horses from his stables. He also worked as a horse racing commentator in Macau until 2000. He returned to Hong Kong as a horse racing commentator for the 2003–04 horse racing season.
In July 2005, Tung retired from the media industry due to heart disease. He had been hospitalized several times due to diabetes and heart disease. On February 16, 2006, Tung was admitted to St. Paul's Hospital on Hong Kong Island due to physical discomfort. On February 22 at 11 pm, due to pulmonary fibrosis leading to organ failure, Tung died in the hospital in the company of loved ones, at the age of 72.
A funeral committee was set up and Tung's wake was held on March 13, 2006, at 4 pm at the Hong Kong Coliseum. Actor and good friend Jackie Chan was one of the pallbearers. In the afternoon the next day, Tung was cremated at Sha Tin's crematorium.
From his four marriages, Tung had five children. His three daughters are married. Both of his sons died, one at a young age, and his second of cancer.
Filmography
Luan long bo meng (1977) as himself
Fatherland (1980, TV Series) as Yung Hok-ling
Security Unlimited (1981) as Racetrack Announcer
The Legendary Fok (1981, TV Series) as Fok Yan-tai
Coolie Killer (1982)
My Darling, My Goddess (1982) as Don Phew
Tian ji guo he (1983)
The Fung-shui Master (1983)
Fast Fingers (1983) as Uncle Bill
Esprit d'amour (1983) as Chi-Ming's Father
Family Light Affair (1984)
I Love Lolanto (1984)
I Will Finally Knock You Down, Dad! (1984) as Monk
My Little Sentimental Friend (1984)
Dear Mummy (1985) as Inspector Bill
Police Story (1985) as Inspector Bill Wong
Tian guan ci fu (1985) as Ji Xiao Dong
Happy Din Don (1986) as Ma Masa, the Crocodile King
Devoted to You (1986) as Television Racing Commentator
Jiang shi shao ye (1986)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World (1987) as Bill
Sworn Brothers (1987)
Enchanting Night (1987) as Uncle Hak
Project A II (1987) as Police Commissioner
Mr. Handsome (1987) as Bill Lau
Who Is the Craftiest (1988) as Leung Piu
The Good, the Bad and the Beauty (1988) as Uncle Mark
Dian zhi zei zei (1988)
Bless This House (1988) as Bill Chang
The Inspector Wears Skirts (1988) as Commissioner Tung
Double Fattiness (1988) as Mo Chak-shu
Ling huan xiao jie (1988) as Master Wong
Mother vs. Mother (1988) as Dut-Hing
Shen tan fu zi bing (1988)
Police Story 2 (1988) as Bill Wong
Tong tian pai dang (1988)
Imaginary Suspense (1988) as Shek Man-Tau
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World II (1988) as Bill
The Inspector Wears Skirts II (1989) as Commissioner Tung
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World III (1989) as Bill
Xiao xiao xiao jing cha (1989)
Mr Canton and Lady Rose (1989) as Tung
My Dear Son (1989) as Ho Ka-chai
Fu gui kai xin gui (1989)
Tragic Heroes (1989) as Uncle Gwai
The Final Judgement (1989) as Officer Kent Chan
Ghostly Vixen (1990) as Wizard
Look Out, Officer! (1990) as Chang Piao
Xi huan de gu shi (1990)
Si ren xin shi jie (1990)
Doctor's Heart (1990) as Man-Tsun's Father
The Banquet (1991) as Uncle Bill
Hong Kong Eva (1992)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World Too (1992) as Bill
Freedom Run Q (1992)
Police Story 3 (1992) as 'Uncle' Bill Wong
Meng qing ren (1993)
Once a Cop (1993)
Police Story 3 Part 2 (1993) as Uncle Bill
Drunken Master II (1994) as General (uncredited)
Ma shen (1994)
Rumble in the Bronx (1995) as Uncle Bill
Police Story 4: First Strike (1996) as 'Uncle' Bill Wong (final film role)
References
^ "董骠葬礼昨日举行" . Sina.com (in Chinese).
^ Bill Tung at IMDb
External links
Bill Tung at IMDb
Hong Kong Cinemagic entry
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
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He appeared in several films with Jackie Chan during the 1980s and 1990s, such as playing Inspector \"Uncle\" Bill Wong in the original Police Story series, including his final movie role in Police Story 4: First Strike in 1996. Tung retired from horse racing commentating in 2000. Tung died in 2006 of lung failure.[1]","title":"Bill Tung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rediffusion Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediffusion_Television"},{"link_name":"Asia Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Television"},{"link_name":"Macau Jockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Jockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"St. Paul's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"pulmonary fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin"},{"link_name":"crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematorium"}],"text":"Tung was born in Hong Kong in 1933. He started to learn horse riding when he was eight years old. He became an official horse jockey when he was twelve after graduating from the first post war Hong Kong Jockey Club training. In his short horse jockey career, he went to Singapore, United Kingdom and other countries as a professional horse jockey. After learning to be a horse trainer, Tung served in his family's stables as a vice-horse trainer.In 1967, when Rediffusion Television (now Asia Television) began broadcasting horse racing, Tung was recruited to become a horse racing commentator. Due to his frank assessment and criticism in the horse racing circles, he was respectfully called \"Uncle Biu\". Due to the loss of broadcasting rights, Tung was not able to continue as a commentator on television and he joined the Hong Kong Jockey Club as a radio show host. It had an effect on the radio industry as the listenership for Radio Television Hong Kong increased significantly.After 1997, when Asia Television lost the horse racing broadcasting rights, Tung went to the Macau Jockey Club as a horse trainer. In his first year as a trainer, Tung won 64 races with the horses from his stables. He also worked as a horse racing commentator in Macau until 2000. He returned to Hong Kong as a horse racing commentator for the 2003–04 horse racing season.In July 2005, Tung retired from the media industry due to heart disease. He had been hospitalized several times due to diabetes and heart disease. On February 16, 2006, Tung was admitted to St. Paul's Hospital on Hong Kong Island due to physical discomfort. On February 22 at 11 pm, due to pulmonary fibrosis leading to organ failure, Tung died in the hospital in the company of loved ones, at the age of 72.A funeral committee was set up and Tung's wake was held on March 13, 2006, at 4 pm at the Hong Kong Coliseum. Actor and good friend Jackie Chan was one of the pallbearers. In the afternoon the next day, Tung was cremated at Sha Tin's crematorium.From his four marriages, Tung had five children. His three daughters are married. Both of his sons died, one at a young age, and his second of cancer.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Legendary Fok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legendary_Fok"},{"link_name":"Police Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World"},{"link_name":"Sworn Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sworn_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Project A II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_A_Part_II"},{"link_name":"Who Is the Craftiest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Is_the_Craftiest"},{"link_name":"The Inspector Wears Skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inspector_Wears_Skirts"},{"link_name":"Double Fattiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fattiness"},{"link_name":"Police Story 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_2"},{"link_name":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World"},{"link_name":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World"},{"link_name":"Mr Canton and Lady Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"My Dear Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Dear_Son"},{"link_name":"Ghostly Vixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghostly_Vixen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Look Out, Officer!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Out,_Officer!"},{"link_name":"Doctor's Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor%27s_Heart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Banquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banquet_(1991_film)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Eva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad World Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Mad,_Mad,_Mad_World"},{"link_name":"Freedom Run Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Run_Q&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Police Story 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_3"},{"link_name":"Once a Cop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_a_Cop"},{"link_name":"Police Story 3 Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_3_Part_2"},{"link_name":"Drunken Master II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunken_Master_II"},{"link_name":"Rumble in the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_in_the_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Police Story 4: First Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Story_4:_First_Strike"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Luan long bo meng (1977) as himself\nFatherland (1980, TV Series) as Yung Hok-ling\nSecurity Unlimited (1981) as Racetrack Announcer\nThe Legendary Fok (1981, TV Series) as Fok Yan-tai\nCoolie Killer (1982)\nMy Darling, My Goddess (1982) as Don Phew\nTian ji guo he (1983)\nThe Fung-shui Master (1983)\nFast Fingers (1983) as Uncle Bill\nEsprit d'amour (1983) as Chi-Ming's Father\nFamily Light Affair (1984)\nI Love Lolanto (1984)\nI Will Finally Knock You Down, Dad! (1984) as Monk\nMy Little Sentimental Friend (1984)\nDear Mummy (1985) as Inspector Bill\nPolice Story (1985) as Inspector Bill Wong\nTian guan ci fu (1985) as Ji Xiao Dong\nHappy Din Don (1986) as Ma Masa, the Crocodile King\nDevoted to You (1986) as Television Racing Commentator\nJiang shi shao ye (1986)\nIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad World (1987) as Bill\nSworn Brothers (1987)\nEnchanting Night (1987) as Uncle Hak\nProject A II (1987) as Police Commissioner\nMr. Handsome (1987) as Bill Lau\nWho Is the Craftiest (1988) as Leung Piu\nThe Good, the Bad and the Beauty (1988) as Uncle Mark\nDian zhi zei zei (1988)\nBless This House (1988) as Bill Chang\nThe Inspector Wears Skirts (1988) as Commissioner Tung\nDouble Fattiness (1988) as Mo Chak-shu\nLing huan xiao jie (1988) as Master Wong\nMother vs. Mother (1988) as Dut-Hing\nShen tan fu zi bing (1988)\nPolice Story 2 (1988) as Bill Wong\nTong tian pai dang (1988)\nImaginary Suspense (1988) as Shek Man-Tau\nIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad World II (1988) as Bill\nThe Inspector Wears Skirts II (1989) as Commissioner Tung\nIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad World III (1989) as Bill\nXiao xiao xiao jing cha (1989)\nMr Canton and Lady Rose (1989) as Tung\nMy Dear Son (1989) as Ho Ka-chai\nFu gui kai xin gui (1989)\nTragic Heroes (1989) as Uncle Gwai\nThe Final Judgement (1989) as Officer Kent Chan\nGhostly Vixen (1990) as Wizard\nLook Out, Officer! (1990) as Chang Piao\nXi huan de gu shi (1990)\nSi ren xin shi jie (1990)\nDoctor's Heart (1990) as Man-Tsun's Father\nThe Banquet (1991) as Uncle Bill\nHong Kong Eva (1992)\nIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad World Too (1992) as Bill\nFreedom Run Q (1992)\nPolice Story 3 (1992) as 'Uncle' Bill Wong\nMeng qing ren (1993)\nOnce a Cop (1993)\nPolice Story 3 Part 2 (1993) as Uncle Bill\nDrunken Master II (1994) as General (uncredited)\nMa shen (1994)\nRumble in the Bronx (1995) as Uncle Bill\nPolice Story 4: First Strike (1996) as 'Uncle' Bill Wong (final film role)[2]","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"董骠葬礼昨日举行\" [Tung Biu's funeral was held yesterday]. Sina.com (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.sina.com.cn/f/s/dongbiaoqushi/index.shtml","url_text":"\"董骠葬礼昨日举行\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina.com","url_text":"Sina.com"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforation_of_intestine
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Gastrointestinal perforation
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["1 Signs and symptoms","1.1 Complications","2 Causes","2.1 Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures","2.2 Infection or inflammatory disease","2.3 Bowel obstruction","2.4 Erosion","2.5 Indirect causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 References","6 External links"]
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Medical conditionGastrointestinal perforationOther namesRuptured bowel, gastrointestinal ruptureFree air under the right diaphragm from a perforated bowel.SpecialtyGastroenterology, emergency medicineSymptomsAbdominal pain, tendernessComplicationsSepsis, abscessUsual onsetSudden or more gradualCausesTrauma, following colonoscopy, bowel obstruction, colon cancer, diverticulitis, stomach ulcers, ischemic bowel, C. difficile infectionDiagnostic methodCT scan, plain X-rayTreatmentEmergency surgery in the form of an exploratory laparotomyMedicationIntravenous fluids, antibiotics
Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as gastrointestinal rupture, is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus. Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Complications include a painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.
Perforation may be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, stomach ulcers, cancer, or infection. A CT scan is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation can often be seen on plain X-ray.
Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract typically requires emergency surgery in the form of an exploratory laparotomy. This is usually carried out along with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Occasionally the hole can be sewn closed while other times a bowel resection is required. Even with maximum treatment the risk of death can be as high as 50%. A hole from a stomach ulcer occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis occurs in about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.
Signs and symptoms
Gastrointestinal perforation results in sudden, severe abdominal pain at the site of perforation, which then spreads across the abdomen. The pain is intensified by movement. Nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, and increased heart rate are common early symptoms. Later symptoms include fever and or chills. On examination, the abdomen is rigid and tender. After some time, the bowel stops moving, and the abdomen becomes silent and distended.
The symptoms of esophageal rupture may include sudden onset of chest pain.
Complications
A hole in the intestinal tracts allows intestinal contents to enter the abdominal cavity. The entry of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract into the abdomen results in peritonitis or in the formation of an abscess.
Patients may develop sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection, which may appear as an increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, fever, and confusion. This may progress to multi-level organ dysfunction, including acute respiratory and kidney failure.
Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of gastroduodenal artery that lies behind the first part of the duodenum. The death rate in this case is 20%.
Causes
The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen.
Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the gastrointestinal wall, resulting in a hole in the hollow GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or large intestine). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states.
Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures
Penetrating trauma such as from a knife or gunshot wound can puncture the bowel wall. Additionally, blunt trauma, such as in a motor vehicle accident may abruptly increase the pressure within the bowel, resulting in bowel rupture. Perforation can also be a very rare complication of certain medical procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy.
Infection or inflammatory disease
Appendicitis and diverticulitis are conditions in which a small, tubular area in bowel becomes inflamed and may burst. A number of infections including C. difficile infection can lead to full-thickness disruption of the bowel wall. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, prolonged inflammation of the bowel wall can eventually result in perforation.
Bowel obstruction
Bowel obstruction is a blockage of the small or large intestine which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. It may occur due to scar tissue after surgery, twisting of the bowel around itself, hernias, or gastrointestinal tumors. Reduced forward movement of bowel contents results in a build up of pressure within the part of the bowel just before the site of obstruction. This increased pressure may prevent blood flow from reaching the bowel wall, resulting in bowel ischemia (lack of blood flow), necrosis, and eventually perforation.
Eating multiple magnets can also lead to perforation if the magnets attract and stick to one another through different loops of the intestine.
Erosion
A peptic ulcer is a defect in the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum typically due to excessive stomach acid. Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical peritonitis. Helicobacter pylori infection and overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may contribute to formation of peptic ulcers. Ingestion of corrosives can lead to esophageal perforation.
Indirect causes
An often overlooked indirect cause of obstruction leading to perforation is the chronic use of opioids, which can create severe constipation and damage to the colon, often termed stercoral perforation.
Diagnosis
A hole in the gastrointestinal tract causes leakage of gas into the abdominal cavity. In intestinal perforation, gas may be visible under the diaphragm on chest x-ray while the patient is in an upright position. While x-ray is a fast and inexpensive to screen for perforation, an abdominal CT scan with contrast is more sensitive and specific for establishing a diagnosis as well as determining the underlying cause. Both CT and x-ray may initially appear normal, in which case diagnosis can be made by open or laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen.
White blood cells and blood lactate levels may also be elevated, particularly in the case of advanced disease including peritonitis and sepsis.
Differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal perforation includes other causes of an acute abdomen, including appendicitis, diverticulitis, ruptured ovarian cyst, or pancreatitis.
Treatment
Surgical intervention is nearly always required in the form of open or laparoscopic exploration. The goals of surgery are to remove any dead tissue and close the hole in the gastrointestinal wall. Peritoneal wash is performed and a drain may be placed to control any fluid collections that may form. A Graham patch may be used for duodenal perforations.
Conservative treatment (avoiding surgery) may be sufficient in the case of a contained perforation. It is indicated only if the person has normal vital signs and is clinically stable.
Regardless of whether surgery is performed, all patients are offered pain therapy and placed on bowel rest (avoiding all food and fluids by mouth), intravenous fluids, and antibiotics. A number of different antibiotics may be used such as piperacillin/tazobactam or the combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole.
References
^ a b c d Domino FJ, Baldor RA (2013). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1086. ISBN 9781451188509. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". The Medical Clinics of North America. 92 (3): 599–625, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. PMID 18387378.
^ Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". The Medical Clinics of North America. 92 (3): 599–625, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. PMID 18387378.
^ Yeo CJ, McFadden DW, Pemberton JH, Peters JH, Matthews JB (2012). Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 701. ISBN 978-1455738076. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.
^ a b c Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016). "Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015". Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 23 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1002/jhbp.303. ISSN 1868-6974. PMID 26692573.
^ Ansari, Parswa. "Acute Perforation". Merck Manuals. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^ a b Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). "Peptic ulcer disease". Lancet. 390 (10094): 613–624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7. PMID 28242110. S2CID 4547048.
^ Lohsiriwat V (2010). "Colonoscopic perforation: Incidence, risk factors, management and outcome". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 16 (4): 425–430. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i4.425. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 2811793. PMID 20101766.
^ "Definition & Facts for Appendicitis - NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
^ Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). "Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen". The Medical Clinics of North America. 92 (3): 599–625, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. PMID 18387378.
^ Fitzgerald JE (2010-01-31), Brooks A, Cotton BA, Tai N, Mahoney PF (eds.), "Small Bowel Obstruction", Emergency Surgery (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 74–79, doi:10.1002/9781444315172.ch14, ISBN 978-1-4051-7025-3, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ Lima M (2016). Pediatric Digestive Surgery. Springer. p. 239. ISBN 9783319405254.
^ Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (2008-05-01). "Gastrointestinal Perforation and the Acute Abdomen". Medical Clinics of North America. Common Gastrointestinal Emergencies. 92 (3): 599–625. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. ISSN 0025-7125. PMID 18387378.
^ Sigmon DF, Tuma F, Kamel BG, Cassaro S (2023), "Gastric Perforation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137838, retrieved 2023-11-15
^ R I Russell (2001). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal damage—problems and solutions". Postgrad Med J. 77 (904): 82–88. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.904.82. PMC 1741894. PMID 11161072.
^ Carlos Sostres, Carla J Gargallo, Angel Lanas (2013). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage". Arthritis Res. Ther. 15 (Suppl 3): S3. doi:10.1186/ar4175. PMC 3890944. PMID 24267289.
^ Ramasamy, Kovil, Gumaste, Vivek V. (2003). "Corrosive Ingestion in Adults". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 37 (2): 119–124. doi:10.1097/00004836-200308000-00005. PMID 12869880.
^ Poitras R, Warren D, Oyogoa S (2018-01-01). "Opioid drugs and stercoral perforation of the colon: Case report and review of literature". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 42: 94–97. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.060. ISSN 2210-2612. PMC 5730425. PMID 29232630.
^ Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016). "Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015". Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 23 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1002/jhbp.303. ISSN 1868-6974. PMID 26692573.
^ Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C (December 2011). "Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 19 (1): 74. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-19-74. ISSN 1757-7241. PMC 3292838. PMID 22202128.
^ a b c Falch C, Vicente D, Häberle H, Kirschniak A, Müller S, Nissan A, Brücher B (August 2014). "Treatment of acute abdominal pain in the emergency room: A systematic review of the literature". European Journal of Pain. 18 (7): 902–913. doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00456.x. ISSN 1090-3801. PMID 24449533.
^ Rustagi T, McCarty TR, Aslanian HR (2015). "Endoscopic Treatment of Gastrointestinal Perforations, Leaks, and Fistulae". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 49 (10): 804–9. doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000409. PMID 26325190. S2CID 38323381.
^ "Gastrointestinal perforation Information | Mount Sinai - New York". Mount Sinai Health System. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
^ Wong PF, Gilliam AD, Kumar S, Shenfine J, O'Dair GN, Leaper DJ (18 April 2005). "Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD004539. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004539.pub2. PMID 15846719.
^ Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB (2007). Trauma: Resuscitation, Perioperative Management, and Critical Care. CRC Press. p. 882. ISBN 9781420015263. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: K63.1, S36.9ICD-9-CM: 569.83, 863.9DiseasesDB: 34042External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000235eMedicine: med/2822
Gastrointestinal perforation—MedlinePlus
vteDiseases of the human digestive systemUpper GI tractEsophagus
Esophagitis
Candidal
Eosinophilic
Herpetiform
Rupture
Boerhaave syndrome
Mallory–Weiss syndrome
Zenker's diverticulum
Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal motility disorder
Nutcracker esophagus
Achalasia
Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)
Esophageal stricture
Inlet patch
Megaesophagus
Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
Acute esophageal necrosis
Stomach
Gastritis
Atrophic
Ménétrier's disease
Gastroenteritis
Peptic (gastric) ulcer
Cushing ulcer
Dieulafoy's lesion
Dyspepsia
Functional dyspepsia
Pyloric stenosis
Achlorhydria
Gastroparesis
Gastroptosis
Portal hypertensive gastropathy
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastric volvulus
Buried bumper syndrome
Gastrinoma
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
Lower GI tract EnteropathySmall intestine (Duodenum/Jejunum/Ileum)
Enteritis
Duodenitis
Jejunitis
Ileitis
Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
Curling's ulcer
Malabsorption: Coeliac
Tropical sprue
Blind loop syndrome
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Whipple's
Short bowel syndrome
Steatorrhea
Milroy disease
Bile acid malabsorption
Large intestine (Appendix/Colon)
Appendicitis
Colitis
Pseudomembranous
Ulcerative
Ischemic
Microscopic
Collagenous
Lymphocytic
Dysentery
Functional colonic disease
IBS
Intestinal pseudoobstruction / Ogilvie syndrome
Megacolon / Toxic megacolon
Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis/SCAD
Large and/or small
Enterocolitis
Necrotizing
Gastroenterocolitis
IBD
Crohn's disease
Vascular: Abdominal angina
Mesenteric ischemia
Angiodysplasia
Bowel obstruction: Ileus
Intussusception
Volvulus
Fecal impaction
Constipation
Functional
Diarrhea
Infectious
Intestinal adhesions
Rectum
Proctitis
Radiation proctitis
Proctalgia fugax
Rectal prolapse
Anismus
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
Anal canal
Anal fissure/Anal fistula
Anal abscess
Hemorrhoid
Anal dysplasia
Pruritus ani
GI bleeding
Blood in stool
Upper
Hematemesis
Melena
Lower
Hematochezia
AccessoryLiver
Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
PBC
Fatty liver
MASLD
Vascular
Budd–Chiari syndrome
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
Portal hypertension
Nutmeg liver
Alcoholic liver disease
Liver failure
Hepatic encephalopathy
Acute liver failure
Liver abscess
Pyogenic
Amoebic
Hepatorenal syndrome
Peliosis hepatis
Metabolic disorders
Wilson's disease
Hemochromatosis
Gallbladder
Cholecystitis
Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
Cholesterolosis
Adenomyomatosis
Postcholecystectomy syndrome
Porcelain gallbladder
Bile duct/ Other biliary tree
Cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Ascending
Cholestasis/Mirizzi's syndrome
Biliary fistula
Haemobilia
Common bile duct
Choledocholithiasis
Biliary dyskinesia
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Pancreatic
Pancreatitis
Acute
Chronic
Hereditary
Pancreatic abscess
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Pancreatic fistula
OtherHernia
Diaphragmatic
Congenital
Hiatus
Inguinal
Indirect
Direct
Umbilical
Femoral
Obturator
Spigelian
Lumbar
Petit's
Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
Undefined location
Incisional
Internal hernia
Richter's
Peritoneal
Peritonitis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Hemoperitoneum
Pneumoperitoneum
vteNonmusculoskeletal injuries of abdomen and pelvisAbdomen / GI
Ruptured spleen
Blunt splenic trauma
Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia
Gastrointestinal perforation
Liver injury
Pancreatic injury
Pelvic
Uterine perforation
Penile fracture
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
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The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus.[3] Symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation commonly include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.[2] Complications include a painful inflammation of the inner lining of the abdominal wall and sepsis.Perforation may be caused by trauma, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, stomach ulcers, cancer, or infection.[2] A CT scan is the preferred method of diagnosis; however, free air from a perforation can often be seen on plain X-ray.[2]Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract typically requires emergency surgery in the form of an exploratory laparotomy.[2] This is usually carried out along with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.[2] Occasionally the hole can be sewn closed while other times a bowel resection is required.[2] Even with maximum treatment the risk of death can be as high as 50%.[2] A hole from a stomach ulcer occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year, while one from diverticulitis occurs in about 0.4 per 10,000 people per year.[1][4]","title":"Gastrointestinal perforation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abdominal pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm-5"},{"link_name":"Nausea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea"},{"link_name":"vomiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"},{"link_name":"hematemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dom2013-1"},{"link_name":"esophageal rupture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_rupture"}],"text":"Gastrointestinal perforation results in sudden, severe abdominal pain at the site of perforation, which then spreads across the abdomen.[5] The pain is intensified by movement. Nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, and increased heart rate are common early symptoms. Later symptoms include fever and or chills.[6] On examination, the abdomen is rigid and tender.[1] After some time, the bowel stops moving, and the abdomen becomes silent and distended.The symptoms of esophageal rupture may include sudden onset of chest pain.","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abdominal cavity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang2008-2"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"abscess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang2008-2"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"increased heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia"},{"link_name":"confusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang2008-2"},{"link_name":"respiratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"},{"link_name":"kidney failure.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm-5"},{"link_name":"gastroduodenal artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroduodenal_artery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angel_2017-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angel_2017-7"}],"sub_title":"Complications","text":"A hole in the intestinal tracts allows intestinal contents to enter the abdominal cavity.[2] The entry of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract into the abdomen results in peritonitis or in the formation of an abscess.[2]Patients may develop sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection, which may appear as an increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, fever, and confusion.[2] This may progress to multi-level organ dysfunction, including acute respiratory and kidney failure.[5]Posterior gastric wall perforation may lead to bleeding due to the involvement of gastroduodenal artery that lies behind the first part of the duodenum.[7] The death rate in this case is 20%.[7]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall"},{"link_name":"GI tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"small intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine"},{"link_name":"large intestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine"}],"text":"The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen.Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the gastrointestinal wall, resulting in a hole in the hollow GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or large intestine). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or progressive damage to the bowel wall due to various disease states.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penetrating trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penetrating_trauma"},{"link_name":"blunt trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunt_trauma"},{"link_name":"endoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy"},{"link_name":"colonoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonoscopy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Trauma or accidental perforations during medical procedures","text":"Penetrating trauma such as from a knife or gunshot wound can puncture the bowel wall. Additionally, blunt trauma, such as in a motor vehicle accident may abruptly increase the pressure within the bowel, resulting in bowel rupture. Perforation can also be a very rare complication of certain medical procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and colonoscopy.[8]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"diverticulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"C. difficile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._difficile"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang20082-10"},{"link_name":"inflammatory bowel disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease"}],"sub_title":"Infection or inflammatory disease","text":"Appendicitis and diverticulitis are conditions in which a small, tubular area in bowel becomes inflamed and may burst.[9] A number of infections including C. difficile[10] infection can lead to full-thickness disruption of the bowel wall. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, prolonged inflammation of the bowel wall can eventually result in perforation.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowel obstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstruction"},{"link_name":"digestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"scar tissue after surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"twisting of the bowel around itself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulus"},{"link_name":"hernias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer"},{"link_name":"ischemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia"},{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm-5"},{"link_name":"magnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnets"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Bowel obstruction","text":"Bowel obstruction is a blockage of the small or large intestine which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion.[11] It may occur due to scar tissue after surgery, twisting of the bowel around itself, hernias, or gastrointestinal tumors. Reduced forward movement of bowel contents results in a build up of pressure within the part of the bowel just before the site of obstruction. This increased pressure may prevent blood flow from reaching the bowel wall, resulting in bowel ischemia (lack of blood flow), necrosis, and eventually perforation.[5]Eating multiple magnets can also lead to perforation if the magnets attract and stick to one another through different loops of the intestine.[12]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peptic ulcer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease"},{"link_name":"stomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"stomach acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acid"},{"link_name":"chemical peritonitis.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis#Non-infected_peritonitis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Helicobacter pylori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori"},{"link_name":"non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ingestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion"},{"link_name":"corrosives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosive"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Erosion","text":"A peptic ulcer is a defect in the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum typically due to excessive stomach acid. Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical peritonitis.[13][14] Helicobacter pylori infection and overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[15][16] may contribute to formation of peptic ulcers. Ingestion of corrosives[17] can lead to esophageal perforation.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"stercoral perforation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stercoral_perforation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Indirect causes","text":"An often overlooked indirect cause of obstruction leading to perforation is the chronic use of opioids, which can create severe constipation and damage to the colon, often termed stercoral perforation.[18]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diaphragm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm"},{"link_name":"x-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"CT scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"sensitive and specific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy"},{"link_name":"laparoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy"},{"link_name":"White blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell"},{"link_name":"peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"acute abdomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_abdomen"},{"link_name":"diverticulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis"},{"link_name":"ruptured ovarian cyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruptured_ovarian_cyst"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falch_902%E2%80%93913-21"}],"text":"A hole in the gastrointestinal tract causes leakage of gas into the abdominal cavity. In intestinal perforation, gas may be visible under the diaphragm on chest x-ray while the patient is in an upright position. While x-ray is a fast and inexpensive to screen for perforation, an abdominal CT scan with contrast is more sensitive and specific for establishing a diagnosis as well as determining the underlying cause.[19] Both CT and x-ray may initially appear normal, in which case diagnosis can be made by open or laparoscopic exploration of the abdomen.White blood cells and blood lactate levels may also be elevated, particularly in the case of advanced disease including peritonitis and sepsis.[20]Differential diagnoses of gastrointestinal perforation includes other causes of an acute abdomen, including appendicitis, diverticulitis, ruptured ovarian cyst, or pancreatitis.[21]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surgical intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_laparotomy"},{"link_name":"laparoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy"},{"link_name":"Peritoneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Graham patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_patch"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"vital signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_signs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falch_902%E2%80%93913-21"},{"link_name":"intravenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falch_902%E2%80%93913-21"},{"link_name":"piperacillin/tazobactam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piperacillin/tazobactam"},{"link_name":"ciprofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin"},{"link_name":"metronidazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metronidazole"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Surgical intervention is nearly always required in the form of open or laparoscopic exploration. The goals of surgery are to remove any dead tissue and close the hole in the gastrointestinal wall. Peritoneal wash is performed and a drain may be placed to control any fluid collections that may form.[22] A Graham patch may be used for duodenal perforations.[23]Conservative treatment (avoiding surgery) may be sufficient in the case of a contained perforation. It is indicated only if the person has normal vital signs and is clinically stable.[21]Regardless of whether surgery is performed, all patients are offered pain therapy and placed on bowel rest (avoiding all food and fluids by mouth), intravenous fluids, and antibiotics.[21] A number of different antibiotics may be used such as piperacillin/tazobactam or the combination of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole.[24][25]","title":"Treatment"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg/220px-2402_Layers_of_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Domino FJ, Baldor RA (2013). The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1086. ISBN 9781451188509. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086","url_text":"The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451188509","url_text":"9781451188509"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172052/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1086","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). \"Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen\". The Medical Clinics of North America. 92 (3): 599–625, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. PMID 18387378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378","url_text":"18387378"}]},{"reference":"Langell JT, Mulvihill SJ (May 2008). \"Gastrointestinal perforation and the acute abdomen\". The Medical Clinics of North America. 92 (3): 599–625, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004. PMID 18387378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378","url_text":"18387378"}]},{"reference":"Yeo CJ, McFadden DW, Pemberton JH, Peters JH, Matthews JB (2012). Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (7 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 701. ISBN 978-1455738076. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701","url_text":"Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455738076","url_text":"978-1455738076"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817135449/https://books.google.ca/books?id=VTE-h2D1SNEC&pg=PA701","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Tazuma S, Furukawa A, Nishii O, Shigematsu K, Azuhata T, Itakura A, Kamei S, Kondo H, Maeda S, Mihara H, Mizooka M, Nishidate T, Obara H (January 2016). \"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015\". Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 23 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1002/jhbp.303. ISSN 1868-6974. PMID 26692573.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303","url_text":"\"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303","url_text":"10.1002/jhbp.303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1868-6974","url_text":"1868-6974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692573","url_text":"26692573"}]},{"reference":"Ansari, Parswa. \"Acute Perforation\". Merck Manuals. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-perforation","url_text":"\"Acute Perforation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160710102237/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/acute-abdomen-and-surgical-gastroenterology/acute-perforation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lanas A, Chan FK (August 2017). \"Peptic ulcer disease\". Lancet. 390 (10094): 613–624. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7. PMID 28242110. 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PMID 18387378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2007.12.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.mcna.2007.12.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18387378","url_text":"18387378"}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald JE (2010-01-31), Brooks A, Cotton BA, Tai N, Mahoney PF (eds.), \"Small Bowel Obstruction\", Emergency Surgery (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 74–79, doi:10.1002/9781444315172.ch14, ISBN 978-1-4051-7025-3, retrieved 2023-11-15","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444315172.ch14","url_text":"\"Small Bowel Obstruction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444315172.ch14","url_text":"10.1002/9781444315172.ch14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7025-3","url_text":"978-1-4051-7025-3"}]},{"reference":"Lima M (2016). 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Postgrad Med J. 77 (904): 82–88. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.904.82. PMC 1741894. PMID 11161072.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741894","url_text":"\"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal damage—problems and solutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpmj.77.904.82","url_text":"10.1136/pmj.77.904.82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1741894","url_text":"1741894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11161072","url_text":"11161072"}]},{"reference":"Carlos Sostres, Carla J Gargallo, Angel Lanas (2013). \"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage\". Arthritis Res. Ther. 15 (Suppl 3): S3. doi:10.1186/ar4175. PMC 3890944. 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Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 23 (1): 3–36. doi:10.1002/jhbp.303. ISSN 1868-6974. PMID 26692573.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303","url_text":"\"Practice Guidelines for Primary Care of Acute Abdomen 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjhbp.303","url_text":"10.1002/jhbp.303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1868-6974","url_text":"1868-6974"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26692573","url_text":"26692573"}]},{"reference":"Kruse O, Grunnet N, Barfod C (December 2011). \"Blood lactate as a predictor for in-hospital mortality in patients admitted acutely to hospital: a systematic review\". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 19 (1): 74. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-19-74. 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European Journal of Pain. 18 (7): 902–913. doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00456.x. ISSN 1090-3801. PMID 24449533.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x","url_text":"\"Treatment of acute abdominal pain in the emergency room: A systematic review of the literature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1532-2149.2014.00456.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.00456.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1090-3801","url_text":"1090-3801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24449533","url_text":"24449533"}]},{"reference":"Rustagi T, McCarty TR, Aslanian HR (2015). \"Endoscopic Treatment of Gastrointestinal Perforations, Leaks, and Fistulae\". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 49 (10): 804–9. doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000000409. PMID 26325190. S2CID 38323381.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmcg.0000000000000409","url_text":"10.1097/mcg.0000000000000409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26325190","url_text":"26325190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38323381","url_text":"38323381"}]},{"reference":"\"Gastrointestinal perforation Information | Mount Sinai - New York\". Mount Sinai Health System. Retrieved 2023-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-perforation","url_text":"\"Gastrointestinal perforation Information | Mount Sinai - New York\""}]},{"reference":"Wong PF, Gilliam AD, Kumar S, Shenfine J, O'Dair GN, Leaper DJ (18 April 2005). \"Antibiotic regimens for secondary peritonitis of gastrointestinal origin in adults\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD004539. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004539.pub2. PMID 15846719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004539.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD004539.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15846719","url_text":"15846719"}]},{"reference":"Wilson WC, Grande CM, Hoyt DB (2007). Trauma: Resuscitation, Perioperative Management, and Critical Care. CRC Press. p. 882. ISBN 9781420015263. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA882","url_text":"Trauma: Resuscitation, Perioperative Management, and Critical Care"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420015263","url_text":"9781420015263"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817092456/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6FPvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA882","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Warzecha
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Walter Warzecha
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["1 Biography","1.1 World War I","1.2 Interbellum","1.3 World War II","1.4 Post-war","2 Awards","3 References"]
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Walter Wilhelm Julius WarzechaBorn(1891-05-23)23 May 1891Schwiebus, BrandenburgDied3 August 1956(1956-08-03) (aged 65)HamburgAllegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi GermanyService/branch Imperial German Navy Reichsmarine KriegsmarineYears of service1909–45RankGeneraladmiralCommands heldUC-1UC-71UB-148Admiral Graf SpeeCommander-in-Chief of the Kriesgsmarine (commissary)Battles/warsWorld War I• Battle of the Atlantic (1914–1918)World War IIAwardsKnight`s Cross of the War Merit Cross
Walter Wilhelm Julius Warzecha (23 May 1891 – 3 August 1956) was a German naval commander and high-ranking officer of the Kriegsmarine. Serving in the rank of General Admiral he succeeded General Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg as the last Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine after the end of World War II.
Biography
Walter Warzecha was born on 23 May 1891 in Schwiebus (modern Świebodzin). His father, Max Warzecha, was mayor of the town of Neuruppin, but the family came from Silesia.
World War I
On 1 April 1909 Warzecha joined the Kaiserliche Marine as a Seekadett. His first post was aboard the heavy cruiser Victoria Louise where he was promoted to Fähnrich zur See in April 1910. Between 1911 and 1916 he served on the dreadnought battleship Nassau, and there was promoted to the rank of Leutnant zur See in September 1912, and then to Oberleutnant zur See on 2 May 1915.
From August 1916 until the end of World War I he served as the commanding officer of various submarines; UC-1, UC-71 and UB-148, and sank nine ships totalling 22,612 GRT, and damaged ten more for a total of 55,808 GRT.
Interbellum
After the war Warzecha settled in Wilhelmshaven and then Kiel, where he started a family and became a father of four. Following the re-militarisation of Germany he returned to active duty within the Marinestation der Nordsee, with the rank of Kapitänleutnant from 1920. Promotion to Korvettenkapitän followed in 1928 and then to Fregattenkapitän in 1933. In 1934 Warzecha became Chief of Staff of the Marinestation der Ostsee in the Baltic. Warzecha served as the commander of the pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee between October 1937 and October 1938.
World War II
On 1 November 1938 he was promoted to the rank of Konteradmiral and moved to a staff post in Berlin at the Oberkommando der Marine, serving as Chef des Marinewehramtes ("Chief of the Naval Defence Office") until August 1942, gaining promotion to Vizeadmiral on 1 January 1941, and also serving as Chef des Allgemeinen Marinehauptamtes ("Chief of General Navy Headquarters") between November 1939 and April 1944. On 1 March 1944 he was promoted to the rank of Generaladmiral and on 1 May was appointed Chef der Kriegsmarinewehr ("Chief of the Navy").
Following the end of World War II, and the suicide of the Commander-in-Chief Hans-Georg von Friedeburg on 23 May 1945, Warzecha assumed the duties of the Commander-in-Chief under Allied control, and supervised the Kriegsmarine's dissolution until 22 July 1945.
Post-war
Until 1947 Warzecha was held as a prisoner of war, then settled in Hamburg where he worked as an adjuster for the Allianz-Versicherungsgesellschaft insurance company. He died of a heart attack on 30 August 1956 and is buried at Nordfriedhof in Kiel.
Awards
House Order of Hohenzollern, Knights Cross with Swords
Iron Cross (1914)
2nd Class
1st Class
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
2nd Class
1st class
German Cross in Silver on 30 January 1943 as Admiral in the Oberkommando der Marine
War Merit Cross
2nd Class
1st Class
Knight's Cross with Swords (25 January 1945)
Saxe-Ernestine House Order, Knight's Cross 1st Class with Swords
Friedrich-August Cross, 2nd and 1st Class
Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg
U-boat War Badge (1918)
High Seas Fleet Badge
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f "Deutsches Marinearchiv : Generaladmiral Walter Warzecha". deutsche-marinesoldaten.de (in German). Retrieved 8 May 2010.
^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "Oberleutnant zur See Walter Warzecha". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 559.
Bibliography
Patzwall, Klaus D. and Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 - 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II. Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 3-931533-45-X.
vteGerman Colonel Generals and General Admirals of Nazi GermanyColonel General(Generaloberst)of the Army
Wilhelm Adam
Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
Ludwig Beck
Johannes Blaskowitz
Eduard Dietl
Friedrich Dollmann
Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
Johannes Frießner
Werner von Fritsch
Friedrich Fromm
Heinz Guderian
Curt Haase
Franz Halder
Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
Josef Harpe
Gotthard Heinrici
Walter Heitz
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Hermann Hoth
Hans-Valentin Hube
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Alfred Jodl
Georg Lindemann
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Richard Ruoff
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Rudolf Schmidt
Eugen Ritter von Schobert
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Walter Weiß
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Otto Deßloch
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Alfred Keller
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Bruno Loerzer
Alexander Löhr
Günther Rüdel
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Ernst Udet
Hubert Weise
General Admiral(Generaladmiral)of the Kriegsmarine
Conrad Albrecht
Hermann Boehm
Rolf Carls
Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
Oskar Kummetz
Wilhelm Marschall
Alfred Saalwächter
Otto Schniewind
Otto Schultze
Walter Warzecha
Karl Witzell
Oberst-Gruppenführerof the Waffen-SS
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Paul Hausser
Authority control databases International
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Portal: Biography
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Following the re-militarisation of Germany he returned to active duty within the Marinestation der Nordsee, with the rank of Kapitänleutnant from 1920. Promotion to Korvettenkapitän followed in 1928 and then to Fregattenkapitän in 1933. In 1934 Warzecha became Chief of Staff of the Marinestation der Ostsee in the Baltic. Warzecha served as the commander of the pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee between October 1937 and October 1938.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konteradmiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konteradmiral"},{"link_name":"Oberkommando der Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Marine"},{"link_name":"Vizeadmiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizeadmiral"},{"link_name":"Generaladmiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaladmiral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marinesoldaten-1"},{"link_name":"Hans-Georg von Friedeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Georg_von_Friedeburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marinesoldaten-1"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"On 1 November 1938 he was promoted to the rank of Konteradmiral and moved to a staff post in Berlin at the Oberkommando der Marine, serving as Chef des Marinewehramtes (\"Chief of the Naval Defence Office\") until August 1942, gaining promotion to Vizeadmiral on 1 January 1941, and also serving as Chef des Allgemeinen Marinehauptamtes (\"Chief of General Navy Headquarters\") between November 1939 and April 1944. On 1 March 1944 he was promoted to the rank of Generaladmiral and on 1 May was appointed Chef der Kriegsmarinewehr (\"Chief of the Navy\").[1]Following the end of World War II, and the suicide of the Commander-in-Chief Hans-Georg von Friedeburg on 23 May 1945, Warzecha assumed the duties of the Commander-in-Chief under Allied control, and supervised the Kriegsmarine's dissolution until 22 July 1945.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Allianz-Versicherungsgesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack"}],"sub_title":"Post-war","text":"Until 1947 Warzecha was held as a prisoner of war, then settled in Hamburg where he worked as an adjuster for the Allianz-Versicherungsgesellschaft insurance company. He died of a heart attack on 30 August 1956 and is buried at Nordfriedhof in Kiel.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House Order of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Clasp to the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marinesoldaten-1"},{"link_name":"German Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cross"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"War Merit Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Merit_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marinesoldaten-1"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Ernestine House Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order"},{"link_name":"Friedrich-August Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich-August_Cross"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_Cross"},{"link_name":"U-boat War Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat_War_Badge"},{"link_name":"High Seas Fleet Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet_Badge"}],"text":"House Order of Hohenzollern, Knights Cross with Swords\nIron Cross (1914)\n2nd Class\n1st Class\nClasp to the Iron Cross (1939)[1]\n2nd Class\n1st class\nGerman Cross in Silver on 30 January 1943 as Admiral in the Oberkommando der Marine[3]\nWar Merit Cross[1]\n2nd Class\n1st Class\nKnight's Cross with Swords (25 January 1945)\nSaxe-Ernestine House Order, Knight's Cross 1st Class with Swords\nFriedrich-August Cross, 2nd and 1st Class\nHanseatic Cross of Hamburg\nU-boat War Badge (1918)\nHigh Seas Fleet Badge","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv : Generaladmiral Walter Warzecha\". deutsche-marinesoldaten.de (in German). Retrieved 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Personen/Admirale/t-z/warzecha.htm","url_text":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv : Generaladmiral Walter Warzecha\""}]},{"reference":"Helgason, Guðmundur. \"Oberleutnant zur See Walter Warzecha\". German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net. Retrieved 8 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/388.html","url_text":"\"Oberleutnant zur See Walter Warzecha\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Personen/Admirale/t-z/warzecha.htm","external_links_name":"\"Deutsches Marinearchiv : Generaladmiral Walter Warzecha\""},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/388.html","external_links_name":"\"Oberleutnant zur See Walter Warzecha\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000384548657","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/276508016","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1027690823","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1027690823.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doherty_and_the_Puta_Madres
|
Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres
|
["1 History","2 Band members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Singles","4 References","5 External links"]
|
British band
Peter Doherty and The Puta MadresOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPsychedelic rock, post-punk revival, garage rockYears active2016–presentLabelsStrap Originals/Cargo RecordsMembersPete DohertyJack JonesKatia De VidasMiki BeavisMigglesRafaPast membersDrew McConnellWebsiteOfficial website
Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres are a British band, formed by Pete Doherty (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and is his third musical project after the Libertines and Babyshambles. The band's first album, the self titled Peter Doherty and The Puta Madres, was released on 26 April 2019. On 28 January 2019 they released their debut single, "Who's Been Having You Over", followed by "Paradise is Under Your Nose" on 5 April.
History
Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres was formed of members of Doherty's touring band from his 2016 "Eudaimonia" tour, including Drew McConnell, bass player in Doherty's previous band, Babyshambles. In November 2016 they flew to Argentina - recruiting Trampolene's Jack Jones as guitarist at the last minute - to rehearse, before playing their first show together under the Puta Madres name and returning to Europe to play the newly reopened Bataclan in Paris, before shows in London and Manchester.
Over the next two years, the band toured Europe and South America and played many festivals.
In 2017 McConnell left to join Liam Gallagher's touring band and was replaced with French musician Michael Bontemps, known as Miggles.
In January 2019 their first single "Who's Been Having You Over" was released and it was announced the Puta Madres' debut album would be out on 26 April.
In February 2019 they played six sold out shows across the UK supported by Marc Eden, culminating in a date at London Forum on 12th May.
Between 31 March and 2 April 2019 the band played two shows and a live television performance in France.
Their second single "Paradise is Under Your Nose" was premiered online on 2 April and released digitally on 5 April. It was co-written by and features vocals by Jack Jones. Jones and Doherty appeared on the BBC Radio 4 show "Loose Ends", broadcast on 13 April. The same day, along with Katia de Vidas, they performed at Rough Trade West in Notting Hill, London and the band released a double A side pink vinyl of the first two singles for Record Store Day.
The debut album "Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres" was released on 26 April 2019 and the band played a sold out instore show and signing session at Rough Trade East, London, and another the following day in Liverpool, before embarking on a UK and European tour and festival appearances worldwide.
Band members
Current members
Pete Doherty – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, sitar, lyrics (2016–present)
Jack Jones – lead guitar (2016–present)
Katia De Vidas – piano, keyboard (2016–present)
Miki Beavis – violin (2016–present)
Miggles – bass (2017–present)
Rafa – drums (2016–present)
Discography
Studio albums
Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres (April 2019)
Singles
"Who's Been Having You Over" (January 2019)
"Paradise Is Under Your Nose" (April 2019)
References
^ "Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres announce debut album and share new single". NME. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ "Peter Doherty at the Bataclan - review". The Independent. 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ "Miggles : Out of the shadow and into the spotlight". CultureXchange. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ "Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Confirm Debut Album". Clash Magazine. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ Ellis, Nathan (14 February 2019). "Live: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ "Live Review: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres @ The Forum, London | Live4ever Media". 15 May 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^ Skinner, Tom (2 April 2019). "Listen to Pete Doherty & The Puta Madres' intimate new song, 'Paradise Is Under Your Nose'". NME. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
^ "BBC Radio 4 - Loose Ends, Emma Bunton, Toyah, Daisy Haggard, Peter Doherty, YolanDa Brown, Clive Anderson". BBC. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ "Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres - Who's Been Having You Over / Paradise Is Under Your Nose". Rough Trade. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ "Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Announce eponymous debut album & tour". www.fredperry.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
^ "Pete Doherty and The Puta Madres announce debut album – List". The Telegraph. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Doherty"},{"link_name":"the Libertines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Libertines"},{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres are a British band, formed by Pete Doherty (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and is his third musical project after the Libertines and Babyshambles. The band's first album, the self titled Peter Doherty and The Puta Madres, was released on 26 April 2019.[1] On 28 January 2019 they released their debut single, \"Who's Been Having You Over\", followed by \"Paradise is Under Your Nose\" on 5 April.","title":"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trampolene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampolene_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jack Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Jones_(Welsh_musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Marc Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Eden"},{"link_name":"London Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2_Forum_Kentish_Town"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_(shops)"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres was formed of members of Doherty's touring band from his 2016 \"Eudaimonia\" tour, including Drew McConnell, bass player in Doherty's previous band, Babyshambles. In November 2016 they flew to Argentina - recruiting Trampolene's Jack Jones as guitarist at the last minute - to rehearse, before playing their first show together under the Puta Madres name and returning to Europe to play the newly reopened Bataclan in Paris,[2] before shows in London and Manchester.Over the next two years, the band toured Europe and South America and played many festivals.In 2017 McConnell left to join Liam Gallagher's touring band and was replaced with French musician Michael Bontemps, known as Miggles.[3]In January 2019 their first single \"Who's Been Having You Over\" was released and it was announced the Puta Madres' debut album would be out on 26 April.[4]In February 2019 they played six sold out shows across the UK[5] supported by Marc Eden, culminating in a date at London Forum on 12th May.[6]Between 31 March and 2 April 2019 the band played two shows and a live television performance in France.Their second single \"Paradise is Under Your Nose\" was premiered online on 2 April and released digitally on 5 April. It was co-written by and features vocals by Jack Jones.[7] Jones and Doherty appeared on the BBC Radio 4 show \"Loose Ends\", broadcast on 13 April.[8] The same day, along with Katia de Vidas, they performed at Rough Trade West in Notting Hill, London and the band released a double A side pink vinyl of the first two singles for Record Store Day.[9]The debut album \"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres\" was released on 26 April 2019 and the band played a sold out instore show and signing session at Rough Trade East, London, and another the following day in Liverpool, before embarking on a UK and European tour and festival appearances worldwide.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pete Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Doherty"},{"link_name":"Jack Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Jones_(Welsh_musician)"}],"text":"Current members[11]Pete Doherty – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, sitar, lyrics (2016–present)\nJack Jones – lead guitar (2016–present)\nKatia De Vidas – piano, keyboard (2016–present)\nMiki Beavis – violin (2016–present)\nMiggles – bass (2017–present)\nRafa – drums (2016–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres (April 2019) [UK Album Chart: No.25]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Who's Been Having You Over\" (January 2019)\n\"Paradise Is Under Your Nose\" (April 2019)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres announce debut album and share new single\". NME. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/peter-doherty-the-puta-madres-announce-debut-album-and-share-new-single-2439348/","url_text":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres announce debut album and share new single\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Doherty at the Bataclan - review\". The Independent. 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/bataclan-anniversary-peter-doherty-carl-barat-libertines-review-sting-paris-attacks-a7422046.html","url_text":"\"Peter Doherty at the Bataclan - review\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/bataclan-anniversary-peter-doherty-carl-barat-libertines-review-sting-paris-attacks-a7422046.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miggles : Out of the shadow and into the spotlight\". CultureXchange. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222042236/https://culturexchange1.wordpress.com/2017/12/20/miggles-out-of-the-shadow-and-into-the-spotlight/","url_text":"\"Miggles : Out of the shadow and into the spotlight\""},{"url":"https://culturexchange1.wordpress.com/2017/12/20/miggles-out-of-the-shadow-and-into-the-spotlight/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Confirm Debut Album\". Clash Magazine. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/peter-doherty-the-puta-madres-confirm-debut-album","url_text":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Confirm Debut Album\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Nathan (14 February 2019). \"Live: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/live-peter-doherty-the-puta-madres/","url_text":"\"Live: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Live Review: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres @ The Forum, London | Live4ever Media\". 15 May 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.live4ever.uk.com/2019/05/live-review-peter-doherty-the-puta-madres-the-forum-london/","url_text":"\"Live Review: Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres @ The Forum, London | Live4ever Media\""}]},{"reference":"Skinner, Tom (2 April 2019). \"Listen to Pete Doherty & The Puta Madres' intimate new song, 'Paradise Is Under Your Nose'\". NME. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/pete-doherty-the-puta-madres-intimate-new-song-paradise-is-under-your-nose-2470567","url_text":"\"Listen to Pete Doherty & The Puta Madres' intimate new song, 'Paradise Is Under Your Nose'\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Loose Ends, Emma Bunton, Toyah, Daisy Haggard, Peter Doherty, YolanDa Brown, Clive Anderson\". BBC. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00045sv","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 4 - Loose Ends, Emma Bunton, Toyah, Daisy Haggard, Peter Doherty, YolanDa Brown, Clive Anderson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres - Who's Been Having You Over / Paradise Is Under Your Nose\". Rough Trade. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roughtrade.com/gb/music/peter-doherty-and-the-puta-madres-who-s-been-having-you-over-paradise-is-under-your-nose","url_text":"\"Peter Doherty and the Puta Madres - Who's Been Having You Over / Paradise Is Under Your Nose\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Announce eponymous debut album & tour\". www.fredperry.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredperry.com/subculture/article-peter-doherty-the-puta-madres","url_text":"\"Peter Doherty & The Puta Madres Announce eponymous debut album & tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pete Doherty and The Puta Madres announce debut album – List\". The Telegraph. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.list.co.uk/article/106364-pete-doherty-and-the-puta-madres-announce-debut-album/","url_text":"\"Pete Doherty and The Puta Madres announce debut album – List\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californian_English
|
California English
|
["1 Overview","2 Urban coastal California English","2.1 California vowel shift","3 Rural inland California English","4 Mission brogue (San Francisco)","5 Other varieties","6 Lexical overview","6.1 Freeways","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 General and cited sources","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
|
Dialect of English spoken in California
California EnglishRegionUnited States of America(California)Language familyIndo-European
GermanicWest GermanicIngvaeonicAnglo–FrisianAnglicEnglishNorth American EnglishAmerican EnglishWestern American EnglishCalifornia EnglishEarly formsOld English
Middle English
Early Modern English
Language codesISO 639-3–GlottologNoneIETFen-u-sd-uscaThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
California English (or Californian English) collectively refers to varieties of American English native to California. As California became one of the most ethnically diverse U.S. states, English speakers from a wide variety of backgrounds began to pick up different linguistic elements from one another and also developed new ones; the result is both divergence and convergence within Californian English. However, linguists who studied English before and immediately after World War II tended to find few, if any, patterns unique to California, and even today most California English still exhibits a General or Western American accent.
Overview
A distinctive chain shift of vowel sounds, the California Vowel Shift, was first noted by linguists in the 1980s in southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California. This helped to define an accent emerging primarily among youthful, white, urban, coastal speakers, and popularly associated with the valley girl and surfer dude youth subcultures. The possibility that this is, in fact, an age-specific variety of English is one hypothesis; however, certain features of this accent are intensifying and spreading geographically.
Other documented California English includes a "country" accent associated with rural and inland white Californians, which is also (to a lesser extent) affected by the California Vowel Shift; an older accent once spoken by Irish Americans in San Francisco; and distinctly Californian varieties of Chicano English mainly associated with Mexican Americans. Research has shown that Californians themselves perceive a linguistic boundary between northern and southern California, particularly regarding the northern use of hella and southern (but now nationally widespread) use of dude, bro, and like.
Urban coastal California English
Varieties of English most popularly associated with California largely correlate with the major urban areas along the coast. Notable is the absence of a distinct /ɔ/ phoneme (the vowel sound of caught, stalk, clawed, etc.), which has completely merged with /ɑ/ (the vowel sound of cot, stock, clod, etc.), as in most of the Western United States.
Vowels of California English
Front
Central
Back
unrounded
rounded
lax
tense
lax
tense
lax
tense
tense
Close
i
u
Close-mid
ɪ
eɪ
ə, ʌ
ʊ
oʊ
Open
ɛ
æ
ɑ
Diphthongs
aɪ ɔɪ aʊ
A few phonological processes have been identified as being particular to urban and coastal California English. However, these vowel changes are by no means universal in Californian speech, and any single Californian's speech may only have some or none of the changes identified below. These sounds might also be found in the speech of some people from areas outside of California.
Front vowels are raised before /ŋ/, so that the traditional "short a" /æ/ and "short i" /ɪ/ sounds are raised to the "long a" and "long ee" sounds, respectively, when before the ng sound /ŋ/. In other contexts, /ɪ/ (as in bit, rich, quick, etc.) has a fairly open pronunciation, as indicated in the vowel chart here. Similarly, a word like rang /ɹæŋ/ will often have the same vowel as rain /ɹeɪn/ in California English, /ɹeɪŋ/, rather than the same vowel as ran /ɹæn/ (phonetically articulated as ; see below). In addition, /ɪŋ/ may be pronounced with a raised vowel , or even in a nonfinite verb ending, so that thinking is pronounced /ˈθiŋkin/ ('theenkeen'), rather than /ˈθɪŋkən/ or /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ and king is pronounced more like /kiŋ/ ('keeng'), whereas bullying features two consecutive FLEECE vowels: /ˈbʊli.iŋ/ bull-ee-eeng or /ˈbʊli.in/ bull-ee-een (cf. GenAm /ˈbʊli.ɪŋ/, with FLEECE followed by KIT). As all vowels preceding /ŋ/ are historically short, this does not lead to a loss of phonemic contrast.
Before /n/ or /m/ (as in ran or ram), /æ/ is raised and diphthongized to or (a widespread shift throughout most of American English). Elsewhere, /æ/ is lowered and backed as a result of the California vowel shift (see below).
Uptalk, meaning a high-rising intonation in certain declarative sentences, is on the rise, for example in Southern Californian English. One 2014 study found uptalk used equally by Southern Californian men and women in 16% of declarative statements. However, women were twice as likely to use uptalk in order to hold the floor (a linguistic strategy similar to a filler or discourse marker).
In Northern California generally, a tense is the pronunciation of /ɛ/ before /g/ in words such as egg, beg, leg, which can thus be pronounced as /eɪg/ ayg, /beɪg/ bayg, /leɪg/ layg, respectively.
California vowel shift
See also: Low back merger shift
The California vowel shift. The phoneme transcribed with ⟨o⟩ is represented in this article as ⟨oʊ⟩.
One topic that has begun to receive much attention from scholars in recent decades has been the emergence of a vowel-based chain shift in California. The image in this section illustrates the California vowel shift on a vowel chart. The vowel space of the image is a cross-section (as if looking at the interior of a mouth from a side profile perspective); it is a rough approximation of the space in a human mouth where the tongue is located in articulating certain vowel sounds (the left is the front of the mouth closer to the teeth, the right side of the chart being the back of the mouth). As with other vowel shifts, several vowels may be seen moving in a chain shift around the mouth. As one vowel encroaches upon the space of another, the adjacent vowel in turn experiences a movement in order to maximize phonemic differentiation.
For convenience, California English will be compared with a "typical" General American English, abbreviated "GA". /ɪ/ is pulled towards (bit and kit are sounding more like bet and ket in other dialects) /ɛ/ is pulled towards (wreck and kettle are sounding more like rack and cattle), /æ/ is pulled towards , and /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ merge (cot and stock are sounding more like caught and stalk): the cot-caught merger.
Other vowel changes, whose relation with the shift is uncertain, are also emerging: except before /l/, /u/ is moving through towards (rude and true are almost approaching reed and tree, but with rounded lips), and /oʊ/ is moving beyond . /ʊ/ is moving towards (so that, for example, book and could in the California dialect start to sound, to a GA speaker, more like buck and cud), /ʌ/ is moving through , sometimes approaching (duck, crust, what, etc. are sounding like how U.S. Southerners pronounce them, or like how other Americans might pronounce deck, crest, wet, etc.).
New vowel characteristics of the California shift are increasingly found among younger speakers. For example, while some characteristics such as the close central rounded vowel or close front rounded vowel for /u/ are widespread in Californian speech, the same high degree of fronting for /oʊ/ is found predominantly among young speakers.
The effects of the California vowel shift have been noted in varieties of Californian Spanish, particularly in the Bay Area.
Rural inland California English
One dialect of English, mostly reported in California's rural interior, inland from the major coastal cities, has been popularly described as a "country," "hillbilly," or "twang" variety. This California English variety is reminiscent of and presumably related to Southern or South Midland U.S. accents, mostly correlated with white, outdoors-oriented speakers of the Central Valley. It has been studied even as far north as Trinity County but could possibly extend farther, and as far south as Kern County (metropolitan Bakersfield). Similar to the nonstandard accents of the South Midland and Southern United States, speakers of such towns as Redding and Merced have been found to use the word anymore in a positive sense and the verb was in place of the standard English plural verb were. Related other features of note include the pin–pen merger, fill–feel merger, and full–fool merger.
The Great Depression's westward Dust Bowl migrations of settlers into California from the Southern United States, namely from Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and Arkansas, is the presumable cause of this rural white accent's presence in California's Central Valley. Rural northern California was also settled by Oklahomans and Arkansans, though perhaps more recently in the 1970s and 1980s, due to the region's timber industry boom. However, even in a single town, any given individual's identification with working and playing outdoors versus indoors appears to be a greater determiner of this accent than the authenticity of the individual's Southern heritage. For example, this correlates with less educated rural men of northern California documented as raising /ɛ/ in a style similar to the Southern drawl. Overall, among those who orient toward a more town lifestyle, features of the California Vowel Shift are more prominent, but not to the same extent as in urban coastal communities such as San Jose. By contrast, among those who orient toward a more country lifestyle, the Southern features are more prominent, but some aspects of the California Vowel Shift remain present as well.
Mission brogue (San Francisco)
The Mission brogue is a disappearing accent spoken within San Francisco, mostly during the 20th century in the Mission District. It sounds distinctly like New York and possibly Boston accents, due to a large number of Irish Americans migrating from those two East Coast cities to the Mission District in the late 19th century. It is today spoken only by some of the oldest Irish-American and possibly Jewish residents of the city. From before the 1870s to the 1890s, Irish Americans were the largest share of migrants coming to San Francisco, the majority arriving by way of Northeastern U.S. cities like New York and Boston, thus bringing those cities' ways of speaking with them. In San Francisco, the Mission District quickly became a predominantly Irish Catholic neighborhood, and its local dialect became associated with all of San Francisco as a way to contrast it with the rest of California. Sounding like a "real San Franciscan" therefore once meant sounding "like a New Yorker", the speakers said to "talk like Brooklynites". Other names included the "south of the Slot" (referring to the cable car track running down Market Street) or "south of Market" accent.
Pronunciation features of this accent included:
Th-stopping
No cot–caught merger, with /ɔ/ being raised and accompanied with an inglide, so as to produce a vowel sound approximating
Non-rhoticity
The use of for /ɜːr/ before unvoiced consonants such that NURSE would have almost the same vowel sound as "choice"
Glottal stop, , instead of /t/ before syllabic /l/ such as in "bottle"; this and all the above features were reminiscent of a New York accent
Possible TRAP–BATH split, reminiscent of older Boston English
Overall, starting in the later half of the 20th century, San Francisco has been undergoing dialect levelling towards the broader regional Western American English, for example: younger Mission District speakers now exhibit a full cot–caught merger, show the vowel shift of urban coastal Californians, and front the GOOSE and GOAT vowels.
Other varieties
Certain varieties of Chicano English are also native to California, sometimes even being spoken by non-Latino Californians. One example is East Los Angeles Chicano English, which has been influenced by both Californian and African American Vernacular English.
The coastal urban accent of California traces many of its features back to Valleyspeak: a social dialect arising in the 1980s among a particular white youthful demographic in the San Fernando Valley, including Los Angeles.
Boontling is a jargon or argot spoken in Boonville, California, with only about 100 speakers today.
Lexical overview
The popular image of a typical southern California speaker often conjures up images of the so-called Valley girls popularized by the 1982 hit song by Frank and Moon Zappa, or "surfer-dude" speech made famous by movies such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High. While many phrases found in these extreme versions of California English from the 1980s may now be considered passé, certain words such as awesome, totally, for sure, harsh, gnarly, and dude have remained popular in California and have spread to a national, even international, level.
A common example of a northern Californian colloquialism is hella (from "(a) hell of a (lot of)", and the euphemistic alternative hecka) to mean "many", "much", "so" or "very". It can be used with both count and mass nouns. For example: "I haven't seen you in hella long"; "There were hella people there"; or "This guacamole is hella good". The word can be casually used multiple times in multiple ways within a single sentence. Pop culture references to "hella" are common, as in the song "Hella Good" by the band No Doubt, which hails from southern California, and "Hella" by the band Skull Stomp, who come from northern California.
California, like other Southwestern states, has borrowed many words from Spanish, especially for place names, food, and other cultural items, reflecting the linguistic heritage of the Californios as well as more recent immigration from Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America. High concentrations of various ethnic groups throughout the state have contributed to general familiarity with words describing (especially cultural) phenomena. For example, a high concentration of Asian Americans from various cultural backgrounds, especially in urban and suburban metropolitan areas in California, has led to the adoption of the word hapa (itself originally a Hawaiian borrowing of English "half") to mean someone of mixed European/Islander or Asian/Islander heritage.
In 1958, essayist Clifton Fadiman pointed out that northern California is the only place (besides England and the area surrounding Ontario and the Canadian Prairies) where the word chesterfield is used as a synonym for sofa or couch.
Freeways
In the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Inland Empire, Coachella Valley and San Diego, freeways are often referred to either by name or by route number but with the addition of the definite article "the", such as "the 405 North", "the 99" or "the 605 (Freeway)". This usage has been parodied in the recurring Saturday Night Live sketch "The Californians". In contrast, typical northern California usage omits the definite article. When southern California freeways were built in the 1940s and early 1950s, local common usage was primarily the freeway name preceded by the definite article, such as "the Hollywood Freeway". It took several decades for southern California locals to start to commonly refer to the freeways with the numerical designations, but usage of the definite article persisted. For example, it evolved to "the 605 Freeway" and then shortened to "the 605".
Signage along northbound U.S. Route 101, reflecting the different lexicon usage between Southern and Northern California.Left: signage at the 110 Freeway interchange in Los Angeles, with the leftmost sign for the 101 freeway north listing both its name, the Hollywood Freeway, as well as its destination, Ventura.Right: signage at the Interstate 80 interchange in San Francisco, with the leftmost sign for US 101 north listing only its destination, the Golden Gate Bridge.
See also
California portal
African-American Vernacular English
Boontling
Chain shift
Chicano English
Hyphy
North American English regional phonology
Sociolect
Sociolinguistics
Spanglish
Valspeak
Vowel shift
Western American English
References
Citations
^ "Do you speak American? - California English". PBS. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
^ Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, ed. (2006). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2108-8.
^ a b "California English." Do You Speak American? PBS. Macneil/Lehrer Productions. 2005.
^ Gordon, Matthew J. (2004). "The West and Midwest: phonology." Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 347.
^ Podesva, Robert J., Annette D'Onofrio, Janneke Van Hofwegen, and Seung Kyung Kim (2015). "Country ideology and the California Vowel Shift." Language Variation and Change 48: 28-45. Cambridge University Press.
^ Ward (2003:41): "fronted features in the young speakers seems to indicate a nascent chain shift in progress, the lack of a true generational age range in the study precludes too strong of a conclusion. Alternatively Hinton et al. also suggest that possibility that the age-specific pattern could also be a function of age-grading, where the faddish speech style of California adolescents is adopted for its prestige value, only to be abandoned as adolescence wanes."
^ Nycum, Reilly (May 2018). "In Defense of Valley Girl English". The Compass Vol. 1, No. 5, p. 28.
^ Bucholtz, Mary et al (2007). "Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal". Journal of English Linguistics. 35 (4): 337. doi:10.1177/0075424207307780. S2CID 64542514.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Bucholtz et al., 2007, 343.
^ "The Voices of California Project". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
^ Conn, Jeff (2002). "An investigation into the western dialect of Portland Oregon." Paper presented at NWAV31. San Diego, CA.
^ a b Eckert, Penelope. "Vowel Shifts in California and the Detroit Suburbs". Stanford University.
^ Eckert, Penelope (March 2008). "Where do ethnolects stop?". International Journal of Bilingualism. 12 (1–2): 25–42. doi:10.1177/13670069080120010301. ISSN 1367-0069. S2CID 35623478.
^ Ritchart, Amanda; Arvaniti, Amalia (2014). The use of high rise terminals in Southern Californian English. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. p. 060001. doi:10.1121/1.4863274. hdl:2066/220874.
^ Stanley, Joseph A. (2022). Regional patterns in prevelar raising. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage, 97(3), 374-411.
^ "Professor Penelope Eckert's webpage". Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
^ "The Voices of California Project". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
^ Helms, Annie (22 February 2022). "Bay Area Spanish: regional sound change in contact languages" (PDF). Open Journal of Romance Linguistics. 8 (2). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ a b Podesva, Robert J. (2015). Country ideology and the California Vowel Shift Language Variation and Change. Stanford University.
^ a b c Ornelas, Cris (2012). "Kern County Accent Studied Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine." 23 ABC News. E. W. Scripps Company.
^ Geenberg, Katherine (2014). "The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County". Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University. p. iv.
^ a b c d Podesva, Robert J. (September 2014). The California Vowel Shift and Fractal Recursivity in an Inland, Non-Urban Community. Stanford University.
^ a b c d Geenberg, Katherine (August 2014). The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County (PDF). Stanford University.
^ King, Ed (2012). "Stanford linguists seek to identify the elusive California accent". Stanford Report. Stanford University.
^ a b c Geenberg, Katherine (2014). What it means to be Norcal Country: Variation and marginalization in rural California. Stanford University.
^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:279)
^ Geenberg, Katherine (2014). "The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County". Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University. pp. 4, 14.
^ Geenberg, Katherine (2014). "The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County". Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University. pp. 182-3.
^ a b c d e f g h i j DeCamp, David (1953). The Pronunciation of English in San Francisco. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 549–569.
^ a b Hall-Lew, Lauren (September 2009). Ethnicity and Phonetic Variation in a San Francisco Neighborhood. Stanford University.
^ a b c Veltman, Chloe. "Why the Myth of the 'San Francisco Accent' Persists". KQED News. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i Hall-Lew, Lauren (2008). "I went to school back East... in Berkeley"1:San Francisco English and San Francisco Identity.
^ Nolte, Carl (28 February 2012). "How to Talk Like a San Franciscan". SFGATE. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ Graff, Amy (June 7, 2018). "Is there a San Francisco accent? The answer may have changed over the years". SFGATE. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ Hall-Lew, Lauren (August 2015). San Francisco English and the California Vowel Shift (PDF). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
^ Take Two (2013). "Map: Do Californians have an accent? Listen to some examples and add your own." Southern California Public Radio.
^ Guerrero, Armando Jr. (2014). "'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity". Voices. 2 (1): 56–7.
^ Guerrero, Armando Jr. (2014). "'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity". Voices. 2 (1): 4.
^ Rawles, Myrtle R. (1966); "'Boontling': Esoteric Language of Boonville, California." In Western Folklore, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 93–103. California Folklore Society .
^ "However, science isn't all that sets northern California apart from the rest of the world," Sendek wrote. "The area is also notorious for the creation and widespread usage of the English slang 'hella', which typically means 'very', or can refer to a large quantity (e.g. 'there are hella stars out tonight')."
^ "Jorge Hankamer WebFest". Ling.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2005-10-31. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
^ "Lyrics | Skull Stomp - Hella". SongMeanings. 2008-11-02. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
^ Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert & Esther T. Mookini, The Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983)
^ Fadiman, Clifton. Any Number Can Play. 1958.
^ Rose, Joseph (April 16, 2012). "Saturday Night Live's 'The Californians': Traffic's one big soap opera (video)". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Simon, Mark (2000-06-30). "'The' Madness Must Stop Right Now". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
^ Simon, Mark (2000-07-04). "Local Lingo Keeps 'The' Off Road". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
^ Simon, Mark (July 29, 2000). "S.F. Wants Power, Not The Noise / Brown rejects docking floating plant off city". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ a b Geyer, Grant (Summer 2001). "'The' Freeway in Southern California". American Speech. 76 (2): 221–224. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-2-221. S2CID 144010897.
General and cited sources
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
Ward, Michael (2003), "The California Movement, etc." (PDF), Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon, Portland State University, pp. 39–45, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-29
Further reading
Ladefoged, Peter (2003). Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages. Blackwell Publishing.
Metcalf, Allan (2000). How We Talk: American Regional English Today. Houghton Mifflin.
Romaine, Suzanne (2000). Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.
External links
PBS.org: "Do you speak American? − California English"
Stanford.edu: Penelope Eckert Bolg − Vowel Shifts
Phonological Atlas of North America
USC.edu: "A hella new specifier" by Rachelle Waksler, discussing usage of "hella"
Binghamton.edu: "Word Up: Social Meanings of Slang in California Youth Culture" — by Mary Bucholtz Ph.D., UC Santa Barbara Department of Linguistics, includes discussion of "hella"
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Omaha–Ponca
Quapaw
Stoney
Winnebago
Biloxi
Catawba
Chiwere
Mitchigamea
Moneton
Ofo
Tutelo-Saponi
Woccon
Tanoan
Jemez
Kiowa
Picuris
Southern Tiwa
Taos
Tewa
Piro Pueblo
Tsimshianic
Coast Tsimshian
Uto-Aztecan
Comanche
Hopi
Ivilyuat
Kawaiisu
Kitanemuk
Luiseño
Mono
Northern Paiute
O'odham
Serrano
Shoshoni
Timbisha
Tübatulabal
Ute-Chemehuevi
Yaqui
Cupeño
Tongva
Wakashan
Makah
Wintuan
Nomlaki
Patwin
Wintu
Yuk-Utian
Central Sierra Miwok
Southern Sierra Miwok
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
Valley Yokuts
Bay Miwok
Buena Vista Yokuts
Coast Miwok
Gashowu Yokuts
Kings River Yokuts
Lake Miwok
Northern Sierra Miwok
Palewyami
Plains Miwok
Yuman–Cochimí
Cocopah
Havasupai–Hualapai
Ipai
Kumeyaay
Maricopa
Mojave
Quechan
Tiipai
Yavapai
OthersIsolates
Haida
Karuk
Kutenai
Siuslaw
Washo
Yuchi
Zuni
Chitimacha
Tonkawa
Mixed or tradeLanguages
Afro-Seminole Creole
Chinook Jargon
Michif
Mohawk Dutch
Manual IndigenouslanguagesHand Talk
Anishinaabe Sign Language
Blackfoot Sign Language
Cheyenne Sign Language
Cree Sign Language
Navajo Sign Language
Plateau Sign Language
Ktunaxa Sign Language
Isolates
Hawai'i Sign Language
Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
Inuit Sign Language
Keresan Pueblo
Navajo Family Sign Language
Oral settlerlanguagesFrench
Louisiana
Métis
Missouri
Muskrat
New England
German
Pennsylvania Dutch
Hutterite
Plautdietsch
Bernese
Alsatian
Texas
Spanish
Caló (Chicano)
Isleño
New Mexican
Puerto Rican
Sabine River
Creole and mixed languages
Gullah
Louisiana Creole
Spanglish
Angloromani
Manual settlerlanguagesFrancosign
American Sign Language
Black American Sign Language
Protactile
Puerto Rican Sign Language
BANZSL
Samoan Sign Language
Kentish
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
Isolates
Sandy River Valley Sign Language
Henniker Sign Language
Immigrant languages(number of speakersin 2021 in millions)
Spanish (41.3)
Chinese (3.4)
Tagalog (1.7)
Vietnamese (1.5)
Arabic (1.4)
French (1.2)
Korean (1.1)
Russian (1.0)
Portuguese (0.9)
Haitian (0.9)
Hindi (0.9)
German (0.9)
Polish (0.5)
Italian (0.5)
Urdu (0.5)
Persian (0.5)
Telugu (0.5)
Japanese (0.5)
Gujarati (0.4)
Bengali (0.4)
Tamil (0.3)
Punjabi (0.3)
Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
Armenian (0.3)
Greek (0.3)
Hmong (0.2)
Hebrew (0.2)
Khmer (0.2)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"one of the most ethnically diverse U.S. states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-1"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wolfram-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Do_You-3"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American"},{"link_name":"Western American accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_American_English"}],"text":"California English (or Californian English) collectively refers to varieties of American English native to California. As California became one of the most ethnically diverse U.S. states, English speakers from a wide variety of backgrounds began to pick up different linguistic elements from one another and also developed new ones; the result is both divergence and convergence within Californian English.[1] However, linguists who studied English before and immediately after World War II tended to find few, if any, patterns unique to California,[2][3] and even today most California English still exhibits a General or Western American accent.","title":"California English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chain shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shift"},{"link_name":"southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-de_Gruyter-4"},{"link_name":"valley girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_girl"},{"link_name":"surfer dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfing"},{"link_name":"youth subcultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_subculture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Do_You-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Irish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Chicano English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_English"},{"link_name":"Mexican Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Americans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella"},{"link_name":"dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude"},{"link_name":"bro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro_culture"},{"link_name":"like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like#As_a_discourse_particle,_filler_or_hedge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A distinctive chain shift of vowel sounds, the California Vowel Shift, was first noted by linguists in the 1980s in southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area of northern California.[4] This helped to define an accent emerging primarily among youthful, white, urban, coastal speakers, and popularly associated with the valley girl and surfer dude youth subcultures.[5][3] The possibility that this is, in fact, an age-specific variety of English is one hypothesis;[6] however, certain features of this accent are intensifying and spreading geographically.[7]Other documented California English includes a \"country\" accent associated with rural and inland white Californians, which is also (to a lesser extent) affected by the California Vowel Shift; an older accent once spoken by Irish Americans in San Francisco; and distinctly Californian varieties of Chicano English mainly associated with Mexican Americans. Research has shown that Californians themselves perceive a linguistic boundary between northern and southern California,[8] particularly regarding the northern use of hella and southern (but now nationally widespread) use of dude, bro, and like.[9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"merged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"phonological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conn-11"},{"link_name":"Front vowels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel"},{"link_name":"raised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_(phonology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckert-12"},{"link_name":"nonfinite verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfinite_verb"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Uptalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptalk"},{"link_name":"declarative sentences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_sentence"},{"link_name":"filler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filler_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"discourse marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Varieties of English most popularly associated with California largely correlate with the major urban areas along the coast. Notable is the absence of a distinct /ɔ/ phoneme (the vowel sound of caught, stalk, clawed, etc.), which has completely merged with /ɑ/ (the vowel sound of cot, stock, clod, etc.), as in most of the Western United States.[10]A few phonological processes have been identified as being particular to urban and coastal California English. However, these vowel changes are by no means universal in Californian speech, and any single Californian's speech may only have some or none of the changes identified below. These sounds might also be found in the speech of some people from areas outside of California.[11]Front vowels are raised before /ŋ/, so that the traditional \"short a\" /æ/ and \"short i\" /ɪ/ sounds are raised to the \"long a\" [eɪ~e] and \"long ee\" [i] sounds, respectively, when before the ng sound /ŋ/.[12] In other contexts, /ɪ/ (as in bit, rich, quick, etc.) has a fairly open pronunciation, as indicated in the vowel chart here. Similarly, a word like rang /ɹæŋ/ will often have the same vowel as rain /ɹeɪn/ in California English, /ɹeɪŋ/, rather than the same vowel as ran /ɹæn/ (phonetically articulated as [ɹɛən~ɹeən]; see below). In addition, /ɪŋ/ may be pronounced with a raised vowel [iŋ], or even [in] in a nonfinite verb ending,[13] so that thinking is pronounced /ˈθiŋkin/ ('theenkeen'), rather than /ˈθɪŋkən/ or /ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ and king is pronounced more like /kiŋ/ ('keeng'), whereas bullying features two consecutive FLEECE vowels: /ˈbʊli.iŋ/ bull-ee-eeng or /ˈbʊli.in/ bull-ee-een (cf. GenAm /ˈbʊli.ɪŋ/, with FLEECE followed by KIT). As all vowels preceding /ŋ/ are historically short, this does not lead to a loss of phonemic contrast.\nBefore /n/ or /m/ (as in ran or ram), /æ/ is raised and diphthongized to [ɛə] or [eə] (a widespread shift throughout most of American English). Elsewhere, /æ/ is lowered and backed as a result of the California vowel shift (see below).\nUptalk, meaning a high-rising intonation in certain declarative sentences, is on the rise, for example in Southern Californian English. One 2014 study found uptalk used equally by Southern Californian men and women in 16% of declarative statements. However, women were twice as likely to use uptalk in order to hold the floor (a linguistic strategy similar to a filler or discourse marker).[14]\nIn Northern California generally, a tense [eɪ~e] is the pronunciation of /ɛ/ before /g/ in words such as egg, beg, leg, which can thus be pronounced as /eɪg/ ayg, /beɪg/ bayg, /leɪg/ layg, respectively.[15]","title":"Urban coastal California English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Low back merger shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_back_merger_shift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California_vowel_shift.png"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckert-12"},{"link_name":"chain shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shift"},{"link_name":"vowel chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_chart"},{"link_name":"articulating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulation"},{"link_name":"phonemic differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_differentiation"},{"link_name":"General American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American_English"},{"link_name":"æ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"cot-caught merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot-caught_merger"},{"link_name":"ʉ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ʌ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ɜ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ɛ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"close central rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"close front rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Californian Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California"},{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"California vowel shift","text":"See also: Low back merger shiftThe California vowel shift. The phoneme transcribed with ⟨o⟩ is represented in this article as ⟨oʊ⟩.[12]One topic that has begun to receive much attention from scholars in recent decades has been the emergence of a vowel-based chain shift in California. The image in this section illustrates the California vowel shift on a vowel chart. The vowel space of the image is a cross-section (as if looking at the interior of a mouth from a side profile perspective); it is a rough approximation of the space in a human mouth where the tongue is located in articulating certain vowel sounds (the left is the front of the mouth closer to the teeth, the right side of the chart being the back of the mouth). As with other vowel shifts, several vowels may be seen moving in a chain shift around the mouth. As one vowel encroaches upon the space of another, the adjacent vowel in turn experiences a movement in order to maximize phonemic differentiation.For convenience, California English will be compared with a \"typical\" General American English, abbreviated \"GA\". /ɪ/ is pulled towards [ɛ] (bit and kit are sounding more like bet and ket in other dialects) /ɛ/ is pulled towards [æ] (wreck and kettle are sounding more like rack and cattle), /æ/ is pulled towards [ä], and /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ merge (cot and stock are sounding more like caught and stalk): the cot-caught merger.Other vowel changes, whose relation with the shift is uncertain, are also emerging: except before /l/, /u/ is moving through [ʉ] towards [y] (rude and true are almost approaching reed and tree, but with rounded lips), and /oʊ/ is moving beyond [əʊ]. /ʊ/ is moving towards [ʌ] (so that, for example, book and could in the California dialect start to sound, to a GA speaker, more like buck and cud), /ʌ/ is moving through [ɜ], sometimes approaching [ɛ] (duck, crust, what, etc. are sounding like how U.S. Southerners pronounce them, or like how other Americans might pronounce deck, crest, wet, etc.).[16]New vowel characteristics of the California shift are increasingly found among younger speakers. For example, while some characteristics such as the close central rounded vowel [ʉ] or close front rounded vowel [y] for /u/ are widespread in Californian speech, the same high degree of fronting for /oʊ/ is found predominantly among young speakers.[17]The effects of the California vowel shift have been noted in varieties of Californian Spanish, particularly in the Bay Area.[18]","title":"Urban coastal California English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podesva-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ornelas-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Southern or South Midland U.S. accents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_English"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fractal-22"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_of_California"},{"link_name":"Trinity County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ornelas-20"},{"link_name":"nonstandard accents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect"},{"link_name":"Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redding,_California"},{"link_name":"Merced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced,_California"},{"link_name":"anymore in a positive sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_anymore"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"pin–pen merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%E2%80%93pen_merger"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fractal-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geenberg-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labov-26"},{"link_name":"fill–feel merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill%E2%80%93feel_merger"},{"link_name":"full–fool merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%E2%80%93fool_merger"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ornelas-20"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-23"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fractal-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"timber industry boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging_in_the_Sierra_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geenberg-25"},{"link_name":"Southern drawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_drawl"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-23"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podesva-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fractal-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geenberg-25"}],"text":"One dialect of English, mostly reported in California's rural interior, inland from the major coastal cities,[19] has been popularly described as a \"country,\" \"hillbilly,\" or \"twang\" variety.[20][21] This California English variety is reminiscent of and presumably related to Southern or South Midland U.S. accents,[22] mostly correlated with white, outdoors-oriented speakers of the Central Valley. It has been studied even as far north as Trinity County but could possibly extend farther,[23][20] and as far south as Kern County (metropolitan Bakersfield). Similar to the nonstandard accents of the South Midland and Southern United States, speakers of such towns as Redding and Merced have been found to use the word anymore in a positive sense and the verb was in place of the standard English plural verb were.[24] Related other features of note include the pin–pen merger,[22][23][25][26] fill–feel merger, and full–fool merger.[20]The Great Depression's westward Dust Bowl migrations of settlers into California from the Southern United States, namely from Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and Arkansas,[23] is the presumable cause of this rural white accent's presence in California's Central Valley.[22][27] Rural northern California was also settled by Oklahomans and Arkansans, though perhaps more recently in the 1970s and 1980s, due to the region's timber industry boom.[28] However, even in a single town, any given individual's identification with working and playing outdoors versus indoors appears to be a greater determiner of this accent than the authenticity of the individual's Southern heritage.[25] For example, this correlates with less educated rural men of northern California documented as raising /ɛ/ in a style similar to the Southern drawl.[23] Overall, among those who orient toward a more town lifestyle, features of the California Vowel Shift are more prominent, but not to the same extent as in urban coastal communities such as San Jose.[19] By contrast, among those who orient toward a more country lifestyle, the Southern features are more prominent, but some aspects of the California Vowel Shift remain present as well.[22][25]","title":"Rural inland California English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Mission District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_accent"},{"link_name":"Boston accents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_accent"},{"link_name":"Irish Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"Irish-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-Americans"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-Lew_SF_variation-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF_Myth-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF_Myth-31"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF_Myth-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Th-stopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th-stopping"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"cot–caught merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot-caught_merger"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"Non-rhoticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"Glottal stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottalization"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"TRAP–BATH split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-bath_split"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeCamp-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Back_East-32"},{"link_name":"Western American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_American_English"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-Lew_SF_variation-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Mission brogue is a disappearing accent spoken within San Francisco, mostly during the 20th century in the Mission District. It sounds distinctly like New York and possibly Boston accents, due to a large number of Irish Americans migrating from those two East Coast cities to the Mission District in the late 19th century.[29] It is today spoken only by some of the oldest Irish-American and possibly Jewish residents of the city. From before the 1870s to the 1890s, Irish Americans were the largest share of migrants coming to San Francisco,[29] the majority arriving by way of Northeastern U.S. cities like New York and Boston,[30][31][29] thus bringing those cities' ways of speaking with them.[31] In San Francisco, the Mission District quickly became a predominantly Irish Catholic neighborhood,[32][31] and its local dialect became associated with all of San Francisco as a way to contrast it with the rest of California.[32] Sounding like a \"real San Franciscan\" therefore once meant sounding \"like a New Yorker\",[32] the speakers said to \"talk like Brooklynites\".[29] Other names included the \"south of the Slot\" (referring to the cable car track running down Market Street)[32] or \"south of Market\" accent.[33]Pronunciation features of this accent included:Th-stopping[29][32]\nNo cot–caught merger, with /ɔ/ being raised and accompanied with an inglide, so as to produce a vowel sound approximating [oə][29][32]\nNon-rhoticity[29][32]\nThe use of [əɪ] for /ɜːr/ before unvoiced consonants such that NURSE would have almost the same vowel sound as \"choice\"[29][32]\nGlottal stop, [ʔ], instead of /t/ before syllabic /l/ such as in \"bottle\";[29] this and all the above features were reminiscent of a New York accent\nPossible TRAP–BATH split, reminiscent of older Boston English[29][32]Overall, starting in the later half of the 20th century, San Francisco has been undergoing dialect levelling towards the broader regional Western American English,[30][34] for example: younger Mission District speakers now exhibit a full cot–caught merger, show the vowel shift of urban coastal Californians, and front the GOOSE and GOAT vowels.[35]","title":"Mission brogue (San Francisco)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicano English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_English"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"African American Vernacular English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Valleyspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valleyspeak"},{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Boontling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boontling"},{"link_name":"jargon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon"},{"link_name":"argot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argot"},{"link_name":"Boonville, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville,_California"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Certain varieties of Chicano English are also native to California, sometimes even being spoken by non-Latino Californians.[36][37] One example is East Los Angeles Chicano English, which has been influenced by both Californian and African American Vernacular English.[38]The coastal urban accent of California traces many of its features back to Valleyspeak: a social dialect arising in the 1980s among a particular white youthful demographic in the San Fernando Valley, including Los Angeles.Boontling is a jargon or argot spoken in Boonville, California, with only about 100 speakers today.[39]","title":"Other varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_girl"},{"link_name":"1982 hit song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Girl_(song)"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Moon Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Zappa"},{"link_name":"surfer-dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_culture"},{"link_name":"Fast Times at Ridgemont High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High"},{"link_name":"dude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dude"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"hella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella_(word)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hella Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella_Good"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Southwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_United_States"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_name"},{"link_name":"Californios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"Asian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"hapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapa"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Clifton Fadiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Fadiman"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canadian Prairies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Prairies"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The popular image of a typical southern California speaker often conjures up images of the so-called Valley girls popularized by the 1982 hit song by Frank and Moon Zappa, or \"surfer-dude\" speech made famous by movies such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High. While many phrases found in these extreme versions of California English from the 1980s may now be considered passé, certain words such as awesome, totally, for sure, harsh, gnarly, and dude have remained popular in California and have spread to a national, even international, level.A common example of a northern Californian[40] colloquialism is hella (from \"(a) hell of a (lot of)\", and the euphemistic alternative hecka) to mean \"many\", \"much\", \"so\" or \"very\".[41] It can be used with both count and mass nouns. For example: \"I haven't seen you in hella long\"; \"There were hella people there\"; or \"This guacamole is hella good\". The word can be casually used multiple times in multiple ways within a single sentence. Pop culture references to \"hella\" are common, as in the song \"Hella Good\" by the band No Doubt, which hails from southern California, and \"Hella\" by the band Skull Stomp, who come from northern California.[42]California, like other Southwestern states, has borrowed many words from Spanish, especially for place names, food, and other cultural items, reflecting the linguistic heritage of the Californios as well as more recent immigration from Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America. High concentrations of various ethnic groups throughout the state have contributed to general familiarity with words describing (especially cultural) phenomena. For example, a high concentration of Asian Americans from various cultural backgrounds, especially in urban and suburban metropolitan areas in California, has led to the adoption of the word hapa (itself originally a Hawaiian borrowing of English \"half\"[43]) to mean someone of mixed European/Islander or Asian/Islander heritage.In 1958, essayist Clifton Fadiman pointed out that northern California is the only place (besides England and the area surrounding Ontario and the Canadian Prairies) where the word chesterfield is used as a synonym for sofa or couch.[44]","title":"Lexical overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Inland Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Empire"},{"link_name":"Coachella Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"definite article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_article"},{"link_name":"the 405","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_405_(California)"},{"link_name":"the 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_99"},{"link_name":"the 605 (Freeway)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_605"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"The Californians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches_introduced_2011%E2%80%932012#The_Californians"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"southern California freeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_freeways"},{"link_name":"the Hollywood Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA_freeway_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interstate80westernend.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"110 Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_110_and_State_Route_110_(California)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_in_California"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"Freeways","text":"In the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Inland Empire, Coachella Valley and San Diego, freeways are often referred to either by name or by route number but with the addition of the definite article \"the\", such as \"the 405 North\", \"the 99\" or \"the 605 (Freeway)\". This usage has been parodied in the recurring Saturday Night Live sketch \"The Californians\".[45] In contrast, typical northern California usage omits the definite article.[46][47][48] When southern California freeways were built in the 1940s and early 1950s, local common usage was primarily the freeway name preceded by the definite article, such as \"the Hollywood Freeway\".[49] It took several decades for southern California locals to start to commonly refer to the freeways with the numerical designations, but usage of the definite article persisted. For example, it evolved to \"the 605 Freeway\" and then shortened to \"the 605\".[49]Signage along northbound U.S. Route 101, reflecting the different lexicon usage between Southern and Northern California.Left: signage at the 110 Freeway interchange in Los Angeles, with the leftmost sign for the 101 freeway north listing both its name, the Hollywood Freeway, as well as its destination, Ventura.Right: signage at the Interstate 80 interchange in San Francisco, with the leftmost sign for US 101 north listing only its destination, the Golden Gate Bridge.","title":"Lexical overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ladefoged, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged"},{"link_name":"Romaine, Suzanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine"}],"text":"Ladefoged, Peter (2003). Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages. Blackwell Publishing.\nMetcalf, Allan (2000). How We Talk: American Regional English Today. Houghton Mifflin.\nRomaine, Suzanne (2000). Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The California vowel shift. The phoneme transcribed with ⟨o⟩ is represented in this article as ⟨oʊ⟩.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/California_vowel_shift.png/220px-California_vowel_shift.png"}]
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[{"title":"California portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"title":"African-American Vernacular English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English"},{"title":"Boontling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boontling"},{"title":"Chain shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_shift"},{"title":"Chicano English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_English"},{"title":"Hyphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphy"},{"title":"North American English regional phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology"},{"title":"Sociolect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolect"},{"title":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolinguistics"},{"title":"Spanglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanglish"},{"title":"Valspeak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valspeak"},{"title":"Vowel shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_shift"},{"title":"Western American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_American_English"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Do you speak American? - California English\". PBS. Retrieved October 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/californian/","url_text":"\"Do you speak American? - California English\""}]},{"reference":"Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, ed. (2006). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234–236. ISBN 978-1-4051-2108-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanvoicesho00wolf","url_text":"American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americanvoicesho00wolf/page/n153","url_text":"140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2108-8","url_text":"978-1-4051-2108-8"}]},{"reference":"Bucholtz, Mary et al (2007). \"Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal\". Journal of English Linguistics. 35 (4): 337. doi:10.1177/0075424207307780. S2CID 64542514.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6492j904","url_text":"\"Hella Nor Cal or Totally So Cal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424207307780","url_text":"10.1177/0075424207307780"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64542514","url_text":"64542514"}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of California Project\". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.stanford.edu/dept/linguistics/VoCal/dialectology.html","url_text":"\"The Voices of California Project\""}]},{"reference":"Eckert, Penelope (March 2008). \"Where do ethnolects stop?\". International Journal of Bilingualism. 12 (1–2): 25–42. doi:10.1177/13670069080120010301. ISSN 1367-0069. S2CID 35623478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Eckert","url_text":"Eckert, Penelope"},{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13670069080120010301","url_text":"\"Where do ethnolects stop?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13670069080120010301","url_text":"10.1177/13670069080120010301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1367-0069","url_text":"1367-0069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35623478","url_text":"35623478"}]},{"reference":"Ritchart, Amanda; Arvaniti, Amalia (2014). The use of high rise terminals in Southern Californian English. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. p. 060001. doi:10.1121/1.4863274. hdl:2066/220874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.4863274","url_text":"10.1121/1.4863274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F220874","url_text":"2066/220874"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Penelope Eckert's webpage\". Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stanford.edu/~eckert/vowels.html","url_text":"\"Professor Penelope Eckert's webpage\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Voices of California Project\". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2019-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.stanford.edu/dept/linguistics/VoCal/sounds.html","url_text":"\"The Voices of California Project\""}]},{"reference":"Helms, Annie (22 February 2022). \"Bay Area Spanish: regional sound change in contact languages\" (PDF). Open Journal of Romance Linguistics. 8 (2). Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/isogloss/isogloss_a2022v8n2/isogloss_a2022v8n2a15.pdf","url_text":"\"Bay Area Spanish: regional sound change in contact languages\""}]},{"reference":"Podesva, Robert J. (2015). Country ideology and the California Vowel Shift Language Variation and Change. Stanford University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Podesva, Robert J. (September 2014). The California Vowel Shift and Fractal Recursivity in an Inland, Non-Urban Community. Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"https://stanford.edu/class/linguist159/restricted/readings/Podesva_etal_2014","url_text":"The California Vowel Shift and Fractal Recursivity in an Inland, Non-Urban Community"}]},{"reference":"Geenberg, Katherine (August 2014). The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County (PDF). Stanford University.","urls":[{"url":"https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:vn017qw5012/THE%20OTHER%20CALIFORNIA-augmented.pdf","url_text":"The Other California: Marginalization and Sociolinguistic Variation in Trinity County"}]},{"reference":"Geenberg, Katherine (2014). What it means to be Norcal Country: Variation and marginalization in rural California. Stanford University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"DeCamp, David (1953). The Pronunciation of English in San Francisco. University of California, Berkeley. pp. 549–569.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hall-Lew, Lauren (September 2009). Ethnicity and Phonetic Variation in a San Francisco Neighborhood. Stanford University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Veltman, Chloe. \"Why the Myth of the 'San Francisco Accent' Persists\". KQED News. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kqed.org/news/11719871/why-the-myth-of-the-san-francisco-accent-persists","url_text":"\"Why the Myth of the 'San Francisco Accent' Persists\""}]},{"reference":"Hall-Lew, Lauren (2008). \"I went to school back East... in Berkeley\"1:San Francisco English and San Francisco Identity.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2807255","url_text":"\"I went to school back East... in Berkeley\"1:San Francisco English and San Francisco Identity"}]},{"reference":"Nolte, Carl (28 February 2012). \"How to Talk Like a San Franciscan\". SFGATE. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/How-to-Talk-Like-a-San-Franciscan-3371767.php","url_text":"\"How to Talk Like a San Franciscan\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Amy (June 7, 2018). \"Is there a San Francisco accent? The answer may have changed over the years\". SFGATE. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/San-Francisco-accent-California-speech-dialect-sf-12966260.php","url_text":"\"Is there a San Francisco accent? The answer may have changed over the years\""}]},{"reference":"Hall-Lew, Lauren (August 2015). San Francisco English and the California Vowel Shift (PDF). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/21806704/Hall_Lew_etal_2015_ICPhS_paper.pdf","url_text":"San Francisco English and the California Vowel Shift"}]},{"reference":"Guerrero, Armando Jr. (2014). \"'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity\". Voices. 2 (1): 56–7.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/94v4c08k","url_text":"\"'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity\""}]},{"reference":"Guerrero, Armando Jr. (2014). \"'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity\". Voices. 2 (1): 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/94v4c08k","url_text":"\"'You Speak Good English for Being Mexican' East Los Angeles Chicano/a English: Language & Identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jorge Hankamer WebFest\". Ling.ucsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2005-10-31. Retrieved 2011-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051031034539/http://ling.ucsc.edu/Jorge/waksler.html","url_text":"\"Jorge Hankamer WebFest\""},{"url":"http://ling.ucsc.edu/Jorge/waksler.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyrics | Skull Stomp - Hella\". SongMeanings. 2008-11-02. Retrieved 2011-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858843024/","url_text":"\"Lyrics | Skull Stomp - Hella\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Joseph (April 16, 2012). \"Saturday Night Live's 'The Californians': Traffic's one big soap opera (video)\". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. Retrieved December 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.oregonlive.com/commuting/2012/04/saturday_night_lives_the_calif.html","url_text":"\"Saturday Night Live's 'The Californians': Traffic's one big soap opera (video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"Portland, Oregon"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Mark (2000-06-30). \"'The' Madness Must Stop Right Now\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/The-Madness-Must-Stop-Right-Now-2714960.php","url_text":"\"'The' Madness Must Stop Right Now\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Mark (2000-07-04). \"Local Lingo Keeps 'The' Off Road\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2012-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Local-Lingo-Keeps-The-Off-Road-Readers-gladly-2714567.php","url_text":"\"Local Lingo Keeps 'The' Off Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Mark (July 29, 2000). \"S.F. Wants Power, Not The Noise / Brown rejects docking floating plant off city\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-Wants-Power-Not-The-Noise-Brown-rejects-2746508.php","url_text":"\"S.F. Wants Power, Not The Noise / Brown rejects docking floating plant off city\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Geyer, Grant (Summer 2001). \"'The' Freeway in Southern California\". American Speech. 76 (2): 221–224. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-2-221. S2CID 144010897.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00031283-76-2-221","url_text":"10.1215/00031283-76-2-221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144010897","url_text":"144010897"}]},{"reference":"Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208, ISBN 3-11-016746-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Labov","url_text":"Labov, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8","url_text":"3-11-016746-8"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Michael (2003), \"The California Movement, etc.\" (PDF), Portland Dialect Study: The Fronting of /ow, u, uw/ in Portland, Oregon, Portland State University, pp. 39–45, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-29","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070729111520/http://www.pds.pdx.edu/Publications/Ward.pdf","url_text":"\"The California Movement, etc.\""},{"url":"http://www.pds.pdx.edu/Publications/Ward.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ladefoged, Peter (2003). Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages. Blackwell Publishing.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged","url_text":"Ladefoged, Peter"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Allan (2000). How We Talk: American Regional English Today. Houghton Mifflin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Romaine, Suzanne (2000). Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine","url_text":"Romaine, Suzanne"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video_director
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Music video director
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["1 List","2 See also","3 Sources","4 External links"]
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Person who directs the music artist, the actors and film crew in making music videos
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A music video director is the head, overseer or facilitator of music video production. The director conceives of videos' artistic and dramatic aspects while instructing the musical act, technical crew, actors, models, and dancers. They may or may not be in collaboration with the musical act.
On November 8, 1992, MTV began listing directors with the artist, song, and record company credits, because music videos had increasingly become an auteur's medium. "The case for the director as music video author is strong. It is the music video director who has principal control of everything that is added to the pre-existing recorded sound text." Directors, including Michel Gondry, Spike Jonze, and F. Gary Gray, have gone on to direct feature films, continuing a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as Lasse Hallström and David Fincher. The most expensive video of all time was directed by Mark Romanek: Michael and Janet Jackson's "Scream" (1995), which cost $7 million to produce. In 2003, Spike Jonze, Chris Cunningham, and Michel Gondry founded the Directors Label.
List
The following list does not include musical artists who have co-directed videos:
Adam Jones
Alex and Martin
Anthony Mandler
Anton Corbijn
Baillie Walsh
Benny Boom
Beyoncé
Bill Fishman
Bille Woodruff
Bob Giraldi
Brett Ratner
Brian De Palma
Brian Grant
Bruce Gowers
Bryan Barber
Chris Cunningham
Chris Milk
Chris Robinson
Clarence Peters
Cole Bennett
Colin Tilley: videography
D. A. Pennebaker
Darren Grant
Dave Meyers
David Fincher
David LaChapelle
David Mallet
Derek Pike
Derrick Acosta
Diane Martel
Director X
Dominic Sena
Doug Nichol
Dream Rockwell
Erik White
Ethan Hawke
F. Gary Gray
Floria Sigismondi
Francis Lawrence
François Girard
George Ant
Gil Green
Gianmarco Donaggio
Gregory Dark
Godley & Creme
Hannah Lux Davis
Herb Ritts
Hole
Hopsin
Hype Williams
Ivan Shapovalov
Janell Shirtcliff
Jake Nava
Jared Leto
Jean-Baptiste Mondino
Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Jesse Peretz
Jessy Terrero
Jim Blashfield
Joe Hahn
Joe Pytka
John Landis
John Lloyd Miller
Jon Schnepp
Jonas Åkerlund:
Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris
Jonathan Demme
Jonathan Glazer
Joseph Kahn
Julien Temple
Justin Burquist
Kevin Kerslake
Lasse Hallström
Liz Friedlander
Logic (rapper)
McG
MC Hammer
Marc Klasfeld
Marc Webb
Marcos Siega
Marcus Raboy
Mark Pellington
Mark Romanek
Martin Scorsese
Mathew Cullen
Matthew Rolston
Meiert Avis
Melina Matsoukas
Michael Bay
Michael Lindsay-Hogg
Michael Moore
Michael Patterson
Michel Gondry
Michelle Zauner
Paul Hunter
Phil Harder
RT!
R. Kelly
Rankin
Ray Kay
Roman Coppola
Roman White
Rupert Wainwright
Russell Mulcahy
Rahul Chahal
Sajeed A.
Sam Chegini
Sam Peckinpah
Samuel Bayer
Scott Speer
Shane Drake
Shomi Patwary
Skye Sweetnam
Sophie Muller
Spike Jonze
Spike Lee
Stanley Donen
Stéphane Sednaoui
Stephen R. Johnson
Steve Purcell
System D-128
Takahiro Miki
Tamra Davis
Tarsem Singh
Taylor Swift
The Malloys
Thomas Trail
Tim Armstrong
Todd McFarlane
Tony Kaye
Tony Petrossian
Trey Fanjoy
U2
Vincent Moon
Wayne Isham
Weird Al Yankovic
William Friedkin
Wolf Haley
See also
Musical film
Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video
Grammy Award for Best Music Film
Grammy Award for Best Music Video
Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video
Post-production
Videography
Sources
^ Robert J. Thompson and Gary Burns, eds. (1990). Making Television: Authorship and the Production Process, p.177. ISBN 9780275927462.
External links
The Internet Music Video Database
The tvc director global database
|
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The director conceives of videos' artistic and dramatic aspects while instructing the musical act, technical crew, actors, models, and dancers. They may or may not be in collaboration with the musical act.On November 8, 1992, MTV began listing directors with the artist,[citation needed] song, and record company credits, because music videos had increasingly become an auteur's medium. \"The case for the director as music video author is strong. It is the music video director who has principal control of everything that is added to the pre-existing recorded sound text.\"[1] Directors, including Michel Gondry, Spike Jonze, and F. Gary Gray, have gone on to direct feature films, continuing a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as Lasse Hallström and David Fincher. The most expensive video of all time was directed by Mark Romanek: Michael and Janet Jackson's \"Scream\" (1995), which cost $7 million to produce.[citation needed] In 2003, Spike Jonze, Chris Cunningham, and Michel Gondry founded the Directors Label.","title":"Music video director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jones_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Alex and Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_and_Martin"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mandler"},{"link_name":"Anton Corbijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Corbijn"},{"link_name":"Baillie Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillie_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Benny Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Boom"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bill Fishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Fishman_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bille Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bille_Woodruff"},{"link_name":"Bob Giraldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Giraldi"},{"link_name":"Brett Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ratner"},{"link_name":"Brian De Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_De_Palma"},{"link_name":"Brian Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Grant_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Gowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Gowers"},{"link_name":"Bryan Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Barber"},{"link_name":"Chris Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Chris Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Milk"},{"link_name":"Chris Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Robinson_(director)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Peters"},{"link_name":"Cole Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Colin Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Tilley"},{"link_name":"videography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Tilley#Videography"},{"link_name":"D. 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Ritts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Ritts"},{"link_name":"Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hopsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopsin"},{"link_name":"Hype Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_Williams"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shapovalov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Shapovalov"},{"link_name":"Janell Shirtcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janell_Shirtcliff"},{"link_name":"Jake Nava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Nava"},{"link_name":"Jared Leto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Leto"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Mondino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Mondino"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Jeunet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jeunet"},{"link_name":"Jesse Peretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Peretz"},{"link_name":"Jessy Terrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessy_Terrero"},{"link_name":"Jim 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A. Pennebaker\nDarren Grant\nDave Meyers\nDavid Fincher\nDavid LaChapelle\nDavid Mallet\nDerek Pike\nDerrick Acosta\nDiane Martel\nDirector X\nDominic Sena\nDoug Nichol\nDream Rockwell\nErik White\nEthan Hawke\nF. Gary Gray\nFloria Sigismondi\nFrancis Lawrence\nFrançois Girard\nGeorge Ant\nGil Green\nGianmarco Donaggio\nGregory Dark\nGodley & Creme\nHannah Lux Davis\nHerb Ritts\nHole\nHopsin\nHype Williams\nIvan Shapovalov\nJanell Shirtcliff\nJake Nava\nJared Leto\nJean-Baptiste Mondino\nJean-Pierre Jeunet\nJesse Peretz\nJessy Terrero\nJim Blashfield\nJoe Hahn\nJoe Pytka\nJohn Landis\nJohn Lloyd Miller\nJon Schnepp\nJonas Åkerlund:\nJonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris\nJonathan Demme\nJonathan Glazer\nJoseph Kahn\nJulien Temple\nJustin Burquist\nKevin Kerslake\nLasse Hallström\nLiz Friedlander\nLogic (rapper)\nMcG\nMC Hammer\nMarc Klasfeld\nMarc Webb\nMarcos Siega\nMarcus Raboy\nMark Pellington\nMark Romanek\nMartin Scorsese\nMathew Cullen\nMatthew Rolston\nMeiert Avis\nMelina Matsoukas\nMichael Bay\nMichael Lindsay-Hogg\nMichael Moore\nMichael Patterson\nMichel Gondry\nMichelle Zauner\nPaul Hunter\nPhil Harder\nRT!\nR. Kelly\nRankin\nRay Kay\nRoman Coppola\nRoman White\nRupert Wainwright\nRussell Mulcahy\nRahul Chahal\nSajeed A.\nSam Chegini\nSam Peckinpah\nSamuel Bayer\nScott Speer\nShane Drake\nShomi Patwary\nSkye Sweetnam\nSophie Muller\nSpike Jonze\nSpike Lee\nStanley Donen\nStéphane Sednaoui\nStephen R. Johnson\nSteve Purcell\nSystem D-128\nTakahiro Miki\nTamra Davis\nTarsem Singh\nTaylor Swift\nThe Malloys\nThomas Trail\nTim Armstrong\nTodd McFarlane\nTony Kaye\nTony Petrossian\nTrey Fanjoy\nU2\nVincent Moon\nWayne Isham\nWeird Al Yankovic\nWilliam Friedkin\nWolf Haley","title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780275927462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275927462"}],"text":"^ Robert J. Thompson and Gary Burns, eds. (1990). Making Television: Authorship and the Production Process, p.177. ISBN 9780275927462.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"title":"Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Concept_Music_Video"},{"title":"Grammy Award for Best Music Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Film"},{"title":"Grammy Award for Best Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Music_Video"},{"title":"Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Performance_Music_Video"},{"title":"Post-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production"},{"title":"Videography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsons_Christmas_Stories
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Simpsons Christmas Stories
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["1 Plot","1.1 The First D'oh-El","1.2 I Saw Grampa Cussing Santa Claus","1.3 The Nutcracker...Sweet","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
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9th episode of the 17th season of The Simpsons
"Simpsons Christmas Stories"The Simpsons episodeHomer's depiction of Jesus' birth.Episode no.Season 17Episode 9Directed bySteven Dean MooreWritten byDon PayneProduction codeHABF01Original air dateDecember 18, 2005 (2005-12-18)Episode featuresCouch gagA copy of The Springfield Shopper spins into frame. The headline reads, “COUCH GAG THRILLS NATION” with a photo of the Simpsons on the couch.CommentaryAl JeanMatt SelmanTim LongKevin CurranJ. Stewart BurnsMichael PriceSteven Dean MoorePatric M. Verrone
Episode chronology
← Previous"The Italian Bob"
Next →"Homer's Paternity Coot"
The Simpsons season 17List of episodes
"Simpsons Christmas Stories" is the ninth episode of the seventeenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 18, 2005.
Plot
The First D'oh-El
When Reverend Lovejoy cannot attend the Christmas sermon due to a horrible train wreck on his train set, Ned Flanders immediately takes over. However, when he gets a paper cut and faints, Homer decides to lead the sermon and tells the story of the first Christmas.
Mary (Marge) tells Joseph (Homer) that she is pregnant, even though she is a virgin. The angel Gabriel (Lisa) appears to them and explains that Mary is going to give birth to the Son of God. The three wise men (Dr. Hibbert, Principal Skinner, and Professor Frink) tell King Herod (Mr. Burns) that they are going to give gold, frankincense, and myrrh (which Frink is re-gifting) to the King of the Jews. When Herod assumes the gifts are for him, the men explain to him that they are for the infant. Herod becomes angry and plots to kill the baby.
At the Bethlehem Inn, the innkeeper (Moe) tells Mary and Joseph that he has plenty of rooms available with brand new carpeting. However, when Mary's water breaks, he forces them to stay in the barn. Mary successfully gives birth to baby Jesus (Bart), and the three wise men, along with the two shepherds (Lenny and Carl) come to see the baby. Joseph is upset because he is not Jesus's father, and when he drinks some wine, the baby turns it into water.
When the infant keeps crying, Mary gives him to Joseph. He entertains him by hurting himself and one of the wise men (Skinner). When baby Jesus finally falls asleep, Herod and his troops find the manger that they are staying in. They escape and trick the soldiers by putting Jesus' halo on a duck. On top of the hill, Joseph cuts down a spruce tree, and as it rolls down, the soldiers get caught in it. The soldiers, along with Herod, are arranged like ornaments on the tree, and the duck, still wearing the halo, stands on top of the tree. Mary calls it a Christmas tree, and Homer concludes his service.
I Saw Grampa Cussing Santa Claus
When Bart and Lisa find Grampa trying to stick a bear trap on top of the chimney, Grampa tells them that he is trying to get his revenge on Santa Claus. When Bart asks why, Grampa recalls how, back in World War II, he and his brother Cyrus (not mentioned before or since this episode aired) were fighting off Japanese planes, accompanied by Mr. Burns, when Cyrus got shot down. Shortly after, Grampa and Burns have their plane's wings shot off and are stranded on an island. After a few months, they see a plane in the sky, and Burns shoots it down. However, when they go over to investigate, they see that it is actually Santa Claus. They build him a new sleigh and gather up all the presents. When Santa is about to leave, Burns knocks him unconscious with a coconut and flies away in the sleigh, intent on keeping all the presents for himself.
Grampa catches up to him on Prancer, who has been left behind because Santa could not find him, and jumps on board the sleigh. After he beats Burns with a tricycle, he gives the sleigh back to Santa. As Santa leaves, he tells Grampa that he will be back in a few days. However, he never returns, and Grampa has to get off using a jet ski he made out of coconuts. Bart and Lisa believe that it is just another one of Grampa's far-fetched tales, but when they hear a thump in the den, they find that Santa is there. He tells them that Cyrus did not die, but instead crashed into Tahiti. Santa takes Grampa there, and they meet up with Cyrus and his fifteen wives. Santa explains to Grampa that he did not come back for him on the island due to his procrastination and eventually feeling embarrassed about it. When Grampa comments on Cyrus's fifteen wives and the sex he must have, Cyrus points out that they are wives, not girlfriends.
The Nutcracker...Sweet
After the children of Springfield Elementary perform The Nutcracker, everyone begins to go about their business singing to the tune of the songs from the play. This is done after mentioning that these songs are in the public domain and thus can be (and are) played constantly for free. After the opening number (sung to the tune of "Marche"), Moe continues his holiday tradition of attempting suicide (done to the tune of "Dance of the Flutes"), first by hanging himself with popcorn string which breaks under his weight, next by riding a sleigh into open traffic only to have all the cars swerve and miss him, and then by shooting himself in the head with a revolver that sends a "Merry Christmas" flag out through his other ear. In a fourth attempt, Moe asks Barney to kill him instead of buying him a present, but Barney has already gotten him a wool hat and Moe gives up on the idea for now.
That evening, Marge tells Homer that he will like the present that she got him. Having forgotten to buy her anything and not wanting to upset her, Homer tells her that his present for her is outside; he then frantically rushes out to find a gift (sung to the tune of "Trepak"). Every store is closed, and all Apu has at the Kwik-E-Mart is some jerky made out of trout. Homer searches in garbage cans, gutters, trees, and he even chases down Milhouse, but he cannot find anything.
When he gets home, Marge gives Homer his present (done to "Pas De Deux"). He opens it and sees that it is another present with a tag that reads, "To Marge, From Homer." Marge tells him that she knew that he would forget to give her a present, so she gave him one to give to her. He gives it to her and she unwraps it, and Homer sees that it is a picture of him dressed up as Santa with Marge on his lap. They hug and kiss, and Moe unsuccessfully attempts suicide a fifth time by riding a sleigh toward a fully loaded tractor-trailer.
Reception
Don Payne was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 59th Writers Guild of America Awards for his script to this episode.
References
^ "17x09 - Simpson Christmas Stories - The Simpsons Transcripts - Forever Dreaming". Retrieved June 13, 2017.
^ DiOrio, Carl (December 14, 2006). "HBO, NBC dominate WGA noms". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
External links
"Simpsons Christmas Stories" at IMDb
Wikiquote has quotations related to "Simpsons Christmas Stories".
vteThe Simpsons Christmas episodes1980s
"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (1989)
1990s
"Marge Be Not Proud" (1995)
"Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (1997)
"Grift of the Magi" (1999)
2000s
"Lisa the Tree Hugger" (2000)
"Skinner's Sense of Snow" (2000)
"She of Little Faith" (2001)
"'Tis the Fifteenth Season" (2003)
"Simpsons Christmas Stories" (2005)
"Kill Gil, Volumes I & II" (2006)
"Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" (2007)
"The Burns and the Bees" (2008)
2010s
"The Fight Before Christmas" (2010)
"Holidays of Future Passed" (2011)
"White Christmas Blues" (2013)
"I Won't Be Home for Christmas" (2014)
"The Nightmare After Krustmas" (2016)
"'Tis the 30th Season" (2018)
"Bobby, It's Cold Outside" (2019)
2020s
"The Way of the Dog" (2020)
"A Springfield Summer Christmas for Christmas" (2020)
"Manger Things" (2021)
See also
"Simpson Xmas", a 1988 short from The Tracey Ullman Show
The Simpsons Meet the Bocellis in "Feliz Navidad", a 2022 Disney+ short
vteThe Simpsons episodes
Seasons 1–20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Season 21–present
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Season 17
"The Bonfire of the Manatees"
"The Girl Who Slept Too Little"
"Milhouse of Sand and Fog"
"Treehouse of Horror XVI"
"Marge's Son Poisoning"
"See Homer Run"
"The Last of the Red Hat Mamas"
"The Italian Bob"
"Simpsons Christmas Stories"
"Homer's Paternity Coot"
"We're on the Road to D'ohwhere"
"My Fair Laddy"
"The Seemingly Never-Ending Story"
"Bart Has Two Mommies"
"Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife"
"Million Dollar Abie"
"Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore"
"The Wettest Stories Ever Told"
"Girls Just Want to Have Sums"
"Regarding Margie"
"The Monkey Suit"
"Marge and Homer Turn a Couple Play"
Themed episodes
Treehouse of Horror
list
See also
The Simpsons episode guides
"The Simpsons Guy"
Category
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It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 18, 2005.","title":"Simpsons Christmas Stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reverend Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"train set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_railway"},{"link_name":"Ned Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"Marge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"three wise men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi"},{"link_name":"Dr. Hibbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Hibbert"},{"link_name":"Principal Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Professor Frink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Frink"},{"link_name":"King Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Mr. Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Burns"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"frankincense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"infant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant"},{"link_name":"kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide"},{"link_name":"the baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe_Szyslak"},{"link_name":"Bart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Lenny and Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_and_Carl"}],"sub_title":"The First D'oh-El","text":"When Reverend Lovejoy cannot attend the Christmas sermon due to a horrible train wreck on his train set, Ned Flanders immediately takes over. However, when he gets a paper cut and faints, Homer decides to lead the sermon and tells the story of the first Christmas.Mary (Marge) tells Joseph (Homer) that she is pregnant, even though she is a virgin. The angel Gabriel (Lisa) appears to them and explains that Mary is going to give birth to the Son of God. The three wise men (Dr. Hibbert, Principal Skinner, and Professor Frink) tell King Herod (Mr. Burns) that they are going to give gold, frankincense, and myrrh (which Frink is re-gifting) to the King of the Jews. When Herod assumes the gifts are for him, the men explain to him that they are for the infant. Herod becomes angry and plots to kill the baby.At the Bethlehem Inn, the innkeeper (Moe) tells Mary and Joseph that he has plenty of rooms available with brand new carpeting. However, when Mary's water breaks, he forces them to stay in the barn. Mary successfully gives birth to baby Jesus (Bart), and the three wise men, along with the two shepherds (Lenny and Carl) come to see the baby. Joseph is upset because he is not Jesus's father, and when he drinks some wine, the baby turns it into water.When the infant keeps crying, Mary gives him to Joseph. He entertains him by hurting himself and one of the wise men (Skinner). When baby Jesus finally falls asleep, Herod and his troops find the manger that they are staying in. They escape and trick the soldiers by putting Jesus' halo on a duck. On top of the hill, Joseph cuts down a spruce tree, and as it rolls down, the soldiers get caught in it. The soldiers, along with Herod, are arranged like ornaments on the tree, and the duck, still wearing the halo, stands on top of the tree. Mary calls it a Christmas tree, and Homer concludes his service.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grampa_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"jet ski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_ski"},{"link_name":"made out of coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"fifteen wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"procrastination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrastination"}],"sub_title":"I Saw Grampa Cussing Santa Claus","text":"When Bart and Lisa find Grampa trying to stick a bear trap on top of the chimney, Grampa tells them that he is trying to get his revenge on Santa Claus. When Bart asks why, Grampa recalls how, back in World War II, he and his brother Cyrus (not mentioned before or since this episode aired) were fighting off Japanese planes, accompanied by Mr. Burns, when Cyrus got shot down. Shortly after, Grampa and Burns have their plane's wings shot off and are stranded on an island. After a few months, they see a plane in the sky, and Burns shoots it down. However, when they go over to investigate, they see that it is actually Santa Claus. They build him a new sleigh and gather up all the presents. When Santa is about to leave, Burns knocks him unconscious with a coconut and flies away in the sleigh, intent on keeping all the presents for himself.Grampa catches up to him on Prancer, who has been left behind because Santa could not find him, and jumps on board the sleigh. After he beats Burns with a tricycle, he gives the sleigh back to Santa. As Santa leaves, he tells Grampa that he will be back in a few days. However, he never returns, and Grampa has to get off using a jet ski he made out of coconuts. Bart and Lisa believe that it is just another one of Grampa's far-fetched tales, but when they hear a thump in the den, they find that Santa is there. He tells them that Cyrus did not die, but instead crashed into Tahiti. Santa takes Grampa there, and they meet up with Cyrus and his fifteen wives. Santa explains to Grampa that he did not come back for him on the island due to his procrastination and eventually feeling embarrassed about it. When Grampa comments on Cyrus's fifteen wives and the sex he must have, Cyrus points out that they are wives, not girlfriends.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"Trepak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepak_(The_Nutcracker)"},{"link_name":"Apu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu_Nahasapeemapetilon"},{"link_name":"Kwik-E-Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwik-E-Mart"},{"link_name":"jerky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerky"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"Milhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milhouse_Van_Houten"},{"link_name":"Pas De Deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_De_Deux"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"The Nutcracker...Sweet","text":"After the children of Springfield Elementary perform The Nutcracker, everyone begins to go about their business singing to the tune of the songs from the play. This is done after mentioning that these songs are in the public domain and thus can be (and are) played constantly for free. After the opening number (sung to the tune of \"Marche\"), Moe continues his holiday tradition of attempting suicide (done to the tune of \"Dance of the Flutes\"), first by hanging himself with popcorn string which breaks under his weight, next by riding a sleigh into open traffic only to have all the cars swerve and miss him, and then by shooting himself in the head with a revolver that sends a \"Merry Christmas\" flag out through his other ear. In a fourth attempt, Moe asks Barney to kill him instead of buying him a present, but Barney has already gotten him a wool hat and Moe gives up on the idea for now.That evening, Marge tells Homer that he will like the present that she got him. Having forgotten to buy her anything and not wanting to upset her, Homer tells her that his present for her is outside; he then frantically rushes out to find a gift (sung to the tune of \"Trepak\"). Every store is closed, and all Apu has at the Kwik-E-Mart is some jerky made out of trout. Homer searches in garbage cans, gutters, trees, and he even chases down Milhouse, but he cannot find anything.When he gets home, Marge gives Homer his present (done to \"Pas De Deux\"). He opens it and sees that it is another present with a tag that reads, \"To Marge, From Homer.\" Marge tells him that she knew that he would forget to give her a present, so she gave him one to give to her. He gives it to her and she unwraps it, and Homer sees that it is a picture of him dressed up as Santa with Marge on his lap. They hug and kiss, and Moe unsuccessfully attempts suicide a fifth time by riding a sleigh toward a fully loaded tractor-trailer.[1]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Payne_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Television:_Animation"},{"link_name":"59th Writers Guild of America Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards_2006"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Don Payne was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Writing in Animation at the 59th Writers Guild of America Awards for his script to this episode.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savaric_of_Auxerre
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Savaric of Auxerre
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["1 Sources"]
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Savaric (died 715) was the Bishop of Auxerre from 710 until his death. A member of high nobility, he was a warrior who held a bishopric. He was the father of Eucherius, Bishop of Orleans.
He gathered a large army and subjected the region of the Nivernais, Avallonais, and Tonnerre to his rule during the reigns of Childebert III and Dagobert III. He marched a large army on Lyon but died in battle.
Sources
Geary, Patrick J. Before France and Germany. Oxford University Press: 1988.
This article about a French Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savaric_of_Auxerre&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmahal
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Pir Mahal
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 30°45′50″N 72°25′52″E / 30.76389°N 72.43111°E / 30.76389; 72.43111Town in Punjab, Pakistan
City in Punjab, PakistanPir MahalCityپیر محلPir MahalShow map of Punjab, PakistanPir MahalShow map of PakistanCoordinates: 30°45′50″N 72°25′52″E / 30.76389°N 72.43111°E / 30.76389; 72.43111Country PakistanProvince PunjabDivisionFaisalabadDistrictToba Tek SinghElevation152 m (499 ft)Population (2017 Census of Pakistan) • Total44,219Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)Calling code046Number of Towns4Number of Union councils16
Pir Mahal (Punjabi: پیر محل) is a city and headquarters of Pir Mahal Tehsil of Toba Tek Singh District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
References
^ Elevation map for Pir Mahal. elevationmap.net. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ a b "Pir Mahal population per 2017 census". Citypopulation.de website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ Traders observe strike in Pir Mahal. The News International (newspaper). Published 9 August 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pir Mahal, Pakistan". www.fallingrain.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pir Mahal.
vteNeighbourhoods of Toba Tek SinghAdministrations: Toba Tek Singh DistrictTehsils
Pir Mahal
Gojra
Kamalia
Toba Tek Singh
Cities
Gojra
Kamalia
Pir Mahal
Rajana
Sandhilianwali
Toba Tek Singh (capital)
Towns and councils
Aligarh
Bilasur
Budhan Khuh
Janiwala
Kot Ram Chand
Naya Lahore
Randian
Villages
Ali Nagar Roda
Angadpura
Chak 284 GB
Chak 285 GB
Chak 288 JB
Chak 356 JB
Gariwal
Nanaksar
Rashiana
Noor Pur
Bhussi Kathian
Chak 285 JB
Chak 358 JB
Website: Toba Tek Singh District at NRB
This article about a location in Toba Tek Singh District, Punjab, Pakistan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Pir Mahal population per 2017 census\". Citypopulation.de website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629022922/http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-Punjab.html","url_text":"\"Pir Mahal population per 2017 census\""},{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-Punjab.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pir Mahal, Pakistan\". www.fallingrain.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/04/Pir_Mahal.html","url_text":"\"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pir Mahal, Pakistan\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pir_Mahal¶ms=30_45_50_N_72_25_52_E_type:city_region:PK","external_links_name":"30°45′50″N 72°25′52″E / 30.76389°N 72.43111°E / 30.76389; 72.43111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pir_Mahal¶ms=30_45_50_N_72_25_52_E_type:city_region:PK","external_links_name":"30°45′50″N 72°25′52″E / 30.76389°N 72.43111°E / 30.76389; 72.43111"},{"Link":"https://elevationmap.net/pir-mahal-toba-tek-singh-pk-1012499271","external_links_name":"Elevation map for Pir Mahal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629022922/http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-Punjab.html","external_links_name":"\"Pir Mahal population per 2017 census\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-Punjab.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/698253-traders-observer-strike-in-pirmahal","external_links_name":"Traders observe strike in Pir Mahal"},{"Link":"http://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/04/Pir_Mahal.html","external_links_name":"\"Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pir Mahal, Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=33&dn=Toba%20Tek%20Singh","external_links_name":"Toba Tek Singh District"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_Mahal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones
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A Game of Thrones
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["1 Plot","1.1 In the Seven Kingdoms","1.2 On the Wall","1.3 Across the Narrow Sea","2 Characters","3 Themes","4 Writing","5 Editions","6 Adaptations","7 Reception","8 Awards and nominations","9 References","10 External links"]
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Novel by George R. R. Martin
This article is about the novel. For the TV series, see Game of Thrones. For derivative works of the same name, see A Game of Thrones (disambiguation).
A Game of Thrones US first edition coverAuthorGeorge R. R. MartinAudio read byRoy DotriceCover artistTom HallmanLanguageEnglishSeriesA Song of Ice and FireGenrePolitical novel, epic fantasyPublishedAugust 6, 1996 (1996-08-06)PublisherBantam Spectra (US) Voyager Books (UK)Publication placeUnited StatesPages694AwardsLocus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1997), Premios Ignotus (2003)ISBN0-553-10354-7 (US hardback)ISBN 0-00-224584-1 (UK hardback)OCLC654895986Dewey Decimal813/.54LC ClassPS3563.A7239 G36 1996Followed byA Clash of Kings
A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 6, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award. The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.
In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones.
Plot
A Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously.
In the Seven Kingdoms
Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard "Ned" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs.
Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing.
At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat.
Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was killed to conceal his discovery of their incest. Ned offers Cersei a chance to flee before he informs Robert, but she uses this chance to arrange Robert's death in a hunting “accident” and install Joffrey on the throne. Ned prepares to send his daughters away from King's Landing and enlists Littlefinger's help to challenge Joffrey's claim; but Littlefinger betrays him, resulting in Ned's arrest. Arya escapes the castle, but Sansa is taken hostage by the Lannisters.
Ned's eldest son Robb marches his army south in response to his father's arrest, and in order to relieve the threat on the riverlands. To secure a strategically necessary bridge crossing, Catelyn negotiates a marital alliance between Robb and the notoriously unreliable House Frey. Robb defeats a Lannister army in the riverlands, capturing Jaime. Tywin sends Tyrion back to King's Landing to act as Hand of the King to Joffrey. When Ned is executed, Robb's followers declare the north's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, proclaiming Robb "King in the North".
On the Wall
The prologue of the novel introduces the Wall: an ancient barrier of stone, ice, and magic, hundreds of feet high and hundreds of miles long, shielding the Seven Kingdoms from the northern wilderness. The Wall is defended by the Night's Watch: an order of warriors sworn to serve there for life, defending the realm from the fabled Others, an ancient and hostile inhuman race, as well as from the human "wildlings" who live north of the Wall.
Jon Snow, Ned's bastard son, is inspired by his uncle, Benjen Stark, to join the Night's Watch, but becomes disillusioned when he discovers that its primary function is as a penal colony. Jon unites his fellow recruits against their harsh instructor and protects the cowardly but good-natured and intelligent Samwell Tarly. Jon is appointed steward to the leader of the Watch, Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, making him a potential successor to Mormont. Benjen fails to return from an expedition north of the Wall. Six months later, the dead bodies of two men from his party are recovered; these re-animate as undead wights before being dispatched by Jon.
When word of his father's execution reaches Jon, he attempts to join Robb against the Lannisters, but is persuaded to remain loyal to the Watch. Mormont then declares his intention to march north to find Benjen, dead or alive, and to investigate rumors of a "King-beyond-the-Wall" uniting the wildlings.
Across the Narrow Sea
Across the sea to the east of Westeros live the exiled prince Viserys and princess Daenerys, children of the late "Mad King" Aerys Targaryen, who ruled Westeros before being overthrown by Robert Baratheon. Viserys betroths Daenerys to Khal Drogo, a warlord of the nomadic Dothraki people, in exchange for the use of Drogo's army to reclaim the throne of Westeros. Illyrio Mopatis, a wealthy merchant who has been supporting the penniless Targaryens, gives Daenerys three petrified dragon eggs as a wedding gift. Jorah Mormont, a knight exiled from Westeros, joins Viserys as an adviser. Initially terrified of her new husband and his people, Daenerys eventually embraces her role as Drogo's "khaleesi ". Drogo, however, shows little interest in conquering Westeros, and an impatient Viserys tries to browbeat his sister into coercing Drogo. When Viserys publicly threatens Daenerys and her unborn child, Drogo executes him by pouring molten gold on his head.
An assassin seeking King Robert's favor attempts to poison Daenerys, finally convincing Drogo to conquer Westeros. While sacking villages to fund the invasion of Westeros, Drogo is badly wounded, and Daenerys commands the captive folk healer Mirri Maz Duur to save him. The healer, angered by the Dothraki raids against her people, sacrifices Daenerys's unborn child to power the spell to save Drogo's life, which restores Drogo's physical health but leaves him in a persistent vegetative state.
With Drogo completely incapacitated and unable to lead, much of the Dothraki army disperses. Daenerys smothers Drogo with a pillow and has Mirri tied to Drogo's funeral pyre. She places her three dragon eggs on the pyre and enters it herself. When the fire burns out, she emerges unharmed, with three newly hatched dragons. Awe-struck, Jorah and the remaining Dothraki swear allegiance to her.
Characters
Each chapter concentrates on the third-person limited point of view of a single character; the book presents the perspective of eight main characters. Additionally, a minor character provides the prologue. Chapter headings indicate the perspective.
Prologue: Will, a man of the Night's Watch.
Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark, Warden of the North and Lord of Winterfell, Hand of the King.
Lady Catelyn Stark, of House Tully, wife of Eddard Stark.
Sansa Stark, elder daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.
Arya Stark, younger daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.
Bran Stark, middle son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.
Jon Snow, illegitimate son of Eddard Stark.
Tyrion Lannister, a dwarf, brother of the twins Queen Cersei and Jaime, son of Lord Tywin Lannister.
Princess Daenerys Targaryen, exiled daughter of the former king Aerys and sister of Aerys's heir Viserys.
In the later books, certain viewpoint characters are added while others are removed.
Themes
Throughout the novel, characters are often faced with decisions that match one redeemable trait against another. The Guardian outlines characters who are frequently "forced to choose between their love for those close to them and the greater interests of honour, duty and the realm." In Westeros, Ned ultimately decides to venture south with Robert, leaving much of his family in Winterfell. At the Wall, Jon wrestles with the predicament of joining his half-brother Robb in rebellion or staying with his sworn brothers in the Night's Watch. Daenerys has issue with the Dothraki treatment of those they conquered in Essos. These conflicts characters encounter oftentimes reflect inconsistent decision making. Catelyn initially is overwhelmed by grief and does not leave Bran's bedside while he is comatose, ignoring her political responsibilities, choosing family over duty. But soon after, Catelyn leaves Bran and her family for King's Landing to inform Ned of potential Lannister treason, effectively displaying a more duty fulfilling role. Family, duty, and honor play major roles in conflicts that arise in the story arc, and qualities traditionally categorized as noble oppose each other in resolution. Character decision conflicts and consequence analysis are particular to how Martin wants to portray fantasy.
Martin characteristically deviates from the traditional fantasy model and clear-cut lines of good versus evil. Martin reflects: "I think the battle between good and evil is fought largely within the individual human heart, by the decisions that we make. It's not like evil dresses up in black clothing and you know, they're really ugly". This viewpoint characterizes the book and is evident in the actions of several different families which frequently have conflicts with each other. The Starks' and Lannisters' conflict is a central component of the novel, and the reader receives points of view from both sides. Likewise, Daenerys' storyline develops around the Targaryen's upheaval in Westeros, in which the Starks played a significant role. Martin argues: Having multiple viewpoints is crucial to the grayness of the characters. You have to be able to see the struggle from both sides, because real human beings in a war have all these processes of self-justification, telling ourselves why what we're doing is the right thing.
Writing
Martin acknowledges several authors who lent their time and expertise during the writing of the novel: Sage Walker, Martin Wright, Melinda Snodgrass, Carl Keim, Bruce Baugh, Tim O'Brien, Roger Zelazny, Jane Lindskold, and Laura Mixon.
Editions
The HarperCollins/Voyager 1996 edition was the British first edition. Its official publication date was earlier than that of the US Bantam edition, but Bantam went to print several months earlier to hand out copies at the American Booksellers Association (ABA). The novel has been translated into many languages and published in multiple editions in hardcover, paperback, e-book, and audio book form. In different languages, the number of books may not be the same. For Example, for the German Paperback Editions published by Blanvalet and later Penhaligon, the book and the other novels of the series were split in two. In June 2000, Meisha Merlin published a limited edition of the book, fully illustrated by Jeffrey Jones.
Adaptations
Main article: Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones and the subsequent novels in the A Song of Ice and Fire series have been adapted into an HBO television series, a comic book series, several card games, board games, video games, and other media.
Reception
A Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim. Lauren K. Nathan of the Associated Press wrote that the book "grip the reader from Page One" and is set in a "magnificent" fantasy world that is "mystical, but still believable." Steve Perry told readers of The Oregonian that the plot is "complex and fascinating" and the book is "rich and colorful" with "all the elements of a great fantasy novel". Writing in The Washington Post, John H. Riskind commented that "many fans of sword-and-sorcery will enjoy the epic scope of this book" but felt that the book "suffers from one-dimensional characters and less than memorable imagery." Phyllis Eisenstein of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that, although the book uses many generic fantasy tropes, Martin's approach is "so refreshingly human and intimate that it transcends them." She described it as "an absorbing combination of the mythic, the sweepingly historical, and the intensely personal." John Prior, writing in the San Diego Union-Tribune, called Martin's writing "strong and imaginative, with plenty of Byzantine intrigue and dynastic struggle", and compared it to Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time books, "though much darker, with no comedy or romance to relieve the nastiness."
On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed A Game of Thrones on its list of the 100 most influential novels.
Awards and nominations
Locus Award – Best Novel (Fantasy) (Won) – (1997)
World Fantasy Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Hugo Award – Best Novella for Blood of the Dragon (Won) – (1997)
Nebula Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
Ignotus Award – Best Novel (Foreign) (Won) – (2003)
References
^ Martin, George R.R. "The Long Game...of Thrones". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ a b "1997 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
^ "2004 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
^ Taylor, Ihsan (2 January 2011). "The New York Times Bestseller List". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
^ Taylor, Ihsan (10 July 2011). "The New York Times Bestseller List". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-04.
^ "Coming Next Month". George R.R. Martin. February 13, 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
^ Walter, Damien G. (26 July 2011). "George RR Martin's fantasy is not far from reality". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
^ a b Poniewozik, James. "GRRM Interview Part 2: Fantasy and History". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
^ "Locus Online: George R.R. Martin interview excerpts". www.locusmag.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
^ Martin, George R. R. (1996). Game of Thrones (2016 Mass Market Tie-in ed.). p. 836.
^ a b c Martin, George R. R. "FAQ – George R.R. Martin". Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019 – via georgerrmartin.com.
^ Nathan, Lauren K. (November 10, 1996). "'Game of Thrones' fit for a king". The Associated Press.
^ Perry, Steve (October 13, 1996). "Writer leaves TV to create epic fantasy". The Oregonian.
^ Riskind, John S. (July 28, 1996). "Science Fiction & Fantasy". The Washington Post.
^ Eisenstein, Phyllis (August 11, 1996). "Near the frozen north, where dragons awaken". Chicago Sun-Times.
^ Prior, John (September 12, 1995). "Chilling 'Decline' a feminist vision of confrontation between the sexes". San Diego Union-Tribune.
^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. 2019-11-05. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-10. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
External links
A Game of Thrones title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
A Game of Thrones at the Internet Book List
vteGeorge R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones (1996)
A Clash of Kings (1998)
A Storm of Swords (2000)
A Feast for Crows (2005)
A Dance with Dragons (2011)
The Winds of Winter (TBA)
A Dream of Spring (TBD)
Franchise mediaBooks
Tales of Dunk and Egg (1998–2015)
The Princess and the Queen (2013)
The Rogue Prince (2014)
The World of Ice & Fire (2014, co-written by Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson)
The Sons of the Dragon (2017)
Fire & Blood (2018)
The Rise of the Dragon (2022, co-written by García and Antonsson)
TV series
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Awards
Characters
Title sequence
After the Thrones
Thronecast
House of the Dragon
soundtrack
awards and nominations
Music
Soundtracks
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
"Game of Thrones Theme"
"The Rains of Castamere"
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
"Light of the Seven"
"Power Is Power"
"Me Traicionaste"
"Jenny's Song"
Catch the Throne
For the Throne
Live Concert Experience
Video games
A Game of Thrones: Genesis
Game of Thrones (2012)
Game of Thrones Ascent
Game of Thrones (2014)
Reigns: Game of Thrones
Game of Thrones: Winter Is Coming
Game of Thrones: Seven Kingdoms (canceled)
Other games
A Game of Thrones (card game)
Second Edition
A Game of Thrones (board game)
A Game of Thrones (role-playing game)
A Song of Ice and Fire Roleplaying
Battles of Westeros
Comics
A Game of Thrones
A Clash of Kings
Characters
Petyr Baelish
Joffrey Baratheon
Myrcella Baratheon
Renly Baratheon
Robert Baratheon
Stannis Baratheon
Tommen Baratheon
Ramsay Bolton
Roose Bolton
Gregor Clegane
Sandor Clegane
Gendry
Tormund Giantsbane
Theon Greyjoy
Cersei Lannister
Jaime Lannister
Tyrion Lannister
Tywin Lannister
Arianne Martell
Oberyn Martell
Melisandre
Missandei
Jorah Mormont
Daario Naharis
Night King
Osha
Ellaria Sand
Davos Seaworth
Jon Snow
High Sparrow
Arya Stark
Bran Stark
Catelyn Stark
Ned Stark
Rickon Stark
Robb Stark
Sansa Stark
Daenerys Targaryen
Samwell Tarly
Brienne of Tarth
Margaery Tyrell
Olenna Tyrell
Varys
World
Dothraki language
Iron Throne
Valyrian languages
White Walker
Miscellaneous
Fandom
Themes
Targaryendraco
MultiVersus
Category
Outline
vteWorks by George R. R. MartinNovels
Dying of the Light
Windhaven
Fevre Dream
The Armageddon Rag
Hunter's Run
A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones
A Clash of Kings
A Storm of Swords
A Feast for Crows
A Dance with Dragons
The Winds of Winter
Reference
The World of Ice & Fire
Fire & Blood
The Rise of the Dragon
Novellas
A Song for Lya
Sandkings
The Ice Dragon
Nightflyers
The Skin Trade
A Song of Ice and Fire
Tales of Dunk and Egg
The Princess and the Queen
The Rogue Prince
The Sons of the Dragon
Editing
Wild Cards
list of works
Songs of the Dying Earth
Warriors
Songs of Love and Death
Down These Strange Streets
Old Mars
Dangerous Women
Rogues
Old Venus
Short stories
"With Morning Comes Mistfall"
"The Way of Cross and Dragon"
Collections
A Song for Lya
Songs of Stars and Shadows
Sandkings
Songs the Dead Men Sing
Nightflyers
Tuf Voyaging
Portraits of His Children
Quartet: Four Tales from the Crossroads
Dreamsongs: A RRetrospective
TelevisionThe Twilight Zone
"The Last Defender of Camelot"
"The Once and Future King"
"Lost and Found"
"The Toys of Caliban"
"The Road Less Traveled"
Beauty and the Beast
Doorways
Game of Thrones
"The Pointy End"
"Blackwater"
"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"
"The Lion and the Rose"
Other
Nightflyers (film)
Elden Ring (video game)
Category
vteLocus Award for Best Fantasy Novel1970s and 1980s
The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien (1978)
Harpist in the Wind by Patricia A. McKillip (1980)
Lord Valentine's Castle by Robert Silverberg (1981)
The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe (1982)
The Sword of the Lictor by Gene Wolfe (1983)
The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley (1984)
Job: A Comedy of Justice by Robert A. Heinlein (1985)
Trumps of Doom by Roger Zelazny (1986)
Soldier of the Mist by Gene Wolfe (1987)
Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card (1988)
Red Prophet by Orson Scott Card (1989)
1990s
Prentice Alvin by Orson Scott Card (1990)
Tehanu by Ursula K. Le Guin (1991)
Beauty by Sheri S. Tepper (1992)
Last Call by Tim Powers (1993)
The Innkeeper's Song by Peter S. Beagle (1994)
Brittle Innings by Michael Bishop (1995)
Alvin Journeyman by Orson Scott Card (1996)
A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin (1997)
Earthquake Weather by Tim Powers (1998)
A Clash of Kings by George R. R. Martin (1999)
2000s
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling (2000)
A Storm of Swords by George R. R. Martin (2001)
American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002)
The Scar by China Miéville (2003)
Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004)
Iron Council by China Miéville (2005)
Anansi Boys by Neil Gaiman (2006)
The Privilege of the Sword by Ellen Kushner (2007)
Making Money by Terry Pratchett (2008)
Lavinia by Ursula K. Le Guin (2009)
2010s
The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
Kraken by China Miéville (2011)
A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin (2012)
The Apocalypse Codex by Charles Stross (2013)
The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman (2014)
The Goblin Emperor by Katherine Addison (2015)
Uprooted by Naomi Novik (2016)
All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders (2017)
The Stone Sky by N. K. Jemisin (2018)
Spinning Silver by Naomi Novik (2019)
2020s
Middlegame by Seanan McGuire (2020)
The City We Became by N. K. Jemisin (2021)
Jade Legacy by Fonda Lee (2022)
Babel, or the Necessity of Violence by R. F. Kuang (2023)
Best Novel (1971–1981)
Best SF Novel (1980–present)
Best Fantasy Novel (1978–present)
Best First Novel (1981–present)
Best Horror Novel (1989–1997, 1999, 2017–present)
Best Young Adult Book (2003–present)
Best Novella (1973–present)
Best Novelette (1975–present)
Best Short Story (1971–present)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"A Game of Thrones (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"A Song of Ice and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"George R. R. Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin"},{"link_name":"Locus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE-1997-2"},{"link_name":"Nebula Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE-1997-2"},{"link_name":"World Fantasy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE-2004-3"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"Daenerys Targaryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"New York Times Bestseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Bestseller_List"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"points of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_view_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Westeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westeros"},{"link_name":"the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)"},{"link_name":"Targaryens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"several games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_games"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"tie-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-in"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"This article is about the novel. For the TV series, see Game of Thrones. For derivative works of the same name, see A Game of Thrones (disambiguation).A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 6, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award[2] and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award[2] and the 1997 World Fantasy Award.[3] The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011, the novel became a New York Times Bestseller[4] and reached No. 1 on the list in July 2011.[5]In the novel, recounting events from various points of view, Martin introduces the plot-lines of the noble houses of Westeros, the Wall, and the Targaryens. The novel has inspired several spin-off works, including several games. It is also the namesake and basis for the first season of Game of Thrones, an HBO television series that premiered in April 2011. A paperback TV tie-in re-edition was published in March 2013, titled Game of Thrones.[6]","title":"A Game of Thrones"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Game of Thrones follows three principal storylines simultaneously.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Arryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Arryn"},{"link_name":"Robert Baratheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baratheon"},{"link_name":"Eddard \"Ned\" Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddard_Stark"},{"link_name":"Sansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansa_Stark"},{"link_name":"Joffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffrey_Baratheon"},{"link_name":"Lysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysa_Tully"},{"link_name":"Cersei Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cersei_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Bran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran_Stark"},{"link_name":"Jaime Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Winterfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterfell"},{"link_name":"King's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Landing_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)"},{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Stark"},{"link_name":"Catelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catelyn_Stark"},{"link_name":"Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petyr_Baelish"},{"link_name":"Tyrion Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister"},{"link_name":"dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"the Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#The_Vale_of_Arryn"},{"link_name":"Tywin Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywin_Lannister"},{"link_name":"the Riverlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire#The_Riverlands"},{"link_name":"Bronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronn_(character)"},{"link_name":"trial by combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat"},{"link_name":"Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robb_Stark"}],"sub_title":"In the Seven Kingdoms","text":"Upon the death of Lord Jon Arryn, the principal advisor to King Robert Baratheon, Robert recruits his childhood friend Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, now Warden of the North, to replace Arryn as Hand of the King, and to betroth his daughter Sansa to Robert's son Joffrey. Ned accepts the position when he learns that Arryn's widow Lysa believes he was poisoned by Robert's wife Queen Cersei Lannister and her family. Shortly thereafter, Ned's son Bran discovers Cersei having sex with her twin brother Jaime Lannister, who throws Bran from the tower to conceal their affair, leaving him comatose and paralyzing his legs.Ned leaves his castle Winterfell and departs for the capital city, King's Landing, bringing along his daughters Sansa and Arya. Upon arriving in King's Landing to take his post as Hand, Ned finds that Robert is an ineffective king whose only interests are hunting, drinking, and womanizing.At Winterfell, an assassin attempts to kill Bran while he is unconscious, and Ned's wife Catelyn travels to King's Landing to bring word to Ned. Catelyn's childhood friend, Petyr \"Littlefinger\" Baelish, implicates Tyrion Lannister, the dwarf brother of Cersei and Jaime, in the assassination attempt. On the road back to Winterfell, Catelyn encounters Tyrion by chance, arrests him, and takes him to the Vale, where her sister Lysa Arryn is regent, to stand trial for the attempt on Bran's life. In retaliation for Tyrion's abduction, his father Lord Tywin Lannister sends soldiers to raid the Riverlands, Catelyn's home region. Tyrion regains his freedom by recruiting a mercenary named Bronn to defend him in trial by combat.Ned investigates Jon Arryn's death and eventually discovers that Robert's legal heirs, including Joffrey, are in fact Cersei's children by Jaime, and that Jon Arryn was killed to conceal his discovery of their incest. Ned offers Cersei a chance to flee before he informs Robert, but she uses this chance to arrange Robert's death in a hunting “accident” and install Joffrey on the throne. Ned prepares to send his daughters away from King's Landing and enlists Littlefinger's help to challenge Joffrey's claim; but Littlefinger betrays him, resulting in Ned's arrest. Arya escapes the castle, but Sansa is taken hostage by the Lannisters.Ned's eldest son Robb marches his army south in response to his father's arrest, and in order to relieve the threat on the riverlands. To secure a strategically necessary bridge crossing, Catelyn negotiates a marital alliance between Robb and the notoriously unreliable House Frey. Robb defeats a Lannister army in the riverlands, capturing Jaime. Tywin sends Tyrion back to King's Landing to act as Hand of the King to Joffrey. When Ned is executed, Robb's followers declare the north's independence from the Seven Kingdoms, proclaiming Robb \"King in the North\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"},{"link_name":"Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)"},{"link_name":"Night's Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%27s_Watch"},{"link_name":"Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Walker"},{"link_name":"wildlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlings"},{"link_name":"Jon Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)"},{"link_name":"Benjen Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjen_Stark"},{"link_name":"penal colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_colony"},{"link_name":"Samwell Tarly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samwell_Tarly"},{"link_name":"Jeor Mormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeor_Mormont"},{"link_name":"wights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wight"}],"sub_title":"On the Wall","text":"The prologue of the novel introduces the Wall: an ancient barrier of stone, ice, and magic, hundreds of feet high and hundreds of miles long, shielding the Seven Kingdoms from the northern wilderness. The Wall is defended by the Night's Watch: an order of warriors sworn to serve there for life, defending the realm from the fabled Others, an ancient and hostile inhuman race, as well as from the human \"wildlings\" who live north of the Wall.Jon Snow, Ned's bastard son, is inspired by his uncle, Benjen Stark, to join the Night's Watch, but becomes disillusioned when he discovers that its primary function is as a penal colony. Jon unites his fellow recruits against their harsh instructor and protects the cowardly but good-natured and intelligent Samwell Tarly. Jon is appointed steward to the leader of the Watch, Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, making him a potential successor to Mormont. Benjen fails to return from an expedition north of the Wall. Six months later, the dead bodies of two men from his party are recovered; these re-animate as undead wights before being dispatched by Jon.When word of his father's execution reaches Jon, he attempts to join Robb against the Lannisters, but is persuaded to remain loyal to the Watch. Mormont then declares his intention to march north to find Benjen, dead or alive, and to investigate rumors of a \"King-beyond-the-Wall\" uniting the wildlings.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viserys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viserys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Daenerys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Aerys Targaryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Khal Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khal_Drogo"},{"link_name":"Dothraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothraki"},{"link_name":"Jorah Mormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorah_Mormont"},{"link_name":"folk healer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_healer"},{"link_name":"persistent vegetative state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_vegetative_state"}],"sub_title":"Across the Narrow Sea","text":"Across the sea to the east of Westeros live the exiled prince Viserys and princess Daenerys, children of the late \"Mad King\" Aerys Targaryen, who ruled Westeros before being overthrown by Robert Baratheon. Viserys betroths Daenerys to Khal Drogo, a warlord of the nomadic Dothraki people, in exchange for the use of Drogo's army to reclaim the throne of Westeros. Illyrio Mopatis, a wealthy merchant who has been supporting the penniless Targaryens, gives Daenerys three petrified dragon eggs as a wedding gift. Jorah Mormont, a knight exiled from Westeros, joins Viserys as an adviser. Initially terrified of her new husband and his people, Daenerys eventually embraces her role as Drogo's \"khaleesi \". Drogo, however, shows little interest in conquering Westeros, and an impatient Viserys tries to browbeat his sister into coercing Drogo. When Viserys publicly threatens Daenerys and her unborn child, Drogo executes him by pouring molten gold on his head.An assassin seeking King Robert's favor attempts to poison Daenerys, finally convincing Drogo to conquer Westeros. While sacking villages to fund the invasion of Westeros, Drogo is badly wounded, and Daenerys commands the captive folk healer Mirri Maz Duur to save him. The healer, angered by the Dothraki raids against her people, sacrifices Daenerys's unborn child to power the spell to save Drogo's life, which restores Drogo's physical health but leaves him in a persistent vegetative state.With Drogo completely incapacitated and unable to lead, much of the Dothraki army disperses. Daenerys smothers Drogo with a pillow and has Mirri tied to Drogo's funeral pyre. She places her three dragon eggs on the pyre and enters it herself. When the fire burns out, she emerges unharmed, with three newly hatched dragons. Awe-struck, Jorah and the remaining Dothraki swear allegiance to her.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third-person limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_limited_narrative"},{"link_name":"point of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_view_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Night's Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%27s_Watch"},{"link_name":"Eddard \"Ned\" Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddard_%22Ned%22_Stark"},{"link_name":"Winterfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterfell"},{"link_name":"Catelyn Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catelyn_Stark"},{"link_name":"House Tully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Tully"},{"link_name":"Sansa Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansa_Stark"},{"link_name":"Arya Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Stark"},{"link_name":"Bran Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran_Stark"},{"link_name":"Jon Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Snow_(character)"},{"link_name":"Tyrion Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrion_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Queen Cersei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cersei_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Jaime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Tywin Lannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywin_Lannister"},{"link_name":"Daenerys Targaryen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daenerys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Aerys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerys_Targaryen"},{"link_name":"Viserys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viserys_Targaryen"}],"text":"Each chapter concentrates on the third-person limited point of view of a single character; the book presents the perspective of eight main characters. Additionally, a minor character provides the prologue. Chapter headings indicate the perspective.Prologue: Will, a man of the Night's Watch.\nLord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, Warden of the North and Lord of Winterfell, Hand of the King.\nLady Catelyn Stark, of House Tully, wife of Eddard Stark.\nSansa Stark, elder daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.\nArya Stark, younger daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.\nBran Stark, middle son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark.\nJon Snow, illegitimate son of Eddard Stark.\nTyrion Lannister, a dwarf, brother of the twins Queen Cersei and Jaime, son of Lord Tywin Lannister.\nPrincess Daenerys Targaryen, exiled daughter of the former king Aerys and sister of Aerys's heir Viserys.In the later books, certain viewpoint characters are added while others are removed.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRRMIntP2-8"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:A_Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRRMIntP2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Throughout the novel, characters are often faced with decisions that match one redeemable trait against another. The Guardian outlines characters who are frequently \"forced to choose between their love for those close to them and the greater interests of honour, duty and the realm.\"[7] In Westeros, Ned ultimately decides to venture south with Robert, leaving much of his family in Winterfell. At the Wall, Jon wrestles with the predicament of joining his half-brother Robb in rebellion or staying with his sworn brothers in the Night's Watch. Daenerys has issue with the Dothraki treatment of those they conquered in Essos. These conflicts characters encounter oftentimes reflect inconsistent decision making. Catelyn initially is overwhelmed by grief and does not leave Bran's bedside while he is comatose, ignoring her political responsibilities, choosing family over duty. But soon after, Catelyn leaves Bran and her family for King's Landing to inform Ned of potential Lannister treason, effectively displaying a more duty fulfilling role. Family, duty, and honor play major roles in conflicts that arise in the story arc, and qualities traditionally categorized as noble oppose each other in resolution. Character decision conflicts and consequence analysis are particular to how Martin wants to portray fantasy.[8][original research?][neutrality is disputed]Martin characteristically deviates from the traditional fantasy model and clear-cut lines of good versus evil. Martin reflects: \"I think the battle between good and evil is fought largely within the individual human heart, by the decisions that we make. It's not like evil dresses up in black clothing and you know, they're really ugly\".[8] This viewpoint characterizes the book and is evident in the actions of several different families which frequently have conflicts with each other. The Starks' and Lannisters' conflict is a central component of the novel, and the reader receives points of view from both sides. Likewise, Daenerys' storyline develops around the Targaryen's upheaval in Westeros, in which the Starks played a significant role. Martin argues:Having multiple viewpoints is crucial to the grayness of the characters. You have to be able to see the struggle from both sides, because real human beings in a war have all these processes of self-justification, telling ourselves why what we're doing is the right thing.[9]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sage Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Walker"},{"link_name":"Melinda Snodgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Snodgrass"},{"link_name":"Roger Zelazny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Zelazny"},{"link_name":"Jane Lindskold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Lindskold"},{"link_name":"Laura Mixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Mixon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Martin acknowledges several authors who lent their time and expertise during the writing of the novel: Sage Walker, Martin Wright, Melinda Snodgrass, Carl Keim, Bruce Baugh, Tim O'Brien, Roger Zelazny, Jane Lindskold, and Laura Mixon.[10]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRRM_FAQ-11"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Blanvalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanvalet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRRM_FAQ-11"},{"link_name":"Meisha Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meisha_Merlin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRRM_FAQ-11"}],"text":"The HarperCollins/Voyager 1996 edition was the British first edition. Its official publication date was earlier than that of the US Bantam edition, but Bantam went to print several months earlier to hand out copies at the American Booksellers Association (ABA).[11] The novel has been translated into many languages and published in multiple editions in hardcover, paperback, e-book, and audio book form. In different languages, the number of books may not be the same. For Example, for the German Paperback Editions published by Blanvalet and later Penhaligon, the book and the other novels of the series were split in two.[11] In June 2000, Meisha Merlin published a limited edition of the book, fully illustrated by Jeffrey Jones.[11]","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HBO television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"comic book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Game_of_Thrones_(comics)"}],"text":"A Game of Thrones and the subsequent novels in the A Song of Ice and Fire series have been adapted into an HBO television series, a comic book series, several card games, board games, video games, and other media.","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Oregonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"San Diego Union-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"Robert Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jordan"},{"link_name":"The Wheel of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"100 most influential novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_list_of_100_%27most_inspiring%27_novels"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-17"}],"text":"A Game of Thrones has received critical acclaim. Lauren K. Nathan of the Associated Press wrote that the book \"grip[s] the reader from Page One\" and is set in a \"magnificent\" fantasy world that is \"mystical, but still believable.\"[12] Steve Perry told readers of The Oregonian that the plot is \"complex and fascinating\" and the book is \"rich and colorful\" with \"all the elements of a great fantasy novel\".[13] Writing in The Washington Post, John H. Riskind commented that \"many fans of sword-and-sorcery will enjoy the epic scope of this book\" but felt that the book \"suffers from one-dimensional characters and less than memorable imagery.\"[14] Phyllis Eisenstein of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote that, although the book uses many generic fantasy tropes, Martin's approach is \"so refreshingly human and intimate that it transcends them.\" She described it as \"an absorbing combination of the mythic, the sweepingly historical, and the intensely personal.\"[15] John Prior, writing in the San Diego Union-Tribune, called Martin's writing \"strong and imaginative, with plenty of Byzantine intrigue and dynastic struggle\", and compared it to Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time books, \"though much darker, with no comedy or romance to relieve the nastiness.\"[16]On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed A Game of Thrones on its list of the 100 most influential novels.[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Locus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Award"},{"link_name":"World Fantasy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"Nebula Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula_Award"},{"link_name":"Ignotus Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignotus_Award"}],"text":"Locus Award – Best Novel (Fantasy) (Won) – (1997)\nWorld Fantasy Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)\nHugo Award – Best Novella for Blood of the Dragon (Won) – (1997)\nNebula Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)\nIgnotus Award – Best Novel (Foreign) (Won) – (2003)","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Martin, George R.R. \"The Long Game...of Thrones\". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160817124223/http://grrm.livejournal.com/496185.html","url_text":"\"The Long Game...of Thrones\""},{"url":"http://grrm.livejournal.com/496185.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Award Winners & Nominees\". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1997","url_text":"\"1997 Award Winners & Nominees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709212449/http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Award Winners & Nominees\". Worlds Without End. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1997","url_text":"\"2004 Award Winners & Nominees\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709212449/http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1997","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Ihsan (2 January 2011). \"The New York Times Bestseller List\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-01-02/mass-market-paperback/list.html","url_text":"\"The New York Times Bestseller List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110122103947/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-01-02/mass-market-paperback/list.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Ihsan (10 July 2011). \"The New York Times Bestseller List\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html","url_text":"\"The New York Times Bestseller List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124451/http://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2011-07-10/mass-market-paperback/list.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coming Next Month\". George R.R. Martin. February 13, 2013. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217085054/http://grrm.livejournal.com/312483.html","url_text":"\"Coming Next Month\""},{"url":"http://grrm.livejournal.com/312483.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walter, Damien G. (26 July 2011). \"George RR Martin's fantasy is not far from reality\". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2015-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/26/george-r-r-martin-fantasy-reality","url_text":"\"George RR Martin's fantasy is not far from reality\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120409091626/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jul/26/george-r-r-martin-fantasy-reality","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poniewozik, James. \"GRRM Interview Part 2: Fantasy and History\". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 2012-04-27. Retrieved 2015-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.time.com/2011/04/18/grrm-interview-part-2-fantasy-and-history/","url_text":"\"GRRM Interview Part 2: Fantasy and History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427001248/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/04/18/grrm-interview-part-2-fantasy-and-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Locus Online: George R.R. Martin interview excerpts\". www.locusmag.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2015-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.locusmag.com/2005/Issues/11Martin.html","url_text":"\"Locus Online: George R.R. Martin interview excerpts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718064100/http://locusmag.com/2005/Issues/11Martin.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martin, George R. R. (1996). Game of Thrones (2016 Mass Market Tie-in ed.). p. 836.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/agameofthrones_201908","url_text":"Game of Thrones"}]},{"reference":"Martin, George R. R. \"FAQ – George R.R. Martin\". Archived from the original on September 12, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019 – via georgerrmartin.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgerrmartin.com/for-fans/faq/","url_text":"\"FAQ – George R.R. Martin\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190912151930/http://www.georgerrmartin.com/for-fans/faq/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nathan, Lauren K. (November 10, 1996). \"'Game of Thrones' fit for a king\". The Associated Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Perry, Steve (October 13, 1996). \"Writer leaves TV to create epic fantasy\". The Oregonian.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Riskind, John S. (July 28, 1996). \"Science Fiction & Fantasy\". The Washington Post.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eisenstein, Phyllis (August 11, 1996). \"Near the frozen north, where dragons awaken\". Chicago Sun-Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prior, John (September 12, 1995). \"Chilling 'Decline' a feminist vision of confrontation between the sexes\". San Diego Union-Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts\". BBC News. 2019-11-05. Archived from the original on 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-10. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788","url_text":"\"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191108030557/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Mori
|
Nana Mori
|
["1 Biography","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 Radio work","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]
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Japanese actress
Nana Mori森 七菜Born (2001-08-31) August 31, 2001 (age 22)Osaka Prefecture, JapanOccupationsActresssingerYears active2016–presentAgentSony Music Artists
Nana Mori (森 七菜, Mori Nana, born August 31, 2001) is a Japanese actress and singer from Oita Prefecture, Japan.
Biography
Nana was born in Osaka on August 31, 2001 and brought up in Ōita. In 2016, she was scouted by the talent agency ARBRE.
In 2021, she signed a contract with SMA (Sony Music Artists).
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2017
The Anthem of the Heart
Young Natsuki Nitō
2019
Weathering with You
Hina Amano (voice)
Lead role
Tokyo Ghoul S
Yoriko Kosaka
The First Supper
Young Miyako
Hell Girl
Miho Ichikawa
2020
Last Letter
Soyoka Kishibeno / young Yūri
Blue, Painful, Fragile
Mizuki Nishiyama
461 Days of Bento: A Promise Between Father and Son
Hiromi Nishina
2021
Liar × Liar
Minato Takatsuki
Lead role
2023
Insomniacs After School
Isaki Magari
Lead role
Father of the Milky Way Railroad
Toshi Miyazawa
2024
Don't Lose Your Head!
Narrator
April Come She Will
Haru Iyoda
The Parades
Nana
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2017
Tokyo Vampire Hotel
Akari
2019
Mr. Hiiragi's Homeroom
Runa Horibe
Shōnen Torajirō
Satoko
Nippon Noir
Runa Horibe
2020
Yell
Ume Sekiuchi
Asadora
A Warmed Up Love
Kiki Inoue
Lead role
I Had a Dream of That Person
Herself
2021
Tales of the Unusual: Fall 2021
Asuka Miyamoto
Lead role; short drama
2022
Duty and Revenge
Mikako Sawai
The Forbidden Magic
Yurina Kurasaka
Television film
2023
The Makanai: Cooking for the Maiko House
Kiyo
Lead role
Cinderella of Midsummer
Natsumi Aoi
Lead role
Radio work
Year
Title
Network
Notes
Ref(s)
2021–2023
School of Lock!
Tokyo FM
In charge of "Girls Locks!"
Discography
Singles
List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released, sales, and certifications
Title
Year
Peak chartpositions
Sales
Certifications
Album
JPN
JPNHot
"Kaeru no Uta" (カエルノウタ)
2020
26
44
JPN: 2,181 (phy.)
Non-album single
"Smile" (スマイル)
—
61
RIAJ: Silver (st.)
"Shinkai" (深海)
2021
—
—
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work(s)
Result
Ref(s)
2020
74th Mainichi Film Awards
Best New Actress
Hell Girl
Nominated
14th Seiyu Awards
Best Rookie Actress
Weathering with You
Won
45th Hochi Film Awards
Best New Artist
Last Letter
Nominated
33rd Nikkan Sports Film Awards
Best Newcomer
Last Letter and others
Nominated
2021
42nd Yokohama Film Festival
Best Newcomer
Won
75th Mainichi Film Awards
Best New Actress
Last Letter
Nominated
63rd Blue Ribbon Awards
Best Newcomer
Nominated
44th Japan Academy Film Prize
Newcomer of the Year
Won
45th Elan d'or Awards
Newcomer of the Year
Herself
Won
46th Hochi Film Awards
Best Actress
Liar × Liar
Nominated
Best New Artist
Nominated
References
^ "令和初の高校サッカー選手権、『3年A組』出演の女優・森七菜が応援マネージャーに就任". Gekisaka. 7 November 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "森七菜インタビュー 巨匠たちを惹きつける純粋さ、聡明さ、心の穴". Cinra.net. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^ "森七菜、SMAとエージェント業務提携「皆様に笑顔を届けられるよう努力してまいります」". Oricon. 24 January 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ a b c "『3年A組』森七菜、オーディションに強い注目の新人 電脳少女役で話題ル". Crank-in. 3 March 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "天気の子". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "東京喰種 トーキョーグール【S】". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "最初の晩餐". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "地獄少女". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "ラストレター". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "吉沢亮×杉咲花W主演作「青くて痛くて脆い」に岡山天音、松本穂香、清水尋也ら出演". Natalie. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
^ "井ノ原快彦主演『461個のおべんとう』に森七菜、KREVA、坂井真紀ら出演". cinra.net. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
^ "SixTONES・松村北斗×森七菜W主演『ライアー×ライアー』映画化決定". Crank-in!. 23 June 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
^ "森七菜×奥平大兼「君は放課後インソムニア」実写映画化 原作の舞台、石川県七尾市で撮影 23年公開". eiga.com. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
^ "役所広司主演『銀河鉄道の父』映画化 菅田将暉が坊主頭で宮沢賢治役 森七菜が妹に". Oricon. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ "身代わり忠臣蔵". eiga.com. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
^ "佐藤健、長澤まさみ、森七菜が映画「四月になれば彼女は」で共演 公開日は来年3月29日". Natalie. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
^ "パレード". eiga.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ "『少年寅次郎』森七菜さん出演決定！". NHK. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "３年Ａ組が再び！森七菜らニッポンノワール出演". Nikkan Sports. 6 December 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
^ "次期朝ドラ『エール』二階堂ふみの家族役に薬師丸ひろ子、松井玲奈、森七菜ら". Oricon. 9 October 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
^ "森七菜、TBSドラマ「この恋あたためますか」に主演！ 中村倫也との"甘い恋"に挑戦". eiga.com. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
^ "あのコの夢を見たんです。:次回ヒロインは森七菜 予告映像に「今から楽しみ」と期待の声". Oricon. 12 October 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
^ "森七菜『世にも奇妙な物語』初出演で主演「少し勇気を出して演じました」". Oricon. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ "森七菜:「恋あた」以来の連ドラ出演 「逃亡医F」で駆け出し海洋観測士役 成田凌を「追いかけます！」". Mantan-web. 10 December 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
^ "村上虹郎、森七菜ら、福山雅治主演『ガリレオ』新作SPドラマ出演 シリーズおなじみの面々も". Crank-in!. 3 August 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
^ "「舞妓さんちのまかないさん」Netflixでドラマ化！監督は是枝裕和、森七菜＆出口夏希のW主演". Natalie. January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
^ "森七菜&間宮祥太朗が月9W初主演 男女8人の恋愛群像劇、神尾楓珠&吉川愛ら主要キャストも発表". Oricon. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
^ "森七菜がラジオ番組卒業「最後はスマイルでお別れできたら」". Narinari.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
^ "森七菜のシングル売上ランキング" (in Japanese). Oricon. May 30, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
^ Sources for chart positions are as follows:
"Kaeru no Uta": "Hot 100 " (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. January 27, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
"Smile": "Hot 100 " (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ "週間 シングルランキング 2020年01月27日付" (in Japanese). Oricon ME. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
^ "Japanese single streaming certifications – Yoasobi – スマイル" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved May 31, 2021. Select 2021年4月 on the drop-down menu
^ "森七菜の新曲はYOASOBI・Ayaseプロデュースの「深海」". Natalie. 9 August 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
^ "毎日映画コンクールノミネート 成田凌、松岡茉優、シム・ウンギョン、主演助演Wで候補". Sponichi. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
^ "『天気の子』醍醐虎汰朗&森七菜、声優アワード新人賞に感謝のコメント". Oricon. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
^ "【報知映画賞】主演男優賞の二宮和也など「浅田家！」が最多8ノミネート". Sports Hochi. 17 November 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^ "日刊スポーツ映画大賞ノミネート発表". Nikkan Sports. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
^ "日スポ映画大賞で「罪の声」が作品賞に、石原裕次郎新人賞は岡田健史". Natalie. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ "第42回ヨコハマ映画祭". Yokohama Film Festival. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
^ "最多は『スパイの妻』！第75回毎日映画コンクールノミネート発表". Cinematoday. 22 December 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "嵐・二宮和也主演の「浅田家!」が最多5部門でノミネート「第63回ブルーリボン賞」各部門候補を発表". The Chunichi Shimbun. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
^ "『日本アカデミー賞』優秀主演男優賞 草なぎ剛・二宮和也・小栗旬・佐藤浩市・菅田将暉が受賞". Oricon. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ "エランドール新人賞に上白石萌音、浜辺美波、森七菜、賀来賢人ら コロナ禍で授賞式は中止". Sponichi. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
^ "第46回報知映画賞ノミネート決定". PR Times. 13 November 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
^ "報知映画賞の作品賞は「護られなかった者たちへ」、木村拓哉と永野芽郁が主演賞". Natalie. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
External links
Official agency profile (in Japanese)
Nana Mori at IMDb
vteSeiyu Award for Best Rookie ActorBest Rookie Actor (2007–2022)
Tetsuya Kakihara / Masakazu Morita (2007)
Wataru Hatano / Tsubasa Yonaga (2008)
Yuki Kaji / Nobuhiko Okamoto (2009)
Atsushi Abe / Tomoaki Maeno (2010)
Koki Uchiyama (2011)
Takuya Eguchi / Yoshitsugu Matsuoka (2012)
Nobunaga Shimazaki / Kazutomi Yamamoto (2013)
Kaito Ishikawa / Daiki Yamashita (2014)
Natsuki Hanae / Ryōta Ōsaka / Soma Saito (2015)
Ayumu Murase / Shunsuke Takeuchi / Yūichirō Umehara (2016)
Setsuo Itō / Yūsuke Kobayashi / Yuma Uchida (2017)
Shun Horie / Koutaro Nishiyama / Taku Yashiro (2018)
Kōhei Amasaki / Mark Ishii / Fukushi Ochiai / Shugo Nakamura (2019)
Kotaro Daigo / Katsumi Fukuhara / Gakuto Kajiwara / Takeo Ōtsuka / Shōgo Yano (2020)
Masahiro Itō / Chiaki Kobayashi / Shimba Tsuchiya (2021)
Aoi Ichikawa / Reiji Kawashima / Gen Satō (2022)
Best Rookie Actress (2007–2022)
Aya Hirano / Yui Kano (2007)
Emiri Katō / Yū Kobayashi (2008)
Kana Asumi / Haruka Tomatsu (2009)
Kanae Itō / Aki Toyosaki (2010)
Hisako Kanemoto / Satomi Satō (2011)
Ai Kayano / Shiori Mikami (2012)
Kaori Ishihara / Rumi Okubo (2013)
Maaya Uchida (2014)
Sora Amamiya / Aya Suzaki / Reina Ueda (2015)
Rie Takahashi / Aimi Tanaka / Sumire Uesaka (2016)
Ari Ozawa / Sayaka Senbongi / Minami Tanaka (2017)
Yui Fukuo / Ayaka Nanase (2018)
Coco Hayashi / Kaede Hondo / Rina Honnizumi / Tomori Kusunoki / Manaka Iwami (2019)
Madoka Asahina / Miho Okasaki / Miyuri Shimabukuro / Sayumi Suzushiro / Fairouz Ai / Nana Mori (2020)
Rin Aira / Kana Ichinose / Riho Sugiyama / Natsumi Fujiwara / Azumi Waki (2021)
Kanata Aikawa / Hikaru Akao / Nene Hieda / Hinaki Yano (2022)
Best Rookie Actor† (2023–present)
Shūichirō Umeda / Hina Suguta / Anna Nagase / Minami Hinata / Shion Wakayama (2023)
Yurie Igoma / Yuki Sakakihara / Kikunosuke Toya / Nanoka Hara / Hina Yōmiya (2024)
† From 2023 (17th Seiyu Awards) onwards, the Actor/Actress Categories are merged as "Best Actor" with no gender distinction.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oita Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nana Mori (森 七菜, Mori Nana, born August 31, 2001) is a Japanese actress and singer from Oita Prefecture, Japan.[1]","title":"Nana Mori"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ōita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nana was born in Osaka on August 31, 2001[2] and brought up in Ōita. In 2016, she was scouted by the talent agency ARBRE.In 2021, she signed a contract with SMA (Sony Music Artists).[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"令和初の高校サッカー選手権、『3年A組』出演の女優・森七菜が応援マネージャーに就任\". Gekisaka. 7 November 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.gekisaka.jp/news/detail/?289670-289670-fl","url_text":"\"令和初の高校サッカー選手権、『3年A組』出演の女優・森七菜が応援マネージャーに就任\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜インタビュー 巨匠たちを惹きつける純粋さ、聡明さ、心の穴\". Cinra.net. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinra.net/interview/202001-morinana_yjmyk","url_text":"\"森七菜インタビュー 巨匠たちを惹きつける純粋さ、聡明さ、心の穴\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜、SMAとエージェント業務提携「皆様に笑顔を届けられるよう努力してまいります」\". Oricon. 24 January 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2182651/full/","url_text":"\"森七菜、SMAとエージェント業務提携「皆様に笑顔を届けられるよう努力してまいります」\""}]},{"reference":"\"『3年A組』森七菜、オーディションに強い注目の新人 電脳少女役で話題ル\". Crank-in. 3 March 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crank-in.net/column/63026/1","url_text":"\"『3年A組』森七菜、オーディションに強い注目の新人 電脳少女役で話題ル\""}]},{"reference":"\"天気の子\". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/90444/","url_text":"\"天気の子\""}]},{"reference":"\"東京喰種 トーキョーグール【S】\". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/89829/","url_text":"\"東京喰種 トーキョーグール【S】\""}]},{"reference":"\"最初の晩餐\". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/91452/","url_text":"\"最初の晩餐\""}]},{"reference":"\"地獄少女\". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/89791/","url_text":"\"地獄少女\""}]},{"reference":"\"ラストレター\". eiga.com. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/89607/","url_text":"\"ラストレター\""}]},{"reference":"\"吉沢亮×杉咲花W主演作「青くて痛くて脆い」に岡山天音、松本穂香、清水尋也ら出演\". Natalie. Retrieved April 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/375408","url_text":"\"吉沢亮×杉咲花W主演作「青くて痛くて脆い」に岡山天音、松本穂香、清水尋也ら出演\""}]},{"reference":"\"井ノ原快彦主演『461個のおべんとう』に森七菜、KREVA、坂井真紀ら出演\". cinra.net. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinra.net/news/20200417-461obento","url_text":"\"井ノ原快彦主演『461個のおべんとう』に森七菜、KREVA、坂井真紀ら出演\""}]},{"reference":"\"SixTONES・松村北斗×森七菜W主演『ライアー×ライアー』映画化決定\". Crank-in!. 23 June 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crank-in.net/news/77831/1","url_text":"\"SixTONES・松村北斗×森七菜W主演『ライアー×ライアー』映画化決定\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜×奥平大兼「君は放課後インソムニア」実写映画化 原作の舞台、石川県七尾市で撮影 23年公開\". eiga.com. Retrieved September 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/news/20220907/6/","url_text":"\"森七菜×奥平大兼「君は放課後インソムニア」実写映画化 原作の舞台、石川県七尾市で撮影 23年公開\""}]},{"reference":"\"役所広司主演『銀河鉄道の父』映画化 菅田将暉が坊主頭で宮沢賢治役 森七菜が妹に\". Oricon. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2249921/full/","url_text":"\"役所広司主演『銀河鉄道の父』映画化 菅田将暉が坊主頭で宮沢賢治役 森七菜が妹に\""}]},{"reference":"\"身代わり忠臣蔵\". eiga.com. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/99885/","url_text":"\"身代わり忠臣蔵\""}]},{"reference":"\"佐藤健、長澤まさみ、森七菜が映画「四月になれば彼女は」で共演 公開日は来年3月29日\". Natalie. Retrieved July 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/534137","url_text":"\"佐藤健、長澤まさみ、森七菜が映画「四月になれば彼女は」で共演 公開日は来年3月29日\""}]},{"reference":"\"パレード\". eiga.com. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/movie/101156/","url_text":"\"パレード\""}]},{"reference":"\"『少年寅次郎』森七菜さん出演決定！\". NHK. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210504033609/https://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/20000/414065.html","url_text":"\"『少年寅次郎』森七菜さん出演決定！\""},{"url":"https://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/20000/414065.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"３年Ａ組が再び！森七菜らニッポンノワール出演\". Nikkan Sports. 6 December 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/m/entertainment/news/amp/201912060000012.html","url_text":"\"３年Ａ組が再び！森七菜らニッポンノワール出演\""}]},{"reference":"\"次期朝ドラ『エール』二階堂ふみの家族役に薬師丸ひろ子、松井玲奈、森七菜ら\". Oricon. 9 October 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2146219/full/","url_text":"\"次期朝ドラ『エール』二階堂ふみの家族役に薬師丸ひろ子、松井玲奈、森七菜ら\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜、TBSドラマ「この恋あたためますか」に主演！ 中村倫也との\"甘い恋\"に挑戦\". eiga.com. Retrieved September 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiga.com/news/20200905/2/","url_text":"\"森七菜、TBSドラマ「この恋あたためますか」に主演！ 中村倫也との\"甘い恋\"に挑戦\""}]},{"reference":"\"あのコの夢を見たんです。:次回ヒロインは森七菜 予告映像に「今から楽しみ」と期待の声\". Oricon. 12 October 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20201012dog00m200073000c.html","url_text":"\"あのコの夢を見たんです。:次回ヒロインは森七菜 予告映像に「今から楽しみ」と期待の声\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜『世にも奇妙な物語』初出演で主演「少し勇気を出して演じました」\". Oricon. Retrieved October 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2209485/full/","url_text":"\"森七菜『世にも奇妙な物語』初出演で主演「少し勇気を出して演じました」\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜:「恋あた」以来の連ドラ出演 「逃亡医F」で駆け出し海洋観測士役 成田凌を「追いかけます！」\". Mantan-web. 10 December 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mantan-web.jp/article/20211209dog00m200040000c.html","url_text":"\"森七菜:「恋あた」以来の連ドラ出演 「逃亡医F」で駆け出し海洋観測士役 成田凌を「追いかけます！」\""}]},{"reference":"\"村上虹郎、森七菜ら、福山雅治主演『ガリレオ』新作SPドラマ出演 シリーズおなじみの面々も\". Crank-in!. 3 August 2022. Retrieved August 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crank-in.net/news/111851/1","url_text":"\"村上虹郎、森七菜ら、福山雅治主演『ガリレオ』新作SPドラマ出演 シリーズおなじみの面々も\""}]},{"reference":"\"「舞妓さんちのまかないさん」Netflixでドラマ化！監督は是枝裕和、森七菜＆出口夏希のW主演\". Natalie. January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/comic/news/460725","url_text":"\"「舞妓さんちのまかないさん」Netflixでドラマ化！監督は是枝裕和、森七菜＆出口夏希のW主演\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜&間宮祥太朗が月9W初主演 男女8人の恋愛群像劇、神尾楓珠&吉川愛ら主要キャストも発表\". Oricon. Retrieved May 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2279247/full/","url_text":"\"森七菜&間宮祥太朗が月9W初主演 男女8人の恋愛群像劇、神尾楓珠&吉川愛ら主要キャストも発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜がラジオ番組卒業「最後はスマイルでお別れできたら」\". Narinari.com. Retrieved April 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.narinari.com/Nd/20230277621.html","url_text":"\"森七菜がラジオ番組卒業「最後はスマイルでお別れできたら」\""}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜のシングル売上ランキング\" [Nana Mori Singles Ranking] (in Japanese). Oricon. May 30, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/748261/rank/single/","url_text":"\"森七菜のシングル売上ランキング\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100 [ 2020/01/27 公開]\" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. January 27, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2020&month=01&day=27","url_text":"\"Hot 100 [ 2020/01/27 公開]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan","url_text":"Billboard Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot 100 [ 2020/11/11 公開]\" (in Japanese). Billboard Japan. November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2020&month=11&day=16","url_text":"\"Hot 100 [ 2020/11/11 公開]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Japan","url_text":"Billboard Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"週間 シングルランキング 2020年01月27日付\" [Weekly Single Ranking January 27, 2020] (in Japanese). Oricon ME. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025247/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2020-01-27/p/3/","url_text":"\"週間 シングルランキング 2020年01月27日付\""},{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/w/2020-01-27/p/3/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese single streaming certifications – Yoasobi – スマイル\" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved May 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaj.or.jp/f/data/cert/st.html","url_text":"\"Japanese single streaming certifications – Yoasobi – スマイル\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_Japan","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"森七菜の新曲はYOASOBI・Ayaseプロデュースの「深海」\". Natalie. 9 August 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/music/news/440181","url_text":"\"森七菜の新曲はYOASOBI・Ayaseプロデュースの「深海」\""}]},{"reference":"\"毎日映画コンクールノミネート 成田凌、松岡茉優、シム・ウンギョン、主演助演Wで候補\". Sponichi. Retrieved December 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2019/12/20/kiji/20191220s00041000118000c.html","url_text":"\"毎日映画コンクールノミネート 成田凌、松岡茉優、シム・ウンギョン、主演助演Wで候補\""}]},{"reference":"\"『天気の子』醍醐虎汰朗&森七菜、声優アワード新人賞に感謝のコメント\". Oricon. Retrieved September 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2157097/full/","url_text":"\"『天気の子』醍醐虎汰朗&森七菜、声優アワード新人賞に感謝のコメント\""}]},{"reference":"\"【報知映画賞】主演男優賞の二宮和也など「浅田家！」が最多8ノミネート\". Sports Hochi. 17 November 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hochi.news/articles/20201117-OHT1T50022.html","url_text":"\"【報知映画賞】主演男優賞の二宮和也など「浅田家！」が最多8ノミネート\""}]},{"reference":"\"日刊スポーツ映画大賞ノミネート発表\". Nikkan Sports. Retrieved November 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/award/ns-cinema/","url_text":"\"日刊スポーツ映画大賞ノミネート発表\""}]},{"reference":"\"日スポ映画大賞で「罪の声」が作品賞に、石原裕次郎新人賞は岡田健史\". Natalie. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/410627","url_text":"\"日スポ映画大賞で「罪の声」が作品賞に、石原裕次郎新人賞は岡田健史\""}]},{"reference":"\"第42回ヨコハマ映画祭\". Yokohama Film Festival. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_language
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SAS language
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["1 History","2 Language","2.1 Syntax","2.2 SAS macro language","3 Software","4 Uses","4.1 Machine learning","4.2 Data mining and warehousing","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Programming languageSASParadigmMulti-paradigm: Data-driven, Procedural programmingDesigned byAnthony James BarrDeveloperSAS InstituteFirst appeared1976; 48 years ago (1976)OSWindows and macOSLicenseProprietary commercial softwareFilename extensions.sasWebsitesas.com/en_us/software/base-sas.html
The SAS language is a fourth-generation computer programming language used for statistical analysis, created by Anthony James Barr at North Carolina State University. Its primary applications include data mining and machine learning. The SAS language runs under compilers such as the SAS System that can be used on Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX and mainframe computers.
History
Main article: SAS Institute § History
SAS was developed in the 1960s by Anthony James Barr, who built its fundamental structure, and SAS Institute CEO James Goodnight, who developed a number of features including analysis procedures. The language is currently developed and sponsored by the SAS Institute, of which Goodnight is founder and CEO.
Language
Base SAS is a fourth-generation procedural programming language designed for the statistical analysis of data. It is Turing-complete and domain specific, with many of the attributes of a command language. As an interpreted language, it is generally parsed, compiled, and executed step by step. The SAS system was originally a single instruction, single data (SISD) engine, but single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) and multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) functionality was later added. Most base SAS code can be ported between versions, but some are functions and parameters are specific to certain operating systems and interfaces.
All SAS programs are written within the SAS language, although some packages use menu-driven graphical user interfaces on the front-end. Various SAS editors use color coding to identify components like step boundaries, keywords and constants. It can read in data from common spreadsheets and databases and output the results of statistical analyses in tables, graphs, and as RTF, HTML and PDF documents.
Syntax
The language consists of two main types of blocks: DATA blocks and PROC blocks. DATA blocks can be used to read and manipulate input data, and create data sets. PROC blocks are used to perform analyses and operations on these data sets, sort data, and output results in the form of descriptive statistics, tables, results, charts and plots. PROC SQL can be used to work with SQL syntax within SAS.
Users can input both numeric and character data into base SAS. SAS statements must begin with a reserve keyword end with ; but the language is otherwise flexible in terms of formatting and most statements are case insensitive. SAS statements can continue across multiple lines and do not require indenting, although indents can improve readability. Comments are delimited by /* and */.
A standard SAS program typically entails the definition of data, the creation of a data set, and the performance of procedures such as analysis on that data set. SAS scripts have the .sas extension.
A simple example of SAS code is the following
* COMMENT;
Data TEMP;
input X Y Z;
datalines;
1 2 3
5 6 7
;
run;
PROC PRINT DATA = TEMP;
RUN;
SAS macro language
The SAS macro language is made available within base SAS software to reduce the amount of code, and create code generators for building more versatile and flexible programs. The macro language can used for functionalities as simple as symbolic substitution and as complex as dynamic programming. SAS macro is considered to be a rich language, although its overall syntax is very similar to that of base SAS. The names of macro variables in SAS are usually preceded by &, while macro program statements are usually preceded by %.
Software
Main article: SAS (software)
SAS Institute develops a number of tools and software suites, also called SAS, which are used for creating programs in the language. These suites include JMP, SAS Viya, SAS Enterprise Guide and SAS Enterprise Miner. In 2002, World Programming also developed software that allows the execution of most SAS scripts.
Uses
The SAS language is used as a standard in many industries, and was ranked #22 on the TIOBE index in February 2024. It is especially widely used for machine learning, data mining, and data warehousing in the finance, insurance, manufacturing, health care and pharmaceutical industries. It has a high level of documentation and community support, which has contributed to its uptake.
Machine learning
SAS is used for preparing input data, and building and optimizing machine learning algorithms. Various models, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), convolutional neural networks and deep learning models, are developed and trained in SAS. These are applied to areas such as computer vision and fraud detection. SAS has also been noted for its applications in the area of decision intelligence.
Data mining and warehousing
While SAS was originally developed for data analysis, it became an important language for data storage. SAS is one of the primary languages used for data mining in business intelligence and statistics. According to Gartner's Magic Quadrant and Forrester Research, the SAS Institute is one of the largest vendors of data mining software.
See also
List of statistical packages
Comparison of statistical packages
SAS Institute Inc v World Programming Ltd
Notes
^ SAS History, SAS Institute, archived from the original on 2013-10-23, retrieved April 4, 2014
^ Barr & Goodnight, et al. 1976:"The SAS Staff". Attribution of contributions to SAS 72 and SAS 76.
^ a b Chambers, Michele; Dinsmore, Thomas W. (2015). Advanced Analytics Methodologies: Driving Business Value with Analytics. Pearson Education. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-13-349860-8.
^ Agresti, Alan; Meng, Xiao-Li (2012-11-02). Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4614-3649-2.
^ a b Wahi, Monika (2020-10-16). Mastering SAS Programming for Data Warehousing: An advanced programming guide to designing and managing Data Warehouses using SAS. Packt Publishing Ltd. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-1-78953-118-3.
^ "Pampering The Customers, Pampering The Employees". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
^ "SAS Help Center". documentation.sas.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
^ a b c Carpenter, Art (2016-08-25). Carpenter's Complete Guide to the SAS Macro Language, Third Edition. SAS Institute. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-1-62960-237-0.
^ a b Bequet, Henry (2018-07-20). Deep Learning for Numerical Applications with SAS. SAS Institute. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-63526-677-1.
^ Hughes, Troy Martin (2016-08-24). SAS Data Analytic Development: Dimensions of Software Quality. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-1-119-25570-3.
^ Delwiche, Lora D.; Slaughter, Susan J. (2019-10-11). The Little SAS Book: A Primer, Sixth Edition. SAS Institute. ISBN 978-1-64295-343-5.
^ Elliott, Alan C.; Woodward, Wayne A. (2015-08-18). SAS Essentials: Mastering SAS for Data Analytics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-119-04218-1.
^ Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 151–157. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.
^ a b Bass, N. Jyoti; Solutions, K. Madhavi Lata & Kogent (2007). Base Sas Programming Black Book, 2007 Ed. Dreamtech Press. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-81-7722-769-7.
^ Chambers, Michele; Dinsmore, Thomas W. (2015). Advanced Analytics Methodologies: Driving Business Value with Analytics. Pearson Education. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-13-349860-8.
^ Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51–58. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.
^ a b c d Anderson, Raymond A. (2022). Credit Intelligence and Modelling: Many Paths Through the Forest of Credit Rating and Scoring. Oxford University Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-0-19-284419-4.
^ a b c Bass, N. Jyoti; Solutions, K. Madhavi Lata & Kogent (2007). Base Sas Programming Black Book, 2007 Ed. Dreamtech Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-81-7722-769-7.
^ Delwiche, Lora D.; Slaughter, Susan J. (2019-10-11). The Little SAS Book: A Primer, Sixth Edition. SAS Institute. ISBN 978-1-64295-343-5.
^ a b Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.
^ "Introduction to SAS Macro Language". stats.oarc.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
^ Stalla, Alessio (2022-04-20). "Challenges in Parsing Legacy Languages: The Case of SAS Macros". Strumenta. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
^ "TIOBE Index". TIOBE. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
^ a b c Dean, Jared (2014-05-07). Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning: Value Creation for Business Leaders and Practitioners. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-118-92070-1.
^ Kolosova, Tanya; Berestizhevsky, Samuel (2020-09-21). Supervised Machine Learning: Optimization Framework and Applications with SAS and R. CRC Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-000-17681-0.
^ Bequet, Henry (2018-07-20). Deep Learning for Numerical Applications with SAS. SAS Institute. pp. 8–14. ISBN 978-1-63526-677-1.
^ Blanchard, Robert (2020-06-12). Deep Learning for Computer Vision with SAS: An Introduction. SAS Institute. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-64295-917-8.
^ "Forrester Reprint". reprints2.forrester.com. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
^ Shmueli, Galit; Bruce, Peter C.; Gedeck, Peter; Patel, Nitin R. (2019-10-14). Data Mining for Business Analytics: Concepts, Techniques and Applications in Python. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-54985-7.
References
"Overview of the SAS Language". Department of Animal Science, McGill University. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Barr, A. J.; Goodnight, J. H.; Sall, J. P.; Helwig, J. T. (1976), A User's Guide to SAS 76, Raleigh, North Carolina: SAS Institute, Inc., ISBN 0-917382-01-3
External links
Learn SAS Programming
comp.soft-sys.sas at Google Groups.
UK High Court Judgement on SAS Language
Sasopedia / SAS Language elements
SAS whitepaper search
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"Anthony James Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Barr"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"compilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"SAS System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_System"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"mainframe computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"}],"text":"The SAS language is a fourth-generation computer programming language used for statistical analysis, created by Anthony James Barr at North Carolina State University.[1][2] Its primary applications include data mining and machine learning. The SAS language runs under compilers such as the SAS System that can be used on Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX and mainframe computers.[3]","title":"SAS language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony James Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_James_Barr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"SAS Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Institute"},{"link_name":"James Goodnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goodnight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-5"},{"link_name":"SAS Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS_Institute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"SAS was developed in the 1960s by Anthony James Barr, who built its fundamental structure, [4] and SAS Institute CEO James Goodnight, who developed a number of features including analysis procedures.[5] The language is currently developed and sponsored by the SAS Institute, of which Goodnight is founder and CEO.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fourth-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language"},{"link_name":"procedural programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Turing-complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing-complete"},{"link_name":"command language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_language"},{"link_name":"interpreted language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"single instruction, single data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data"},{"link_name":"single instruction, multiple data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data"},{"link_name":"multiple instruction, multiple data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"graphical user interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfaces"},{"link_name":"front-end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-end_web_development"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"RTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Text_Format"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Base SAS is a fourth-generation procedural programming language designed for the statistical analysis of data.[7] It is Turing-complete and domain specific, with many of the attributes of a command language. As an interpreted language, it is generally parsed, compiled, and executed step by step.[8] The SAS system was originally a single instruction, single data (SISD) engine, but single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) and multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) functionality was later added.[9] Most base SAS code can be ported between versions, but some are functions and parameters are specific to certain operating systems and interfaces.[10]All SAS programs are written within the SAS language, although some packages use menu-driven graphical user interfaces on the front-end.[11] Various SAS editors use color coding to identify components like step boundaries, keywords and constants.[12] It can read in data from common spreadsheets and databases and output the results of statistical analyses in tables, graphs, and as RTF, HTML and PDF documents.[13]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-18"},{"link_name":"case insensitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_insensitive"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-18"}],"sub_title":"Syntax","text":"The language consists of two main types of blocks: DATA blocks and PROC blocks.[14] DATA blocks can be used to read and manipulate input data, and create data sets. PROC blocks are used to perform analyses and operations on these data sets, sort data, and output results in the form of descriptive statistics, tables, results, charts and plots.[15][16] PROC SQL can be used to work with SQL syntax within SAS.[17]Users can input both numeric and character data into base SAS. SAS statements must begin with a reserve keyword end with ;[18] but the language is otherwise flexible in terms of formatting and most statements are case insensitive.[19] SAS statements can continue across multiple lines and do not require indenting, although indents can improve readability.[18] Comments are delimited by /* and */.[20]A standard SAS program typically entails the definition of data, the creation of a data set, and the performance of procedures such as analysis on that data set.[18] SAS scripts have the .sas extension.A simple example of SAS code is the following* COMMENT;\nData TEMP;\n input X Y Z;\n datalines;\n1 2 3\n5 6 7\n;\nrun;\n\nPROC PRINT DATA = TEMP;\nRUN;","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"macro language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_language"},{"link_name":"code generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"dynamic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"SAS macro language","text":"The SAS macro language is made available within base SAS software to reduce the amount of code, and create code generators for building more versatile and flexible programs.[21] The macro language can used for functionalities as simple as symbolic substitution and as complex as dynamic programming.[8] SAS macro is considered to be a rich language,[22] although its overall syntax is very similar to that of base SAS. The names of macro variables in SAS are usually preceded by &, while macro program statements are usually preceded by %.[8]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"World Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Programming"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"SAS Institute develops a number of tools and software suites, also called SAS, which are used for creating programs in the language. These suites include JMP, SAS Viya, SAS Enterprise Guide and SAS Enterprise Miner.[3][9][17] In 2002, World Programming also developed software that allows the execution of most SAS scripts.[17]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"TIOBE index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIOBE_index"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"},{"link_name":"data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"data warehousing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehousing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"}],"text":"The SAS language is used as a standard in many industries,[17] and was ranked #22 on the TIOBE index in February 2024.[23] It is especially widely used for machine learning,[24] data mining, and data warehousing in the finance, insurance, manufacturing, health care and pharmaceutical industries.[14] It has a high level of documentation and community support,[20] which has contributed to its uptake.[24]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"artificial neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks"},{"link_name":"convolutional neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks"},{"link_name":"deep learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"computer vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision"},{"link_name":"fraud detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud_detection"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"decision intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Machine learning","text":"SAS is used for preparing input data, and building and optimizing machine learning algorithms.[25] Various models, such as artificial neural networks (ANN), convolutional neural networks and deep learning models, are developed and trained in SAS.[26] These are applied to areas such as computer vision and fraud detection.[27] SAS has also been noted for its applications in the area of decision intelligence.[28]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner"},{"link_name":"Magic Quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Quadrant"},{"link_name":"Forrester Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrester_Research"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-24"}],"sub_title":"Data mining and warehousing","text":"While SAS was originally developed for data analysis, it became an important language for data storage.[5] SAS is one of the primary languages used for data mining in business intelligence and statistics.[29] According to Gartner's Magic Quadrant and Forrester Research, the SAS Institute is one of the largest vendors of data mining software.[24]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"SAS History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131023182559/http://www.sas.com/company/about/history.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sas.com/company/about/history.html#s1=2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:3_3-1"},{"link_name":"Advanced Analytics Methodologies: Driving Business Value with Analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sJlhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203&dq=sas+language+developed&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT-OeehuyEAxUDjokEHYggC5E4MhDoAXoECA4QAg#v=onepage&q=sas%20language%20developed&f=false"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-349860-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-349860-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. 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SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ng9mDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sas+language+machine+learning+applications&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHov6K9PCEAxUBrYkEHW-4CFUQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=sas&f=false"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-63526-677-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63526-677-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Deep Learning for Computer Vision with SAS: An 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Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z7G2DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=data+mining+for+business&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjumdzn__CEAxWCrYkEHSfSAlsQ6AF6BAgNEAI#v=onepage&q=data%20mining%20for%20business&f=false"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-119-54985-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-54985-7"}],"text":"^ SAS History, SAS Institute, archived from the original on 2013-10-23, retrieved April 4, 2014\n\n^ Barr & Goodnight, et al. 1976:\"The SAS Staff\". Attribution of contributions to SAS 72 and SAS 76.\n\n^ a b Chambers, Michele; Dinsmore, Thomas W. (2015). Advanced Analytics Methodologies: Driving Business Value with Analytics. Pearson Education. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-13-349860-8.\n\n^ Agresti, Alan; Meng, Xiao-Li (2012-11-02). Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U. S. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4614-3649-2.\n\n^ a b Wahi, Monika (2020-10-16). Mastering SAS Programming for Data Warehousing: An advanced programming guide to designing and managing Data Warehouses using SAS. Packt Publishing Ltd. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-1-78953-118-3.\n\n^ \"Pampering The Customers, Pampering The Employees\". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-04-29.\n\n^ \"SAS Help Center\". documentation.sas.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.\n\n^ a b c Carpenter, Art (2016-08-25). Carpenter's Complete Guide to the SAS Macro Language, Third Edition. SAS Institute. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-1-62960-237-0.\n\n^ a b Bequet, Henry (2018-07-20). Deep Learning for Numerical Applications with SAS. SAS Institute. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-63526-677-1.\n\n^ Hughes, Troy Martin (2016-08-24). SAS Data Analytic Development: Dimensions of Software Quality. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-1-119-25570-3.\n\n^ Delwiche, Lora D.; Slaughter, Susan J. (2019-10-11). The Little SAS Book: A Primer, Sixth Edition. SAS Institute. ISBN 978-1-64295-343-5.\n\n^ Elliott, Alan C.; Woodward, Wayne A. (2015-08-18). SAS Essentials: Mastering SAS for Data Analytics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-119-04218-1.\n\n^ Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 151–157. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.\n\n^ a b Bass, N. Jyoti; Solutions, K. Madhavi Lata & Kogent (2007). Base Sas Programming Black Book, 2007 Ed. Dreamtech Press. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-81-7722-769-7.\n\n^ Chambers, Michele; Dinsmore, Thomas W. (2015). Advanced Analytics Methodologies: Driving Business Value with Analytics. Pearson Education. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-13-349860-8.\n\n^ Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51–58. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.\n\n^ a b c d Anderson, Raymond A. (2022). Credit Intelligence and Modelling: Many Paths Through the Forest of Credit Rating and Scoring. Oxford University Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-0-19-284419-4.\n\n^ a b c Bass, N. Jyoti; Solutions, K. Madhavi Lata & Kogent (2007). Base Sas Programming Black Book, 2007 Ed. Dreamtech Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-81-7722-769-7.\n\n^ Delwiche, Lora D.; Slaughter, Susan J. (2019-10-11). The Little SAS Book: A Primer, Sixth Edition. SAS Institute. ISBN 978-1-64295-343-5.\n\n^ a b Ohri, Ajay (2019-08-05). SAS for R Users: A Book for Data Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-1-119-25642-7.\n\n^ \"Introduction to SAS Macro Language\". stats.oarc.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-29.\n\n^ Stalla, Alessio (2022-04-20). \"Challenges in Parsing Legacy Languages: The Case of SAS Macros\". Strumenta. Retrieved 2024-04-29.\n\n^ \"TIOBE Index\". TIOBE. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-04-30.\n\n^ a b c Dean, Jared (2014-05-07). Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning: Value Creation for Business Leaders and Practitioners. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-118-92070-1.\n\n^ Kolosova, Tanya; Berestizhevsky, Samuel (2020-09-21). Supervised Machine Learning: Optimization Framework and Applications with SAS and R. CRC Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-000-17681-0.\n\n^ Bequet, Henry (2018-07-20). Deep Learning for Numerical Applications with SAS. SAS Institute. pp. 8–14. ISBN 978-1-63526-677-1.\n\n^ Blanchard, Robert (2020-06-12). Deep Learning for Computer Vision with SAS: An Introduction. SAS Institute. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-64295-917-8.\n\n^ \"Forrester Reprint\". reprints2.forrester.com. Retrieved 2024-04-30.\n\n^ Shmueli, Galit; Bruce, Peter C.; Gedeck, Peter; Patel, Nitin R. (2019-10-14). Data Mining for Business Analytics: Concepts, Techniques and Applications in Python. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-54985-7.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Peak
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Santiago Peak
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["1 Hiking","2 Radio communication facilities","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°42′38″N 117°32′03″W / 33.710513139°N 117.534218203°W / 33.710513139; -117.534218203Mountain in California, USA
Santiago PeakKalawpa, Mount Downey, Old Saddle Buck, Old Saddleback, Saddleback Mountain, San Juan Mountain, Santa Ana Peak, Temescal Peak, Trabuco PeakThe southern slopes of Santiago Peak, as seen from above San Juan Canyon (February 2008)Highest pointElevation5,689 ft (1,734 m) NAVD 88Prominence4,387 ft (1,337 m)ListingCalifornia county high points 37thCoordinates33°42′38″N 117°32′03″W / 33.710513139°N 117.534218203°W / 33.710513139; -117.534218203NamingEnglish translationSaint JamesLanguage of nameSpanishGeographySantiago PeakLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaSantiago PeakSantiago Peak (the United States)Show map of the United States
LocationCleveland National Forest, Orange / Riverside counties, California, U.S.Parent rangeSanta Ana MountainsTopo mapUSGS Santiago PeakClimbingEasiest routeHiking trail
Santiago Peak is the southern mountain of the Saddleback landform in Orange County and Riverside County, California. It is the highest and most prominent peak of both the Santa Ana Mountains and Orange County. The peak is named for Santiago Creek, which begins on its southwestern slope. During most winters, snow falls at least once on the peak. A telecommunication antenna farm with microwave antennas sits atop the peak.
The Acjachemen referred to the peak as Kalawpa, with the nearby village of Alume meaning "to raise the head in looking upward," in reference to the mountain.
Hiking
The Trail to Holy Jim Falls
More than one trail leads to the top of Santiago Peak, but the most popular among hikers is the Holy Jim trail. The Holy Jim trail gains about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in elevation and is a 16-mile (26 km) round trip. It is a moderate to strenuous hike and is most enjoyable during spring and winter due to the large number of insects during warmer times of the year.
From the summit of Santiago Peak, one can see the larger Southern California peaks like San Gorgonio Mountain, San Jacinto Peak, and Mount San Antonio. However, due to the large number of antennas at the top of Santiago Peak, a full 360-degree view of the surrounding landscapes is not possible. Those at the top must walk approximately a quarter-mile around the perimeter of all the antennas to take in views of every direction.
Radio communication facilities
Santiago Peak is a radio site with buildings owned by American Tower, Crown Castle, MobileRelay Associates, Day Wireless, Orange County Communications, the United States Federal Government, the State of California, and Southern California Edison, among others.
Santiago Peak provides radio coverage over much of Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties. It houses both broadcast and two-way communications facilities on virtually every frequency band, including FM broadcast, VHF low- and high-band, UHF, 800/900 MHz, and microwave.
Gallery
Santiago Peak looking north (November 2021)
Santiago Peak at sunset, looking west (November 2021)
Center of Santiago Peak, looking north (November 2021)
Santiago Peak at sunset, looking southwest towards San Clemente (November 2021)
See also
List of highest points in California by county
References
^ a b c "Santiago Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
^ a b "RP 1". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
^ "Santiago Peak, California". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
^ O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 2 (2): 226–232.
External links
"Holy Jim Trail - Santa Ana Mountains - California". Peak Fever.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Saddleback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddleback_(Orange_County,_California)"},{"link_name":"landform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle_(landform)"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Riverside County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"highest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit"},{"link_name":"prominent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_prominence"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Santiago Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Creek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"antenna farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_farm"},{"link_name":"microwave antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_antenna"},{"link_name":"Acjachemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acjachemen"},{"link_name":"Alume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alume"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"}],"text":"Mountain in California, USASantiago Peak is the southern mountain of the Saddleback landform in Orange County and Riverside County, California. It is the highest and most prominent peak of both the Santa Ana Mountains and Orange County. The peak is named for Santiago Creek, which begins on its southwestern slope.[1] During most winters, snow falls at least once on the peak. A telecommunication antenna farm with microwave antennas sits atop the peak.The Acjachemen referred to the peak as Kalawpa, with the nearby village of Alume meaning \"to raise the head in looking upward,\" in reference to the mountain.[4]","title":"Santiago Peak"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_of_the_path_to_Holy_Jim_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Gorgonio Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Mountain"},{"link_name":"San Jacinto Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jacinto_Peak"},{"link_name":"Mount San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_San_Antonio"}],"text":"The Trail to Holy Jim FallsMore than one trail leads to the top of Santiago Peak, but the most popular among hikers is the Holy Jim trail. The Holy Jim trail gains about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in elevation and is a 16-mile (26 km) round trip. It is a moderate to strenuous hike and is most enjoyable during spring and winter due to the large number of insects during warmer times of the year.From the summit of Santiago Peak, one can see the larger Southern California peaks like San Gorgonio Mountain, San Jacinto Peak, and Mount San Antonio. However, due to the large number of antennas at the top of Santiago Peak, a full 360-degree view of the surrounding landscapes is not possible. Those at the top must walk approximately a quarter-mile around the perimeter of all the antennas to take in views of every direction.","title":"Hiking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MobileRelay Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mra-raycom.com/mra-sites/santiago-peak/"}],"text":"Santiago Peak is a radio site with buildings owned by American Tower, Crown Castle, MobileRelay Associates, Day Wireless, Orange County Communications, the United States Federal Government, the State of California, and Southern California Edison, among others.Santiago Peak provides radio coverage over much of Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties. It houses both broadcast and two-way communications facilities on virtually every frequency band, including FM broadcast, VHF low- and high-band, UHF, 800/900 MHz, and microwave.","title":"Radio communication facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiago_Peak_Looking_North.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiago_Peak_at_Sunset.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Center_of_Santiago_Peak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiago_Peak_looking_Southwest.jpg"}],"text":"Santiago Peak looking north (November 2021)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSantiago Peak at sunset, looking west (November 2021)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCenter of Santiago Peak, looking north (November 2021)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSantiago Peak at sunset, looking southwest towards San Clemente (November 2021)","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Trail to Holy Jim Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Photo_of_the_path_to_Holy_Jim_Falls.jpg/220px-Photo_of_the_path_to_Holy_Jim_Falls.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of highest points in California by county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_points_in_California_by_county"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Santiago Peak\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/254220","url_text":"\"Santiago Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"RP 1\". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2009-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DX4296","url_text":"\"RP 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey","url_text":"National Geodetic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Department of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"\"Santiago Peak, California\". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2009-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=1436","url_text":"\"Santiago Peak, California\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neil, Stephen; Evans, Nancy H. (1980). \"Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features\". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 2 (2): 226–232.","urls":[{"url":"https://docplayer.net/220219100-Uc-merced-journal-of-california-and-great-basin-anthropology.html","url_text":"\"Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Jim Trail - Santa Ana Mountains - California\". Peak Fever.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakfever.com/hike-info-10.php","url_text":"\"Holy Jim Trail - Santa Ana Mountains - California\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santiago_Peak¶ms=33.710513139_N_117.534218203_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA_scale:100000_source:NGS","external_links_name":"33°42′38″N 117°32′03″W / 33.710513139°N 117.534218203°W / 33.710513139; -117.534218203"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santiago_Peak¶ms=33.710513139_N_117.534218203_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA_scale:100000_source:NGS","external_links_name":"33°42′38″N 117°32′03″W / 33.710513139°N 117.534218203°W / 33.710513139; -117.534218203"},{"Link":"https://mra-raycom.com/mra-sites/santiago-peak/","external_links_name":"MobileRelay Associates"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/254220","external_links_name":"\"Santiago Peak\""},{"Link":"https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=DX4296","external_links_name":"\"RP 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=1436","external_links_name":"\"Santiago Peak, California\""},{"Link":"https://docplayer.net/220219100-Uc-merced-journal-of-california-and-great-basin-anthropology.html","external_links_name":"\"Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features\""},{"Link":"http://www.peakfever.com/hike-info-10.php","external_links_name":"\"Holy Jim Trail - Santa Ana Mountains - California\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_National_Bank_Building
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Omaha National Bank Building
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["1 History","1.1 Omaha National Bank","2 Present","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 41°15′27.75″N 95°56′16.03″W / 41.2577083°N 95.9377861°W / 41.2577083; -95.9377861United States historic placeOmaha National Bank BuildingU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of NebraskaShow map of the United StatesLocationOmaha, NebraskaCoordinates41°15′27.75″N 95°56′16.03″W / 41.2577083°N 95.9377861°W / 41.2577083; -95.9377861Built1888ArchitectMcKim, Mead & WhiteArchitectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.72000748Added to NRHPOctober 18, 1972
The Omaha National Bank Building was built in 1888–89 at 1650 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in the Italian Renaissance style, the building was saved from demolition by a rehabilitation in 1978. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, the building was originally known as the New York Life Insurance Building; it was renamed in 1906.
History
Originally occupied by the New York Life Insurance Company, the building was purchased by the Kountze Brothers's Omaha National Bank in 1909. Constructed in 1888–89, the building was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Frederick Elmer Hill (1857–1929) of the New York City architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White. The firm designed an identical office tower, the New York Life Building (Kansas City, Missouri), and was Omaha's first 10-story structure.
Omaha National Bank
The original S. 13th Street location
Started in 1856, Omaha National Bank's original location was at 212 South 13th Street. In 1906 they purchased the building from the New York Life Insurance Company and renovated it completely.
Omaha pioneer Ezra Millard was the first president of Omaha National Bank. Future Omaha mayor and Nebraska Senator Joseph H. Millard was president of the Omaha National Bank after Millard's departure in 1871.
Present
Omaha National Bank merged with another bank and moved out of the building in 1972. After being vacated it was slated for demolition. However, the building was rehabilitated in 1978 and converted to office space. Today, the building is called The Omaha Building, and it is home to the law firm Kutak Rock.
The Omaha National Bank Building
The Omaha National Bank Building at the base of the Woodmen Tower
See also
History of Omaha
Economy of Omaha, Nebraska
External links
Media related to Omaha National Bank Building at Wikimedia Commons
Historic photo. The bank is the third from the right.
Original postcard photos of the building.
Historical images of the building. Nebraska Memories
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
^ (2007) More tax incentive programs in Douglas County. State of Nebraska Historical Society. Retrieved 6/4/07.
^ (2001) The Omaha of Today. Omaha Illustrated. Retrieved 6/4/07.
^ (2004) Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County. Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 6/4/07.
^ (nd) Personal interest: Arts and Architecture. KutakRock.Com. Retrieved 6/4/07.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in OmahaList
List of Registered Historic Places in Douglas County, Nebraska
NHLs
Girls and Boys Town
USS Hazard
Historicdistricts
Bemis Park Landmark Heritage District
Country Club Historic District
Drake Court Apartments and the Dartmore Apartments Historic District
Fairacres Historic District
Field Club Historic District
Fort Omaha
Gold Coast Historic District
Howard Street Apartment District
Old Market
Omaha Quartermaster Depot Historic District
Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District
South Omaha Main Street Historic District
Vinton Street Commercial Historic District
Warehouses in Omaha MPS
Otherproperties
Anheuser-Busch Beer Depot
Aquila Court Building
Astro Theater
Bank of Florence
Barker Building
Beebe and Runyan Furniture Showroom and Warehouse
Bemis Omaha Bag Company Building
Blackstone Hotel
Bradford-Pettis House
Brandeis-Millard House
Broomfield Rowhouse
Burlington Headquarters Building
Burlington Station
Center School
Columbian School
Douglas County Courthouse
Dr. Samuel D. Mercer House
Charles D. McLaughlin House
Edgar Zabriskie House
Eggerss-O'Flyng Building
Farnam Building
First National Bank Building
First Unitarian Church of Omaha
Flatiron Hotel
Ford Hospital
Ford Warehouse
Fort Omaha Guardhouse
Franklin School
Gallagher Building
Garneau-Kilpatrick House
Georgia Row House
Gen. George Crook House
G.C. Moses Block
George A. Joslyn Mansion
Gottlieb Storz House
George H. Kelly House
Guy C. Barton House
Havens-Page House
Hill Hotel
Holy Family Church
Hospe Music Warehouse
Immaculate Conception Church and School
Jewell Building
Joel N. Cornish House
J. L. Brandeis and Sons Store Building
Keeline Building
Kirschbraun and Sons Creamery, Inc.
Kennedy Building
Leone, Florentine and Carpathia Apartment Buildings
Lincoln Highway
Livestock Exchange Building
Lizzie Robinson House
Malcolm X Housesite
Mary Rogers Kimball House
Mason School
Military Road Segment
Monmouth Park School
Nash Block
Normandie Apartments
North Presbyterian Church
Notre Dame Academy and Convent
Old People's Home
Omaha Bolt, Nut and Screw Building
Omaha Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant
Omaha High School
Omaha Public Library
Omaha National Bank Building
Omaha Star building
Orpheum Theater
Packer's National Bank Building
Park School
Poppleton Block
Porter-Thomsen House
Prague Hotel
Redick Tower
Rose Realty-Securities Building
Rosewater School
Sacred Heart Catholic Church Complex
Saddle Creek Underpass
Sanford Hotel
Saunders School
Simon Brothers Company
South Omaha Bridge
Christian Specht Building
Site of St. Mary's Academy
St. Cecilia Cathedral
St. Joseph Parish Complex
St. Regis Apartments
St. John's A.M.E. Church
St. Martin of Tours Episcopal Church
St. Matthias' Episcopal Church
St. Philomena's Cathedral and Rectory
Standard Oil Company Building of Nebraska
Steiner Rowhouse No. 1
Steiner Rowhouse No. 2
Strehlow Terrace
Swoboda Bakery
The Berkeley Apartments
The Melrose
The Sherman
Trinity Cathedral
Union Station
USS Marlin
Vinton School
Weber Mill
Webster Telephone Exchange Building
West Lawn Mausoleum
Formerlylisted
Jobbers Canyon Historic District
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Omaha"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Omaha National Bank Building was built in 1888–89 at 1650 Farnam Street in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in the Italian Renaissance style, the building was saved from demolition by a rehabilitation in 1978. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, the building was originally known as the New York Life Insurance Building; it was renamed in 1906.","title":"Omaha National Bank Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kountze Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kountze"},{"link_name":"Omaha National Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_National_Bank"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"McKim, Mead, and White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKim,_Mead,_and_White"},{"link_name":"New York Life Building (Kansas City, Missouri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Life_Building_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Originally occupied by the New York Life Insurance Company, the building was purchased by the Kountze Brothers's Omaha National Bank in 1909. Constructed in 1888–89, the building was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Frederick Elmer Hill (1857–1929) of the New York City architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White. The firm designed an identical office tower, the New York Life Building (Kansas City, Missouri), and was Omaha's first 10-story structure.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Depository,_by_Jackson,_William_Henry,_1843-1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York Life Insurance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Life_Insurance_Company"},{"link_name":"Ezra Millard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Millard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph H. Millard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_H._Millard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Omaha National Bank","text":"The original S. 13th Street locationStarted in 1856, Omaha National Bank's original location was at 212 South 13th Street. In 1906 they purchased the building from the New York Life Insurance Company and renovated it completely.Omaha pioneer Ezra Millard was the first president of Omaha National Bank.[3] Future Omaha mayor and Nebraska Senator Joseph H. Millard was president of the Omaha National Bank after Millard's departure in 1871.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kutak Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutak_Rock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omaha_Building_(3313767586).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omaha_National_Bank_Building_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodmen Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodmen_Tower"}],"text":"Omaha National Bank merged with another bank and moved out of the building in 1972. After being vacated it was slated for demolition. However, the building was rehabilitated in 1978 and converted to office space. Today, the building is called The Omaha Building, and it is home to the law firm Kutak Rock.[5]The Omaha National Bank BuildingThe Omaha National Bank Building at the base of the Woodmen Tower","title":"Present"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The original S. 13th Street location","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/State_Depository%2C_by_Jackson%2C_William_Henry%2C_1843-1942.jpg/220px-State_Depository%2C_by_Jackson%2C_William_Henry%2C_1843-1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Omaha National Bank Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Omaha_Building_%283313767586%29.jpg/220px-Omaha_Building_%283313767586%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Omaha National Bank Building at the base of the Woodmen Tower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Omaha_National_Bank_Building_2.jpg/220px-Omaha_National_Bank_Building_2.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"History of Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Omaha"},{"title":"Economy of Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Omaha,_Nebraska"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Omaha_National_Bank_Building¶ms=41_15_27.75_N_95_56_16.03_W_type:landmark_region:US-NE","external_links_name":"41°15′27.75″N 95°56′16.03″W / 41.2577083°N 95.9377861°W / 41.2577083; -95.9377861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Omaha_National_Bank_Building¶ms=41_15_27.75_N_95_56_16.03_W_type:landmark_region:US-NE","external_links_name":"41°15′27.75″N 95°56′16.03″W / 41.2577083°N 95.9377861°W / 41.2577083; -95.9377861"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72000748","external_links_name":"72000748"},{"Link":"http://www.historicomaha.com/cp6.jpg","external_links_name":"Historic photo"},{"Link":"http://memories.nebraska.gov/cdm/ref/collection/opl/id/2994","external_links_name":"Original postcard photos of the building."},{"Link":"http://memories.nebraska.gov/cdm/search/searchterm/New%20York%20Life%20Building%20%28Omaha,%20Neb.%29/mode/exact/page/1","external_links_name":"Historical images of the building"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011222092103/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/tax/douglas.htm","external_links_name":"More tax incentive programs in Douglas County"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/OLLibrary/Omaha_book/omaha024.htm","external_links_name":"The Omaha of Today"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000412063508/http://nebraskahistory.org/histpres/nebraska/douglas.htm","external_links_name":"Nebraska National Register Sites in Douglas County"},{"Link":"http://www.kutakrock.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=DspLinkDetail&link_id=82&site_id=0&cat=0","external_links_name":"Personal interest: Arts and Architecture"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys_(film)
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Nickel Boys
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["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 References","6 External links"]
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Upcoming film by RaMell Ross
Nickel BoysDirected byRaMell RossScreenplay by
RaMell Ross
Joslyn Barnes
Based onThe Nickel Boysby Colson WhiteheadProduced by
Joslyn Barnes
Dede Gardner
Jeremy Kleiner
David Levine
Starring
Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor
Ethan Herisse
Fred Hechinger
Hamish Linklater
Brandon Wilson
Daveed Diggs
CinematographyJomo FrayEdited byNicholas MonsourProductioncompanies
Orion Pictures
Plan B Entertainment
Louverture Films
Anonymous Content
Distributed byAmazon MGM StudiosRelease date
October 25, 2024 (2024-10-25)
CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$23.2 million
Nickel Boys is an upcoming American historical drama film based on the 2019 novel The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead. It was directed by RaMell Ross, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joslyn Barnes, and stars Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor, Ethan Herisse, Fred Hechinger, Hamish Linklater, Brandon Wilson, and Daveed Diggs.
It is scheduled for a limited theatrical release by Amazon MGM Studios on October 25, 2024.
Premise
Nickel Boys is based on the historic reform school in 1960s Florida called the Dozier School for Boys, which was notorious for abusive treatment of students. It explores the story of Elwood Curtis, a young African-American boy who is sent to the Nickel Academy, a fictional version of the Dozier School, after he is falsely accused of a crime. While there, he meets a boy named Turner, and the two form a close friendship as they try to survive the horrors of the school and its corrupt administrators.
Cast
Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor
Ethan Herisse
Fred Hechinger
Hamish Linklater
Brandon Wilson
Daveed Diggs
Production
The adaptation of Colson Whitehead's 2019 novel, The Nickel Boys, into a feature film was reported in October 2020. RaMell Ross signed on to direct, making it his narrative feature directorial debut. Joslyn Barnes co-wrote and produced and Whitehead served as executive producer. Aunjanue Ellis, Ethan Herisse, Fred Hechinger, Hamish Linklater, and Brandon Wilson were cast in the film.
With an estimated production budget (before tax incentives) of $23.2 million, principal photography took place from October to December 2022. Filming took place in Louisiana in LaPlace, New Orleans, Hammond and Ponchatoula. The office building of the Lafourche Parish District Attorney was used as a filming location in Thibodaux in early December.
Release
The film is scheduled for a limited theatrical release by Amazon MGM Studios on October 25, 2024.
References
^ "Nickel Boys". Writers Guild of America West. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
^ a b "Fastlane NextGen: Initial Certification Search" (Type "Nickel Boys" in the search box). Louisiana Economic Development. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
^ a b Grobar, Matt (October 27, 2022). "Aunjanue Ellis & Four Others Set For RaMell Ross' Colson Whitehead Adaptation The Nickel Boys For MGM's Orion; Plan B, Anonymous Producing". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ "Casting call announced for Nickel Boys; filming planned for LaPlace". L'Observateur. September 16, 2022. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ Campo, Colin (December 5, 2022). "Hollywood comes to Thibodaux: Filming underway for The Nickel Boys". The Daily Comet. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 29, 2024). "Amazon MGM Studios & Orion Set Fall Release For Feature Take Of Pulitzer Prize Winning Novel Nickel Boys'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
External links
Nickel Boys at IMDb
vtePlan B Entertainment
Mediawan (owner)
Jennifer Aniston (founder)
Brad Grey (founder)
Kristin Hahn (founder)
Brad Pitt (founder)
Dede Gardner (co-president)
Jeremy Kleiner (co-president)
Films
Troy (2004)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
The Departed (2006)
Running with Scissors (2006)
Year of the Dog (2007)
A Mighty Heart (2007)
The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007)
The Private Lives of Pippa Lee (2009)
The Time Traveler's Wife (2009)
Kick-Ass (2010)
Eat Pray Love (2010)
The Tree of Life (2011)
Moneyball (2011)
Killing Them Softly (2012)
Kick-Ass 2 (2013)
World War Z (2013)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Selma (2014)
True Story (2015)
The Big Short (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
The Lost City of Z (2016)
Voyage of Time (2016)
War Machine (2017)
Okja (2017)
Brad's Status (2017)
Beautiful Boy (2018)
If Beale Street Could Talk (2018)
Vice (2018)
The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2019)
Ad Astra (2019)
The King (2019)
Irresistible (2020)
Kajillionaire (2020)
Minari (2020)
Father of the Bride (2022)
Blonde (2022)
She Said (2022)
Women Talking (2022)
Landscape with Invisible Hand (2023)
Bob Marley: One Love (2024)
Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024)
Nickel Boys (2024)
Wolfs (2024)
Mickey 17 (2025)
Untitled Joseph Kosinski film (2025)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"The Nickel Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys"},{"link_name":"Colson Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colson_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"RaMell Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RaMell_Ross"},{"link_name":"Joslyn Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslyn_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunjanue_Ellis-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Ethan Herisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Herisse"},{"link_name":"Fred Hechinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hechinger"},{"link_name":"Hamish Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Amazon MGM Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios"}],"text":"Nickel Boys is an upcoming American historical drama film based on the 2019 novel The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead. It was directed by RaMell Ross, who co-wrote the screenplay with Joslyn Barnes, and stars Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor, Ethan Herisse, Fred Hechinger, Hamish Linklater, Brandon Wilson, and Daveed Diggs.It is scheduled for a limited theatrical release by Amazon MGM Studios on October 25, 2024.","title":"Nickel Boys"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dozier School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cast-3"}],"text":"Nickel Boys is based on the historic reform school in 1960s Florida called the Dozier School for Boys, which was notorious for abusive treatment of students. It explores the story of Elwood Curtis, a young African-American boy who is sent to the Nickel Academy, a fictional version of the Dozier School, after he is falsely accused of a crime. While there, he meets a boy named Turner, and the two form a close friendship as they try to survive the horrors of the school and its corrupt administrators.[3]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunjanue_Ellis-Taylor"},{"link_name":"Ethan Herisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Herisse"},{"link_name":"Fred Hechinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hechinger"},{"link_name":"Hamish Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Daveed Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daveed_Diggs"}],"text":"Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor\nEthan Herisse\nFred Hechinger\nHamish Linklater\nBrandon Wilson\nDaveed Diggs","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colson Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colson_Whitehead"},{"link_name":"The Nickel Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys"},{"link_name":"RaMell Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RaMell_Ross"},{"link_name":"Joslyn Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joslyn_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Aunjanue Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunjanue_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Ethan Herisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Herisse"},{"link_name":"Fred Hechinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hechinger"},{"link_name":"Hamish Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_Linklater"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cast-3"},{"link_name":"principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Budget-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filming1-4"},{"link_name":"LaPlace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaPlace,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Ponchatoula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponchatoula,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lafourche Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Thibodaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The adaptation of Colson Whitehead's 2019 novel, The Nickel Boys, into a feature film was reported in October 2020. RaMell Ross signed on to direct, making it his narrative feature directorial debut. Joslyn Barnes co-wrote and produced and Whitehead served as executive producer. Aunjanue Ellis, Ethan Herisse, Fred Hechinger, Hamish Linklater, and Brandon Wilson were cast in the film.[3]With an estimated production budget (before tax incentives) of $23.2 million, principal photography took place from October to December 2022.[2][4] Filming took place in Louisiana in LaPlace, New Orleans, Hammond and Ponchatoula. The office building of the Lafourche Parish District Attorney was used as a filming location in Thibodaux in early December.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazon MGM Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The film is scheduled for a limited theatrical release by Amazon MGM Studios on October 25, 2024.[6]","title":"Release"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Nickel Boys\". Writers Guild of America West. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://directories.wga.org/project/1237328/nickel-boys","url_text":"\"Nickel Boys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West","url_text":"Writers Guild of America West"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426021909/https://directories.wga.org/project/1237328/nickel-boys","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fastlane NextGen: Initial Certification Search\" (Type \"Nickel Boys\" in the search box). Louisiana Economic Development. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent","url_text":"\"Fastlane NextGen: Initial Certification Search\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615095911/https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grobar, Matt (October 27, 2022). \"Aunjanue Ellis & Four Others Set For RaMell Ross' Colson Whitehead Adaptation The Nickel Boys For MGM's Orion; Plan B, Anonymous Producing\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/aunjanue-ellis-four-others-set-for-ramell-ross-colson-whitehead-adaptation-the-nickel-boys-for-mgms-orion-plan-b-anonymous-producing-1235156604/","url_text":"\"Aunjanue Ellis & Four Others Set For RaMell Ross' Colson Whitehead Adaptation The Nickel Boys For MGM's Orion; Plan B, Anonymous Producing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101014319/https://deadline.com/2022/10/aunjanue-ellis-four-others-set-for-ramell-ross-colson-whitehead-adaptation-the-nickel-boys-for-mgms-orion-plan-b-anonymous-producing-1235156604/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Casting call announced for Nickel Boys; filming planned for LaPlace\". L'Observateur. September 16, 2022. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/09/16/casting-call-announced-for-nickel-boys-filming-planned-for-laplace/","url_text":"\"Casting call announced for Nickel Boys; filming planned for LaPlace\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101015337/https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/09/16/casting-call-announced-for-nickel-boys-filming-planned-for-laplace/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campo, Colin (December 5, 2022). \"Hollywood comes to Thibodaux: Filming underway for The Nickel Boys\". The Daily Comet. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailycomet.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/12/06/filming-underway-in-thibodaux-for-hollywood-movie-the-nickel-boys/69703688007/","url_text":"\"Hollywood comes to Thibodaux: Filming underway for The Nickel Boys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Comet","url_text":"The Daily Comet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101021438/https://www.dailycomet.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/12/06/filming-underway-in-thibodaux-for-hollywood-movie-the-nickel-boys/69703688007/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 29, 2024). \"Amazon MGM Studios & Orion Set Fall Release For Feature Take Of Pulitzer Prize Winning Novel Nickel Boys'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/amazon-mgm-studios-nickel-boys-release-date-1235899202/","url_text":"\"Amazon MGM Studios & Orion Set Fall Release For Feature Take Of Pulitzer Prize Winning Novel Nickel Boys'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://directories.wga.org/project/1237328/nickel-boys","external_links_name":"\"Nickel Boys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230426021909/https://directories.wga.org/project/1237328/nickel-boys","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent","external_links_name":"\"Fastlane NextGen: Initial Certification Search\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200615095911/https://fastlaneng.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com/public/search/ent","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/aunjanue-ellis-four-others-set-for-ramell-ross-colson-whitehead-adaptation-the-nickel-boys-for-mgms-orion-plan-b-anonymous-producing-1235156604/","external_links_name":"\"Aunjanue Ellis & Four Others Set For RaMell Ross' Colson Whitehead Adaptation The Nickel Boys For MGM's Orion; Plan B, Anonymous Producing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101014319/https://deadline.com/2022/10/aunjanue-ellis-four-others-set-for-ramell-ross-colson-whitehead-adaptation-the-nickel-boys-for-mgms-orion-plan-b-anonymous-producing-1235156604/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/09/16/casting-call-announced-for-nickel-boys-filming-planned-for-laplace/","external_links_name":"\"Casting call announced for Nickel Boys; filming planned for LaPlace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101015337/https://www.lobservateur.com/2022/09/16/casting-call-announced-for-nickel-boys-filming-planned-for-laplace/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailycomet.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/12/06/filming-underway-in-thibodaux-for-hollywood-movie-the-nickel-boys/69703688007/","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood comes to Thibodaux: Filming underway for The Nickel Boys\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230101021438/https://www.dailycomet.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/12/06/filming-underway-in-thibodaux-for-hollywood-movie-the-nickel-boys/69703688007/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/04/amazon-mgm-studios-nickel-boys-release-date-1235899202/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon MGM Studios & Orion Set Fall Release For Feature Take Of Pulitzer Prize Winning Novel Nickel Boys'\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23055660/","external_links_name":"Nickel Boys"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_modular_transporter
|
Self-propelled modular transporter
|
["1 Specifications","2 History","3 Achievements","4 Notable manufacturers","5 Operators","6 See also","7 References"]
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Vehicle for carrying very large objects
Two modules of Cometto MSPE series configured with turntable operated by Eisele AG in Maintal.
A self-propelled modular transporter or sometimes self-propelled modular trailer (SPMT) is a platform heavy hauler with a large array of wheels which is an upgraded version of a hydraulic modular trailer. SPMTs are used for transporting massive objects, such as large bridge sections, oil refining equipment, cranes, motors, spacecraft and other objects that are too big or heavy for trucks. Ballast tractors can however provide traction and braking for the SPMTs on inclines and descents.
SPMTs are used in many industry sectors worldwide such as the construction and oil industries, in the shipyard and offshore industry, for road transportation, on plant construction sites and even for moving oil platforms. They have begun to be used to replace bridge spans in the United States, Europe, Asia and more recently Canada.
Specifications
Remote controller of a Goldhofer SPMT module.A typical SPMT has a grid of computer-controlled axles, usually 2 axles across and 4–8 axles along. When two (or more) axles are placed in series, this is called an axle line. All axles are individually controllable, in order to evenly distribute weight and to steer accurately. Each axle can swivel through 270°, with some manufacturers offering up to a full 360° of motion. The axles are coordinated by the control system to allow the SPMT to turn, move sideways or even rotate in place. Some SPMTs allow the axles to telescope independently of each other so that the load can be kept flat and evenly distributed while moving over uneven terrain. Each axle can also contain a hydrostatic drive unit.
A hydraulic power pack can be attached to the SPMT to provide power for steering, suspension and drive functions. This power pack is driven by an internal combustion engine. A single power pack can drive a string of SPMTs. As SPMTs often carry the world's heaviest loads on wheeled vehicles, they are very slow, often moving at under one mile per hour (1.6 km/h) while fully loaded. Some SPMTs are controlled by a worker with a hand-held control panel, while others have a driver cabin. Multiple SPMTs can be linked (lengthwise and side-by-side) to transport massive building-sized objects. The linked SPMTs can be controlled from a single control panel.
History
The first modular self-propelled trailers were built in the 1970s. In the early 1980s, heavy haulage company Mammoet refined the concept into the form seen today. They set the width of the modules at 2.44 m, so the modules would fit on an ISO container flatrack. They also added 360° steering. They commissioned Scheuerle to develop and build the first units. Deliveries started in 1983. The two companies defined the standard units: a 4-axle SPMT, a 6-axle SPMT and a hydraulic power pack. Over the years, new types of modules were added to this system to accommodate a range of payloads.
In 2016 ESTA (the European Association of Abnormal Load Transport and Mobile Cranes) published the first SPMT best practice guide to help address the problem of trailers occasionally tipping over, which happened even when the operating rules and stability calculations had been precisely followed.
Some shipbuilding companies have started to use SPMT instead of gantry cranes for carrying ship sections. This has reduced the cost of transporting huge loads by millions of dollars.Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik Gen 1 14 axle line SPMT developed for Mammoet in the 1980sIn 2022 Mammoet and Scheuerle developed and employed world's first electric SPMT. This was done with the help of an Electric power pack unit (EPPU) which replaced the gas powered PPU. The ESPMTs help to reduce carbon footprint of the companies and also the haulage industry. These electric modules are safer and quieter when compared with the diesel modules, which can benefit operations which are held in mines and energy plants.
ESTA has plans to develop European Trailer Operator's License (ETOL) for SPMT operators, this idea is backed by top company operating in heavy haulage sector like Goldhofer and Tii Group. There will be training and practice to obtain this specific license which the SPMT operators have to complete before handling these heavy machines on public roads, but this will improve the safety standards of the industry.
Achievements
Executing the salvage operation of the sunken ferry MV Sewol in the East China Sea in 2017, the company ALE used SPMTs equivalent to a 600-axle line and a load weight of 17,000 t (18,739 short tons; 16,732 long tons), exceeding two world records.
In December 2022 Shell plc a London based oil company ordered decommission of their 20,300ton FPSO Curlew ship when it reached the end of its operational life. This operation was assigned to AF Offshore Decom, a decommissioning specialist company based in Oslo which partnered with Mammoet of Utrecht to load-in and set-down the structure in Norway with the help of 748 SPMT axle line. This claimed to break two world records, one for the heaviest SPMT movement and another for most SPMT axle lines used for transportation.
In February 2023 Sinotrans Heavy-Lift a China based heavy transport company moved a hotel building 500 meters in Sanya, Hainan using 254 axle lines of Scheuerle SPMT with the help of 15 power packs. This was claimed to be the world's heaviest building transportation ever. The building in the subject was almost 300ft long, 115 ft wide, 65 ft high and weighed 7,500 tons. The relocation was done to comply with the environmental regulations of the state.
In December 2023 China Shipping Vastwin Project Logistic a China based logistics company a subsidiary of China based multinational company COSCO Shipping moved five number of buildings at the Ningxia Saishang Jiangnan Museum located in Ningxia based in Northern China. The relocation was done to adhere with the environmental regulations. The buildings in subject were 11,450 tonnes in total of five with the main building weighing 10,000 tonnes, 43 mtr high, 36.9 mtr long and 31.5 mtr wide which was moved on 300 lines of SPMT and ten powerpacks. This resulted in breaking three records of most heights, heaviest building transportation over the longest distance.
Notable manufacturers
Enerpac
Faymonville
Goldhofer
Italcarrelli
Mammoet
Greiner Heavy Engineering
Tracta
Transporter Industry International
Nicolas
Seyiton
Fada Engineering
Operators
Denzai(www.denzai-j.com)
ALE
Mammoet
Alstom
Sarens
Lampson International
CLP Group
Omega Morgan
Nordic Crane (Sweden,Norway & Denmark)
See also
Transport portal
Heavy hauler
Applied mechanics
Hydraulic modular trailer
Ballast tractor
References
^ "Manual on Use of Self-Propelled Modular Transporters to Remove and Replace Bridges". Fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "Products". Scheuerle. Archived from the original on 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "Press: NICOLAS - leading manufacturer of heavy load transporters". 2011-11-06. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2017-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b https://www.scheuerle.com/fileadmin/data_all/files/Self-Propelled_Transporters_EN.pdf
^ "Abnormal load carrier | 16th March 1989 | The Commercial Motor Archive". archive.commercialmotor.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
^ "Mammoet Benelux > Over ons bedrijf > Historie". Mammoetbenelux.nl. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "The first self-propelled modular trailers - Cranes Today". Cranestodaymagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "30 years of SPMT (Self Propelled Modular Transporter) from SCHEUERLE – over 8,000 axle lines keep the world in motion". Heavyliftnews.com. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "Milestones". KAMAG. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
^ "ESTA SPMT Best Practice Guide Published". estaeurope.eu. ESTA. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
^ "What is SPMT? Learn Self-propelled modular transporter Design & Specs". 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
^ "First electrically powered SPMT at work". International Cranes and Specialized Transport. 2022-04-29. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
^ Barnes2023-05-31T08:06:00+01:00, Sophie. "ESTA progresses with European Trailer Operators Licence". Heavy Lift & Project Forwarding International. Retrieved 2023-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Load-in of Sewol ferry, East China Sea Archived 2017-12-22 at the Wayback Machine ale-heavylift.com, 15 June 2017 (08:43), retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ ALE break SPMT world record during complex salvage ferry operation in South Korea Archived 2017-07-20 at the Wayback Machine ale-heavylift.com, 15 June 2017 (08:47), retrieved 20 December 2017. – Remaining mud as 4.000 t extra weight.
^ "Record breaking SPMT move". vertikal.net. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
^ "World's heaviest building transport - Cranes Today". www.cranestodaymagazine.com. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
^ Global, Project Cargo (2023-12-06). "China Shipping uses SCHEUERLE SPMT's for historic building". Project Cargo. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spmt-Drehschemel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cometto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faymonville_Group"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-wheel_coupling"},{"link_name":"Maintal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintal"},{"link_name":"heavy hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_hauler"},{"link_name":"hydraulic modular trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_modular_trailer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridges-1"},{"link_name":"trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck"},{"link_name":"Ballast tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tractor"},{"link_name":"oil platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_platforms"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"Two modules of Cometto MSPE series configured with turntable operated by Eisele AG in Maintal.A self-propelled modular transporter or sometimes self-propelled modular trailer (SPMT) is a platform heavy hauler with a large array of wheels which is an upgraded version of a hydraulic modular trailer. SPMTs are used for transporting massive objects, such as large bridge sections,[1] oil refining equipment, cranes, motors, spacecraft and other objects that are too big or heavy for trucks. Ballast tractors can however provide traction and braking for the SPMTs on inclines and descents.SPMTs are used in many industry sectors worldwide such as the construction and oil industries, in the shipyard and offshore industry, for road transportation, on plant construction sites and even for moving oil platforms.[2] They have begun to be used to replace bridge spans in the United States, Europe, Asia[3] and more recently Canada.","title":"Self-propelled modular transporter"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phillipston,_Route_2_over_Route_2A_(State_Rd.),_Phillipston_(5130358933).jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scheuerle-4"},{"link_name":"hydrostatic drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_transmission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Remote controller of a Goldhofer SPMT module.A typical SPMT has a grid of computer-controlled axles, usually 2 axles across and 4–8 axles along.[4] When two (or more) axles are placed in series, this is called an axle line. All axles are individually controllable, in order to evenly distribute weight and to steer accurately. Each axle can swivel through 270°, with some manufacturers offering up to a full 360° of motion. The axles are coordinated by the control system to allow the SPMT to turn, move sideways or even rotate in place. Some SPMTs allow the axles to telescope independently of each other so that the load can be kept flat and evenly distributed while moving over uneven terrain. Each axle can also contain a hydrostatic drive unit.A hydraulic power pack can be attached to the SPMT to provide power for steering, suspension and drive functions. This power pack is driven by an internal combustion engine. A single power pack can drive a string of SPMTs. As SPMTs often carry the world's heaviest loads on wheeled vehicles, they are very slow, often moving at under one mile per hour (1.6 km/h) while fully loaded. Some SPMTs are controlled by a worker with a hand-held control panel, while others have a driver cabin. Multiple SPMTs can be linked (lengthwise and side-by-side) to transport massive building-sized objects. The linked SPMTs can be controlled from a single control panel.[5]","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mammoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_container"},{"link_name":"flatrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_truck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scheuerle-4"},{"link_name":"best practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_practice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"gantry cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_crane"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scheuerle_Mammoet_Stoof_1988_Red_Dog.jpg"},{"link_name":"carbon footprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprint"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The first modular self-propelled trailers were built in the 1970s. In the early 1980s, heavy haulage company Mammoet[6] refined the concept into the form seen today.[7] They set the width of the modules at 2.44 m, so the modules would fit on an ISO container flatrack. They also added 360° steering.[8] They commissioned Scheuerle[9] to develop and build the first units. Deliveries started in 1983. The two companies defined the standard units: a 4-axle SPMT, a 6-axle SPMT and a hydraulic power pack. Over the years, new types of modules were added to this system[4] to accommodate a range of payloads.In 2016 ESTA (the European Association of Abnormal Load Transport and Mobile Cranes) published the first SPMT best practice guide[10] to help address the problem of trailers occasionally tipping over, which happened even when the operating rules and stability calculations had been precisely followed.Some shipbuilding companies have started to use SPMT instead of gantry cranes for carrying ship sections. This has reduced the cost of transporting huge loads by millions of dollars.[11]Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik Gen 1 14 axle line SPMT developed for Mammoet in the 1980sIn 2022 Mammoet and Scheuerle developed and employed world's first electric SPMT. This was done with the help of an Electric power pack unit (EPPU) which replaced the gas powered PPU. The ESPMTs help to reduce carbon footprint of the companies and also the haulage industry. These electric modules are safer and quieter when compared with the diesel modules, which can benefit operations which are held in mines and energy plants.[12]ESTA has plans to develop European Trailer Operator's License (ETOL) for SPMT operators, this idea is backed by top company operating in heavy haulage sector like Goldhofer and Tii Group. There will be training and practice to obtain this specific license which the SPMT operators have to complete before handling these heavy machines on public roads, but this will improve the safety standards of the industry.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MV Sewol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Sewol"},{"link_name":"ALE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALE_(company)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Shell plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_plc"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"FPSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COSCO Shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSCO_Shipping"},{"link_name":"Ningxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia"},{"link_name":"Northern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_China"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Executing the salvage operation of the sunken ferry MV Sewol in the East China Sea in 2017, the company ALE used SPMTs equivalent to a 600-axle line and a load weight of 17,000 t (18,739 short tons; 16,732 long tons), exceeding two world records.[14][15]In December 2022 Shell plc a London based oil company ordered decommission of their 20,300ton FPSO Curlew ship when it reached the end of its operational life. This operation was assigned to AF Offshore Decom, a decommissioning specialist company based in Oslo which partnered with Mammoet of Utrecht to load-in and set-down the structure in Norway with the help of 748 SPMT axle line. This claimed to break two world records, one for the heaviest SPMT movement and another for most SPMT axle lines used for transportation.[16]In February 2023 Sinotrans Heavy-Lift a China based heavy transport company moved a hotel building 500 meters in Sanya, Hainan using 254 axle lines of Scheuerle SPMT with the help of 15 power packs. This was claimed to be the world's heaviest building transportation ever. The building in the subject was almost 300ft long, 115 ft wide, 65 ft high and weighed 7,500 tons. The relocation was done to comply with the environmental regulations of the state.[17]In December 2023 China Shipping Vastwin Project Logistic a China based logistics company a subsidiary of China based multinational company COSCO Shipping moved five number of buildings at the Ningxia Saishang Jiangnan Museum located in Ningxia based in Northern China. The relocation was done to adhere with the environmental regulations. The buildings in subject were 11,450 tonnes in total of five with the main building weighing 10,000 tonnes, 43 mtr high, 36.9 mtr long and 31.5 mtr wide which was moved on 300 lines of SPMT and ten powerpacks. This resulted in breaking three records of most heights, heaviest building transportation over the longest distance.[18]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enerpac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerpac"},{"link_name":"Faymonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faymonville_Group"},{"link_name":"Goldhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldhofer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhofer"},{"link_name":"Italcarrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//italcarrelli.eu/products/%ef%bb%bfself-propelled-transporters/modular/"},{"link_name":"Mammoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoet"},{"link_name":"Greiner Heavy Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//greiner-heavy.de/en/produkte/sefiro-eng/"},{"link_name":"Tracta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//tracta.nl/en/products/industrial-transporter"},{"link_name":"Transporter Industry International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Industry_International"},{"link_name":"Nicolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Industrie"},{"link_name":"Seyiton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.seyiton.com"},{"link_name":"Fada Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fada.com.tr"}],"text":"Enerpac\nFaymonville\nGoldhofer [de]\nItalcarrelli\nMammoet\nGreiner Heavy Engineering\nTracta\nTransporter Industry International\nNicolas\nSeyiton\nFada Engineering","title":"Notable manufacturers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denzai(www.denzai-j.com)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denzai(www.denzai-j.com)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ALE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALE(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mammoet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoet"},{"link_name":"Alstom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom"},{"link_name":"Sarens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarens"},{"link_name":"Lampson International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampson_International"},{"link_name":"CLP Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLP_Group"},{"link_name":"Omega Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Nordic Crane (Sweden,Norway & Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nordiccrane.com"}],"text":"Denzai(www.denzai-j.com)\nALE\nMammoet\nAlstom\nSarens\nLampson International\nCLP Group\nOmega Morgan\nNordic Crane (Sweden,Norway & Denmark)","title":"Operators"}]
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[{"image_text":"Two modules of Cometto MSPE series configured with turntable operated by Eisele AG in Maintal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Spmt-Drehschemel.jpg/220px-Spmt-Drehschemel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remote controller of a Goldhofer SPMT module.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phillipston%2C_Route_2_over_Route_2A_%28State_Rd.%29%2C_Phillipston_%285130358933%29.jpg/220px-Phillipston%2C_Route_2_over_Route_2A_%28State_Rd.%29%2C_Phillipston_%285130358933%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik Gen 1 14 axle line SPMT developed for Mammoet in the 1980s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Scheuerle_Mammoet_Stoof_1988_Red_Dog.jpg/220px-Scheuerle_Mammoet_Stoof_1988_Red_Dog.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"Heavy hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_hauler"},{"title":"Applied mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mechanics"},{"title":"Hydraulic modular trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_modular_trailer"},{"title":"Ballast tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tractor"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Manual on Use of Self-Propelled Modular Transporters to Remove and Replace Bridges\". Fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/07022/chap00.cfm","url_text":"\"Manual on Use of Self-Propelled Modular Transporters to Remove and Replace Bridges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Products\". Scheuerle. Archived from the original on 2012-12-29. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229234740/http://www.scheuerle.com/en/products/new-vehicles/plant-construction.html","url_text":"\"Products\""},{"url":"http://www.scheuerle.com/en/products/new-vehicles/plant-construction.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press: NICOLAS - leading manufacturer of heavy load transporters\". 2011-11-06. Archived from the original on 2011-11-06. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111106171304/http://www.nicolas.fr/en/home/press/press/the-fascination-of-bridge-construction-nicolas-involved-in-the-building-of-the-chongqi-bridge-in-china/17/ffdcb6ac23.html","url_text":"\"Press: NICOLAS - leading manufacturer of heavy load transporters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abnormal load carrier | 16th March 1989 | The Commercial Motor Archive\". archive.commercialmotor.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-march-1989/15/abnormal-load-carrier","url_text":"\"Abnormal load carrier | 16th March 1989 | The Commercial Motor Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mammoet Benelux > Over ons bedrijf > Historie\". Mammoetbenelux.nl. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mammoetbenelux.nl/Overonsbedrijf/Historie.aspx","url_text":"\"Mammoet Benelux > Over ons bedrijf > Historie\""}]},{"reference":"\"The first self-propelled modular trailers - Cranes Today\". Cranestodaymagazine.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/news/the-first-self-propelled-modular-trailers/","url_text":"\"The first self-propelled modular trailers - Cranes Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"30 years of SPMT (Self Propelled Modular Transporter) from SCHEUERLE – over 8,000 axle lines keep the world in motion\". Heavyliftnews.com. 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heavyliftnews.com/news/30-years-spmt-self-propelled-modular-transporter-scheuerle-8000-axle-lines-world-motion","url_text":"\"30 years of SPMT (Self Propelled Modular Transporter) from SCHEUERLE – over 8,000 axle lines keep the world in motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones\". KAMAG. Retrieved 2017-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kamag.com/company/milestones.html","url_text":"\"Milestones\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESTA SPMT Best Practice Guide Published\". estaeurope.eu. ESTA. Archived from the original on 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2018-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200936/https://collett.co.uk/index.php/our-story/news/73-esta-spmt-guide","url_text":"\"ESTA SPMT Best Practice Guide Published\""},{"url":"https://collett.co.uk/index.php/our-story/news/73-esta-spmt-guide","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is SPMT? Learn Self-propelled modular transporter Design & Specs\". 2017-09-17. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anstertrailer.com/spmt-self-propelled-modular-transporter-design-specifications/#11Applications_of_SPMT","url_text":"\"What is SPMT? Learn Self-propelled modular transporter Design & Specs\""}]},{"reference":"\"First electrically powered SPMT at work\". International Cranes and Specialized Transport. 2022-04-29. Retrieved 2023-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalcranes.media/news/first-electrically-powered-spmt-at-work/8020210.article","url_text":"\"First electrically powered SPMT at work\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes2023-05-31T08:06:00+01:00, Sophie. \"ESTA progresses with European Trailer Operators Licence\". Heavy Lift & Project Forwarding International. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heavyliftpfi.com/sectors/esta-progresses-with-european-trailer-operators-licence/22543.article","url_text":"\"ESTA progresses with European Trailer Operators Licence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record breaking SPMT move\". vertikal.net. Retrieved 2023-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://vertikal.net/en/news/story/40943/record-breaking-spmt-move","url_text":"\"Record breaking SPMT move\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's heaviest building transport - Cranes Today\". www.cranestodaymagazine.com. Retrieved 2023-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/news/worlds-heaviest-building-transport-10612476","url_text":"\"World's heaviest building transport - Cranes Today\""}]},{"reference":"Global, Project Cargo (2023-12-06). \"China Shipping uses SCHEUERLE SPMT's for historic building\". Project Cargo. Retrieved 2023-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://projectcargoglobal.com/?p=15887","url_text":"\"China Shipping uses SCHEUERLE SPMT's for historic building\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://italcarrelli.eu/products/%ef%bb%bfself-propelled-transporters/modular/","external_links_name":"Italcarrelli"},{"Link":"https://greiner-heavy.de/en/produkte/sefiro-eng/","external_links_name":"Greiner Heavy Engineering"},{"Link":"http://tracta.nl/en/products/industrial-transporter","external_links_name":"Tracta"},{"Link":"https://www.seyiton.com/","external_links_name":"Seyiton"},{"Link":"https://www.fada.com.tr/","external_links_name":"Fada Engineering"},{"Link":"https://www.nordiccrane.com/","external_links_name":"Nordic Crane (Sweden,Norway & Denmark)"},{"Link":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/pubs/07022/chap00.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Manual on Use of Self-Propelled Modular Transporters to Remove and Replace Bridges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121229234740/http://www.scheuerle.com/en/products/new-vehicles/plant-construction.html","external_links_name":"\"Products\""},{"Link":"http://www.scheuerle.com/en/products/new-vehicles/plant-construction.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111106171304/http://www.nicolas.fr/en/home/press/press/the-fascination-of-bridge-construction-nicolas-involved-in-the-building-of-the-chongqi-bridge-in-china/17/ffdcb6ac23.html","external_links_name":"\"Press: NICOLAS - leading manufacturer of heavy load transporters\""},{"Link":"https://www.scheuerle.com/fileadmin/data_all/files/Self-Propelled_Transporters_EN.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.scheuerle.com/fileadmin/data_all/files/Self-Propelled_Transporters_EN.pdf"},{"Link":"https://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-march-1989/15/abnormal-load-carrier","external_links_name":"\"Abnormal load carrier | 16th March 1989 | The Commercial Motor Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.mammoetbenelux.nl/Overonsbedrijf/Historie.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Mammoet Benelux > Over ons bedrijf > Historie\""},{"Link":"http://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/news/the-first-self-propelled-modular-trailers/","external_links_name":"\"The first self-propelled modular trailers - Cranes Today\""},{"Link":"http://www.heavyliftnews.com/news/30-years-spmt-self-propelled-modular-transporter-scheuerle-8000-axle-lines-world-motion","external_links_name":"\"30 years of SPMT (Self Propelled Modular Transporter) from SCHEUERLE – over 8,000 axle lines keep the world in motion\""},{"Link":"https://www.kamag.com/company/milestones.html","external_links_name":"\"Milestones\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200936/https://collett.co.uk/index.php/our-story/news/73-esta-spmt-guide","external_links_name":"\"ESTA SPMT Best Practice Guide Published\""},{"Link":"https://collett.co.uk/index.php/our-story/news/73-esta-spmt-guide","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.anstertrailer.com/spmt-self-propelled-modular-transporter-design-specifications/#11Applications_of_SPMT","external_links_name":"\"What is SPMT? Learn Self-propelled modular transporter Design & Specs\""},{"Link":"https://www.internationalcranes.media/news/first-electrically-powered-spmt-at-work/8020210.article","external_links_name":"\"First electrically powered SPMT at work\""},{"Link":"https://www.heavyliftpfi.com/sectors/esta-progresses-with-european-trailer-operators-licence/22543.article","external_links_name":"\"ESTA progresses with European Trailer Operators Licence\""},{"Link":"http://www.ale-heavylift.com/case-study/salvage-operation-sewol-ferry-east-china-sea/","external_links_name":"Load-in of Sewol ferry, East China Sea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051512/http://www.ale-heavylift.com/case-study/salvage-operation-sewol-ferry-east-china-sea/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ale-heavylift.com/news/ale-break-spmt-world-record-during-complex-salvage-ferry-operation-in-south-korea-2/","external_links_name":"ALE break SPMT world record during complex salvage ferry operation in South Korea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720043647/http://www.ale-heavylift.com/news/ale-break-spmt-world-record-during-complex-salvage-ferry-operation-in-south-korea-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vertikal.net/en/news/story/40943/record-breaking-spmt-move","external_links_name":"\"Record breaking SPMT move\""},{"Link":"https://www.cranestodaymagazine.com/news/worlds-heaviest-building-transport-10612476","external_links_name":"\"World's heaviest building transport - Cranes Today\""},{"Link":"https://projectcargoglobal.com/?p=15887","external_links_name":"\"China Shipping uses SCHEUERLE SPMT's for historic building\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cinema_Show
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Selling England by the Pound
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["1 Background","2 Writing and recording","3 Songs","3.1 Side one","3.2 Side two","3.3 Additional material","4 Sleeve design","5 Release","6 Critical reception and legacy","7 Tour","8 Track listing","9 Personnel","10 Charts","11 Certifications","12 References","13 References","14 Sources","15 External links"]
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1973 studio album by GenesisSelling England by the PoundStudio album by GenesisReleased5 October 1973RecordedAugust 1973StudioIsland (London)Genre
Progressive rock
Length53:48LabelCharismaAtlanticProducer
John Burns
Genesis
Genesis chronology
Genesis Live(1973)
Selling England by the Pound(1973)
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway(1974)
Singles from Selling England by the Pound
"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)"Released: February 1974
Selling England by the Pound is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock band Genesis, released on 5 October 1973 on Charisma Records. It reached No. 3 in the United Kingdom and No. 70 in the United States. A single from the album, "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)", was released in February 1974 and became the band's first top 30 hit in the UK.
The album was recorded in August 1973 following the tour supporting the previous album, Foxtrot (1972). The group set aside a short period of time to write new material, which covered a number of themes, including the loss of English folk culture and an increased American influence, which was reflected in the title. Following the album's release, the group set out on tour, where they drew an enthusiastic reception from fans.
Critics and the band members themselves have given mixed opinions of the album, though guitarist Steve Hackett has said it is his favourite Genesis record. Its reputation has improved over time, appearing on various critical and fan-voted rankings of the best progressive rock albums. The album has continued to sell and has reached Gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry and the Recording Industry Association of America. It was remastered for CD in 1994 and 2007. Several of the album tracks became fan favourites and featured as a regular part of the band's live setlist into the 1980s.
Background
In May 1973, the Genesis line-up of frontman and singer Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, bassist and guitarist Mike Rutherford, guitarist Steve Hackett and drummer Phil Collins completed their 1972–1973 tour supporting their previous album Foxtrot (1972). The tour marked the band's first full-scale North American tour, which drew positive responses, but journalists were still criticising the band and comparing them to other progressive rock bands of the time such as Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Jethro Tull, and Pink Floyd. Charisma pushed to release new Genesis material to capitalise on the band's newfound commercial success despite the band's wishes against it, and released a compilation of live recordings from early 1973, originally intended for broadcast on the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show in the US, as their first live album Genesis Live (1973). This budget-priced release also compensated for the cancellation of a proposed gig at Wembley Arena in May 1973, which was cancelled due to the inability to print tickets in time, and to act as a bridging album in between Foxtrot and the next studio album. It became their highest charting album in the UK at the time, peaking at No 9.
The group were too busy touring to write new material, so after coming off the road they set aside time to create new songs. Due to the success of Foxtrot, the group's record label, Charisma Records, allowed them two to three months to come up with a new studio album, which Rutherford considered to be "the kiss of death". Early into the sessions Collins formed a pick-up band with former Yes guitarist Peter Banks for a few gigs, and Rutherford revealed in an interview to Sounds in 1976 that "there had been worries that Phil might want to leave the group". Despite this, Gabriel recalled this time as a "relatively happy and calm period".
Writing and recording
The album was not written in a single session or location, and Banks recalled the group had some difficulty in coming up with musical ideas. The extra time that Charisma allowed caused the band to adopt a more relaxed pace of working at first, which included periods of unproductive work, such as the constant reworking of ideas to the point where they no longer worked or those that led them back to where they started. The first sessions took place in what reporter Jerry Gilbert described as "a rambling old stately home" in Chessington, Kingston upon Thames, the group practising in the living room causing the neighbours to complain about the noise and impose a curfew. Collins did not remember the album being particularly difficult to put together, but said the Chessington sessions was where the basis of "The Cinema Show" was put together. He had been listening to the jazz fusion group Mahavishnu Orchestra which influenced him to play more complicated time signatures on the drums for "Dancing With the Moonlit Knight" and other parts on the album. Rehearsals then moved to London in a space beneath the Una Billings School of Dance in Shepherd's Bush, during which "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" was developed further. Hackett had not contributed a great deal of material to the group at this point, which was made difficult by the breakdown of his first marriage going on around the same time. Rather than pitch whole songs he instead devised guitar licks, all of which were used, and believed it gave the album a jazz fusion feel yet still remained very English.
Two sections that were brought into the sessions from the start were a simple guitar riff that Hackett had been playing that the band liked and wanted to develop further and became "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)", and three bits from Banks that he initially thought were for different songs but were instead used in the final arrangement of "Firth of Fifth". The third section developed early on became the opening of "The Battle of Epping Forest", and the band repeatedly performed these three pieces daily for a short while which Banks thought resulted in the latter song being too overworked. Despite the setbacks, biographer Robin Platts wrote: "There were enough magic moments and inspired jam sessions to produce such enduring compositions".
One of the ideas that Gabriel wanted to convey with the album was the idea of looking at "Englishness in a different way". This included his suggestion of the album's title, itself a slogan adopted by the Labour Party manifesto, to ensure that the British press would not accuse the band of "selling out" to America. Rutherford later deemed the title to be among the band's best album titles. Overall, it represented a decay of English folk culture and an increase in Americanisation. Banks said the English theme across the album was not an intentional idea at first, but merely the way the songs naturally developed. Gabriel later said he wrote all his lyrical contributions to the album in two days.
Having rehearsed and written enough material for an album, the group entered Island Studios in London in August 1973. As with Foxtrot, John Burns helped with production. Burns' technical skills resulted in a good recorded sound and environment, and this motivated the group to play better and tackle more complex arrangements. Gabriel was conscious of the greater use of lengthy instrumental sections on the album which he thought presented the risk of the material becoming boring.
Songs
Side one
Firth of Fifth
Tony Banks wrote most of "Firth of Fifth", which included a guitar solo from Steve Hackett. The track has been described as "one of the finest nine and half minutes of music that Genesis ever put down".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight" evolved from a number of short piano pieces composed by Gabriel, which was combined with some of Hackett's guitar figures to make up the track. The second sections contains improvisations from the whole band, and the outro section was written by Rutherford. Gabriel added English-themed lyrics to counter the impression from the music press that Genesis were trying too hard to appeal to the American audience, including references to Green Shield Stamps. Banks had upgraded to a new model of Mellotron and used the choir sound on the track. The track ends with a series of 12-string guitar figures that were originally supposed to segue into "The Cinema Show" to make a piece around 20 minutes in length, but this idea was dropped as the result was too comparable to the 23-minute "Supper's Ready" on Foxtrot. Its original working title was "Disney". Rutherford thought the song's opening provided a good start to the album, but felt less enthusiastic towards it overall, calling it "a bit busy".
"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" came out of a jam session by the group around one of Hackett's guitar riffs. He had presented the riff to the group previously, but it had been rejected because it sounded too much like the Beatles. Then Banks helped him to write the chorus. Gilbert described an early listening of the song as "Hints of quaint English romanticism" that, according to Gabriel, was initially intended to have more of a folk-oriented melody. The percussion sounds heard at the beginning are Gabriel playing with a talking drum that Burns had purchased from Nigeria. It was released as a single from the album, which became the first of the group's to chart in the UK.
Banks wrote most of "Firth of Fifth" on his own, and had presented it to the group for Foxtrot, but it was rejected. He reworked some sections of the song for Selling England by the Pound, where it drew a more positive reception. The track opens with a solo piece for piano, that is repeated by the band later in the song. Banks recalled the difficulty to remove the noise created by the piano pedal in the studio, so he played the passage without it which he found difficult. Hackett took one of Banks' piano figures and rearranged it as a guitar solo, which dominates the latter part of the track. Banks later deemed the lyrics, to which he contributed with assistance from Rutherford, as one of the worst he had worked on. He had aimed to follow "the idea of a river and then I got a bit caught up in the cosmos and I don't quite know where I ended up".
"More Fool Me" is the second of two songs, the other being "For Absent Friends" from Nursery Cryme, to feature Collins on lead vocals before he became the band's lead singer in 1975. Uncharacteristically for the group's output at the time, the song was a tender, romantic ballad. Its music was written quickly by Rutherford, with lyrics by both him and Collins, while sitting on the steps outside the recording studio. Gabriel considered the pair's contributions "quite a breakthrough".
Side two
"The Battle of Epping Forest" recounts gang wars that occurred in the titular woods.
"The Battle of Epping Forest" was inspired by a news story that Gabriel had read several years previously about the territorial battles by two rival gangs in the East End of London that would fight in Epping Forest. He placed an advertisement in The Times and looked through library archives in attempt to find more about the story, but was unable to find any further information, so he created his own fictional characters, including "Liquid Len", "Harold Demure" and "The Bethnal Green Butcher". Upon hearing a rehearsal take of the song in July 1973, reporter Chris Welch wrote: "'The 'Battle' has a catchy march theme with typical Genesis drum and bass lines, clean and precise". The lyrics have since been praised for their humour and wit, but the band later said they did not gel well with the music and made the piece complicated for the sake of being so. Gabriel thought its ending, which had each gang settling the issue over the toss of a coin, tied up the story well but is too much of an anti-climax. The song was composed by Banks with some help from Rutherford and Collins.
"After the Ordeal" is an instrumental written by Hackett with Rutherford; the song originated as more of an electric piece but neither he nor the other band members could adapt it into something that they felt worked, so it was transformed with an acoustic introduction with an electric guitar solo to finish. Hackett mentioned in a homemade video capsule that this was the first Genesis track on which he ever used a nylon guitar. Banks and Gabriel did not want to include the song on the album, but Hackett insisted it should be kept; Banks expressed little interest in its "pseudo classical" style. It was ultimately left on after Gabriel and Banks argued about the length of "The Cinema Show", which meant everything was included as a compromise. Banks later said the compromise led to the album overrunning its desirable length on vinyl, resulting in a sound quality he thought came out as "pretty rough".
Tony Banks performed the keyboard solo on "The Cinema Show" on an ARP Pro Soloist.
"The Cinema Show" is divided into two sections. The first section is a 12-string guitar-based piece written by Rutherford, featuring vocal harmonies between Gabriel and Collins, as well as a short flute and oboe solo. The song concludes with a four-and-a-half-minute keyboard solo on the ARP Pro Soloist, with Rutherford and Collins playing a rhythm in a 78 time signature. Rutherford come up with the main riff, then Banks and Collins improvised on it. The final melody on the synth was written by Collins. The lyrics, written by Banks and Rutherford, draw much of their inspiration from the T. S. Eliot poem The Waste Land.
The album closes with a segue from the end of "The Cinema Show" into "Aisle of Plenty", a reprise of "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight" which gives the album a book-end effect. The track uses word play such as "Easy, love there's the safe way home" and "Thankful for her fine fare discount, Tess co-operates", referring to British supermarkets.
Additional material
During the album's sessions Gabriel and Hackett developed a track named "Déja Vu", but it remained unfinished and left off the album. Hackett prepared a finished version of the song for his album Genesis Revisited (1996). He performed the song live on his 2019 tour which featured Selling England by the Pound performed in its entirety.
Sleeve design
The album cover is a painting by Betty Swanwick titled The Dream. Swanwick had designed posters for London Transport between the 1930s and 1950s. The original painting did not include a lawn mower; the band had Swanwick add it later as an allusion to the track "I Know What I Like" because Swanwick told them she did not have enough time to paint a new picture for the cover.
Release
Selling England by the Pound was released on 5 October 1973, reaching No. 3 in the UK charts and No. 70 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Albums chart. The album's success in the U.S. benefitted from a switch from Buddah Records to Atlantic. "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" was released as a single, with "Twilight Alehouse" on the B-side, in February 1974. It was the band's first single to enter the UK chart, and peaked at No. 21. It was successful enough for Genesis to be invited to perform the song on the British television show Top of the Pops, which the band declined. In 2013, the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry for selling 100,000 copies.
The album was digitally remastered for compact disc in 1994 and again in 2007 by Rhino Records.
Critical reception and legacy
Retrospective professional reviewsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideBEncyclopedia of Popular MusicThe Great Rock Discography10/10MusicHound Rock4/5QThe Rolling Stone Album Guide
Contemporary reviews for the album were mixed. Rolling Stone's Paul Gambaccini praised the band for attempting something utterly different amidst "a stagnant pop scene", but criticised the album's lyrics, feeling they overused British pop culture references, and complained about some musical passages. Despite this, Gambaccini thought the album "merits some recognition". NME's Barbara Charone said the album was "the band's best, most adventurous album to date". The Guardian's Robin Denselow wrote that "much of the material is indistinctive and tedious". Writing for The Village Voice in June 1974, Robert Christgau assessed the record as "down-to-earth progressive, which means that it indulges in snooty satire about the vulgar futility of working class youth. Would T.S. Eliot be proud? I doubt it. But I have the feeling that they're saying right out what all their co-workers in the genre are thinking, and there's some pretty dense music here."
Retrospective reviews have been more favourable. AllMusic and BBC Music remarked that the album returned to the whimsical eccentricity of Nursery Cryme while retaining the hard rock intensity and pessimism of Foxtrot, combining the best of both elements to make Genesis's best album up to that point. Christgau, later writing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), admitted that the songs "Firth of Fifth" and "The Battle of Epping Forest" have "a complexity of tone that's pretty rare in any kind of art", though he summarised the rest of the album by saying "it sounds as snooty as usual".
In 2012, the album ranked seventh in Rolling Stone's "Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time". It was also included in IGN's list "10 Classic Prog Rock Albums" in 2008, who praised its "subtle elegance, sublime textures, and lyrical splendor". Rock author Edward Macan has mixed feelings towards the album, praising "Firth of Fifth" and "The Cinema Show" but questioning some of the other material. Motoring journalist and broadcaster Jeremy Clarkson is a fan of the album and wrote sleeve notes for it when it was included in the box set Genesis 1970–1975.
Hackett has considered the album to be his favourite Genesis record, and was happy with his extensive contributions to it. In 2017, he explained, "It was an important watershed album for the band, and it was at the beginning of us struggling to find gigs in the States. If we could get into a club somewhere, wherever it was, that was good news for us at that time. A young, struggling band, but with an album that was due to become a classic in time." Banks and Rutherford have had mixed feelings, saying there are a lot of high points but also some lows. Charisma owner Tony Stratton Smith was disappointed with the album, which he thought contained too many instrumental sections. Band friend and former roadie Richard Macphail thought the power of Genesis live had not been captured on record properly until Burns started to work with them and that by the time of Selling England, the group had acquired better equipment.
Selling England by the Pound has been praised by other songwriters and musicians. Rush drummer Neil Peart has said: "I think Selling England by the Pound is an enduring masterpiece of drumming. Beautiful drumming, lovely sound, and the arrangements, I think they really nailed the best of what that band as an entity could have done with that album." Fish, solo artist and former lead singer of Marillion, has called it "the definitive Genesis album", praised its "emotive" quality, said the wordplay was "one of the things that became quite an influence on me – the games within the lyrics" and concluded it "took a whole jump forward and was the album that really got me into Genesis". According to Hackett, John Lennon said he liked the album during a radio interview, which the band took great encouragement from. Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen also cites the album as a major influence. In an interview, Robert Pollard of Guided by Voices said that "Selling England by the Pound is one of my top 10 records of all time" and that "Genesis with Peter Gabriel might be my biggest influence."
Tour
Peter Gabriel during the Selling England by the Pound tour in 1974, dressed in costume
Main article: Selling England by the Pound Tour
Genesis supported the album with a concert tour of Europe and North America from September 1973 to May 1974. Initially they were to perform with a new and more elaborate stage set than before, that included inflatable objects that had images projected onto them, but a change in fire regulations following the Summerland disaster in August 1973 led to the idea being scrapped. Gabriel devised new stories before songs, and wore a full costume with a helmet and shield representing the Britannia character for "Dancing With the Moonlit Knight" and sang "The Battle of Epping Forest" with a stocking over his head.
The tour began with a sold-out tour of the UK, but had to cancel the first date at the Green's Playhouse, Glasgow due to electrical safety issues minutes before its start. The group realised they were substantially in debt and needed better management, so recruited Tony Smith (no relation to Charisma boss Tony Stratton Smith). In October 1973 a pair of dates in the tour were filmed by Charisma for a possible cinema release, but the plan was rejected by the band who felt the film was not up to standard. Instead, the band performed a five-song set in front of an invited audience at Shepperton Studios that was filmed and broadcast as Tony Stratton Smith Presents Genesis in Concert. The group returned to the U.S. in December 1973 that included six shows in three nights at The Roxy in Los Angeles, and a performance of "Watcher of the Skies" and "The Musical Box" on the late night television show The Midnight Special. January 1974 saw the band perform five nights at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane which saw Gabriel lifted in the air by a wire during "Supper's Ready".
Track listing
All tracks credited to Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett and Mike Rutherford. Actual songwriters listed below. All tracks produced by Genesis and John Burns.
Side oneNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Dancing with the Moonlit Knight"GabrielGabriel, Hackett, Banks, Rutherford, Collins8:052."I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)"GabrielHackett, Banks, Gabriel4:083."Firth of Fifth"Banks, RutherfordBanks9:384."More Fool Me" ()Rutherford, CollinsRutherford3:12Total length:25:03
Side twoNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."The Battle of Epping Forest"GabrielBanks, Rutherford, Hackett, Gabriel, Collins11:492."After the Ordeal"(instrumental)Hackett, Rutherford4:173."The Cinema Show" ()Rutherford, BanksRutherford, Banks, Collins11:064."Aisle of Plenty"GabrielGabriel1:33Total length:28:45
Personnel
Adapted from the album's 1973 sleeve notes.
Genesis
Peter Gabriel – vocals, flute, oboe, percussion
Tony Banks – Hammond organ, Mellotron, Hohner Pianet, ARP Pro Soloist, piano, 12-string guitar
Steve Hackett – electric guitar, nylon guitar
Mike Rutherford – 12-string guitar, bass, electric sitar, cello
Phil Collins – drums, assorted percussion, lead vocals on "More Fool Me", backing vocals
Production
John Burns – producer, engineer
Genesis – production
Rhett Davies – assistant engineer
Betty Swanwick – cover painting
Charts
Chart (1973-1974)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
52
Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts)
19
Italian Albums (Musica e dischi)
4
UK Albums (OCC)
3
US Billboard 200
70
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC)
12
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)
Platinum
100,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
100,000*
Italy (FIMI)
Gold
25,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Banks first obtained a Pro Soloist during the album's writing sessions. He had previously borrowed an EMS VCS 3 synthesizer, but disliked it as it kept going out of tune. The Pro Soloist became a regular part of Banks' touring gear with Genesis throughout the 1970s.
^ At the time Fine Fare and Safeway were British supermarket chains while Tesco and the Co-op still operate today.
^ The original vinyl release credits "vocals Phil" next to the title.
^ The original vinyl release does not have a track marker between "The Cinema Show" and "Aisle of Plenty", and hence both are shown as a single track.
References
^ a b c Schütz, Peter; Sturm, Alex. "Release Date Mystery (IV). When was "Selling England" released? About the search for the right release date". genesis-news.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
^ "Genesis – Selling England by the Pound (album review 5) | Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ a b Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 249.
^ a b c d e f g h Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 80.
^ Greene, Andy (26 July 2012). "Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ "10 Classic Prog Rock Albums". IGN. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 69, 72.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 76.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 78.
^ a b c d e Platts 2001, p. 64.
^ a b c d Gilbert, Jerry (9 June 1973). "Genesis planning project X". Sounds. p. 15. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 77.
^ a b c d e f Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 79.
^ Gabriel, Peter. Reissues Interview 2007 at 00:54–01:01
^ a b Banks, Tony. Reissues Interview 2007 at 01:01–02:15
^ a b Welch 2011, p. 44.
^ a b c d e Welch, Chris (28 July 1973). "What Genesis did on their 'holidays'". Melody Maker. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Interview with Steve Hackett and Kim Poor". 5 May 1978. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Hackett, Steve. Reissues Interview 2007 at 03:20–03:43
^ Collins, Phil. Reissues Interview 2007 at 04:02–04:25
^ Collins, Phil. Reissues Interview 2007 at 04:36–04:41
^ Hackett, Steve. Reissues Interview 2007 at 02:15–03:02
^ Gabriel, Peter. Reissues Interview 2007 at 00:10–00:31
^ Rutherford, Mike. Reissues Interview 2007 at 00:31–00:36
^ a b c d e Gilbert, Jerry (1 September 1973). "Genesis battle against forest and fire". Sounds. p. 8. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Carruthers 2011, p. 95.
^ a b Welch, Chris (6 October 1973). "Genesis: Chapter and verse". Melody Maker. p. 13. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, pp. 79, 81.
^ a b Macan 1997, p. 136.
^ a b c Awde 2008, p. 206.
^ Easlea 2013, pp. 147–148.
^ Rutherford, Mike. Reissues Interview 2007 at 00:44–00:53
^ Easlea 2013, p. 150.
^ Macan 1997, p. 109.
^ a b Wiser, Carl (20 February 2018). "Songwriter Interviews: Tony Banks". Songfacts. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
^ a b c d Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 81.
^ Platts 2001, p. 67.
^ a b c d e Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 82.
^ Hackett, Steve. Reissues Interview 2007 at 03:02–03:20
^ "Steve Hackett talks about After The Ordeal". YouTube. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
^ a b Hewitt 2001, p. 38.
^ Reid, Gordon (March 2008). "ARP Pro-Soloist". Performing Musician. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ Sound on Sound (April 2009). "ReGenesis : Early Genesis for the modern keyboardist". Retrieved 13 December 2012.
^ a b Macan 1997, p. 84.
^ Greene, Andy (5 September 2019). "Genesis Guitarist Steve Hackett Talks 'Selling England by the Pound' Tour". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 246.
^ "Selling England by the Pound – Genesis : Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Carruthers 2011, p. 96.
^ a b Platts 2001, p. 70.
^ a b Hewitt 2001, p. 39.
^ a b "British album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
^ "Selling England by the Pound – Genesis". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
^ "Selling England by the Pound – Genesis". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Selling England by the Pound – Genesis | AllMusic". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
^ a b Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: G". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus. p. 588. OL 11913831M.
^ Strong, Martin C. (2004). The Great Rock Discography (7th ed.). New York: Canongate. p. 592. OL 18807297M.
^ Graff & Durchholz 1999, p. 477.
^ "Review". Q. December 1994. p. 162.
^ Nathan Brackett; Christian David Hoard (2004). The new Rolling Stone album guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.
^ Gambaccini, Paul (14 March 1974). "Genesis: Selling England By The Pound : Music Reviews". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
^ Carruthers 2011, p. 88.
^ Christgau, Robert (June 1974). "The Christgau Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
^ Jones, Chris (23 April 2007). "BBC – Music – Review of Genesis – Selling England by the Pound". BBC. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
^ Greene, Andy (26 July 2012). "Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
^ "10 Classic Prog Rock Albums". IGN. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ Hamilton, Fiona; Coates, Sam; Savage, Michael (2 November 2008). "The famous fans of Genesis". The Times. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.(subscription required)
^ "Genesis Reissue Five Classic Albums As Box Set". Uncut. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ Prato, Greg (2017). "Steve Hackett Can Still Hack It". Long Island Pulse. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ Easlea 2013, pp. 146–147.
^ "6 pioneers of prog rock drumming". MusicRadar. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
^ Mann, Rachel (20 May 2013). "This Must Be The Plaice: Fish's Favourite Albums". The Quietus. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ Derrough, Leslie (2013). "Steve Hackett: An Interview with a Prog Pioneer". Glide Magazine. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ "Yngwie Malmsteen Says Other Guitar Players Never Influenced His Style". Blabbermouth.net. 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
^ "The Onion Interview with Bob Pollard". www.robertpollard.net. 1999. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ a b c Platts 2001, p. 71.
^ a b Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 83.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 84.
^ Bowler & Dray 1992, p. 85.
^ Hewitt 2001, p. 40.
^ a b c d Selling England by the Pound (Media notes). Charisma Records. 1973. CAS 1074.
^ Giammetti, Mario (2020). Genesis 1967 to 1975 - The Peter Gabriel Years. Kingmaker. ISBN 978-1-913218-62-1.
^ Collins, Phil. Reissues Interview 2007 at 04:02–04:25
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 19. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 166. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
^ "Classifiche". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March 2024. Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Titolo" field, search " Selling England by the Pound".
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
^ "Genesis Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
^ "Official Rock & Metal Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
^ "Canadian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound". Music Canada.
^ "French album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
^ "Italian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 25 March 2019. Select "2019" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Selling England by the Pound" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Album e Compilation" under "Sezione".
^ "American album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound". Recording Industry Association of America.
Sources
Awde, Nick (2008). Mellotron: The Machines and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock. Bennett & Bloom. ISBN 978-1-898948-02-5.
Bowler, Dave; Dray, Bryan (1992). Genesis: A Biography. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-283-06132-5.
Carruthers, Bob (2011). Genesis - The Gabriel Era - Uncensored on the Record. Coda Books. ISBN 978-1-908538-73-4.
Easlea, Daryl (2013). Without Frontiers: The Life & Music of Peter Gabriel. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12860-7.
Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-061-2.
Giammetti, Mario (2020). Genesis 1967 to 1975 - The Peter Gabriel Years. Kingmaker. ISBN 978-1-913218-62-1.
Hewitt, Alan (2001). Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle. Firefly Publishing. ISBN 978-0-946-71930-3.
Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.
Platts, Robin (2001). Genesis: Inside & Out (1967–2000). Collector's Guide Publishing. ISBN 978-1-896-52271-5.
Welch, Chris (2011). Genesis: The Complete Guide to Their Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-739-6.
DVD Media
Banks, Tony; Collins, Phil; Gabriel, Peter; Hackett, Steve; Rutherford, Mike (10 November 2008). Genesis 1970–1975 (DVD). Virgin Records. UPC 5099951968328.
External links
Analysis of "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight" lyrics by George Starosin
vteGenesis
Tony Banks
Mike Rutherford
Peter Gabriel
Anthony Phillips
Chris Stewart
John Silver
John Mayhew
Phil Collins
Mick Barnard
Steve Hackett
Ray Wilson
Studio albums
From Genesis to Revelation
Trespass
Nursery Cryme
Foxtrot
Selling England by the Pound
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway
A Trick of the Tail
Wind & Wuthering
...And Then There Were Three...
Duke
Abacab
Genesis
Invisible Touch
We Can't Dance
Calling All Stations
Live albums
Genesis Live
Seconds Out
Three Sides Live
The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts
The Way We Walk, Volume Two: The Longs
Live over Europe 2007
Compilations
Turn It On Again: The Hits
Platinum Collection
The Last Domino? – The Hits
Box sets
Genesis Archive 1967–75
Genesis Archive #2 1976–92
Genesis 1976–1982
Genesis 1983–1998
Genesis 1970–1975
Genesis Live 1973–2007
R-Kive
BBC Broadcasts
EPs
Spot the Pigeon
3×3
Singles
"The Silent Sun"
"The Knife"
"Watcher of the Skies"
"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)"
"The Carpet Crawlers"
"A Trick of the Tail"
"Follow You Follow Me"
"Many Too Many"
"Go West Young Man"
"Turn It On Again"
"Duchess"
"Misunderstanding"
"Abacab"
"No Reply at All"
"Keep It Dark"
"Man on the Corner"
"Paperlate"
"Mama"
"That's All"
"Home by the Sea"
"Illegal Alien"
"Taking It All Too Hard"
"Invisible Touch"
"Throwing It All Away"
"In Too Deep"
"Land of Confusion"
"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight"
"No Son of Mine"
"I Can't Dance"
"Hold on My Heart"
"Jesus He Knows Me"
"Never a Time"
"Tell Me Why"
"Congo"
"Shipwrecked"
"Not About Us"
"The Carpet Crawlers 1999"
"The Silent Sun 2006"
Other songs
"The Musical Box"
"Get 'Em Out by Friday"
"Can-Utility and the Coastliners"
"Supper's Ready"
"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight"
"Firth of Fifth"
"The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway"
"The Lady Lies"
"Behind the Lines"
"Domino"
"Anything She Does"
"Driving the Last Spike"
"Fading Lights"
Video albums
In Concert
Three Sides Live
The Mama Tour
Live at Wembley Stadium
The Way We Walk
The Video Show
Live in London
When in Rome 2007
Genesis Movie Box 1981–2007
Tours
Selling England by the Pound Tour
The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway Tour
A Trick of the Tail Tour
Wind & Wuthering Tour
Invisible Touch Tour
We Can't Dance Tour
Calling All Stations Tour
Turn It On Again: The Tour
The Last Domino? Tour
Related musicians
Bill Bruford
Chester Thompson
Daryl Stuermer
Nick D'Virgilio
Nir Zidkyahu
Anthony Drennan
Daniel Pearce
Related articles
List of Genesis medleys
Brand X
Flaming Youth
Mike and the Mechanics
GTR
Stiltskin
Simon Collins
Sound of Contact
Jonathan King
Tony Smith
The Musical Box
Six of the Best
Genesis: Together and Apart
The Farm
Genesis discography
List of Genesis band members
Genesis awards
Category
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MusicBrainz release group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Charisma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-1"},{"link_name":"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_I_Like_(In_Your_Wardrobe)"},{"link_name":"Foxtrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot_(album)"},{"link_name":"Steve Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hackett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"}],"text":"1973 studio album by GenesisSelling England by the Pound is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock band Genesis, released on 5 October 1973 on Charisma Records.[1] It reached No. 3 in the United Kingdom and No. 70 in the United States. A single from the album, \"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\", was released in February 1974 and became the band's first top 30 hit in the UK.The album was recorded in August 1973 following the tour supporting the previous album, Foxtrot (1972). The group set aside a short period of time to write new material, which covered a number of themes, including the loss of English folk culture and an increased American influence, which was reflected in the title. Following the album's release, the group set out on tour, where they drew an enthusiastic reception from fans.Critics and the band members themselves have given mixed opinions of the album, though guitarist Steve Hackett has said it is his favourite Genesis record.[4] Its reputation has improved over time, appearing on various critical and fan-voted rankings of the best progressive rock albums.[5][6] The album has continued to sell and has reached Gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry and the Recording Industry Association of America. It was remastered for CD in 1994 and 2007. Several of the album tracks became fan favourites and featured as a regular part of the band's live setlist into the 1980s.","title":"Selling England by the Pound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Tony Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mike Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Steve Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Phil Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collins"},{"link_name":"Foxtrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot_(album)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199269,_72-7"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199276-8"},{"link_name":"King Biscuit Flower Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Biscuit_Flower_Hour"},{"link_name":"Genesis Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Live"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199278-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200164-10"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundsjun1973-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200164-10"},{"link_name":"Charisma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_Records"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200164-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199277-12"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Peter Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Banks"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundsjun1973-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In May 1973, the Genesis line-up of frontman and singer Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, bassist and guitarist Mike Rutherford, guitarist Steve Hackett and drummer Phil Collins completed their 1972–1973 tour supporting their previous album Foxtrot (1972). The tour marked the band's first full-scale North American tour, which drew positive responses,[7] but journalists were still criticising the band and comparing them to other progressive rock bands of the time such as Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Jethro Tull, and Pink Floyd.[8] Charisma pushed to release new Genesis material to capitalise on the band's newfound commercial success despite the band's wishes against it, and released a compilation of live recordings from early 1973, originally intended for broadcast on the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show in the US, as their first live album Genesis Live (1973).[9][10] This budget-priced release also compensated for the cancellation of a proposed gig at Wembley Arena in May 1973, which was cancelled due to the inability to print tickets in time, and to act as a bridging album in between Foxtrot and the next studio album.[11] It became their highest charting album in the UK at the time, peaking at No 9.[10]The group were too busy touring to write new material, so after coming off the road they set aside time to create new songs. Due to the success of Foxtrot, the group's record label, Charisma Records, allowed them two to three months to come up with a new studio album, which Rutherford considered to be \"the kiss of death\".[10][12] Early into the sessions Collins formed a pick-up band with former Yes guitarist Peter Banks for a few gigs, and Rutherford revealed in an interview to Sounds in 1976 that \"there had been worries that Phil might want to leave the group\".[11][13] Despite this, Gabriel recalled this time as a \"relatively happy and calm period\".[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch201144-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyjul1973-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200164-10"},{"link_name":"stately home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stately_home"},{"link_name":"Chessington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessington"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundsjun1973-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mahavishnu Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"time signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signatures"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyjul1973-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200164-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"folk culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_culture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundssep1973-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthers201195-26"},{"link_name":"Island Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Studios"},{"link_name":"John Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burns_(audio_engineer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyoct1973-27"}],"text":"The album was not written in a single session or location, and Banks recalled the group had some difficulty in coming up with musical ideas.[15][16] The extra time that Charisma allowed caused the band to adopt a more relaxed pace of working at first, which included periods of unproductive work, such as the constant reworking of ideas to the point where they no longer worked or those that led them back to where they started.[17][10] The first sessions took place in what reporter Jerry Gilbert described as \"a rambling old stately home\" in Chessington, Kingston upon Thames,[11] the group practising in the living room causing the neighbours to complain about the noise and impose a curfew.[18][19] Collins did not remember the album being particularly difficult to put together, but said the Chessington sessions was where the basis of \"The Cinema Show\" was put together. He had been listening to the jazz fusion group Mahavishnu Orchestra which influenced him to play more complicated time signatures on the drums for \"Dancing With the Moonlit Knight\" and other parts on the album.[20] Rehearsals then moved to London in a space beneath the Una Billings School of Dance in Shepherd's Bush,[17] during which \"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\" was developed further.[21] Hackett had not contributed a great deal of material to the group at this point, which was made difficult by the breakdown of his first marriage going on around the same time. Rather than pitch whole songs he instead devised guitar licks, all of which were used, and believed it gave the album a jazz fusion feel yet still remained very English.[22]Two sections that were brought into the sessions from the start were a simple guitar riff that Hackett had been playing that the band liked and wanted to develop further and became \"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\", and three bits from Banks that he initially thought were for different songs but were instead used in the final arrangement of \"Firth of Fifth\". The third section developed early on became the opening of \"The Battle of Epping Forest\", and the band repeatedly performed these three pieces daily for a short while which Banks thought resulted in the latter song being too overworked.[15] Despite the setbacks, biographer Robin Platts wrote: \"There were enough magic moments and inspired jam sessions to produce such enduring compositions\".[10]One of the ideas that Gabriel wanted to convey with the album was the idea of looking at \"Englishness in a different way\". This included his suggestion of the album's title,[23] itself a slogan adopted by the Labour Party manifesto, to ensure that the British press would not accuse the band of \"selling out\" to America.[4] Rutherford later deemed the title to be among the band's best album titles.[24] Overall, it represented a decay of English folk culture and an increase in Americanisation.[4] Banks said the English theme across the album was not an intentional idea at first, but merely the way the songs naturally developed.[25] Gabriel later said he wrote all his lyrical contributions to the album in two days.[26]Having rehearsed and written enough material for an album, the group entered Island Studios in London in August 1973. As with Foxtrot, John Burns helped with production.[13] Burns' technical skills resulted in a good recorded sound and environment, and this motivated the group to play better and tackle more complex arrangements.[4] Gabriel was conscious of the greater use of lengthy instrumental sections on the album which he thought presented the risk of the material becoming boring.[27]","title":"Writing and recording"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Firth of Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Firth_of_Fifth.ogg"},{"link_name":"Firth of Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Fifth"},{"link_name":"Steve Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hackett"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279,_81-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan1997136-29"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Moonlit_Knight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"Green Shield Stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Shield_Stamps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwde2008206-30"},{"link_name":"12-string guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"Supper's Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper%27s_Ready"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaslea2013147%E2%80%93148-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_I_Like_(In_Your_Wardrobe)"},{"link_name":"jam session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_session"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundssep1973-25"},{"link_name":"talking drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaslea2013150-33"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"Firth of Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Fifth"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan1997109-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF18-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199281-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200167-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF18-35"},{"link_name":"Nursery Cryme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_Cryme"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199282-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundssep1973-25"}],"sub_title":"Side one","text":"Firth of Fifth\n\nTony Banks wrote most of \"Firth of Fifth\", which included a guitar solo from Steve Hackett.[28] The track has been described as \"one of the finest nine and half minutes of music that Genesis ever put down\".[29]\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight\" evolved from a number of short piano pieces composed by Gabriel, which was combined with some of Hackett's guitar figures to make up the track.[13] The second sections contains improvisations from the whole band, and the outro section was written by Rutherford. Gabriel added English-themed lyrics to counter the impression from the music press that Genesis were trying too hard to appeal to the American audience, including references to Green Shield Stamps.[4] Banks had upgraded to a new model of Mellotron and used the choir sound on the track.[30] The track ends with a series of 12-string guitar figures that were originally supposed to segue into \"The Cinema Show\" to make a piece around 20 minutes in length, but this idea was dropped as the result was too comparable to the 23-minute \"Supper's Ready\" on Foxtrot.[4] Its original working title was \"Disney\".[31] Rutherford thought the song's opening provided a good start to the album, but felt less enthusiastic towards it overall, calling it \"a bit busy\".[32]\"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\" came out of a jam session by the group around one of Hackett's guitar riffs. He had presented the riff to the group previously, but it had been rejected because it sounded too much like the Beatles. Then Banks helped him to write the chorus. Gilbert described an early listening of the song as \"Hints of quaint English romanticism\" that, according to Gabriel, was initially intended to have more of a folk-oriented melody.[25] The percussion sounds heard at the beginning are Gabriel playing with a talking drum that Burns had purchased from Nigeria.[33] It was released as a single from the album, which became the first of the group's to chart in the UK.[13]Banks wrote most of \"Firth of Fifth\" on his own, and had presented it to the group for Foxtrot, but it was rejected. He reworked some sections of the song for Selling England by the Pound, where it drew a more positive reception.[13] The track opens with a solo piece for piano, that is repeated by the band later in the song. Banks recalled the difficulty to remove the noise created by the piano pedal in the studio, so he played the passage without it which he found difficult.[34][35] Hackett took one of Banks' piano figures and rearranged it as a guitar solo, which dominates the latter part of the track.[36] Banks later deemed the lyrics, to which he contributed with assistance from Rutherford, as one of the worst he had worked on. He had aimed to follow \"the idea of a river and then I got a bit caught up in the cosmos and I don't quite know where I ended up\".[37][35]\"More Fool Me\" is the second of two songs, the other being \"For Absent Friends\" from Nursery Cryme, to feature Collins on lead vocals before he became the band's lead singer in 1975. Uncharacteristically for the group's output at the time, the song was a tender, romantic ballad. Its music was written quickly by Rutherford, with lyrics by both him and Collins, while sitting on the steps outside the recording studio.[38] Gabriel considered the pair's contributions \"quite a breakthrough\".[25]","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epping_Forest_Centenary_Walk_2_-_Sept_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"the titular woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"East End of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyjul1973-17"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Liquid Len","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Len"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyjul1973-17"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199282-38"},{"link_name":"Chris Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Welch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyjul1973-17"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199282-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundssep1973-25"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nylonguitar-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt200138-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199281-36"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch201144-16"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt200138-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARP_Pro-Soloist.jpg"},{"link_name":"ARP Pro Soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Pro_Soloist"},{"link_name":"12-string guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"ARP Pro Soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Pro_Soloist"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"time signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan199784-45"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"The Waste Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waste_Land"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan199784-45"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwde2008206-30"},{"link_name":"British supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Side two","text":"\"The Battle of Epping Forest\" recounts gang wars that occurred in the titular woods.\"The Battle of Epping Forest\" was inspired by a news story that Gabriel had read several years previously about the territorial battles by two rival gangs in the East End of London that would fight in Epping Forest.[17] He placed an advertisement in The Times and looked through library archives in attempt to find more about the story, but was unable to find any further information, so he created his own fictional characters, including \"Liquid Len\", \"Harold Demure\" and \"The Bethnal Green Butcher\".[17][38] Upon hearing a rehearsal take of the song in July 1973, reporter Chris Welch wrote: \"'The 'Battle' has a catchy march theme with typical Genesis drum and bass lines, clean and precise\".[17] The lyrics have since been praised for their humour and wit, but the band later said they did not gel well with the music and made the piece complicated for the sake of being so.[38] Gabriel thought its ending, which had each gang settling the issue over the toss of a coin, tied up the story well but is too much of an anti-climax.[25] The song was composed by Banks with some help from Rutherford and Collins.\"After the Ordeal\" is an instrumental written by Hackett with Rutherford; the song originated as more of an electric piece but neither he nor the other band members could adapt it into something that they felt worked, so it was transformed with an acoustic introduction with an electric guitar solo to finish.[39] Hackett mentioned in a homemade video capsule that this was the first Genesis track on which he ever used a nylon guitar.[40] Banks and Gabriel did not want to include the song on the album, but Hackett insisted it should be kept; Banks expressed little interest in its \"pseudo classical\" style.[41][36] It was ultimately left on after Gabriel and Banks argued about the length of \"The Cinema Show\", which meant everything was included as a compromise.[16] Banks later said the compromise led to the album overrunning its desirable length on vinyl, resulting in a sound quality he thought came out as \"pretty rough\".[41]Tony Banks performed the keyboard solo on \"The Cinema Show\" on an ARP Pro Soloist.\"The Cinema Show\" is divided into two sections. The first section is a 12-string guitar-based piece written by Rutherford, featuring vocal harmonies between Gabriel and Collins, as well as a short flute and oboe solo. The song concludes with a four-and-a-half-minute keyboard solo on the ARP Pro Soloist,[a] with Rutherford and Collins playing a rhythm in a 78 time signature.[43][44] Rutherford come up with the main riff, then Banks and Collins improvised on it. The final melody on the synth was written by Collins. The lyrics, written by Banks and Rutherford, draw much of their inspiration from the T. S. Eliot poem The Waste Land.[44][30]The album closes with a segue from the end of \"The Cinema Show\" into \"Aisle of Plenty\", a reprise of \"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight\" which gives the album a book-end effect. The track uses word play such as \"Easy, love there's the safe way home\" and \"Thankful for her fine fare discount, Tess co-operates\", referring to British supermarkets.[4][b]","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genesis Revisited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Revisited"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Additional material","text":"During the album's sessions Gabriel and Hackett developed a track named \"Déja Vu\", but it remained unfinished and left off the album. Hackett prepared a finished version of the song for his album Genesis Revisited (1996). He performed the song live on his 2019 tour which featured Selling England by the Pound performed in its entirety.[45]","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Betty Swanwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Swanwick"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199281-36"},{"link_name":"London Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAwde2008206-30"},{"link_name":"lawn mower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199281-36"}],"text":"The album cover is a painting by Betty Swanwick titled The Dream.[36] Swanwick had designed posters for London Transport between the 1930s and 1950s.[30] The original painting did not include a lawn mower; the band had Swanwick add it later as an allusion to the track \"I Know What I Like\" because Swanwick told them she did not have enough time to paint a new picture for the cover.[36]","title":"Sleeve design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-1"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray1992246-48"},{"link_name":"Billboard Pop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Buddah Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddah_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthers201196-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200170-51"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray1992249-3"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt200139-52"},{"link_name":"British Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-53"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Rhino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Records"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Selling England by the Pound was released on 5 October 1973,[1] reaching No. 3 in the UK charts[46] and No. 70 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Albums chart.[47] The album's success in the U.S. benefitted from a switch from Buddah Records to Atlantic.[48] \"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\" was released as a single, with \"Twilight Alehouse\" on the B-side, in February 1974.[49] It was the band's first single to enter the UK chart, and peaked at No. 21.[3] It was successful enough for Genesis to be invited to perform the song on the British television show Top of the Pops, which the band declined.[50] In 2013, the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry for selling 100,000 copies.[51]The album was digitally remastered for compact disc in 1994[52] and again in 2007 by Rhino Records.[53]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Paul Gambaccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gambaccini"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone_rev-63"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Barbara Charone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Charone"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthers201188-64"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199282-38"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChristgauCG-65"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"BBC Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online"},{"link_name":"Nursery Cryme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_Cryme"},{"link_name":"Foxtrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot_(album)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-56"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCM-66"},{"link_name":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-57"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacan1997136-29"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Genesis 1970–1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_1970%E2%80%931975"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199280-4"},{"link_name":"Tony Stratton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stratton_Smith"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200170-51"},{"link_name":"Richard Macphail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Macphail"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaslea2013146%E2%80%93147-72"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Neil Peart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Peart"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Marillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marillion"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Yngwie Malmsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngwie_Malmsteen"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Guided by Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_by_Voices"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Contemporary reviews for the album were mixed. Rolling Stone's Paul Gambaccini praised the band for attempting something utterly different amidst \"a stagnant pop scene\", but criticised the album's lyrics, feeling they overused British pop culture references, and complained about some musical passages. Despite this, Gambaccini thought the album \"merits some recognition\".[61] NME's Barbara Charone said the album was \"the band's best, most adventurous album to date\".[62] The Guardian's Robin Denselow wrote that \"much of the material is indistinctive and tedious\".[38] Writing for The Village Voice in June 1974, Robert Christgau assessed the record as \"down-to-earth progressive, which means that it indulges in snooty satire about the vulgar futility of working class youth. Would T.S. Eliot be proud? I doubt it. But I have the feeling that they're saying right out what all their co-workers in the genre are thinking, and there's some pretty dense music here.\"[63]Retrospective reviews have been more favourable. AllMusic and BBC Music remarked that the album returned to the whimsical eccentricity of Nursery Cryme while retaining the hard rock intensity and pessimism of Foxtrot, combining the best of both elements to make Genesis's best album up to that point.[54][64] Christgau, later writing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), admitted that the songs \"Firth of Fifth\" and \"The Battle of Epping Forest\" have \"a complexity of tone that's pretty rare in any kind of art\", though he summarised the rest of the album by saying \"it sounds as snooty as usual\".[55]In 2012, the album ranked seventh in Rolling Stone's \"Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time\".[65] It was also included in IGN's list \"10 Classic Prog Rock Albums\" in 2008, who praised its \"subtle elegance, sublime textures, and lyrical splendor\".[66] Rock author Edward Macan has mixed feelings towards the album, praising \"Firth of Fifth\" and \"The Cinema Show\" but questioning some of the other material.[29] Motoring journalist and broadcaster Jeremy Clarkson is a fan of the album and wrote sleeve notes for it when it was included in the box set Genesis 1970–1975.[67][68]Hackett has considered the album to be his favourite Genesis record, and was happy with his extensive contributions to it. In 2017, he explained, \"It was an important watershed album for the band, and it was at the beginning of us struggling to find gigs in the States. If we could get into a club somewhere, wherever it was, that was good news for us at that time. A young, struggling band, but with an album that was due to become a classic in time.\"[69] Banks and Rutherford have had mixed feelings, saying there are a lot of high points but also some lows.[4] Charisma owner Tony Stratton Smith was disappointed with the album, which he thought contained too many instrumental sections.[49] Band friend and former roadie Richard Macphail thought the power of Genesis live had not been captured on record properly until Burns started to work with them and that by the time of Selling England, the group had acquired better equipment.[70]Selling England by the Pound has been praised by other songwriters and musicians. Rush drummer Neil Peart has said: \"I think Selling England by the Pound is an enduring masterpiece of drumming. Beautiful drumming, lovely sound, and the arrangements, I think they really nailed the best of what that band as an entity could have done with that album.\"[71] Fish, solo artist and former lead singer of Marillion, has called it \"the definitive Genesis album\", praised its \"emotive\" quality, said the wordplay was \"one of the things that became quite an influence on me – the games within the lyrics\" and concluded it \"took a whole jump forward and was the album that really got me into Genesis\".[72] According to Hackett, John Lennon said he liked the album during a radio interview, which the band took great encouragement from.[73] Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen also cites the album as a major influence.[74] In an interview, Robert Pollard of Guided by Voices said that \"Selling England by the Pound is one of my top 10 records of all time\" and that \"Genesis with Peter Gabriel might be my biggest influence.\"[75]","title":"Critical reception and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Gabriel_The_Moonlight_Knight_(cropped).png"},{"link_name":"Summerland disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerland_disaster"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundsjun1973-11"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soundssep1973-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-melodyoct1973-27"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200171-78"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199282-38"},{"link_name":"Green's Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199283-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200171-78"},{"link_name":"Tony Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Smith_(manager)"},{"link_name":"Tony Stratton Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stratton_Smith"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199283-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199284-80"},{"link_name":"Shepperton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton_Studios"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt200139-52"},{"link_name":"The Roxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Theatre_(West_Hollywood)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199285-81"},{"link_name":"The Midnight Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midnight_Special_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts200171-78"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt200140-82"}],"text":"Peter Gabriel during the Selling England by the Pound tour in 1974, dressed in costumeGenesis supported the album with a concert tour of Europe and North America from September 1973 to May 1974. Initially they were to perform with a new and more elaborate stage set than before, that included inflatable objects that had images projected onto them, but a change in fire regulations following the Summerland disaster in August 1973 led to the idea being scrapped.[11][25][27] Gabriel devised new stories before songs, and wore a full costume with a helmet and shield representing the Britannia character for \"Dancing With the Moonlit Knight\" and sang \"The Battle of Epping Forest\" with a stocking over his head.[76]The tour began with a sold-out tour of the UK,[38] but had to cancel the first date at the Green's Playhouse, Glasgow due to electrical safety issues minutes before its start.[77][76] The group realised they were substantially in debt and needed better management, so recruited Tony Smith (no relation to Charisma boss Tony Stratton Smith).[77] In October 1973 a pair of dates in the tour were filmed by Charisma for a possible cinema release, but the plan was rejected by the band who felt the film was not up to standard.[78] Instead, the band performed a five-song set in front of an invited audience at Shepperton Studios that was filmed and broadcast as Tony Stratton Smith Presents Genesis in Concert.[50] The group returned to the U.S. in December 1973 that included six shows in three nights at The Roxy in Los Angeles,[79] and a performance of \"Watcher of the Skies\" and \"The Musical Box\" on the late night television show The Midnight Special.[76] January 1974 saw the band perform five nights at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane which saw Gabriel lifted in the air by a wire during \"Supper's Ready\".[80]","title":"Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collins"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Steve Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Mike Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cas1074-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlerDray199279-13"},{"link_name":"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Moonlit_Knight"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_I_Like_(In_Your_Wardrobe)"},{"link_name":"Firth of Fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Fifth"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"All tracks credited to Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett and Mike Rutherford.[81] Actual songwriters listed below.[82] All tracks produced by Genesis and John Burns.[13]Side oneNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"Dancing with the Moonlit Knight\"GabrielGabriel, Hackett, Banks, Rutherford, Collins[83]8:052.\"I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)\"GabrielHackett, Banks, Gabriel4:083.\"Firth of Fifth\"Banks, RutherfordBanks9:384.\"More Fool Me\" ([c])Rutherford, CollinsRutherford3:12Total length:25:03Side twoNo.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"The Battle of Epping Forest\"GabrielBanks, Rutherford, Hackett, Gabriel, Collins11:492.\"After the Ordeal\"(instrumental)Hackett, Rutherford4:173.\"The Cinema Show\" ([d])Rutherford, BanksRutherford, Banks, Collins11:064.\"Aisle of Plenty\"GabrielGabriel1:33Total length:28:45","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cas1074-83"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_concert_flute"},{"link_name":"oboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"Tony Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hammond organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"Hohner Pianet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohner_Pianet"},{"link_name":"ARP Pro Soloist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Pro_Soloist"},{"link_name":"12-string guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"Steve Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hackett"},{"link_name":"nylon guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_guitar"},{"link_name":"Mike Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"electric sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_sitar"},{"link_name":"Phil Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Collins"},{"link_name":"John Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Burns_(audio_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Rhett Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhett_Davies"},{"link_name":"Betty Swanwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Swanwick"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_cover"}],"text":"Adapted from the album's 1973 sleeve notes.[81]GenesisPeter Gabriel – vocals, flute, oboe, percussion\nTony Banks – Hammond organ, Mellotron, Hohner Pianet, ARP Pro Soloist, piano, 12-string guitar\nSteve Hackett – electric guitar, nylon guitar\nMike Rutherford – 12-string guitar, bass, electric sitar, cello\nPhil Collins – drums, assorted percussion, lead vocals on \"More Fool Me\", backing vocalsProductionJohn Burns – producer, engineer\nGenesis – production\nRhett Davies – assistant engineer\nBetty Swanwick – cover painting","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-898948-02-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898948-02-5"},{"link_name":"Genesis: A Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/genesisbiography0000bowl_h5d4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-283-06132-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-06132-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908538-73-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908538-73-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-857-12860-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-12860-7"},{"link_name":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57859-061-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-061-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-913218-62-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913218-62-1"},{"link_name":"Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/openingmusicalbo00hewi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-946-71930-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946-71930-3"},{"link_name":"Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-509887-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509887-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-896-52271-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896-52271-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85712-739-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-739-6"},{"link_name":"UPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5099951968328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.searchupc.com/?q=5099951968328"}],"text":"Awde, Nick (2008). Mellotron: The Machines and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock. Bennett & Bloom. ISBN 978-1-898948-02-5.\nBowler, Dave; Dray, Bryan (1992). Genesis: A Biography. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-283-06132-5.\nCarruthers, Bob (2011). Genesis - The Gabriel Era - Uncensored on the Record. Coda Books. ISBN 978-1-908538-73-4.\nEaslea, Daryl (2013). Without Frontiers: The Life & Music of Peter Gabriel. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12860-7.\nGraff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-061-2.\nGiammetti, Mario (2020). Genesis 1967 to 1975 - The Peter Gabriel Years. Kingmaker. ISBN 978-1-913218-62-1.\nHewitt, Alan (2001). Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle. Firefly Publishing. ISBN 978-0-946-71930-3.\nMacan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.\nPlatts, Robin (2001). Genesis: Inside & Out (1967–2000). Collector's Guide Publishing. ISBN 978-1-896-52271-5.\nWelch, Chris (2011). Genesis: The Complete Guide to Their Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-739-6.DVD MediaBanks, Tony; Collins, Phil; Gabriel, Peter; Hackett, Steve; Rutherford, Mike (10 November 2008). Genesis 1970–1975 [Selling England by the Pound] (DVD). Virgin Records. UPC 5099951968328.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"\"The Battle of Epping Forest\" recounts gang wars that occurred in the titular woods.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Epping_Forest_Centenary_Walk_2_-_Sept_2008.jpg/220px-Epping_Forest_Centenary_Walk_2_-_Sept_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Banks performed the keyboard solo on \"The Cinema Show\" on an ARP Pro Soloist.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/ARP_Pro-Soloist.jpg/220px-ARP_Pro-Soloist.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter Gabriel during the Selling England by the Pound tour in 1974, dressed in costume","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Peter_Gabriel_The_Moonlight_Knight_%28cropped%29.png/170px-Peter_Gabriel_The_Moonlight_Knight_%28cropped%29.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Schütz, Peter; Sturm, Alex. \"Release Date Mystery (IV). When was \"Selling England\" released? About the search for the right release date\". genesis-news.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genesis-news.com/c-Genesis-Release-date-research-Selling-England-By-The-Pound-report-s885.html","url_text":"\"Release Date Mystery (IV). When was \"Selling England\" released? About the search for the right release date\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genesis – Selling England by the Pound (album review 5) | Sputnikmusic\". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/47002/Genesis-Selling-England-by-the-Pound/","url_text":"\"Genesis – Selling England by the Pound (album review 5) | Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (26 July 2012). \"Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-your-favorite-prog-rock-albums-of-all-time-20120725/7-genesis-selling-england-by-the-pound-0033753","url_text":"\"Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Classic Prog Rock Albums\". IGN. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120821185825/http://music.ign.com/articles/906/906215p1.html","url_text":"\"10 Classic Prog Rock Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://music.ign.com/articles/906/906215p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Jerry (9 June 1973). \"Genesis planning project X\". Sounds. p. 15. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegenesisarchive.co.uk/interview-genesis-planning-project-x-sounds-9th-june/","url_text":"\"Genesis planning project X\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, Chris (28 July 1973). \"What Genesis did on their 'holidays'\". Melody Maker. Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegenesisarchive.co.uk/melody-maker-what-genesis-did-on-their-holidays-28th-july/","url_text":"\"What Genesis did on their 'holidays'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Steve Hackett and Kim Poor\". 5 May 1978. Retrieved 15 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.twronline.net/issues/twr41/twr41_sh04.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with Steve Hackett and Kim Poor\""}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Jerry (1 September 1973). \"Genesis battle against forest and fire\". Sounds. p. 8. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegenesisarchive.co.uk/sounds-1st-september-1973-jerry-gilbert-interviews-genesis/","url_text":"\"Genesis battle against forest and fire\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, Chris (6 October 1973). \"Genesis: Chapter and verse\". Melody Maker. p. 13. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegenesisarchive.co.uk/melody-maker-6th-october-1973-chris-welch-interviews-genesis/","url_text":"\"Genesis: Chapter and verse\""}]},{"reference":"Wiser, Carl (20 February 2018). \"Songwriter Interviews: Tony Banks\". Songfacts. Retrieved 9 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/tony-banks","url_text":"\"Songwriter Interviews: Tony Banks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Hackett talks about After The Ordeal\". YouTube. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrGyP47L-NM","url_text":"\"Steve Hackett talks about After The Ordeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/JrGyP47L-NM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Gordon (March 2008). \"ARP Pro-Soloist\". Performing Musician. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150416154208/http://www.performing-musician.com/pm/mar08/articles/retrospec.htm","url_text":"\"ARP Pro-Soloist\""},{"url":"http://www.performing-musician.com/pm/mar08/articles/retrospec.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sound on Sound (April 2009). \"ReGenesis : Early Genesis for the modern keyboardist\". Retrieved 13 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_on_Sound","url_text":"Sound on Sound"},{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/pm/apr09/articles/regenesiskeys.htm","url_text":"\"ReGenesis : Early Genesis for the modern keyboardist\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (5 September 2019). \"Genesis Guitarist Steve Hackett Talks 'Selling England by the Pound' Tour\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/genesis-steve-hackett-interview-selling-england-by-the-pound-tour-879695/","url_text":"\"Genesis Guitarist Steve Hackett Talks 'Selling England by the Pound' Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis : Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/selling-england-by-the-pound-mw0000189986/awards","url_text":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis : Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 22 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/5756-1206-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/selling-england-by-the-pound-mr0000276757","url_text":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/selling-england-by-the-pound-mr0004301007","url_text":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis | AllMusic\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 25 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/selling-england-by-the-pound-r8167/review","url_text":"\"Selling England by the Pound – Genesis | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: G\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 24 February 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=G&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: G\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin, ed. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). Omnibus. p. 588. OL 11913831M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11913831M","url_text":"11913831M"}]},{"reference":"Strong, Martin C. (2004). The Great Rock Discography (7th ed.). New York: Canongate. p. 592. OL 18807297M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18807297M","url_text":"18807297M"}]},{"reference":"\"Review\". Q. December 1994. p. 162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Nathan Brackett; Christian David Hoard (2004). The new Rolling Stone album guide. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac","url_text":"The new Rolling Stone album guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/n340","url_text":"327"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"978-0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Gambaccini, Paul (14 March 1974). \"Genesis: Selling England By The Pound : Music Reviews\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080618104336/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/genesis/albums/album/143564/review/5943327/selling_england_by_the_pound","url_text":"\"Genesis: Selling England By The Pound : Music Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/genesis/albums/album/143564/review/5943327/selling_england_by_the_pound","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (June 1974). \"The Christgau Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Retrieved 28 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/crm7406.php","url_text":"\"The Christgau Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Chris (23 April 2007). \"BBC – Music – Review of Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\". BBC. Retrieved 7 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/vxhj","url_text":"\"BBC – Music – Review of Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (26 July 2012). \"Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved 30 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-your-favorite-prog-rock-albums-of-all-time-20120725/7-genesis-selling-england-by-the-pound-0033753","url_text":"\"Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time, page 5 of 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Classic Prog Rock Albums\". IGN. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120821185825/http://music.ign.com/articles/906/906215p1.html","url_text":"\"10 Classic Prog Rock Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://music.ign.com/articles/906/906215p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Fiona; Coates, Sam; Savage, Michael (2 November 2008). \"The famous fans of Genesis\". The Times. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5050592.ece","url_text":"\"The famous fans of Genesis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genesis Reissue Five Classic Albums As Box Set\". Uncut. 27 August 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uncut.co.uk/news/genesis-reissue-five-classic-albums-as-box-set-45602","url_text":"\"Genesis Reissue Five Classic Albums As Box Set\""}]},{"reference":"Prato, Greg (2017). \"Steve Hackett Can Still Hack It\". Long Island Pulse. Retrieved 27 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://lipulse.com/2017/02/14/steve-hackett-can-still-hack-it/","url_text":"\"Steve Hackett Can Still Hack It\""}]},{"reference":"\"6 pioneers of prog rock drumming\". MusicRadar. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/6-pioneers-of-prog-rock-drumming-622031","url_text":"\"6 pioneers of prog rock drumming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicRadar","url_text":"MusicRadar"}]},{"reference":"Mann, Rachel (20 May 2013). \"This Must Be The Plaice: Fish's Favourite Albums\". The Quietus. Retrieved 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thequietus.com/articles/12274-fish-marillion-favourite-albums?page=1","url_text":"\"This Must Be The Plaice: Fish's Favourite Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Derrough, Leslie (2013). \"Steve Hackett: An Interview with a Prog Pioneer\". Glide Magazine. Retrieved 23 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glidemagazine.com/40562/steve-hackett-an-interview-with-the-prog-pioneer","url_text":"\"Steve Hackett: An Interview with a Prog Pioneer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yngwie Malmsteen Says Other Guitar Players Never Influenced His Style\". Blabbermouth.net. 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/yngwie-malmsteen-says-other-guitar-players-never-influenced-his-style","url_text":"\"Yngwie Malmsteen Says Other Guitar Players Never Influenced His Style\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Onion Interview with Bob Pollard\". www.robertpollard.net. 1999. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robertpollard.net/oldgbvsite/onioninterview99.html","url_text":"\"The Onion Interview with Bob Pollard\""}]},{"reference":"Selling England by the Pound (Media notes). Charisma Records. 1973. CAS 1074.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_Records","url_text":"Charisma Records"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 19. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 166. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-21053-5","url_text":"978-951-1-21053-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". Musica e dischi (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi","url_text":"Musica e dischi"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\". Music Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Selling+England+by+the+Pound%20Genesis","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.","urls":[{"url":"http://snepmusique.com/les-certifications/?categorie=Albums&interprete=Genesis&titre=Selling+England+by+the+Pound","url_text":"\"French album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 25 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","url_text":"\"Italian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Genesis&ti=Selling+England+by+the+Pound&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Awde, Nick (2008). Mellotron: The Machines and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock. Bennett & Bloom. ISBN 978-1-898948-02-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898948-02-5","url_text":"978-1-898948-02-5"}]},{"reference":"Bowler, Dave; Dray, Bryan (1992). Genesis: A Biography. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-283-06132-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genesisbiography0000bowl_h5d4","url_text":"Genesis: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-06132-5","url_text":"978-0-283-06132-5"}]},{"reference":"Carruthers, Bob (2011). Genesis - The Gabriel Era - Uncensored on the Record. Coda Books. ISBN 978-1-908538-73-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908538-73-4","url_text":"978-1-908538-73-4"}]},{"reference":"Easlea, Daryl (2013). Without Frontiers: The Life & Music of Peter Gabriel. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-857-12860-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-12860-7","url_text":"978-0-857-12860-7"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-061-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612","url_text":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57859-061-2","url_text":"978-1-57859-061-2"}]},{"reference":"Giammetti, Mario (2020). Genesis 1967 to 1975 - The Peter Gabriel Years. Kingmaker. ISBN 978-1-913218-62-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913218-62-1","url_text":"978-1-913218-62-1"}]},{"reference":"Hewitt, Alan (2001). Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle. Firefly Publishing. ISBN 978-0-946-71930-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/openingmusicalbo00hewi","url_text":"Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946-71930-3","url_text":"978-0-946-71930-3"}]},{"reference":"Macan, Edward (1997). Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509887-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca","url_text":"Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509887-7","url_text":"978-0-19-509887-7"}]},{"reference":"Platts, Robin (2001). Genesis: Inside & Out (1967–2000). Collector's Guide Publishing. ISBN 978-1-896-52271-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-896-52271-5","url_text":"978-1-896-52271-5"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Chris (2011). Genesis: The Complete Guide to Their Music. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-739-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-739-6","url_text":"978-0-85712-739-6"}]},{"reference":"Banks, Tony; Collins, Phil; Gabriel, Peter; Hackett, Steve; Rutherford, Mike (10 November 2008). Genesis 1970–1975 [Selling England by the Pound] (DVD). Virgin Records. UPC 5099951968328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPC_(identifier)","url_text":"UPC"},{"url":"http://www.searchupc.com/?q=5099951968328","url_text":"5099951968328"}]}]
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Set\""},{"Link":"http://lipulse.com/2017/02/14/steve-hackett-can-still-hack-it/","external_links_name":"\"Steve Hackett Can Still Hack It\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicradar.com/news/drums/6-pioneers-of-prog-rock-drumming-622031","external_links_name":"\"6 pioneers of prog rock drumming\""},{"Link":"http://thequietus.com/articles/12274-fish-marillion-favourite-albums?page=1","external_links_name":"\"This Must Be The Plaice: Fish's Favourite Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.glidemagazine.com/40562/steve-hackett-an-interview-with-the-prog-pioneer","external_links_name":"\"Steve Hackett: An Interview with a Prog Pioneer\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/yngwie-malmsteen-says-other-guitar-players-never-influenced-his-style","external_links_name":"\"Yngwie Malmsteen Says Other Guitar Players Never Influenced His Style\""},{"Link":"https://www.robertpollard.net/oldgbvsite/onioninterview99.html","external_links_name":"\"The Onion Interview with Bob 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Pound\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certificazioni/certificazioni.kl#/certifications","external_links_name":"\"Italian album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Genesis&ti=Selling+England+by+the+Pound&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Genesis – Selling England by the Pound\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/genesisbiography0000bowl_h5d4","external_links_name":"Genesis: A Biography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612","external_links_name":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/openingmusicalbo00hewi","external_links_name":"Opening the Musical Box – A Genesis Chronicle"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rockingclassicse0000maca","external_links_name":"Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientognathus
|
Orientognathus
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic
OrientognathusTemporal range: Middle Jurassic, 155 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Order:
†Pterosauria
Family:
†Rhamphorhynchidae
Genus:
†OrientognathusLü et al., 2015
Species:
†O. chaoyangensis
Binomial name
†Orientognathus chaoyangensisLü et al., 2015
Orientognathus is a genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. It is known from a single specimen which includes most of the skeleton and skull, and was first named and described in 2015 by Lü Junchang et al.. The taxon was found in the Tuchengzi Formation of China, which is slightly younger than the Tiaojishan Formation that most other Middle Jurassic pterosaurs from the region have been found in. The description study produced a phylogenetic analysis, which determined that Orientognathus was a basal member of Rhamphorhynchidae, possibly within Rhamphorhynchinae.
References
^ Lü, J.; Pu, H.; Xu, L.; Wei, X.; Chang, H.; Kundrát, M. (2015). "A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur (Pterosauria) from Jurassic deposits of Liaoning Province, China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3911 (1): 119–129. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.7. PMID 25661600.
vtePterosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Pterosauromorpha
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Pterosauria
see below↓
PterosauriaPterosauria
Daohugoupterus
Preondactylia
Austriadactylus
Preondactylus
Caviramidae?
Carniadactylus?
Caviramus
Raeticodactylus?
Austriadraconidae
Arcticodactylus?
Austriadraco
Seazzadactylus
Eopterosauria
Austriadraco?
Peteinosaurus?
Preondactylia?
EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae
Caviramus?
Pachagnathus
Raeticodactylus
Yelaphomte
Eudimorphodontidae
Arcticodactylus?
Eudimorphodontinae
Carniadactylus?
Eudimorphodon
Zambellisauria?
Peteinosaurus?
Macronychoptera
Herbstosaurus
Dimorphodontidae
Allkaruen?
Caelestiventus
Dimorphodon
Parapsicephalus?
Peteinosaurus?
Rhamphinion?
Lonchognatha?
Eudimorphodon?
NovialoideaCampylognathoididae
Bergamodactylus
Campylognathoides
BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae
Dolicorhamphus?
Klobiodon
Parapsicephalus?
Scaphognathinae?
Rhamphorhynchinae
Bellubrunnus
Cacibupteryx
Dorygnathus
Harpactognathus
Nesodactylus
Orientognathus
Qinglongopterus
RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini
Angustinaripterus
Dearc
Harpactognathus?
Qinglongopterus?
Sericipterus
Rhamphorhynchini
Cacibupteryx?
Nesodactylus?
Rhamphorhynchus
Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae?
Fenghuangopterus
Jianchangnathus
Jianchangopterus
Scaphognathus
Sordes?
Pterodactylomorpha
see below↓
PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha
Allkaruen?
Sordes?
Monofenestrata
Archaeoistiodactylus
Normannognathus
Anurognathidae?
Darwinoptera
Ceoptera
Pterorhynchus
Wukongopteridae
Kunpengopterus
Wukongopterinae
Archaeoistiodactylus?
Cuspicephalus
Darwinopterus
Douzhanopterus?
Wukongopterus
Pterodactyliformes
Changchengopterus?
Douzhanopterus
CaelidraconesAnurognathidae
Mesadactylus
Anurognathinae
Anurognathus
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Luopterus
Vesperopterylus
Batrachognathinae
Batrachognathus
Cascocauda
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Sinomacrops
Pterodactyloidea
Dermodactylus
Eurolimnornis
Herbstosaurus?
Kryptodrakon
Ningchengopterus
Pangupterus
Samrukia?
Wenupteryx
Lophocratia
see below↓
LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea
Prejanopterus
Germanodactylidae
Altmuehlopterus?
Germanodactylus
Normannognathus?
Tendaguripterus?
Euctenochasmatia
Diopecephalus
Pterodactylus
CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae
Aurorazhdarcho?
Cycnorhamphus
Normannognathus?
Petrodactyle?
Moganopterinae?
Aurorazhdarchia
Aerodactylus
Gallodactylidae?
Aurorazhdarchidae
Ardeadactylus?
Aurorazhdarcho
Huanhepterus?
Ctenochasmatidae
Ardeadactylus?
Balaenognathus
Cathayopterus
Cratonopterus
Elanodactylus
Forfexopterus
Gladocephaloideus
Kepodactylus
Liaodactylus
Otogopterus
Petrodactyle
Pterofiltrus
Moganopterinae?
Feilongus
Moganopterus
Gnathosaurinae
Gnathosaurus
Huanhepterus?
Lusognathus
Plataleorhynchus
Tacuadactylus
Ctenochasmatinae
Ctenochasma
Pterodaustrini
Beipiaopterus
Eosipterus
Gegepterus
Pterodaustro
Eupterodactyloidea
Altmuehlopterus?
Ornithocheiroidea
see below↓
OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea
Piksi?
TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae
Banguela?
Lonchognathosaurus?
Noripterus
Ordosipterus
Puntanipterus?
Tendaguripterus?
Dsungaripterinae
Domeykodactylus
Dsungaripterus
Azhdarchoidea
Argentinadraco
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho
Ornithostoma
NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha
Bennettazhia
Keresdrakon?
Thalassodromidae?
Aerotitan?
Alanqa?
Argentinadraco?
Banguela?
Kariridraco
Lacusovagus?
Leptostomia?
Thalassodromeus
Tupuxuara
Xericeps?
TapejariformesCaupedactylia?
Aymberedactylus
Caupedactylus
Tapejaridae
Afrotapejara
Sinopterinae
Afrotapejara?
Bakonydraco?
Eopteranodon?
Huaxiadraco
Huaxiapterus
Nemicolopterus
Sinopterus
Wightia
Tapejarinae
Aymberedactylus?
Caupedactylus?
Keresdrakon?
Lacusovagus?
Vectidraco
Tapejarini
Bakonydraco?
Europejara
Tapejara
Tupandactylus
Caiuajarina
Caiuajara
Torukjara
Azhdarchomorpha
Cretornis?
Microtuban
Xericeps
Dsungaripteromorpha?
Alanqidae?
Alanqa
Argentinadraco?
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho?
Xericeps?
Neopterodactyloidea
Eoazhdarcho
Chaoyangopteridae
Apatorhamphus?
Argentinadraco?
Eoazhdarcho?
Lacusovagus
Meilifeilong
Microtuban?
Xericeps?
Chaoyangopterinae
Chaoyangopterus
Jidapterus
Shenzhoupterus
Azhdarchiformes
Montanazhdarcho?
Radiodactylus
Alanqidae?
Azhdarchidae
Alanqa?
Bogolubovia
Navajodactylus?
Palaeocursornis
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Azhdarchinae
Aerotitan?
Albadraco
Azhdarcho
Mistralazhdarcho
Quetzalcoatlinae
Aralazhdarcho
Arambourgiania
Cryodrakon
Eurazhdarcho
Hatzegopteryx
Phosphatodraco
Quetzalcoatlus
Thanatosdrakon
Wellnhopterus?
Zhejiangopterus
Pteranodontoidea
see below↓
PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea
Santanadactylus
PteranodontiaPteranodontidae
Bogolubovia?
Dawndraco
Ornithostoma?
Pteranodon
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Nyctosauromorpha
Alamodactylus
Cretornis?
Aponyctosauria
Alcione
Epapatelo
Simurghia
Nyctosauridae
Barbaridactylus
Muzquizopteryx
Nyctosaurus
Volgadraco?
Ornithocheiromorpha
Aussiedraco
Serradraco
Unwindia
Lonchodectidae
Hongshanopterus?
Ikrandraco?
Lonchodectes
Lonchodraco?
Targaryendraco?
Lanceodontia
Draigwenia?
Lonchodraconidae
Ikrandraco
Lonchodraco
Istiodactyliformes
Hongshanopterus
Linlongopterus
Yixianopterus
Lonchodectidae?
Mimodactylidae
Haopterus
Linlongopterus
Mimodactylus
Istiodactylidae
Lingyuanopterus
Longchengpterus
Luchibang
Nurhachius
Istiodactylinae
Istiodactylus
Liaoxipterus
Ornithocheiriformes
Barbosania
Brasileodactylus
Cearadactylus
Hamipterus
Boreopteridae
Boreopterus
Zhenyuanopterus
OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Camposipterus?
Caulkicephalus?
Cimoliopterus?
Haliskia?
Tropeognathus?
Ornithocheirinae
Aetodactylus?
Camposipterus?
Coloborhynchus?
Draigwenia?
Ferrodraco?
Guidraco?
Ludodactylus?
Mythunga?
Ornithocheirus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus?
Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae
Aetodactylus
Camposipterus?
Cimoliopterus
Targaryendraconidae
Aussiedraco?
Barbosania?
Targaryendraco
Anhangueria
Brasileodactylus?
Ornithocheiridae?
Hamipteridae?
Hamipterus
Iberodactylus
AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae?
Amblydectes?
Ferrodraco?
Haliskia?
Mythunga?
Siroccopteryx?
Thapunngaka
Tropeognathus
Coloborhynchinae?
Aerodraco
Coloborhynchus
Nicorhynchus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus
Anhanguerinae
Anhanguera
Caulkicephalus?
Cearadactylus?
Guidraco
Liaoningopterus
Ludodactylus
Maaradactylus
Taxon identifiersOrientognathus
Wikidata: Q18940799
GBIF: 8646565
Open Tree of Life: 6149817
Paleobiology Database: 312910
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhamphorhynchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamphorhynchid"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Lü Junchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Junchang"},{"link_name":"Tuchengzi Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchengzi_Formation"},{"link_name":"Tiaojishan Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaojishan_Formation"},{"link_name":"Rhamphorhynchinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamphorhynchinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lu15-1"}],"text":"Orientognathus is a genus of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. It is known from a single specimen which includes most of the skeleton and skull, and was first named and described in 2015 by Lü Junchang et al.. The taxon was found in the Tuchengzi Formation of China, which is slightly younger than the Tiaojishan Formation that most other Middle Jurassic pterosaurs from the region have been found in. The description study produced a phylogenetic analysis, which determined that Orientognathus was a basal member of Rhamphorhynchidae, possibly within Rhamphorhynchinae.[1]","title":"Orientognathus"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lü, J.; Pu, H.; Xu, L.; Wei, X.; Chang, H.; Kundrát, M. (2015). \"A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur (Pterosauria) from Jurassic deposits of Liaoning Province, China\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3911 (1): 119–129. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.7. PMID 25661600.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2015/f/z03911p129f.pdf","url_text":"\"A new rhamphorhynchid pterosaur (Pterosauria) from Jurassic deposits of Liaoning Province, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3911.1.7","url_text":"10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25661600","url_text":"25661600"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_African_Cup_of_Nations_final
|
1965 African Cup of Nations
|
["1 Qualified teams","2 Squads","3 Venues","4 Group stage","4.1 Group A","4.2 Group B","5 Knockout stage","5.1 Third place match","5.2 Final","6 Scorers","7 References","8 External links"]
|
1965 African Cup of Nationsكأس أمم إفريقيا 1965Tournament detailsHost countryTunisiaDates12–21 NovemberTeams6Venue(s)4 (in 4 host cities)Final positionsChampions Ghana (2nd title)Runners-up TunisiaThird place Ivory CoastFourth place SenegalTournament statisticsMatches played8Goals scored31 (3.88 per match)Top scorer(s) Ben Acheampong Osei Kofi Eustache Manglé (3 goals each)Best player(s) Osei Kofi← 1963 1968 → International football competition
The 1965 African Cup of Nations was the fifth edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Tunisia. Just like in 1963, the field of six teams was split into two groups of three. Ghana retained its title, beating Tunisia in the final 3–2 after extra time. This was the final edition of the tournament to be held in an odd numbered year before 2013.
Qualified teams
Main article: 1965 African Cup of Nations qualification
Participating nations
Team
Qualified as
Qualified on
Previous appearances in tournament
Tunisia
Hosts
2 (1962, 1963)
Ghana
Holders
1 December 1963
1 (1963)
Ethiopia
1st round winners
18 April 1965
4 (1957, 1959, 1962, 1963)
Senegal
1st round winners
5 May 1965
0 (debut)
Ivory Coast
1st round winners
5 September 1965
0 (debut)
Congo-Léopoldville
1st round winners
31 October 1965
0 (debut)
Notes
^ Bold indicates champion for that year, Italic indicates host.
Squads
Main article: 1965 African Cup of Nations squads
Venues
Tunis
TunisSfaxSousseBizerte
Sfax
Stade Chedly Zouiten
Stade Taïeb Mhiri
Capacity: 20,000
Capacity: 11,000
Sousse
Bizerte
Stade Bou Ali Lahouar
Stade Ahmed Bsiri
Capacity: 6,500
Capacity: 2,000
Group stage
Key to colours in group tables
Top one placed teams advanced to the final
Top 2nd placed teams advanced to the 3rd Place Match
Group A
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Tunisia (H)
2
1
1
0
4
0
+4
3
Senegal
2
1
1
0
5
1
+4
3
Ethiopia
2
0
0
2
1
9
−8
0
Source: (H) Hosts
12 November 1965
Tunisia 4–0 Ethiopia
Chaïbi 32' Jedidi 62' Delhoum 80' Lahmar 84'
Stade Chedly Zouiten, Tunis
14 November 1965
Senegal 0–0 Tunisia
Stade Chedly Zouiten, Tunis
19 November 1965
Senegal 5–1 Ethiopia
Camara 3', 52' Guèye 37' Niang 48', 53'
Vassallo 12' (pen.)
Stade Chedly Zouiten, Tunis
Tunisia progress on goal average.
Group B
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Ghana
2
2
0
0
9
3
+6
4
Ivory Coast
2
1
0
1
4
4
0
2
Congo-Léopoldville
2
0
0
2
2
8
−6
0
Source:
12 November 1965
Ghana 5–2 Congo-Léopoldville
Kofi 13' Acheampong 18', 59' Attuquayefio 84', 89'
Kalala Mukendi 43', 45' (pen.)
Stade Bou Ali Lahouar, Sousse
14 November 1965
Ivory Coast 3–0 Congo-Léopoldville
Manglé 14', 59', 80'
Stade Taïeb Mhiri, Sfax
19 November 1965
Ghana 4–1 Ivory Coast
Acheampong 20' Nti 43' Lutterodt 52' Kofi 70'
Bléziri 66'
Stade Ahmed Bsiri, Bizerte
Knockout stage
Third place match
21 November 1965
Senegal 0–1 Ivory Coast
Yoboué 35'
Stade Chedly Zouiten, TunisReferee: Mohamed Mezahi (Algeria)
Final
Main article: 1965 African Cup of Nations final
21 November 1965
Ghana 3–2 (a.e.t.) Tunisia
Odoi 37', 96' Kofi 79'
Chetali 47' Chaïbi 67'
Stade Chedly Zouiten, TunisAttendance: 16,000Referee: Abdelaziz Chekaïmi (Algeria)
Scorers
3 goals
Eustache Manglé
Ben Acheampong
Osei Kofi
2 goals
Pierre Kalala Mukendi
Cecil Jones Attuquayefio
Frank Odoi
Louis Camara
Matar Niang
Tahar Chaïbi
1 goal
Joseph Bléziri
Konan Yoboué
Luciano Vassallo
Paa Nii Lutterodt
Kwame Nti
El Hadji Oumar Guèye
Abdelmajid Chetali
Mongi Delhoum
Mohamed Salah Jedidi
Abdelwahab Lahmar
References
^ Wiwsport – Retour sur la 1ère participation des Lions à la Coupe d’Afrique des Nations, la CAN Tunisie 1965
External links
Details at RSSSF
vteAfrica Cup of NationsEditions
Sudan 1957
United Arab Republic 1959
Ethiopia 1962
Ghana 1963
Tunisia 1965
Ethiopia 1968
Sudan 1970
Cameroon 1972
Egypt 1974
Ethiopia 1976
Ghana 1978
Nigeria 1980
Libya 1982
Ivory Coast 1984
Egypt 1986
Morocco 1988
Algeria 1990
Senegal 1992
Tunisia 1994
South Africa 1996
Burkina Faso 1998
Ghana/Nigeria 2000
Mali 2002
Tunisia 2004
Egypt 2006
Ghana 2008
Angola 2010
Gabon/Equatorial Guinea 2012
South Africa 2013
Equatorial Guinea 2015
Gabon 2017
Egypt 2019
Cameroon 2021
Ivory Coast 2023
Morocco 2025
Kenya/Tanzania/Uganda 2027
TBD 2029
Qualification
1957
1959
1962
1963
1965
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Finals
1957
1959
1962
1963
1965
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
Bids
2027
Squads
1957
1959
1962
1963
1965
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
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1984
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2000
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2006
2008
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Statistics
Finals
Appearances
Awards
Records and statistics
Hat-tricks
Miscellaneous
Balls
Mascots
Music
Notes: The 2021 and 2023 tournaments were actually held in 2022 and 2024 respectively. • There were no 1957 and 1959 qualifications as places were given by invitation only. • The "finals" articles for 1959 and 1976 are about the decisive matches of final group stages. Football in Africa portal
|
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Just like in 1963, the field of six teams was split into two groups of three. Ghana retained its title, beating Tunisia in the final 3–2 after extra time. This was the final edition of the tournament to be held in an odd numbered year before 2013.","title":"1965 African Cup of Nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Cup_of_Nations_1965.png"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"Participating nationsNotes^ Bold indicates champion for that year, Italic indicates host.","title":"Qualified teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunisia_adm_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Stade Taïeb Mhiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ta%C3%AFeb_Mhiri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunis_-_Stade_Municipal_G%C3%A9o_Andr%C3%A9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stade_taieb_mehiri.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Stade Bou Ali Lahouar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_Bou_Ali-Lahouar"},{"link_name":"Stade Ahmed Bsiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ahmed_Bsiri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunisia_Hammam_Sousse_street.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_.jpg"}],"text":"Tunis\n\nTunisSfaxSousseBizerte\n\nSfax\n\n\nStade Chedly Zouiten\nStade Taïeb Mhiri\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCapacity: 20,000\nCapacity: 11,000\n\n\nSousse\nBizerte\n\n\nStade Bou Ali Lahouar\nStade Ahmed Bsiri\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCapacity: 6,500\nCapacity: 2,000","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Chaïbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Cha%C3%AFbi"},{"link_name":"Jedidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_Jedidi"},{"link_name":"Delhoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongi_Delhoum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdelwahab_Lahmar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Camara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Camara"},{"link_name":"Guèye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Hadji_Oumar_Gu%C3%A8ye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Niang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matar_Niang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vassallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Vassallo"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"goal average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_difference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Group A","text":"Source: [citation needed](H) Hosts12 November 1965\nTunisia 4–0 Ethiopia\nChaïbi 32' Jedidi 62' Delhoum 80' Lahmar 84'\n\n\nStade Chedly Zouiten, Tunis14 November 1965\nSenegal 0–0 Tunisia\n\n\n\nStade Chedly Zouiten, Tunis19 November 1965\nSenegal 5–1 Ethiopia\nCamara 3', 52' Guèye 37' Niang 48', 53'\n\nVassallo 12' (pen.)\nStade Chedly Zouiten, TunisTunisia progress on goal average.[1]","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Congo-Léopoldville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei_Kofi"},{"link_name":"Acheampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Acheampong"},{"link_name":"Attuquayefio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Jones_Attuquayefio"},{"link_name":"Kalala Mukendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kalala_Mukendi"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Stade Bou Ali Lahouar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Municipal_Bou_Ali-Lahouar"},{"link_name":"Sousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sousse"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Congo-Léopoldville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Manglé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eustache_Mangl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Taïeb Mhiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ta%C3%AFeb_Mhiri"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Acheampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Acheampong"},{"link_name":"Nti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Nti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lutterodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa_Nii_Lutterodt"},{"link_name":"Kofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei_Kofi"},{"link_name":"Bléziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bl%C3%A9ziri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Ahmed Bsiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Ahmed_Bsiri"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"}],"sub_title":"Group B","text":"Source: [citation needed]12 November 1965\nGhana 5–2 Congo-Léopoldville\nKofi 13' Acheampong 18', 59' Attuquayefio 84', 89'\n\nKalala Mukendi 43', 45' (pen.)\nStade Bou Ali Lahouar, Sousse14 November 1965\nIvory Coast 3–0 Congo-Léopoldville\nManglé 14', 59', 80'\n\n\nStade Taïeb Mhiri, Sfax19 November 1965\nGhana 4–1 Ivory Coast\nAcheampong 20' Nti 43' Lutterodt 52' Kofi 70'\n\nBléziri 66'\nStade Ahmed Bsiri, Bizerte","title":"Group stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yoboué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konan_Yobou%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Mezahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Mezahi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Third place match","text":"21 November 1965\nSenegal 0–1 Ivory Coast\n\n\nYoboué 35'\nStade Chedly Zouiten, TunisReferee: Mohamed Mezahi (Algeria)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Odoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Odoi_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei_Kofi"},{"link_name":"Chetali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmajid_Chetali"},{"link_name":"Chaïbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Cha%C3%AFbi"},{"link_name":"Stade Chedly Zouiten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Chedly_Zouiten"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Abdelaziz Chekaïmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdelaziz_Cheka%C3%AFmi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Football_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"21 November 1965\nGhana 3–2 (a.e.t.) Tunisia\nOdoi 37', 96' Kofi 79'\n\nChetali 47' Chaïbi 67'\nStade Chedly Zouiten, TunisAttendance: 16,000Referee: Abdelaziz Chekaïmi (Algeria)","title":"Knockout stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Eustache Manglé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eustache_Mangl%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ben Acheampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Acheampong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Osei Kofi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei_Kofi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Pierre Kalala Mukendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Kalala_Mukendi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Cecil Jones Attuquayefio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Jones_Attuquayefio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Frank Odoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Odoi_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Louis Camara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Camara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Matar Niang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matar_Niang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tahar Chaïbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Cha%C3%AFbi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bléziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bl%C3%A9ziri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Konan Yoboué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konan_Yobou%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Luciano Vassallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Vassallo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Paa Nii Lutterodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa_Nii_Lutterodt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwame_Nti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"El Hadji Oumar Guèye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Hadji_Oumar_Gu%C3%A8ye&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Abdelmajid Chetali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelmajid_Chetali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Mongi Delhoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongi_Delhoum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Salah Jedidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Salah_Jedidi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Abdelwahab Lahmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdelwahab_Lahmar&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"3 goalsEustache Manglé\n Ben Acheampong\n Osei Kofi2 goalsPierre Kalala Mukendi\n Cecil Jones Attuquayefio\n Frank Odoi\n Louis Camara\n Matar Niang\n Tahar Chaïbi1 goalJoseph Bléziri\n Konan Yoboué\n Luciano Vassallo\n Paa Nii Lutterodt\n Kwame Nti\n El Hadji Oumar Guèye\n Abdelmajid Chetali\n Mongi Delhoum\n Mohamed Salah Jedidi\n Abdelwahab Lahmar","title":"Scorers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Participating nations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/African_Cup_of_Nations_1965.png/220px-African_Cup_of_Nations_1965.png"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://wiwsport.com/2021/12/20/retour-sur-la-1ere-participation-des-lions-a-la-coupe-dafrique-des-nations-la-can-tunisie-1965/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/65a.html","external_links_name":"Details at RSSSF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_(Carly_Simon_song)
|
Why (Carly Simon song)
|
["1 Background","2 Music video","3 Reception","4 Later significance","5 Track listings and formats","6 Charts","7 References","8 External links"]
|
1982 single by Carly Simon"Why"Single by Carly Simonfrom the album Soup for One (soundtrack) ReleasedAugust 1982Recorded1981Genre
Pop
post-disco
disco-funk
funk
tropical
Length3:32Label
Mirage
WEA
Songwriter(s)
Nile Rodgers
Bernard Edwards
Producer(s)ChicCarly Simon singles chronology
"Jesse" (1980)
"Why" (1982)
"You Know What to Do" (1983)
"Why" is a song written by Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards and performed by American singer-songwriter Carly Simon. Recorded for the film Soup for One in 1982, the film was a commercial flop but the soundtrack album was a success. One of many film-inspired singles by Simon, the song became a top 10 hit in the UK, and was successful throughout Europe.
Background
The song, like the rest of the soundtrack, was produced by Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers of Chic. This was a move away from the usual guitar-based hits of Simon's past. The bittersweet reggae-tinged ballad became a hit in Europe, hitting No. 10 in the UK, and staying on the British charts for 18 weeks. The song peaked at No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100, and remained on the chart for 6 weeks.
The song has been included on several of Simon's compilation albums, including the three-disc Clouds in My Coffee (1995), the single-disc The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better (1999), the two-disc Anthology (2002), and the import version of Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits (2004).
Music video
Simon released a music video for the song, which was filmed on the streets of New York City in 1982. Simon's daughter, Sally Taylor, also appears in the video, seen pouring a bottle of wine over a man's head.
Reception
Cash Box said that "Simon's vocal and Chic's polyrhythm street groove proves just the right formula."
In 2015, Pitchfork ranked "Why" at No. 188 on their list of the 200 Best Songs of the 1980s.
Later significance
Wham! notably covered the song during their last concert The Final in 1986. In 1989, "Why" re-surfaced on the Ibiza "Hacienda" scene, and cemented its status as a Balearic classic. Known for its bass-line and funky drums, it was then that the growing hip-hop scene in the US began to pick it up seven years after its original release. The song re-entered the UK charts the same year, reaching No. 56. In 1990, A Tribe Called Quest would heavily sample the song for a remix of their hit single, "Bonita Applebum". In 1999, British dancehall musician Glamma Kid heavily interpolated the song in "Why", which was also a top 10 UK hit.
Track listings and formats
7" single
"Why" – 3:33
"Why" (performed by Chic) – 3:33
12" single
"Why" (extended version) – 8:11
"Why" (instrumental) – 7:06
Charts
Chart (1982)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
21
Ireland (IRMA)
15
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
35
UK Singles (OCC)
10
US Billboard Hot 100
74
References
^ a b c "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s". Pitchfork. August 24, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2022. But in 1982, Rodgers and his partner Bernard Edwards used it to develop a post-disco pop song performed by Carly Simon, 'Why'.
^ a b "Forgotten Treasure: Carly Simon "Why" (1981)". Musicismysanctuary.com. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
^ a b Molanphy, Chris (January 19, 2021). "These Are the Good Times Edition". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ a b "UK Charts > Carly Simon". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
^ a b "Soup For One (Soundtrack)". Carlysimon.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
^ a b "Carly Simon - Chart history | Billboard". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
^ "Carly Simon Official Website - Why lyrics". April 14, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2005. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ "Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. June 19, 1982. p. 10. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
^ Number One Magazine (5 July 1986; P.24)
^ a b Why at Discogs (list of releases)
^ "Carly Simon – Why" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Carly Simon". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
^ "Carly Simon – Why" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
^ "Carly Simon: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
External links
Carly Simon's official website
Nile Rodgers' official website
vteCarly SimonStudio albums
Carly Simon
Anticipation
No Secrets
Hotcakes
Playing Possum
Another Passenger
Boys in the Trees
Spy
Come Upstairs
Torch
Hello Big Man
Spoiled Girl
Coming Around Again
My Romance
Have You Seen Me Lately
Letters Never Sent
Film Noir
The Bedroom Tapes
Moonlight Serenade
Into White
This Kind of Love
Never Been Gone
Compilations
The Best of Carly Simon
Clouds in My Coffee
The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better
Anthology
Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits
Carly Simon Collector's Edition
Original Album Series
Playlist: The Very Best of Carly Simon
Songs from the Trees (A Musical Memoir Collection)
These Are the Good Old Days: The Carly Simon and Jac Holzman Story
Live albums
Greatest Hits Live
Live at Grand Central
Christmas albums
Christmas Is Almost Here
Soundtrack albums
Working Girl (Original Soundtrack Album)
This Is My Life (Music from the Motion Picture)
Piglet's Big Movie (soundtrack)
The Best of Pooh and Heffalumps, Too
Other albums
No Nukes: The Muse Concerts for a Non-Nuclear Future
In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record
In Harmony 2
Romulus Hunt: A Family Opera
Concert films
Live from Martha's Vineyard
Carly in Concert – My Romance
Live at Grand Central
A Moonlight Serenade on the Queen Mary 2
Singles
"That's the Way I've Always Heard It Should Be"
"Anticipation"
"Legend in Your Own Time"
"You're So Vain"
"The Right Thing to Do"
"Mockingbird"
"Haven't Got Time for the Pain"
"Attitude Dancing"
"Waterfall"
"It Keeps You Runnin'"
"Half a Chance"
"Nobody Does It Better"
"You Belong to Me"
"Devoted to You"
"Vengeance"
"Jesse"
"Hurt"
"Why"
"Kissing with Confidence"
"You Know What to Do"
"Tired of Being Blonde"
"My New Boyfriend"
"Coming Around Again"
"Give Me All Night"
"The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of"
"All I Want Is You"
"Let the River Run"
"Better Not Tell Her"
"Love of My Life"
"Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)"
"Let It Snow"
Other songs
"Angel from Montgomery"
"We Have No Secrets"
"Night Owl"
"You Can Close Your Eyes"
"When Manhattan Was a Maiden"
The Simon Sisters
Meet the Simon Sisters
Cuddlebug
The Simon Sisters Sing the Lobster Quadrille and Other Songs for Children
Winkin', Blinkin' and Nod: The Kapp Recordings
Memoirs
Boys in the Trees: A Memoir
Touched by the Sun: My Friendship with Jackie
Family
Richard Simon (father)
Andrea Heinemann Simon (mother)
George Simon (uncle)
Joanna Simon (sister)
Lucy Simon (sister)
James Taylor (ex-husband)
Sally Taylor (daughter)
Related articles
Awards and nominations
Discography
The Simon Sisters
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Bernard Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Carly Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Simon"},{"link_name":"Soup for One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_for_One_(film)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_for_One_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_official_charts-4"}],"text":"\"Why\" is a song written by Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards and performed by American singer-songwriter Carly Simon. Recorded for the film Soup for One in 1982, the film was a commercial flop but the soundtrack album was a success. One of many film-inspired singles by Simon, the song became a top 10 hit in the UK, and was successful throughout Europe.[4]","title":"Why (Carly Simon song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Nile Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlysimon.com-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_official_charts-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-6"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"Clouds in My Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouds_in_My_Coffee"},{"link_name":"The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Very_Best_of_Carly_Simon:_Nobody_Does_It_Better"},{"link_name":"Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_(Carly_Simon_album)"},{"link_name":"Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections:_Carly_Simon%27s_Greatest_Hits"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The song, like the rest of the soundtrack, was produced by Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers of Chic.[5] This was a move away from the usual guitar-based hits of Simon's past. The bittersweet reggae-tinged ballad became a hit in Europe, hitting No. 10 in the UK, and staying on the British charts for 18 weeks.[4] The song peaked at No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100, and remained on the chart for 6 weeks.[6]The song has been included on several of Simon's compilation albums, including the three-disc Clouds in My Coffee (1995), the single-disc The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better (1999), the two-disc Anthology (2002), and the import version of Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits (2004).[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Sally Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Taylor_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlysimon.com-5"}],"text":"Simon released a music video for the song, which was filmed on the streets of New York City in 1982. Simon's daughter, Sally Taylor, also appears in the video, seen pouring a bottle of wine over a man's head.[5]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"polyrhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Staff_2015-1"}],"text":"Cash Box said that \"Simon's vocal and Chic's polyrhythm street groove proves just the right formula.\"[8]In 2015, Pitchfork ranked \"Why\" at No. 188 on their list of the 200 Best Songs of the 1980s.[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wham!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham!"},{"link_name":"The Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_(concert)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibiza"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicismysanctuary-2"},{"link_name":"A Tribe Called Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest"},{"link_name":"Bonita Applebum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Applebum"},{"link_name":"dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"Glamma Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamma_Kid"},{"link_name":"Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_(Glamma_Kid_song)"}],"text":"Wham! notably covered the song during their last concert The Final in 1986.[9] In 1989, \"Why\" re-surfaced on the Ibiza \"Hacienda\" scene, and cemented its status as a Balearic classic.[2] Known for its bass-line and funky drums, it was then that the growing hip-hop scene in the US began to pick it up seven years after its original release. The song re-entered the UK charts the same year, reaching No. 56. In 1990, A Tribe Called Quest would heavily sample the song for a remix of their hit single, \"Bonita Applebum\". In 1999, British dancehall musician Glamma Kid heavily interpolated the song in \"Why\", which was also a top 10 UK hit.","title":"Later significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-10"}],"text":"7\" single[10]\"Why\" – 3:33\n\"Why\" (performed by Chic) – 3:3312\" single[10]\"Why\" (extended version) – 8:11\n\"Why\" (instrumental) – 7:06","title":"Track listings and formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s\". Pitchfork. August 24, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2022. But in 1982, Rodgers and his partner Bernard Edwards used it to develop a post-disco pop song performed by Carly Simon, 'Why'.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9700-the-200-best-songs-of-the-1980s/","url_text":"\"The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(magazine)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Forgotten Treasure: Carly Simon \"Why\" (1981)\". Musicismysanctuary.com. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicismysanctuary.com/forgotten-treasure-carly-simon-why-1981/","url_text":"\"Forgotten Treasure: Carly Simon \"Why\" (1981)\""}]},{"reference":"Molanphy, Chris (January 19, 2021). \"These Are the Good Times Edition\". Hit Parade | Music History and Music Trivia (Podcast). Slate. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/podcasts/hit-parade/2021/01/nile-rodgers-bernard-edwards-chic-influenced-disco-pop-rap-new-wave","url_text":"\"These Are the Good Times Edition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Charts > Carly Simon\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130204002945/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/carly%20simon/","url_text":"\"UK Charts > Carly Simon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"},{"url":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/carly%20simon/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Soup For One (Soundtrack)\". Carlysimon.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved 2022-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235710/http://www.carlysimon.com:80/music/Soup_For_One.html","url_text":"\"Soup For One (Soundtrack)\""},{"url":"https://www.carlysimon.com/music/Soup_For_One.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Carly Simon - Chart history | Billboard\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2014-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/carly-simon/","url_text":"\"Carly Simon - Chart history | Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carly Simon Official Website - Why lyrics\". April 14, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2005. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050414112510/http://www.carlysimon.com/music/Lyrics/Why.html","url_text":"\"Carly Simon Official Website - Why lyrics\""},{"url":"http://www.carlysimon.com/music/Lyrics/Why.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. June 19, 1982. p. 10. Retrieved 2022-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1982/CB-1982-06-19.pdf","url_text":"\"Reviews\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9700-the-200-best-songs-of-the-1980s/","external_links_name":"\"The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicismysanctuary.com/forgotten-treasure-carly-simon-why-1981/","external_links_name":"\"Forgotten Treasure: Carly Simon \"Why\" (1981)\""},{"Link":"https://slate.com/podcasts/hit-parade/2021/01/nile-rodgers-bernard-edwards-chic-influenced-disco-pop-rap-new-wave","external_links_name":"\"These Are the Good Times Edition\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130204002945/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/carly%20simon/","external_links_name":"\"UK Charts > Carly Simon\""},{"Link":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/carly%20simon/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235710/http://www.carlysimon.com:80/music/Soup_For_One.html","external_links_name":"\"Soup For One (Soundtrack)\""},{"Link":"https://www.carlysimon.com/music/Soup_For_One.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/carly-simon/","external_links_name":"\"Carly Simon - Chart history | Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050414112510/http://www.carlysimon.com/music/Lyrics/Why.html","external_links_name":"\"Carly Simon Official Website - Why lyrics\""},{"Link":"http://www.carlysimon.com/music/Lyrics/Why.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/80s/1982/CB-1982-06-19.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/58405","external_links_name":"Why"},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Carly+Simon&titel=Why&cat=s","external_links_name":"Carly Simon – Why\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=artist&placement=Carly+Simon","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Carly Simon\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Carly+Simon&titel=Why&cat=s","external_links_name":"Carly Simon – Why\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14761/Carly-Simon","external_links_name":"\"Carly Simon: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"http://www.carlysimon.com/","external_links_name":"Carly Simon's official website"},{"Link":"http://www.nilerodgers.com/","external_links_name":"Nile Rodgers' official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f2027002-2657-4407-b6fb-f515619d96a9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/618979c0-b9ad-3dcb-a6b6-19566af4f111","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw-billed_Hermit
|
Saw-billed hermit
|
["1 Taxonomy and systematics","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behavior","4.1 Movement","4.2 Feeding","4.3 Breeding","4.4 Vocalization","5 Status","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Species of hummingbird
Saw-billed hermit
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Clade:
Strisores
Order:
Apodiformes
Family:
Trochilidae
Subfamily:
Phaethornithinae
Genus:
RamphodonLesson, 1830
Species:
R. naevius
Binomial name
Ramphodon naevius(Dumont, 1818)
Synonyms
Trochilus naevius Dumont, 1818
The saw-billed hermit (Ramphodon naevius) is a hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.
Taxonomy and systematics
The saw-billed hermit is placed in the hermit subfamily Phaethornithinae, but among these birds, it is the species most similar to the typical hummingbirds, Trochilinae. It is the only member of its genus and has no subspecies.
Description
The saw-billed hermit is 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 5.3 to 9 g (0.19 to 0.32 oz). It is one of the three heaviest hermits and the male is heavier than the female. Both sexes have saw-like serrations on the mandible and the male's bill has a hooked tip as well. (The unrelated tooth-billed hummingbird (Androdon aequatorialis) is the only other hummingbird that has a serrated bill.) Both sexes have scaly brown upperparts and dark and pale striped underparts. They have a reddish ochre throat, a dark patch through the eye, and a white supercilium. The upper side of the tail is purplish black while the underside has progressively more buff at the ends to the outer pair of feathers.
Distribution and habitat
The saw-billed hermit is found in a narrow band of southeastern Brazil from the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo south to eastern Santa Catarina and northernmost Rio Grande do Sul. It inhabits the understory of the humid coastal Atlantic Forest up to an elevation of 500 m (1,600 ft).
Behavior
Movement
The saw-billed hermit is presumed to be sedentary, but there is speculation that it makes some short-range movements.
Feeding
The saw-billed hermit feeds on the nectar of a wide range of native and introduced flowering plants; most share the characteristic of tubular blossoms. It typically feeds within about 6 m (20 ft) of the ground but has been noted as high as 15 m (49 ft). Like other hermit hummingbirds it is a "trap-line" feeder, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. However, unlike many other trap-liners it defends its route by aggressive behavior towards conspecific and other hummingbirds. In addition to nectar, it feeds on small arthropods gleaned from vegetation.
Breeding
The saw-billed hermit's breeding season has not been fully defined but appears to include July to September. It builds its cone-shaped cup nest from plant material and cobwebs under the tip of a long drooping leaf. Its clutch is two eggs.
Songs and calls
Listen to saw-billed hermit on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The saw-billed hermit's song is a "very high, chattering twitter". Calls include "a sustained, rapid series of very high 'bic' notes" and "a descending series...of 'seee' notes." The calls are apparently used while defending the trap-line.
Status
The IUCN has assessed the saw-billed hermit as Least Concern. " is suspected to be declining moderately rapidly owing to habitat loss."
References
^ a b BirdLife International (2021). "Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g Hinkelmann, C. and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Saw-billed Hermit (Ramphodon naevius), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173 retrieved November 13, 2021
^ van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
External links
Saw-billed Hermit photo gallery VIREO
Phaethornithinae (hermit hummingbirds)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Subfamily: Phaethornithinae
GenusSpeciesRamphodon
Saw-billed hermit (R. naevius)
Eutoxeres
White-tipped sicklebill (E. aquila)
Buff-tailed sicklebill (E. condamini)
Glaucis
Hook-billed hermit (G. dohrnii)
Rufous-breasted hermit (G. hirsuta)
Bronzy hermit (G. aenea)
Threnetes
Sooty barbthroat (T. niger)
Band-tailed barbthroat (T. ruckeri)
Anopetia
Broad-tipped hermit (A. gounellei)
Phaethornis
Dusky-throated hermit (P. squlidus)
Streak-throated hermit (P. rupurumii)
Tapajós hermit (P. aethopyga)
Little hermit (P. longuemareus)
Minute hermit (P. idaliae)
Cinnamon-throated hermit (P. nattereri)
Black-throated hermit (P. atrimentalis)
Stripe-throated hermit (P. striigularis)
Gray-chinned hermit (P. griseogularis)
Reddish hermit (P. ruber)
White-browed hermit (P. stuarti)
Buff-bellied hermit (P. subochraceus)
Sooty-capped hermit (P. augusti)
Planalto hermit (P. pretrei)
Scale-throated hermit (P. eurynome)
Pale-bellied hermit (P. anthophilus)
White-bearded hermit (P. hispidus)
White-whiskered hermit (P. yaruqui)
Green hermit (P. guy)
Tawny-bellied hermit (P. syrmatophorus)
Koepcke's hermit (P. koepckeae)
Needle-billed hermit (P. philippii)
Straight-billed hermit (P. bourcieri)
Long-billed hermit (P. longirostris)
Long-tailed hermit (P. superciliosus)
Great-billed hermit (P. malaris)
vteGenera of nightjars, hummingbirds, swifts and their extinct allies
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Passerea
Clade: Strisores
Strisores†Archaeotrogonidae
Archaeodromus
Archaeotrogon
Hassiavis
Caprimulgiformes
†"Wyomingcypselus"
Caprimulgidae
†Ventivorus
Caprimulginae
Antrostomus
Caprimulgus
Eleothreptus
Gactornis
Hydropsalis
Macropsalis
Nyctidromus
Nyctiphrynus
Nyctipolus
Phalaenoptilus
Setopagis
Siphonorhis
Systellura
Uropsalis
Veles
Chordeilinae
Chordeiles
Lurocalis
Nyctiprogne
Eurostopodinae
Eurostopodus
Lyncornis
VanescavesSedentavesSteatornithiformes
†Euronyctibius
†Prefica
†Protocypselomorphus
†Fluvioviridavidae
Fluvioviridavis
Steatornithidae
Steatornis
NyctibiiformesNyctibiidae†Parapreficinae
Paraprefica
Nyctibiinae
Nyctibius
Phyllaemulor
LetornithesPodargiformesPodargiformes
†Masillapodargus
†Quercypodargus
Podargidae
Batrachostomus
Podargus
Rigidipenna
Apodimorphae
See below ↓
Apodimorphae†Eocypselidae
Eocypselus
Daedalornithesincertae sedis
†Palescyvus
Aegotheliformes
†Quipollornis
Aegothelidae
Aegotheles
Apodiformes
†Cypseloramphus?
†Aegialornithidae
Aegialornis
Primapus
Procuculus?
†Cypselavidae
Argornis
Cypselavus
Parargornis
†Jungornithidae
Jungornis
Trochiloidea
See below ↓
Apodidae
See below ↓
Trochiloideaincertae sedis
†Eurotrochilus
TrochilidaeFlorisuginae
Florisuga
Topaza
Phaethornithinae
Anopetia
Eutoxeres
Glaucis
Phaethornis
Ramphodon
Threnetes
Polytminae
Androdon
Anthracothorax
Augastes
Avocettula
Chrysolampis
Colibri
Doryfera
Eulampis
Heliactin
Heliothryx
Polytmus
Schistes
PolytminaeHeliantheini
Aglaeactis
Boissonneaua
Coeligena
Eriocnemis
Ensifera
Haplophaedia
Heliodoxa
Lafresnaya
Loddigesia
Ocreatus
Pterophanes
Urochroa
Urosticte
Lesbiini
Adelomyia
Aglaiocercus
Chalcostigma
Discosura
Heliangelus
Lesbia
Lophornis
Metallura
Opisthoprora
Oreonympha
Oreotrochilus
Oxypogon
Phlogophilus
Polyonymus
Ramphomicron
Sappho
Sephanoides
Taphrolesbia
Patagoninae
Patagona
TrochilinaeTrochilini
Abeillia
Amazilia
Amazilis
Anthocephala
Basilinna
Campylopterus
Chalybura
Chionomesa
Chlorestes
Chlorostilbon
Chrysuronia
Cynanthus
Elliotomyia
Eupetomena
Eupherusa
Goldmania
Hylocharis
Klais
Leucippus
Leucochloris
Microchera
Orthorhyncus
Pampa
Phaeochroa
Phaeoptila
Polyerata
Ramosomyia
Riccordia
Saucerottia
Stephanoxis
Talaphorus
Taphrospilus
Thalurania
Thaumasius
Trochilus
Uranomitra
Lampornithini
Eugenes
Heliomaster
Hylonympha
Lampornis
Lamprolaima
Panterpe
Sternoclyta
Mellisugini
Archilochus
Calliphlox
Calothorax
Calypte
Chaetocercus
Doricha
Eulidia
Mellisuga
Microstilbon
Myrmia
Myrtis
Nesophlox
Philodice
Rhodopis
Selasphorus
Thaumastura
Tilmatura
Apodiincertae sedis
†Laputavis
†Procypseloides
†Scaniacypselus
Hemiprocnidae
Hemiprocne
ApodidaeApodinaeApodini
Aeronautes
Apus
Cypsiurus
Panyptila
Tachornis
Tachymarptis
Chaeturini
Chaetura
Hirundapus
Mearnsia
Neafrapus
Rhaphidura
Telacanthura
Zoonavena
Collocaliini
Aerodramus
Collocalia
Hydrochous
Schoutedenapus
Cypseloidinae
Cypseloides
Streptoprocne
Taxon identifiersRamphodon naevius
Wikidata: Q836998
Wikispecies: Ramphodon naevius
ADW: Ramphodon_naevius
Avibase: 4CAAC972098D3287
BirdLife: 22687022
BOLD: 114961
BOW: sabher1
CoL: 4RCF2
eBird: sabher1
GBIF: 2476217
iNaturalist: 6487
IRMNG: 10924213
ITIS: 555054
IUCN: 22687022
NCBI: 214669
Neotropical: sabher1
Observation.org: 71796
Open Tree of Life: 505895
Species+: 6638
Xeno-canto: Ramphodon-naevius
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hummingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird"},{"link_name":"Trochilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochilidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC11.2-3"}],"text":"The saw-billed hermit (Ramphodon naevius) is a hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is endemic to Brazil.[3]","title":"Saw-billed hermit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_(hummingbird)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IOC11.2-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saw-billed_Hermit_Ramphodon_naevius.jpg"}],"text":"The saw-billed hermit is placed in the hermit subfamily Phaethornithinae, but among these birds, it is the species most similar to the typical hummingbirds, Trochilinae.[4] It is the only member of its genus and has no subspecies.[3]","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mandible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"tooth-billed hummingbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth-billed_hummingbird"},{"link_name":"supercilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercilium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"}],"text":"The saw-billed hermit is 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 5.3 to 9 g (0.19 to 0.32 oz). It is one of the three heaviest hermits and the male is heavier than the female. Both sexes have saw-like serrations on the mandible and the male's bill has a hooked tip as well. (The unrelated tooth-billed hummingbird (Androdon aequatorialis) is the only other hummingbird that has a serrated bill.) Both sexes have scaly brown upperparts and dark and pale striped underparts. They have a reddish ochre throat, a dark patch through the eye, and a white supercilium. The upper side of the tail is purplish black while the underside has progressively more buff at the ends to the outer pair of feathers.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Espírito Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Forest"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"}],"text":"The saw-billed hermit is found in a narrow band of southeastern Brazil from the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo south to eastern Santa Catarina and northernmost Rio Grande do Sul. It inhabits the understory of the humid coastal Atlantic Forest up to an elevation of 500 m (1,600 ft).[4]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Movement","text":"The saw-billed hermit is presumed to be sedentary, but there is speculation that it makes some short-range movements.[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trap-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-lining"},{"link_name":"conspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspecific"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"The saw-billed hermit feeds on the nectar of a wide range of native and introduced flowering plants; most share the characteristic of tubular blossoms. It typically feeds within about 6 m (20 ft) of the ground but has been noted as high as 15 m (49 ft). Like other hermit hummingbirds it is a \"trap-line\" feeder, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. However, unlike many other trap-liners it defends its route by aggressive behavior towards conspecific and other hummingbirds. In addition to nectar, it feeds on small arthropods gleaned from vegetation.[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"link_name":"Listen to saw-billed hermit on xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.xeno-canto.org/species/Ramphodon-naevius"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"The saw-billed hermit's breeding season has not been fully defined but appears to include July to September. It builds its cone-shaped cup nest from plant material and cobwebs under the tip of a long drooping leaf. Its clutch is two eggs.[4]Songs and calls\nListen to saw-billed hermit on xeno-canto","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SBHE-BOW-4"}],"sub_title":"Vocalization","text":"The saw-billed hermit's song is a \"very high, chattering twitter\". Calls include \"a sustained, rapid series of very high 'bic' notes\" and \"a descending series...of 'seee' notes.\"[5] The calls are apparently used while defending the trap-line.[4]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"}],"text":"The IUCN has assessed the saw-billed hermit as Least Concern. \"[It] is suspected to be declining moderately rapidly owing to habitat loss.\"[1]","title":"Status"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Saw-billed_Hermit_Ramphodon_naevius.jpg/220px-Saw-billed_Hermit_Ramphodon_naevius.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2021). \"Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International","url_text":"BirdLife International"},{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22687022/197680915","url_text":"\"Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). \"IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)\". Retrieved July 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/","url_text":"\"IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)\""}]},{"reference":"van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530155-7","url_text":"978-0-19-530155-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil
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Gilberto Gil
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["1 Early life (1942–1963)","2 Musical career (1963–present)","2.1 Imprisonment and exile","3 Political career (1987–present)","4 Personal life","5 Musical style and influences","6 Discography","7 Awards, nominations, and positions","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Sources","10 External links"]
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Brazilian musician and politician (born 1942)
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Passos and the second or paternal family name is Gil Moreira.
Gilberto GilGCIHGilberto Gil, in 2022BornGilberto Passos Gil Moreira (1942-06-26) 26 June 1942 (age 81)Salvador, Bahia, BrazilEducationFederal University of Bahia (BBA)Occupation(s)Singer, songwriter, politicianPolitical party
PMDB (1988–1990)
PV (1990–present)
Spouses
Belina de Aguiar
(m. 1965; sep. 1967)
Nana Caymmi
(m. 1967; sep. 1968)
Sandra Gadelha
(m. 1969; div. 1980)
Flora Giordano (m. 1981)
Children8 (including Preta)Musical careerGenres
MPB
tropicália
world
samba
forró
rock
reggae
experimental
Instrument(s)
Vocal
guitar
electric guitar
hurdy-gurdy
vibraphone
Years active1959–presentLabels
JS Discos
RCA
Phonogram
Polygram Brasil
PolyGram
Philips
WEA
Som Livre
Universal
Sony
Musical artistWebsitegilbertogil.com.br
Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (Brazilian Portuguese: ; born 26 June 1942), is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and politician, known for both his musical innovation and political activism. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture in the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Gil's musical style incorporates an eclectic range of influences, including rock, Brazilian genres including samba, African music, and reggae.
Gil started to play music as a child and was a teenager when he joined his first band. He began his career as a bossa nova musician and grew to write songs that reflected a focus on political awareness and social activism. He was a key figure in the Música popular brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s, alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso. The Brazilian military regime that took power in 1964 saw both Gil and Veloso as a threat, and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country. Gil moved to London, but returned to Bahia in 1972 and continued his musical career, while also working as a politician and environmental advocate. Known internationally, the album Quanta Live at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, it won the award for Best World Album and album Eletracústico won Grammy Award—Best Contemporary World Music Album.
Early life (1942–1963)
Gil was born in Salvador and spent much of his childhood in Ituaçu. Ituaçu was a small town of fewer than a thousand people, located in the sertão, or countryside, of Bahia. His father, José Gil Moreira, was a doctor; his mother, Claudina Passos Gil Moreira, an elementary school teacher. As a young boy, he attended a Marist Brothers school. Gil remained in Ituaçu until he was nine years old, returning to Salvador for secondary school.
Gil's interest in music was precocious: "When I was only two or two and a half", he recalled, "I told my mother I was going to become a musician or president of my country". He grew up listening to the forró music of his native northeast, and took an interest in the street performers of Salvador. Early on, he began to play the drums and the trumpet, through listening to Bob Nelson on the radio. Gil's mother was the "chief supporter" in his musical ambitions; she bought him an accordion and, when he was ten years old, sent him to music school in Salvador which he attended for four years. As an accordionist, Gil first played classical music, but grew more interested in the folk and popular music of Brazil. He was particularly influenced by singer and accordion player Luiz Gonzaga; he began to sing and play the accordion in an emulation of Gonzaga's recordings. Gil has noted that he grew to identify with Gonzaga "because he sang about the world around , the world that encountered".
During his years in Salvador, Gil encountered the music of songwriter Dorival Caymmi, who he says represented to him the "beach-oriented" samba music of Salvador. Gonzaga and Caymmi were Gil's formative influences. While in Salvador, Gil was introduced to many other styles of music, including American big band jazz and tango. In 1950 Gil moved back to Salvador with his family. It was there, while in high school, that he joined his first band, Os Desafinados ("The Out of Tunes"), in which he played accordion and vibraphone and sang. Os Desafinados was influenced by American rock and roll musicians like Elvis Presley, as well as singing groups from Rio de Janeiro. The band was active for two to three years. Soon afterwards, inspired by Brazilian musician João Gilberto, he settled on the guitar as his primary instrument and began to play bossa nova.
Musical career (1963–present)
Gilberto Gil and Nana Caymmi in III Popular Music Festival, 1967. National Archives of Brazil
Gil met guitarist and singer Caetano Veloso at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia) in 1963. The two began collaborating and performing together, releasing a single and EP. Along with Maria Bethânia (Veloso's sister), Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, Gil and Veloso performed bossa nova and traditional Brazilian songs at the Vila Velha Theatre's opening night in July 1964, a show entitled Nós, por Exemplo ("Us, for Example"). Gil and the group continued to perform at the venue and he eventually became a musical director of the concert series. Gil collaborated again with members of this collective on the landmark 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses, whose style was influenced by The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an album Gil listened to constantly. Gil describes Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses as the birth of the tropicália movement. As Gil describes it, tropicália, or tropicalismo, was a conflation of musical and cultural developments that had occurred in Brazil during the 1950s and 1960s—primarily bossa nova and the Jovem Guarda ("Young Wave") collective—with rock and roll music from the United States and Europe, a movement deemed threatening by the Brazilian government of the time.
Early on in the 1960s, Gil earned income primarily from selling bananas in a shopping mall and composing jingles for television advertisements; he was also briefly employed by the Brazilian division of Unilever, Gessy-Lever. He moved to São Paulo in 1965 and had a hit single when his song "Louvação" (which later appeared on the album of the same name) was released by Elis Regina. His first hit as a solo artist was the 1969 song "Aquele Abraço". Gil also performed on several television programs throughout the 1960s, which often included other "tropicalistas", members of the Tropicalismo movement.
Imprisonment and exile
In October 1968, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso performed at Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro, with Hélio Oiticica's poem-flag Seja marginal, seja herói displayed on stage. The journalist Randal Juliano of RecordTV propagated a story that Caetano and Gil had sung the Brazilian National Anthem in subversive parody. The two musicians were arrested without trial December 27, 1968—shortly after the military state had passed on December 13 Institutional Act Number Five, which suspended habeas corpus.
In February 1969 Gil and Veloso were arrested by the Brazilian military government, brought from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, and spent three months in prison and another four under house arrest, before being freed on the condition that they leave the country. Veloso was the first to be arrested; the police moved to Gil's home soon afterward. Veloso had directed his then-wife Andréa Gadelha to warn Gil about the possibility of arrest, but Gil was eventually brought into the police van along with Veloso. They were given no reason or charge for their arrest. Gil believes that the government felt his actions "represent a threat , something new, something that can't quite be understood, something that doesn't fit into any of the clear compartments of existing cultural practices, and that won't do. That is dangerous." During his prison sentence, Gil began to meditate, follow a macrobiotic diet, and read about Eastern philosophy. He composed four songs during his imprisonment, among them "Cérebro Electrônico" ("Electronic Brain"), which first appeared on his 1969 album Gilberto Gil 1969, and later on his 2006 album Gil Luminoso. Thereafter, Gil and Veloso were exiled to London, England after being offered to leave Brazil. The two played a last Brazilian concert together in Salvador in July 1969, and travelled to Portugal, Paris, and London. He and Veloso took a house in Chelsea, with their wives and manager. Gil was involved in the organisation of the 1971 Glastonbury Free Festival and was exposed to reggae while living in London; he recalls listening to Bob Marley (whose songs he later covered), Jimmy Cliff, and Burning Spear. He was heavily influenced by and involved with the city's rock scene as well, performing with Yes, Pink Floyd, and the Incredible String Band. However, he also performed solo, recording Gilberto Gil (Nêga) while in London. In addition to involvement in the reggae and rock scenes, Gil attended performances by jazz artists, including Miles Davis and Sun Ra.
Gilberto Gil performing in 2007
When he went back to Bahia in 1972, Gil focused on his musical career and environmental advocacy work. He released Expresso 2222 the same year, from which two popular singles were released. Gil toured the United States and recorded an English-language album as well, continuing to release a steady stream of albums throughout the 1970s, including Realce and Refazenda. In the early 1970s Gil participated in a resurgence of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé tradition in Carnaval, joining the Filhos de Gandhi ("Sons of Gandhi") performance group, which only allowed black Brazilians to join. Gil also recorded a song titled "Patuscada de Gandhi" written about the Filhos de Gandhi that appeared on his 1977 album Refavela. Greater attention was paid to afoxé groups in Carnaval because of the publicity that Gil had provided to them through his involvement; the groups increased in size as well. In the late 1970s he left Brazil for Africa and visited Senegal, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. He also worked with Jimmy Cliff and released a cover of "No Woman, No Cry" with him in 1980, a number one hit that introduced reggae to Brazil.
In 1996, Gil contributed "Refazenda" to the AIDS-Benefit Album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization.
In 1998 the live version of his album Quanta won Gil the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album. In 2005 he won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album for Eletracústico. In May 2005 he was awarded the Polar Music Prize by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in Stockholm, the prize's first Latin American recipient. On October 16 of the same year he received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France, coinciding with the Année du Brésil en France ("Brazil's Year in France").
In 2010 he released the album Fé Na Festa, a record devoted to forró, a style of music from Brazil's northeast. His tour to promote this album received some negative feedback from fans who were expecting to hear a set featuring his hits. In 2013, Gilberto Gil plays his own role as a singer and promoter of cultural diversity in a long feature documentary shot around the southern hemisphere by Swiss filmmaker Pierre-Yves Borgeaud, Viramundo: a musical journey with Gilberto Gil, distributed worldwide. The film also inaugurates the T.I.D.E. experiment for pan-European and multi-support releases.
His album OK OK OK was ranked as the 4th best Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine and among the 25 best Brazilian albums of the second half of 2018 by the São Paulo Association of Art Critics.
Political career (1987–present)
Gilberto GilGilberto Gil on 11 September 2007.Minister of CultureIn office1 January 2003 – 30 July 2008PresidentLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaPreceded byFrancisco WeffortSucceeded byJuca FerreiraCouncillor of SalvadorIn office1 January 1989 – 1 January 1993ConstituencyAt-large
Personal detailsPolitical partyPV (1990–present)Other politicalaffiliationsPMDB (1988–90)Signature
Gil describes his attitude towards politics thus: "I'd rather see my position in the government as that of an administrator or manager. But politics is a necessary ingredient." His political career began in 1987, when he was elected to a local post in Bahia and became the Salvador secretary of culture. In 1988, he was elected to the city council and subsequently became city commissioner for environmental protection. However, he left the office after one term and declined to run for the National Congress of Brazil. In 1990, Gil left the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and joined the Green Party. During this period, Gil founded the environmental protection organization Onda Azul ("Blue Wave"), which worked to protect Brazilian waters. He maintained a full-time musical career at the same time, and withdrew temporarily from politics in 1992, following the release Parabolicamará, considered to be one of his most successful efforts. On October 16, 2001 Gil accepted his nomination to be a Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, having promoted the organization before his appointment.
When President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in January 2003, he chose Gil as Brazil's new Minister of Culture, the second black person to serve in the country's cabinet. The appointment was controversial among political and artistic figures and the Brazilian press; a remark Gil made about difficulties with his salary received particular criticism. Gil had not been a member of Lula's Workers' Party and had not participated in creating its cultural program. Shortly after becoming Minister, Gil began a partnership between Brazil and Creative Commons. In 2003, he gave a concert in the UN General Assembly in honour of the victims of the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad. In that concert, he played together with Secretary General Kofi Annan.
As Minister, he sponsored a program called Culture Points, which gave grants to provide music technology and education to people living in poor areas of the country's cities. Gil asserted that "You've now got young people who are becoming designers, who are making it into media and being used more and more by television and samba schools and revitalizing degraded neighborhoods. It's a different vision of the role of government, a new role." Gil also expressed interest in a program to establish an Internet repository of freely downloadable Brazilian music. Following Gil's appointment, the department's expenditures increased by over 50 percent. In November 2007 Gil announced his intention to resign from his post due to a vocal cord polyp. Lula rejected Gil's first two attempts to resign, but accepted a further request in July 2008. Lula said on this occasion that Gil was "going back to being a great artist, going back to giving priority to what is most important" to him.
Personal life
Gil has been married four times. He had two daughters Nara and Marilia, with first wife Belina Aguiar. He was then married to famous singer Nana Caymmi, they had no children. His third wife was Sandra Gadelha with whom he had three children: Pedro, Preta and Maria. Sandra inspired one of his most beloved songs Drao, she was with him during the very hard times of Brazilian dictatorship and they both were exiled. His fourth wife is Flora Giordano. The couple has three children: Bem, Isabella and Jose. His first son Pedro Gil, Egotrip's drummer – died in a car accident in 1990. Preta Gil, an actress and singer, is his daughter with Sandra Gadelha.
Gil's religious beliefs have changed significantly over his lifetime. Originally, he was a Christian, but was later influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion, and, later, explored African spirituality. He is an agnostic. He practices yoga and is a vegetarian.
Gil has been open about the fact that he has smoked marijuana for much of his life. He has said he believes "that drugs should be treated like pharmaceuticals, legalized, although under the same regulations and monitoring as medicines".
Musical style and influences
"Oslodum"
Gil recorded "Oslodum" for the 2004 compilation album The Wired CD, an album composed of songs licensed under the Creative Commons. The song is heavily influenced by samba reggae, one of the many elements of Gil's style. The title is a play on the name Olodum, a major samba reggae cultural group based in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Gil is a tenor, but he sings in the baritone or falsetto register, with lyrics and/or scat syllables. His lyrics are on subjects that range from philosophy to religion, folktales, and word play. Gil's musical style incorporates a broad range of influences. The first music he was exposed to included The Beatles and street performers in various metropolitan areas of Bahia. During his first years as a musician, Gil performed primarily in a blend of traditional Brazilian styles with two-step rhythms, such as baião and samba. He states that "My first phase was one of traditional forms. Nothing experimental at all. Caetano and I followed in the tradition of Luiz Gonzaga and Jackson do Pandeiro, combining samba with northeastern music." American music critic Robert Christgau said that along with Jorge Ben, Gil was "always ready to go further out on a beat than the other samba/bossa geniuses".
As one of the pioneers of tropicália, influences from genres such as rock and punk have been pervasive in his recordings, as they have been in those of other stars of the period, including Caetano Veloso and Tom Zé. Gil's interest in the blues-based music of rock pioneer Jimi Hendrix, in particular, has been described by Veloso as having "extremely important consequences for Brazilian music". Veloso also noted the influence of Brazilian guitarist and singer Jorge Ben on Gil's musical style, coupled with that of traditional music. After the height of tropicália in the 1960s, Gil became increasingly interested in black culture, particularly in the Jamaican musical genre of reggae. He described the genre as "a form of democratizing, internationalizing, speaking a new language, a Heideggerian form of passing along fundamental messages".
Visiting Lagos, Nigeria, in 1976 for the Festival of African Culture (FESTAC), Gil met fellow musicians Fela Kuti and Stevie Wonder. He became inspired by African music and later integrated some of the styles he had heard in Africa, such as juju and highlife, into his own recordings. One of the most famous of these African-influenced records was the 1977 album Refavela, which included "No Norte da Saudade" (To the North of Sadness), a song heavily influenced by reggae. When Gil returned to Brazil after the visit, he focused on Afro-Brazilian culture, becoming a member of the Carnaval afoxé group Filhos de Gandhi.
Conversely, his 1980s musical repertoire presented an increased development of dance trends, such as disco and soul, as well as the previous incorporation of rock and punk. However, Gil says that his 1994 album Acoustic was not such a new direction, as he had previously performed unplugged with Caetano Veloso. He describes the method of playing as easier than other types of performance, as the energy of acoustic playing is simple and influenced by its roots. Gil has been criticized for a conflicting involvement in both authentic Brazilian music and the worldwide musical arena. He has had to walk a fine line, simultaneously remaining true to traditional Bahian styles and engaging with commercial markets. Listeners in Bahia have been much more accepting of his blend of music styles, while those in southeast Brazil felt at odds with it.
Discography
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gilberto Gil" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1967: Louvação
1968: Gilberto Gil (with Os Mutantes)
1968: Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (with Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, Os Mutantes)
1969: Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico)
1970: "Copacabana Mon Amour"
1971: Gilberto Gil (Nêga)
1972: Barra 69: Caetano e Gil Ao Vivo na Bahia
1972: Expresso 2222
1974: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo
1975: "Gil e Jorge: Ogum Xangô" (with Jorge Ben)
1975: Refazenda
1976: Doces Bárbaros (with Gal Costa, Caetano Veloso, and Maria Bethânia)
1977: Refavela
1978: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo em Montreux
1978: Refestança (with Rita Lee)
1979: Nightingale
1979: Realce
1981: Brasil (João Gilberto album featuring Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Maria Bethânia)
1981: Luar (A Gente Precisa Ver o Luar)
1982: Um Banda Um
1983: Extra
1984: Quilombo (Trilha Sonora)
1984: Raça Humana
1985: Dia Dorim Noite Neon
1987: Gilberto Gil em Concerto
1987: Soy Loco por Ti America
1987: Trem Para As Estrelas (Trilha Sonora)
1988: Ao Vivo em Tóquio
1989: O Eterno Deus Mu Dança
1991: Parabolicamará
1994: Acoustic
1994: Tropicália 2 (with Caetano Veloso)
1995: Esoterico: Live in USA 1994
1995: Oriente: Live in Tokyo
1996: Em Concerto
1996: Luar
1997: Indigo Blue
1997: Quanta
1998: Ao Vivo em Tóquio
1998: O Sol de Oslo
1998: O Viramundo (Ao Vivo)
1998: Quanta Live
2000: Me, You, Them
2001: Gil & Milton (with Milton Nascimento)
2001: São João Vivo
2002: Kaya N'Gan Daya
2002: Z: 300 Anos de Zumbi
2004: Eletracústico
2005: Ao Vivo
2005: As Canções de Eu Tu Eles
2005: Soul of Brazil
2006: Gil Luminoso
2006: Rhythms of Bahia
2008: Banda Larga Cordel
2009: Bandadois
2010: Fé na Festa
2010: Fé na Festa ao vivo
2011: Gilberto + 10
2012: Especial Ivete Caetano Gilberto ao vivo
2013: Concerto de Cordas & Maquinas de Ritmo
2014: Gilbertos Samba
2015: Gilbertos Samba ao vivo
2016: Dois Amigos (with Caetano Veloso)
2017: Trinca de Ases (with Gal Costa and Nando Reis)
2018: OK OK OK
2022: Em Casa com os Gils
Awards, nominations, and positions
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Year
Work
Award
Result
1981
N/A
Anchieta Medal—São Paulo City Council
Won
1986
N/A
The Gold Dolphin—Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Won
1990
N/A
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres—Ministry of Culture of France
Won
1990
N/A
Commendator of the Order of Rio Branco
Won
1997
N/A
Ordre national du Mérite
Won
1999
Quanta Live
Grammy Award—Best World Music Album
Won
1999
N/A
Order of Cultural Merit—Ministry of Culture
Won
1999
N/A
UNESCO Artist for Peace—United Nations
Won
2001
Eu Tu Eles
Cinema Brazil Grand Prize—Best Music
Nominated
2001
As Canções De Eu, Tu, Eles
Latin Grammy Award—Brazilian Roots/Regional Album
Won
2001
N/A
Goodwill Ambassador—Food and Agriculture Organization
Won
2002
Viva São João!
Passista Trophy—Long Documentary – Best Score
Won
2002
Viva São João!
Passista Trophy—Long Documentary – Best Score
Won
2003
N/A
Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year
Won
2005
Eletracústico
Grammy Award—Best Contemporary World Music Album
Won
2005
N/A
Polar Music Prize
Won
2005
N/A
Légion d'honneur
Won
2016
Gilbertos Samba Ao Vivo
Grammy Award for Best World Music Album
Nominated
2019
Ok Ok Ok
Latin Grammy Award for Best MPB Album
Won
See also
Vamos Fugir (pt)
Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (pt)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Katz, David; Gil, Gilberto (July–August 2009). "Truth to Power". Wax Poetics (36). Brooklyn, New York City: Wax Poetics, Inc.: 48–60. ISSN 1537-8241.
^ a b c d e Tepel, Oliver (August 7, 2006). "Gilberto Gil". The international artist database. culturebase.net. Archived from the original on November 20, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ Veloso (2003), p. 180
^ a b c d Quinn, Mike (September 17, 1999). "Mixing Miami With Copacabana". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b c d e f Skelly, Richard. "Biography". AllMusic. All Media Guide. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ a b c d Tourneen, Saudades. "Gilberto Gil". Europe Jazz Network. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ Wald (2007), pp. 113–116
^ a b c Myers, Robert; Gil, Gilberto (1990). "Brazilian Popular Music in Bahia: 'The Politics of the Future': An Interview with Gilberto Gil". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 9. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press: 298–311. ISSN 0730-9139.
^ Veloso (2003), p. 46
^ Barteldes, Ernest (March 29, 2007). "Gilberto Gil". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
^ a b c Goodman, Amy (June 25, 2008). "From Political Prisoner to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide" (radio). Democracy Now!. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
^ Cámara, Mario (January 11, 2016). "El artista plástico Hélio Oiticica: escritor y fotógrafo". Outra Travessia (in Portuguese). 1 (21): 93–104. doi:10.5007/2176-8552.2016n21p93. hdl:11336/106342. ISSN 2176-8552.
^ "Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso: the story of a friendship". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
^ a b Lichote, Leonardo (September 14, 2020). "A ditadura brasileira contra Caetano Veloso: os arquivos completos da repressão". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved May 15, 2023.
^ Veloso (2003), pp. 219–220
^ a b Dibbell, Julian (November 2004). "We Pledge Allegiance to the Penguin". Wired. Vol. 12, no. 11. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ McCarthy, Julie (March 3, 2007). "Brazilian Culture Minister Rocks Out with New Album" (radio). Weekend Edition Saturday. National Public Radio. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
^ Veloso (2003), pp. 262–263
^ a b Lewis, John (July 15, 2010). "Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso in London". The Guardian. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
^ a b Staff (September 1, 2003). "Brazil's Gilberto Gil, minister of cool". Reuters via CNN. São Paulo, Brazil. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ Crook (2005), p. 141
^ Carvalho, José Jorge de (1993). "Black Music of All Colors: The Construction of Black Ethnicity in Ritual and Popular Genres of Afro-Brazilian Music" (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
^ Crook (2005), pp. 142–143
^ Staff (May 4, 2005). "Gilberto Gil Receives Polar Music Prize". Associated Press via Billboard. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ Durand, Fabien (October 13, 2005). "Cérémonie de remise des insignes de Grand Officier dans l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur à Gilberto Gil". Culture.fr (in French). Retrieved March 18, 2008.
^ Russ Slater (July 27, 2010). "Gilberto Gil at Royal Festival Hall – July 21st". Sounds and Colours. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
^ TIDE to “day-and-date” release Gilberto Gil doc in ten countries Archived October 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, SCREEN Daily, February 27, 2013, by Melanie Goodfellow
^ Antunes, Pedro (December 21, 2018). "Rolling Stone Brasil: os 50 melhores discos nacionais de 2018". Rolling Stone Brasil (in Portuguese). Grupo Perfil. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ Antunes, Pedro (November 30, 2018). "Baco Exu do Blues, Gilberto Gil, Duda Beat: os 25 melhores discos brasileiros do segundo semestre de 2018, segundo a APCA". Rolling Stone Brasil (in Portuguese). Grupo Perfil. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
^ a b Rohter, Larry (March 11, 2007). "Gilberto Gil Hears the Future, Some Rights Reserved". The New York Times. Salvador, Bahia. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
^ Steward, Sue (October 19, 2003). "Minister of cool: part one". The Observer. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ Staff (2004). "Gilberto Gil:: vida". gilbertogil.com.br (in Portuguese). Gege Produções Artísticas Ltda. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^ Staff. "Singer Gilberto Gil". FAO Ambassadors Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
^ a b Rohter, Larry (December 31, 2002). "A Government Gig for Brazilian Pop Star; Gilberto Gil Becomes Culture Minister, But Not Everyone Sings His Praises". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ "Gilberto Gil on Democracy Now". Creative Commons. June 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
^ "MEMORIAL TRIBUTE CONCERT BY GILBERTO GIL TO BE HELD AT UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases".
^ "How music is the real language of political diplomacy". TheGuardian.com. October 31, 2015.
^ "Toda menina baiana". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ Rohter, Larry (March 12, 2007). "Gilberto Gil and the politics of music". International Herald Tribune. Salvador, Brazil: The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
^ Rohter, Larry (March 14, 2007). "Brazilian Government Invests in Culture of Hip-Hop". The New York Times. São Paulo, Brazil. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ Werman, Marco (March 22, 2007). "Gilberto Gil" (radio). The World. BBC World Service and Public Radio International. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
^ The New York Times (November 12, 2007). "Gilberto Gil to Resign". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
^ "Brazil musician leaves government". BBC News. BBC. July 31, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
^ a b Astor, Michael (March 16, 2007). "Brazilian pop star Gil tours U.S." Associated Press via USA Today. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Gannett Company. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
^ Staff (August 22, 2006). "Brazilians Reject Marijuana Legalization". Angus Reid Global Monitor. Archived from the original on March 6, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
^ Rohter, Larry (November 8, 1992). "Gilberto Gil, Bahia's Most Beloved Export". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ Christgau, Robert (April 6, 1993). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ a b Veloso (2003), p. 191
^ a b c Béhague, Gerard (Spring–Summer 2006). "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–95)". Latin American Music Review. 27 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1353/lat.2006.0021. S2CID 191430137.
^ Staff (July 1, 2003). "'Brazil has a new energy'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 10, 2004. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^ Crook (2005), p. 82
^ Eyre, Banning; Gil, Gilberto (June 3, 1995). "Interview: Gilberto Gil (1995)". Afropop Worldwide. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
^ Cabo, Leila (November 14, 2019). "Latin Grammys 2019 Winners: Complete List". Billboard. MRC. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
Sources
Perrone, Charles A. Masters of Contemporary Brazilian Song: MPB 1965–1985. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989. Chapter 3. Gilberto Gil: Guidance and Afro-Brazilliance.
Crook, Larry (2005). Brazilian Music: Northeastern Traditions and the Heartbeat of a Modern Nation. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-287-8.
Veloso, Caetano (2003). Tropical Truth: A Story of Music and Revolution in Brazil. New York City: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81281-1.
Wald, Elijah (2007). Global Minstrels: Voices of World Music. New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97930-6.
Di Carlo, Josnei (2020).Is there a theory of peripheral postmodernism? Tropicália and the art criticism of Mário Pedrosa in the 1960s .Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros, 1(76): 18-33.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilberto Gil.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Gilberto Gil.
Official website
Music Is Pleasure: An Interview with Gilberto Gil Archived February 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Wide-ranging one-hour interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!, June 25, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
Gilberto Gil discography on Slipcue.com
Awards
Grammy Award
Preceded byMilton Nascimento
Grammy Award for Best World Music Album 1999for Quanta Live
Succeeded byCaetano Veloso
Latin Grammy Award
Preceded byPaulo Moura & Os Batutas
Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Roots Album 2001, 2002for As Canções de Eu Tu Eles and São João Vivo
Succeeded byDominguinhos
Preceded byYoussou N'Dour
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album 2006for Eletracústico
Succeeded byThe Klezmatics
Preceded byIvan Lins and The Metropole Orchestra
Latin Grammy Award for Best MPB Album 2010for Especial Ivete, Gil e Caetano Served alongside: Ivete Sangalo and Caetano Veloso
Succeeded byMaria Rita
First
Latin Grammy Award for Best Native Brazilian Roots Album 2010for Fé na Festa
Succeeded byNaná Vasconcelos
Multishow Brazilian Music Award
Preceded byRoberto Carlos
Multishow Brazilian Music Award for Best Singer 2003
Succeeded byCaetano Veloso
Press Trophy
Preceded byRoberto Carlos
Press Trophy for Best Singer 1974 Served alongside: Roberto Carlos
Succeeded byChico Buarque
Political offices
Preceded byFrancisco Weffort
Minister of Culture of Brazil 2003–2008
Succeeded byJuca Ferreira
Academic offices
Preceded byMurilo Melo Filho
7th Academic of the 20th chair of theBrazilian Academy of Letters 2022–present
Incumbent
Articles related to Gilberto Gil
vteGilberto GilStudio albums
Louvação (1967)
Gilberto Gil (1968)
Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico) (1969)
Expresso 2222 (1972)
Gil e Jorge (1975)
Realce (1979)
Brasil (1981)
Extra (1983)
Soy Loco por Ti America (1987)
As Canções de Eu Tu Eles (2005)
Gil Luminoso (2006)
Compilation albums
Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (1968)
Live albums
Doces Bárbaros (1976)
Quanta Live (1998)
vteMinisters of Culture (1985–2023)
José Aparecido de Oliveira
Aluísio Pimenta
Celso Furtado
Hugo Napoleão do Rego Neto
José Aparecido de Oliveira
Ipojuca Pontes
Sérgio Paulo Rouanet
Antônio Houaiss
Jerônimo Moscardo
Luiz Roberto do Nascimento e Silva
Francisco Weffort
Gilberto Gil
Juca Ferreira
Ana de Hollanda
Marta Suplicy
Ana Cristina Wanzeler (acting)
Juca Ferreira
Marcelo Calero
Roberto Freire
João Batista de Andrade (acting)
Sérgio Sá Leitão
Margareth Menezes
vteLatin Recording Academy Person of the Year
Emilio Estefan (2000)
Julio Iglesias (2001)
Vicente Fernández (2002)
Gilberto Gil (2003)
Carlos Santana (2004)
José José (2005)
Ricky Martin (2006)
Juan Luis Guerra (2007)
Gloria Estefan (2008)
Juan Gabriel (2009)
Plácido Domingo (2010)
Shakira (2011)
Caetano Veloso (2012)
Miguel Bosé (2013)
Joan Manuel Serrat (2014)
Roberto Carlos (2015)
Marc Anthony (2016)
Alejandro Sanz (2017)
Maná (2018)
Juanes (2019)
Rubén Blades (2021)
Marco Antonio Solís (2022)
Laura Pausini (2023)
Carlos Vives (2024)
vteLaureates of the Polar Music Prize1990s
Paul McCartney / the Baltic states (1992)
Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski (1993)
Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1994)
Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich (1995)
Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez (1996)
Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson (1997)
Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar (1998)
Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis (1999)
2000s
Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern (2000)
Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen (2001)
Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina (2002)
Keith Jarrett (2003)
B.B. King / György Ligeti (2004)
Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (2005)
Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev (2006)
Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich (2007)
Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming (2008)
Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema (2009)
2010s
Björk / Ennio Morricone (2010)
Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith (2011)
Paul Simon / Yo-Yo Ma (2012)
Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho (2013)
Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars (2014)
Emmylou Harris / Evelyn Glennie (2015)
Max Martin / Cecilia Bartoli (2016)
Sting / Wayne Shorter (2017)
Metallica / Afghanistan National Institute of Music (2018)
Grandmaster Flash / Anne-Sophie Mutter / Playing for Change (2019)
2020s
Anna Netrebko / Diane Warren (2020)
Iggy Pop / Ensemble intercontemporain (2022)
Chris Blackwell / Angélique Kidjo / Arvo Pärt (2023)
Nile Rodgers / Esa-Pekka Salonen (2024)
vteOrder of Cultural Merit (Brazil)1995
Antônio Carlos Magalhães
Celso Furtado
Fernanda Montenegro
Joãosinho Trinta
Jorge Amado
José Mindlin
José Sarney
Nascimento Brito
Nise da Silveira
Pietro Maria Bardi
Ricardo Gribel
Roberto Marinho
1996
Athos Bulcão
Bibi Ferreira
Carybé
Carlos Eduardo Moreira Ferreira
Edemar Cid Ferreira
Francisco Brennand
Franco Montoro
Jens Olesen
Joel Mendes Rennó
Max Justo Guedes
Mestre Didi
Nélida Piñon
Olavo Setúbal
Padre Vaz
Sérgio Motta
Walter Salles
1997
Adélia Prado
Antônio Poteiro
Antônio Salgado
Braguinha
David Assayag
Diogo Pacheco
Dona Lenoca
Fayga Ostrower
Gilberto Chateaubriand
Gilberto Ferrez
Helena Severo
Hilda Hilst
Jorge da Cunha Lima
Jorge Gerdau
José Ermírio de Moraes
José Safra
Lúcio Costa
Luís Carlos Barreto
Mãe Olga do Alaketu
Marcos Vilaça
Maria Clara Machado
Robert Broughton
Ubiratan Aguiar
Wladimir Murtinho
1998
Abram Szajman
Altamiro Carrilho
Antônio Britto
Ariano Suassuna
Carlos Diegues
Décio de Almeida Prado
Franz Weissmann
João Carlos Martins
José Hugo Celidônio
Lily Marinho
Mãe Cleusa Millet
Milu Villela
Miguel Jorge
Dona Neuma
Octavio Frias
Olavo Monteiro de Carvalho
Paulo Autran
Paulo César Ximenes
Roseana Sarney
Ruth Rocha
Ruy Mesquita
Sebastião Salgado
Walter Hugo Khouri
Zenildo Gonzaga Zoroastro de Lucena
1999
Abraham Koogan
Almir Gabriel
Aloysio Faria
Ana Maria Diniz
Angel Vianna
Antônio Houaiss
Beatriz Pimenta Camargo
Ecyla Brandão
Enrique Iglesias
Esther Bertoletti
Hélio Jaguaribe
Hermínio Bello de Carvalho
J. Borges
João Antunes
Mãe Stella de Oxóssi
Maria Cecília Geyer
Maria Delith Balaban
Mário Covas
Paixão Côrtes
Paulo Fontainha Geyer
Romero Magalhães
Washington Novaes
2000
Ana Maria Machado
Angela Gutierrez
Dom Geraldo
Dalal Achcar
Edino Krieger
Elizabeth D'Angelo Serra
Firmino Ferreira Sampaio Neto
Siron Franco
Gianfrancesco Guarnieri
Gilberto Gil
José Alves Antunes Filho
Luiz Henrique da Silveira
Luiz Sponchiato
Maria João Bustorff
Mário Miguel Nicola Garófalo
Martinho da Vila
Nelson José Pinto Freire
Paulo Tarso Flecha de Lima
Plínio Pacheco
Rodrigo Pederneiras Barbosa
Ruth Escobar
Sabine Lovatelli
Sérgio Paulo Rouanet
Sérgio Amaral
Thomaz Farkas
Tizuka Yamasaki
Zezé Motta
2001
Arthur Moreira Lima
Catherine Tasca
Célia Procópio de Araújo Carvalho
Euclides Menezes Ferreira
Dona Zica
Fernando Faro
G.R.E.S. Império Serrano
G.R.E.S. Portela
G.R.E.S. Vila Isabel
G.R.E.S. Mangueira
Haroldo Costa
Hermínio Bello de Carvalho
Henri Philippe Reichstul
Hildmar Diniz
Ivo Abrahão Nesralla
Jamelão
João Câmara Filho
Luciana Stegagno Picchio
Luís Antônio Viana
Lygia Fagundes Telles
Manuel Salustiano Soares
Milton Gonçalves
Milton Nascimento
Paulinho da Viola
Pilar del Castillo
Purificación Carpinteyro Calderón
Sari Bermúdez
Sheila Copps
Synésio Scofano Fernandes
Thiago de Mello
Yvonne Lara da Costa
2002
Alberto Alves da Silva
Ana Botafogo
Candace Slater
Carlos Roberto Faccina
Centro Cultural Pró-Música
Dalva Lazaroni
Dominguinhos
Dona Lucinha
EDUSP
Eduardo Baptista Vianna
Frances Marinho
George Savalla Gomes
Guillermo O'Donnell
G.R.E.S. Camisa Verde e Branco
G.R.E.S. Vai Vai
Henry Sobel
Jack Leon Terpins
João Filgueiras
Jon M. Tolman
Júlio Neves
Julio Landmann
Kabengele Munanga
Lima Duarte
Maria Della Costa
Marlui Miranda
Mestre Juca
Niède Guidon
Paulo Evaristo Arns
Renato Borghetti
Roberto Carlos
Roberto DaMatta
Sergio Kobayashi
Silvio Barbato
SBB
Tania Mariza Kuchenbecker Rösing
Vitae – Apoio à Cultura, Educação e Promoção Social
2003
Afro Reggae
Agostinho da Silva
Aloísio Magalhães
Antônio Nóbrega
Ary Barroso
ABC-SERRA
Bené Fonteles
Benedito Nunes
Boi Caprichoso
Boi Garantido
Candido Portinari
Carmen Costa
Casseta & Planeta
Chico Buarque de Holanda
Coral dos Guarani
Dorival Caymmi
Eduardo Bueno
Gilberto Mendes
Grupo Ponto de Partida e o coro Meninos de Araçuaí
Haroldo de Campos
Herbert Vianna
João Pequeno
Jongo da Serrinha
Jorge Mautner
Maria Judith Zuzarte Cortesão
Luiz Costa Lima
Mangueira do Amanhã
Manoel de Barros
Marília Pêra
Milton Santos
Moacyr Scliar
Nelson Pereira dos Santos
Projeto Axé
Projeto Guri
Rita Lee
Roberto Farias
Rogério Sganzerla
Rubinho do Vale
Velha Guarda da Portela
Zezé Di Camargo & Luciano
2004
Alberto da Costa e Silva
Angeli
Arnaldo Carrilho
Caetano Veloso
Candombe do Açude
Companhia Barrica
Cordão da Bola Preta
Danilo Miranda
Fernando Sabino
Frans Krajcberg
Franco Fontana
Fundação Casa Grande
Geraldo Sarno
Inezita Barroso
João Donato
José Júlio Pereira Cordeiro Blanco
Lia de Itamaracá
Liz Calder
Márcia Haydée
Mauricio de Sousa
Movimento Arte contra a Barbárie
Odete Lara
Olga Praguer Coelho
Orlando Villas-Bôas
Ozualdo Candeias
Paulo José
Paulo Mendes da Rocha
Pelé
Povo Panará, Mato Grosso e Pará
Pracatum
Projeto Dança Comunidade
Pulsar Companhia de Dança
Rachel de Queiroz
Renato Russo
As Ceguinhas de Campina Grande
Teatro Oficina
Violeta Arraes
Vó Maria
Walter Firmo
Waly Salomão
2005
Alfredo Bosi
Ana das Carrancas
Antonio Jerônimo de Meneses Neto
Antonio Manuel Lima Dias
Augusto Boal
Augusto Carlos da Silva Teles
Pinduca
Ballet Stagium
Carlos Lopes
CUCA/UNE
Cleyde Yáconis
Clóvis Moura
Darcy Ribeiro
Eduardo Coutinho
Egberto Gismonti
Eliane Lage
Grupo Bandolins de Oeiras
Henri Salvador
Isabel Mendes da Cunha
João Gilberto
José Antônio de Almeida Prado
José Mojica Marins
Lino Rojas
Manuel dos Reis Machado
Maria Bethânia
Mario Augusto de Berredo Carneiro
Maurice Capovilla
Dona Militana
Movimento Manguebeat
Museu Casa do Pontal
Nei Lopes
Nino Fernandes
Olivério Ferreira
Paulo Linhares
Roger Avanzi
Ruth de Souza
Silviano Santiago
Vicente Joaquim Ferreira Pastinha
Ziraldo
2006
Amir Haddad
Banda de Pífanos de Caruaru
Berthold Zilly
Casa de Cultura Tainã
CEASM
Conselho Internacional de Museus
Cora Coralina
Curt Meyer-Clason
Daniel Munduruku
Dino Garcia Carrera
Dona Teté Cacuriá
Emmanuel Nassar
Escola de Museologia da UniRio
Feira do Livro de Porto Alegre
Fernando Birri
Grupo Corpo
Henry Thorau
Intrépida Trupe
Johannes Odenthal
José Mindlin
Josué de Castro
Júlio Bressane
Laura Cardoso
Lauro César Muniz
Lygia Martins Costa
Luiz Phelipe de Carvalho Castro Andrés
Mário Cravo Neto
Mário de Andrade
Mário Pedrosa
Mestre Eugênio
Mestre Verequete
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte
Moacir Santos
MAX
Paulo César Saraceni
Pompeu Christovam de Pina
Racionais MC's
Ray-Güde Mertin
Rodrigo Melo Franco
Sábato Magaldi
Santos Dumont
Sivuca
Tânia Andrade Lima
Teodoro Freire
Tomie Ohtake
Vladimir Carvalho
2007
Abdias Nascimento
Álvaro Siza Vieira
Antônio Carlos Jobim
Associação Cultural Cachuera
Banda Cabaçal dos Irmãos Aniceto
Bárbara Heliodora
Cacique Raoni
Cartola
Celine Imbert
Cildo Meireles
Castelo Rá-Tim-Bum
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Clube do Choro de Brasília
Dodô e Osmar
Escola de Circo Picolino
Glauber Rocha
Grande Otelo
Grupo Nós do Morro
Hermilo Borba Filho
Lina Bo Bardi
Lia Robatto
Luiz Gonzaga
Luiz Otavio Souza Santos
Luiz Mott
José Aparecido de Oliveira
Jean-Claude Bernardet
Jorge Benjor
Judith Malina
Kanuá Kamayurá
Marcelo Grassmann
Moniz Bandeira
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Orides Fontela
Oscar Niemeyer
Ronaldo Fraga
Selma do Coco
Sérgio Britto
Solano Trindade
Tônia Carrero
Tostão
Vânia Toledo
Walter Smetak
2008
Ailton Krenak
Altemar Dutra
Anselmo Duarte
Athos Bulcão
Benedito Ruy Barbosa
Bule-Bule
Carlos Lyra
Claudia Andujar
Dulcina de Moraes
Edu Lobo
Efigênia Ramos Rolim
Eva Todor
Goiandira do Couto
Guimarães Rosa
Hans-Joachim Koellreutter
João Candido Portinari
Johnny Alf
Leonardo Villar
Maria Bonomi
Marlene
Mercedes Sosa
Milton Hatoum
Nelson Triunfo
Marcantônio Vilaça
Otávio Afonso
Orlando Miranda
Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes
Paulo Moura
Pixinguinha
Roberto Corrêa
Ruy Guerra
Sérgio Ricardo
Tatiana Belinky
Teresa Aguiar
Vicente Salles
Zabé da Loca
Apiwtxa
ABGLT
ABI
Associação Comunidade Yuba
Centro Cultural Piollin
Coletivo Nacional de Cultura do MST
Giramundo Teatro de Bonecos
Instituto Baccarelli
Mestres da Guitarrada
Música no Museu
Quasar Cia de Dança
2009
Aderbal Freire Filho
Afoxé Filhos de Gandhy
Alexandre Wollner
Ângela Maria
Ataulfo Alves
Balé Popular do Recife
Beatriz Sarlo
Bispo do Rosário
Boaventura de Sousa Santos
Carlos Manga
Carmen Miranda
Chico Anysio
Deborah Colker
Davi Kopenawa Yanomami
Elifas Andreato
Fernanda Abreu
Fernando Peixoto
Fundação Iberê Camargo
Gerson King Combo
Gilvan Samico
Heleny Guariba
Instituto Olga Kos de Inclusão Cultural
Ivaldo Bertazzo
José Eduardo Agualusa
José Miguel Wisnik
Laerte Coutinho
Luiz Olimecha
Lydia Hortélio
Mamulengo Só-Riso
Manoel de Oliveira
Maria Lúcia Godoy
Maracatu Estrela de Ouro de Aliança
Mestre Vitalino
Mia Couto
Miguel Rio Branco
Nathalia Timberg
Ney Matogrosso
Noca da Portela
Os Gêmeos
Patativa do Assaré
Paulo Vanzolini
Paulo Bruscky
Raul Seixas
Roberto Burle Marx
Sérgio Rodrigues
Teatro Vila Velha
ONG Video nas Aldeias
Walmor Chagas
Zeca Pagodinho
2010
Andrea Tonacci
Anna Bella Geiger
Armando Nogueira
Azelene Kaingang
Cândido Mendes de Almeida
Carlos Drummond de Andrade
Carlota Albuquerque
Cazuza
Cesária Évora
Companhia de Danças Folclóricas Aruanda
Demônios da Garoa
Denise Stoklos
Época de Ouro
Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisión
Gal Costa
Glória Pires
Hermeto Pascoal
Ilo Krugli
Ismael Ivo
Ítalo Rossi
Jaguar
João Cabral de Melo Neto
João Carlos de Souza Gomes
Joaquim Nabuco
Joênia Wapixana
Lavadeiras de Almenara
Leon Cakoff
Leonardo Boff
Lira Ceciliana
Maracatu Estrela Brilhante de Igarassú
Mário Gruber Correia
Maureen Bisilliat
Maurício Segall
Mestre Alberto da Paz
Moacir Werneck de Castro
Nelson Rodrigues
Pedro Casaldáliga
Rogério Duarte
Tonico
Vinicius de Moraes
2011
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Adriana Varejão
Afonso Borges
Ana Montenegro
Antônio Nóbrega
Antônio Pitanga
Apolônio Melônio
Associação Capão Cidadão
Associação dos Artesãos de Santana do Araçuaí
Beth Carvalho
Campos de Carvalho
Capiba
Casa de Produtos Indígenas Wariró
Central Única das Favelas
Clarice Lispector
Claudett de Jesus Ribeiro
Dançando para não dançar
Dzi Croquettes
Espedito Seleiro
Evando dos Santos
Festival de Dança de Joinville
Festival Santista de Teatro
Glênio Bianchetti
Grupo Galpão
Gustavo Dahl
Héctor Babenco
Helena Kolody
Herbert de Sousa
Ítala Nandi
Jair Rodrigues
João do Vale
João das Neves
José Renato Pécora
Leila Diniz
Lélia Abramo
Luiz Melodia
Lygia Bojunga Nunes
Maracatu Estrela de Tracunhaém
Mário Lago
Memorial Jesuíta Unisinos
Nelson Cavaquinho
Paulo Freire
Paulo Gracindo
Quinteto Violado
Samba de Cumbuca
Teatro Tablado
Tereza Costa Rêgo
Vik Muniz
Valdemar de Oliveira
Zuzu Angel
2012
Abelardo da Hora
Aguinaldo Silva
Alceu Valença
Almir Narayamoga Suruí
Amácio Mazzaropi
Anna Muylaert
Associação Carnavalesca Bloco Afro Olodum
Autran Dourado
Breno Silveira
Carlos Alberto Cerqueira Lemos
Cleodes Maria Piazza Julio Ribeiro
Dener Pamplona de Abreu
Elba Ramalho
Fafá de Belém
Felipe Schaedler
Hebe Camargo
Herivelto Martins
Humberto Piva Campana and Fernando Piva Campana
Escola de Dança e Integração Social Para Criança e Adolescente
Fundação Municipal de Artes de Montenegro
Ifigênia Rosa de Oliveira
Isay Weinfeld
Ismail Xavier
Jorge Amado
José Sarney
Marieta Severo
Mário Schenberg
Martha Medeiros
Miguel Chikaoka
Milton Guran
Movimento Gay de Minas
Museu de Valores do Banco Central
Museu Histórico Nacional
Orquestra Popular da Bomba do Hemetério
Orlando Orfei
Paulo Goulart
Plínio Marcos
Raquel Trindade
Regina Casé
Rose Marie Muraro
Senor Abravanel
2013
Antônio Abujamra
Antônio Fagundes
Antunes Filho
Associação de Sambadores e Sambadeiras do Estado da Bahia
Bárbara Paz
Carlos Diegues
Daniel Munduruku
Dona Zica
Eleazar de Carvalho
Erasmo Carlos
Grupo de Dança Primeiro Ato
Grupo Gay da Bahia
Hélio Cabral
Henfil
Ilê ayê
Ivan Lins
Laerte Coutinho
Lucy Barreto
Maracambuco
Maria Adelaide Amaral
Maria Cândido
Marlos Nobre
Maurice Capovilla
Mira Haar
Naná Vasconcelos
Nilcemar Nogueira
Paulo Archias Mendes da Rocha
Paulo Borges
Roberto Pires
Ronaldo Correia de Brito
Rosa Maria dos Santos Alves
Rubem Braga
Sérgio Mamberti
Sociedade Junina Bumba Meu Boi da Liberdade
Tomie Ohtake
Walda Marques
Walter Pinto
2014
Alex Atala
Alexandre Herchcovitch
Bernardo Paz
Bruno e Marrone
Celso Frateschi
Chico de Assis
Eliane Potiguara
Henricredo Coelho
Hermano Vianna
Jenner Augusto
José Carlos Meirelles
Júlio Medaglia
Mano Brown
Marisa Monte
Matheus Nachtergaele
Ogã Bangbala
Orlando Senna
Oskar Metsavaht
Patrícia Pillar
Paulo Martins
Tião Oleiro
Vange Leonel
2015
Adylson Godoy
Ailton Krenak
Aldyr Schlee
Antônio Araújo
Arnaldo Antunes
As Ceguinhas de Campina Grande
Augusto de Campos
Casa de Cinema de Porto Alegre
Centro de Memória do Circo
Cesare La Rocca
Comissão Guarani Yvyrupa
Daniela Mercury
Davi Kopenawa Yanomami
Eva Schul
Humberto Teixeira
Italo Campofiorito
Mestre João Grande
José Mourão
Luís Humberto
Mãe Beth de Oxum
Marcelo Yuka
Niède Guidon
Paulo Herkenhoff
Rolando Boldrin
Ruy Cezar
Sociedade Musical Curica
Sônia Guajajara
Tribo de Atuadores
Uruhu Mehinako
Vanisa Santiago
Vera Tostes
Walter Carvalho
2016
Abel Gomes
Alcymar Monteiro
Ana Mae Barbosa
Andrucha Waddington
Beatriz Milhazes
Carlinhos de Jesus
Carlos Alberto Serpa de Oliveira
Carlos Vereza
Clementina de Jesus
Dona Ivone Lara
Donga
Fernando Meirelles
Ferreira Gullar
Focus Cia. De Dança
Fred Gelli
Fundação Darcy Ribeiro
Grupo Teatro da Laje
Instituto Ricardo Brennand
Isaurinha Garcia
Ismael Silva
Jorge Aragão
Jovelina Pérola Negra
Maracatu Feminino Coração Nazareno
Marcus Faustini
Mauro Mendonça
Museu do Samba
Neguinho da Beija-Flor
Nelson Sargento
Noel Rosa
Papete
Ricardo Cravo Albin
Rildo Hora
Rosa Magalhães
Rosa Maria Araújo
Silas de Oliveira
Vik Muniz
2017
Afonso Oliveira
Ana Maria Nobrega Miranda
Augusto Marzagão
Beto Kelner
Boni
Carla Camurati
Carlos Tufvesson
Cláudia Costin
Domingo Alzugaray
Dona Onete
Eduardo Portella
Eduardo Saron Nunes
Fernando Alterio
Galo da Madrugada
Genival Lacerda
Ivo Barroso
Jair de Souza
Luciane Gorgulho
Luis Severiano Ribeiro
Luiz Calainho
Marcelo Bertini
Marcelo Bratke
Marcelo Dantas
Maria Ignez Mantovani
Moeller & Botelho Produções Artísticas
Mãe Neide Oyá D´Oxum
Paulo Cruz
Pierre André Mantovani
Renato Aragão
Ricardo Amaral
Roberto Minczuk
Roberto Santucci
2018
Abelardo Barbosa
Antonio Mazzafera
Biblioteca Oliveira Lima
Bruno Wainer
Carlos Saldanha
Carlos Vereza
Dedé Santana
Eva Sopher
Eva Wilma
Festival Villa Mix
Guilherme Fiuza
Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro
Jorge Caldeira
José Bonifácio
Kati Almeida Braga
King's Brazil Institute
Luiz Oscar Niemeyer
Marcelo Castello Branco
Marcio Fraccaroli
Martim Vasques da Cunha
Milton Gonçalves
Monah Delacy
Museu de Arte de São Paulo
Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro
Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo
Museu da Gente Sergipana
Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais
Roberto Teixeira da Costa
Saulo Ferreira
Sérgio Mendes
Sérgio Mielniczenko
Thiago Soares
Trio Roraimeira
Vó Mera
Wanda Sá
vtePatrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of LettersChairs1 to 10
1 (Adelino Fontoura): Luís Murat ►
Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ►
Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ►
Bernardo Élis ►
Evandro Lins e Silva ►
Ana Maria Machado
2 (Álvares de Azevedo): Coelho Neto ►
João Neves da Fontoura ►
João Guimarães Rosa ►
Mário Palmério ►
Tarcísio Padilha ►
Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca
3 (Artur de Oliveira): Filinto de Almeida ►
Roberto Simonsen ►
Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ►
Herberto Sales ►
Carlos Heitor Cony ►
Joaquim Falcão
4 (Basílio da Gama): Aluísio Azevedo ►
Alcides Maia ►
Viana Moog ►
Carlos Nejar
5 (Bernardo Guimarães): Raimundo Correia ►
Oswaldo Cruz ►
Aloísio de Castro ►
Cândido Mota Filho ►
Rachel de Queiroz ►
José Murilo de Carvalho ►
Ailton Krenak
6 (Casimiro de Abreu): Teixeira de Melo ►
Artur Jaceguai ►
Goulart de Andrade ►
Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ►
Raimundo Faoro ►
Cícero Sandroni
7 (Castro Alves): Valentim Magalhães ►
Euclides da Cunha ►
Afrânio Peixoto ►
Afonso Pena Júnior ►
Hermes Lima ►
Pontes de Miranda ►
Diná Silveira de Queirós ►
Sérgio Correia da Costa ►
Nelson Pereira dos Santos ►
Cacá Diegues
8 (Cláudio Manuel da Costa): Alberto de Oliveira ►
Oliveira Viana ►
Austregésilo de Athayde ►
Antônio Calado ►
Antônio Olinto ►
Cleonice Berardinelli ►
Ricardo Cavaliere
9 (Gonçalves de Magalhães): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ►
Marques Rebelo ►
Carlos Chagas Filho ►
Alberto da Costa e Silva ►
Vacant
10 (Evaristo da Veiga): Rui Barbosa ►
Laudelino Freire ►
Osvaldo Orico ►
Orígenes Lessa ►
Lêdo Ivo ►
Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira
Chairs11 to 20
11 (Fagundes Varela): Lúcio de Mendonça ►
Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ►
Eduardo Ramos ►
João Luís Alves ►
Adelmar Tavares ►
Deolindo Couto ►
Darcy Ribeiro ►
Celso Furtado ►
Hélio Jaguaribe ►
Ignácio de Loyola Brandão
12 (França Júnior): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ►
Antônio Augusto de Lima ►
Vítor Viana ►
José Carlos de Macedo Soares ►
Abgar Renault ►
Lucas Moreira Neves ►
Alfredo Bosi ►
Paulo Niemeyer Filho
13 (Francisco Otaviano): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ►
Francisco de Castro ►
Martins Júnior ►
Sousa Bandeira ►
Hélio Lobo ►
Augusto Meyer ►
Francisco de Assis Barbosa ►
Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ►
Ruy Castro
14 (Franklin Távora): Clóvis Beviláqua ►
Antônio Carneiro Leão ►
Fernando de Azevedo ►
Miguel Reale ►
Celso Lafer
15 (Gonçalves Dias): Olavo Bilac ►
Amadeu Amaral ►
Guilherme de Almeida ►
Odilo Costa Filho ►
Marcos Barbosa ►
Fernando Bastos de Ávila ►
Marco Lucchesi
16 (Gregório de Matos): Araripe Júnior ►
Félix Pacheco ►
Pedro Calmon ►
Lygia Fagundes Telles ►
Jorge Caldeira
17 (Hipólito da Costa): Sílvio Romero ►
Osório Duque-Estrada ►
Edgar Roquette-Pinto ►
Álvaro Lins ►
Antônio Houaiss ►
Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ►
Fernanda Montenegro
18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ►
Barão Homem de Melo ►
Alberto Faria ►
Luís Carlos ►
Pereira da Silva ►
Peregrino Júnior ►
Arnaldo Niskier
19 (Joaquim Caetano): Alcindo Guanabara ►
Silvério Gomes Pimenta ►
Gustavo Barroso ►
Silva Melo ►
Américo Jacobina Lacombe ►
Marcos Almir Madeira ►
Antônio Carlos Secchin
20 (Joaquim Manuel de Macedo): Salvador de Mendonça ►
Emílio de Meneses ►
Humberto de Campos ►
Múcio Leão ►
Aurélio de Lira Tavares ►
Murilo Melo Filho ►
Gilberto Gil
Chairs21 to 30
21 (Joaquim Serra): José do Patrocínio ►
Mário de Alencar ►
Olegário Mariano ►
Álvaro Moreira ►
Adonias Filho ►
Dias Gomes ►
Roberto Campos ►
Paulo Coelho
22 (José Bonifácio the Younger): Medeiros e Albuquerque ►
Miguel Osório de Almeida ►
Luís Viana Filho ►
Ivo Pitanguy ►
João Almino
23 (José de Alencar): Machado de Assis ►
Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira ►
Alfredo Pujol ►
Otávio Mangabeira ►
Jorge Amado ►
Zélia Gattai ►
Luiz Paulo Horta ►
Antônio Torres
24 (Júlio Ribeiro): Garcia Redondo ►
Luís Guimarães Filho ►
Manuel Bandeira ►
Cyro dos Anjos ►
Sábato Magaldi ►
Geraldo Carneiro
25 (Junqueira Freire): Franklin Dória ►
Artur Orlando da Silva ►
Ataulfo de Paiva ►
José Lins do Rego ►
Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco ►
Alberto Venancio Filho
26 (Laurindo Rabelo): Guimarães Passos ►
João do Rio ►
Constâncio Alves ►
Ribeiro Couto ►
Gilberto Amado ►
Mauro Mota ►
Marcos Vilaça
27 (Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro): Joaquim Nabuco ►
Dantas Barreto ►
Gregório da Fonseca ►
Levi Carneiro ►
Otávio de Faria ►
Eduardo Portella ►
Antonio Cícero
28 (Manuel Antônio de Almeida): Inglês de Sousa ►
Xavier Marques ►
Menotti Del Picchia ►
Oscar Dias Correia ►
Domício Proença Filho
29 (Martins Pena): Artur Azevedo ►
Vicente de Carvalho ►
Cláudio de Sousa ►
Josué Montello ►
José Mindlin ►
Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti
30 (Pardal Mallet): Pedro Rabelo ►
Heráclito Graça ►
Antônio Austregésilo ►
Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira ►
Nélida Piñon ►
Heloísa Teixeira
Chairs31 to 40
31 (Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa): Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior ►
João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes ►
Paulo Setúbal ►
Cassiano Ricardo ►
José Cândido de Carvalho ►
Geraldo França de Lima ►
Moacyr Scliar ►
Merval Pereira
32 (Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre): Carlos de Laet ►
Ramiz Galvão ►
Viriato Correia ►
Joracy Camargo ►
Genolino Amado ►
Ariano Suassuna ►
Zuenir Ventura
33 (Raul Pompeia): Domício da Gama ►
Fernando Magalhães ►
Luís Edmundo ►
Afrânio Coutinho ►
Evanildo Bechara
34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ►
José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr. ►
Lauro Müller ►
Aquino Correia ►
Magalhães Júnior ►
Carlos Castelo Branco ►
João Ubaldo Ribeiro ►
Zuenir Ventura ►
Evaldo Cabral de Mello
35 (Tavares Bastos): Rodrigo Otávio ►
Rodrigo Otávio Filho ►
José Honório Rodrigues ►
Celso Cunha ►
Cândido Mendes de Almeida ►
Godofredo de Oliveira Neto
36 (Teófilo Dias): Afonso Celso ►
Clementino Fraga ►
Paulo Carneiro ►
José Guilherme Merquior ►
João de Scantimburgo ►
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
37 (Tomás António Gonzaga): José Júlio da Silva Ramos ►
José de Alcântara Machado ►
Getúlio Vargas ►
Assis Chateaubriand ►
João Cabral de Melo Neto ►
Ivan Junqueira ►
Ferreira Gullar ►
Arno Wehling
38 (Tobias Barreto): Graça Aranha ►
Alberto Santos-Dumont ►
Celso Vieira ►
Maurício Campos de Medeiros ►
José Américo de Almeida ►
José Sarney
39 (Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen): Manuel de Oliveira Lima ►
Alberto de Faria ►
Rocha Pombo ►
Rodolfo Garcia ►
Elmano Cardim ►
Otto Lara Resende ►
Roberto Marinho ►
Marco Maciel ►
José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho
40 (José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.):
Eduardo Prado ►
Afonso Arinos ►
Miguel Couto ►
Alceu Amoroso Lima ►
Evaristo de Moraes Filho ►
Edmar Bacha
Authority control databases International
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IdRef
Portals: Biography Brazil Latin music Music
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ʒiwˈbɛʁtu ˈʒiw]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Minister of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"Brazilian genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba"},{"link_name":"African music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"bossa nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_nova"},{"link_name":"Música popular brasileira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira"},{"link_name":"tropicália","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalismo"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Brazilian military regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"took power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Quanta Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Live"},{"link_name":"41st Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best World Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Contemporary World Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_World_Music_Album"}],"text":"Brazilian musician and politician (born 1942)In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Passos and the second or paternal family name is Gil Moreira.Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒiwˈbɛʁtu ˈʒiw]; born 26 June 1942), is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and politician, known for both his musical innovation and political activism. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture in the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Gil's musical style incorporates an eclectic range of influences, including rock, Brazilian genres including samba, African music, and reggae.Gil started to play music as a child and was a teenager when he joined his first band. He began his career as a bossa nova musician and grew to write songs that reflected a focus on political awareness and social activism. He was a key figure in the Música popular brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s, alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso. The Brazilian military regime that took power in 1964 saw both Gil and Veloso as a threat, and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country. Gil moved to London, but returned to Bahia in 1972 and continued his musical career, while also working as a politician and environmental advocate. Known internationally, the album Quanta Live at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, it won the award for Best World Album and album Eletracústico won Grammy Award—Best Contemporary World Music Album.","title":"Gilberto Gil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Ituaçu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itua%C3%A7u"},{"link_name":"sertão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tepel-2"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-4"},{"link_name":"forró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tepel-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourneen-6"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"Luiz Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wald-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-8"},{"link_name":"Dorival Caymmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorival_Caymmi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"big band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"João Gilberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"}],"text":"Gil was born in Salvador and spent much of his childhood in Ituaçu. Ituaçu was a small town of fewer than a thousand people, located in the sertão, or countryside, of Bahia.[1] His father, José Gil Moreira, was a doctor; his mother, Claudina Passos Gil Moreira, an elementary school teacher.[1][2] As a young boy, he attended a Marist Brothers school.[3] Gil remained in Ituaçu until he was nine years old, returning to Salvador for secondary school.Gil's interest in music was precocious: \"When I was only two or two and a half\", he recalled, \"I told my mother I was going to become a musician or president of my country\".[4] He grew up listening to the forró music of his native northeast,[2] and took an interest in the street performers of Salvador.[5] Early on, he began to play the drums and the trumpet, through listening to Bob Nelson on the radio.[6] Gil's mother was the \"chief supporter\" in his musical ambitions; she bought him an accordion and, when he was ten years old, sent him to music school in Salvador which he attended for four years.[1][4] As an accordionist, Gil first played classical music, but grew more interested in the folk and popular music of Brazil.[1] He was particularly influenced by singer and accordion player Luiz Gonzaga; he began to sing and play the accordion in an emulation of Gonzaga's recordings.[7] Gil has noted that he grew to identify with Gonzaga \"because he sang about the world around [him], the world that [he] encountered\".[8]During his years in Salvador, Gil encountered the music of songwriter Dorival Caymmi, who he says represented to him the \"beach-oriented\" samba music of Salvador.[8] Gonzaga and Caymmi were Gil's formative influences.[1] While in Salvador, Gil was introduced to many other styles of music, including American big band jazz and tango.[8] In 1950 Gil moved back to Salvador with his family. It was there, while in high school, that he joined his first band, Os Desafinados (\"The Out of Tunes\"), in which he played accordion and vibraphone and sang.[1] Os Desafinados was influenced by American rock and roll musicians like Elvis Presley, as well as singing groups from Rio de Janeiro.[1] The band was active for two to three years. Soon afterwards, inspired by Brazilian musician João Gilberto, he settled on the guitar as his primary instrument and began to play bossa nova.[5]","title":"Early life (1942–1963)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilberto_Gil_e_Nana_Caymmi_no_III_Festival_da_M%C3%BAsica_Popular.tif"},{"link_name":"National Archives of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Universidade Federal da Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Federal_da_Bahia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tepel-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Bethânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Gal Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Costa"},{"link_name":"Tom Zé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Z%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourneen-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia:_ou_Panis_et_Circenses"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"bossa nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_nova"},{"link_name":"Jovem Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovem_Guarda"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodman-11"},{"link_name":"jingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourneen-6"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"hit single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louva%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Elis Regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis_Regina"},{"link_name":"Aquele Abraço","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquele_Abra%C3%A7o"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tourneen-6"}],"text":"Gilberto Gil and Nana Caymmi in III Popular Music Festival, 1967. National Archives of BrazilGil met guitarist and singer Caetano Veloso at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia) in 1963. The two began collaborating and performing together, releasing a single and EP.[2] Along with Maria Bethânia (Veloso's sister), Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, Gil and Veloso performed bossa nova and traditional Brazilian songs at the Vila Velha Theatre's opening night in July 1964, a show entitled Nós, por Exemplo (\"Us, for Example\").[6] Gil and the group continued to perform at the venue and he eventually became a musical director of the concert series.[9] Gil collaborated again with members of this collective on the landmark 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses, whose style was influenced by The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an album Gil listened to constantly.[10] Gil describes Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses as the birth of the tropicália movement.[1] As Gil describes it, tropicália, or tropicalismo, was a conflation of musical and cultural developments that had occurred in Brazil during the 1950s and 1960s—primarily bossa nova and the Jovem Guarda (\"Young Wave\") collective—with rock and roll music from the United States and Europe, a movement deemed threatening by the Brazilian government of the time.[11]Early on in the 1960s, Gil earned income primarily from selling bananas in a shopping mall and composing jingles for television advertisements;[5] he was also briefly employed by the Brazilian division of Unilever, Gessy-Lever.[6] He moved to São Paulo in 1965 and had a hit single when his song \"Louvação\" (which later appeared on the album of the same name) was released by Elis Regina. His first hit as a solo artist was the 1969 song \"Aquele Abraço\".[5] Gil also performed on several television programs throughout the 1960s, which often included other \"tropicalistas\", members of the Tropicalismo movement.[6]","title":"Musical career (1963–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hélio Oiticica's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Oiticica"},{"link_name":"Seja marginal, seja herói","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seja_marginal,_seja_her%C3%B3i"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Randal Juliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randal_Juliano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_Juliano"},{"link_name":"RecordTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecordTV"},{"link_name":"Brazilian National Anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Institutional Act Number Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Act_Number_Five"},{"link_name":"habeas corpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas_corpus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"Brazilian military government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964%E2%80%931985)"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodman-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dibbell-16"},{"link_name":"meditate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"macrobiotic diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet"},{"link_name":"Eastern philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tepel-2"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil_1969"},{"link_name":"Gil Luminoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Luminoso"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-19"},{"link_name":"Glastonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival"},{"link_name":"Free Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis-19"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff"},{"link_name":"Burning Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Spear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Incredible String Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incredible_String_Band"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilberto_Gil_with_guitar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-20"},{"link_name":"Afro-Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Brazilian"},{"link_name":"afoxé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afox%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Carnaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"No Woman, No Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Woman,_No_Cry"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skelly-5"},{"link_name":"Red Hot + Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_%2B_Rio"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Organization"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best World Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_World_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Contemporary_World_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"Polar Music Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_Music_Prize"},{"link_name":"Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Légion d'honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"forró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Yves Borgeaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Borgeaud"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsbmelhores18-28"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Association of Art Critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Paulista_de_Cr%C3%ADticos_de_Arte"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apcamelhores18-29"}],"sub_title":"Imprisonment and exile","text":"In October 1968, Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso performed at Sucata club in Rio de Janeiro, with Hélio Oiticica's poem-flag Seja marginal, seja herói displayed on stage.[12][13] The journalist Randal Juliano [pt] of RecordTV propagated a story that Caetano and Gil had sung the Brazilian National Anthem in subversive parody.[14] The two musicians were arrested without trial December 27, 1968—shortly after the military state had passed on December 13 Institutional Act Number Five, which suspended habeas corpus.[14]In February 1969 Gil and Veloso were arrested by the Brazilian military government, brought from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, and spent three months in prison and another four under house arrest,[1][11] before being freed on the condition that they leave the country. Veloso was the first to be arrested; the police moved to Gil's home soon afterward. Veloso had directed his then-wife Andréa Gadelha to warn Gil about the possibility of arrest, but Gil was eventually brought into the police van along with Veloso.[15] They were given no reason or charge for their arrest.[1] Gil believes that the government felt his actions \"represent[ed] a threat [to them], something new, something that can't quite be understood, something that doesn't fit into any of the clear compartments of existing cultural practices, and that won't do. That is dangerous.\"[16] During his prison sentence, Gil began to meditate, follow a macrobiotic diet, and read about Eastern philosophy.[2] He composed four songs during his imprisonment, among them \"Cérebro Electrônico\" (\"Electronic Brain\"), which first appeared on his 1969 album Gilberto Gil 1969, and later on his 2006 album Gil Luminoso.[17] Thereafter, Gil and Veloso were exiled to London, England after being offered to leave Brazil.[18] The two played a last Brazilian concert together in Salvador in July 1969, and travelled to Portugal, Paris, and London.[1] He and Veloso took a house in Chelsea, with their wives and manager.[19] Gil was involved in the organisation of the 1971 Glastonbury Free Festival[19] and was exposed to reggae while living in London; he recalls listening to Bob Marley (whose songs he later covered), Jimmy Cliff, and Burning Spear.[1] He was heavily influenced by and involved with the city's rock scene as well, performing with Yes, Pink Floyd, and the Incredible String Band.[1][5] However, he also performed solo, recording Gilberto Gil (Nêga) while in London. In addition to involvement in the reggae and rock scenes, Gil attended performances by jazz artists, including Miles Davis and Sun Ra.[1]Gilberto Gil performing in 2007When he went back to Bahia in 1972, Gil focused on his musical career and environmental advocacy work.[20] He released Expresso 2222 the same year, from which two popular singles were released. Gil toured the United States and recorded an English-language album as well, continuing to release a steady stream of albums throughout the 1970s, including Realce and Refazenda. In the early 1970s Gil participated in a resurgence of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé tradition in Carnaval, joining the Filhos de Gandhi (\"Sons of Gandhi\") performance group,[21] which only allowed black Brazilians to join.[22] Gil also recorded a song titled \"Patuscada de Gandhi\" written about the Filhos de Gandhi that appeared on his 1977 album Refavela. Greater attention was paid to afoxé groups in Carnaval because of the publicity that Gil had provided to them through his involvement; the groups increased in size as well.[23] In the late 1970s he left Brazil for Africa and visited Senegal, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. He also worked with Jimmy Cliff and released a cover of \"No Woman, No Cry\" with him in 1980, a number one hit that introduced reggae to Brazil.[5]In 1996, Gil contributed \"Refazenda\" to the AIDS-Benefit Album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization.In 1998 the live version of his album Quanta won Gil the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album. In 2005 he won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album for Eletracústico. In May 2005 he was awarded the Polar Music Prize by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in Stockholm,[24] the prize's first Latin American recipient. On October 16 of the same year he received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France, coinciding with the Année du Brésil en France (\"Brazil's Year in France\").[25]In 2010 he released the album Fé Na Festa, a record devoted to forró, a style of music from Brazil's northeast. His tour to promote this album received some negative feedback from fans who were expecting to hear a set featuring his hits.[26] In 2013, Gilberto Gil plays his own role as a singer and promoter of cultural diversity in a long feature documentary shot around the southern hemisphere by Swiss filmmaker Pierre-Yves Borgeaud, Viramundo: a musical journey with Gilberto Gil, distributed worldwide. The film also inaugurates the T.I.D.E. experiment for pan-European and multi-support releases.[27]His album OK OK OK was ranked as the 4th best Brazilian album of 2018 by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine[28] and among the 25 best Brazilian albums of the second half of 2018 by the São Paulo Association of Art Critics.[29]","title":"Musical career (1963–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohter2-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-steward-31"},{"link_name":"National Congress of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohter2-30"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Democratic Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tepel-2"},{"link_name":"Goodwill Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization#FAO_Goodwill_Ambassadors"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"the country's cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohter-34"},{"link_name":"Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohter-34"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_UN_Headquarters_in_Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"downloadable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dibbell-16"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"vocal cord polyp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cord_polyp"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Gil describes his attitude towards politics thus: \"I'd rather see my position in the government as that of an administrator or manager. But politics is a necessary ingredient.\"[30] His political career began in 1987, when he was elected to a local post in Bahia and became the Salvador secretary of culture.[31] In 1988, he was elected to the city council and subsequently became city commissioner for environmental protection. However, he left the office after one term and declined to run for the National Congress of Brazil.[30] In 1990, Gil left the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and joined the Green Party.[32] During this period, Gil founded the environmental protection organization Onda Azul (\"Blue Wave\"), which worked to protect Brazilian waters.[20] He maintained a full-time musical career at the same time, and withdrew temporarily from politics in 1992, following the release Parabolicamará, considered to be one of his most successful efforts.[2] On October 16, 2001 Gil accepted his nomination to be a Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, having promoted the organization before his appointment.[33]When President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in January 2003, he chose Gil as Brazil's new Minister of Culture, the second black person to serve in the country's cabinet. The appointment was controversial among political and artistic figures and the Brazilian press; a remark Gil made about difficulties with his salary received particular criticism.[34] Gil had not been a member of Lula's Workers' Party and had not participated in creating its cultural program.[34] Shortly after becoming Minister, Gil began a partnership between Brazil and Creative Commons.[35] In 2003, he gave a concert in the UN General Assembly in honour of the victims of the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad.[36] In that concert, he played together with Secretary General Kofi Annan.[37][38]As Minister, he sponsored a program called Culture Points, which gave grants to provide music technology and education to people living in poor areas of the country's cities.[39] Gil asserted that \"You've now got young people who are becoming designers, who are making it into media and being used more and more by television and samba schools and revitalizing degraded neighborhoods. It's a different vision of the role of government, a new role.\"[40] Gil also expressed interest in a program to establish an Internet repository of freely downloadable Brazilian music.[16] Following Gil's appointment, the department's expenditures increased by over 50 percent.[41] In November 2007 Gil announced his intention to resign from his post due to a vocal cord polyp.[42] Lula rejected Gil's first two attempts to resign, but accepted a further request in July 2008. Lula said on this occasion that Gil was \"going back to being a great artist, going back to giving priority to what is most important\" to him.[43]","title":"Political career (1987–present)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nana Caymmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Caymmi"},{"link_name":"Egotrip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotrip_(band)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astor-44"},{"link_name":"Preta Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preta_Gil"},{"link_name":"Eastern philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-astor-44"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goodman-11"},{"link_name":"marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Gil has been married four times. He had two daughters Nara and Marilia, with first wife Belina Aguiar. He was then married to famous singer Nana Caymmi, they had no children. His third wife was Sandra Gadelha with whom he had three children: Pedro, Preta and Maria. Sandra inspired one of his most beloved songs Drao, she was with him during the very hard times of Brazilian dictatorship and they both were exiled. His fourth wife is Flora Giordano. The couple has three children: Bem, Isabella and Jose. His first son Pedro Gil, Egotrip's drummer – died in a car accident in 1990.[44] Preta Gil, an actress and singer, is his daughter with Sandra Gadelha.Gil's religious beliefs have changed significantly over his lifetime. Originally, he was a Christian, but was later influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion, and, later, explored African spirituality. He is an agnostic.[44] He practices yoga and is a vegetarian.[11]Gil has been open about the fact that he has smoked marijuana for much of his life. He has said he believes \"that drugs should be treated like pharmaceuticals, legalized, although under the same regulations and monitoring as medicines\".[45]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Oslodum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilberto_Gil_-_Oslodum_sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"The Wired CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wired_CD"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"samba reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_reggae"},{"link_name":"Olodum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olodum"},{"link_name":"samba reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_reggae"},{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"word play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_play"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"two-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)"},{"link_name":"baião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai%C3%A3o_(music)"},{"link_name":"samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-4"},{"link_name":"Luiz Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Jackson do Pandeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_do_Pandeiro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quinn-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ben"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veloso-48"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ben_Jor"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-veloso-48"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"Heideggerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behague-49"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-katz-1"},{"link_name":"juju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juju"},{"link_name":"highlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behague-49"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behague-49"}],"text":"\"Oslodum\"\n\nGil recorded \"Oslodum\" for the 2004 compilation album The Wired CD, an album composed of songs licensed under the Creative Commons. The song is heavily influenced by samba reggae, one of the many elements of Gil's style. The title is a play on the name Olodum, a major samba reggae cultural group based in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Gil is a tenor, but he sings in the baritone or falsetto register, with lyrics and/or scat syllables. His lyrics are on subjects that range from philosophy to religion, folktales, and word play.[46] Gil's musical style incorporates a broad range of influences. The first music he was exposed to included The Beatles and street performers in various metropolitan areas of Bahia. During his first years as a musician, Gil performed primarily in a blend of traditional Brazilian styles with two-step rhythms, such as baião and samba.[4] He states that \"My first phase was one of traditional forms. Nothing experimental at all. Caetano [Veloso] and I followed in the tradition of Luiz Gonzaga and Jackson do Pandeiro, combining samba with northeastern music.\"[4] American music critic Robert Christgau said that along with Jorge Ben, Gil was \"always ready to go further out on a beat than the other samba/bossa geniuses\".[47]As one of the pioneers of tropicália, influences from genres such as rock and punk have been pervasive in his recordings, as they have been in those of other stars of the period, including Caetano Veloso and Tom Zé. Gil's interest in the blues-based music of rock pioneer Jimi Hendrix, in particular, has been described by Veloso as having \"extremely important consequences for Brazilian music\".[48] Veloso also noted the influence of Brazilian guitarist and singer Jorge Ben on Gil's musical style, coupled with that of traditional music.[48] After the height of tropicália in the 1960s, Gil became increasingly interested in black culture, particularly in the Jamaican musical genre of reggae. He described the genre as \"a form of democratizing, internationalizing, speaking a new language, a Heideggerian form of passing along fundamental messages\".[49]Visiting Lagos, Nigeria, in 1976 for the Festival of African Culture (FESTAC), Gil met fellow musicians Fela Kuti and Stevie Wonder.[1] He became inspired by African music and later integrated some of the styles he had heard in Africa, such as juju and highlife, into his own recordings.[50] One of the most famous of these African-influenced records was the 1977 album Refavela, which included \"No Norte da Saudade\" (To the North of Sadness), a song heavily influenced by reggae.[51] When Gil returned to Brazil after the visit, he focused on Afro-Brazilian culture, becoming a member of the Carnaval afoxé group Filhos de Gandhi.Conversely, his 1980s musical repertoire presented an increased development of dance trends, such as disco and soul, as well as the previous incorporation of rock and punk.[49] However, Gil says that his 1994 album Acoustic was not such a new direction, as he had previously performed unplugged with Caetano Veloso. He describes the method of playing as easier than other types of performance, as the energy of acoustic playing is simple and influenced by its roots.[52] Gil has been criticized for a conflicting involvement in both authentic Brazilian music and the worldwide musical arena. He has had to walk a fine line, simultaneously remaining true to traditional Bahian styles and engaging with commercial markets. Listeners in Bahia have been much more accepting of his blend of music styles, while those in southeast Brazil felt at odds with it.[49]","title":"Musical style and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louvação","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louva%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil_(1968_album)"},{"link_name":"Os Mutantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Mutantes"},{"link_name":"Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia:_ou_Panis_et_Circencis"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Gal Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Costa"},{"link_name":"Os Mutantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Mutantes"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil_(1969_album)"},{"link_name":"Expresso 2222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresso_2222"},{"link_name":"Gil e Jorge: Ogum Xangô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_e_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ben"},{"link_name":"Doces Bárbaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doces_B%C3%A1rbaros"},{"link_name":"Gal Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Costa"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Maria Bethânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Rita Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Lee"},{"link_name":"Realce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realce"},{"link_name":"Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_(1981_album)"},{"link_name":"João Gilberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Maria Bethânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Extra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(Gilberto_Gil_album)"},{"link_name":"Soy Loco por Ti America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_Loco_por_Ti_America"},{"link_name":"Tropicália 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia_2"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Quanta Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Live"},{"link_name":"Milton Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"As Canções de Eu Tu Eles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Can%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Eu_Tu_Eles"},{"link_name":"Gil Luminoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Luminoso"},{"link_name":"Caetano Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso"},{"link_name":"Gal Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_Costa"},{"link_name":"Nando Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando_Reis"}],"text":"1967: Louvação\n1968: Gilberto Gil (with Os Mutantes)\n1968: Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (with Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, Os Mutantes)\n1969: Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico)\n1970: \"Copacabana Mon Amour\"\n1971: Gilberto Gil (Nêga)\n1972: Barra 69: Caetano e Gil Ao Vivo na Bahia\n1972: Expresso 2222\n1974: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo\n1975: \"Gil e Jorge: Ogum Xangô\" (with Jorge Ben)\n1975: Refazenda\n1976: Doces Bárbaros (with Gal Costa, Caetano Veloso, and Maria Bethânia)\n1977: Refavela\n1978: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo em Montreux\n1978: Refestança (with Rita Lee)\n1979: Nightingale\n1979: Realce\n1981: Brasil (João Gilberto album featuring Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Maria Bethânia)\n1981: Luar (A Gente Precisa Ver o Luar)\n1982: Um Banda Um\n1983: Extra\n1984: Quilombo (Trilha Sonora)\n1984: Raça Humana\n1985: Dia Dorim Noite Neon\n1987: Gilberto Gil em Concerto\n1987: Soy Loco por Ti America\n1987: Trem Para As Estrelas (Trilha Sonora)\n1988: Ao Vivo em Tóquio\n1989: O Eterno Deus Mu Dança\n1991: Parabolicamará\n1994: Acoustic\n1994: Tropicália 2 (with Caetano Veloso)\n1995: Esoterico: Live in USA 1994\n\n\n1995: Oriente: Live in Tokyo\n1996: Em Concerto\n1996: Luar\n1997: Indigo Blue\n1997: Quanta\n1998: Ao Vivo em Tóquio\n1998: O Sol de Oslo\n1998: O Viramundo (Ao Vivo)\n1998: Quanta Live\n2000: Me, You, Them\n2001: Gil & Milton (with Milton Nascimento)\n2001: São João Vivo\n2002: Kaya N'Gan Daya\n2002: Z: 300 Anos de Zumbi\n2004: Eletracústico\n2005: Ao Vivo\n2005: As Canções de Eu Tu Eles\n2005: Soul of Brazil\n2006: Gil Luminoso\n2006: Rhythms of Bahia\n2008: Banda Larga Cordel\n2009: Bandadois\n2010: Fé na Festa\n2010: Fé na Festa ao vivo\n2011: Gilberto + 10\n2012: Especial Ivete Caetano Gilberto ao vivo\n2013: Concerto de Cordas & Maquinas de Ritmo\n2014: Gilbertos Samba\n2015: Gilbertos Samba ao vivo\n2016: Dois Amigos (with Caetano Veloso)\n2017: Trinca de Ases (with Gal Costa and Nando Reis)\n2018: OK OK OK\n2022: Em Casa com os Gils","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards, nominations, and positions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gilberto Gil and Nana Caymmi in III Popular Music Festival, 1967. National Archives of Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gilberto_Gil_e_Nana_Caymmi_no_III_Festival_da_M%C3%BAsica_Popular.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Gilberto_Gil_e_Nana_Caymmi_no_III_Festival_da_M%C3%BAsica_Popular.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gilberto Gil performing in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gilberto_Gil_with_guitar.jpg/220px-Gilberto_Gil_with_guitar.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamos_Fugir"},{"title":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADtio_do_Picapau_Amarelo_(can%C3%A7%C3%A3o)"}]
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[{"reference":"Katz, David; Gil, Gilberto (July–August 2009). \"Truth to Power\". Wax Poetics (36). Brooklyn, New York City: Wax Poetics, Inc.: 48–60. ISSN 1537-8241.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Katz_(author)","url_text":"Katz, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_Poetics","url_text":"Wax Poetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn","url_text":"Brooklyn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1537-8241","url_text":"1537-8241"}]},{"reference":"Tepel, Oliver (August 7, 2006). \"Gilberto Gil\". The international artist database. culturebase.net. Archived from the original on November 20, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061120012716/http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?3800","url_text":"\"Gilberto Gil\""},{"url":"http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?3800","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Quinn, Mike (September 17, 1999). \"Mixing Miami With Copacabana\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved March 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A73901","url_text":"\"Mixing Miami With Copacabana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Skelly, Richard. \"Biography\". AllMusic. All Media Guide. Retrieved March 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p6573/biography","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Guide","url_text":"All Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"Tourneen, Saudades. \"Gilberto Gil\". Europe Jazz Network. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321161024/http://www.ejn.it/mus/gil.htm","url_text":"\"Gilberto Gil\""},{"url":"http://www.ejn.it/mus/gil.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Robert; Gil, Gilberto (1990). \"Brazilian Popular Music in Bahia: 'The Politics of the Future': An Interview with Gilberto Gil\". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture. 9. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press: 298–311. ISSN 0730-9139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas","url_text":"Austin, Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0730-9139","url_text":"0730-9139"}]},{"reference":"Barteldes, Ernest (March 29, 2007). \"Gilberto Gil\". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717034859/http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-03-29/music/gilberto-gil/","url_text":"\"Gilberto Gil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_New_Times","url_text":"Miami New Times"},{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-03-29/music/gilberto-gil","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Amy (June 25, 2008). \"From Political Prisoner to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide\" (radio). Democracy Now!. Retrieved June 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Goodman","url_text":"Goodman, Amy"},{"url":"http://www.democracynow.org/2008/6/25/from_political_prisoner_to_cabinet_minister","url_text":"\"From Political Prisoner to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!","url_text":"Democracy Now!"}]},{"reference":"Cámara, Mario (January 11, 2016). \"El artista plástico Hélio Oiticica: escritor y fotógrafo\". Outra Travessia (in Portuguese). 1 (21): 93–104. doi:10.5007/2176-8552.2016n21p93. hdl:11336/106342. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_Mussulli
|
Boots Mussulli
|
["1 Discography","1.1 As leader","1.2 As sideman","2 References"]
|
American jazz saxophonist
Henry "Boots" Mussulli (November 18, 1915 in Milford, Massachusetts – September 23, 1967 in Norfolk, Massachusetts) was an Italian-American jazz saxophonist, based chiefly out of Boston.
According to the Social Security files, he was born in 1915, not in 1917 as previously stated.
Mussulli's first instrument was clarinet, which he first played at age 12. He played with Mal Hallett in Massachusetts around 1940, and joined Teddy Powell's group in 1943-44. He played with Stan Kenton from 1944 to 1947 and returned to play with Kenton again on tour in 1952 and 1954. He also played with Vido Musso, Gene Krupa (1948), Charlie Ventura (1949), Serge Chaloff, Toshiko Akiyoshi (1955), and Herb Pomeroy.
In 1949, Mussulli opened a jazz club in his hometown, called "The Crystal Room". From the mid-1950s, he concentrated more on music education, leading a local youth orchestra, the Milford Youth Band, at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1967. He died of cancer shortly thereafter.
Discography
As leader
The Fable of Mabel (Storyville, 1954) - with Serge Chaloff, Russ Freeman
Kenton Presents Jazz: Boots Mussulli Quartet (Capitol, 1954)
As sideman
With Stan Kenton
Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol, 1946–47 )
Encores (Capitol, 1946–47 )
Stan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 )
Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 )
The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–54, )
With Herb Pomeroy
Life Is a Many Splendored Gig (Roulette, 1957)
References
Scott Yanow, Boots Mussulli at Allmusic
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Social Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Mal Hallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Hallett"},{"link_name":"Teddy Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Powell"},{"link_name":"Stan Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton"},{"link_name":"Vido Musso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vido_Musso"},{"link_name":"Gene Krupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Krupa"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Serge Chaloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Chaloff"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Akiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Akiyoshi"},{"link_name":"Herb Pomeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Pomeroy"},{"link_name":"music education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education"},{"link_name":"Newport Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"text":"Henry \"Boots\" Mussulli (November 18, 1915 in Milford, Massachusetts – September 23, 1967 in Norfolk, Massachusetts) was an Italian-American jazz saxophonist, based chiefly out of Boston.According to the Social Security files, he was born in 1915, not in 1917 as previously stated.Mussulli's first instrument was clarinet, which he first played at age 12. He played with Mal Hallett in Massachusetts around 1940, and joined Teddy Powell's group in 1943-44. He played with Stan Kenton from 1944 to 1947 and returned to play with Kenton again on tour in 1952 and 1954. He also played with Vido Musso, Gene Krupa (1948), Charlie Ventura (1949), Serge Chaloff, Toshiko Akiyoshi (1955), and Herb Pomeroy.In 1949, Mussulli opened a jazz club in his hometown, called \"The Crystal Room\". From the mid-1950s, he concentrated more on music education, leading a local youth orchestra, the Milford Youth Band, at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1967. He died of cancer shortly thereafter.","title":"Boots Mussulli"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Storyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville_Records_(George_Wein%27s)"},{"link_name":"Serge Chaloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Chaloff"},{"link_name":"Russ Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Freeman_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Records"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"The Fable of Mabel (Storyville, 1954) - with Serge Chaloff, Russ Freeman\nKenton Presents Jazz: Boots Mussulli Quartet (Capitol, 1954)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton"},{"link_name":"Artistry in Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistry_in_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"Encores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encores_(Stan_Kenton_album)"},{"link_name":"Stan Kenton's Milestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton%27s_Milestones"},{"link_name":"Stan Kenton Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kenton_Classics"},{"link_name":"The Kenton Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kenton_Era"},{"link_name":"Herb Pomeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Pomeroy"},{"link_name":"Life Is a Many Splendored Gig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_a_Many_Splendored_Gig"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Stan KentonArtistry in Rhythm (Capitol, 1946–47 [rel. 1950])\nEncores (Capitol, 1946–47 [rel. 1950])\nStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [rel. 1950])\nStan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [rel. 1952])\nThe Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–54, [rel. 1955])With Herb PomeroyLife Is a Many Splendored Gig (Roulette, 1957)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barr_(soccer)
|
George Barr (soccer)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Scottish-born American soccer player
George BarrPersonal informationDate of birth
(1915-12-31)December 31, 1915Place of birth
Edinburgh, Scotland, United KingdomDate of death
April 11, 2000(2000-04-11) (aged 84)Place of death
Syosset, New York, United StatesPosition(s)
FullbackSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1933–1935
Brooklyn Celtic
1935–1941, 1945–1947
New York Brookhattan
1947–1950
Brooklyn Hispano
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
George Barr (December 31, 1915 – April 11, 2000) was an American soccer fullback who spent fifteen seasons in the American Soccer League. He was inducted to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1983.
Barr moved to the United States from England in 1927. Five years later, he signed with Brooklyn Celtic of the American Soccer League. In 1935, he moved to New York Brookhattan. In 1936, he had a trial with Hearts F.C., but was not offered a contract. He returned to Brookhattan and remained with the team until 1947, except for three years during which he served in the U.S. Army during World War II. While Brookhattan won the 1945 National Challenge Cup, Barr was injured and did not play in the final. In 1947, Barr joined Brooklyn Hispano, retiring in 1950.
During all of this time George played against numerous touring teams both for his club and for ASL All Star teams. Most notable amongst these were the games in 1939 for the Eastern United States and the ASL All Star teams which opposed the touring Scottish Football Association team. In 1941 George played in the first two indoor tournaments held in the old Madison Square Garden since the late 1920s. The first event was a debacle as the terrazzo surface proved to be so slippery for the fast game, but for the second tournament packed dirt was substituted and the games were well received by the 12,000 fans. During the years of the Second World War he was shipped off to the Southwest Pacific Theatre of Operations where he eventually captained the U. S. Army team during World War II in games played in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia. Off the soccer field he worked for J.C. Penney for 39 years. After retirement, coached the Syosset Police Boys Club in the Long Island Junior League.
References
^ "George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame". George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
External links
National Soccer Hall of Fame profile
vteMembers of the National Soccer Hall of FamePlayers
Agoos
Akers
Alberto
Annis
D. Armstrong
Auld
Bachmeier
Bahr
Balboa
Barr
Beardsworth
Beasley
Beckenbauer
Bernabei
Bocanegra
Bogićević
Bookie
Borghi
Boulos
Boxx
Brittan
D. Brown
G. Brown
J. Brown
Caligiuri
Caraffi
Carenza
Chacurian
Chastain
Cherundolo
Chesney
Child
Chinaglia
Clavijo
Colombo
Coombes
B. Craddock
Danilo
Davis
Dempsey
Dick
DiOrio
Donelli
Donovan
Dooley
Douglas
Duggan
Dunn
Ely
Etcheverry
Fawcett
Ferguson
T. Fleming
Florie
Foudy
Fricker
Friedel
Fryer
Gaetjens
Gallagher
Gardassanich
Gentle
Getzinger
Glover
Gonsalves
Gormley
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Granitza
Gryzik
Hamilton
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Holiday
Hynes
Jaap
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Jones
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Lang
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Looby
Maca
MacMillan
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Mausser
B. McBride
P. McBride
McGhee
Jo. McGuire
McIlvenny
McLaughlin
McNab
Meola
Mieth
Milbrett
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Monsen
Jo. Moore
J-M. Moore
Moorhouse
Moreno
Morrison
Murphy
Murray
Myernick
Nanoski
Nelson
Nilsen
Ntsoelengoe
O'Brien
Olaff
A. Oliver
L. Oliver
Overbeck
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Parlow
Patenaude
Pearce
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This biographical article related to soccer in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"fullback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(football)"},{"link_name":"American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933-1983)"},{"link_name":"National Soccer Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soccer_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Celtic"},{"link_name":"American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Soccer_League_(1933-1983)"},{"link_name":"New York Brookhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Brookhattan"},{"link_name":"Hearts F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_F.C."},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1945 National Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_National_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Hispano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Hispano"}],"text":"George Barr (December 31, 1915 – April 11, 2000) was an American soccer fullback who spent fifteen seasons in the American Soccer League. He was inducted to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1983.[1]Barr moved to the United States from England in 1927. Five years later, he signed with Brooklyn Celtic of the American Soccer League. In 1935, he moved to New York Brookhattan. In 1936, he had a trial with Hearts F.C., but was not offered a contract. He returned to Brookhattan and remained with the team until 1947, except for three years during which he served in the U.S. Army during World War II. While Brookhattan won the 1945 National Challenge Cup, Barr was injured and did not play in the final. In 1947, Barr joined Brooklyn Hispano, retiring in 1950.\nDuring all of this time George played against numerous touring teams both for his club and for ASL All Star teams. Most notable amongst these were the games in 1939 for the Eastern United States and the ASL All Star teams which opposed the touring Scottish Football Association team. In 1941 George played in the first two indoor tournaments held in the old Madison Square Garden since the late 1920s. The first event was a debacle as the terrazzo surface proved to be so slippery for the fast game, but for the second tournament packed dirt was substituted and the games were well received by the 12,000 fans. During the years of the Second World War he was shipped off to the Southwest Pacific Theatre of Operations where he eventually captained the U. S. Army team during World War II in games played in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia. Off the soccer field he worked for J.C. Penney for 39 years. After retirement, coached the Syosset Police Boys Club in the Long Island Junior League.","title":"George Barr (soccer)"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame\". George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/players/george-barr.html","url_text":"\"George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/players/george-barr.html","external_links_name":"\"George Barr - 1983 Inductee | National Soccer Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/players/george-barr.html","external_links_name":"National Soccer Hall of Fame profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Barr_(soccer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Remington_Magnum
|
.41 Remington Magnum
|
["1 Development","2 Market reception","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American revolver cartridge
Not to be confused with .416 Remington Magnum.
.41 Remington Magnum.41 Remington Magnum cartridge, scale in cmTypeRevolverPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesignerElmer KeithBill JordanSkeeter SkeltonDesigned1963ManufacturerRemington ArmsProduced1964SpecificationsParent caseNoneCase typeRimmed, straightBullet diameter.410 in (10.4 mm)Neck diameter.434 in (11.0 mm)Base diameter.434 in (11.0 mm)Rim diameter.492 in (12.5 mm)Rim thickness.060 in (1.5 mm)Case length1.290 in (32.8 mm)Overall length1.590 in (40.4 mm)Case capacity34 gr H2O (2.2 cm3)Rifling twist1-181⁄2 inPrimer typeLarge pistolMaximum pressure (CIP)44,000 psi (300 MPa)Maximum pressure (SAAMI)36,000 psi (250 MPa)Maximum CUP40,000 CUPBallistic performance
Bullet mass/type
Velocity
Energy
170 gr (11 g) JHP Cor-Bon
1,275 ft/s (389 m/s)
614 ft⋅lbf (832 J)
210 gr (14 g) JHP
1,560 ft/s (480 m/s)
1,135 ft⋅lbf (1,539 J)
240 gr (16 g) FMJ+P Winchester
1,250 ft/s (380 m/s)
833 ft⋅lbf (1,129 J)
265 gr (17 g) HP-GC Buffalo Bore Heavy
1,350 ft/s (410 m/s)
1,072 ft⋅lbf (1,453 J)
Test barrel length: 6.5 inches (170 mm)Source(s): Ballistics by the inch
The .41 Remington Magnum, also known as .41 Magnum or 10.4×33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a center fire firearms cartridge primarily developed for use in large-frame revolvers, introduced in 1964 by the Remington Arms Company, intended for hunting and law enforcement purposes.
Development
In 1963, Elmer Keith and Bill Jordan, with some help from Skeeter Skelton, petitioned Smith & Wesson, Remington, and Norma to produce a pistol and ammunition in .41 caliber which would fall between the extant .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum cartridges in ballistic performance, and at the same time address perceived shortcomings with those loads. While as early as 1955 Keith had suggested a new, medium-powered ".41 Special" cartridge, this idea was passed over in favor of the higher-powered "Magnum" option, and the Special survives only as a custom wildcat cartridge, bearing roughly the same relation to the .41 Magnum as the .38 Special does to the .357 Magnum and as the .44 Special does to the .44 Magnum.
The .357 Magnum suffered from restricted terminal ballistic effectiveness in the early 1960s, as jacketed hollow point bullets were not yet commonly available, and the manufacturers' standard loadings consisted of simple lead bullets. The powerful .44 Magnum, primarily a heavy hunting round, was considered overkill for police use, generating too much recoil for control under rapid fire. In addition, the revolvers chambered for the .44 Magnum were considered too large, bulky, and heavy for police to carry.
Keith's original vision called for dual power levels in the .41, a heavy magnum load pushing a 210-grain (14 g) JHP at a muzzle velocity of 1,300–1,400 ft/s (400–430 m/s), and a milder police loading which was to send a 200-grain (13 g) semiwadcutter downrange at around 900 ft/s (270 m/s).
These plans went awry due to an ongoing fascination in the firearms community with high-powered cartridges; Remington was swayed by this community's influence and instead of following Keith's blueprint, chose to emphasize the performance of the new cartridge. As a result, the .41 "Magnum" load was released at an advertised 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s), and even the "light" police loading was introduced with a 210 gr (14 g) lead semiwadcutter "warmed up" to about 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s). However, the police load as delivered was regarded as overpowered by most law enforcement agencies, many of which were still using .38 Special revolvers.
Additionally, Smith & Wesson had simply adapted their large N-frame revolvers for the new cartridge, which did not address size and weight concerns. The Model 58, targeted for the law enforcement market, was introduced on July 10, 1964. Weighing 41 oz (1,200 g), the Model 58 compared unfavorably with other revolvers available at the time, such as Smith's own 34 oz (960 g) Model 10 in .38 Special.
These combined factors mostly eliminated the .41 Magnum from consideration for its intended market as a law enforcement firearm, although it continued to be touted as such and was adopted by a few law enforcement agencies.
For a handgun cartridge, the bolt thrust is considerable at C.I.P. conform maximum loads and an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it. Smith & Wesson produced a high-end, premium revolver in .41 Magnum, the Model 57, identical to the .44 Magnum-chambered Model 29. Magnum Research's Desert Eagle division produced a .41 Magnum in their semi-automatic Mark VII. Sturm Ruger also produced their Blackhawk single-action revolver in .41 Magnum.
A couple of manufacturers have produced lever-action rifles chambered in .41 Magnum. Marlin produced four variants of its Model 1894, but no longer offers any model chambered for it. Henry Repeating Arms introduced a .41 Magnum variant of their Big Boy Steel model in 2016.
Market reception
The .41 Magnum never enjoyed the popularity and success of either the .357 Magnum or .44 Magnum cartridges, but is still prized by handgun hunters as some feel it generates somewhat lighter recoil and slightly flatter bullet trajectory at long range than the .44 Magnum. Nevertheless, the .44 Magnum still catalogs a greater variety of heavier bullet weight offerings which are more effective on larger game, and boast a slight edge in power when using the heaviest factory loads, or if pushed to the edge by handloading (heavier bullets or bullets of different types). Marshall and Sanow called the .41 Magnum "one of our most unappreciated calibers".
See also
.41 Special
.41 Long Colt
.41 Action Express
10 mm caliber
List of handgun cartridges
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
References
^ Ballistics by the Inch Web Site. Accessed July 22, 2011. 6.5 inch barrel.
^ "CIP TDCC sheet41 Rem. Mag " (PDF). C.I.P.
^ a b c d e f g h "Smith & Wesson's .41 Magnum", Free Patriot Web site. Accessed August 6, 2008.
^
Pearce, Lane (April 7, 2011). "Ready For The .41 Special?". Shooting Times.
^ a b c d Smith, Clint. "The .41 Mag: If only we could do it over", Guns magazine April 2005. BNET Web site. Accessed August 6, 2008.
^ Taffin, John. "The .41 Magnum Turns 40 - The Sixgunner" Archived 2010-03-27 at the Wayback Machine American Handgunner magazine, Nov-Dec 2003. BNET Web site. Accessed August 6, 2008.
^ Alberts, Kristin (July 27, 2016). "Gun Review: Henry adds .41 Magnum to Big Boy Steel Lineup". Guns.
^ "S&W Model 57", Notpurfect Web site. Accessed August 5, 2008.
^ VihtaVuori Reloading Guide, 2002
^ Marshall, Evan; E. Sanow (1996). Street Stoppers. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. p. 176.
External links
Ballistics By The Inch .41mag results
Smith & Wesson Model 657
Ballistics By The Inch .41 Magnum results
vteRemington firearms and cartridgesRiflesBolt-action
.22 Junior Special
JuniorTarget 521TL
Remington–Keene rifle
M1903 Springfield rifle
Pattern 1914 Enfield
M1917 Enfield
Model 5
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Model 7
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Semi-automatic
Nylon 66
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R4
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RSASS
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ShotgunsPump-action
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SPR 18
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HandgunsSemi-automatic
1911 R1
Model 51
R51
RM380
Revolver
Model 1858
Model 1875
Model 1890
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Model 95
Rider Single Shot Pistol
Zig-Zag Derringer
Other
Naval Model 1865 Pistol
XP-100
Cartridges
.17 Remington Fireball
.17 Remington
5mm Remington Rimfire Magnum
.22 BR
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.221 Remington Fireball
.222 Remington
.222 Remington Magnum
.223 Remington
.22-250 Remington
6mm BR
6mm Remington
.25 Remington
.257 Roberts
.25-06 Remington
.260 Remington
6.5mm Remington Magnum
7mm BR Remington
7mm-08 Remington
.280 Remington
7mm Remington Magnum
7mm Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum
7mm Remington Ultra Magnum
.30 Remington
.30 Remington AR
.300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum
.300 Remington Ultra Magnum
.32 Remington
8mm Remington Magnum
.338 Remington Ultra Magnum
.35 Remington
.35 Whelen
.350 Remington Magnum
.360 Buckhammer
.375 Remington Ultra Magnum
.416 Remington Magnum
.41 Remington Magnum
.44 Remington Magnum
.444 Marlin
vteSmith & WessonRevolversTop hinge
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Model 1+1⁄2
Model 2 Army
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Model 2
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Model 30
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Model 36
Bodyguard
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Model 60
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Model 340PD
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Model 10
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Model 617
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L-frame
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Model 22
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Model 460
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Governor
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Model 73
Semi-automatic pistols
Model 1006
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Model 1940
M&P10
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Shotguns
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Elite Series
AS
Cartridges
.22 Short
.32 S&W
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.35 S&W Auto
.356 TSW
.357 Magnum
.38 S&W
.38 Special
.40 S&W
.41 Magnum
.44 Russian
.44 Special
.44 S&W American
.44 Magnum
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.460 S&W Magnum
.500 S&W Special
.500 S&W Magnum
Horace Smith
Daniel B. Wesson
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":".416 Remington Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.416_Remington_Magnum"},{"link_name":"center fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fire"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm"},{"link_name":"cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolvers"},{"link_name":"Remington Arms Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":"hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"}],"text":"Not to be confused with .416 Remington Magnum.The .41 Remington Magnum, also known as .41 Magnum or 10.4×33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a center fire firearms cartridge primarily developed for use in large-frame revolvers, introduced in 1964 by the Remington Arms Company, intended for hunting and law enforcement purposes.","title":".41 Remington Magnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmer Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Keith"},{"link_name":"Bill Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Jordan_(Marine)"},{"link_name":"Skeeter Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeeter_Skelton"},{"link_name":"Smith & Wesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson"},{"link_name":"Norma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Precision"},{"link_name":"pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistol"},{"link_name":"ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":".357 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_Magnum"},{"link_name":".44 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.44_Magnum"},{"link_name":"ballistic performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":".41 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Special"},{"link_name":"wildcat cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge"},{"link_name":".38 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38_Special"},{"link_name":".357 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.357_Magnum"},{"link_name":".44 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.44_Special"},{"link_name":".44 Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.44_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ready-4"},{"link_name":"terminal ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics"},{"link_name":"jacketed hollow point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow_point_bullet"},{"link_name":"manufacturers'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet#Materials"},{"link_name":"bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet"},{"link_name":"overkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overkill_(term)"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"recoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doover-5"},{"link_name":"JHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacketed_hollow_point"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"semiwadcutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiwadcutter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doover-5"},{"link_name":"blueprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint"},{"link_name":"law enforcement agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doover-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Model 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_57#Smith_.26_Wesson_Model_58"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Model 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doover-5"},{"link_name":"bolt thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_thrust"},{"link_name":"C.I.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.I.P."},{"link_name":"Model 57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_57"},{"link_name":"Model 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_29"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freepatriot-3"},{"link_name":"Magnum Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_Research"},{"link_name":"Desert Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Blackhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruger_Blackhawk"},{"link_name":"Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Firearms"},{"link_name":"Model 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_Model_1894"},{"link_name":"Henry Repeating Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Repeating_Arms"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henry-7"}],"text":"In 1963, Elmer Keith and Bill Jordan, with some help from Skeeter Skelton, petitioned Smith & Wesson, Remington, and Norma to produce a pistol and ammunition in .41 caliber which would fall between the extant .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum cartridges in ballistic performance, and at the same time address perceived shortcomings with those loads.[3] While as early as 1955 Keith had suggested a new, medium-powered \".41 Special\" cartridge, this idea was passed over in favor of the higher-powered \"Magnum\" option, and the Special survives only as a custom wildcat cartridge, bearing roughly the same relation to the .41 Magnum as the .38 Special does to the .357 Magnum and as the .44 Special does to the .44 Magnum.[4]The .357 Magnum suffered from restricted terminal ballistic effectiveness in the early 1960s, as jacketed hollow point bullets were not yet commonly available, and the manufacturers' standard loadings consisted of simple lead bullets. The powerful .44 Magnum, primarily a heavy hunting round, was considered overkill for police use, generating too much recoil for control under rapid fire. In addition, the revolvers chambered for the .44 Magnum were considered too large, bulky, and heavy for police to carry.[3][5]Keith's original vision called for dual power levels in the .41, a heavy magnum load pushing a 210-grain (14 g) JHP at a muzzle velocity of 1,300–1,400 ft/s (400–430 m/s), and a milder police loading which was to send a 200-grain (13 g) semiwadcutter downrange at around 900 ft/s (270 m/s).[3][5]These plans went awry due to an ongoing fascination in the firearms community with high-powered cartridges; Remington was swayed by this community's influence and instead of following Keith's blueprint, chose to emphasize the performance of the new cartridge. As a result, the .41 \"Magnum\" load was released at an advertised 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s), and even the \"light\" police loading was introduced with a 210 gr (14 g) lead semiwadcutter \"warmed up\" to about 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s). However, the police load as delivered was regarded as overpowered by most law enforcement agencies, many of which were still using .38 Special revolvers.[3][5]Additionally, Smith & Wesson had simply adapted their large N-frame revolvers for the new cartridge, which did not address size and weight concerns.[3][6] The Model 58, targeted for the law enforcement market, was introduced on July 10, 1964. Weighing 41 oz (1,200 g), the Model 58 compared unfavorably with other revolvers available at the time, such as Smith's own 34 oz (960 g) Model 10 in .38 Special.[3]These combined factors mostly eliminated the .41 Magnum from consideration for its intended market as a law enforcement firearm, although it continued to be touted as such and was adopted by a few law enforcement agencies.[3][5]For a handgun cartridge, the bolt thrust is considerable at C.I.P. conform maximum loads and an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it. Smith & Wesson produced a high-end, premium revolver in .41 Magnum, the Model 57, identical to the .44 Magnum-chambered Model 29.[3] Magnum Research's Desert Eagle division produced a .41 Magnum in their semi-automatic Mark VII. Sturm Ruger also produced their Blackhawk single-action revolver in .41 Magnum.A couple of manufacturers have produced lever-action rifles chambered in .41 Magnum. Marlin produced four variants of its Model 1894, but no longer offers any model chambered for it. Henry Repeating Arms introduced a .41 Magnum variant of their Big Boy Steel model in 2016.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handgun hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun_hunting"},{"link_name":"trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The .41 Magnum never enjoyed the popularity and success of either the .357 Magnum or .44 Magnum cartridges, but is still prized by handgun hunters as some feel it generates somewhat lighter recoil and slightly flatter bullet trajectory at long range than the .44 Magnum.[8] Nevertheless, the .44 Magnum still catalogs a greater variety of heavier bullet weight offerings which are more effective on larger game, and boast a slight edge in power when using the heaviest factory loads, or if pushed to the edge by handloading (heavier bullets or bullets of different types).[9] Marshall and Sanow called the .41 Magnum \"one of our most unappreciated calibers\".[10]","title":"Market reception"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":".41 Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Special"},{"title":".41 Long Colt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Long_Colt"},{"title":".41 Action Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.41_Action_Express"},{"title":"10 mm caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_mm_caliber"},{"title":"List of handgun cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_handgun_cartridges"},{"title":"Table of handgun and rifle cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_handgun_and_rifle_cartridges"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"CIP TDCC sheet41 Rem. Mag \" (PDF). C.I.P.","urls":[{"url":"https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-iv/tabivcal-en-page69.pdf","url_text":"\"CIP TDCC sheet41 Rem. Mag \""}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Lane (April 7, 2011). \"Ready For The .41 Special?\". Shooting Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammo/ammunition_ready_for_the_41_special_040711/","url_text":"\"Ready For The .41 Special?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_Times","url_text":"Shooting Times"}]},{"reference":"Alberts, Kristin (July 27, 2016). \"Gun Review: Henry adds .41 Magnum to Big Boy Steel Lineup\". Guns.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guns.com/news/review/gun-review-henry-adds-41-magnum-to-big-boy-steel-lineup-video","url_text":"\"Gun Review: Henry adds .41 Magnum to Big Boy Steel Lineup\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Evan; E. Sanow (1996). Street Stoppers. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. p. 176.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://ballisticsbytheinch.com/41mag.html","external_links_name":"Ballistics by the Inch Web Site"},{"Link":"https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-iv/tabivcal-en-page69.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CIP TDCC sheet41 Rem. Mag \""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080214135811/http://www.freepatriot.com/41magnum.php","external_links_name":"\"Smith & Wesson's .41 Magnum\""},{"Link":"http://www.shootingtimes.com/ammo/ammunition_ready_for_the_41_special_040711/","external_links_name":"\"Ready For The .41 Special?\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_4_51/ai_n11840297","external_links_name":"\"The .41 Mag: If only we could do it over\""},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTT/is_166_27/ai_109264984","external_links_name":"\"The .41 Magnum Turns 40 - The Sixgunner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327225455/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTT/is_166_27/ai_109264984/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.guns.com/news/review/gun-review-henry-adds-41-magnum-to-big-boy-steel-lineup-video","external_links_name":"\"Gun Review: Henry adds .41 Magnum to Big Boy Steel Lineup\""},{"Link":"http://www.notpurfect.com/main/m57.htm","external_links_name":"\"S&W Model 57\""},{"Link":"http://pdf.textfiles.com/manuals/FIREARMS/vihtavouri.pdf","external_links_name":"VihtaVuori Reloading Guide, 2002"},{"Link":"http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/41mag.html","external_links_name":"Ballistics By The Inch .41mag results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111022154011/http://www.smith-wesson.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Category4_750001_750051_775661_-1_775655_757896_image","external_links_name":"Smith & Wesson Model 657"},{"Link":"http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/41mag.html","external_links_name":"Ballistics By The Inch .41 Magnum results"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireTeam_(video_game)
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FireTeam (video game)
|
["1 Gameplay","2 Development","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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1998 video gameFireTeamDeveloper(s)Multitude, Inc.Publisher(s)NA: Multitude, Inc.EU: Cryo InteractiveDirector(s)Art MinProducer(s)Bill MoneyDesigner(s)Harvey SmithNed LernerPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseNA: December 14, 1998EU: October 1999Genre(s)Action StrategyMode(s)Multiplayer
FireTeam is a 1998 video game developed by Multitude, Inc. for Windows.
Gameplay
The original FireTeam box.
The game has three offline training sessions for player to familiarize themselves with the basics of the game. The rest of the content can only be played in the online multiplayer. The multiplayer consists of short matches with a time limit of 10 minutes each. There are four different game modes for the matches: Deathmatch, BaseTag, Gunball, and Capture the Flag. Players pick one of three characters to play in the game: a light-armoured scout, a commando, or an offensive oriented gunner. The chosen class can be switched while the player is dead in the game. The game initially contained 32 maps separated by the four games modes, but intended to add more maps to the game in the future.
Between matches players can talk in chat rooms to strategize. Included in the box with the purchase of the game was a headset for use with the game's real-time voice chat.
Development
FireTeam was designed by Ned Lerner, Art Min, and James Morris (creator of the Panasonic M2 graphics libraries, programming tools, and operating system). The gameplay was a deliberate attempt to adapt the dynamics of MicroProse's X-COM series to a real-time environment.
Early news coverage of the game tended to center on its ability to let players talk to each other online without voice modems, and Multitude acquired patents on portions of the voice technology. The developers ran a 40,000 person beta test before focusing on the voice technology, turning FireTeam into Firetalk.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings75%Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer Games Strategy PlusComputer Gaming WorldEP Daily7.5/10Eurogamer8/10GameProGameRevolutionBGameSpot8.5/10Jeuxvideo.com14/20PC Accelerator6/10PC Gamer (US)45%
The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Michael E. Ryan of GameSpot highly praised the many nuances to the gameplay and the friendly, helpful player community and said that the voice communication gives FireTeam a stronger social aspect than most online games, in addition to serving as a useful gameplay element. However, he also said the training missions are grossly insufficient at preparing the player for the game, the gameplay and voice suffer from lag times, and that there were so far few players online at any given time. PC Magazine's preview was pleased with 10 minute time limit on sessions and the easy to learn yet tough to master gameplay. PC Accelerator's John Lee wrote that he appreciated the voice chat and templay aspects of the game, but said these two features were "not enough to carry the game," noting the 10 minute time limit was too short and repeating the same arcade modes quickly became repetitive. Like Ryan, he stated the game didn't offer enough practice before forcing players into the online multiplayer.
The game was a commercial failure, with sales of 1,500 units by March 1999.
The game was a finalist for Computer Games Strategy Plus' 1998 "Online Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Starsiege: Tribes. The staff described it as "excellent".
References
^ Mayer, Robert (December 1, 1998). "FireTeam to Go Gold Tonight". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on December 1, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ a b c d e Lee, John (April 1999). "FireTeam". PC Accelerator. No. 8. Imagine Media. p. 82. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ a b Svensson, Christian (September 1997). "Joyriding". Next Generation. No. 33. Imagine Media. p. 30.
^ "NG Alphas: FireTeam". Next Generation. No. 33. Imagine Media. September 1997. pp. 78–79.
^ a b "FireTeam for PC". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Cross, Jason (January 14, 1999). "FireTeam". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Larka, Lance A. (April 1999). "Company Man (FireTeam Review)" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 177. Ziff Davis. p. 173. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Grant, Jules (January 21, 1999). "FireTeam". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on January 5, 2002. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ Male, Peter "Pete" (May 9, 2000). "FireTeam". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ Olafson, Peter (1999). "FireTeam Review for PC on GamePro.com". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 14, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ Cooke, Mark (January 1999). "Fire Team ". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on April 9, 2004. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ a b Ryan, Michael E. (February 8, 1999). "FireTeam Review ". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Kornifex (October 28, 1999). "Test: Fireteam ". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Webedia. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
^ "FireTeam". PC Gamer. Vol. 6, no. 5. Imagine Media. May 1999. Archived from the original on October 18, 1999. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ "After Hours: FireTeam". PC Magazine. Vol. 18, no. 5. Ziff Davis. March 9, 1999. p. 294. Retrieved March 9, 2019.
^ Jebens, Harley (March 9, 1999). "FireTeam: Multitude's First and Last Game? ". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2000. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ Asher, Mark (March 17, 1999). "Game Spin: Things that Sort of Suck". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 24, 2000. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
^ CGSP staff (February 11, 1999). "The Best of 1998 (Online Game of the Year)". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on February 10, 2005. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
External links
FireTeam at MobyGames
|
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Players pick one of three characters to play in the game: a light-armoured scout, a commando, or an offensive oriented gunner. The chosen class can be switched while the player is dead in the game. The game initially contained 32 maps separated by the four games modes, but intended to add more maps to the game in the future.[2]Between matches players can talk in chat rooms to strategize. Included in the box with the purchase of the game was a headset for use with the game's real-time voice chat.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ned Lerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Lerner"},{"link_name":"Panasonic M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_M2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"MicroProse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroProse"},{"link_name":"X-COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-COM"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"voice modems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_modem"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcxl-2"}],"text":"FireTeam was designed by Ned Lerner, Art Min, and James Morris (creator of the Panasonic M2 graphics libraries, programming tools, and operating system).[3] The gameplay was a deliberate attempt to adapt the dynamics of MicroProse's X-COM series to a real-time environment.[4]Early news coverage of the game tended to center on its ability to let players talk to each other online without voice modems, and Multitude acquired patents on portions of the voice technology.[3] The developers ran a 40,000 person beta test before focusing on the voice technology, turning FireTeam into Firetalk.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-5"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"EP Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSrev-12"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"PC Accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Accelerator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcxl-2"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-5"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSrev-12"},{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMag"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PC Accelerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Accelerator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcxl-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Starsiege: Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starsiege:_Tribes"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings75%[5]Review scoresPublicationScoreComputer Games Strategy Plus[6]Computer Gaming World[7]EP Daily7.5/10[8]Eurogamer8/10[9]GamePro[10]GameRevolutionB[11]GameSpot8.5/10[12]Jeuxvideo.com14/20[13]PC Accelerator6/10[2]PC Gamer (US)45%[14]The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.[5] Michael E. Ryan of GameSpot highly praised the many nuances to the gameplay and the friendly, helpful player community and said that the voice communication gives FireTeam a stronger social aspect than most online games, in addition to serving as a useful gameplay element. However, he also said the training missions are grossly insufficient at preparing the player for the game, the gameplay and voice suffer from lag times, and that there were so far few players online at any given time.[12] PC Magazine's preview was pleased with 10 minute time limit on sessions and the easy to learn yet tough to master gameplay.[15] PC Accelerator's John Lee wrote that he appreciated the voice chat and templay aspects of the game, but said these two features were \"not enough to carry the game,\" noting the 10 minute time limit was too short and repeating the same arcade modes quickly became repetitive. Like Ryan, he stated the game didn't offer enough practice before forcing players into the online multiplayer.[2]The game was a commercial failure, with sales of 1,500 units by March 1999.[16][17]The game was a finalist for Computer Games Strategy Plus' 1998 \"Online Game of the Year\" award, which ultimately went to Starsiege: Tribes. The staff described it as \"excellent\".[18]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The original FireTeam box.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Fireteam_PC_box.jpg/220px-Fireteam_PC_box.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mayer, Robert (December 1, 1998). \"FireTeam to Go Gold Tonight\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on December 1, 2002. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021201035410/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/015/176/fireteam.html","url_text":"\"FireTeam to Go Gold Tonight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine","url_text":"Computer Games Strategy Plus"},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/015/176/fireteam.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, John (April 1999). \"FireTeam\". PC Accelerator. No. 8. Imagine Media. p. 82. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/PCXL08Apr1999/page/n81/mode/2up","url_text":"\"FireTeam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Accelerator","url_text":"PC Accelerator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Svensson, Christian (September 1997). \"Joyriding\". Next Generation. No. 33. Imagine Media. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_33/page/n31","url_text":"\"Joyriding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"}]},{"reference":"\"NG Alphas: FireTeam\". Next Generation. No. 33. Imagine Media. September 1997. pp. 78–79.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_33/page/n79","url_text":"\"NG Alphas: FireTeam\""}]},{"reference":"\"FireTeam for PC\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190609072515/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/197350-fireteam/index.html","url_text":"\"FireTeam for PC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/197350-fireteam/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cross, Jason (January 14, 1999). \"FireTeam\". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2003. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030709060135/http://www.cdmag.com/articles/016/154/fireteam_review.html","url_text":"\"FireTeam\""},{"url":"http://www.cdmag.com/articles/016/154/fireteam_review.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Larka, Lance A. (April 1999). \"Company Man (FireTeam Review)\" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 177. Ziff Davis. p. 173. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_177.pdf","url_text":"\"Company Man (FireTeam Review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World","url_text":"Computer Gaming World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Jules (January 21, 1999). \"FireTeam\". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on January 5, 2002. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020105043205/http://www.elecplay.com/review.html?article=202&full=1#mr_toppy","url_text":"\"FireTeam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily","url_text":"The Electric Playground"},{"url":"http://www.elecplay.com/review.html?article=202&full=1#mr_toppy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Male, Peter \"Pete\" (May 9, 2000). \"FireTeam\". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/fireteam","url_text":"\"FireTeam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network","url_text":"Gamer Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816030844/http://www.eurogamer.net/content/fireteam","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Olafson, Peter (1999). \"FireTeam Review for PC on GamePro.com\". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 14, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050214064553/http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/743.shtml","url_text":"\"FireTeam Review for PC on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG Entertainment"},{"url":"http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/743.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, Mark (January 1999). \"Fire Team [sic]\". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on April 9, 2004. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/32716-fire-team-review","url_text":"\"Fire Team [sic]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"CraveOnline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040409104522/http://www.game-revolution.com/games/pc/action/fireteam.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Michael E. (February 8, 1999). \"FireTeam Review [date mislabeled as \"May 1, 2000\"]\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 11, 2004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions
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Revolution
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["1 Etymology","2 Definition","3 Types","4 Definition","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Rapid and fundamental political change
"Political revolution" redirects here. For Trotskyist concept, see Political revolution (Trotskyism). For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation) and Revolutions (disambiguation).
In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures. A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means (such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence).
Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, success or failure, duration, and motivating ideology. Revolutions may start with urban insurrections and the collapse of a regime or they may start in the periphery through guerilla war or peasant revolts. Regimes may be vulnerable to revolutions due to military defeats, affronts to national pride and identity, repression and corruption. Revolutions may prompt counter-revolutions that seek to prevent a revolution or reverse the course on an ongoing or successful revolution.
The international system may diffuse ideologies and models of governance, such as nationalism, self-determination, republicanism, liberalism, democracy, fascism and socialism, that inspire revolutions.
Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Communist Revolution of the 1940s, the Decolonisation of Africa, the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989.
Etymology
The word "revolucion" is known in French from the 13th century, and "revolution" in English by the late fourteenth century, with regard to the revolving motion of celestial bodies. "Revolution" in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450. Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III. This incident was termed the "Glorious Revolution".
Definition
Perhaps most often, the word "revolution" is employed to denote a change in social and political institutions. Jeff Goodwin gives two definitions of a revolution. First, a broad one, including
any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional or violent fashion.
Second, a narrow one, in which
revolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.
Jack Goldstone defines a revolution as
an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and non-institutionalized actions that undermine authorities.Early scholars debated distinctions between revolutions and civil wars. They also debated whether revolutions were purely political (concerning the transformation of government) or whether they were more expansive in nature to encompass broader social change.
Types
A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.
There are many different typologies of revolutions in social science and literature.
Alexis de Tocqueville differentiated between:
political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to transform an entire society, and;
slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).
One of several different Marxist typologies divides revolutions into:
pre-capitalist
early bourgeois
bourgeois
bourgeois-democratic
early proletarian
socialist
Charles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between;
coup d'état (a top-down seizure of power)
civil war
revolt, and
"great revolution" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).
Revolutions of 1848 were essentially bourgeois revolutions and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states.
Mark Katz identified six forms of revolution;
rural revolution
urban revolution
Coup d'état, e.g. Egypt, 1952
revolution from above, e.g. Mao's Great leap forward of 1958
revolution from without, e.g. the allied invasions of Italy, 1944 and Germany, 1945.
revolution by osmosis, e.g. the gradual Islamization of several countries.
These categories are not mutually exclusive; the Russian Revolution of 1917 began with the urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by rural revolution, followed by the Bolshevik coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows;
Central; countries, usually Great powers, which play a leading role in a Revolutionary wave; e.g. the USSR, Nazi Germany, Iran since 1979.
Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
subordinate or puppet revolutions
rival revolutions, e.g. communist Yugoslavia, and China after 1969
A further dimension to Katz's typology is that revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or for (pro-fascism, communism, nationalism etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is often necessary to decide on the direction taken.
Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include the social revolutions; proletarian or communist revolutions (inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with Communism); failed or abortive revolutions (revolutions that fail to secure power after temporary victories or large-scale mobilization); or violent vs. nonviolent revolutions.
The term revolution has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed in society, culture, philosophy, and technology much more than political systems; they are often known as social revolutions. Some can be global, while others are limited to single countries. One of the classic examples of the usage of the word revolution in such context is the Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution or the Commercial Revolution. Such revolutions also fit the "slow revolution" definition of Tocqueville.
A similar example is the Digital Revolution.
Definition
R E V O L U T I O N, graffiti with political message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word Love.Main article: Social revolution
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution.
George Washington, leader of the American Revolution.
Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.
Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Chinese Xinhai Revolution in 1911.
Khana Ratsadon, a group of military officers and civil officials, who staged the Siamese Revolution of 1932.
Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many social sciences, particularly sociology, political sciences and history.
Scholars of revolutions, like Jack Goldstone, differentiate four current 'generations' of scholarly research dealing with revolutions. The scholars of the first generation such as Gustave Le Bon, Charles A. Ellwood, or Pitirim Sorokin, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions was usually related to social psychology, such as Le Bon's crowd psychology theory.
Second generation theorists sought to develop detailed theories of why and when revolutions arise, grounded in more complex social behavior theories. They can be divided into three major approaches: psychological, sociological and political.
The works of Ted Robert Gurr, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender, David C. Schwartz, and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They followed theories of cognitive psychology and frustration-aggression theory and saw the cause of revolution in the state of mind of the masses, and while they varied in their approach as to what exactly caused the people to revolt (e.g., modernization, recession, or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was the widespread frustration with socio-political situation.
The second group, composed of academics such as Chalmers Johnson, Neil Smelser, Bob Jessop, Mark Hart, Edward A. Tiryakian, and Mark Hagopian, followed in the footsteps of Talcott Parsons and the structural-functionalist theory in sociology; they saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of a severe disequilibrium that is responsible for revolutions.
Finally, the third group, which included writers such as Charles Tilly, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Ammann, and Arthur L. Stinchcombe followed the path of political sciences and looked at pluralist theory and interest group conflict theory. Those theories see events as outcomes of a power struggle between competing interest groups. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within a normal decision making process traditional for a given political system, and simultaneously have enough resources to employ force in pursuing their goals.
The second generation theorists saw the development of the revolutions as a two-step process; first, some change results in the present situation being different from the past; second, the new situation creates an opportunity for a revolution to occur. In that situation, an event that in the past would not be sufficient to cause a revolution (e.g., a war, a riot, a bad harvest), now is sufficient; however, if authorities are aware of the danger, they can still prevent a revolution through reform or repression.
Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases: famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Chinese Communist Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War) (1927–1949). In his The Anatomy of Revolution, however, the Harvard historian Crane Brinton focused on the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.
In time, scholars began to analyze hundreds of other events as revolutions (see List of revolutions and rebellions), and differences in definitions and approaches gave rise to new definitions and explanations. The theories of the second generation have been criticized for their limited geographical scope, difficulty in empirical verification, as well as that while they may explain some particular revolutions, they did not explain why revolutions did not occur in other societies in very similar situations.
The criticism of the second generation led to the rise of a third generation of theories, with writers such as Theda Skocpol, Barrington Moore, Jeffrey Paige, and others expanding on the old Marxist class conflict approach, turning their attention to rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites, and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change. Particularly Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions became one of the most widely recognized works of the third generation; Skocpol defined revolution as "rapid, basic transformations of society's state and class structures accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below", attributing revolutions to a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes.
The fall of the Berlin Wall and most of the events of the Autumn of Nations in Europe, 1989, were sudden and peaceful.
From the late 1980s, a new body of scholarly work began questioning the dominance of the third generation's theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by new revolutionary events that could not be easily explained by them. The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines and the 1989 Autumn of Nations in Europe saw multi-class coalitions topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and mass strikes in nonviolent revolutions.
For some historians, revolutions as mostly European violent state versus people and class struggles conflicts was no longer sufficient. The study of revolutions thus evolved in three directions, firstly, some researchers were applying previous or updated structuralist theories of revolutions to events beyond the previously analyzed, mostly European conflicts. Secondly, scholars called for greater attention to conscious agency in the form of ideology and culture in shaping revolutionary mobilization and objectives. Third, analysts of both revolutions and social movements realized that those phenomena have much in common, and a new 'fourth generation' literature on contentious politics has developed that attempts to combine insights from the study of social movements and revolutions in hopes of understanding both phenomena.
Further, social science research on revolution, primarily work in political science, has begun to move beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N empirical studies assessing the causes and implications of revolution. Initial studies generally rely on the Polity Project's data on democratization. Such analyses, like those by Enterline, Maoz, and Mansfield and Snyder, identify revolutions based on regime changes indicated by a change in the country's score on Polity's autocracy to democracy scale. More recently, scholars like Jeff Colgan have argued that Polity, which measures the degree of democratic or autocratic authority in a state's governing institutions based on the openness of executive recruitment, constraints on executive authority, and political competition, is inadequate because it measures democratization, not revolution, and fails to account for regimes which come to power by revolution but fail to change the structure of the state and society sufficiently to yield a notable difference in Polity score. Instead, Colgan offers a new data set on revolutionary leaders which identifies governments that "transform the existing social, political, and economic relationships of the state by overthrowing or rejecting the principal existing institutions of society." This most recent data set has been employed to make empirically based contributions to the literature on revolution by identifying links between revolution and the likelihood of international disputes.
Revolutions have also been approached from anthropological perspectives. Drawing on Victor Turner's writings on ritual and performance, Bjorn Thomassen has argued that revolutions can be understood as "liminal" moments: modern political revolutions very much resemble rituals and can therefore be studied within a process approach. This would imply not only a focus on political behavior "from below", but also to recognize moments where "high and low" are relativized, made irrelevant or subverted, and where the micro and macro levels fuse together in critical conjunctions.
Economist Douglass North argued that it is much easier for revolutionaries to alter formal political institutions such as laws and constitutions than to alter informal social conventions. According to North, inconsistencies between rapidly changing formal institutions and slow-changing informal ones can inhibit effective sociopolitical change. Because of this, the long-term effect of revolutionary political restructuring is often more moderate than the ostensible short-term effect.
While revolutions encompass events ranging from the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes to the violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, they exclude coups d'état, civil wars, revolts, and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority (such as Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 or the American Civil War), as well as peaceful transitions to democracy through institutional arrangements such as plebiscites and free elections, as in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco.
See also
Age of Revolution
Classless society
List of revolutions and rebellions
Passive revolution
Political warfare
Psychological warfare
Rebellion
Reformism
Revolutionary wave
Right of revolution
Social movement
Subversion
User revolt
Preference falsification
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Goldstone, Jack (2001). "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory". Annual Review of Political Science. 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.
^ Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution". Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. ISSN 0735-2751. S2CID 53669466.
^ Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.
^ a b Stone, Lawrence (1966). "Theories of Revolution". World Politics. 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009694. S2CID 154757362.
^ Clarke, Killian (2023). "Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution". American Political Science Review. 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 254907991.
^ Gunitsky 2018; Gunitsky 2017; Gunitsky 2021; Reus-Smit 2013; Fukuyama 1992; Getachew 2019
^ OED vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage "Alteration, change, mutation" from 1400 but lists it as "rare". "c. 1450, Lydg 1196 Secrees of Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns." It's clear that the usage had been established by the early 15th century but only came into common use in the late 17th century in England.
^ "Revolution". onlineetymology.com.
^ Pipes, Richard. "A Concise History of the Russian Revolution". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.
^ a b c d e f Goldstone, Jack (1980). "Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation". World Politics. 32 (3): 425–453. doi:10.2307/2010111. JSTOR 2010111. S2CID 154287826.
^ Foran, John (1993). "Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation". Sociological Theory. 11 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/201977. JSTOR 201977.
^ Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). "Theory and History of Revolution". Journal of World History. 7 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056. S2CID 144148530.
^ Goodwin, p.9.
^ Billington, James H. (1966). "Six Views of the Russian Revolution". World Politics. 18 (3): 452–473. doi:10.2307/2009765. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009765. S2CID 154688891.
^ Yoder, Dale (1926). "Current Definitions of Revolution". American Journal of Sociology. 32 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1086/214128. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2765544.
^ Grinin, Leonid; Grinin, Anton; Korotayev, Andrey (2022). "20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9.
^ Boesche, Roger (2006). Tocqueville's Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and Despotism. Lexington Books. pp. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA86 86]. ISBN 0-7391-1665-7.
^ Topolski, J. (1976). "Rewolucje w dziejach nowożytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek)" . Kwartalnik Historyczny (in Polish). LXXXIII: 251–267.
^ Tilly, Charles (1995). European Revolutions, 1492-1992. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16. ISBN 0-631-19903-9.
^ Lewis, Bernard. "Iran in History". Moshe Dayan Center, Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.
^ Katz 1997, p. 4.
^ Katz 1997, p. 13.
^ Katz 1997, p. 12.
^ Fang, Irving E. (1997). A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Focal Press. pp. xv. ISBN 0-240-80254-3.
^ Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. Routledge. pp. 226. ISBN 0-415-31800-9.
^ Goodwin, Jeff (2001). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
^ Brinton, Crane (1965) . The Anatomy of Revolution (revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
^ "PolityProject". www.systemicpeace.org. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
^ Enterline, A. J. (1 December 1998). "Regime Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 42 (6): 804–829. doi:10.1177/0022002798042006006. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 154877512.
^ Maoz, Zeev (1996). Domestic sources of global change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
^ Mansfield, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack (2007). Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War. MIT Press.
^ Colgan, Jeff (1 September 2012). "Measuring Revolution". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 29 (4): 444–467. doi:10.1177/0738894212449093. ISSN 0738-8942. S2CID 220675692.
^ "Data - Jeff D Colgan". sites.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
^ Thomassen, Bjorn (2012). "Toward an anthropology of political revolutions" (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3): 679–706. doi:10.1017/s0010417512000278. S2CID 15806418.
^ North, Douglass C. (1992). Transaction costs, institutions, and economic performance. San Francisco: ICS Press. p. 13.
Bibliography
Fukuyama, Francis (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-013455-1.
Getachew, Adom (2019). Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17915-5.
Gunitsky, Seva (2017). Aftershocks. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17233-0.
Gunitsky, Seva (2018). "Democratic Waves in Historical Perspective". Perspectives on Politics. 16 (3): 634–651. doi:10.1017/S1537592718001044. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 149523316.
Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (eds.), "Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War", Before and After the Fall: World Politics and the End of the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–243, doi:10.1017/9781108910194.014, ISBN 978-1-108-84334-8, S2CID 244851964
Katz, Mark N. (1997). Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves. St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312173227.
Reus-Smit, Christian (2013). Individual Rights and the Making of the International System. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139046527. ISBN 978-0-521-85777-2.
Strang, David (1991). "Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500-1987". International Studies Quarterly. 35 (4): 429–454. doi:10.2307/2600949. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600949.
Further reading
Beissinger, Mark R. (2024). "The Evolving Study of Revolution". World Politics.
Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution". Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. S2CID 53669466.
Goldstone, Jack A. (1982). "The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions". Annual Review of Sociology. 8: 187–207
Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.
External links
Look up Revolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Revolution.
Arendt, Hannah (1963). IEP.UTM.edu. On Revolution. Penguin Classics. New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 0-14-018421-X.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Political revolution (Trotskyism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_revolution_(Trotskyism)"},{"link_name":"Revolution (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Revolutions (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"regimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime"},{"link_name":"mass mobilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mobilization"},{"link_name":"institutionalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution"},{"link_name":"mass demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_demonstration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"guerilla war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"peasant revolts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant_revolts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"counter-revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolutionary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Haitian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Spanish American wars of independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Decolonisation of Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Iranian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989"}],"text":"\"Political revolution\" redirects here. For Trotskyist concept, see Political revolution (Trotskyism). For other uses, see Revolution (disambiguation) and Revolutions (disambiguation).In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.[1][2][3] A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means (such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence).[1]Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, success or failure, duration, and motivating ideology.[1][4] Revolutions may start with urban insurrections and the collapse of a regime or they may start in the periphery through guerilla war or peasant revolts.[1] Regimes may be vulnerable to revolutions due to military defeats, affronts to national pride and identity, repression and corruption.[1] Revolutions may prompt counter-revolutions that seek to prevent a revolution or reverse the course on an ongoing or successful revolution.[5]The international system may diffuse ideologies and models of governance, such as nationalism, self-determination, republicanism, liberalism, democracy, fascism and socialism, that inspire revolutions.[6]Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Communist Revolution of the 1940s, the Decolonisation of Africa, the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989.","title":"Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"social order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_order"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The word \"revolucion\" is known in French from the 13th century, and \"revolution\" in English by the late fourteenth century, with regard to the revolving motion of celestial bodies. \"Revolution\" in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450.[7][8] Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III. This incident was termed the \"Glorious Revolution\".[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forantorr-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kroeber-12"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"mass mobilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_mobilization"},{"link_name":"regime change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_change"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWO:9-13"},{"link_name":"Jack Goldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Perhaps most often, the word \"revolution\" is employed to denote a change in social and political institutions.[10][11][12] Jeff Goodwin gives two definitions of a revolution. First, a broad one, includingany and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional or violent fashion.Second, a narrow one, in whichrevolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.[13]Jack Goldstone defines a revolution asan effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and non-institutionalized actions that undermine authorities.[1]Early scholars debated distinctions between revolutions and civil wars.[4][14] They also debated whether revolutions were purely political (concerning the transformation of government) or whether they were more expansive in nature to encompass broader social change.[15]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Watt steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"coal mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alexis de Tocqueville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"proletarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"Charles Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilly"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Islamic Revolution of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_1848_map_en.png"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"bourgeois revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution"},{"link_name":"monarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"nation-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"Mark Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_N._Katz"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19974-21"},{"link_name":"Great leap forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_leap_forward"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Islamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik"},{"link_name":"Great powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powers"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_wave"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz199713-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz199712-23"},{"link_name":"social revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_revolution"},{"link_name":"proletarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_revolution"},{"link_name":"communist revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_revolution"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"nonviolent revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution"},{"link_name":"political systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system"},{"link_name":"social revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_revolution"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Commercial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Digital Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution"}],"text":"A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.There are many different typologies of revolutions in social science and literature.[16]Alexis de Tocqueville differentiated between:political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to transform an entire society, and;\nslow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).[17]One of several different Marxist typologies[18] divides revolutions into:pre-capitalist\nearly bourgeois\nbourgeois\nbourgeois-democratic\nearly proletarian\nsocialistCharles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between;coup d'état (a top-down seizure of power)\ncivil war\nrevolt, and\n\"great revolution\" (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).[19][20]Revolutions of 1848 were essentially bourgeois revolutions and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states.Mark Katz[21] identified six forms of revolution;rural revolution\nurban revolution\nCoup d'état, e.g. Egypt, 1952\nrevolution from above, e.g. Mao's Great leap forward of 1958\nrevolution from without, e.g. the allied invasions of Italy, 1944 and Germany, 1945.\nrevolution by osmosis, e.g. the gradual Islamization of several countries.These categories are not mutually exclusive; the Russian Revolution of 1917 began with the urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by rural revolution, followed by the Bolshevik coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows;Central; countries, usually Great powers, which play a leading role in a Revolutionary wave; e.g. the USSR, Nazi Germany, Iran since 1979.[22]\nAspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution\nsubordinate or puppet revolutions\nrival revolutions, e.g. communist Yugoslavia, and China after 1969A further dimension to Katz's typology[23] is that revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or for (pro-fascism, communism, nationalism etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is often necessary to decide on the direction taken.Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include the social revolutions; proletarian or communist revolutions (inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with Communism); failed or abortive revolutions (revolutions that fail to secure power after temporary victories or large-scale mobilization); or violent vs. nonviolent revolutions.The term revolution has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed in society, culture, philosophy, and technology much more than political systems; they are often known as social revolutions.[24] Some can be global, while others are limited to single countries. One of the classic examples of the usage of the word revolution in such context is the Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution or the Commercial Revolution. Such revolutions also fit the \"slow revolution\" definition of Tocqueville.[25]\nA similar example is the Digital Revolution.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Revolution_-_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political"},{"link_name":"Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg"},{"link_name":"storming of the Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenin.WWI.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution_of_1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunyatsen1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sun Yat-sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen"},{"link_name":"Xinhai Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2475_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khana Ratsadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon"},{"link_name":"Siamese Revolution of 1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"political sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWO:5-26"},{"link_name":"Jack Goldstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"Gustave Le Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Ellwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood"},{"link_name":"Pitirim Sorokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin"},{"link_name":"social psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology"},{"link_name":"crowd psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"social behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_behavior"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"Ted Robert Gurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Robert_Gurr"},{"link_name":"Ivo K. Feierbrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivo_K._Feierbrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosalind L. Feierbrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_L._Feierbrand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James A. Geschwender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_A._Geschwender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David C. Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Schwartz"},{"link_name":"Denton E. Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denton_E._Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cognitive psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology"},{"link_name":"frustration-aggression theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration-aggression_theory"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"Chalmers Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Neil Smelser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Smelser"},{"link_name":"Bob Jessop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jessop"},{"link_name":"Mark Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hart"},{"link_name":"Edward A. Tiryakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_A._Tiryakian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mark Hagopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Hagopian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talcott Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcott_Parsons"},{"link_name":"structural-functionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural-functionalist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"Charles Tilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilly"},{"link_name":"Samuel P. Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington"},{"link_name":"Peter Ammann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ammann"},{"link_name":"Arthur L. Stinchcombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_L._Stinchcombe"},{"link_name":"political sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sciences"},{"link_name":"pluralist theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralist_theory"},{"link_name":"interest group conflict theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interest_group_conflict_theory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"power struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_struggle"},{"link_name":"interest groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group"},{"link_name":"decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"},{"link_name":"political system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet3-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution of 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"Crane Brinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Brinton"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"List of revolutions and rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"Theda Skocpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Skocpol"},{"link_name":"Barrington Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Moore"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Paige&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"class conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict"},{"link_name":"States and Social Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_Social_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"Autumn of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution"},{"link_name":"People Power Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Autumn of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"mass strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"nonviolent revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution"},{"link_name":"class struggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle"},{"link_name":"structuralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism"},{"link_name":"agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"},{"link_name":"democratization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Maoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Maoz"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bjorn Thomassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomassen-34"},{"link_name":"Douglass North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_North"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989"},{"link_name":"violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"May Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Coup_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"plebiscites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscite"},{"link_name":"free elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election#Difficulties_with_elections"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldstonet4-1"}],"text":"R E V O L U T I O N, graffiti with political message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word Love.The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution.George Washington, leader of the American Revolution.Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Chinese Xinhai Revolution in 1911.Khana Ratsadon, a group of military officers and civil officials, who staged the Siamese Revolution of 1932.Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many social sciences, particularly sociology, political sciences and history.[26]Scholars of revolutions, like Jack Goldstone, differentiate four current 'generations' of scholarly research dealing with revolutions.[1] The scholars of the first generation such as Gustave Le Bon, Charles A. Ellwood, or Pitirim Sorokin, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions was usually related to social psychology, such as Le Bon's crowd psychology theory.[10]Second generation theorists sought to develop detailed theories of why and when revolutions arise, grounded in more complex social behavior theories. They can be divided into three major approaches: psychological, sociological and political.[10]The works of Ted Robert Gurr, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender, David C. Schwartz, and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They followed theories of cognitive psychology and frustration-aggression theory and saw the cause of revolution in the state of mind of the masses, and while they varied in their approach as to what exactly caused the people to revolt (e.g., modernization, recession, or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was the widespread frustration with socio-political situation.[10]The second group, composed of academics such as Chalmers Johnson, Neil Smelser, Bob Jessop, Mark Hart, Edward A. Tiryakian, and Mark Hagopian, followed in the footsteps of Talcott Parsons and the structural-functionalist theory in sociology; they saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of a severe disequilibrium that is responsible for revolutions.[10]Finally, the third group, which included writers such as Charles Tilly, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Ammann, and Arthur L. Stinchcombe followed the path of political sciences and looked at pluralist theory and interest group conflict theory. Those theories see events as outcomes of a power struggle between competing interest groups. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within a normal decision making process traditional for a given political system, and simultaneously have enough resources to employ force in pursuing their goals.[10]The second generation theorists saw the development of the revolutions as a two-step process; first, some change results in the present situation being different from the past; second, the new situation creates an opportunity for a revolution to occur. In that situation, an event that in the past would not be sufficient to cause a revolution (e.g., a war, a riot, a bad harvest), now is sufficient; however, if authorities are aware of the danger, they can still prevent a revolution through reform or repression.[1]Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases: famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Chinese Communist Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War) (1927–1949).[1] In his The Anatomy of Revolution, however, the Harvard historian Crane Brinton focused on the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.[27]In time, scholars began to analyze hundreds of other events as revolutions (see List of revolutions and rebellions), and differences in definitions and approaches gave rise to new definitions and explanations. The theories of the second generation have been criticized for their limited geographical scope, difficulty in empirical verification, as well as that while they may explain some particular revolutions, they did not explain why revolutions did not occur in other societies in very similar situations.[1]The criticism of the second generation led to the rise of a third generation of theories, with writers such as Theda Skocpol, Barrington Moore, Jeffrey Paige, and others expanding on the old Marxist class conflict approach, turning their attention to rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites, and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change. Particularly Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions became one of the most widely recognized works of the third generation; Skocpol defined revolution as \"rapid, basic transformations of society's state and class structures [...] accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below\", attributing revolutions to a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes.[1]The fall of the Berlin Wall and most of the events of the Autumn of Nations in Europe, 1989, were sudden and peaceful.From the late 1980s, a new body of scholarly work began questioning the dominance of the third generation's theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by new revolutionary events that could not be easily explained by them. The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines and the 1989 Autumn of Nations in Europe saw multi-class coalitions topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and mass strikes in nonviolent revolutions.For some historians, revolutions as mostly European violent state versus people and class struggles conflicts was no longer sufficient. The study of revolutions thus evolved in three directions, firstly, some researchers were applying previous or updated structuralist theories of revolutions to events beyond the previously analyzed, mostly European conflicts. Secondly, scholars called for greater attention to conscious agency in the form of ideology and culture in shaping revolutionary mobilization and objectives. Third, analysts of both revolutions and social movements realized that those phenomena have much in common, and a new 'fourth generation' literature on contentious politics has developed that attempts to combine insights from the study of social movements and revolutions in hopes of understanding both phenomena.[1]Further, social science research on revolution, primarily work in political science, has begun to move beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N empirical studies assessing the causes and implications of revolution. Initial studies generally rely on the Polity Project's data on democratization.[28] Such analyses, like those by Enterline,[29] Maoz,[30] and Mansfield and Snyder,[31] identify revolutions based on regime changes indicated by a change in the country's score on Polity's autocracy to democracy scale. More recently, scholars like Jeff Colgan have argued that Polity, which measures the degree of democratic or autocratic authority in a state's governing institutions based on the openness of executive recruitment, constraints on executive authority, and political competition, is inadequate because it measures democratization, not revolution, and fails to account for regimes which come to power by revolution but fail to change the structure of the state and society sufficiently to yield a notable difference in Polity score.[32] Instead, Colgan offers a new data set on revolutionary leaders which identifies governments that \"transform the existing social, political, and economic relationships of the state by overthrowing or rejecting the principal existing institutions of society.\"[33] This most recent data set has been employed to make empirically based contributions to the literature on revolution by identifying links between revolution and the likelihood of international disputes.Revolutions have also been approached from anthropological perspectives. Drawing on Victor Turner's writings on ritual and performance, Bjorn Thomassen has argued that revolutions can be understood as \"liminal\" moments: modern political revolutions very much resemble rituals and can therefore be studied within a process approach.[34] This would imply not only a focus on political behavior \"from below\", but also to recognize moments where \"high and low\" are relativized, made irrelevant or subverted, and where the micro and macro levels fuse together in critical conjunctions.Economist Douglass North argued that it is much easier for revolutionaries to alter formal political institutions such as laws and constitutions than to alter informal social conventions. According to North, inconsistencies between rapidly changing formal institutions and slow-changing informal ones can inhibit effective sociopolitical change. Because of this, the long-term effect of revolutionary political restructuring is often more moderate than the ostensible short-term effect.[35]While revolutions encompass events ranging from the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes to the violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, they exclude coups d'état, civil wars, revolts, and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority (such as Józef Piłsudski's May Coup of 1926 or the American Civil War), as well as peaceful transitions to democracy through institutional arrangements such as plebiscites and free elections, as in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco.[1]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Evolving Study of Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/920225/pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0735275118777004?journalCode=stxa"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0735275118777004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0735275118777004"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53669466","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53669466"},{"link_name":"The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2945993"},{"link_name":"Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4051-8464-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8464-9"}],"text":"Beissinger, Mark R. (2024). \"The Evolving Study of Revolution\". World Politics.\nBeck, Colin J. (2018). \"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution\". Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. S2CID 53669466.\nGoldstone, Jack A. (1982). \"The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions\". Annual Review of Sociology. 8: 187–207\nNess, Immanuel, ed. (2009). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Watt steam engine in Madrid. The development of the steam engine propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world. The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines, enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg"},{"image_text":"Revolutions of 1848 were essentially bourgeois revolutions and democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Europe_1848_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1848_map_en.png"},{"image_text":"R E V O L U T I O N, graffiti with political message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word Love.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Revolution_-_2014.jpg/220px-Revolution_-_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789 during the French Revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg/220px-Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg"},{"image_text":"George Washington, leader of the American Revolution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png/170px-Portrait_of_George_Washington-transparent.png"},{"image_text":"Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lenin.WWI.JPG/170px-Lenin.WWI.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Chinese Xinhai Revolution in 1911.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sunyatsen1.jpg/170px-Sunyatsen1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khana Ratsadon, a group of military officers and civil officials, who staged the Siamese Revolution of 1932.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2475_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2_01.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fall of the Berlin Wall and most of the events of the Autumn of Nations in Europe, 1989, were sudden and peaceful.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Age of Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Revolution"},{"title":"Classless society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_society"},{"title":"List of revolutions and rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions"},{"title":"Passive revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_revolution"},{"title":"Political warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_warfare"},{"title":"Psychological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare"},{"title":"Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion"},{"title":"Reformism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism"},{"title":"Revolutionary wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_wave"},{"title":"Right of revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_revolution"},{"title":"Social movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"title":"Subversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion"},{"title":"User revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_revolt"},{"title":"Preference falsification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preference_falsification"}]
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[{"reference":"Goldstone, Jack (2001). \"Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory\". Annual Review of Political Science. 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldstone","url_text":"Goldstone, Jack"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.4.1.139","url_text":"\"Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Political_Science","url_text":"Annual Review of Political Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.polisci.4.1.139","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Colin J. (2018). \"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution\". Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. ISSN 0735-2751. S2CID 53669466.","urls":[{"url":"https://osf.io/x8bf7/download","url_text":"\"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0735275118777004","url_text":"10.1177/0735275118777004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0735-2751","url_text":"0735-2751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53669466","url_text":"53669466"}]},{"reference":"Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/states-and-social-revolutions/9481262B2BDA1BFFB3C9218DBD447190","url_text":"States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511815805","url_text":"10.1017/cbo9780511815805"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22439-0","url_text":"978-0-521-22439-0"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Lawrence (1966). \"Theories of Revolution\". World Politics. 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009694. S2CID 154757362.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-revolution/66CDA67FF55E08E0620257F0FDE14876","url_text":"\"Theories of Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009694","url_text":"10.2307/2009694"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338","url_text":"1086-3338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009694","url_text":"2009694"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154757362","url_text":"154757362"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Killian (2023). \"Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution\". American Political Science Review. 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 254907991.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422001174","url_text":"\"Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055422001174","url_text":"10.1017/S0003055422001174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554","url_text":"0003-0554"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254907991","url_text":"254907991"}]},{"reference":"\"Revolution\". onlineetymology.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=revolution","url_text":"\"Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Pipes, Richard. \"A Concise History of the Russian Revolution\". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110511130014/http://chagala.com/russia/pipes.htm","url_text":"\"A Concise History of the Russian Revolution\""},{"url":"http://chagala.com/russia/pipes.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldstone, Jack (1980). \"Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation\". World Politics. 32 (3): 425–453. doi:10.2307/2010111. JSTOR 2010111. S2CID 154287826.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Goldstone","url_text":"Goldstone, Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Politics","url_text":"World Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2010111","url_text":"10.2307/2010111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2010111","url_text":"2010111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154287826","url_text":"154287826"}]},{"reference":"Foran, John (1993). \"Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation\". Sociological Theory. 11 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/201977. JSTOR 201977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foran_(sociologist)","url_text":"Foran, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_Theory_(journal)","url_text":"Sociological Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F201977","url_text":"10.2307/201977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/201977","url_text":"201977"}]},{"reference":"Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). \"Theory and History of Revolution\". Journal of World History. 7 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056. S2CID 144148530.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_World_History","url_text":"Journal of World History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2005.0056","url_text":"10.1353/jwh.2005.0056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144148530","url_text":"144148530"}]},{"reference":"Billington, James H. (1966). \"Six Views of the Russian Revolution\". World Politics. 18 (3): 452–473. doi:10.2307/2009765. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009765. S2CID 154688891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/six-views-of-the-russian-revolution/F41844384239517497C9A8AC94A70E4C","url_text":"\"Six Views of the Russian Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009765","url_text":"10.2307/2009765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338","url_text":"1086-3338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009765","url_text":"2009765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154688891","url_text":"154688891"}]},{"reference":"Yoder, Dale (1926). \"Current Definitions of Revolution\". American Journal of Sociology. 32 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1086/214128. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2765544.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2765544","url_text":"\"Current Definitions of Revolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F214128","url_text":"10.1086/214128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602","url_text":"0002-9602"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2765544","url_text":"2765544"}]},{"reference":"Grinin, Leonid; Grinin, Anton; Korotayev, Andrey (2022). \"20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves\". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-022-01120-9","url_text":"\"20th Century revolutions: characteristics, types, and waves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications","url_text":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-022-01120-9","url_text":"10.1057/s41599-022-01120-9"}]},{"reference":"Boesche, Roger (2006). Tocqueville's Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and Despotism. Lexington Books. pp. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA86 86]. ISBN 0-7391-1665-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Boesche","url_text":"Boesche, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Books","url_text":"Lexington Books"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA86","url_text":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-1665-7","url_text":"0-7391-1665-7"}]},{"reference":"Topolski, J. (1976). \"Rewolucje w dziejach nowożytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek)\" [Revolutions in modern and recent history (17th-20th century)]. Kwartalnik Historyczny (in Polish). LXXXIII: 251–267.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tilly, Charles (1995). European Revolutions, 1492-1992. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16. ISBN 0-631-19903-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilly","url_text":"Tilly, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing","url_text":"Blackwell Publishing"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBNvCsXfnIC&pg=PA16","url_text":"16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19903-9","url_text":"0-631-19903-9"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Bernard. \"Iran in History\". Moshe Dayan Center, Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429144545/http://www.tau.ac.il/dayancenter/mel/lewis.html","url_text":"\"Iran in History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University","url_text":"Tel Aviv University"},{"url":"http://www.tau.ac.il/dayancenter/mel/lewis.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fang, Irving E. (1997). A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Focal Press. pp. xv. ISBN 0-240-80254-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_Press","url_text":"Focal Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80254-3","url_text":"0-240-80254-3"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. Routledge. pp. 226. ISBN 0-415-31800-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Murray","url_text":"Murray, Warwick E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L-3Vq3aadTYC&pg=PA226","url_text":"226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31800-9","url_text":"0-415-31800-9"}]},{"reference":"Goodwin, Jeff (2001). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goodwin","url_text":"Goodwin, Jeff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"Brinton, Crane (1965) [1938]. The Anatomy of Revolution (revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Brinton","url_text":"Brinton, Crane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Revolution","url_text":"The Anatomy of Revolution"}]},{"reference":"\"PolityProject\". www.systemicpeace.org. Retrieved 17 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html","url_text":"\"PolityProject\""}]},{"reference":"Enterline, A. J. (1 December 1998). \"Regime Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992\". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 42 (6): 804–829. doi:10.1177/0022002798042006006. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 154877512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Conflict_Resolution","url_text":"Journal of Conflict Resolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002798042006006","url_text":"10.1177/0022002798042006006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0027","url_text":"0022-0027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154877512","url_text":"154877512"}]},{"reference":"Maoz, Zeev (1996). Domestic sources of global change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack (2007). Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War. MIT Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"}]},{"reference":"Colgan, Jeff (1 September 2012). \"Measuring Revolution\". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 29 (4): 444–467. doi:10.1177/0738894212449093. ISSN 0738-8942. S2CID 220675692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0738894212449093","url_text":"10.1177/0738894212449093"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-8942","url_text":"0738-8942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220675692","url_text":"220675692"}]},{"reference":"\"Data - Jeff D Colgan\". sites.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/jeffdcolgan/data","url_text":"\"Data - Jeff D Colgan\""}]},{"reference":"Thomassen, Bjorn (2012). \"Toward an anthropology of political revolutions\" (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3): 679–706. doi:10.1017/s0010417512000278. S2CID 15806418.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorn_Thomassen","url_text":"Thomassen, Bjorn"},{"url":"https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/files/38613537/Notes_towards_an_Anthropology_of_Political_Revolutions.pdf","url_text":"\"Toward an anthropology of political revolutions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417512000278","url_text":"10.1017/s0010417512000278"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15806418","url_text":"15806418"}]},{"reference":"North, Douglass C. (1992). Transaction costs, institutions, and economic performance. San Francisco: ICS Press. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fukuyama, Francis (1992). The End of History and the Last Man. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-013455-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama","url_text":"Fukuyama, Francis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=azRfjououTAC","url_text":"The End of History and the Last Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013455-1","url_text":"978-0-14-013455-1"}]},{"reference":"Getachew, Adom (2019). Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17915-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J3OYDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17915-5","url_text":"978-0-691-17915-5"}]},{"reference":"Gunitsky, Seva (2017). Aftershocks. Princeton University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarin_Ahmed
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Tareen Jahan
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Singing","3 Personal life","4 Television appearances","4.1 Dramas and telefilms","4.2 Television","5 Filmography","6 Discography","6.1 Solo","6.2 Film scores","7 Awards and nominations","8 References","9 External links"]
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Bangladeshi actress, model and singer
Tareen Jahanতারিন জাহানJahan in 2018BornYeasmin Jahan Tareen26 JulyNoakhali, BangladeshNationalityBangladeshiOccupationsActressmodelsingerYears active1988–presentSpouses
Sohel Arman
(m. 2001; div. 2001)AwardsMeril Prothom Alo Awards
Yeasmin Jahan Tareen (born 26 July), commonly known as Tareen Jahan, is a Bangladeshi actress, model and singer. She is mostly known for her acting career in the television dramas and telefilms. In 1985, she stood first at the reality television competition program Notun Kuri for acting, dancing and storytelling divisions. She won Meril Prothom Alo Awards three times for her roles in Kotha Chhilo Onnorokom (2006), Maya (2007) and Green Velvet (2012).
Early life
Jahan was born in Noakhali to Mohammad Shahjahan (d. 2021) and Tahmina Jahan. In 1985, Jahan stood first in the acting, dancing, and storytelling category in Bangladeshi talent hunt Notun Kuri. She took classical music lessons from Hasan Ikram Ullah. At the age of three, her mother would send her daughter to Tapan Das Gupta to learn dancing. She obtained a master's degree in social work from Lalmatia Women's College. She is the youngest among the five sisters including Nahin Kazi, a notable beautician and makeup artist.
Career
Jahan got her first major role as a child actor in the TV serial Ei Shob Din Ratri then she acted on the mega serial named Songsoptok, based on the novel by Shahidullah Kaiser, as a child artist in 1988. She acted in a film as a child actress in Kathal Burir Bagan (1988), directed by Badal Rahman. As an adult, she acted mostly in numerous television plays and teleflims. Her notable works plays include Ful Baganer Sap, Kotha Chilo Onyorokom, U Turn, Maya, Harano Akash, Rajkonya, Shobuj Velvet and Ogni Bolaka, and also telefilms like Megher Arale Megh and Ilish.
By 2013, Jahan acted in two films – Pirit Ratan Pirit Jatan and Kajaler Dinratri (2013). She then acted in a Bangladesh Liberation War based film, 1971 Shei Shob Din (2023). In 2024, she debuted in Indian Bengali cinema, through the film Eta Amader Golpo, directed by Manasi Sinha.
Besides, Jahan voiced for Priyanka Upendra and Priyanka Banerjee in two Indian-Bangla films and also one film for Shabnur. She owns a production house, A New Tree Entertainment Production.
Singing
Jahan released her first solo album, named Akash Debo Kake, in Eid ul Adha in 2011. There were ten tracks on the album, with four duet tracks where she sang with Raghab Chatterjee and Rupankar Bagchi of Kolkata and Ibrar Tipu and Tapan Chowdhury of Bangladesh. Joy Sarkar and Rupankar of Kolkata and Bappa Mazumder, Ibrar Tipu and Belal Khan were the composers of the album. All the tracks are based on different themes including mind, suffering, rain, hope, pain, sky, request, mother and others. She dedicated a song titled "Amar Prothom Dekha Nayok" to her father. This song was penned by Julfikar Rasel and composed by Ibrar Tipu. She also sang the title song of a drama named "Shopno Gulo Jonak Pokar Moto". This song was written by Arun Chowdhury and composed by Ibrar Tipu. Jahan, along with her elder sister Tuhin, own a production company.
Personal life
Jahan was married to Sohel Arman, a son of filmmaker Amjad Hossain, for less than a year in 2001.
Television appearances
Dramas and telefilms
Year
Title
Playwright & Director
Aired on
Notes & Source
1985-1986
Ei Shob Din Ratri
Humayun Ahmed, Mostafizur Rahman
Bangladesh Television
drama serial, acted as a child artist
1988
Songsoptok
Shahidullah Kaiser
Bangladesh Television
drama serial, acted as a child artist
Kathalburi
debut as a lead actress
Fuler Bagane Saap
acted first with Afzal
2006
Kotha Chhilo Onnorokom
won Meril Prothom Alo Awards in Best TV Actress (Popular) category
U-Turn
2007
Maya
won Meril Prothom Alo Awards in Best TV Actress (Popular) category
Harano Akash
Nupur
Bochhor Kuri Por
2011
Rajkonna
produced by her Tana Production House
2012
Sobuj Velvet
Muhammad Zafar IqbalAbu Raihan Jewel
ntv
and won Meril Prothom Alo Awards in Best TV Actress (Critics) category
Kalantar
Nakful
Niaz MahbubPantho Sahriar
Produced by herself
Chhayabrita
Tauquir Ahmed
ATN Bangla
TV serial
Kagojer Bari
Arun Chowdhury
ntv
TV serial
Bono Chaltar Gaye
Prasun Rahman Mahfuz Ahmed
5-episode TV serial, aired on Eid-ul-Adha
2013
Sopno Golu Jonak Pokar Moto
Jakaria Soukhin Chayonika Chowdhury
ATN Bangla
TV serial, sang the title song
Juary
Giasuddin Selim Chayonika Chowdhury
ATN Bangla
Eid Special Telefilm, Produced by herself
Shondhikkhon
Pantho Shahriar Niaz Mahbub
SA TV
Eid Special Telefilm, Produced by herself
Death of Birthday
Masum Reza Awlad Hossain
ATN Bangla
Eid Special Telefilm
Jotsna O Tar Jol
Tauquir Ahmed Arif Khan
Eid Special Telefilm
Brishti
Chayonika Chowdhury
Eid Special TV play
Rong Tulir Achor
Saiful Islam Mannu Chayonika Chowdhury
Eid Special TV play
Grand Master
Sahjahan Sourav Dipankar Dipan
TV serial
Hey Nistobdho Purnima Jamini
Bipasha Hayat Tauquir Ahmed
Eid special TV play
Abonti Tomar Opekkhay
MS Rana Naim Imtiaz Niamul
Banglavision
3 episode drama, aired on Eid
My Husband My Hero
Sahjahan Sourav Nuzhat Alvi Ahmed
Channel 9
2014
Golpoti Sotti
Naim Imtiaz Niamul
SA TV
Onucched 71
Shanta Rahman
ATN Bangla
Independent Day special TV play
Kalo Mokhmol
Niaz Mahbub
TV serial
Mon
Iraj Ahmed Chayonika Chowdhury
Ekushey Television
Telefilm, aired on Pahela Baishakh
Bewarish Manush
Tarikul Islam
Oporanno
Sakhawat Hossain Manik
ntv
aired on Eid
Sigmar Telephone Songlap
Dilara Hashem Ezaz Munna
Delishia Hotya
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain Begum Momtaz Hossain
Bangladesh Television
Television
Year
Program
Anchor
Channel
Notes
Sur Ar Anondo
Tarin
as host
2013
Gaane Alapone
Tarin
ntv
as host, aired on Valentine's Day
Filmography
Tarin acted in two films, Pirit Roton Pirit Joton and Kajoler Dinratri. Kajoler Dinratri was submitted for National Film Awards 2013.
Year
Film
Notes
Pirit Roton Pirit Joton
2013
Kajoler Dinratri
Discography
Solo
Year
Album
Notes
2012
Akash Debo Kake?
4 tracks of the album are duets, including one with Tapan Chowdhury
Film scores
Year
Film
Notes
2013
Shopno Gulo Jonak Pokar Moto
Serial drama directed by Chayanika Chowdhury.
Awards and nominations
Year
Award Title
Category
Drama
Result
1982
Notun Kuri
Acting, Dancing, Story Telling
First
2006
Meril Prothom Alo Awards
Best TV Actress (Popular)
Kotha Chhilo Onnorokom
Won
2007
Meril Prothom Alo Awards
Best TV Actress (Popular)
Maya
Won
2012
Meril Prothom Alo Awards
Best TV Actress (Critics)
Green Velvet
Won
References
^ "Tareen will spend a busy birthday". The Daily Star. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ "Launched her debut album in August 2011". Dhaka Mirror. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ a b c d e তারিনের দিনরাত্রি . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ a b c বদলে যাওয়া তারিন . Ekushey TV. 2018-07-21.
^ a b c ঈদে তারিনের নাটক 'হে নিস্তব্ধ পূর্ণিমা যামিনি' . Bijoy Bangla24 (in Bengali). Dhaka. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ a b বাবা হারালেন অভিনেত্রী তারিন. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ "Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'". Daily Sun. 2021. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
^ a b "Tarin's different preparation..." Dhaka Mirror. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ তারিন জাহান - প্রিয়.কম. priyo.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
^ এই সময়ের তারিন. Samakal (in Bengali).
^ "Tareen honoured at her own college". The New Nation. 10 December 2019.
^ সৌন্দর্যের ভুবনে নাহিন কাজী'র চার দশক. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ a b "Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'". Daily Sun. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ "Tareen to make Tollywood debut this month". The Daily Star. 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ বাবাকে তারিনের উপহার! . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-09. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ Khan, Fahud (7 March 2013). নাটকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ ঢালিউডে আলোচিত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ . Channel i (in Bengali). 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
^ তারিনকে কাঁদালেন চম্পা . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-05-28. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ শিক্ষামূলক নাটকে তারিন . Jaijaidin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ ধারাবাহিকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন . Manab Zamin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ নাটক প্রযোজনা করছেন তারিন . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ ধারাবাহিকমুখী তারিন . Jaijaidin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ মিলনের 'অবন্তি তোমার অপেক্ষায়' . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ তারিনের 'মাই হ্যাসবেন্ড মাই হিরো' . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-12-19. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ দীর্ঘ আট বছর পর একসঙ্গে আফজাল-তারিন . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-01-02. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ আবার শুরু . Manab Zamin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ ফুরিয়ে যাননি তারিন . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-03-15. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ পহেলা বৈশাখে অপূর্ব-তারিনের 'মন' . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-11. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ বেছে বেছে নাটক করছেন তারিন! . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-22. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ a b তারিনের 'ডেলেশিয়া হত্যা' . Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-11-30. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ আবার উপস্থাপনায় তারিন . Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Dhaka. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
External links
Tareen Jahan at IMDb
vteMeril-Prothom Alo Critics Choice Award for Best TV Actress
Meghna (1998)
Rokeya Prachy (1999)
Tarana Halim (2000)
Afsana Mimi (2001)
Richi Solaiman (2002)
Elora Gohor (2003)
Suborna Mustafa (2004)
Shomi Kaiser (2005)
Jaya Ahsan (2006)
Aupee Karim (2007)
Monira Mithu (2008)
Nauha Munir Dihan (2009)
Dipanwita Haldar (2010)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2011)
Tareen Jahan (2012)
Farzana Chabi (2013)
Sanjida Preeti (2014)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2015)
Aupee Karim (2016)
Savita Sen (2017)
Rumana Rashid Ishita (2018)
vteMeril-Prothom Alo Award for Best TV Actress
Bipasha Hayat (1999)
Bipasha Hayat (2000)
Shomi Kaiser (2001)
Shomi Kaiser (2002)
Bipasha Hayat (2003)
Aupee Karim (2004)
Ipshita Shabnam Srabonti (2005)
Aupee Karim (2006)
Tareen Jahan (2007)
Tareen Jahan (2008)
Sumaiya Shimu (2009)
Jaya Ahsan (2010)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2011)
Jaya Ahsan (2012)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2013)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2014)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2015)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2016)
Nusrat Imrose Tisha (2017)
Mehazabien Chowdhury (2018)
Mehazabien Chowdhury (2019)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifestyle-3"},{"link_name":"Notun Kuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notun_Kuri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodle-4"},{"link_name":"Meril Prothom Alo Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meril_Prothom_Alo_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purnimajamini-5"}],"text":"Yeasmin Jahan Tareen (born 26 July),[1] commonly known as Tareen Jahan, is a Bangladeshi actress, model and singer.[2] She is mostly known for her acting career in the television dramas and telefilms.[3] In 1985, she stood first at the reality television competition program Notun Kuri for acting, dancing and storytelling divisions.[4] She won Meril Prothom Alo Awards three times for her roles in Kotha Chhilo Onnorokom (2006), Maya (2007) and Green Velvet (2012).[5]","title":"Tareen Jahan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noakhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodle-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-father-6"},{"link_name":"Notun Kuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notun_Kuri"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-father-6"}],"text":"Jahan was born in Noakhali to Mohammad Shahjahan (d. 2021) and Tahmina Jahan.[4][6] In 1985, Jahan stood first in the acting, dancing, and storytelling category in Bangladeshi talent hunt Notun Kuri.[7] She took classical music lessons from Hasan Ikram Ullah.[8] At the age of three, her mother would send her daughter to Tapan Das Gupta to learn dancing.[9][10] She obtained a master's degree in social work from Lalmatia Women's College.[11] She is the youngest among the five sisters including Nahin Kazi, a notable beautician and makeup artist.[12][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ei Shob Din Ratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei_Shob_Din_Ratri"},{"link_name":"Songsoptok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songsoptok"},{"link_name":"Shahidullah Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahidullah_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Kathal Burir Bagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathal_Burir_Bagan"},{"link_name":"Badal Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badal_Rahman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifestyle-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1971-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodle-4"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Liberation War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"1971 Shei Shob Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Shei_Shob_Din"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1971-13"},{"link_name":"Indian Bengali cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Manasi Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasi_Sinha"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Upendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Upendra"},{"link_name":"Shabnur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabnur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifestyle-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifestyle-3"}],"text":"Jahan got her first major role as a child actor in the TV serial Ei Shob Din Ratri then she acted on the mega serial named Songsoptok, based on the novel by Shahidullah Kaiser, as a child artist in 1988. She acted in a film as a child actress in Kathal Burir Bagan (1988), directed by Badal Rahman.[3] As an adult, she acted mostly in numerous television plays and teleflims. Her notable works plays include Ful Baganer Sap, Kotha Chilo Onyorokom, U Turn, Maya, Harano Akash, Rajkonya, Shobuj Velvet and Ogni Bolaka, and also telefilms like Megher Arale Megh and Ilish.[13]By 2013, Jahan acted in two films – Pirit Ratan Pirit Jatan and Kajaler Dinratri (2013).[4] She then acted in a Bangladesh Liberation War based film, 1971 Shei Shob Din (2023).[13] In 2024, she debuted in Indian Bengali cinema, through the film Eta Amader Golpo, directed by Manasi Sinha.[14]Besides, Jahan voiced for Priyanka Upendra and Priyanka Banerjee in two Indian-Bangla films and also one film for Shabnur.[3] She owns a production house, A New Tree Entertainment Production.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tapan Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapan_Chowdhury_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bappa Mazumder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bappa_Mazumder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mirror-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fahud-16"}],"sub_title":"Singing","text":"Jahan released her first solo album, named Akash Debo Kake, in Eid ul Adha in 2011. There were ten tracks on the album, with four duet tracks where she sang with Raghab Chatterjee and Rupankar Bagchi of Kolkata and Ibrar Tipu and Tapan Chowdhury of Bangladesh. Joy Sarkar and Rupankar of Kolkata and Bappa Mazumder, Ibrar Tipu and Belal Khan were the composers of the album. All the tracks are based on different themes including mind, suffering, rain, hope, pain, sky, request, mother and others.[8] She dedicated a song titled \"Amar Prothom Dekha Nayok\" to her father. This song was penned by Julfikar Rasel and composed by Ibrar Tipu.[15] She also sang the title song of a drama named \"Shopno Gulo Jonak Pokar Moto\". This song was written by Arun Chowdhury and composed by Ibrar Tipu.[16] Jahan, along with her elder sister Tuhin, own a production company.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amjad Hossain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Hossain"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-divorce-17"}],"text":"Jahan was married to Sohel Arman, a son of filmmaker Amjad Hossain, for less than a year in 2001.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Television appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dramas and telefilms","title":"Television appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Television appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delishia-30"}],"text":"Tarin acted in two films, Pirit Roton Pirit Joton and Kajoler Dinratri. Kajoler Dinratri was submitted for National Film Awards 2013.[30]","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film scores","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Tareen will spend a busy birthday\". The Daily Star. 2017-07-26. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/tareen-will-spend-busy-birthday-1438585","url_text":"\"Tareen will spend a busy birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Launched her debut album in August 2011\". Dhaka Mirror. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhakamirror.com/uncategorized/tarin%e2%80%a6/#move=33833","url_text":"\"Launched her debut album in August 2011\""}]},{"reference":"তারিনের দিনরাত্রি [Tarin's daily life]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF","url_text":"তারিনের দিনরাত্রি"}]},{"reference":"বদলে যাওয়া তারিন [Evolved Tareen]. Ekushey TV. 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8/35949","url_text":"বদলে যাওয়া তারিন"}]},{"reference":"ঈদে তারিনের নাটক 'হে নিস্তব্ধ পূর্ণিমা যামিনি' [Tarin's 'Hey Nistobdho Purnima Jamini' on Eid]. Bijoy Bangla24 (in Bengali). Dhaka. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151121214805/http://bijoybangla24.com/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D/","url_text":"ঈদে তারিনের নাটক 'হে নিস্তব্ধ পূর্ণিমা যামিনি'"},{"url":"http://bijoybangla24.com/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"বাবা হারালেন অভিনেত্রী তারিন. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/666037/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"বাবা হারালেন অভিনেত্রী তারিন"}]},{"reference":"\"Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'\". Daily Sun. 2021. Retrieved 2023-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/557197","url_text":"\"Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tarin's different preparation...\" Dhaka Mirror. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhakamirror.com/uncategorized/tarin%E2%80%99s-different-preparation%E2%80%A6/#more-33833","url_text":"\"Tarin's different preparation...\""}]},{"reference":"তারিন জাহান - প্রিয়.কম. priyo.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729222337/https://www.priyo.com/people/tareen-jahan/","url_text":"তারিন জাহান - প্রিয়.কম"},{"url":"https://www.priyo.com/people/tareen-jahan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"এই সময়ের তারিন. Samakal (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-others/article/1503123982/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"এই সময়ের তারিন"}]},{"reference":"\"Tareen honoured at her own college\". The New Nation. 10 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailynewnation.com/news/238824/tareen-honoured-at-her-own-college","url_text":"\"Tareen honoured at her own college\""}]},{"reference":"সৌন্দর্যের ভুবনে নাহিন কাজী'র চার দশক. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). 2021-06-18. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banglatribune.com/lifestyle/special-feature/686214/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80'%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95","url_text":"সৌন্দর্যের ভুবনে নাহিন কাজী'র চার দশক"}]},{"reference":"\"Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'\". Daily Sun. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/557197","url_text":"\"Tareen in '1971 Shei Sob Din'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tareen to make Tollywood debut this month\". The Daily Star. 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2024-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/tareen-make-tollywood-debut-month-3591176","url_text":"\"Tareen to make Tollywood debut this month\""}]},{"reference":"বাবাকে তারিনের উপহার! [Tarin's gift to her Father]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-09. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/04/09/63474.html","url_text":"বাবাকে তারিনের উপহার!"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Fahud (7 March 2013). নাটকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন [Tarin rendered voice in Drama Track]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2013/03/07/12266.html","url_text":"নাটকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন"}]},{"reference":"ঢালিউডে আলোচিত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ [Notable divorces in Dhallywood]. Channel i (in Bengali). 2016-06-05. Retrieved 2019-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelionline.com/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A/","url_text":"ঢালিউডে আলোচিত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ"}]},{"reference":"তারিনকে কাঁদালেন চম্পা [Champa cried Tarin]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-05-28. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2013/05/28/19561.html","url_text":"তারিনকে কাঁদালেন চম্পা"}]},{"reference":"শিক্ষামূলক নাটকে তারিন [Tarin in educational dramas]. Jaijaidin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jjdin.com/?view=details&archiev=yes&arch_date=11-09-2012&type=single&pub_no=237&cat_id=1&menu_id=63&news_type_id=1&news_id=32263","url_text":"শিক্ষামূলক নাটকে তারিন"}]},{"reference":"ধারাবাহিকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন [Tarin lend voice for Drama serial]. Manab Zamin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mzamin.com/details.php?mzamin=NTkzNTA=","url_text":"ধারাবাহিকের গানে কণ্ঠ দিলেন তারিন"}]},{"reference":"নাটক প্রযোজনা করছেন তারিন [Tarin produced Drama]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-04-08. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2013/04/08/15397.html","url_text":"নাটক প্রযোজনা করছেন তারিন"}]},{"reference":"ধারাবাহিকমুখী তারিন [Tarin moved to Drama serials]. Jaijaidin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jjdin.com/?view=details&type=single&pub_no=1124&cat_id=1&menu_id=63&news_type_id=1&index=0&archiev=yes&arch_date=08-03-2015","url_text":"ধারাবাহিকমুখী তারিন"}]},{"reference":"মিলনের 'অবন্তি তোমার অপেক্ষায়' [Milon's 'Abonti Tomar Opekkhay']. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2013/10/09/35220.html","url_text":"মিলনের 'অবন্তি তোমার অপেক্ষায়'"}]},{"reference":"তারিনের 'মাই হ্যাসবেন্ড মাই হিরো' [Tarin's 'My Husband My Hero']. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2013-12-19. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2013/12/19/46089.html","url_text":"তারিনের 'মাই হ্যাসবেন্ড মাই হিরো'"}]},{"reference":"দীর্ঘ আট বছর পর একসঙ্গে আফজাল-তারিন [Afzal-Tarin after long Eight years]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-01-02. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/01/02/47590.html","url_text":"দীর্ঘ আট বছর পর একসঙ্গে আফজাল-তারিন"}]},{"reference":"আবার শুরু [Again starts]. Manab Zamin (in Bengali). Dhaka. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mzamin.com/details.php?mzamin=MTUwNzI=&s=MQ==","url_text":"আবার শুরু"}]},{"reference":"ফুরিয়ে যাননি তারিন [Tarin hasn't finished]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-03-15. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/03/15/58683.html","url_text":"ফুরিয়ে যাননি তারিন"}]},{"reference":"পহেলা বৈশাখে অপূর্ব-তারিনের 'মন' [Apurba-Tarin's 'Mon' on Pahela Boishak]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-11. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/04/11/63885.html","url_text":"পহেলা বৈশাখে অপূর্ব-তারিনের 'মন'"}]},{"reference":"বেছে বেছে নাটক করছেন তারিন! [Tarin working selective plays]. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-04-22. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/04/22/65489-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"বেছে বেছে নাটক করছেন তারিন!"}]},{"reference":"তারিনের 'ডেলেশিয়া হত্যা' [Tarin's 'Delishia Hotya']. Priyo News (in Bengali). Dhaka. 2014-11-30. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.priyo.com/2014/11/30/121401.html","url_text":"তারিনের 'ডেলেশিয়া হত্যা'"}]},{"reference":"আবার উপস্থাপনায় তারিন [Tarin again in anchoring]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Dhaka. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2013-01-18/news/322403","url_text":"আবার উপস্থাপনায় তারিন"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Foreign_and_Security_Policy
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Council for Foreign and Security Policy
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["1 Members","2 Activity","3 Publications","4 External links"]
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The Council for Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (Ukrainian: Рада із зовнішньої та безпекової політики) is a non-governmental research organization focusing on the Ukrainian national and foreign security policy to develop well-grounded recommendations for the current government of Ukraine, non-governmental associations, as well as foreign states and societies. The CFSP was established on 15 December 2009 in Kyiv.
Members
The Council brings together Ukrainian national security and foreign policy experts. The CFSP's Head is Volodymyr Horbulin, former Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Other CFSP members include:
Oleksandr V. Lytvynenko, Dr. of Political Sciences;
Victor V. Zamiatin, Honoured Journalist of Ukraine, editor.
Activity
The CFSP's mission is ensuring social democratic development of Ukraine as an important European state. Its key activities and tasks cover:
assistance with arrangement and delivery of analytical and scientific research on the foreign policy and Ukraine's national security;
rallying of the Ukrainian expert community for foreign and security policy;
analytical-expert and scientific forecasting support to foreign and security policy solutions;
elaboration and specialized expertise of draft foreign and security policy regulations;
improvement of the professional level of Ukrainian experts and specialists in foreign and security policy, extension of respective knowledge to wide public through organization and conduction of conferences, round tables, workshops, summer and winter courses, trainings and other public events, speeches in mass media;
encouragement of the democratic civil control over activity of state agencies developing and implementing foreign and security policy;
establishing and maintaining international contacts with expert communities for foreign and security policy of other states;
publishing activity.
The first large-scale project of the Council for Foreign and Security Policy is the International Security Forum "From Ukrainian Security to European Security. 21st Century Challenges" which was held in Lviv on 15–16 April 2010.
Publications
Reinvigorating the Ukrainian Republic, Volodymyr Horbulin, 2 February 2010, Business Ukraine Online
European Security: Possible Way to Mitigate Challenges and Threats, Volodymyr Horbulin, Oleksandr Lytvynenko, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia newspaper, No. 43 (771) 7–13 November 2009, English translation – CFSP web-site
External links
Official web-site of the Council for Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Council for Foreign and Security Policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volodymyr Horbulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Horbulin"},{"link_name":"National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr V. Lytvynenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleksandr_V._Lytvynenko&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Council brings together Ukrainian national security and foreign policy experts. The CFSP's Head is Volodymyr Horbulin, former Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Other CFSP members include:Oleksandr V. Lytvynenko, Dr. of Political Sciences;\nVictor V. Zamiatin, Honoured Journalist of Ukraine, editor.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Council for Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100422003729/http://www.cfsp.org.ua/"},{"link_name":"International Security Forum \"From Ukrainian Security to European Security. 21st Century Challenges\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100523101112/http://www.securityforum.org.ua/"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"}],"text":"The CFSP's mission is ensuring social democratic development of Ukraine as an important European state. Its key activities and tasks cover:assistance with arrangement and delivery of analytical and scientific research on the foreign policy and Ukraine's national security;\nrallying of the Ukrainian expert community for foreign and security policy;\nanalytical-expert and scientific forecasting support to foreign and security policy solutions;\nelaboration and specialized expertise of draft foreign and security policy regulations;\nimprovement of the professional level of Ukrainian experts and specialists in foreign and security policy, extension of respective knowledge to wide public through organization and conduction of conferences, round tables, workshops, summer and winter courses, trainings and other public events, speeches in mass media;\nencouragement of the democratic civil control over activity of state agencies developing and implementing foreign and security policy;\nestablishing and maintaining international contacts with expert communities for foreign and security policy of other states;\npublishing activity.The first large-scale project of the Council for Foreign and Security Policy is the International Security Forum \"From Ukrainian Security to European Security. 21st Century Challenges\" which was held in Lviv on 15–16 April 2010.","title":"Activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinvigorating the Ukrainian Republic, Volodymyr Horbulin, 2 February 2010, Business Ukraine Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110911112406/http://www.bunews.com.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227%3Areinvigorating-the-ukrainian-republic&catid=22%3Aopinion-&"},{"link_name":"European Security: Possible Way to Mitigate Challenges and Threats, Volodymyr Horbulin, Oleksandr Lytvynenko, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia newspaper, No. 43 (771) 7–13 November 2009, English translation – CFSP web-site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110912041319/http://www.cfsp.org.ua/en/publications/publications/32-2010-01-12-14-10-37"}],"text":"Reinvigorating the Ukrainian Republic, Volodymyr Horbulin, 2 February 2010, Business Ukraine OnlineEuropean Security: Possible Way to Mitigate Challenges and Threats, Volodymyr Horbulin, Oleksandr Lytvynenko, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia newspaper, No. 43 (771) 7–13 November 2009, English translation – CFSP web-site","title":"Publications"}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100422003729/http://www.cfsp.org.ua/","external_links_name":"Council for Foreign and Security Policy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100523101112/http://www.securityforum.org.ua/","external_links_name":"International Security Forum \"From Ukrainian Security to European Security. 21st Century Challenges\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911112406/http://www.bunews.com.ua/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227%3Areinvigorating-the-ukrainian-republic&catid=22%3Aopinion-&","external_links_name":"Reinvigorating the Ukrainian Republic, Volodymyr Horbulin, 2 February 2010, Business Ukraine Online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912041319/http://www.cfsp.org.ua/en/publications/publications/32-2010-01-12-14-10-37","external_links_name":"European Security: Possible Way to Mitigate Challenges and Threats, Volodymyr Horbulin, Oleksandr Lytvynenko, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia newspaper, No. 43 (771) 7–13 November 2009, English translation – CFSP web-site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100422003729/http://www.cfsp.org.ua/","external_links_name":"Official web-site of the Council for Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_College_of_Health_Professions
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VCU College of Health Professions
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["1 History","2 Departments","3 Rankings","4 References"]
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VCU College of Health ProfessionsTypePublic universityEstablished1969DeanSusan L. Parish, PhD, MSWStudents1,300LocationRichmond, Virginia, United StatesCampusMCV CampusWebsitechp.vcu.edu
The Virginia Commonwealth University College of Health Professions, formerly known as the School of Allied Health Professions, is a school of health professions located in the United States city of Richmond. The school is part of Virginia Commonwealth University and is located on VCU's MCV Campus. It is one of only 116 member institutions in the Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions in the U.S.
History
The College of Health Professions is located on VCU's MCV Campus and was created in 1969. The name of the college was formerly the "School of Allied Health Professions" but was changed to its current moniker in 2018. Today, the College enrolls approximately 1,300 students. All departments are headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. The Department of Nurse Anesthesia also offers its doctor of nurse anesthesia practice (DNAP) programs in Abingdon, Alexandria, and Roanoke, Virginia and in Richmond. The Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences offers BS and MS in medical laboratory science programs in Abingdon, Virginia and in Richmond.
Construction of a new 154,100 square foot building to house all of the academic and administrative units of the College was approved by the VCU Board of Visitors in May 2016. The various units and departments were previously spread across multiple VCU buildings and a rented facility near campus. Groundbreaking for the facility occurred in May 2017 on the site of former 1950's era dorms. Completed in March 2019, the 8-story building is a LEED Certified Silver facility.
Departments
College of Health Professions building, completed March 2019.Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Gerontology
Department of Health Administration
Department of Nurse Anesthesia
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Patient Counseling
Department of Physical Therapy
Department of Radiation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling
Rankings
The multiple departments in the school have been repeatedly ranked as some of the best in the nation by multiple sources. Most recently, U.S. News & World Report has five of the departments ranked in the top twenty in their respective areas, with three of these being in the top five. These include:
Health Services Administration 5th
Rehabilitation Counseling 4th
Nurse Anesthesia 1st
Occupational Therapy 15th
Physical Therapy 20th
Notably, the remaining four departments are in disciplines that U.S. News & World Report does not rank.
References
^ a b "2010-2011 VCU Fact Card" (PDF). January 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
^ Carnegie Classifications | Institution Profile
^ "VCU's School of Allied Health Professions becomes the VCU College of Health Professions". news.vcu.edu. VCU News. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
^ a b c d "College of Health Professions". www.muellerassoc.com. Mueller Associates, Inc. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ "VCU board approves new Allied Health building, tuition increase". richmond.com. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ "New $87M VCU tower debuts". richmondbizsense.com. Richmond BizSense. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ a b "VCU breaks ground on $87M facility". richmondbizsense.com. Richmond BizSense. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ "VCU tops off $87M Allied Health building". richmondbizsense.com. Richmond BizSense. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ "Rankings and recognition". 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
vteVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAcademicsColleges
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|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_(disambiguation)
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QAM (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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QAM stands for Quadrature amplitude modulation
QAM may also refer to:
QAM (television), digital television standard using quadrature amplitude modulation
q.AM (Quaque die Ante Meridiem), indicates medication should be taken every morning
Quantum analog of AM complexity class - see QMA
Queer Azaadi Mumbai, LGBT pride march held in the Indian city of Mumbai
See also
Qaem, refers to two completely separate Iranian weapons: an air-to-ground glide bomb and a ground-to-air missile
Quam (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title QAM.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/QAM_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Teresa_de_Filippis
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Maria Teresa de Filippis
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early career","1.2 Formula One","1.3 Retirement","1.4 Later career and death","2 Legacy","3 Racing record","3.1 Complete Formula One World Championship results","3.2 Non-Championship Formula One results","4 References","5 External links"]
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Italian racing driver (1926–2016)
Maria Teresa de Filippisde Filippis at the 1949 Aosta–Gran San Bernardo hillclimbBorn(1926-11-11)11 November 1926Naples, Campania, ItalyDied8 January 2016(2016-01-08) (aged 89)Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, ItalyFormula One World Championship careerNationality ItalianActive years1958–1959TeamsBehra-PorscheNon-works MaseratiEntries5 (3 starts)Championships0Wins0Podiums0Career points0Pole positions0Fastest laps0First entry1958 Monaco Grand PrixLast entry1959 Monaco Grand Prix
Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 8 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver, and the first woman to race in Formula One. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. Though her Formula One racing career was brief, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.
Biography
De Filippis was born on 11 November 1926 in Marigliano, Italy. She was the youngest of five children of an Italian count, Serino Francesco De Filippis, and a Spanish noblewoman, Narcisa Anselmi Balaguer Roca de Togores y Ruco y Perpignan. De Filippis' father owned the 16th-century Palazzo Marigliano in Naples, where she grew up. She started displaying an interest in sport since her teenage years, being a keen horse rider and tennis player.
Early career
De Filippis debuted in the 1948 Salerno–Cava de' Tirreni race, in a Fiat 500
In the late 1940s, at the end of World War II, de Filippis developed an interest in motorsport. Despite some reservations from her intimate circle of friends and relatives (two of her brothers told her that she would not be able to go very fast, goading her and making a bet that she would be slow), at the age of 22, de Filippis began her racing career. She won her first race, driving a Fiat 500 on a 10 km drive between Salerno and Cava de' Tirreni. This result gave her the confidence to compete in the Italian sports car championship, where she finished second in the 1954 season. Seeing her potential, Maserati brought her in as the works driver.
In the following years, de Filippis took part in various motor racing events, including hillclimbing and endurance racing. She finished second in a sportscar race supporting the 1956 Naples Grand Prix, driving a Maserati 200S.
Formula One
De Filippis in her Maserati 250F s/n 2501/2523 at the Italian Grand Prix (Monza) on 7 September 1958
In 1958 de Filippis was given the chance to drive a Formula One car. Although Maserati was a successful Formula One chassis manufacturer in the 1950s, supplying several teams and winning numerous races (in 1957 Juan Manuel Fangio won the drivers' title in a Maserati 250F, his fifth and final championship win), by 1958 the team had officially withdrawn from the sport but many of the cars remained available to privateers. On 18 May 1958 de Filippis was given the opportunity to enter the Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the 1958 Formula One season, in one of the 250Fs. Of the 31 entrants only half set a time good enough to qualify, with de Filippis missing out alongside fellow debutant and future Formula One Management and Formula One Administration president Bernie Ecclestone. Ecclestone and de Filippis forged a friendship on the occasion, and remained on good terms for the years to come. De Filippis's time of 1:50.8 was 5.8 seconds behind the qualifying time of the fastest 16 which included future world champions Mike Hawthorn, Jack Brabham, and Graham Hill in his first race. Fangio gave de Filippis plenty of advice during the season. In a 2006 interview, she recalled that Fangio told her, "You go too fast, you take too many risks."
The 1958 Belgian Grand Prix allowed all drivers to compete with no cut-off for a qualifying time. De Filippis qualified in 19th place, nearly 34 seconds off Tony Brooks' pole position time and only ahead of a mechanically-hindered Ken Kavanagh. Although she was lapped twice in the 24 lap race she managed to finish, albeit in 10th and last place after nine other cars failed to finish. This would prove to be her only race finish.
At the following race, the French Grand Prix at Reims-Gueux on 6 July 1958, de Fillipis was prevented from competing. In a 2006 interview she claimed that the race director dismissed her by telling her that "the only helmet a woman should wear is the one at the hairdresser's".
On the occasion of the 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix in August, de Filippis qualified in last place, more than 15 seconds slower than the car ahead of her. Her race lasted only six laps before her engine failed. On 7 September 1958, she started her home Grand Prix at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza from last place. She completed 57 of the 70 laps before having to retire with engine problems. As the 14th and final retirement out of 21, she was classified as eighth.
In 1959 de Filippis joined the Behra-Porsche RSK team. She entered the Monaco Grand Prix but failed to qualify, her time of 1'47.8 being three seconds off the lowest qualifying pace and a further one second behind teammate Wolfgang von Trips. It turned out to be her final attempt at Grand Prix qualification.
Retirement
Following the death of Porsche team leader Jean Behra in a racing accident on 1 August 1959 while driving in the sports car support race for the 1959 German Grand Prix at AVUS, de Filippis, devastated by the event, left the circuit and retired from professional racing.
Later career and death
Around 1960 de Filippis married Austrian chemist Theodor Huschek, and started a family. She kept away from all forms of motor racing until 1979 when she joined the International Club of Former F1 Grand Prix Drivers. In 1997 she was appointed Vice-President. She was also a founding member of the Maserati Club in 2004 and went on to become its chairperson. De Filippis died in January 2016 at the age of 89.
Legacy
De Filippis was a pioneer in motor racing, a sport traditionally dominated by men. No woman would race in Formula One again for a further 15 years until fellow Italian Lella Lombardi competed between 1974 and 1976. Lombardi went on to become the first and as of 2023 only female driver to have finished a World Championship Formula One race in a point-scoring position. Three other women have since then tried to enter a Formula One race, albeit unsuccessfully – Giovanna Amati, Divina Galica and Desiré Wilson.
Racing record
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
WDC
Points
1958
Maria Teresa de Filippis
Maserati 250F
MaseratiStraight-6
ARG
MONDNQ
NED
500
BEL10
FRA
GBR
GER
ITARet
MOR
NC
0
Scuderia Centro Sud
PORRet
1959
Dr Ing F Porsche KG
Behra-Porsche RSK (F2)
Porsche Flat-4
MONDNQ
500
NED
FRA
GBR
GER
POR
ITA
USA
NC
0
Sources:
Non-Championship Formula One results
(key)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
1958
Maria Teresa de Filippis
Maserati 250F
MaseratiStraight-6
BUE
GLV
SYR5
AIN
INT
CAE
1959
Maria Teresa de Filippis
Maserati 250F
MaseratiStraight-6
BUE
GLV
AIN
INTRet
OUL
SIL
Source:
References
^ a b c d Williamson, Martin. "Maria Teresa de Filippis". ESPN. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
^ a b MotorSport, Database for Maria Teresa de Filipis
^ a b c d e f Eve, James (5 March 2006). "Maria Teresa De Filippis". Observer Sport Monthly. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
^ a b Daily Telegraph, 11 Feb 2016, Obituary of Maria Teresa de Filippis
^ a b "Maria Teresa de Filipis". theguardian.com. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ "XIII GRAN PREMIO NAPOLI Another Bad Day for Ferrari". Motor Sport magazine archive. June 1956. p. 61. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Juan Manuel Fangio". The Official Formula 1 Website. Formula One World Championship Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Hawthorn's title in a season of tragedy". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "1958 Monaco Grand Prix". The Official Formula 1 Website. Formula One World Championship Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Monaco Grand Prix 1958 / Results". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Graham Hill". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Belgian Grand Prix 1958 / Results". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ Slotnik, Daniel E. (16 January 2016). "Maria Teresa de Filippis, Pioneer of Auto Racing, Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^ "Italian Grand Prix 1958 / Results". ESPN. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ a b c Resteck, Hilary; Schuster, Casey. "Maria Teresa de Filippis" (PDF). TheHenryFord.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
^ "Monaco Grand Prix 1959 / Results". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "Addio Signorina F1". 10 January 2016.
^ "Cooper powers Jack Brabham to the title". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^ "F1's first-ever female driver passes away aged 89". motorsport.com. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ "A Brief History of Women in F1 – Formula World |Formula 1". 19 August 2021.
^ Williamson, Martin (4 April 2011). "Queens of speed". ESPN. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
^ a b "All championship race entries, by Maria-Teresa de Filippis". ChicaneF1. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
External links
Media related to Maria Teresa de Filippis at Wikimedia Commons
vteFemale Formula One drivers
Giovanna Amati
Maria Teresa de Filippis
Divina Galica
Lella Lombardi
Desiré Wilson
Authority control databases International
ISNI
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"}],"text":"Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 8 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver, and the first woman to race in Formula One. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. Though her Formula One racing career was brief, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.","title":"Maria Teresa de Filippis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marigliano"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Marigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Marigliano,_Naples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MotorSport-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_Obit-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Jan_2016-5"}],"text":"De Filippis was born on 11 November 1926 in Marigliano, Italy. She was the youngest of five children of an Italian count, Serino Francesco De Filippis, and a Spanish noblewoman, Narcisa Anselmi Balaguer Roca de Togores y Ruco y Perpignan. De Filippis' father owned the 16th-century Palazzo Marigliano in Naples, where she grew up. She started displaying an interest in sport since her teenage years, being a keen horse rider and tennis player.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1948-06-01-SalernoCavadeTirreni-deFilippis-Fiat500.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fiat 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_500_%22Topolino%22"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Cava de' Tirreni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava_de%27_Tirreni"},{"link_name":"Maserati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"hillclimbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillclimbing"},{"link_name":"endurance racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"Naples Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Maserati 200S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_200S"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"De Filippis debuted in the 1948 Salerno–Cava de' Tirreni race, in a Fiat 500In the late 1940s, at the end of World War II, de Filippis developed an interest in motorsport. Despite some reservations from her intimate circle of friends and relatives (two of her brothers told her that she would not be able to go very fast, goading her and making a bet that she would be slow), at the age of 22, de Filippis began her racing career. She won her first race, driving a Fiat 500 on a 10 km drive between Salerno and Cava de' Tirreni. This result gave her the confidence to compete in the Italian sports car championship, where she finished second in the 1954 season. Seeing her potential, Maserati brought her in as the works driver.[3]In the following years, de Filippis took part in various motor racing events, including hillclimbing and endurance racing.[3] She finished second in a sportscar race supporting the 1956 Naples Grand Prix, driving a Maserati 200S.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1958-09-07_Monza_Maserati_250F_de_Filippis.png"},{"link_name":"Maserati 250F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_250F"},{"link_name":"Italian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio"},{"link_name":"Maserati 250F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_250F"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN1958-8"},{"link_name":"Monaco Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"1958 Formula One season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Formula One Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_Management"},{"link_name":"Formula One Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_Administration"},{"link_name":"Bernie Ecclestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Ecclestone"},{"link_name":"Mike Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hawthorn"},{"link_name":"Jack Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Brabham"},{"link_name":"Graham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"1958 Belgian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Tony Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brooks_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Ken Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Kavanagh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNprofile-1"},{"link_name":"French Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Reims-Gueux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims-Gueux"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1958 Portuguese Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Portuguese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"her home Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Autodromo Nazionale Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenryFord-15"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Behra-Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behra-Porsche"},{"link_name":"RSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_718"},{"link_name":"the Monaco Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang von Trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Trips"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Formula One","text":"De Filippis in her Maserati 250F s/n 2501/2523 at the Italian Grand Prix (Monza) on 7 September 1958In 1958 de Filippis was given the chance to drive a Formula One car. Although Maserati was a successful Formula One chassis manufacturer in the 1950s, supplying several teams and winning numerous races (in 1957 Juan Manuel Fangio won the drivers' title in a Maserati 250F,[1] his fifth and final championship win),[7] by 1958 the team had officially withdrawn from the sport but many of the cars remained available to privateers.[8] On 18 May 1958 de Filippis was given the opportunity to enter the Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the 1958 Formula One season, in one of the 250Fs. Of the 31 entrants only half set a time good enough to qualify, with de Filippis missing out alongside fellow debutant and future Formula One Management and Formula One Administration president Bernie Ecclestone. Ecclestone and de Filippis forged a friendship on the occasion, and remained on good terms for the years to come. De Filippis's time of 1:50.8 was 5.8 seconds behind the qualifying time of the fastest 16 which included future world champions Mike Hawthorn, Jack Brabham, and Graham Hill in his first race.[9][10][11] Fangio gave de Filippis plenty of advice during the season. In a 2006 interview, she recalled that Fangio told her, \"You go too fast, you take too many risks.\"[3]The 1958 Belgian Grand Prix allowed all drivers to compete with no cut-off for a qualifying time. De Filippis qualified in 19th place, nearly 34 seconds off Tony Brooks' pole position time and only ahead of a mechanically-hindered Ken Kavanagh. Although she was lapped twice in the 24 lap race she managed to finish, albeit in 10th and last place after nine other cars failed to finish.[12] This would prove to be her only race finish.[1]At the following race, the French Grand Prix at Reims-Gueux on 6 July 1958, de Fillipis was prevented from competing. In a 2006 interview she claimed that the race director dismissed her by telling her that \"the only helmet a woman should wear is the one at the hairdresser's\".[3][13]On the occasion of the 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix in August, de Filippis qualified in last place, more than 15 seconds slower than the car ahead of her. Her race lasted only six laps before her engine failed. On 7 September 1958, she started her home Grand Prix at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza from last place. She completed 57 of the 70 laps before having to retire with engine problems. As the 14th and final retirement out of 21, she was classified as eighth.[14][15]In 1959 de Filippis joined the Behra-Porsche RSK team. She entered the Monaco Grand Prix but failed to qualify, her time of 1'47.8 being three seconds off the lowest qualifying pace and a further one second behind teammate Wolfgang von Trips.[16] It turned out to be her final attempt at Grand Prix qualification.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Behra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Behra"},{"link_name":"1959 German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AVUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVUS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNprofile-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenryFord-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Jan_2016-5"}],"sub_title":"Retirement","text":"Following the death of Porsche team leader Jean Behra in a racing accident on 1 August 1959 while driving in the sports car support race for the 1959 German Grand Prix at AVUS,[1][18] de Filippis, devastated by the event, left the circuit and retired from professional racing.[15][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph_Obit-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ObsInt-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenryFord-15"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Later career and death","text":"Around 1960 de Filippis married Austrian chemist Theodor Huschek, and started a family.[4] She kept away from all forms of motor racing until 1979 when she joined the International Club of Former F1 Grand Prix Drivers. In 1997 she was appointed Vice-President. She was also a founding member of the Maserati Club in 2004 and went on to become its chairperson.[3][15] De Filippis died in January 2016 at the age of 89.[19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lella Lombardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lella_Lombardi"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Teresa_de_Filippis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Three other women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_Formula_One_drivers"},{"link_name":"Giovanna Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Amati"},{"link_name":"Divina Galica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divina_Galica"},{"link_name":"Desiré Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desir%C3%A9_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPNqueens-21"}],"text":"De Filippis was a pioneer in motor racing, a sport traditionally dominated by men. No woman would race in Formula One again for a further 15 years until fellow Italian Lella Lombardi competed between 1974 and 1976. Lombardi went on to become the first and as of 2023[update] only female driver to have finished a World Championship Formula One race in a point-scoring position. Three other women have since then tried to enter a Formula One race, albeit unsuccessfully – Giovanna Amati, Divina Galica and Desiré Wilson.[20][21]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_2"}],"sub_title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results","text":"(key)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_3"}],"sub_title":"Non-Championship Formula One results","text":"(key)","title":"Racing record"}]
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[{"image_text":"De Filippis debuted in the 1948 Salerno–Cava de' Tirreni race, in a Fiat 500","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1948-06-01-SalernoCavadeTirreni-deFilippis-Fiat500.jpg/220px-1948-06-01-SalernoCavadeTirreni-deFilippis-Fiat500.jpg"},{"image_text":"De Filippis in her Maserati 250F s/n 2501/2523 at the Italian Grand Prix (Monza) on 7 September 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1958-09-07_Monza_Maserati_250F_de_Filippis.png/220px-1958-09-07_Monza_Maserati_250F_de_Filippis.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Williamson, Martin. \"Maria Teresa de Filippis\". ESPN. Retrieved 19 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/maserati/motorsport/driver/732.html","url_text":"\"Maria Teresa de Filippis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Eve, James (5 March 2006). \"Maria Teresa De Filippis\". Observer Sport Monthly. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 19 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,1720870,00.html","url_text":"\"Maria Teresa De Filippis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"Observer Sport Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"Maria Teresa de Filipis\". theguardian.com. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/11/maria-teresa-de-filippis","url_text":"\"Maria Teresa de Filipis\""}]},{"reference":"\"XIII GRAN PREMIO NAPOLI Another Bad Day for Ferrari\". Motor Sport magazine archive. June 1956. p. 61. Retrieved 1 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-1956/61/xiii-gran-premio-napoli","url_text":"\"XIII GRAN PREMIO NAPOLI Another Bad Day for Ferrari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Sport_(magazine)","url_text":"Motor Sport"}]},{"reference":"Donaldson, Gerald. \"Juan Manuel Fangio\". The Official Formula 1 Website. Formula One World Championship Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111111104216/http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/268/","url_text":"\"Juan Manuel Fangio\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/268/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawthorn's title in a season of tragedy\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/season/1336.html","url_text":"\"Hawthorn's title in a season of tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"1958 Monaco Grand Prix\". The Official Formula 1 Website. Formula One World Championship Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100819064919/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1958/679/","url_text":"\"1958 Monaco Grand Prix\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/1958/679/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monaco Grand Prix 1958 / Results\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/monaco/motorsport/race/1454.html","url_text":"\"Monaco Grand Prix 1958 / Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Graham Hill\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/driver/734.html","url_text":"\"Graham Hill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian Grand Prix 1958 / Results\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/race/1457.html","url_text":"\"Belgian Grand Prix 1958 / Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Slotnik, Daniel E. (16 January 2016). \"Maria Teresa de Filippis, Pioneer of Auto Racing, Dies at 89\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/sports/autoracing/maria-teresa-de-filippis-pioneer-of-auto-racing-dies-at-89.html","url_text":"\"Maria Teresa de Filippis, Pioneer of Auto Racing, Dies at 89\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Italian Grand Prix 1958 / Results\". ESPN. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/race/1462.html","url_text":"\"Italian Grand Prix 1958 / Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Resteck, Hilary; Schuster, Casey. \"Maria Teresa de Filippis\" (PDF). TheHenryFord.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031450/http://thehenryford.org/exhibits/racing/wiwc/bios/trailblazers/MariaTeresadeFilippis.pdf","url_text":"\"Maria Teresa de Filippis\""},{"url":"http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/racing/wiwc/bios/trailblazers/MariaTeresadeFilippis.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monaco Grand Prix 1959 / Results\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/race/1464.html","url_text":"\"Monaco Grand Prix 1959 / Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Addio Signorina F1\". 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://autologia.net/addio-signorina-f1/","url_text":"\"Addio Signorina F1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cooper powers Jack Brabham to the title\". ESPN. Retrieved 20 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/season/1337.html","url_text":"\"Cooper powers Jack Brabham to the title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"F1's first-ever female driver passes away aged 89\". motorsport.com. Retrieved 9 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1-s-first-ever-female-driver-passes-away-aged-89-666763/","url_text":"\"F1's first-ever female driver passes away aged 89\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Women in F1 – Formula World |Formula 1\". 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://formula.world/features/a-brief-history-of-women-in-f1/","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Women in F1 – Formula World |Formula 1\""}]},{"reference":"Williamson, Martin (4 April 2011). \"Queens of speed\". ESPN. Retrieved 19 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/44865.html","url_text":"\"Queens of speed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"All championship race entries, by Maria-Teresa de Filippis\". ChicaneF1. Retrieved 5 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicanef1.com/query.pl?action=Submit&exact=on&driver=Maria-Teresa%20de%20Filippis&nc=nc","url_text":"\"All championship race entries, by Maria-Teresa de Filippis\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
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West Cork (UK Parliament constituency)
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["1 Boundaries","2 Members of Parliament","3 Elections","3.1 Elections in the 1880s","3.2 Elections in the 1890s","3.3 Elections in the 1900s","3.4 Elections in the 1910s","4 Notes","5 Sources"]
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UK parliamentary constituency in Ireland, 1885–1922
West CorkFormer county constituencyfor the House of Commons1885–1922Seats1Created fromCounty CorkReplaced byCork Mid, North, South, South East and West
West Cork, a division of County Cork, was a parliamentary constituency in Ireland, represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. From 1885 to 1922 it returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Until the 1885 general election the area was part of the County Cork constituency. From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Boundaries
This constituency comprised the baronies of Bantry, Bear and West Carbery (West Division) and that part of the barony of West Carbery (East Division) consisting of the parishes of Aghadown, Clear Island, Creagh (except the townlands of Gortnaclohy and Smorane), and Tullagh.
Members of Parliament
Election
Member
Party
1885
James Gilhooly
Irish Parliamentary Party
1891
Irish National Federation
1900
Irish Parliamentary Party
1910
All-for-Ireland League
1916 by-election
Daniel O'Leary
Irish Parliamentary Party
1918
Seán Hayes
Sinn Féin
1922
Constituency abolished
Elections
Elections in the 1880s
1885 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
James Gilhooly
3,920
91.3
Irish Conservative
John Warren Payne
373
8.7
Majority
3,547
82.6
Turnout
4,293
70.1
Registered electors
6,124
Irish Parliamentary win (new seat)
1886 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
James Gilhooly
Unopposed
Irish Parliamentary hold
Elections in the 1890s
1892 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish National Federation
James Gilhooly
3,155
90.6
N/A
Irish Unionist
Somers Payne
329
9.4
New
Majority
2,826
81.2
N/A
Turnout
3,484
59.5
N/A
Registered electors
5,854
Irish National Federation gain from Irish Parliamentary
Swing
N/A
1895 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish National Federation
James Gilhooly
Unopposed
Irish National Federation hold
Elections in the 1900s
1900 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
James Gilhooly
Unopposed
Irish Parliamentary hold
1906 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
James Gilhooly
Unopposed
Irish Parliamentary hold
Elections in the 1910s
January 1910 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
All-for-Ireland
James Gilhooly
2,155
60.9
New
Irish Parliamentary
Daniel O'Leary
1,382
39.1
N/A
Majority
773
21.8
N/A
Turnout
3,537
61.8
N/A
Registered electors
5,727
All-for-Ireland gain from Irish Parliamentary
Swing
N/A
December 1910 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
All-for-Ireland
James Gilhooly
2,218
53.1
−7.8
Irish Parliamentary
Daniel O'Leary
1,959
46.9
+7.8
Majority
259
6.2
−15.6
Turnout
4,177
72.9
+11.1
Registered electors
5,727
All-for-Ireland hold
Swing
−7.8
1916 by-election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Parliamentary
Daniel O'Leary
1,866
46.8
−0.1
All-for-Ireland
Frank Healy
1,750
43.9
−9.2
Independent All-for-Ireland League
Michael Birchmans Slipsey
370
9.3
New
Majority
116
2.9
N/A
Turnout
3,986
71.4
−1.5
Registered electors
5,582
Irish Parliamentary gain from All-for-Ireland
Swing
+4.6
Notes
^ O'Leary had pledged to join the Irish Parliamentary Party and was a supporter of John Redmond. However, the United Irish League had withheld approval of his candidacy.
^ Healy was imprisoned in Frongoch internment camp for supposedly being associated with Sinn Féin, but Sinn Féin repudiated his candidacy for not revoking to take his seat at Westminster, instead had been supported by William O'Brien, who was leader of the All-for-Ireland League.
^ Slipsey was a local member of the All-for-Ireland League who stood in protest against William O'Brien's adoption of an unofficial candidate.
The 1916 by-election, which contrasted so obviously with Gilhooly's long tenure of the seat, was viewed as a farce by Unionist opinion.
1918 general election: West Cork
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Sinn Féin
Séan Hayes
Unopposed
Sinn Féin gain from All-for-Ireland
Notes
^ "Debrett's House of Commons".
^ a b c d e f g h i j Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 338, 386. ISBN 0901714127.
^ A bitter by-election in 1916: West Cork pivotal point in transition to new era; Southern Star Centenary Edition – 1889–1989 Article pp 89–90 by George D. Kelleher, Inniscarra, co. Cork
^ West Cork Election. Candidates And Sinn Féin Prisoners. In: The Times (London), Tuesday, November 14, 1916 p. 5 col. C
Sources
Tony Williams, House of Commons Information Office
Walker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Royal Irish Academy.
Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees, Who's Who in British Members of Parliament 1919-1945 p. 156 (Hayes)
Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees, Who's Who in British Members of Parliament 1886-1918 p. 136 (Gilhooley), p. 273 (O'Leary)
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 5)
vteParliamentary constituencies in County Cork and Borough/CityParliament of Irelandto 1800
County Cork (????–1800)
Baltimore (1614–1800)
Bandonbridge (1614–1800)
Castlemartyr (1676–1800)
Charleville (1673–1800)
Clonakilty (1613–1800)
Cork City (1264–1800)
Doneraile (1640–1800)
Kinsale (1334?–1800)
Mallow (1613–1800)
Midleton (1671–1800)
Rathcormack (c.1611–1800)
Youghal (1374–1800)
Westminster 1801–1922and First Dáil 1918
County Cork (1801–1885)
Bandon (1801–1885)
Cork City (1801–1922)
East Cork (1885–1922)
Mid Cork (1885–1922)
North Cork (1885–1922)
North East Cork (1885–1922)
South Cork (1885–1922)
South East Cork (1885–1922)
West Cork (1885–1922)
Kinsale (1801–1885)
Mallow (1801–1885)
Youghal (1801–1885)
Dáil Éireann1918–presentHistoric
Cork Borough (1921–1969)
Cork City (1977–1981)
Cork City North-West (1969–1977)
Cork City South-East (1969–1977)
Cork East and North East (1921–1923)
Cork Mid (1961–1981)
Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West (1921–1923)
Cork North (1923–1961)
Cork North-East (1961–1981)
Cork South (1948–1961)
Cork South-East (1937–1948)
Cork West (1923–1961)
Current
Cork East (1923–1937, 1948–1961, 1981–)
Cork North-Central (1981–)
Cork North-West (1981–)
Cork South-Central (1981–)
Cork South-West (1961–)
European Parliament1979–present
Munster (1979–2004)
South (2004–)
Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland
Carlow
Cavan
Clare
Cork
Donegal
Dublin
Galway
Kerry
Kildare
Kilkenny
Laois
Leitrim
Limerick
Longford
Louth
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Offaly
Roscommon
Sligo
Tipperary
Waterford
Westmeath
Wexford
Wicklow
Northern Ireland
Antrim
Armagh
Down
Fermanagh
Londonderry
Tyrone
|
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From 1885 to 1922 it returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.Until the 1885 general election the area was part of the County Cork constituency. From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.","title":"West Cork (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baronies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This constituency comprised the baronies of Bantry, Bear and West Carbery (West Division) and that part of the barony of West Carbery (East Division) consisting of the parishes of Aghadown, Clear Island, Creagh (except the townlands of Gortnaclohy and Smorane), and Tullagh.[1]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1890s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1900s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"United Irish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irish_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Frongoch internment camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frongoch_internment_camp"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"William O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"All-for-Ireland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"All-for-Ireland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-for-Ireland_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1910s","text":"Notes^ O'Leary had pledged to join the Irish Parliamentary Party and was a supporter of John Redmond. However, the United Irish League had withheld approval of his candidacy.\n\n^ Healy was imprisoned in Frongoch internment camp for supposedly being associated with Sinn Féin, but Sinn Féin repudiated his candidacy for not revoking to take his seat at Westminster, instead had been supported by William O'Brien, who was leader of the All-for-Ireland League.\n\n^ Slipsey was a local member of the All-for-Ireland League who stood in protest against William O'Brien's adoption of an unofficial candidate.[3]The 1916 by-election, which contrasted so obviously with Gilhooly's long tenure of the seat, was viewed as a farce by Unionist opinion.[4]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Debrett's House of Commons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1886londuoft#page/178/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-walker_2-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0901714127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901714127"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ \"Debrett's House of Commons\".\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 338, 386. ISBN 0901714127.\n\n^ A bitter by-election in 1916: West Cork pivotal point in transition to new era; Southern Star Centenary Edition – 1889–1989 Article pp 89–90 by George D. Kelleher, Inniscarra, co. Cork\n\n^ West Cork Election. Candidates And Sinn Féin Prisoners. In: The Times (London), Tuesday, November 14, 1916 p. 5 col. C","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"C\" (part 5)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons5.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Cork_constituencies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:County_Cork_constituencies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:County_Cork_constituencies"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Borough/City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County 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Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mid Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"North East Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South East Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"West Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Youghal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youghal_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Cork Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Borough_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork City North-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_North-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork City South-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_City_South-East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork East and North East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_East_and_North_East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork Mid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Mid_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_Mid,_North,_South,_South_East_and_West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_North_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork North-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_North-East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_South_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork South-East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_South-East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork North-Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_North-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork North-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_North-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork South-Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_South-Central_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cork South-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_South-West_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Carlow_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Cavan_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Clare_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Cork_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Donegal_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Dublin_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Galway_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Kerry_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Kildare_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Kilkenny_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Laois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Laois_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Leitrim_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Limerick_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Longford_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Louth_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Mayo_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Meath_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Monaghan_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Offaly_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Roscommon_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Sligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Sligo_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Tipperary_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Waterford_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Westmeath_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Wexford_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Wicklow_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Antrim_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Armagh_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Down_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Fermanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Fermanagh_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Londonderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Londonderry_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:County_Tyrone_constituencies"}],"text":"Tony Williams, House of Commons Information Office\nWalker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Royal Irish Academy.\nMichael Stenton and Stephen Lees, Who's Who in British Members of Parliament 1919-1945 p. 156 (Hayes)\nMichael Stenton and Stephen Lees, Who's Who in British Members of Parliament 1886-1918 p. 136 (Gilhooley), p. 273 (O'Leary)\nLeigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"C\" (part 5)vteParliamentary constituencies in County Cork and Borough/CityParliament of Irelandto 1800\nCounty Cork (????–1800)\nBaltimore (1614–1800)\nBandonbridge (1614–1800)\nCastlemartyr (1676–1800)\nCharleville (1673–1800)\nClonakilty (1613–1800)\nCork City (1264–1800)\nDoneraile (1640–1800)\nKinsale (1334?–1800)\nMallow (1613–1800)\nMidleton (1671–1800)\nRathcormack (c.1611–1800)\nYoughal (1374–1800)\nWestminster 1801–1922and First Dáil 1918\nCounty Cork (1801–1885)\nBandon (1801–1885)\nCork City (1801–1922)\nEast Cork (1885–1922)\nMid Cork (1885–1922)\nNorth Cork (1885–1922)\nNorth East Cork (1885–1922)\nSouth Cork (1885–1922)\nSouth East Cork (1885–1922)\nWest Cork (1885–1922)\nKinsale (1801–1885)\nMallow (1801–1885)\nYoughal (1801–1885)\nDáil Éireann1918–presentHistoric\nCork Borough (1921–1969)\nCork City (1977–1981)\nCork City North-West (1969–1977)\nCork City South-East (1969–1977)\nCork East and North East (1921–1923)\nCork Mid (1961–1981)\nCork Mid, North, South, South East and West (1921–1923)\nCork North (1923–1961)\nCork North-East (1961–1981)\nCork South (1948–1961)\nCork South-East (1937–1948)\nCork West (1923–1961)\nCurrent\nCork East (1923–1937, 1948–1961, 1981–)\nCork North-Central (1981–)\nCork North-West (1981–)\nCork South-Central (1981–)\nCork South-West (1961–)\nEuropean Parliament1979–present\nMunster (1979–2004)\nSouth (2004–)\nConstituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland\nCarlow\nCavan\nClare\nCork\nDonegal\nDublin\nGalway\nKerry\nKildare\nKilkenny\nLaois\nLeitrim\nLimerick\nLongford\nLouth\nMayo\nMeath\nMonaghan\nOffaly\nRoscommon\nSligo\nTipperary\nWaterford\nWestmeath\nWexford\nWicklow\nNorthern Ireland\nAntrim\nArmagh\nDown\nFermanagh\nLondonderry\nTyrone","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Debrett's House of Commons\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1886londuoft#page/178/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Debrett's House of Commons\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. pp. 338, 386. ISBN 0901714127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0901714127","url_text":"0901714127"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Brian M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Royal Irish Academy.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1886londuoft#page/178/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Debrett's House of Commons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons5.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"C\" (part 5)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Republican_Party_(1917)
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Catalan Republican Party (1917)
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["1 References"]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Partit Republicà Català}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Catalan. (April 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Catalan Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|ca|Partit Republicà Català (1917-1931)}} to the talk page.
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Political party in Spain
Catalan Republican Party Partit Republicà CatalàLeaderFrancesc Layret, Lluís CompanysFounded1917 (1917)Dissolved1931 (1931)Merger ofBRAUFNRMerged intoERCIdeologyRepublicanismCatalanismPolitical positionLeft-wingPolitics of CataloniaPolitical partiesElections
The Catalan Republican Party (Catalan: Partit Republicà Català, PRC) was a Catalanist political party during the Spanish Restoration period, that existed between 1917 and 1931. It was a marger of the Autonomist Republican Bloc (BRA), the Republican Youth of Lleida (JRL) and remnants of the Republican Nationalist Federal Union (UFNR). In 1931, with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, the party integrated itself within the newly founded Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).
References
^ "Republicanos (1868 - 1931)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
This article about a political party in Catalonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"Catalanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalanist"},{"link_name":"Spanish Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Autonomist Republican Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomist_Republican_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Republican Nationalist Federal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Nationalist_Federal_Union"},{"link_name":"Second Spanish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Republican Left of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Political party in SpainThe Catalan Republican Party (Catalan: Partit Republicà Català, PRC) was a Catalanist political party during the Spanish Restoration period, that existed between 1917 and 1931. It was a marger of the Autonomist Republican Bloc (BRA), the Republican Youth of Lleida (JRL) and remnants of the Republican Nationalist Federal Union (UFNR). In 1931, with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, the party integrated itself within the newly founded Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).[1]","title":"Catalan Republican Party (1917)"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Republicanos (1868 - 1931)\". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1800r.html","url_text":"\"Republicanos (1868 - 1931)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_Waverley_Class
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GWR Waverley Class
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["1 Locomotives","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Great Western Railway Waverley ClassType and originPower typeSteamDesignerDaniel GoochBuilderRobert Stephenson & Co.SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte4-4-0Gauge7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm)Leading dia.4 ft 3 in (1,295 mm)Driver dia.7 ft 0 in (2,134 mm)Wheelbase16 ft 0+1⁄4 in (4,883 mm)Cylinder size17 in × 24 in (432 mm × 610 mm), dia × strokeCareerOperatorsGreat Western RailwayClassWaverley
The Great Western Railway Waverley Class were 4-4-0 broad gauge steam locomotives for express passenger train work.
The class was introduced into service between February and June 1855, and withdrawn between February 1872 and November 1876. From about 1865, the Waverley Class was known as the Abbot Class.
The names are mostly inspired by the Waverley novels of Sir Walter Scott.
Locomotives
Abbott (1855–1876)
The Abbot is one of the Waverley novels.
Antiquary (1855–1876)
The Antiquary is one of the Waverley novels.
Coeur de Lion
Coeur de Lion is the nickname of King Richard I of England, who appears in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Talisman.
Ivanhoe (1855–1876)
Ivanhoe is one of the Waverley novels.
Lalla Rookh (1855–1872)
Lalla-Rookh was a poem by Thomas Moore.
Pirate (1855–1876)
The Pirate is one of the Waverley novels.
Red Gauntlet (1855–1876)
Redgauntlet is one of the Waverley novels.
Rob Roy (1855–1872)
Rob Roy is the title of one of the Waverley novels and the nickname of Robert Roy MacGregor.
Robin Hood (1855–1876)
Robin Hood was an English folk hero.
Waverley (1855–1876)
Waverley is the first title in the Waverley series of novels.
References
Reed, P. J. T. (February 1953). White, D. E. (ed.). The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, Part 2: Broad Gauge. Kenilworth: RCTS. p. B23. ISBN 0-901115-32-0.
Waters, Laurence (1999). The Great Western Broad Gauge. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2634-6 – via Archive.org.
External links
Waverley class 4-4-0 steam locomotive, c 1855 - drawing from Sir Daniel Gooch's sketchbook
A Victorian railway accident - photograph of Rob Roy about to be re-railed following an accident
vteGreat Western Railway locomotivesSwindonbroad gaugeBrunel(1833–1837)
Haigh Foundry
Mather, Dixon
Sharp, Roberts
Charles Tayleur
Hurricane
Thunderer
Gooch(1837–1864)
Ariadne
Banking
Bogie
Caesar
Firefly
Hercules
Iron Duke
Leo
Metropolitan
Premier
Prince
Pyracmon
Star
Sun
Victoria
Waverley
J. Armstrong(1864–1877)
Hawthorn
Rover
Sir Watkin
Standard Goods
Swindon
1076
Dean(1877–1902)
Experimental locomotives (8, 14, 16)
3001
3501
3521
Wolverhamptonstandard gaugeJ. Armstrong(1854–1864)
7/8/30/110
17
111
302
G. Armstrong(1864–1897)
34
108
119
322 (tank)
517
633
645
655
850
1016
1901
3571
Swindonstandard gaugeGooch(1855–1864)
57
69
77/167
79
91
93
131/310
149 England/Chancellor
157 Sharps
320
322 Beyer
J. Armstrong(1864–1877)
55 Queen/Sir Alexander
455 Metro Tank
56/717
927 Coal Goods
360
378 Sir Daniel
388 Standard Goods
439 Bicycle
481
806
1076
Dean(1877–1902)
Experimental locomotives (1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 1490)
Armstrong
36
69 River
157 Sharpies/Cobham
1661
1813
1854
2021
2201
2301
2361
2600 Aberdare
2602 Kruger
2721
3031 Dean Single
3201
3206
3232
3252 Duke
3300 Bulldog
3521
3600
4100 Badminton
Crane tanks
Churchward(1902–1921)
101
102 La France
103 President
111 The Great Bear
1361
2221 County Tank
2800
2900 Saint
3100 (later 5100)
3150
3700 City
3800 County
3901
4000 Star
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
Petrol-electric railcar
Rail motors
Collett(1922–1941)
12
1101
1366
2251
2884
3000 (ex-ROD 2-8-0)
3100
3200 (later 9000) Earl
4073 Castle
4575
4800 (later 1400)
4900 Hall
5101
5205
5400
5600
5700
5800
6000 King
6100
6400
6800 Grange
7200
7400
7800 Manor
8100
Diesel railcars
Diesel shunters
2
Hawksworth(1941–1947)
1000 County
1500
1600
6959 Modified Hall
9400
Gas turbine-electric
18000
18100
Proposed designs
8000 Cathedral
AbsorbedlocomotivesBarry Railway
A
B
B1
C
D
E
F
G
H
K
J
L
Rhymney Railway
A
AP
B
I
K
L
L1
M
P
P1
R
S
S1
Taff Vale Railway
A
C
D
E
H
K
L
M1
N
O
O1
O2
O3
O4
S
T
U
U1
V
Other
Other absorbed locomotives
Narrow gaugelocomotivesCorris Railway
3
4
Welshpool and Llanfair Light Railway
822–823
Vale of Rheidol Railway
1198
7–9
By wheelarrangement
0-4-0ST
0-6-0PT
0-6-2T
General
Locomotive numbering and classification
Oil burning steam locomotives
2-cylinder standard classes
British Railways steam locomotives
GWR locomotives
LMS locomotives
LNER locomotives
Southern Railway locomotives
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"4-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0"},{"link_name":"broad gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-gauge_railway"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Waverley novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_novels"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"}],"text":"The Great Western Railway Waverley Class were 4-4-0 broad gauge steam locomotives for express passenger train work.The class was introduced into service between February and June 1855, and withdrawn between February 1872 and November 1876. From about 1865, the Waverley Class was known as the Abbot Class.The names are mostly inspired by the Waverley novels of Sir Walter Scott.","title":"GWR Waverley Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abbot"},{"link_name":"The Antiquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Antiquary"},{"link_name":"Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Talisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talisman_(Scott_novel)"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe"},{"link_name":"Lalla-Rookh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla-Rookh"},{"link_name":"Thomas Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Pirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Redgauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redgauntlet"},{"link_name":"Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Robert Roy MacGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Roy_MacGregor"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverley_(novel)"}],"text":"Abbott (1855–1876)The Abbot is one of the Waverley novels.Antiquary (1855–1876)The Antiquary is one of the Waverley novels.Coeur de LionCoeur de Lion is the nickname of King Richard I of England, who appears in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Talisman.Ivanhoe (1855–1876)Ivanhoe is one of the Waverley novels.Lalla Rookh (1855–1872)Lalla-Rookh was a poem by Thomas Moore.Pirate (1855–1876)The Pirate is one of the Waverley novels.Red Gauntlet (1855–1876)Redgauntlet is one of the Waverley novels.Rob Roy (1855–1872)Rob Roy is the title of one of the Waverley novels and the nickname of Robert Roy MacGregor.Robin Hood (1855–1876)Robin Hood was an English folk hero.Waverley (1855–1876)Waverley is the first title in the Waverley series of novels.","title":"Locomotives"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing
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Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
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["1 Evolution of hairlessness","1.1 Phenotypic changes","1.2 Sexual selection hypothesis","1.3 Water-dwelling hypothesis","1.4 Parasite hypothesis","1.5 Fire hypothesis","1.6 Childrearing hypothesis","2 Origin of clothing","3 References","4 Works cited"]
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For broader coverage of this topic, see Nudity.
Nakedness and clothing use are characteristics of humans related by evolutionary and social prehistory. The major loss of body hair distinguishes humans from other primates. Current evidence indicates that anatomically modern humans were naked in prehistory for at least 90,000 years before the invention of clothing. Today, isolated Indigenous peoples in tropical climates continue to be without clothing in many everyday activities.
Evolution of hairlessness
Humans' closest living relatives have both extensive areas of fur and also bare patches
The general hairlessness of humans in comparison to related species may be due to loss of functionality in the pseudogene KRTHAP1 (which helps produce keratin) in the human lineage about 240,000 years ago. On an individual basis, mutations in the gene HR can lead to complete hair loss, though this is not typical in humans. Humans may also lose their hair as a result of hormonal imbalance due to drugs or pregnancy.
In order to comprehend why humans have significantly less body hair than other primates, one must understand that mammalian body hair is not merely an aesthetic characteristic; it protects the skin from wounds, bites, heat, cold, and UV radiation. Additionally, it can be used as a communication tool and as a camouflage.
The first member of the genus Homo to be hairless was Homo erectus, originating about 1.6 million years ago. The dissipation of body heat remains the most widely accepted evolutionary explanation for the loss of body hair in early members of the genus Homo, the surviving member of which is modern humans. Less hair, and an increase in sweat glands, made it easier for their bodies to cool when they moved from living in shady forest to open savanna. This change in environment also resulted in a change in diet, from largely vegetarian to hunting. Pursuing game on the savanna also increased the need for regulation of body heat.
Anthropologist and paleo-biologist Nina Jablonski posits that the ability to dissipate excess body heat through eccrine sweating helped make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain, the most temperature-sensitive human organ. Thus the loss of fur was also a factor in further adaptations, both physical and behavioral, that differentiated humans from other primates. Some of these changes are thought to be the result of sexual selection. By selecting more hairless mates, humans accelerated changes initiated by natural selection. Sexual selection may also account for the remaining human hair in the pubic area and armpits, which are sites for pheromones, while hair on the head continued to provide protection from the sun. Anatomically modern humans, whose traits include hairlessness, evolved 260,000 to 350,000 years ago.
Phenotypic changes
Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.
With the loss of fur, darker, high-melanin skin evolved as a protection from ultraviolet radiation damage. As humans migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D3. The relative lightness of female compared to male skin in a given population may be due to the greater need for women to produce more vitamin D during lactation.
The sweat glands in humans could have evolved to spread from the hands and feet as the body hair changed, or the hair change could have occurred to facilitate sweating. Horses and humans are two of the few animals capable of sweating on most of their body, yet horses are larger and still have fully developed fur. In humans, the skin hairs lie flat in hot conditions, as the arrector pili muscles relax, preventing heat from being trapped by a layer of still air between the hairs, and increasing heat loss by convection.
Sexual selection hypothesis
Another hypothesis for the thick body hair on humans proposes that Fisherian runaway sexual selection played a role (as well as in the selection of long head hair), (see terminal and vellus hair), as well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains the sexual dimorphism seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more body hair than women. Males have more terminal hair, especially on the face, chest, abdomen, and back, and females have more vellus hair, which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair, would also be consistent with the neoteny evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could have occurred at the same time. This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms. There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago when a full, lush coat of hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be selected for, not against.
Water-dwelling hypothesis
The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH) includes hair loss as one of several characteristics of modern humans that could indicate adaptations to an aquatic environment. Serious consideration may be given by contemporary anthropologists to some hypotheses related to AAH, but hair loss is not one of them.
Parasite hypothesis
A divergent explanation of humans' relative hairlessness holds that ectoparasites (such as ticks) residing in fur became problematic as humans became hunters living in larger groups with a "home base". Nakedness would also make the lack of parasites apparent to prospective mates. However, this theory is inconsistent with the abundance of parasites that continue to exist in the remaining patches of human hair.
The "ectoparasite" explanation of modern human nakedness is based on the principle that a hairless primate would harbor fewer parasites. When our ancestors adopted group-dwelling social arrangements roughly 1.8 mya, ectoparasite loads increased dramatically. Early humans became the only one of the 193 primate species to have fleas, which can be attributed to the close living arrangements of large groups of individuals. While primate species have communal sleeping arrangements, these groups are always on the move and thus are less likely to harbor ectoparasites.
It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests. The evolution of the body louse from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.
Fire hypothesis
Another hypothesis is that humans' use of fire caused or initiated the reduction in human hair.
Childrearing hypothesis
Another view is proposed by James Giles, who attempts to explain hairlessness as evolved from the relationship between mother and child, and as a consequence of bipedalism. Giles also connects romantic love to hairlessness.
The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees was only partially bipedal, often using their front legs for locomotion. Other primate mothers do not need to carry their young because there is fur for them to cling to, but the loss of fur encouraged full bipedalism, allowing the mothers to carry their babies with one or both hands. The combination of hairlessness and upright posture may also explain the enlargement of the female breasts as a sexual signal. Giles' theory is that the loss of fur also promoted mother-child attachment based upon the pleasure of skin-to-skin contact. This may explain the more extensive hairlessness of female humans and infants compared to adult males. Nakedness also affects sexual relationships as well, the duration of human intercourse being many times the duration of any other primates.
Origin of clothing
For broader coverage of this topic, see History of clothing and textiles.See also: Body modification
A necklace reconstructed from perforated sea snail shells from Upper Palaeolithic Europe, dated between 39,000 and 25,000 BCE. The practice of body adornment is associated with the emergence of behavioral modernity.
The current empirical evidence for the origin of clothing is from a 2010 study published in Molecular Biology and Evolution. That study indicates that the habitual wearing of clothing began at some point in time between 83,000 years ago and 170,000 years ago based upon a genetic analysis indicating when clothing lice diverged from their head louse ancestors. This information suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa prior to their migration to colder climates, allowing them to do so.
Some of the technology for what is now called clothing may have originated to make other types of adornment, including jewelry, body paint, tattoos, and other body modifications, "dressing" the naked body without concealing it. According to Mark Leary and Nicole R. Buttermore, body adornment is one of the changes that occurred in the late Paleolithic (40,000 to 60,000 years ago) in which humans became not only anatomically modern, but also behaviorally modern and capable of self-reflection and symbolic interaction. More recent studies place the use of adornment at 77,000 years ago in South Africa, and 90,000—100,000 years ago in Israel and Algeria. While modesty may be a factor, often overlooked purposes for body coverings are camouflage used by hunters, body armor, and costumes used to impersonate "spirit-beings".
The origin of complex, fitted clothing required the invention of fine stone knives for cutting skins into pieces, and the eyed needle for sewing. This was done by Cro-Magnons, who migrated to Europe around 35,000 years ago. The Neanderthal occupied the same region, but became extinct in part because they could not make fitted garments, but draped themselves with crudely cut skins—based upon their simple stone tools—which did not provide the warmth needed to survive as the climate grew colder in the Last Glacial Period. In addition to being less functional, the simple wrappings would not have been habitually worn by Neanderthal due to their being more cold-tolerant than Homo sapiens, and would not have acquired the secondary functions of decoration and promoting modesty.
The earliest archeological evidence of fabric clothing is inferred from representations in figurines in the southern Levant dated between 11,700 and 10,500 years ago. The surviving examples of woven cloth are linen from Egypt dated 5,000 BCE, although knotted or twisted flax fibers have been found as early as 7000 BCE.
While adults are rarely completely naked in modern societies, covering at least their genitals, adornments and clothing often emphasize, enhance, or otherwise call attention to the sexuality of the body.
References
^ Winter, H.; Langbein, L.; Krawczak, M.; Cooper, D.N.; Jave-Suarez, L.F.; Rogers, M.A.; Praetzel, S.; Heidt, P.J.; Schweizer, J. (2001). "Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence". Human Genetics. 108 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1007/s004390000439. PMID 11214905. S2CID 21545865.
^ Abbasi, A.A. (2011). "Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle". Scientific Reports. 1: 32. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..32A. doi:10.1038/srep00032. PMC 3216519. PMID 22355551.
^ "Women and Hair Loss: Possible Causes". WebMD. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Rantala, M.J. (1999). "Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?". International Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2. PMID 10961855.
^ a b Jablonski, N.G.; Chaplin, G. (2010). "Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (Supplement 2): 8962–8968. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8962J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914628107. PMC 3024016. PMID 20445093.
^ Hermansen 2018, pp. 278–281.
^ Kushlan 1980.
^ Wheeler 1985.
^ a b Sutou 2012.
^ Daley 2018.
^ Jarrett & Scragg 2020.
^ Jablonski 2012.
^ Wade 2003.
^ Schlebusch 2017.
^ Zukerman 2011.
^ Jablonski & Chaplin 2000, pp. 57–106.
^ Jablonski & Chaplin 2017.
^ Jarrett & Scragg 2020, p. 7.
^ Dixson, A.F. (2009). Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems (1 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-955942-8.
^ Rae & Koppe 2014.
^
Pagel, Mark; Bodmer, Walter (2003). "A naked ape would have fewer parasites". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (Suppl 1): S117–S119. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0041. PMC 1698033. PMID 12952654.
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Rantala, M.J. (1999). "Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?" (PDF). International Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2. PMID 10961855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
^ Rantala 2007, pp. 1–7.
^ a b Giles 2010.
^
"Gorillas gave pubic lice to humans, DNA study reveals". National Geographic. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
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Weiss RA (10 February 2009). "Apes, lice and prehistory". J Biol. 8 (2): 20. doi:10.1186/jbiol114. PMC 2687769. PMID 19232074.
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Kittler, R.; Kayser, M.; Stoneking, M. (2004). "Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing". Current Biology. 14 (24): 1414–7. Bibcode:2004CBio...14.2309K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.024. PMID 12932325.
^
Toups, M.A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J.E.; Reed, D.L. (2011). "Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 29–32. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234. PMC 3002236. PMID 20823373.
^
Couch, Alan (3 February 2016). "Fur or fire: Was the use of fire the initial selection pressure for fur loss in ancestral hominins?". PeerJ Preprints. 4: e1702v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1702v1. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
^ Giles, James (20 March 2015) . "Naked love: The evolution of human hairlessness". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. S2CID 84164968.
^ Shea, Christopher (12 July 2011). "Human hairlessness: The naked love explanation". Ideas Market blog. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Brown 2021.
^ Toups et al. 2010, pp. 29–32.
^ Hollander 1978, p. 83.
^ Hogenboom 2016.
^ Leary & Buttermore 2003.
^ Nowell 2010.
^ Buckner 2021.
^ Gilligan 2010.
^ Hermansen 2018, pp. 103–104.
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^ Levy 2020, Ch. 7.
^ Barber 1991, pp. 9–11.
^ Davies 2020, p. 168.
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Brown, Jeffrey G. (2021). "Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees". Life. 11 (5): 435. Bibcode:2021Life...11..435B. doi:10.3390/life11050435. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 8150933. PMID 34066043.
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Daley, Jason (11 December 2018). "Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
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Davies, Stephen (2020). Adornment: What Self-Decoration Tells Us about Who We Are. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-350-12100-3.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity"},{"link_name":"Nakedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakedness"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"body hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelage"},{"link_name":"anatomically modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropics"}],"text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see Nudity.Nakedness and clothing use are characteristics of humans related by evolutionary and social prehistory. The major loss of body hair distinguishes humans from other primates. Current evidence indicates that anatomically modern humans were naked in prehistory for at least 90,000 years before the invention of clothing. Today, isolated Indigenous peoples in tropical climates continue to be without clothing in many everyday activities.","title":"Prehistory of nakedness and clothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latest_Art_Nude_Shoot_(15693380966).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-womenhairloss-3"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jablonski_2010_8962%E2%80%938968-5"},{"link_name":"Homo erectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermansen2018278%E2%80%93281-6"},{"link_name":"Homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushlan1980-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutou2012-9"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2018-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarrettScragg2020-11"},{"link_name":"paleo-biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology"},{"link_name":"Nina Jablonski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Jablonski"},{"link_name":"eccrine sweating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccrine_sweat_gland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonski2012-12"},{"link_name":"sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2003-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlebusch2017-14"}],"text":"Humans' closest living relatives have both extensive areas of fur and also bare patchesThe general hairlessness of humans in comparison to related species may be due to loss of functionality in the pseudogene KRTHAP1 (which helps produce keratin) in the human lineage about 240,000 years ago.[1] On an individual basis, mutations in the gene HR can lead to complete hair loss, though this is not typical in humans.[2] Humans may also lose their hair as a result of hormonal imbalance due to drugs or pregnancy.[3]In order to comprehend why humans have significantly less body hair than other primates, one must understand that mammalian body hair is not merely an aesthetic characteristic; it protects the skin from wounds, bites, heat, cold, and UV radiation.[4] Additionally, it can be used as a communication tool and as a camouflage.[5]The first member of the genus Homo to be hairless was Homo erectus, originating about 1.6 million years ago.[6] The dissipation of body heat remains the most widely accepted evolutionary explanation for the loss of body hair in early members of the genus Homo, the surviving member of which is modern humans.[7][8][9] Less hair, and an increase in sweat glands, made it easier for their bodies to cool when they moved from living in shady forest to open savanna. This change in environment also resulted in a change in diet, from largely vegetarian to hunting. Pursuing game on the savanna also increased the need for regulation of body heat.[10][11]Anthropologist and paleo-biologist Nina Jablonski posits that the ability to dissipate excess body heat through eccrine sweating helped make possible the dramatic enlargement of the brain, the most temperature-sensitive human organ.[12] Thus the loss of fur was also a factor in further adaptations, both physical and behavioral, that differentiated humans from other primates. Some of these changes are thought to be the result of sexual selection. By selecting more hairless mates, humans accelerated changes initiated by natural selection. Sexual selection may also account for the remaining human hair in the pubic area and armpits, which are sites for pheromones, while hair on the head continued to provide protection from the sun.[13] Anatomically modern humans, whose traits include hairlessness, evolved 260,000 to 350,000 years ago.[14]","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephants"},{"link_name":"rhinoceroses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceroses"},{"link_name":"hippopotamuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippopotamuses"},{"link_name":"walruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walruses"},{"link_name":"pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whales"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetaceans"},{"link_name":"naked mole rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_mole_rats"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jablonski_2010_8962%E2%80%938968-5"},{"link_name":"UV radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV_radiation"},{"link_name":"Out of Africa hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Africa_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZukerman2011-15"},{"link_name":"depigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depigmentation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonskiChaplin200057%E2%80%93106-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonskiChaplin2017-17"},{"link_name":"lactation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarrettScragg20207-18"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"}],"sub_title":"Phenotypic changes","text":"Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole rats.[5] Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.With the loss of fur, darker, high-melanin skin evolved as a protection from ultraviolet radiation damage.[15] As humans migrated outside of the tropics, varying degrees of depigmentation evolved in order to permit UVB-induced synthesis of previtamin D3.[16][17] The relative lightness of female compared to male skin in a given population may be due to the greater need for women to produce more vitamin D during lactation.[18]The sweat glands in humans could have evolved to spread from the hands and feet as the body hair changed, or the hair change could have occurred to facilitate sweating. Horses and humans are two of the few animals capable of sweating on most of their body, yet horses are larger and still have fully developed fur. In humans, the skin hairs lie flat in hot conditions, as the arrector pili muscles relax, preventing heat from being trapped by a layer of still air between the hairs, and increasing heat loss by convection.","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"body hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_hair"},{"link_name":"Fisherian runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherian_runaway"},{"link_name":"sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_hair"},{"link_name":"vellus hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellus_hair"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"body hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenic_hair"},{"link_name":"terminal hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_hair"},{"link_name":"face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_hair"},{"link_name":"chest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_hair"},{"link_name":"abdomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_hair"},{"link_name":"vellus hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellus_hair"},{"link_name":"neoteny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteny"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Sexual selection hypothesis","text":"Another hypothesis for the thick body hair on humans proposes that Fisherian runaway sexual selection played a role (as well as in the selection of long head hair), (see terminal and vellus hair), as well as a much larger role of testosterone in men. Sexual selection is the only theory thus far that explains the sexual dimorphism seen in the hair patterns of men and women. On average, men have more body hair than women. Males have more terminal hair, especially on the face, chest, abdomen, and back, and females have more vellus hair, which is less visible. The halting of hair development at a juvenile stage, vellus hair, would also be consistent with the neoteny evident in humans, especially in females, and thus they could have occurred at the same time.[19] This theory, however, has significant holdings in today's cultural norms. There is no evidence that sexual selection would proceed to such a drastic extent over a million years ago when a full, lush coat of hair would most likely indicate health and would therefore be more likely to be selected for, not against.","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aquatic ape hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaeKoppe2014-20"}],"sub_title":"Water-dwelling hypothesis","text":"The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH) includes hair loss as one of several characteristics of modern humans that could indicate adaptations to an aquatic environment. Serious consideration may be given by contemporary anthropologists to some hypotheses related to AAH, but hair loss is not one of them.[20]","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ectoparasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoparasites"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pagel&Bodmer2003-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERantala20071%E2%80%937-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles2010-24"},{"link_name":"fleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleas"},{"link_name":"head louse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_louse"},{"link_name":"pubic louse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_louse"},{"link_name":"gorilla louse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_louse"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"body louse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_louse"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stoneking-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Parasite hypothesis","text":"A divergent explanation of humans' relative hairlessness holds that ectoparasites (such as ticks) residing in fur became problematic as humans became hunters living in larger groups with a \"home base\".[21][22] Nakedness would also make the lack of parasites apparent to prospective mates.[23] However, this theory is inconsistent with the abundance of parasites that continue to exist in the remaining patches of human hair.[24]The \"ectoparasite\" explanation of modern human nakedness is based on the principle that a hairless primate would harbor fewer parasites. When our ancestors adopted group-dwelling social arrangements roughly 1.8 mya, ectoparasite loads increased dramatically. Early humans became the only one of the 193 primate species to have fleas, which can be attributed to the close living arrangements of large groups of individuals. While primate species have communal sleeping arrangements, these groups are always on the move and thus are less likely to harbor ectoparasites.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.[25][26] The evolution of the body louse from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.[27][28]","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-couch-29"}],"sub_title":"Fire hypothesis","text":"Another hypothesis is that humans' use of fire caused or initiated the reduction in human hair.[29]","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"bipedalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giles-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea-31"},{"link_name":"bipedalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2021-32"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutou2012-9"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles2010-24"}],"sub_title":"Childrearing hypothesis","text":"Another view is proposed by James Giles, who attempts to explain hairlessness as evolved from the relationship between mother and child, and as a consequence of bipedalism. Giles also connects romantic love to hairlessness.[30][31]The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees was only partially bipedal, often using their front legs for locomotion. Other primate mothers do not need to carry their young because there is fur for them to cling to, but the loss of fur encouraged full bipedalism, allowing the mothers to carry their babies with one or both hands.[32] The combination of hairlessness and upright posture may also explain the enlargement of the female breasts as a sexual signal.[9] Giles' theory is that the loss of fur also promoted mother-child attachment based upon the pleasure of skin-to-skin contact. This may explain the more extensive hairlessness of female humans and infants compared to adult males. Nakedness also affects sexual relationships as well, the duration of human intercourse being many times the duration of any other primates.[24]","title":"Evolution of hairlessness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of clothing and textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles"},{"link_name":"Body modification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MAMUZ_-_Schneckenkette_Hundssteig.jpg"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclope_neritea"},{"link_name":"Upper Palaeolithic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic_Europe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToupsKitchenLightReed201029%E2%80%9332-33"},{"link_name":"jewelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry"},{"link_name":"body paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_paint"},{"link_name":"tattoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo"},{"link_name":"body modifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_modification"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander197883-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogenboom2016-35"},{"link_name":"Mark Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Leary"},{"link_name":"Nicole R. Buttermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_R._Buttermore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"behaviorally modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELearyButtermore2003-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell2010-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckner2021-38"},{"link_name":"eyed needle for sewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_needle#Prehistoric_sewing_needles"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilligan2010-39"},{"link_name":"Neanderthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermansen2018103%E2%80%93104-40"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilligan2007a500%E2%80%93502-41"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2020Ch._7-42"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber19919%E2%80%9311-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2020168-44"}],"text":"For broader coverage of this topic, see History of clothing and textiles.See also: Body modificationA necklace reconstructed from perforated sea snail shells from Upper Palaeolithic Europe, dated between 39,000 and 25,000 BCE. The practice of body adornment is associated with the emergence of behavioral modernity.The current empirical evidence for the origin of clothing is from a 2010 study published in Molecular Biology and Evolution. That study indicates that the habitual wearing of clothing began at some point in time between 83,000 years ago and 170,000 years ago based upon a genetic analysis indicating when clothing lice diverged from their head louse ancestors. This information suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa prior to their migration to colder climates, allowing them to do so.[33]Some of the technology for what is now called clothing may have originated to make other types of adornment, including jewelry, body paint, tattoos, and other body modifications, \"dressing\" the naked body without concealing it.[34][35] According to Mark Leary and Nicole R. Buttermore, body adornment is one of the changes that occurred in the late Paleolithic (40,000 to 60,000 years ago) in which humans became not only anatomically modern, but also behaviorally modern and capable of self-reflection and symbolic interaction.[36] More recent studies place the use of adornment at 77,000 years ago in South Africa, and 90,000—100,000 years ago in Israel and Algeria.[37] While modesty may be a factor, often overlooked purposes for body coverings are camouflage used by hunters, body armor, and costumes used to impersonate \"spirit-beings\".[38]The origin of complex, fitted clothing required the invention of fine stone knives for cutting skins into pieces, and the eyed needle for sewing. This was done by Cro-Magnons, who migrated to Europe around 35,000 years ago.[39] The Neanderthal occupied the same region, but became extinct in part because they could not make fitted garments, but draped themselves with crudely cut skins—based upon their simple stone tools—which did not provide the warmth needed to survive as the climate grew colder in the Last Glacial Period.[40] In addition to being less functional, the simple wrappings would not have been habitually worn by Neanderthal due to their being more cold-tolerant than Homo sapiens, and would not have acquired the secondary functions of decoration and promoting modesty.[41]The earliest archeological evidence of fabric clothing is inferred from representations in figurines in the southern Levant dated between 11,700 and 10,500 years ago.[42] The surviving examples of woven cloth are linen from Egypt dated 5,000 BCE, although knotted or twisted flax fibers have been found as early as 7000 BCE.[43]While adults are rarely completely naked in modern societies, covering at least their genitals, adornments and clothing often emphasize, enhance, or otherwise call attention to the sexuality of the body.[44]","title":"Origin of clothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-00224-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8"},{"link_name":"\"Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8150933"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2021Life...11..435B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Life...11..435B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3390/life11050435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3390%2Flife11050435"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2075-1729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2075-1729"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8150933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8150933"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34066043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34066043"},{"link_name":"\"Disguises and the Origins of Clothing\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-021-09415-7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1936-4776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4776"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"34643886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643886"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"238745503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238745503"},{"link_name":"\"Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-did-humans-evolve-lose-fur-180970980/"},{"link_name":"\"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity 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Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Huntington"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Pudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor"},{"link_name":"Elton Raymond Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_Raymond_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Richard Ungewitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter"},{"link_name":"Depictions of nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity"},{"link_name":"Nude (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_(art)"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_nude_in_art"},{"link_name":"Nude modeling (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(art)"},{"link_name":"Nude photography (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)"},{"link_name":"Nudity in live performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_live_performance"},{"link_name":"Body painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_painting"},{"link_name":"Nudity in film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_film"},{"link_name":"Nudity in American television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_American_television"},{"link_name":"Nudity in music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_music_videos"},{"link_name":"Nudity in print media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_print_media"},{"link_name":"Nudity in advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_in_advertising"},{"link_name":"Nude photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography"},{"link_name":"Glamour photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography"},{"link_name":"Erotic photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography"},{"link_name":"Imagery of nude celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities"},{"link_name":"Nude calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_calendar"},{"link_name":"Naked News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_News"},{"link_name":"Nudity in combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_in_combat"},{"link_name":"Nudity clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity_clause"},{"link_name":"Nude psychotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_psychotherapy"},{"link_name":"Softcore pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softcore_pornography"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nudity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nudity"}],"text":"Barber, E. J. W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8.\nBrown, Jeffrey G. (2021). \"Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees\". Life. 11 (5): 435. Bibcode:2021Life...11..435B. doi:10.3390/life11050435. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 8150933. PMID 34066043.\nBuckner, William (2021-12-01). \"Disguises and the Origins of Clothing\". Human Nature. 32 (4): 706–728. doi:10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7. ISSN 1936-4776. PMID 34643886. S2CID 238745503. Retrieved 2022-03-02.\nDaley, Jason (11 December 2018). \"Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?\". Smithsonian. Retrieved 27 October 2019.\nDávid-Barrett, Tamás; Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2016-05-01). \"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling\". Journal of Human Evolution. 94: 72–82. Bibcode:2016JHumE..94...72D. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006. ISSN 0047-2484. PMC 4874949. PMID 27178459.\nDavies, Stephen (2020). Adornment: What Self-Decoration Tells Us about Who We Are. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-350-12100-3.\nGiles, James (2010-12-01). \"Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness\". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. ISSN 1555-5550. S2CID 84164968. Retrieved 2019-12-24.\nGilligan, Ian (2007a). \"Neanderthal Extinction and Modern Human Behaviour: The Role of Climate Change and Clothing\". World Archaeology. 39 (4): 499–514. doi:10.1080/00438240701680492. hdl:1885/28508. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 162388264. Retrieved 2021-03-05.\nGilligan, Ian (2007b). \"Clothing and modern human behaviour: prehistoric Tasmania as a case study\". Archaeology in Oceania. 42 (3): 102–111. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x. ISSN 1834-4453. Retrieved 2021-03-11.\nGilligan, Ian (2010). \"The Prehistoric Development of Clothing: Archaeological Implications of a Thermal Model\". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 17 (1): 15–80. doi:10.1007/s10816-009-9076-x. S2CID 143004288.\nGilligan, Ian (2018-12-13). Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108555883. ISBN 978-1-108-47008-7. S2CID 238146999.\nHermansen, Ralph D. (2018). Down from the Trees : Man's Amazing Transition from Tree-Dwelling Ape Ancestors. Apple Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-429-46595-6.\nHogenboom, Melissa (2016-09-19). \"We Did Not Invent Clothes Simply to Stay Warm\". BBC. Retrieved 2019-10-27.[permanent dead link]\nHollander, Anne (1978). Seeing Through Clothes. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0140110844.\nJablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2000). \"The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration\". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (1): 57–106. Bibcode:2000JHumE..39...57J. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403. PMID 10896812. S2CID 38445385.\nJablonski, Nina G. (2006). Skin: A Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520954816.\nJablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2017). \"The Colours of Humanity: The Evolution of Pigmentation in the Human Lineage\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 372 (1724): 20160349. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0349. PMC 5444068. PMID 28533464.\nJablonski, Nina G. (1 November 2012). \"The Naked Truth\". Scientific American.\nJarrett, Paul; Scragg, Robert (2020). \"Evolution, Prehistory and Vitamin D\". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (2): 646. doi:10.3390/ijerph17020646. PMC 7027011. PMID 31963858.\nKushlan, James A. (1980). \"The Evolution of Hairlessness in Man\". The American Naturalist. 116 (5): 727–729. doi:10.1086/283663. JSTOR 2460629. S2CID 86463962.\nLeary, Mark R; Buttermore, Nicole R. (2003). \"The Evolution of the Human Self: Tracing the Natural History of Self-Awareness\". Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour. 33 (4): 365–404. doi:10.1046/j.1468-5914.2003.00223.x.\nLevy, Janet (2020). The Genesis of the Textile Industry from Adorned Nudity to Ritual Regalia. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-78969-449-9.\nNowell, April (2010). \"Defining Behavioral Modernity in the Context of Neandertal and Anatomically Modern Human Populations\". Annual Review of Anthropology. 39 (1): 437–452. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105113. Retrieved 2020-12-06.\nRae, Todd C.; Koppe, Thomas (2014). \"Sinuses and flotation: Does the aquatic ape theory hold water?\". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 23 (2): 60–64. doi:10.1002/evan.21408. ISSN 1520-6505. PMID 24753346. S2CID 5456280.\nRantala, M. J. (2007). \"Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens\". Journal of Zoology. 273 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00295.x. S2CID 14182894.\nRuxton, Graeme D.; Wilkinson, David M. (2011-12-27). \"Avoidance of overheating and selection for both hair loss and bipedality in hominins\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 20965–20969. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820965R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113915108. PMC 3248486. PMID 22160694.\nSchlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017). \"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago\". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970. S2CID 206663925.\nSimmons, Pauline; Yarwood, Doreen; Laver, James; Murray, Anne Wood; Marly, Diana Julia Alexandra (April 6, 2022). \"Dress - the Nature and Purposes of Dress\". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-04-11.\nSomel, Mehmet; Tang, Lin; Khaitovich, Philipp (2012). \"The Role of Neoteny in Human Evolution: From Genes to the Phenotype\". In Hirohisa Hirai; Hiroo Imai; Yasuhiro Go (eds.). Post-Genome Biology of Primates. Primatology Monographs. Tokyo: Springer. pp. 23–41. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54011-3_3. ISBN 978-4-431-54011-3. Retrieved 2023-04-11.\nSutou, Shizuyo (2012). \"Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human-ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands\". Genes to Cells. 17 (4): 264–272. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01592.x. PMC 3510307. PMID 22404045.\nToups, M. A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J. E.; Reed, D. L. (2010). \"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 29–32. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 3002236. PMID 20823373.\nWade, Nicholas (19 August 2003). \"Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18.\nWheeler, P.E. (1985). \"The loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality\". Journal of Human Evolution. 14 (14): 23–28. Bibcode:1985JHumE..14...23W. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(85)80091-9.\nZukerman, Wendy (4 November 2011). \"Skin 'sees' the light to protect against sunshine\". New Scientist. Retrieved 3 September 2019.vteNudityNakedness and clothing\nHistory\nPrehistory of nakedness and clothing\nNakedness and colonialism\nChildhood nudity\nSex segregation\nModesty\nNudity in religion\nAwrah\nBreastfeeding in public\nPublic bathing\nSauna\nFinnish sauna\nMassage\nToplessness\nTopfreedom\nCanada\nUnited States\nNudity and protest\nDress code\nClothing laws by country\nNudity and sexuality\nIntimate part\nExhibitionism\nMooning\nStreaking\nStriptease\nStripper\nFeminist stripper\nVoyeurism\nAnasyrma\nCandaulism\nIssues in social nudity\nSexualization\nSexual objectification\nPornification\nIndecent exposure\nObscenity\nWardrobe malfunction\nStrip search\nNaturism\nNaturist resort\nChristian naturism\nFreikörperkultur\nGay naturism\nGymnosophy\nNaturist magazines\nSocial nudity organizations\nAnarchist naturism\nTimeline of social nudity\nNude recreation\nNude beach\nNude swimming\nNude swimming classes\nNaked yoga\nNaked party\nNude wedding\nNude beaches\nClothing-optional events\nBy location\nAfrica\nAsia\nEurope\nNorth America\nSan Francisco\nSeattle\nOceania\nSouth America\nSocial nudity advocates\nKurt Barthel\nLee Baxandall\nPaul Bindrim\nIlsley Boone\nHenry S. Huntington\nHeinrich Pudor\nElton Raymond Shaw\nRichard Ungewitter\nDepictions of nudity\nNude (art)\nHistory\nNude modeling (art)\nNude photography (art)\nNudity in live performance\nBody painting\nNudity in film\nNudity in American television\nNudity in music videos\nNudity in print media\nNudity in advertising\nNude photography\nGlamour photography\nErotic photography\nSee also\nImagery of nude celebrities\nNude calendar\nNaked News\nNudity in combat\nNudity clause\nNude psychotherapy\nSoftcore pornography\n Category Portal","title":"Works cited"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Humans' closest living relatives have both extensive areas of fur and also bare patches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Latest_Art_Nude_Shoot_%2815693380966%29.jpg/170px-Latest_Art_Nude_Shoot_%2815693380966%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A necklace reconstructed from perforated sea snail shells from Upper Palaeolithic Europe, dated between 39,000 and 25,000 BCE. The practice of body adornment is associated with the emergence of behavioral modernity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MAMUZ_-_Schneckenkette_Hundssteig.jpg/220px-MAMUZ_-_Schneckenkette_Hundssteig.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Winter, H.; Langbein, L.; Krawczak, M.; Cooper, D.N.; Jave-Suarez, L.F.; Rogers, M.A.; Praetzel, S.; Heidt, P.J.; Schweizer, J. (2001). \"Human type I hair keratin pseudogene phihHaA has functional orthologs in the chimpanzee and gorilla: Evidence for recent inactivation of the human gene after the Pan-Homo divergence\". Human Genetics. 108 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1007/s004390000439. PMID 11214905. S2CID 21545865.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004390000439","url_text":"10.1007/s004390000439"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214905","url_text":"11214905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21545865","url_text":"21545865"}]},{"reference":"Abbasi, A.A. (2011). \"Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle\". Scientific Reports. 1: 32. Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E..32A. doi:10.1038/srep00032. PMC 3216519. PMID 22355551.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216519","url_text":"\"Molecular evolution of HR, a gene that regulates the postnatal cycle of the hair follicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NatSR...1E..32A","url_text":"2011NatSR...1E..32A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00032","url_text":"10.1038/srep00032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216519","url_text":"3216519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22355551","url_text":"22355551"}]},{"reference":"\"Women and Hair Loss: Possible Causes\". WebMD. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/women-hair-loss-causes#1","url_text":"\"Women and Hair Loss: Possible Causes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebMD","url_text":"WebMD"}]},{"reference":"Rantala, M.J. (1999). \"Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?\". International Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2. PMID 10961855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7519%2899%2900133-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10961855","url_text":"10961855"}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, N.G.; Chaplin, G. (2010). \"Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (Supplement 2): 8962–8968. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.8962J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914628107. PMC 3024016. PMID 20445093.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024016","url_text":"\"Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.8962J","url_text":"2010PNAS..107.8962J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0914628107","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0914628107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024016","url_text":"3024016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445093","url_text":"20445093"}]},{"reference":"Dixson, A.F. (2009). Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems (1 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-955942-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC","url_text":"Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955942-8","url_text":"978-0-19-955942-8"}]},{"reference":"Pagel, Mark; Bodmer, Walter (2003). \"A naked ape would have fewer parasites\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 270 (Suppl 1): S117–S119. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0041. PMC 1698033. PMID 12952654.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698033","url_text":"\"A naked ape would have fewer parasites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2003.0041","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2003.0041"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698033","url_text":"1698033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12952654","url_text":"12952654"}]},{"reference":"Rantala, M.J. (1999). \"Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?\" (PDF). International Journal for Parasitology. 29 (12): 1987–1989. doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2. PMID 10961855. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110205011118/http://users.utu.fi/mjranta/reprints/1.%20Rantala1999.pdf","url_text":"\"Human nakedness: Adaptation against ectoparasites?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7519%2899%2900133-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00133-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10961855","url_text":"10961855"},{"url":"http://users.utu.fi/mjranta/reprints/1.%20Rantala1999.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gorillas gave pubic lice to humans, DNA study reveals\". National Geographic. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216214857/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-gorilla-lice.html","url_text":"\"Gorillas gave pubic lice to humans, DNA study reveals\""},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070316-gorilla-lice.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Weiss RA (10 February 2009). \"Apes, lice and prehistory\". J Biol. 8 (2): 20. doi:10.1186/jbiol114. PMC 2687769. PMID 19232074.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769","url_text":"\"Apes, lice and prehistory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fjbiol114","url_text":"10.1186/jbiol114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687769","url_text":"2687769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19232074","url_text":"19232074"}]},{"reference":"Kittler, R.; Kayser, M.; Stoneking, M. (2004). \"Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing\". Current Biology. 14 (24): 1414–7. Bibcode:2004CBio...14.2309K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.024. PMID 12932325.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.12.024","url_text":"\"Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CBio...14.2309K","url_text":"2004CBio...14.2309K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.12.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2004.12.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12932325","url_text":"12932325"}]},{"reference":"Toups, M.A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J.E.; Reed, D.L. (2011). \"Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 29–32. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234. PMC 3002236. PMID 20823373.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002236","url_text":"\"Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq234","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msq234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002236","url_text":"3002236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20823373","url_text":"20823373"}]},{"reference":"Couch, Alan (3 February 2016). \"Fur or fire: Was the use of fire the initial selection pressure for fur loss in ancestral hominins?\". PeerJ Preprints. 4: e1702v1. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1702v1. Retrieved 10 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://peerj.com/preprints/1702/?td=wk","url_text":"\"Fur or fire: Was the use of fire the initial selection pressure for fur loss in ancestral hominins?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.1702v1","url_text":"10.7287/peerj.preprints.1702v1"}]},{"reference":"Giles, James (20 March 2015) [2010]. \"Naked love: The evolution of human hairlessness\". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. S2CID 84164968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)","url_text":"Giles, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FBIOT_a_00062","url_text":"10.1162/BIOT_a_00062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84164968","url_text":"84164968"}]},{"reference":"Shea, Christopher (12 July 2011). \"Human hairlessness: The naked love explanation\". Ideas Market blog. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/07/12/human-hairlessness-the-naked-love-explanation/","url_text":"\"Human hairlessness: The naked love explanation\""}]},{"reference":"Barber, E. J. W. (1991). Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC","url_text":"Prehistoric Textiles: the Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8","url_text":"978-0-691-00224-8"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jeffrey G. (2021). \"Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees\". Life. 11 (5): 435. Bibcode:2021Life...11..435B. doi:10.3390/life11050435. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 8150933. PMID 34066043.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8150933","url_text":"\"Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Life...11..435B","url_text":"2021Life...11..435B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife11050435","url_text":"10.3390/life11050435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2075-1729","url_text":"2075-1729"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8150933","url_text":"8150933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34066043","url_text":"34066043"}]},{"reference":"Buckner, William (2021-12-01). \"Disguises and the Origins of Clothing\". Human Nature. 32 (4): 706–728. doi:10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7. ISSN 1936-4776. PMID 34643886. S2CID 238745503. Retrieved 2022-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7","url_text":"\"Disguises and the Origins of Clothing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-021-09415-7","url_text":"10.1007/s12110-021-09415-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4776","url_text":"1936-4776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34643886","url_text":"34643886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238745503","url_text":"238745503"}]},{"reference":"Daley, Jason (11 December 2018). \"Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?\". Smithsonian. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-did-humans-evolve-lose-fur-180970980/","url_text":"\"Why Did Humans Lose Their Fur?\""}]},{"reference":"Dávid-Barrett, Tamás; Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2016-05-01). \"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling\". Journal of Human Evolution. 94: 72–82. Bibcode:2016JHumE..94...72D. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.02.006. ISSN 0047-2484. PMC 4874949. 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Adornment: What Self-Decoration Tells Us about Who We Are. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-350-12100-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-12100-3","url_text":"978-1-350-12100-3"}]},{"reference":"Giles, James (2010-12-01). \"Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness\". Biological Theory. 5 (4): 326–336. doi:10.1162/BIOT_a_00062. ISSN 1555-5550. S2CID 84164968. Retrieved 2019-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/BIOT_a_00062","url_text":"\"Naked Love: The Evolution of Human Hairlessness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FBIOT_a_00062","url_text":"10.1162/BIOT_a_00062"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-5550","url_text":"1555-5550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84164968","url_text":"84164968"}]},{"reference":"Gilligan, Ian (2007a). \"Neanderthal Extinction and Modern Human Behaviour: The Role of Climate Change and Clothing\". World Archaeology. 39 (4): 499–514. doi:10.1080/00438240701680492. hdl:1885/28508. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 162388264. 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Archaeology in Oceania. 42 (3): 102–111. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x. ISSN 1834-4453. Retrieved 2021-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x","url_text":"\"Clothing and modern human behaviour: prehistoric Tasmania as a case study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1834-4453.2007.tb00023.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1834-4453","url_text":"1834-4453"}]},{"reference":"Gilligan, Ian (2010). \"The Prehistoric Development of Clothing: Archaeological Implications of a Thermal Model\". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 17 (1): 15–80. doi:10.1007/s10816-009-9076-x. 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S2CID 238146999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108555883","url_text":"10.1017/9781108555883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47008-7","url_text":"978-1-108-47008-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238146999","url_text":"238146999"}]},{"reference":"Hermansen, Ralph D. (2018). Down from the Trees : Man's Amazing Transition from Tree-Dwelling Ape Ancestors. Apple Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-429-46595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429465956","url_text":"Down from the Trees : Man's Amazing Transition from Tree-Dwelling Ape Ancestors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46595-6","url_text":"978-0-429-46595-6"}]},{"reference":"Hogenboom, Melissa (2016-09-19). \"We Did Not Invent Clothes Simply to Stay Warm\". BBC. Retrieved 2019-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/earth/story/-the-real-origin-of-clothes","url_text":"\"We Did Not Invent Clothes Simply to Stay Warm\""}]},{"reference":"Hollander, Anne (1978). Seeing Through Clothes. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0140110844.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140110844","url_text":"0140110844"}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2000). \"The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration\". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (1): 57–106. Bibcode:2000JHumE..39...57J. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403. PMID 10896812. 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ISBN 9780520954816.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/skinnaturalhisto00jabl","url_text":"Skin: A Natural History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520954816","url_text":"9780520954816"}]},{"reference":"Jablonski, Nina G.; Chaplin, George (2017). \"The Colours of Humanity: The Evolution of Pigmentation in the Human Lineage\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 372 (1724): 20160349. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0349. PMC 5444068. 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S2CID 206663925.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aao6266","url_text":"\"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...358..652S","url_text":"2017Sci...358..652S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aao6266","url_text":"10.1126/science.aao6266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28971970","url_text":"28971970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206663925","url_text":"206663925"}]},{"reference":"Simmons, Pauline; Yarwood, Doreen; Laver, James; Murray, Anne Wood; Marly, Diana Julia Alexandra (April 6, 2022). \"Dress - the Nature and Purposes of Dress\". 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PMID 22404045.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510307","url_text":"\"Hairless mutation: a driving force of humanization from a human-ape common ancestor by enforcing upright walking while holding a baby with both hands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2443.2012.01592.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01592.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3510307","url_text":"3510307"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22404045","url_text":"22404045"}]},{"reference":"Toups, M. A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J. E.; Reed, D. L. (2010). \"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (1): 29–32. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 3002236. PMID 20823373.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002236","url_text":"\"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq234","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msq234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0737-4038","url_text":"0737-4038"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3002236","url_text":"3002236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20823373","url_text":"20823373"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Nicholas (19 August 2003). \"Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/19/science/why-humans-and-their-fur-parted-ways.html","url_text":"\"Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618134300/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/19/science/why-humans-and-their-fur-parted-ways.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, P.E. (1985). \"The loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality\". Journal of Human Evolution. 14 (14): 23–28. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig_Crisis
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Heglig Crisis
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["1 Background","2 Events","2.1 March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig","2.2 Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig","2.3 Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive","2.4 Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig","2.5 Negotiations","3 Weapons","4 Humanitarian situation","5 Responses","5.1 Domestic response in Sudan","5.2 Domestic response in South Sudan","5.3 International reactions","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
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War fought between Sudan and South Sudan
Heglig CrisisDate26 March – 26 September 2012(6 months)LocationAlong the entire Sudan–South Sudan border, although the main fighting took place at HegligResult
Sudanese victory
Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 SeptemberTerritorialchanges
South Sudanese withdrawal from HegligBelligerents
South Sudan JEM SPLM-N
SudanCommanders and leaders
Salva Kiir(President of South Sudan) James Gatduel Gatluak(Commander of the 4th Division)
Omar al-Bashir(President of Sudan) Ahmed Haroun(Governor of South Kordofan)Strength
SPLA and Mathiang Anyoor:unknown (at Heglig)Overall:140,000 soldiers110 tanks69 artillery pieces10 helicopters
SAF:2,000 (at Heglig)Overall:109,300 soldiers17,500 paramilitaries390 tanks115 light tanks490 armoured personnel carriers778 artillery pieces63 combat airplanes29 helicoptersCasualties and losses
31 killed (South Sudanese claim)1,200 killed (Sudanese claim)106 woundedSeveral captured
256 killed (South Sudanese claim)100 wounded50 captured (Sudanese claim)1 MiG-29 shot down
29 civilians killed
The casualty numbers are based on the warring parties claims and have not been independently verified.vteHeglig Crisis
First Battle of Heglig
Second Battle of Heglig
Agok Skirmish
Air campaign
vteConflicts in Sudanand South Sudan
First Sudanese Civil War
Torit mutiny
1958 coup
1964 Revolution
1969 coup
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1985 coup
1989 coup
Thunderbolt
War of the Peters
Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
Battle of Malakal
War in Darfur
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George Athor's rebellion
Heglig Crisis
South Sudanese Civil War
Sudanese Revolution
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Sudanese peace process
The Heglig Crisis was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states. South Sudan invaded and briefly occupied the small border town of Heglig before being pushed back by the Sudanese army. Small-scale clashes continued until an agreement on borders and natural resources was signed on 26 September, resolving most aspects of the conflict.
Background
Prior to independence from Sudan two civil wars were fought in the region from 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, in which 2.5 million people were killed and more than 5 million externally displaced. South Sudan peacefully gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 with Sudan's long-term president Omar al-Bashir promising to "work with our southern brothers and help them set up their state". Despite this relations between the two states have been marked by conflict over the disputed oil-rich Abyei region. In January 2012, South Sudan shut down all of its oil fields over a disagreement with oil transit fees imposed by Sudan.
In May 2011, it was reported that Sudan had seized control of Abyei, with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with South Sudanese forces. The precipitating factor was an ambush by South Sudanese forces on May 19 which killed 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling, aerial bombardment and numerous tanks. Following the advance South Sudan withdrew its forces from Abyei and declared the movement of Sudanese forces into Abyei to be an "act of war". The United Nations sent an envoy to Khartoum to intervene. A deal on militarization was reached on 20 June 2011. The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, consisting of Ethiopian troops were deployed under a UNSC resolution from 27 June 2011. In early December 2011, Jau, a town in Unity state in South Sudan, was occupied by Sudanese forces. In early March 2012, the Sudanese Air Force bombed parts of Pariang county.
Both countries accused each other of supporting rebels on their soil as part of the ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan.
Events
March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig
See also: First Battle of Heglig
On 26 March, the Republic of Sudan claimed that South Sudan attacked the Heglig oilfield, located in the Sudanese state of South Kordofan, while South Sudan claimed that their forces had carried out an operation within the borders of South Sudan. The South Sudanese attack was supported by the Sudanese rebel group JEM, which attacked from South Sudanese state of Unity. The following day, the Sudanese Air Force launched a bombing raid on the Unity oilfield in Unity, located to the north of the state capital, Bentiu. The Sudanese Army later attacked the disputed areas of Jau, Pan Akuach, and Teshwin, but were repelled by the South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).
South Sudanese artillery positions 20 kilometres north of Bentiu, which had been involved in the shelling of Heglig, were bombarded by artillery from the northern side of the border. Sudan's Information Minister, Abdallah Ali Masar, confirmed that South Sudanese had penetrated 10 km into Sudanese territory, but also claimed that Sudanese forces had repelled them and driven them back, and had taken several prisoners.
South Sudan's forces withdrew from the disputed area on 28 March.
On 31 March, Sudanese warplanes bombed the Southern forces positions on the border, although officials from the north said it was artillery, not aircraft involved in the attack.
Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig
South Sudan claimed to have shot down a Sudanese MiG-29 warplane on 4 April over Unity during an air raid in which Sudanese planes bombed an oil pipeline in South Sudan. The Sudanese government denied any aerial bombings had taken place and called the accusations "fabrications" by South Sudan.
The SPLA claimed that Teshwin in South Sudan had been attacked by Sudanese forces on 9 April with battle going on into the next day The town of Abiemnhom in Unity was reportedly attacked by two brigades from the Sudanese army, which South Sudan claimed was an attempt to seize its oil fields. At least four civilians were injured in the clashes, although there were no immediate reports of military casualties on either side. The South's government said that northern forces had breached the border accompanied by militias, but had been repelled. A Sudanese military spokesman later admitted that the Sudanese army had been defeated during a battle at Heglig and was forced to retreat northwards. There were some reports that the fighting had broken out after Sudanese forces attempted to retake a border post lost to Southern forces two weeks previous. On 10 April Colonel Khalid Sawarmi, spokesman for the Sudanese army, claimed that South Sudanese forces had taken control of the Heglig oil fields and the town of Heglig itself, marking the start of the Second Battle of Heglig. In this second capture of Heglig the SPLA was again supported by the JEM.
The Sudanese government said on 11 April that heavy fighting continued along the disputed border areas and the Sudanese army was reported to be trying to retake Heglig with Sudan announcing that they would use all legitimate means to retake the oil fields. South Sudan said that they were holding defensive positions in Heglig, awaiting a Sudanese counterattack. Second Vice President of Sudan, al-Haj Adam Youssef, stated that Sudan was now in a state declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold. The next day, on 12 April, the Sudanese Air Force bombed Bentiu, in an attempt to destroy a strategic bridge using an Antonov An-26 transport plane converted into an improvised bomber, killing one South Sudanese soldier.
The parliaments of both countries called for a mobilisation of their respective armed forces. Sudan also began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry of Sudan. Following the capture of Heglig, the Government of Sudan announced that their forces withdrawn to Khersana where they were reportedly preparing to retake Heglig. On the same day the Sudanese Revolutionary Front rebel group attacked Khersana and Kalik
It was at some point in April that Salva Kiir, President of South Sudan and his advisors organized an all-volunteer militia –Mathiang Anyoor– to aid the SPLA in fighting the Sudanese during this conflict. The militia later transformed into a private army and became infamous for committing numerous atrocities during the subsequent South Sudanese Civil War.
Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive
Main article: Battle for Meiram
South Sudanese forces began reinforcing their positions in Heglig on 13 April, whilst Sudan continued to mobilise its own forces. According to the South Sudanese government, the frontlines had remained static during the day. Sudanese forces claimed to be advancing on Heglig and that the situation would be dealt with "within hours." A spokesman of the Sudanese government said that its army was on the outskirts of Heglig, while South Sudan's government said that it would defend themselves if attacked. The Sudanese government spokesman also added that South Sudan failed to control "all of South Kordofan state."
South Sudan's vice president Reik Machar said a Sudanese attempt to retake Heglig by force was halted 30 km north of the town. South Sudan claimed to have destroyed two tanks during the clashes. The Sudanese air force, operating two Sukhoi Su-25 jets, reportedly bombed Jau and Panakuach, as well as Heglig once again, killing five civilians. On 14 April, South Sudanese forces continued to advance northwards, and repelled a Sudanese counterattack on Khersana. Southern troops moved to close all three roads to Heglig on 14 April. It was also reported that most facilities in Heglig had been damaged during the fighting. Two MiG-29s from the Sudanese Air Force attempted to destroy a bridge in Bentiu but missed their target and ended up killing four civilians and a soldier and wounding five others. The attack was widely believed to be an attempt to damage South Sudanese supply lines.
Sudanese army units were reported to have reached a few kilometres from Heglig and that they were fighting with South Sudanese forces. Sudan's military spokesman Al-Sawarmi Khalid revealed that their immediate objective was to "destroy the South's war machine", rather than enter Heglig itself. South Sudan disputed the north's version of events as propaganda, claiming that northern forces were still 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Heglig. On 15 April, the Sudan People's Liberation Army spokesman Philip Aguer claimed that after overnight clashes in Kelet South Sudan held on to its positions and destroyed two Sudanese tanks.
Sudan shelled the western part of South Sudan's Upper Nile state during 15 April, in an apparent attempt to open up a new front. Sudanese troops crossed the border into South Sudan's Upper Nile state and briefly occupied the small town of Kuek, before being expelled by South Sudan's army.
On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that "South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies". The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government. Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Sudanese government, ruled out peace talks with the South, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force.
On 18 April, a new front opened up in the conflict, 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Heglig, resulting in seven South Sudanese soldiers and 15 Sudanese soldiers being killed. The clash was reportedly sparked when a South Sudanese soldier was shot dead when collecting water near the road between Aweil and Meiram.
Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig
On April 20 Salva Kiir ordered his forces to withdraw from Heglig. On the day the Sudanese army entered Heglig with al-Bashir holding a victory rally in Khartoum. On the 22 April, more fighting broke out along the whole border as Sudanese soldiers backed by tanks and artillery launched three waves of attacks 10 kilometres (6 mi) into South Sudan. At least one South Sudanese soldier was killed and two wounded in the attack. Sudan bombed the town of Rubkona on 23 April, damaging several market stalls, in an attempt to destroy a bridge between Rubkona and neighbouring Bentiu. At least three people were killed in the raid. The following day, Kiir stated on a visit to China that Sudan had "declared war" on South Sudan.
Negotiations
Sudan and South Sudan restarted negotiations in June 2012 under mediation by the African Union's envoy Thabo Mbeki.
On 27 September, Omar al-Bashir and Salva Kiir signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a 10 km (6 mi) demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allows for the return of 350,000 barrels of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding on the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic-cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remained unsolved and future talks were scheduled to resolve them. Vice President Riek Machar outlined what agreements were signed, but lamented the lack of a resolution on Abyei.
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon commended the two leaders on reaching an agreement. Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn also praised the outcome and hoped it would build momentum.
In mid-March 2013, both countries began to withdraw their forces from the border area in a bid to creating a demilitarised buffer zone and resume South Sudanese oil production for export through Sudan. In early April South Sudanese oil started to flow through pipelines in Sudan again. On 10 June Kiir accused al-Bashir of mobilising for war after al-Bashir threatened to cut oil transit through his country with Kiir stating that he would not go to war over the oil transit issue.
In October 2013, al-Bashir visited Juba to discuss the measures with Kiir. He was warmly welcomed and said that progress had been made. Kiir said that he was looking to mend relations with Sudan.
Weapons
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The Sudanese Army is equipped with predominantly Chinese and Soviet-made weapons while Sudan People's Liberation Army weapons vary, having few vehicles and mostly small arms. The following table should not be considered exhaustive.
Type
Sudanese Armed Forces
Sudan People's Liberation Army
Tanks
T-55, Type 62, T-72
T-55, T-72
APCs/IFVs
BMP-1, BMP-2, Alvis Saladin, technicals
technicals
Artillery
2A18, BM-21
BM-21
Aircraft
Su-24, Su-25, MiG-29, Nanchang A-5, Antonov An-26, Northrop F-5
none
Helicopters
Bell 212, Mi-8, Mi-24
Mi-17
Small Arms, Light Weapons
Type 56, AK-47, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7
AK-47, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7
Humanitarian situation
This section needs expansion with: further details. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012)
The conflict had, by 14 April, forced over 100,000 people to flee their homes.
Responses
Domestic response in Sudan
The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out.
Sudanese national radio announced that the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, would suspend his planned visit to the South Sudanese capital, Juba, as a result of the conflict. A summit between the leaders of the two countries had been planned to be held in Juba some time in April 2012, following up from the meeting of the political, military, and security committee of the African Union on 30 March in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A meeting between South Sudan and Sudan on the subject of the disputed region of Abyei scheduled to have been held on 22 March had previously been postponed by Sudan. On 11 April, Second Vice President of Sudan, Al-Haj Adam stated that Sudan was now in a state of war and declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold.
On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that "South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies" The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government. Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Government of Sudan, ruled out peace talks with the south, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force. Sudan began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry. During Friday prayers on 13 April in Sudan, some sermons in Khartoum condemed the South Sudanese capture of Heglig, while television broadcasts included jihadi and patriotic songs.
Following South Sudan's withdrawal from Heglig, President Omar al-Bashir declared that there would be no negotiations with the "poisonous insects" in reference to the South Sudanese. Later on, Bashir argued that the South Sudanese only understand the "language of guns and ammunition." Sudan's UN ambassador, Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman, argued that Sudan had the right to act in self-defense because "We have been targeted by... the South", adding that "Let me make it clear: We will not cross the international border and attack the South... inside their territories".
Domestic response in South Sudan
The President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, suggested that Sudan was responsible for initiating the conflict, and that further clashes could lead to war: "This morning air force came and bombed areas in Unity state. After this intensive bombardment our forces were attacked by and militia." It is a war that has been imposed on us again, but it is who are looking for it." The spokesman for the South Sudanese military suggested that the conflict was "the biggest confrontation since independence".
Parliamentary Speaker James Wani Igga called on people to prepare for war: "Khartoum might be meaning a real war ... if you don't defend yourself, you will be finished, so you should go and mobilise the people on ground to be ready" Parliament later decided to raise military spending and bolster the army by cutting salaries of all deputies by 10% for three months.
Fuel supplies began to run out in some filling stations in Juba around 15 April as huge queues of motorists tried to fill up as panic buying set in.
International reactions
United Nations
On 27 March, a spokesman for Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, called for the two countries to end the conflict and "use to the fullest extent existing political and security mechanisms to peacefully address their differences". On 23 April 2012, Ban Ki-moon condemned Sudan's bombing of border areas in South Sudan, demanding Khartoum cease all hostilities "as a matter of urgency".
Arab League
On 15 April 2012, the Arab Parliament called on South Sudan for restraint and to withdraw from the town of Heglig. A statement signed by Arab Parliament head Salem Deqbasi said that the Arab Parliament's bureau called on South Sudan to "heed the voice of reason" and immediately pull its forces out of the areas it had occupied inside Sudanese territory, including Heglig. On 26 April, the Arab League escalated its rhetoric, condemning South Sudan's "aggression" and saying Heglig belongs to Sudan. The Arab League went further to say it supported Sudan's "right to defend itself", and condemned South Sudan's alleged support of rebels in Sudan.
African Union
On 25 April 2012, the African Union condemned Sudan's bombing of parts of South Sudan, and called on both sides to cease all hostilities. The Peace and Security Council also put forth a 7-point roadmap in which the two sides would be given two weeks to restart negotiations. The AU urged both sides to refrain from "inflammatory statements and propaganda that could fuel the conflict".
Iran
On 15 April 2012, according to IRIB World Service, an Iran Broadcasting channel, Iranian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast said that Iran fully monitors the developments in the region, and calls on South Sudan to immediately and unconditionally pull back its forces and return to its territory behind the designated borders. In March an Iranian surveillance drone crashed in Sudan after being fired upon by South Sudanese-backed rebels.
Israel
Israel allegedly airlifted military hardware to the South Sudanese armed forces "on a daily basis" during the conflict.
Kenya
On 27 March 2012, the President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, suggested that Kenya could mediate between the two countries, stating "Kenya is keen on good and stable relations between the two countries".
United Kingdom
On 6 May 2012, Africa Minister Henry Bellingham supported the African Union-led initiative, calling for both sides to restart negotiations and comply with the ceasefire.
United States
On 11 April 2012, the US State Department condemned South Sudan's seizure of Heglig and in statement said "We condemn South Sudan's military involvement in the attack on and seizure of Heglig, an act which goes beyond self-defense and has increased tensions between Sudan and South Sudan to dangerous levels." Later on, however, the US took a different tone, condemning Khartoum's bombardment of South Sudanese territory and "military incursion into South Sudan". To South Sudan, the US release recognized the "right of South Sudan to self-defense", but urged "restraint in its reaction to Sudan’s attack in Unity State". The US welcomed the South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig and called for all South Sudanese troops to be withdrawn from areas across the 1 January 1956 border. In his message to the Sudanese and South Sudanese people, President Obama reiterated that "All those who are fighting must recognize that there is no military solution."
Vietnam
On 22 September 2012, Vietnamese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Luong Thanh Nghi calls for "concerned parties to abide by the international law and signed agreements, to restrain themselves and keep tensions from escalating while working on resolving disagreements by peaceful negotiations,"
Yemen
On 21 April 2012, Yemen condemned South Sudan's occupation of Heglig, called for both parties to give diplomatic efforts a chance, and argued both sides should "establish ties enhancing the mutual confidence and building on the bonds of common history and human relations between the two countries."
See also
Air campaign of the Heglig Crisis
South Sudan–Sudan relations
Second Sudanese Civil War
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^ Muhumuza, Rodney (17 April 2012). "Sudan intensifies bombing of disputed town". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ "Sudan and the South 'open new front' in border clash". BBC News. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "S. Sudan says to withdraw from Heglig within three days". Reuters. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
^ "South Sudan 'to withdraw troops' from Heglig oil field". BBC News. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "Sudan launches attack into South Sudan's borders". The Daily Telegraph. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ Hereward Holland (23 April 2012). "Sudan bombs South Sudan border area, kills three: witnesses". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "South Sudan's Salva Kiir says Sudan has declared war". BBC News. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "Sudan, South Sudan start first security talks since border clash". Reuters. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
^ "Sudan and South Sudan sign landmark deal – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Bariyo, Nicholas (27 September 2012). "Sudans Sign Deals to Resume Oil Exports". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ "UN General Assembly General Debate of the 67th Session – South Sudan (The Republic of)". United Nations. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
^ "UN General Assembly General Debate of the 67th Session". United Nations. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
^ "Sudan rivals pull out of border zone". Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
^ "South Sudan restarts oil production". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
^ "S Sudan 'will not go to war' over oil dispute". Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
^ "Bashir meets South Sudan leader over Abyei". Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ "Bombs hit disputed Sudanese oil town, official says". 570 News. Associated Press. 14 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ "AFP: Sudan denounces South, suspends summit, after border clashes". 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ "South Sudan blames Khartoum for postponing Abyei meeting". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ Rodney Muhumuza (16 April 2012). "Sudan intensifies bombing of disputed town". Modesto Bee. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ "Heglig crisis dominates Friday's prayer sermons in Sudan". Sudan Tribune. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
^ a b c d "Arab League condemns South Sudan's 'aggression' against Heglig, says oil-rich area is Sudan's". Associated Press. Newser.Com. 26 May 2012.
^ a b c "Ban Ki-moon condemns Sudanese air raid on South Sudan". BBC News. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ "Sudan parliament brands South an enemy". The Daily Star. 17 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
^ "Petrol stations run dry in Juba as Sudan oil row bites". Reuters. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ Timberlake, Ian (2012). UN calls for calm in Sudan after clashes Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Yahoo! News. Published 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ "Arab Parliament urges South Sudan to withdraw from key border town". Petra. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
^ "Iran concerned over attack on Sudan". Petra Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
^ "A playground for proxies". The Economist. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
^ Israel Hayom: Israeli 'elements' reported to be arming South Sudan army Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 6 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
^ Kenya to Mediate for Normal Relations between Sudan, South Sudan Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Sudan Vision. Published 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ "On the Attack on South Sudan by Sudan". US government release. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ "Scarborough Shoal dispute 'of concern'". VietNam News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
^ "Yemen condemns South Sudan occupation of Heglig". SabaNet. 21 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Further reading
Daase, Cindy (2011). "International Arbitration: A New Mechanism to Settle Intra-State Territorial Disputes between States and Secessionist Movements? The Divorce of Sudan and South Sudan and the Abyei Question". Osgoode CLPE Research Paper No. 28/2011. SSRN 1933228.
Okumu, Wafula (2010). "Resources and border disputes in Eastern Africa". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 4 (2): 279–297. doi:10.1080/17531055.2010.487338. S2CID 144358416.
Pantuliano, Sara (2010). "Oil, land and conflict: the decline of Misseriyya pastoralism in Sudan". Review of African Political Economy. 37 (123): 7–23. doi:10.1080/03056241003637847. hdl:10.1080/03056241003637847. S2CID 154178929.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator-cropped.png"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera.com-3"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"SPLM-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"President of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"James Gatduel Gatluak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gatduel_Gatluak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Haroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Haroun"},{"link_name":"SPLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Mathiang Anyoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiang_Anyoor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust.org-6"},{"link_name":"SAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1000_killed-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust.org-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1000_killed-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"},{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"Agok Skirmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agok_Skirmish"},{"link_name":"Air campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_campaign_of_the_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"First Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Torit mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torit_mutiny"},{"link_name":"1958 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1964 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)#October_1964_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1969 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1985 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1989 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)"},{"link_name":"War of the Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Peters"},{"link_name":"Disarmament of the Lou Nuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_Lou_Nuer"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malakal"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Omdurman and Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Sudanese nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"George Athor's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Athor%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution"},{"link_name":"2019 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"2021 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Sudanese civil war (2023–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Sudanese peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"South Kordofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"}],"text":"Heglig CrisisDate26 March – 26 September 2012(6 months)LocationAlong the entire Sudan–South Sudan border, although the main fighting took place at HegligResult\nSudanese victory[2]\n\nAgreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September[3]Territorialchanges\nSouth Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig[4]Belligerents\n South Sudan JEM[1] SPLM-N[1]\n SudanCommanders and leaders\n Salva Kiir(President of South Sudan) James Gatduel Gatluak(Commander of the 4th Division)[5]\n Omar al-Bashir(President of Sudan) Ahmed Haroun(Governor of South Kordofan)Strength\nSPLA and Mathiang Anyoor:unknown (at Heglig)Overall:[6]140,000 soldiers110 tanks69 artillery pieces10 helicopters\nSAF:[7]2,000 (at Heglig)[8][9]Overall:[6]109,300 soldiers17,500 paramilitaries390 tanks115 light tanks490 armoured personnel carriers778 artillery pieces63 combat airplanes29 helicoptersCasualties and losses\n31 killed (South Sudanese claim)[10]1,200 killed (Sudanese claim)[9]106 wounded[11][12]Several captured[13]\n256 killed (South Sudanese claim)[14]100 wounded[15]50 captured (Sudanese claim)[8]1 MiG-29 shot down[16]\n29 civilians killed[17]\nThe casualty numbers are based on the warring parties claims and have not been independently verified.vteHeglig Crisis\nFirst Battle of Heglig\nSecond Battle of Heglig\nAgok Skirmish\nAir campaign\n\nvteConflicts in Sudanand South Sudan\nFirst Sudanese Civil War\nTorit mutiny\n1958 coup\n1964 Revolution\n1969 coup\nSecond Sudanese Civil War\n1985 coup\n1989 coup\nThunderbolt\nWar of the Peters\nDisarmament of the Lou Nuer\nBattle of Malakal\nWar in Darfur\nOmdurman and Khartoum\nSudanese nomadic conflicts\nSudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile\nGeorge Athor's rebellion\nHeglig Crisis\nSouth Sudanese Civil War\nSudanese Revolution\n2019 coup\n2021 coup\nSudanese civil war (2023–present)\nSudanese peace processThe Heglig Crisis[18] was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states. South Sudan invaded and briefly occupied the small border town of Heglig before being pushed back by the Sudanese army. Small-scale clashes continued until an agreement on borders and natural resources was signed on 26 September, resolving most aspects of the conflict.","title":"Heglig Crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955 to 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1983 to 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"relations between the two states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations"},{"link_name":"Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei"},{"link_name":"a UNSC resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1990"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brink-27"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Pariang county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyikang_County"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel_National_News-28"},{"link_name":"ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brink-27"}],"text":"Prior to independence from Sudan two civil wars were fought in the region from 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, in which 2.5 million people were killed and more than 5 million externally displaced.[19] South Sudan peacefully gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 with Sudan's long-term president Omar al-Bashir promising to \"work with our southern brothers and help them set up their state\".[20] Despite this relations between the two states have been marked by conflict over the disputed oil-rich Abyei region.[21] In January 2012, South Sudan shut down all of its oil fields over a disagreement with oil transit fees imposed by Sudan.[19]In May 2011, it was reported that Sudan had seized control of Abyei, with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with South Sudanese forces.[22] The precipitating factor was an ambush by South Sudanese forces on May 19 which killed 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling, aerial bombardment and numerous tanks.[23] Following the advance South Sudan withdrew its forces from Abyei[24] and declared the movement of Sudanese forces into Abyei to be an \"act of war\".[22] The United Nations sent an envoy to Khartoum to intervene.[22] A deal on militarization was reached on 20 June 2011.[25] The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, consisting of Ethiopian troops were deployed under a UNSC resolution from 27 June 2011.[26] In early December 2011, Jau, a town in Unity state in South Sudan, was occupied by Sudanese forces.[27] In early March 2012, the Sudanese Air Force bombed parts of Pariang county.[28]Both countries accused each other of supporting rebels on their soil as part of the ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Unity oilfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_oilfield"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Jau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jau,_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Pan Akuach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Akuach,_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teshwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teshwin,_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_AFBRE82U0FR20120331-36"}],"sub_title":"March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig","text":"See also: First Battle of HegligOn 26 March, the Republic of Sudan claimed that South Sudan attacked the Heglig oilfield, located in the Sudanese state of South Kordofan, while South Sudan claimed that their forces had carried out an operation within the borders of South Sudan.[29] The South Sudanese attack was supported by the Sudanese rebel group JEM, which attacked from South Sudanese state of Unity.[1] The following day, the Sudanese Air Force launched a bombing raid on the Unity oilfield in Unity, located to the north of the state capital, Bentiu.[30] The Sudanese Army later attacked the disputed areas of Jau, Pan Akuach, and Teshwin, but were repelled by the South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).[31]South Sudanese artillery positions 20 kilometres north of Bentiu, which had been involved in the shelling of Heglig, were bombarded by artillery from the northern side of the border.[32] Sudan's Information Minister, Abdallah Ali Masar, confirmed that South Sudanese had penetrated 10 km into Sudanese territory, but also claimed that Sudanese forces had repelled them and driven them back, and had taken several prisoners.[33]South Sudan's forces withdrew from the disputed area on 28 March.[34][35]On 31 March, Sudanese warplanes bombed the Southern forces positions on the border, although officials from the north said it was artillery, not aircraft involved in the attack.[36]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-jazeera_on_Mig-29-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"al-Haj Adam Youssef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haj_Adam_Youssef"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudanvisiondaily1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibtimescivil-46"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph:_Bentiu-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimesofIndia:_Bentiu-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-52"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Revolutionary Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Revolutionary_Front"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit"},{"link_name":"Mathiang Anyoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiang_Anyoor"},{"link_name":"private army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army"},{"link_name":"South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig","text":"South Sudan claimed to have shot down a Sudanese MiG-29 warplane on 4 April over Unity[37] during an air raid in which Sudanese planes bombed an oil pipeline in South Sudan. The Sudanese government denied any aerial bombings had taken place and called the accusations \"fabrications\" by South Sudan.[38]The SPLA claimed that Teshwin in South Sudan had been attacked by Sudanese forces on 9 April with battle going on into the next day[39] The town of Abiemnhom in Unity was reportedly attacked by two brigades from the Sudanese army, which South Sudan claimed was an attempt to seize its oil fields. At least four civilians were injured in the clashes, although there were no immediate reports of military casualties on either side.[40] The South's government said that northern forces had breached the border accompanied by militias, but had been repelled.[41] A Sudanese military spokesman later admitted that the Sudanese army had been defeated during a battle at Heglig and was forced to retreat northwards. There were some reports that the fighting had broken out after Sudanese forces attempted to retake a border post lost to Southern forces two weeks previous. On 10 April Colonel Khalid Sawarmi, spokesman for the Sudanese army, claimed that South Sudanese forces had taken control of the Heglig oil fields and the town of Heglig itself, marking the start of the Second Battle of Heglig.[42] In this second capture of Heglig the SPLA was again supported by the JEM.[1]The Sudanese government said on 11 April that heavy fighting continued along the disputed border areas and the Sudanese army was reported to be trying to retake Heglig with Sudan announcing that they would use all legitimate means to retake the oil fields.[43][44] South Sudan said that they were holding defensive positions in Heglig, awaiting a Sudanese counterattack.[44] Second Vice President of Sudan, al-Haj Adam Youssef, stated that Sudan was now in a state declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold.[45][46] The next day, on 12 April, the Sudanese Air Force bombed Bentiu, in an attempt to destroy a strategic bridge using an Antonov An-26 transport plane converted into an improvised bomber, killing one South Sudanese soldier.[47][48]The parliaments of both countries called for a mobilisation of their respective armed forces.[49] Sudan also began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry of Sudan.[50] Following the capture of Heglig, the Government of Sudan announced that their forces withdrawn to Khersana where they were reportedly preparing to retake Heglig.[51][52] On the same day the Sudanese Revolutionary Front rebel group attacked Khersana and Kalik[53]It was at some point in April that Salva Kiir, President of South Sudan and his advisors organized an all-volunteer militia –Mathiang Anyoor– to aid the SPLA in fighting the Sudanese during this conflict. The militia later transformed into a private army and became infamous for committing numerous atrocities during the subsequent South Sudanese Civil War.[54]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Reik Machar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_Machar"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kansascity-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-62"},{"link_name":"MiG-29s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2-61"},{"link_name":"Kelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridge-65"},{"link_name":"Upper Nile state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-66"},{"link_name":"Upper Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated7-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive","text":"South Sudanese forces began reinforcing their positions in Heglig on 13 April, whilst Sudan continued to mobilise its own forces. According to the South Sudanese government, the frontlines had remained static during the day.[55] Sudanese forces claimed to be advancing on Heglig and that the situation would be dealt with \"within hours.\"[56] A spokesman of the Sudanese government said that its army was on the outskirts of Heglig, while South Sudan's government said that it would defend themselves if attacked. The Sudanese government spokesman also added that South Sudan failed to control \"all of South Kordofan state.\"[57]South Sudan's vice president Reik Machar said a Sudanese attempt to retake Heglig by force was halted 30 km north of the town.[58] South Sudan claimed to have destroyed two tanks during the clashes. The Sudanese air force, operating two Sukhoi Su-25 jets,[59] reportedly bombed Jau and Panakuach, as well as Heglig once again,[60] killing five civilians.[61] On 14 April, South Sudanese forces continued to advance northwards, and repelled a Sudanese counterattack on Khersana. Southern troops moved to close all three roads to Heglig on 14 April. It was also reported that most facilities in Heglig had been damaged during the fighting.[62] Two MiG-29s from the Sudanese Air Force attempted to destroy a bridge in Bentiu but missed their target and ended up killing four civilians and a soldier and wounding five others. The attack was widely believed to be an attempt to damage South Sudanese supply lines.[63][64]Sudanese army units were reported to have reached a few kilometres from Heglig and that they were fighting with South Sudanese forces. Sudan's military spokesman Al-Sawarmi Khalid revealed that their immediate objective was to \"destroy the South's war machine\", rather than enter Heglig itself. South Sudan disputed the north's version of events as propaganda, claiming that northern forces were still 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Heglig.[61] On 15 April, the Sudan People's Liberation Army spokesman Philip Aguer claimed that after overnight clashes in Kelet South Sudan held on to its positions and destroyed two Sudanese tanks.[65]Sudan shelled the western part of South Sudan's Upper Nile state during 15 April, in an apparent attempt to open up a new front.[66] Sudanese troops crossed the border into South Sudan's Upper Nile state and briefly occupied the small town of Kuek, before being expelled by South Sudan's army.[67]On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that \"South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies\".[68] The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government.[69] Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Sudanese government, ruled out peace talks with the South, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force.[70]On 18 April, a new front opened up in the conflict, 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Heglig, resulting in seven South Sudanese soldiers and 15 Sudanese soldiers being killed. The clash was reportedly sparked when a South Sudanese soldier was shot dead when collecting water near the road between Aweil and Meiram.[71]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters234-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig","text":"On April 20 Salva Kiir ordered his forces to withdraw from Heglig.[72] On the day the Sudanese army entered Heglig with al-Bashir holding a victory rally in Khartoum.[73] On the 22 April, more fighting broke out along the whole border as Sudanese soldiers backed by tanks and artillery launched three waves of attacks 10 kilometres (6 mi) into South Sudan. At least one South Sudanese soldier was killed and two wounded in the attack.[74] Sudan bombed the town of Rubkona on 23 April, damaging several market stalls, in an attempt to destroy a bridge between Rubkona and neighbouring Bentiu. At least three people were killed in the raid.[75] The following day, Kiir stated on a visit to China that Sudan had \"declared war\" on South Sudan.[76]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-78"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resume_WSJ-79"},{"link_name":"Riek Machar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_Machar"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-80"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hailemariam Desalegn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-84"},{"link_name":"mend relations with Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan-Sudan_relations"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-85"}],"sub_title":"Negotiations","text":"Sudan and South Sudan restarted negotiations in June 2012 under mediation by the African Union's envoy Thabo Mbeki.[77][78]On 27 September, Omar al-Bashir and Salva Kiir signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a 10 km (6 mi) demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allows for the return of 350,000 barrels of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding on the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic-cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remained unsolved and future talks were scheduled to resolve them.[79] Vice President Riek Machar outlined what agreements were signed, but lamented the lack of a resolution on Abyei.[80]United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon commended the two leaders on reaching an agreement.[citation needed] Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn also praised the outcome and hoped it would build momentum.[81]In mid-March 2013, both countries began to withdraw their forces from the border area in a bid to creating a demilitarised buffer zone and resume South Sudanese oil production for export through Sudan.[82] In early April South Sudanese oil started to flow through pipelines in Sudan again.[83] On 10 June Kiir accused al-Bashir of mobilising for war after al-Bashir threatened to cut oil transit through his country with Kiir stating that he would not go to war over the oil transit issue.[84]In October 2013, al-Bashir visited Juba to discuss the measures with Kiir. He was warmly welcomed and said that progress had been made. Kiir said that he was looking to mend relations with Sudan.[85]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"}],"text":"The Sudanese Army is equipped with predominantly Chinese and Soviet-made weapons while Sudan People's Liberation Army weapons vary, having few vehicles and mostly small arms. The following table should not be considered exhaustive.","title":"Weapons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"The conflict had, by 14 April, forced over 100,000 people to flee their homes.[86]","title":"Humanitarian situation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_al-Bashir,_12th_AU_Summit,_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudanvisiondaily1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibtimescivil-46"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated7-69"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modbee1-89"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-50"},{"link_name":"Friday prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayers"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudantribune1-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"}],"sub_title":"Domestic response in Sudan","text":"The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out.Sudanese national radio announced that the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, would suspend his planned visit to the South Sudanese capital, Juba, as a result of the conflict.[87] A summit between the leaders of the two countries had been planned to be held in Juba some time in April 2012, following up from the meeting of the political, military, and security committee of the African Union on 30 March in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A meeting between South Sudan and Sudan on the subject of the disputed region of Abyei scheduled to have been held on 22 March had previously been postponed by Sudan.[88] On 11 April, Second Vice President of Sudan, Al-Haj Adam stated that Sudan was now in a state of war and declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold.[45][46]On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that \"South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies\"[68] The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government.[69] Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Government of Sudan, ruled out peace talks with the south, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force.[89] Sudan began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry.[50] During Friday prayers on 13 April in Sudan, some sermons in Khartoum condemed the South Sudanese capture of Heglig, while television broadcasts included jihadi and patriotic songs.[90]Following South Sudan's withdrawal from Heglig, President Omar al-Bashir declared that there would be no negotiations with the \"poisonous insects\" in reference to the South Sudanese.[91] Later on, Bashir argued that the South Sudanese only understand the \"language of guns and ammunition.\"[92] Sudan's UN ambassador, Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman, argued that Sudan had the right to act in self-defense because \"We have been targeted by... the South\", adding that \"Let me make it clear: We will not cross the international border and attack the South... inside their territories\".[92]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"James Wani Igga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wani_Igga"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-49"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Domestic response in South Sudan","text":"The President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, suggested that Sudan was responsible for initiating the conflict, and that further clashes could lead to war: \"This morning [the Sudanese] air force came and bombed areas in Unity state. After this intensive bombardment our forces were attacked by [the Sudanese military] and militia.\" It is a war that has been imposed on us again, but it is [the Sudanese] who are looking for it.\" The spokesman for the South Sudanese military suggested that the conflict was \"the biggest confrontation since independence\".[19]Parliamentary Speaker James Wani Igga called on people to prepare for war: \"Khartoum might be meaning a real war ... if you don't defend yourself, you will be finished, so you should go and mobilise the people on [the] ground to be ready\"[49] Parliament later decided to raise military spending and bolster the army by cutting salaries of all deputies by 10% for three months.[93]Fuel supplies began to run out in some filling stations in Juba around 15 April as huge queues of motorists tried to fill up as panic buying set in.[94]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Arab Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Inter-parliamentary_Union"},{"link_name":"Salem Deqbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_Deqbasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"IRIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Ramin Mehmanparast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"President of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mwai Kibaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-52"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"International reactions","text":"United NationsOn 27 March, a spokesman for Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, called for the two countries to end the conflict and \"use to the fullest extent existing political and security mechanisms to peacefully address their differences\".[95] On 23 April 2012, Ban Ki-moon condemned Sudan's bombing of border areas in South Sudan, demanding Khartoum cease all hostilities \"as a matter of urgency\".[92]Arab LeagueOn 15 April 2012, the Arab Parliament called on South Sudan for restraint and to withdraw from the town of Heglig. A statement signed by Arab Parliament head Salem Deqbasi said that the Arab Parliament's bureau called on South Sudan to \"heed the voice of reason\" and immediately pull its forces out of the areas it had occupied inside Sudanese territory, including Heglig.[96] On 26 April, the Arab League escalated its rhetoric, condemning South Sudan's \"aggression\" and saying Heglig belongs to Sudan. The Arab League went further to say it supported Sudan's \"right to defend itself\", and condemned South Sudan's alleged support of rebels in Sudan.[91]African UnionOn 25 April 2012, the African Union condemned Sudan's bombing of parts of South Sudan, and called on both sides to cease all hostilities. The Peace and Security Council also put forth a 7-point roadmap in which the two sides would be given two weeks to restart negotiations. The AU urged both sides to refrain from \"inflammatory statements and propaganda that could fuel the conflict\".[91]IranOn 15 April 2012, according to IRIB World Service, an Iran Broadcasting channel, Iranian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast said that Iran fully monitors the developments in the region, and calls on South Sudan to immediately and unconditionally pull back its forces and return to its territory behind the designated borders.[97] In March an Iranian surveillance drone crashed in Sudan after being fired upon by South Sudanese-backed rebels.[98]IsraelIsrael allegedly airlifted military hardware to the South Sudanese armed forces \"on a daily basis\" during the conflict.[99]KenyaOn 27 March 2012, the President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, suggested that Kenya could mediate between the two countries, stating \"Kenya is keen on good and stable relations between the two countries\".[100]United KingdomOn 6 May 2012, Africa Minister Henry Bellingham supported the African Union-led initiative, calling for both sides to restart negotiations and comply with the ceasefire.[91]United StatesOn 11 April 2012, the US State Department condemned South Sudan's seizure of Heglig and in statement said \"We condemn South Sudan's military involvement in the attack on and seizure of Heglig, an act which goes beyond self-defense and has increased tensions between Sudan and South Sudan to dangerous levels.\"[52] Later on, however, the US took a different tone, condemning Khartoum's bombardment of South Sudanese territory and \"military incursion into South Sudan\". To South Sudan, the US release recognized the \"right of South Sudan to self-defense\", but urged \"restraint in its reaction to Sudan’s attack in Unity State\". The US welcomed the South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig and called for all South Sudanese troops to be withdrawn from areas across the 1 January 1956 border. In his message to the Sudanese and South Sudanese people, President Obama reiterated that \"All those who are fighting must recognize that there is no military solution.\"[101]VietnamOn 22 September 2012, Vietnamese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Luong Thanh Nghi calls for \"concerned parties to abide by the international law and signed agreements, to restrain themselves and keep tensions from escalating while working on resolving disagreements by peaceful negotiations,\"[102]YemenOn 21 April 2012, Yemen condemned South Sudan's occupation of Heglig, called for both parties to give diplomatic efforts a chance, and argued both sides should \"establish ties enhancing the mutual confidence and building on the bonds of common history and human relations between the two countries.\"[103]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1933228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1933228"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/17531055.2010.487338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2010.487338"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144358416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144358416"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03056241003637847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F03056241003637847"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03056241003637847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F03056241003637847"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154178929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154178929"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"conflicts in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"2011 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Sinai insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Post-coup unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Terrorism in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2008 Kufra conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict"},{"link_name":"Libyan Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2011 civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)"},{"link_name":"2011–2014 factional violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"2014–2020 civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict"},{"link_name":"War, 1975–1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_War"},{"link_name":"Clashes, 2020–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Algerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Tunisian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Communal conflicts in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Herder–farmer conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Niger Delta conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta"},{"link_name":"2016 conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"1990–1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)"},{"link_name":"2007–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Mali War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War"},{"link_name":"Ndogboyosoi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1989–1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1999–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2002–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2010–2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Guinea clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes"},{"link_name":"Casamance conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict"},{"link_name":"2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"ECOWAS military intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Western Togoland Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cabinda War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_War"},{"link_name":"First Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Allied Democratic Forces insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Ituri conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict"},{"link_name":"Kivu conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_conflict"},{"link_name":"Dongo conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongo_conflict"},{"link_name":"Ituri conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict"},{"link_name":"March 23 Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_rebellion"},{"link_name":"2022–2023 offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Batwa–Luba clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes"},{"link_name":"Kamwina Nsapu rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion"},{"link_name":"1993–1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)"},{"link_name":"1997–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"Pool Department conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department"},{"link_name":"Pool War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_War"},{"link_name":"Bush War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War"},{"link_name":"Civil War (2012–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Djotodia period, 2013–2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Civil War (2005–2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Northern Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad"},{"link_name":"2021 offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive"},{"link_name":"Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Lord's Resistance Army insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Oromo conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict"},{"link_name":"OLA insurgency, 2018–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLA_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden"},{"link_name":"Second Afar insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Eritrean–Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Afar–Somali clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes"},{"link_name":"Benishangul-Gumuz conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict"},{"link_name":"Oromia–Somali clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes"},{"link_name":"Tigray War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_War"},{"link_name":"War in Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Amhara"},{"link_name":"Puntland–Somaliland dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute"},{"link_name":"Somali Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"2009–present phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"AMISOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Piracy off the coast of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Ethnic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Somali–Kenyan conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict"},{"link_name":"Likoni massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres"},{"link_name":"Kenyan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 Tana River District clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes"},{"link_name":"Baragoi clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baragoi_clashes"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Ethnic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Abyei conflict (2022–2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Blue Nile clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Sudanese civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Lord's Resistance Army insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Allied Democratic Forces insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Kasese clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasese_clashes"},{"link_name":"Rwandan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"Djiboutian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Hanish Islands conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict"},{"link_name":"Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"1993–2005 Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2015–2018 unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Cabo Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis"},{"link_name":"Caprivi conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_conflict"},{"link_name":"SADC intervention in Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"2014 Lesotho political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"War on terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Arab Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Winter"},{"link_name":"Colour revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_revolution"}],"text":"Daase, Cindy (2011). \"International Arbitration: A New Mechanism to Settle Intra-State Territorial Disputes between States and Secessionist Movements? The Divorce of Sudan and South Sudan and the Abyei Question\". Osgoode CLPE Research Paper No. 28/2011. SSRN 1933228.\nOkumu, Wafula (2010). \"Resources and border disputes in Eastern Africa\". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 4 (2): 279–297. doi:10.1080/17531055.2010.487338. S2CID 144358416.\nPantuliano, Sara (2010). \"Oil, land and conflict: the decline of Misseriyya pastoralism in Sudan\". Review of African Political Economy. 37 (123): 7–23. doi:10.1080/03056241003637847. hdl:10.1080/03056241003637847. S2CID 154178929.vtePost–Cold War conflicts in AfricaNorth AfricaEgypt\nEgyptian Crisis (2011–2014)\n2011 revolution\nSinai insurgency (2011–present)\nPost-coup unrest (2013–2014)\nTerrorism in Egypt (2013–present)\nLibya\n2008 Kufra conflict\nLibyan Crisis\n2011 civil war\n2011–2014 factional violence\n2014–2020 civil war\nWestern Sahara\nWestern Sahara conflict (1970–present)\nWar, 1975–1991\nClashes, 2020–present\nOthers\nAlgerian Civil War (1991–2002)\nInsurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)\nTunisian revolution (2010–2011)\nWest AfricaNigeria\nCommunal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present)\nHerder–farmer conflicts\nReligious violence\nBoko Haram insurgency (2009–present)\nNiger Delta conflict (2003–present)\n2016 conflict\nInsurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present)\nMali\nTuareg rebellions\n1990–1995\n2007–2009\n2012\nMali War (2012–present)\nSierra Leone\nNdogboyosoi War\nSierra Leone Civil War\nLiberia\nLiberian Civil Wars\n1989–1996\n1999–2003\nCôte d'Ivoire\nIvorian Civil Wars\n2002–2007\n2010–2011\nOthers\nGuinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999)\nGuinea clashes (2013)\nCasamance conflict (1982–present)\n2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis\nECOWAS military intervention\nWestern Togoland Rebellion (2020–present)\nCentral AfricaAngola\nAngolan Civil War (1975–2002)\nCabinda War (1975–present)\nDR Congo\nFirst Congo War (1996–1997)\nAllied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)\nSecond Congo War (1998–2003)\nIturi conflict (1999–2007)\nKivu conflict (2004–present)\nDongo conflict (2009)\nIturi conflict (2009–present)\nMarch 23 Movement conflict\n2012–2013 rebellion\n2022–2023 offensive\nBatwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)\nKamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)\nRepublicof the Congo\nCivil wars\n1993–1994\n1997–1999\nPool Department conflict (2002–2003)\nPool War (2016–2017)\nCentral AfricanRepublic\nBush War (2004–2007)\nCivil War (2012–present)\nDjotodia period, 2013–2014\nChad\nCivil War (2005–2010)\nInsurgency in Northern Chad (2016–present)\n2021 offensive\nOthers\nAnglophone Crisis (Cameroon)\nLord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)\nBoko Haram insurgency (2009–present)\nEast AfricaEthiopia\nOromo conflict\nOLA insurgency, 2018–present\nInsurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018)\nSecond Afar insurgency (1995–2018)\nEritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)\nEritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018)\nEthiopian civil conflict (2018–present)\nAfar–Somali clashes\nBenishangul-Gumuz conflict\nOromia–Somali clashes\nTigray War\nWar in Amhara\nSomalia\nPuntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present)\nSomali Civil War\n2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention\n2009–present phase\nAMISOM\nPiracy off the coast of Somalia\nKenya\nEthnic conflicts\nSomali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present)\nLikoni massacres (1997)\nKenyan crisis (2007–2008)\n2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013)\nBaragoi clashes (2012)\nSouth Sudan\nHeglig Crisis (2012)\nNomadic conflicts\nEthnic violence\nCivil War (2013–2020)\nAbyei conflict (2022–2023)\nSudan\nSecond Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)\nWar in Darfur (2003–2020)\nNomadic conflicts (2009–present)\nSouth Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020)\nHeglig Crisis (2012)\nBlue Nile clashes (2022–2023)\nSudanese civil war (2023–present)\nUganda\nLord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)\nAllied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)\nKasese clashes (2016)\nOthers\nRwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994)\nDjiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)\nHanish Islands conflict\nDjiboutian–Eritrean border conflict\nBurundian conflicts\n1993–2005 Civil War\n2015–2018 unrest\nSouthern AfricaMozambique\nMozambican Civil War (1977–1992)\nRENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)\nInsurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present)\nOthers\nBophuthatswana crisis (1994)\nCaprivi conflict (1994–1999)\nLesothan conflicts\nSADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999)\n2014 Lesotho political crisis\nRelated topics\nWar on terror\nArab Spring\nArab Winter\nColour revolutions","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Omar_al-Bashir%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg/220px-Omar_al-Bashir%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Air campaign of the Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_campaign_of_the_Heglig_Crisis"},{"title":"South Sudan–Sudan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations"},{"title":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakarla_Subba_Rao
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Kakarla Subba Rao
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]
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Indian doctor (1925–2021)
Kakarla Subba RaoBorn(1925-01-25)25 January 1925Krishna district, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied16 April 2021(2021-04-16) (aged 96)Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaEducationAndhra Medical College (MBBS)New York University (MS)OccupationsRadiologisthospital administratorMedical careerAwardsPadma Shri (2000)
Kakarla Subba Rao (25 January 1925 – 16 April 2021) was an Indian radiologist who served as the first director of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. For his contributions to the field of medicine, Rao was conferred Padma Shri in 2000, the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India. He was also the founder and president of the Telugu Association of North America.
Early life and education
Rao was born on 25 January 1925 to a middle class agricultural family in Pedamuttevi, a small village in Krishna District of present day Andhra Pradesh, India. He completed his schooling at S. R. High School in Challapalli, followed by studies at The Hindu College, in Machilipatnam between 1937 and 1944. He completed his MBBS from Andhra Medical College of the Andhra University in 1950. After obtaining his medical degree he interned at the K. G. Hospital in Vizag (now Visakhapatnam) in 1951. He then went to the United States for higher studies on a scholarship, where he did his residency at the Bronx Hospital and completed his MS in radiology from New York University. During this time, he also worked as a night technician at the Bronx Hospital to pay his tuition. Between 1954 and 1956, he was a special fellow of radiology at hospitals in New York and Baltimore. He cleared the American Board exam in Radiology in 1955.
Career
After his residency in the United States, Rao returned to India and worked as a radiologist at Osmania Medical College and again went back to the United States to complete his fellowship. His decision to move back to the United States was prompted by an incident in 1969 where his house was burnt during the Telangana Agitation. He joined Montefiore Medical Center where he completed his fellowship, and went on to become an assistant professor, and later a professor. He went on to serve as a professor of radiology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, a private medical school in the Bronx, New York. During this time, he was also a member of the International Skeletal Society and served as a member of the society's editorial board. Rao was the founder and first president of the Telugu Association of North America, an umbrella organization for Telugu speakers in the United States.
On the call of late Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, Subba Rao returned to India in 1986 and joined Nizam Orthopaedic Hospital. He did much to improve it, making it into a premier medical institution modeled on the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences. It is now called the Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences. In the initial years, he did not draw any salary for his work, while he established changes in the institution. Recalling his experience later, he would note that the hospital had poor equipment and infrastructure and no CAT scanner or pathology labs. From 1985 and 1990, Rao served as its first director, and again between 1997 and 2004, before retiring. His efforts established the hospital as a prestigious medical institute across patient service, education, training and research while focusing on affordability and access. He was also the Chairman at Padmavathi Medical College for Women and had also served as the chairman of KIMS Medical Research Foundation, International Educational Academy, and the Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological Educational Services in Hyderabad. He had also served as the personal doctor of the former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao.
The Government of India honoured Rao with the Padma Shri on 26 January 2000, in recognition of his valuable contributions to the field of medicine.
Death
Rao died on 16 April 2021 in Secunderabad at the Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences due to age-related ailments. He had been admitted to the hospital a month earlier and was undergoing treatment. He was aged 96.
Books
Subba Rao, Dr Karkala (2013). A Doctors Story of Life & Death. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-8184301809.
Subba Rao, Dr Karkala (2003). Diagnostic radiology and imaging. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 81-8061-069-1. OCLC 601059826.
References
^ a b "Renowned radiologist and first Director of NIMS, Kakarla Subba Rao passes away". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
^ "Leadership - TANA". tana.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ a b c d Andhra Entrepreneurs: Past, Present and Future. Chennai: Indian Innovators Association. 2018. ISBN 9781643249346. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ a b c d e ".:Indian Radiology:". www.indianradiologist.com. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Dr. Kakarla's profile".
^ "Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao – a Profile".
^ a b "Dr. Rao formally hands over charge of Director, NIMS". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 July 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2004.
^ "Tele-Radiology set up of Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological and Imaging Educational Sciences Trust, Hyderabad".
^ "Renowned radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao is no more". @businessline. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Past Presidents of TANA". Telugu Association of North America.
^ a b "'Radiologist of the Millennium' Dr Kakarla Subba Rao leaves a legacy behind". The Siasat Daily. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Noted radiologist and former NIMS director Kakarla Subba Rao passes away". www.thehansindia.com. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
^ a b "Noted radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao passes away". The Hindu. 16 April 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Renowned Radiologist Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao Passes Away". Gulte. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
External links
Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s
Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954)
V. R. Khanolkar (1954)
Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955)
Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955)
Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956)
Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956)
Isaac Santra (1956)
Khushdeva Singh (1957)
1960s
Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961)
George William Gregory Bird (1963)
Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965)
Jerusha Jhirad (1966)
Edith Helen Paull (1967)
Amar Prasad Ray (1967)
Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967)
B. K. Anand (1969)
Ram Kumar Caroli (1969)
Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969)
Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969)
1970s
Ajit Kumar Basu (1970)
Coluthur Gopalan (1970)
Perugu Siva Reddy (1970)
B. N. B. Rao (1971)
Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971)
Dorothy Chacko (1972)
Thayil John Cherian (1972)
Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972)
Balu Sankaran (1972)
K. N. Udupa (1972)
R. Marthanda Varma (1972)
Mary Verghese (1972)
K. T. Dholakia (1973)
M. K. Krishna Menon (1973)
J. M. Pahwa (1973)
Prakash Narain Tandon (1973)
Jamshed Vazifdar (1973)
Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973)
Mani Kumar Chetri (1974)
Nagarur Gopinath (1974)
L. S. N. Prasad (1974)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974)
Reuben David (1975)
Stanley John (1975)
Mary Poonen Lukose (1975)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975)
Durga Deulkar (1976)
Lucy Oommen (1977)
1980s
Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981)
P. K. Sethi (1981)
K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981)
C. P. Thakur (1982)
Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982)
S. S. Badrinath (1983)
Raj Baveja (1983)
Shishupal Ram (1983)
Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983)
B. K. Goyal (1984)
Vera Hingorani (1984)
K. P. Mathur (1984)
N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984)
Hariharan Srinivasan (1984)
Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985)
Samiran Nundy (1985)
Usha Sharma (1985)
M. S. Valiathan (1985)
Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985)
Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986)
V. Shanta (1986)
Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987)
Daljit Singh (1987)
Harbans Singh Wasir (1987)
1990s
N. H. Antia (1990)
M. G. Deo (1990)
P. K. Rajagopalan (1990)
M. M. S. Ahuja (1991)
Sneh Bhargava (1991)
K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991)
G. N. Malviya (1991)
Shiela Mehra (1991)
S. C. Munshi (1991)
M. N. Passey (1991)
Jai Pal Singh (1991)
Naresh Trehan (1991)
Rathin Datta (1992)
Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992)
Anil Kohli (1992)
Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992)
Usha Kehar Luthra (1992)
J. S. Mahashabde (1992)
P. V. A. Mohandas (1992)
E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992)
Kameshwar Prasad (1992)
Luis Jose De Souza (1992)
Amrit Tewari (1992)
G. S. Venkataraman (1992)
Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998)
K. A. Abraham (1999)
Raj Bothra (1999)
Balendu Prakash (1999)
Devendra Triguna (1999)
P. K. Warrier (1999)
2000s
Mahendra Bhandari (2000)
Vipin Buckshey (2000)
Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000)
Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000)
P. K. Dave (2000)
Mathew Kalarickal (2000)
Kakarla Subba Rao (2000)
G. S. Sainani (2000)
Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000)
Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001)
Alaka Deshpande (2001)
Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001)
Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001)
M. Krishnan Nair (2001)
Dasari Prasada Rao (2001)
Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001)
Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001)
Suresh H. Advani (2002)
Pradeep Chowbey (2002)
Vijay Kumar Dada (2002)
Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002)
Harsh Mahajan (2002)
Vikram Marwah (2002)
Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002)
Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002)
Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002)
Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002)
D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002)
Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002)
J. S. Guleria (2003)
Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003)
Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003)
Ashok Seth (2003)
Vijay Prakash (2003)
Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004)
S. C. Manchanda (2004)
Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004)
S. K. Sama (2004)
Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004)
Devi Shetty (2004)
Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004)
G. Bakthavathsalam (2005)
Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005)
P. N. V. Kurup (2005)
Veer Singh Mehta (2005)
Lavu Narendranath (2005)
Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005)
Sanjeev Bagai (2006)
Mohan Kameswaran (2006)
Upendra Kaul (2006)
Tsering Landol (2006)
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006)
Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006)
Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006)
Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006)
Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007)
Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007)
Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007)
Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007)
C. N. Manjunath (2007)
Anoop Misra (2007)
P. Namperumalsamy (2007)
Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007)
K. R. Palaniswamy (2007)
Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007)
B. Paul Thaliath (2007)
Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007)
Mohsin Wali (2007)
S. N. Arya (2008)
Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008)
Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008)
Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008)
Raman Kapur (2008)
T. P. Lahane (2008)
Keiki R. Mehta (2008)
M. C. Pant (2008)
Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008)
Malvika Sabharwal (2008)
Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008)
Randhir Sud (2008)
C. U. Velmurugendran (2008)
Kalyan Banerjee (2009)
Balswarup Choubey (2009)
Saibaba Goud (2009)
Yash Gulati (2009)
P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009)
Arvind Lal (2009)
D. S. Rana (2009)
Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009)
Ashok K. Vaid (2009)
G. Vijayaraghavan (2009)
2010s
K. K. Aggarwal (2010)
Philip Augustine (2010)
Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010)
Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010)
Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010)
Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010)
Vikas Mahatme (2010)
B. Ramana Rao (2010)
Rabindra Narain Singh (2010)
Arvinder Singh Soin (2010)
Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011)
Pukhraj Bafna (2011)
Mansoor Hasan (2011)
Indira Hinduja (2011)
Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011)
Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011)
A. Marthanda Pillai (2011)
Sivapatham Vittal (2011)
Nitya Anand (2012)
Mukesh Batra (2012)
Mahdi Hasan (2012)
Jugal Kishore (2012)
V. Mohan (2012)
J. Hareendran Nair (2012)
Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012)
Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012)
Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012)
Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013)
Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013)
Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013)
Taraprasad Das (2013)
T. V. Devarajan (2013)
Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013)
Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013)
Pramod Kumar Julka (2013)
Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013)
Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013)
Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013)
Sundaram Natarajan (2013)
C. Venkata S. Ram (2013)
Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014)
Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014)
Balram Bhargava (2014)
Indira Chakravarty (2014)
Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014)
Pawan Raj Goyal (2014)
Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014)
Amod Gupta (2014)
Daya Kishore Hazra (2014)
Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014)
Shashank R. Joshi (2014)
Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014)
Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014)
Lalit Kumar (2014)
Mohan Mishra (2014)
Vamsi Mootha (2014)
Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014)
Nitish Naik (2014)
M. Subhadra Nair (2014)
Ashok Panagariya (2014)
Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014)
Sunil Pradhan (2014)
Ashok Rajgopal (2014)
Kamini A. Rao (2014)
Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014)
J. S. Titiyal (2014)
Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014)
Mahesh Verma (2014)
Manjula Anagani (2015)
Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015)
Bimola Kumari (2015)
Randeep Guleria (2015)
K. P. Haridas (2015)
Rajesh Kotecha (2015)
Alka Kriplani (2015)
Harsh Kumar (2015)
Dattatreyudu Nori (2015)
Tejas Patel (2015)
Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015)
Narendra Prasad (2015)
Saumitra Rawat (2015)
Yog Raj Sharma (2015)
Nikhil Tandon (2015)
Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015)
Gopi Chand Mannam (2016)
Praveen Chandra (2016)
John Ebnezar (2016)
Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016)
A. G. K. Gokhale (2016)
Murli Manohar Joshi (2016)
Ravi Kant (2016)
Shiv Narain Kureel (2016)
T. K. Lahiri (2016)
Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016)
Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016)
Sudhir V. Shah (2016)
Ram Harsh Singh (2016)
M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016)
T. S. Chandrasekar (2016)
Harkishan Singh (2017)
Suniti Solomon (2017)
Bhakti Yadav (2017)
Abhay and Rani Bang (2018)
Yeshi Dhonden (2018)
Lakshmikutty (2018)
M. R. Rajagopal (2018)
Sanduk Ruit (2018)
Ilias Ali (2019)
Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019)
Mammen Chandy (2019)
Sudam Kate (2019)
Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019)
Jagat Ram (2019)
Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019)
2020s
Yogi Aereon (2020)
Padma Bandopadhyay (2020)
Sushovan Banerjee (2020)
Digambar Behera (2020)
Leela Joshi (2020)
Arunoday Mondal (2020)
Shanti Roy (2020)
Gurdip Singh (2020)
Sandra Desa Souza (2020)
Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020)
Ravi Kannan R (2020)
Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021)
Jitendra Nath Pande (2021)
Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022)
Prokar Dasgupta (2022)
Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022)
Lata Desai (2022)
Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022)
Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022)
Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022)
Bhimsen Singhal (2022)
Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022)
Kamlakar Tripathi (2022)
Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023)
Ratan Chandra Kar (2023)
Nalini Parthasarathi (2023)
Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023)
Manoranjan Sahu (2023)
Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023)
Ishwar Chander Verma (2023)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%27s_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Telugu Association of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Association_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kakarla Subba Rao (25 January 1925 – 16 April 2021) was an Indian radiologist who served as the first director of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. For his contributions to the field of medicine, Rao was conferred Padma Shri in 2000, the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India.[1] He was also the founder and president of the Telugu Association of North America.[2]","title":"Kakarla Subba Rao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_district"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Challapalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challapalli"},{"link_name":"Machilipatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machilipatnam"},{"link_name":"MBBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBBS"},{"link_name":"Andhra Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Andhra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Vizag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizag"},{"link_name":"Visakhapatnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visakhapatnam"},{"link_name":"Bronx Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Hospital"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Rao was born on 25 January 1925 to a middle class agricultural family in Pedamuttevi, a small village in Krishna District of present day Andhra Pradesh, India.[3] He completed his schooling at S. R. High School in Challapalli, followed by studies at The Hindu College, in Machilipatnam between 1937 and 1944. He completed his MBBS from Andhra Medical College of the Andhra University in 1950.[3] After obtaining his medical degree he interned at the K. G. Hospital in Vizag (now Visakhapatnam) in 1951. He then went to the United States for higher studies on a scholarship, where he did his residency at the Bronx Hospital and completed his MS in radiology from New York University.[4] During this time, he also worked as a night technician at the Bronx Hospital to pay his tuition.[4] Between 1954 and 1956, he was a special fellow of radiology at hospitals in New York and Baltimore. He cleared the American Board exam in Radiology in 1955.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"radiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"Osmania Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIMS-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Telangana Agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Telangana_Agitation"},{"link_name":"Montefiore Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefiore_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein_College_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"International Skeletal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skeletal_Society"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"Telugu Association of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Association_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"Nizam Orthopaedic Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizams_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIMS-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"Padmavathi Medical College for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVIMS_-_Sri_Padmavathi_Medical_College_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"N. T. Rama Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-15"}],"text":"After his residency in the United States, Rao returned to India and worked as a radiologist at Osmania Medical College and again went back to the United States to complete his fellowship.[5][6][7][8] His decision to move back to the United States was prompted by an incident in 1969 where his house was burnt during the Telangana Agitation. He joined Montefiore Medical Center where he completed his fellowship, and went on to become an assistant professor, and later a professor.[4] He went on to serve as a professor of radiology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, a private medical school in the Bronx, New York.[9] During this time, he was also a member of the International Skeletal Society and served as a member of the society's editorial board.[4] Rao was the founder and first president of the Telugu Association of North America, an umbrella organization for Telugu speakers in the United States.[10]On the call of late Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, Subba Rao returned to India in 1986 and joined Nizam Orthopaedic Hospital. He did much to improve it, making it into a premier medical institution modeled on the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences. It is now called the Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences.[4][7][11] In the initial years, he did not draw any salary for his work, while he established changes in the institution. Recalling his experience later, he would note that the hospital had poor equipment and infrastructure and no CAT scanner or pathology labs. From 1985 and 1990, Rao served as its first director, and again between 1997 and 2004, before retiring.[12] His efforts established the hospital as a prestigious medical institute across patient service, education, training and research while focusing on affordability and access.[3][13] He was also the Chairman at Padmavathi Medical College for Women and had also served as the chairman of KIMS Medical Research Foundation, International Educational Academy, and the Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological Educational Services in Hyderabad.[11] He had also served as the personal doctor of the former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao.[14]The Government of India honoured Rao with the Padma Shri on 26 January 2000, in recognition of his valuable contributions to the field of medicine.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secunderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunderabad"},{"link_name":"Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_(hospital_group)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"}],"text":"Rao died on 16 April 2021 in Secunderabad at the Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences due to age-related ailments.[1] He had been admitted to the hospital a month earlier and was undergoing treatment. He was aged 96.[13]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8184301809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184301809"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic radiology and imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/601059826"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-8061-069-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8061-069-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"601059826","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/601059826"}],"text":"Subba Rao, Dr Karkala (2013). A Doctors Story of Life & Death. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-8184301809.\nSubba Rao, Dr Karkala (2003). Diagnostic radiology and imaging. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 81-8061-069-1. OCLC 601059826.","title":"Books"}]
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[]
| null |
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The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/apr/16/renowned-radiologist-and-first-director-of-nims-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away-2290688.html","url_text":"\"Renowned radiologist and first Director of NIMS, Kakarla Subba Rao passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership - TANA\". tana.org. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tana.org/previous/leadership/1/Executive-Committee","url_text":"\"Leadership - TANA\""}]},{"reference":"Andhra Entrepreneurs: Past, Present and Future. Chennai: Indian Innovators Association. 2018. ISBN 9781643249346. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OflmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Andhra+Medical+College+the+Hindu&pg=PT164","url_text":"Andhra Entrepreneurs: Past, Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781643249346","url_text":"9781643249346"}]},{"reference":"\".:Indian Radiology:\". www.indianradiologist.com. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indianradiologist.com/beta/index.php/interview/dr-kakarla-subbarao","url_text":"\".:Indian Radiology:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Kakarla's profile\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nims.info/kakarla/kakarla.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Kakarla's profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao – a Profile\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiologyworld.com/interview.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao – a Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Rao formally hands over charge of Director, NIMS\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 July 2004. Archived from the original on 4 August 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040804022515/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/09/stories/2004070904650400.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Rao formally hands over charge of Director, NIMS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/09/stories/2004070904650400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tele-Radiology set up of Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological and Imaging Educational Sciences Trust, Hyderabad\".","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=24458","url_text":"\"Tele-Radiology set up of Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological and Imaging Educational Sciences Trust, Hyderabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao is no more\". @businessline. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/renowned-radiologist-kakarla-subba-rao-is-no-more/article34335744.ece","url_text":"\"Renowned radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao is no more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Presidents of TANA\". Telugu Association of North America.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tana.org/?docid=127","url_text":"\"Past Presidents of TANA\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Radiologist of the Millennium' Dr Kakarla Subba Rao leaves a legacy behind\". The Siasat Daily. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siasat.com/radiologist-of-the-millennium-dr-kakarla-subba-rao-leaves-a-legacy-behind-2124868/","url_text":"\"'Radiologist of the Millennium' Dr Kakarla Subba Rao leaves a legacy behind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noted radiologist and former NIMS director Kakarla Subba Rao passes away\". www.thehansindia.com. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/noted-radiologist-and-former-nims-director-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away-682059","url_text":"\"Noted radiologist and former NIMS director Kakarla Subba Rao passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noted radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao passes away\". The Hindu. 16 April 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/noted-radiologist-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away/article34338970.ece","url_text":"\"Noted radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Renowned Radiologist Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao Passes Away\". Gulte. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gulte.com/trends/80234/renowned-radiologist-dr-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away","url_text":"\"Renowned Radiologist Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao Passes Away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"url":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-toed_sloth
|
Two-toed sloth
|
["1 Extant species","2 Evolution","2.1 Relation to the three-toed sloth","3 Characteristics","3.1 Behaviour","3.2 Lifecycle","3.3 Feeding","3.4 Dentition and skeleton","3.5 Musculature","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Genus of sloth
Two-toed sloths
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Pilosa
Superfamily:
Mylodontoidea
Family:
CholoepodidaeGray, 1871
Genus:
CholoepusIlliger, 1811
Type species
Bradypus didactylusLinnaeus, 1758
Species
Choloepus didactylus
Choloepus hoffmanni
Choloepus is a genus of xenarthran mammals of Central and South America within the monotypic family Choloepodidae, consisting of two-toed sloths, sometimes also called two-fingered sloths. The two species of Choloepus (which means "lame foot"), Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni), were formerly believed on the basis of morphological studies to be the only surviving members of the sloth family Megalonychidae, but have now been shown by molecular results to be closest to extinct ground sloths of the family Mylodontidae.
Extant species
Genus Choloepus – Illiger, 1811 – two species
Common name
Scientific name and subspecies
Range
Size and ecology
IUCN status and estimated population
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Northern South America, found in Venezuela, the Guyanas, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil north of the Amazon River
Size: Habitat: Diet:
LC
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth
Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858
Five subspecies
C. h. hoffmanni, Peters, 1858 – Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
C. h. agustinus, Allen, 1913 – Venezuela, western Colombia, northern Ecuador
C. h. capitalis, Allen, 1913 – western Ecuador
C. h. juruanus, Lönnberg, 1942 – Brazil, Bolivia, extreme eastern Peru
C. h. pallescens, Lönnberg, 1928 – Peru
Central America and northwestern South America
Size: Habitat: Diet:
LC
Evolution
A study of retrovirus and mitochondrial DNA suggests that C. didactylus and C. hoffmani diverged 6 to 7 million years ago. Furthermore, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences, a similar divergence date (c. 7 million years ago) between the two populations of C. hofmanni separated by the Andes has been reported. Their ancestors evolved with marine vertebrae, the three toed-sloth and the manatee are the only other mammals with similar vertebrae.
Relation to the three-toed sloth
Both types of sloth tend to occupy the same forests; in most areas, a particular species of the somewhat smaller and generally slower-moving three-toed sloth (Bradypus) and a single species of the two-toed type will jointly predominate. Although similar in overall appearance, the relationship between the two genera is not close. Recent phylogenetic analyses support analysis of morphological data from the 1970s and 1980s, indicating the two genera are not closely related and adapted to their arboreal lifestyles independently. It was unclear from this work from which ground-dwelling sloth taxa the three-toed sloths evolved. Based on the morphological comparisons, it was thought the two-toed sloths nested phylogenetically within one of the divisions of Caribbean sloths. Though data has been collected on over 33 different species of sloths by analyzing bone structures, many of the relationships between clades on a phylogenetic tree were unclear.
Much of the morphological evidence to support the hypothesis of diphyly has been based on the structure of the inner ear. Most morphological studies have concluded that convergent evolution is the mechanism that resulted in today's two genera of tree sloths. This means that the extant genera evolved analogous traits, such as locomotion methods, size, habitat, and many other traits independently from one another as opposed to from their last common ancestor. This makes tree sloths “one of the most striking examples of convergent evolution known among mammals”.
Recently obtained molecular data from collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences fall in line with the diphyly (convergent evolution) hypothesis, but have overturned some of the other conclusions obtained from morphology. These investigations consistently place two-toed sloths close to mylodontids and three-toed sloths within Megatherioidea, close to Megalonyx, megatheriids and nothrotheriids. They make the previously recognized family Megalonychidae polyphyletic, with both two-toed sloths and the Caribbean sloths being moved out of that family and away from Megalonyx. Caribbean sloths are placed in a separate, basal branch of the sloth evolutionary tree.
The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).
Folivora
† Megalocnidae (Caribbean sloths)
Mylodontoidea
† Scelidotheriidae
† Scelidodon sp.
† Scelidotherium sp.
† Mylodontidae
† Lestodon armatus
† Paramylodon harlani
† Glossotherium robustus
† Mylodon darwinii
Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)
Choloepus didactylus
Choloepus hoffmanni
Megatherioidea
† Megalonychidae
Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)
† Nothrotheriidae
† Megatheriidae
Characteristics
Display of two "fingers" on forelimbs and three toes on hindlimbs
The name "two-toed sloth" was intended to describe an anatomical difference between the genera Choloepus and Bradypus, but does so in a potentially misleading way. Members of Choloepus have two digits on their forelimbs (the thoracic limbs) and three digits on their hindlimbs (the pelvic limbs), while members of Bradypus have three digits on all limbs. Although the term "two-fingered" sloth is arguably less misleading, the shorter "two-toed" is much more widely used.
Members of Choloepus are larger than three-toed sloths, having a body length of 58 to 70 centimetres (23 to 28 in), and weighing 4 to 8 kilograms (8.8 to 17.6 lb). Other distinguishing features include a more prominent snout, longer fur, and the absence of a tail.
Behaviour
Two-toed sloths spend most of their lives hanging upside down from trees. They cannot walk, so they pull hand-over-hand to move around, which is at an extremely slow rate. Almost all of their movement comes from this suspended upside down position, at a higher degree than even three-toed sloths. As a result, they tend to gravitate towards less vertical portions of trees. Being predominantly nocturnal, their fur, which grows greenish algae to blend in, is their main source of protection. Their body temperatures depend at least partially on the ambient temperature; they cannot shiver to keep warm, as other mammals do, because of their unusually low metabolic rates and reduced musculature. Two-toed sloths also differ from three-toed sloths in their climbing behavior, preferring to descend head first.
Lifecycle
Young C. hoffmanni being raised in a wildlife rescue center in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Two-toed sloths have a gestation period of six months to a year, depending on the species. Their ovarian cycle lasts around 31 to 33 days, independently of the seasons but dependent on the species. The mother gives birth to a single young, while hanging upside down. The young are born with claws, and are weaned after about a month, although they will remain with the mother for several more months, and do not reach maturity until the age of three years, in the case of females, or four to five years, in the case of males. During natal dispersion, two-toed sloths prefer tropical forests over other types of habitat, often using riparian forest buffers to disperse. Although they also occupy shade-grown cacao plantations, they avoid open pastures.
Feeding
They eat primarily leaves, but also shoots, fruits, nuts, berries, bark, some native flowers, and even some small vertebrates. In addition, when they cannot find food, they have been known to eat the algae that grow on their fur for nutrients. They have also been observed using mineral licks. They have large, four-chambered stomachs, which help to ferment the large amount of plant matter they eat. Food can take up to a month to digest due to their slow metabolism. Depending on when in the excretion cycle a sloth is weighed, urine and feces may account for up to 30% of the animal's body weight. They get most of their fluids from water in the leaves that they eat but sloths have also been observed drinking directly from rivers.
Dentition and skeleton
Two-toed sloths have a reduced, ever growing dentition, with no incisors or true canines, which overall lacks homology with the dental formula of other mammals. Their first tooth is very canine-like in shape and is referred to as a caniniform. It is used for tearing small chunks off of their food, as well as for defense against predators. It is separated from the other teeth, or molariforms, by a diastema. The molariforms are used specifically for grinding and are mortar and pestle-like in appearance and function. Thus, they can grind food for easier digestibility, which takes the majority of their energy. The dental formula of two-toed sloths is: 45 (unau)
Two-toed sloths are unusual among mammals in possessing as few as five cervical vertebrae, which may be due to mutations in the homeotic genes. All other mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, other than the three-toed sloth and the manatee.
Musculature
Two-toed sloths generally have similar musculature to that of other mammals. This includes their zygomaticus muscles, their superficial masseter, their deep masseter, and their medial and lateral pterygoids. Additionally, a specific section of their anterior temporalis is arranged vertically, to allow them to sharpen their caniniform teeth. They tend to have stronger flexor muscles in their fore- and hindlimbs, as well as their shoulders.
Notes
^ Given that sloths are regarded as quadrupeds, whether their forelimb digits should be described as fingers is debatable.
References
^ a b Gardner, A. L. (2005). "Genus Choloepus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Anderson, S. (1997). "Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy and Distribution". Bulletin of AMNH (231): 168.
^ a b c d e Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ a b c d Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. (2019). "Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths". Current Biology. 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043. hdl:11336/136908. PMID 31178321.
^ "Sloth-World.org". Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.
^ Myers, Phil (2001). "Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Slater, G. J.; Cui, P.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Lenz, D.; Tsangaras, K.; Voirin, B.; de Moraes-Barros, N.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Greenwood, A. D. (14 February 2016). "Evolutionary Relationships among Extinct and Extant Sloths: The Evidence of Mitogenomes and Retroviruses". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (3): 607–621. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw023. PMC 4824031. PMID 26878870.
^ Moraes-Barros, N.; Arteaga, M. C. (1 June 2015). "Genetic diversity in Xenarthra and its relevance to patterns of neotropical biodiversity". Journal of Mammalogy. 96 (4): 690–702. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv077.
^ Muizon, C. de; McDonald, H. G. (May 1995). "An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru". Nature. 375 (6528): 224–227. Bibcode:1995Natur.375..224M. doi:10.1038/375224a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4369283.
^ Hoss, Matthias; Dilling, Amrei; Currant, Andrew; Paabo, Svante (9 January 1996). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 181–185. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..181H. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.181. PMC 40202. PMID 8552600.
^ White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). "The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review". In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp. 201–235. doi:10.1201/9781420039481-14. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9.
^ a b Gaudin, Timothy (2004). "Phylogenetic Relationships among Sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): The Craniodental Evidence". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (2): 255–305. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00100.x.
^ Raj Pant, Sara; Goswami, Anjali; Finarelli, John A (2014). "Complex body size trends in the evolution of sloths (Xenarthra: Pilosa)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 184. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0184-1. PMC 4243956. PMID 25319928.
^ a b c Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 776–779. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^ a b Granatosky, Michael C.; Karantanis, Nikolaos E.; Rychlik, Leszek; Youlatos, Dionisios (December 2018). "A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two-toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa): GRANATOSKY et al". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology. 329 (10): 570–588. doi:10.1002/jez.2221. PMID 30129260. S2CID 52050040.
^ a b Gilmore, D. P.; Da-Costa, C. P.; Duarte, D. P. F. (February 2000). "An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 33 (2): 129–146. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2000000200001. ISSN 0100-879X. PMID 10657054.
^ "sloth." Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Troll, S.; Gottschalk, J.; Seeburger, J.; Ziemssen, E.; Häfner, M.; Thielebein, J.; Einspanier, A. (1 August 2013). "Characterization of the ovarian cycle in the two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus): An innovative, reliable, and noninvasive method using fecal hormone analyses". Theriogenology. 80 (3): 275–283. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.04.007. ISSN 0093-691X. PMID 23743067.
^ Garcés-Restrepo, Mario F.; Pauli, Jonathan N.; Peery, M. Zachariah (2018). "Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human-dominated landscape: Implications for tropical biodiversity conservation". Journal of Applied Ecology. 55 (5): 2253–2262. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13138. ISSN 1365-2664.
^ Myers, Phil (2001). "Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
^ Nowak, Ronald M. Walkers (1999) Mammals of the World. Sixth Edition. Vol. 1. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 149–150. Print.
^ Gómez-Hoyos, Diego A.; González-Maya, José F.; Pacheco, Jesús; Seisdedos-Vergara, Seisdedos-Vergara; Barrio-Amorós, César L.; Ceballos, Gerardo (December 2017). "Mineral-Lick Use By Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae) At Las Cruces Biological Station, Coto Brus, Costa Rica". The Southwestern Naturalist. 62 (4): 278–280. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-62.4.278. ISSN 0038-4909. S2CID 92499258.
^ Blake, John G.; Mosquera, Diego; Guerra, Jaime; Loiselle, Bette A.; Romo, David; Swing, Kelly (June 2011). "Mineral Licks as Diversity Hotspots in Lowland Forest of Eastern Ecuador". Diversity. 3 (2): 217–234. doi:10.3390/d3020217. ISSN 1424-2818.
^ Voirin, Bryson; Kays, Roland; Wikelski, Martin; Lowman, Margaret (2013), Lowman, Margaret; Devy, Soubadra; Ganesh, T. (eds.), "Why do Sloths Poop on the Ground?", Treetops at Risk: Challenges of Global Canopy Ecology and Conservation, Springer, pp. 195–199, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_19, ISBN 978-1-4614-7161-5
^ Sloth Standards. nationalzoo.si.edu (May 27, 2005)
^ a b Naples, Virginia L. (January 1985). "Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus". Journal of Morphology. 183 (1): 25–50. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051830104. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 3973924. S2CID 36168956.
^ "Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution: Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long (or Short) Necks". May 6th 2011. Science Daily. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Frietson Galis (1999). "Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 285 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10327647. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2004.
Linnaeus (1758): Systema naturae perregna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, syonymis, locis. Laurentii : Salvi, 824 pp.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Choloepus.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Choloepus.
National Geographic: Two-toed sloth profile
Bristol Zoo: Two-toed sloth
National Zoo: Two-toed sloth Archived 11 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
America Zoo: Two-toed sloth
Animal Diversity: Family Megalonychidae
vteExtant Pilosa species by suborder
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Xenarthra
Folivora (Sloths)BradypodidaeBradypus(Three-toed sloths)
Pygmy three-toed sloth (B. pygmaeus)
Maned sloth (B. torquatus)
Pale-throated sloth (B. tridactylus)
Brown-throated sloth (B. variegatus)
CholoepodidaeCholoepus(Two-toed sloths)
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (C. didactylus)
Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (C. hoffmanni)
Vermilingua (Anteaters)CyclopedidaeCyclopes
Silky anteater (C. didactylus)
MyrmecophagidaeMyrmecophaga
Giant anteater (M. tridactyla)
Tamandua(Tamanduas)
Northern tamandua (T. mexicana)
Southern tamandua (T. tetradactyla)
Category
vtePilosan genera
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Xenarthra
PilosaVermilingua
†Argyromanis
†Orthoarthrus
Cyclopedidae
Cyclopes
†Palaeomyrmidon
Myrmecophagidae
Myrmecophaga
†Neotamandua
†Protamandua
Tamandua
Folivora
†Pseudoglyptodon
†Megalocnidae
Acratocnus
Imagocnus
Megalocnus
Mesocnus
Miocnus
Neocnus
Parocnus
Mylodontoidea
Choloepus
†Scelidotheriidae
Analcitherium
Catonyx
Chubutherium
Nematherium?
Neonematherium
Proscelidodon
Scelidodon
Scelidotheridium
Scelidotheriops
Scelidotherium
Sibyllotherium
Valgipes
†Mylodontidae
Baraguatherium
Eionaletherium
Nematherium
Octodontobradys
Octodontotherium
Octomylodon
Orophodon
Paroctodontotherium
Pseudoprepotherium
Urumacotherium
Mylodontinae
Archaeomylodon
Brievabradys?
Glossotheriopsis
Megabradys
Mylodonopsis
Ocnotherium
Oreomylodon?
Promylodon
Ranculcus
Strabosodon
Lestodontini
Bolivartherium
Lestobradys
Lestodon
Magdalenabradys
Sphenotherus
Thinobadistes
Mylodontini
Glossotheridium
Glossotherium
Kiyumylodon
Mylodon
Paramylodon
Pleurolestodon
Simomylodon
Megatherioidea
see below↓
MegatherioideaMegatherioidea
Bradypus
†Hapalops
†Hiskatherium
†Hyperleptus
†Pelecyodon
†Schismotherium
†Similhapalops
†Megalonychidae
Deseadognathus
Hapalops?
Hyperleptus?
Mesopotamocnus
Paulocnus
Proplatyarthrus
Urumacocnus
Ortotheriinae
Diodomus
Eucholoeops
Hapaloides
Megalonychotherium
Ortotherium
Paranabradys
Pliomorphus
Proschismotherium
Pseudortotherium
Torcellia
Megalonychinae
Ahytherium
Australonyx
Megalonychops
Megalonyx
Megistonyx
Meizonyx
Nohochichak
Pattersonocnus
Pliometanastes
Protomegalonyx
Sinclairia
Xibalbaonyx
Zacatzontli
†Megatheria
Analcimorphus
Nothrotheriidae
Neohapalops
Thalassocnus?
Nothrotheriinae
Amphibradys
Aymaratherium
Chasicobradys
Huilabradys
Lakukullus
Mcdonaldocnus
Mionothropus
Nothropus
Nothrotheriops
Nothrotherium
Pronothrotherium
Xyophorus
Megatheriidae
Thalassocnus?
Planopsinae
Planops
Prepotherium
Prepoplanops
Proprepotherium
Megatheriinae
Anisodontherium
Diabolotherium
Eomegatherium
Eremotherium
Megathericulus
Megatheridium
Megatheriops
Megatherium
Ocnopus
Perezfontanatherium
Plesiomegatherium
Pliomegatherium
Proeremotherium
Promegatherium
Pyramiodontherium
Sibotherium
Urumaquia
Taxon identifiersCholoepus
Wikidata: Q511079
Wikispecies: Choloepus
ADW: Choloepus
BOLD: 26075
CoL: 3NWM
EoL: 41441
EPPO: 1CHOSG
GBIF: 2436362
iNaturalist: 47099
ITIS: 624882
MSW: 11800017
NCBI: 9357
Open Tree of Life: 527321
Paleobiology Database: 83046
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
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believed on the basis of morphological studies to be the only surviving members of the sloth family Megalonychidae,[6] but have now been shown by molecular results to be closest to extinct ground sloths of the family Mylodontidae.[4][3]","title":"Two-toed sloth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extant species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retrovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slater2016-7"},{"link_name":"cytochrome c oxidase subunit I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moraes-Barros2015-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A study of retrovirus and mitochondrial DNA suggests that C. didactylus and C. hoffmani 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sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_sloth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaudin-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pant2014-13"},{"link_name":"convergent evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaudin-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presslee2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsuc2019-4"},{"link_name":"mylodontids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodontid"},{"link_name":"Megalonyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalonyx"},{"link_name":"megatheriids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatheriid"},{"link_name":"nothrotheriids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothrotheriid"},{"link_name":"Megalonychidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalonychidae"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presslee2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delsuc2019-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Presslee2019-3"},{"link_name":"Folivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folivora"},{"link_name":"Megalocnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalocnidae"},{"link_name":"Scelidotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelidotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Scelidodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelidodon"},{"link_name":"Scelidotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scelidotherium"},{"link_name":"Mylodontidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodontidae"},{"link_name":"Lestodon armatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestodon"},{"link_name":"Paramylodon harlani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramylodon"},{"link_name":"Glossotherium robustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossotherium"},{"link_name":"Mylodon darwinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylodon"},{"link_name":"Choloepodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choloepodidae"},{"link_name":"Choloepus didactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choloepus_didactylus"},{"link_name":"Choloepus hoffmanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choloepus_hoffmanni"},{"link_name":"Megalonychidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalonychidae"},{"link_name":"Bradypodidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradypodidae"},{"link_name":"Nothrotheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothrotheriidae"},{"link_name":"Megatheriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatheriidae"}],"sub_title":"Relation to the three-toed sloth","text":"Both types of sloth tend to occupy the same forests; in most areas, a particular species of the somewhat smaller and generally slower-moving three-toed sloth (Bradypus) and a single species of the two-toed type will jointly predominate. Although similar in overall appearance, the relationship between the two genera is not close. Recent phylogenetic analyses[10] support analysis of morphological data from the 1970s and 1980s, indicating the two genera are not closely related and adapted to their arboreal lifestyles independently. It was unclear from this work from which ground-dwelling sloth taxa the three-toed sloths evolved. Based on the morphological comparisons, it was thought the two-toed sloths nested phylogenetically within one of the divisions of Caribbean sloths.[11] Though data has been collected on over 33 different species of sloths by analyzing bone structures, many of the relationships between clades on a phylogenetic tree were unclear.[12]Much of the morphological evidence to support the hypothesis of diphyly has been based on the structure of the inner ear.[13] Most morphological studies have concluded that convergent evolution is the mechanism that resulted in today's two genera of tree sloths. This means that the extant genera evolved analogous traits, such as locomotion methods, size, habitat, and many other traits independently from one another as opposed to from their last common ancestor. This makes tree sloths “one of the most striking examples of convergent evolution known among mammals”.[12]Recently obtained molecular data from collagen[3] and mitochondrial DNA[4] sequences fall in line with the diphyly (convergent evolution) hypothesis, but have overturned some of the other conclusions obtained from morphology. These investigations consistently place two-toed sloths close to mylodontids and three-toed sloths within Megatherioidea, close to Megalonyx, megatheriids and nothrotheriids. They make the previously recognized family Megalonychidae polyphyletic, with both two-toed sloths and the Caribbean sloths being moved out of that family and away from Megalonyx. Caribbean sloths are placed in a separate, basal branch of the sloth evolutionary tree.[3][4]The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).[3]Folivora\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Megalocnidae (Caribbean sloths)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMylodontoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Scelidotheriidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Scelidodon sp.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Scelidotherium sp.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Mylodontidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Lestodon armatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Paramylodon harlani\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Glossotherium robustus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Mylodon darwinii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCholoepodidae (two-toed sloths)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCholoepus didactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCholoepus hoffmanni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMegatherioidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Megalonychidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Nothrotheriidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n† Megatheriidae","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TwoToedSlothDetail.jpg"},{"link_name":"forelimbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forelimb"},{"link_name":"hindlimbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindlimb"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-15"}],"text":"Display of two \"fingers\" on forelimbs and three toes on hindlimbsThe name \"two-toed sloth\" was intended to describe an anatomical difference between the genera Choloepus and Bradypus, but does so in a potentially misleading way. Members of Choloepus have two digits on their forelimbs (the thoracic limbs) and three digits on their hindlimbs (the pelvic limbs), while members of Bradypus have three digits on all limbs. Although the term \"two-fingered\" sloth is arguably less misleading, the shorter \"two-toed\" is much more widely used.[note 1]Members of Choloepus are larger than three-toed sloths, having a body length of 58 to 70 centimetres (23 to 28 in), and weighing 4 to 8 kilograms (8.8 to 17.6 lb). Other distinguishing features include a more prominent snout, longer fur, and the absence of a tail.[14]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-15"}],"sub_title":"Behaviour","text":"Two-toed sloths spend most of their lives hanging upside down from trees. They cannot walk, so they pull hand-over-hand to move around, which is at an extremely slow rate. Almost all of their movement comes from this suspended upside down position, at a higher degree than even three-toed sloths. As a result, they tend to gravitate towards less vertical portions of trees.[15][16] Being predominantly nocturnal, their fur, which grows greenish algae to blend in, is their main source of protection.[17] Their body temperatures depend at least partially on the ambient temperature; they cannot shiver to keep warm, as other mammals do, because of their unusually low metabolic rates and reduced musculature.[14] Two-toed sloths also differ from three-toed sloths in their climbing behavior, preferring to descend head first.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baby_Choloepus_hoffmanni,_Costa_Rica.JPG"},{"link_name":"Osa Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osa_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-19"},{"link_name":"weaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaning"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"riparian forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_forest"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Lifecycle","text":"Young C. hoffmanni being raised in a wildlife rescue center in the Osa Peninsula, Costa RicaTwo-toed sloths have a gestation period of six months to a year, depending on the species. Their ovarian cycle lasts around 31 to 33 days, independently of the seasons but dependent on the species.[18] The mother gives birth to a single young, while hanging upside down. The young are born with claws, and are weaned after about a month, although they will remain with the mother for several more months, and do not reach maturity until the age of three years, in the case of females, or four to five years, in the case of males.[16] During natal dispersion, two-toed sloths prefer tropical forests over other types of habitat, often using riparian forest buffers to disperse. Although they also occupy shade-grown cacao plantations, they avoid open pastures.[19]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"shoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"berries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry"},{"link_name":"bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_(botany)"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADW-21"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alga"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"mineral licks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_lick"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"stomachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoM-15"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"They eat primarily leaves, but also shoots, fruits, nuts, berries, bark, some native flowers, and even some small vertebrates.[20] In addition, when they cannot find food, they have been known to eat the algae that grow on their fur for nutrients.[21] They have also been observed using mineral licks.[22][23] They have large, four-chambered stomachs, which help to ferment the large amount of plant matter they eat.[24] Food can take up to a month to digest due to their slow metabolism.[14] Depending on when in the excretion cycle a sloth is weighed, urine and feces may account for up to 30% of the animal's body weight.[25] They get most of their fluids from water in the leaves that they eat but sloths have also been observed drinking directly from rivers.[citation needed]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"incisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor"},{"link_name":"canines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_(tooth)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"diastema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastema_(dentistry)"},{"link_name":"dental formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_formula"},{"link_name":"cervical vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae"},{"link_name":"homeotic genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeotic_genes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"manatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manatee"}],"sub_title":"Dentition and skeleton","text":"Two-toed sloths have a reduced, ever growing dentition, with no incisors or true canines, which overall lacks homology with the dental formula of other mammals. Their first tooth is very canine-like in shape and is referred to as a caniniform. It is used for tearing small chunks off of their food, as well as for defense against predators.[26] It is separated from the other teeth, or molariforms, by a diastema. The molariforms are used specifically for grinding and are mortar and pestle-like in appearance and function. Thus, they can grind food for easier digestibility, which takes the majority of their energy. The dental formula of two-toed sloths is: 45 (unau)Two-toed sloths are unusual among mammals in possessing as few as five cervical vertebrae, which may be due to mutations in the homeotic genes.[27] All other mammals have seven cervical vertebrae,[28] other than the three-toed sloth and the manatee.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zygomaticus muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomaticus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"masseter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masseter_muscle"},{"link_name":"medial and lateral pterygoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoid_muscle_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"anterior temporalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporalis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-16"}],"sub_title":"Musculature","text":"Two-toed sloths generally have similar musculature to that of other mammals. This includes their zygomaticus muscles, their superficial masseter, their deep masseter, and their medial and lateral pterygoids. Additionally, a specific section of their anterior temporalis is arranged vertically, to allow them to sharpen their caniniform teeth.[26] They tend to have stronger flexor muscles in their fore- and hindlimbs, as well as their shoulders.[15]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"quadrupeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruped"}],"text":"^ Given that sloths are regarded as quadrupeds, whether their forelimb digits should be described as fingers is debatable.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Display of two \"fingers\" on forelimbs and three toes on hindlimbs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TwoToedSlothDetail.jpg/200px-TwoToedSlothDetail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Young C. hoffmanni being raised in a wildlife rescue center in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Baby_Choloepus_hoffmanni%2C_Costa_Rica.JPG/220px-Baby_Choloepus_hoffmanni%2C_Costa_Rica.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Gardner, A. L. (2005). \"Genus Choloepus\". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11800017","url_text":"\"Genus Choloepus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA101%E2%80%93102","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, S. (1997). \"Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy and Distribution\". Bulletin of AMNH (231): 168.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/4a999b65-b6ac-4eed-806d-cd10b82b56d9","url_text":"\"Mammals of Bolivia, Taxonomy and Distribution\""}]},{"reference":"Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. (2019). \"Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships\" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147061/1/5426_3_merged_1554730549.pdf","url_text":"\"Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatEE...3.1121P","url_text":"2019NatEE...3.1121P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0909-z","url_text":"10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31171860","url_text":"31171860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174813630","url_text":"174813630"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200912204649/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147061/1/5426_3_merged_1554730549.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Delsuc, F.; Kuch, M.; Gibb, G. C.; Karpinski, E.; Hackenberger, D.; Szpak, P.; Martínez, J. G.; Mead, J. I.; McDonald, H. G.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Poinar, H. N. (2019). \"Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths\". Current Biology. 29 (12): 2031–2042.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043. hdl:11336/136908. PMID 31178321.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333647272","url_text":"\"Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Evolutionary History and Biogeography of Sloths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.05.043","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F136908","url_text":"11336/136908"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31178321","url_text":"31178321"}]},{"reference":"\"Sloth-World.org\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202131335/http://www.sloth-world.org/Chloepus.html","url_text":"\"Sloth-World.org\""},{"url":"http://www.sloth-world.org/Chloepus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Phil (2001). \"Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths\". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023754/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Megalonychidae.html","url_text":"\"Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"},{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Megalonychidae.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Slater, G. J.; Cui, P.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Lenz, D.; Tsangaras, K.; Voirin, B.; de Moraes-Barros, N.; MacPhee, R. D. 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S2CID 4369283.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/375224a0","url_text":"\"An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.375..224M","url_text":"1995Natur.375..224M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F375224a0","url_text":"10.1038/375224a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4369283","url_text":"4369283"}]},{"reference":"Hoss, Matthias; Dilling, Amrei; Currant, Andrew; Paabo, Svante (9 January 1996). \"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii\". 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Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Megalonychidae.html","url_text":"\"Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan","url_text":"University of Michigan"}]},{"reference":"Gómez-Hoyos, Diego A.; González-Maya, José F.; Pacheco, Jesús; Seisdedos-Vergara, Seisdedos-Vergara; Barrio-Amorós, César L.; Ceballos, Gerardo (December 2017). \"Mineral-Lick Use By Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae) At Las Cruces Biological Station, Coto Brus, Costa Rica\". The Southwestern Naturalist. 62 (4): 278–280. doi:10.1894/0038-4909-62.4.278. ISSN 0038-4909. 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Retrieved 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505212314.htm","url_text":"\"Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution: Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long (or Short) Necks\""}]},{"reference":"Frietson Galis (1999). \"Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? Developmental constraints, Hox genes and Cancer\" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 285 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z. PMID 10327647. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf","url_text":"\"Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? 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sloths\""},{"Link":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1894/0038-4909-62.4.278","external_links_name":"\"Mineral-Lick Use By Choloepus hoffmanni (Pilosa: Megalonychidae) At Las Cruces Biological Station, Coto Brus, Costa Rica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1894%2F0038-4909-62.4.278","external_links_name":"10.1894/0038-4909-62.4.278"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4909","external_links_name":"0038-4909"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92499258","external_links_name":"92499258"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd3020217","external_links_name":"\"Mineral Licks as Diversity Hotspots in Lowland Forest of Eastern Ecuador\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fd3020217","external_links_name":"10.3390/d3020217"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1424-2818","external_links_name":"1424-2818"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-7161-5_19","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_19"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090501024437/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/SpotlightonVetMedicine/sloth.cfm","external_links_name":"Sloth Standards"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1051830104","external_links_name":"\"Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1051830104","external_links_name":"10.1002/jmor.1051830104"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-2525","external_links_name":"0362-2525"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3973924","external_links_name":"3973924"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36168956","external_links_name":"36168956"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505212314.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution: Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long (or Short) Necks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041110200159/http://wwworm.biology.uh.edu/evodevo/lecture11/galis99.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_(disambiguation)
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Ian (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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Ian is a common given name, the Scottish Gaelic version of the name John.
Ian or IAN may also refer to:
IAN, the inferior alveolar nerve (biology)
IAN, IATA airport code for Bob Baker Memorial Airport (Kiana, Alaska)
-ian, a suffix meaning member of or resident of, e.g., Virginian or Wikipedian
International Article Number (IAN)
Internet area network (IAN)
"Ian", a song by White Town from Socialism, Sexism & Sexuality
Ian., the abbreviation of the month of January in the Roman calendar
ian (rapper), American rapper, songwriter and record producer
List of storms named Ian
See also
IANS (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ian.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inferior alveolar nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve"},{"link_name":"Bob Baker Memorial Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Baker_Memorial_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wikipedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedian"},{"link_name":"International Article Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Article_Number"},{"link_name":"Internet area network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_area_network"},{"link_name":"Socialism, Sexism & Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism,_Sexism_%26_Sexuality"},{"link_name":"Ian.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian."},{"link_name":"ian (rapper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"List of storms named Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Ian"}],"text":"Ian or IAN may also refer to:IAN, the inferior alveolar nerve (biology)\nIAN, IATA airport code for Bob Baker Memorial Airport (Kiana, Alaska)\n-ian, a suffix meaning member of or resident of, e.g., Virginian or Wikipedian\nInternational Article Number (IAN)\nInternet area network (IAN)\n\"Ian\", a song by White Town from Socialism, Sexism & Sexuality\nIan., the abbreviation of the month of January in the Roman calendar\nian (rapper), American rapper, songwriter and record producer\nList of storms named Ian","title":"Ian (disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"IANS (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IANS_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ian_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Ian_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle
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Vastus lateralis muscle
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["1 Structure","1.1 Innervation","2 Additional images","3 References","4 External links"]
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Human muscle in the thigh
Vastus lateralis muscleMuscles of lower extremity (rectus femoris has been removed)Vastus lateralisDetailsOriginGreater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and linea aspera of the femurInsertionPatella by the quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity by the patellar ligamentArteryLateral circumflex femoral arteryNerveFemoral nerveActionsExtends and stabilizes kneeAntagonistHamstringIdentifiersLatinmusculus vastus lateralis or musculus vastus externusTA98A04.7.02.021TA22618FMA22431Anatomical terms of muscle
The vastus lateralis (/ˈvæstəs ˌlætəˈreɪlɪs, ˈræ-/), also called the vastus externus, is the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh. Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the knee joint, moving the lower leg forward. It arises from a series of flat, broad tendons attached to the femur, and attaches to the outer border of the patella. It ultimately joins with the other muscles that make up the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon, which travels over the knee to connect to the tibia. The vastus lateralis is the recommended site for intramuscular injection in infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk, with loss of muscular tone.
Structure
The vastus lateralis muscle arises from several areas of the femur, including the upper part of the intertrochanteric line; the lower, anterior borders of the greater trochanter, to the outer border of the gluteal tuberosity, and the upper half of the outer border of the linea aspera. These form an aponeurosis, a broad flat tendon that covers the upper three-quarters of the muscle. From the inner surface of the aponeurosis, many muscle fibers originate. Some additional fibers arise from the tendon of the gluteus maximus muscle, and from the septum between the vastus lateralis and short head of the biceps femoris.
The fibers form a large fleshy mass, attached to a second strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle. This lower aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon that attaches to the outer border of the patella, and subsequently joins with the quadriceps femoris tendon, expanding the capsule of the knee-joint.
Innervation
The vastus lateralis muscle is innervated by the muscular branches of the femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4).
Additional images
Vastus lateralis muscle
Site for intramuscular injection into the vastus lateralis
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 470 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ de Lima, J. A. Pires (1913). "On a Bone found in the Musculus Vastus Externus of the Thigh". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 47 (Pt 4): 414–424. PMC 1288967. PMID 17232970.
^ Mann, E. (2016). Injection (Intramuscular): Clinician Information. The Johanna Briggs Institute.
External links
Cross section image: pembody/body18b—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-15—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
PTCentral
vteMuscles of the hip and human legIliac region
Iliopsoas
Psoas major/Psoas minor
Iliacus
Buttocks
Gluteal muscles
Maximus
Medius
Minimus
Tensor fasciae latae
Lateral rotator group:
Quadratus femoris
Inferior gemellus
Superior gemellus
Internal obturator
External obturator
Piriformis
Thigh / compartmentsAnterior
Sartorius
Quadriceps
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Articularis genus
Posterior
Hamstring
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Medial
Pectineus
External obturator
Gracilis
Adductor
Longus
Brevis
Magnus
Minimus
Fascia
Femoral sheath
Femoral canal
Femoral ring
Adductor canal
Adductor hiatus
Muscular lacuna
Fascia lata
Iliotibial tract
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
Cribriform fascia
Leg/compartmentsAnterior
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
PosteriorSuperficial
Triceps surae
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Accessory soleus
Achilles tendon
Plantaris
Deep
tarsal tunnel
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Popliteus
Lateral
Fibularis (peroneus) muscles
Longus
Brevis
Fascia
Pes anserinus
Intermuscular septa
Anterior
Posterior
Transverse
FootDorsal
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Plantar
1st layer
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
2nd layer
Quadratus plantae
Lumbrical muscle
3rd layer
Foexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
4th layer
Dorsal interossei
Plantar interossei
Fascia
Plantar fascia
retinacula
Peroneal
Inferior extensor
Superior extensor
Flexor
Portal: Anatomy
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈvæstəs ˌlætəˈreɪlɪs, ˈræ-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"quadriceps femoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris"},{"link_name":"thigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thigh"},{"link_name":"tendons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis"},{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"patella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella"},{"link_name":"quadriceps tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps_tendon"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"},{"link_name":"intramuscular injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The vastus lateralis (/ˈvæstəs ˌlætəˈreɪlɪs, ˈræ-/), also called the vastus externus,[1] is the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh. Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the knee joint, moving the lower leg forward. It arises from a series of flat, broad tendons attached to the femur, and attaches to the outer border of the patella. It ultimately joins with the other muscles that make up the quadriceps in the quadriceps tendon, which travels over the knee to connect to the tibia. The vastus lateralis is the recommended site for intramuscular injection in infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk, with loss of muscular tone.[2]","title":"Vastus lateralis muscle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"femur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femur"},{"link_name":"intertrochanteric line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line"},{"link_name":"greater trochanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_trochanter"},{"link_name":"gluteal tuberosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluteal_tuberosity"},{"link_name":"linea aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_aspera"},{"link_name":"aponeurosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aponeurosis"},{"link_name":"gluteus maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluteus_maximus"},{"link_name":"septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_thigh"},{"link_name":"biceps femoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biceps_femoris"},{"link_name":"patella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella"},{"link_name":"knee-joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee-joint"}],"text":"The vastus lateralis muscle arises from several areas of the femur, including the upper part of the intertrochanteric line; the lower, anterior borders of the greater trochanter, to the outer border of the gluteal tuberosity, and the upper half of the outer border of the linea aspera. These form an aponeurosis, a broad flat tendon that covers the upper three-quarters of the muscle. From the inner surface of the aponeurosis, many muscle fibers originate. Some additional fibers arise from the tendon of the gluteus maximus muscle, and from the septum between the vastus lateralis and short head of the biceps femoris.The fibers form a large fleshy mass, attached to a second strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle. This lower aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon that attaches to the outer border of the patella, and subsequently joins with the quadriceps femoris tendon, expanding the capsule of the knee-joint.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Innervation","text":"The vastus lateralis muscle is innervated by the muscular branches of the femoral nerve (L2, L3, and L4).","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide8www.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Im-vastus-lateralis.png"},{"link_name":"intramuscular injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular_injection"}],"text":"Vastus lateralis muscle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSite for intramuscular injection into the vastus lateralis","title":"Additional images"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"de Lima, J. A. Pires (1913). \"On a Bone found in the Musculus Vastus Externus of the Thigh\". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 47 (Pt 4): 414–424. PMC 1288967. PMID 17232970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288967","url_text":"\"On a Bone found in the Musculus Vastus Externus of the Thigh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288967","url_text":"1288967"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17232970","url_text":"17232970"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/04.7.02.021%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A04.7.02.021"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=2618","external_links_name":"2618"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma22431","external_links_name":"22431"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/470/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 470"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288967","external_links_name":"\"On a Bone found in the Musculus Vastus Externus of the Thigh\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288967","external_links_name":"1288967"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17232970","external_links_name":"17232970"},{"Link":"https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/plastination/pembody/body18b-text.html","external_links_name":"Cross section image: pembody/body18b"},{"Link":"https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/plastination/pelvis/pelvis-e12-15-text.html","external_links_name":"Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-15"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100715211225/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclelegs.html#vastus%20lateralis","external_links_name":"PTCentral"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A04.7.02.021","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarello_Island
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Guarello Island
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["1 See also","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°23′S 75°20′W / 50.383°S 75.333°W / -50.383; -75.333This article is about Island at Madre de Dios Archipelago. For Island at Smyth Channel, see Guarello Island (Smyth Channel).
Guarello IslandNative name: Isla GuarelloGuerello Island seen from Contreras SoundGuarello IslandGeographyCoordinates50°23′S 75°20′W / 50.383°S 75.333°W / -50.383; -75.333Adjacent toPacific OceanAdministrationChileRegionMagallanesAdditional informationNGA UFI=-883834
Guarello Island (Spanish: Isla Guarello) is an island in Madre de Dios Archipelago in Magallanes Region. Guarello Island is in a limestone area that also includes Madre de Dios Island. The island has the world's southernmost limestone mine and it has reserves for 100 years, and 600,000 tons of limestone with a millesimal fineness of 96% of Calcium carbonate are extracted each year. Half of the production is used in the steel mills of Huachipato which also owns the mines.
See also
List of islands of Chile
External links
Islands of Chile @ United Nations Environment Programme
World island information @ WorldIslandInfo.com
South America Island High Points above 1000 meters
United States Hydrographic Office, South America Pilot (1916)
This Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyth Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_Channel"},{"link_name":"Guarello Island (Smyth Channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarello_Island_(Smyth_Channel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madre de Dios Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Dios_Island"},{"link_name":"Magallanes Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magallanes_Region"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Madre de Dios Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madre_de_Dios_Island"},{"link_name":"millesimal fineness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millesimal_fineness"},{"link_name":"Calcium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"steel mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill"},{"link_name":"Huachipato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huachipato,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071214015337/http://www.minmineria.cl/pagina.php?seccion_id=248&sub_id=294"}],"text":"This article is about Island at Madre de Dios Archipelago. For Island at Smyth Channel, see Guarello Island (Smyth Channel).Guarello Island (Spanish: Isla Guarello) is an island in Madre de Dios Archipelago in Magallanes Region. Guarello Island is in a limestone area that also includes Madre de Dios Island. The island has the world's southernmost limestone mine and it has reserves for 100 years, and 600,000 tons of limestone with a millesimal fineness of 96% of Calcium carbonate are extracted each year. Half of the production is used in the steel mills of Huachipato which also owns the mines.[1]","title":"Guarello Island"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of islands of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Chile"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guarello_Island¶ms=50_23_S_75_20_W_type:isle_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"50°23′S 75°20′W / 50.383°S 75.333°W / -50.383; -75.333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guarello_Island¶ms=50_23_S_75_20_W_type:isle_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"50°23′S 75°20′W / 50.383°S 75.333°W / -50.383; -75.333"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214015337/http://www.minmineria.cl/pagina.php?seccion_id=248&sub_id=294","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://islands.unep.ch/CXE.htm","external_links_name":"Islands of Chile @ United Nations Environment Programme"},{"Link":"http://www.worldislandinfo.com/","external_links_name":"World island information @ WorldIslandInfo.com"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=15002","external_links_name":"South America Island High Points above 1000 meters"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/southamericapil01offigoog","external_links_name":"South America Pilot"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guarello_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Thornely
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Arnold Thornely
|
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References"]
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Sir Arnold ThornelyBorn(1870-10-07)7 October 1870Godley, Cheshire, EnglandDied1 October 1953(1953-10-01) (aged 82)Cobham, Surrey, EnglandOccupationArchitectKnown forParliament Buildings, Belfast
Sir Arnold Thornely (7 October 1870 – 1 October 1953) was an English architect who practised in Liverpool. Although most of his designs were for buildings in Liverpool and the northwest of England, he is best known for the Parliament Buildings in Belfast, Northern Ireland (commonly known as Stormont). Thornely was knighted in 1932, and in the following year received the Bronze Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects for Ulster.
Biography
Arnold Thornely was the son of a cotton mill manager, born in 1870 in Godley, which was at that time in Cheshire. He was educated at a grammar school in Derbyshire, and then at the Liverpool School of Art. After being articled to Francis Usher Holmes and George Holme, he became an assistant in the Liverpool firm of Willinck and Thicknesse. In 1898 he established his own practice in Liverpool. He married Caroline Thornely in 1902 in St Paul's Church, Helsby, and with her had two children. In 1906 Thornely joined in partnership with Frank Gatley Briggs and Henry Vernon Wolstenholme, and was later joined by F. B. Hobbs. Latterly he worked with his brother Herbert Lionel Thornely, and they had an office in the Royal Liver Building in Liverpool. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1907, and was President of the Liverpool Architectural Society in 1910–11. In 1932 Thornley was knighted, and in the following year was awarded the Bronze Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects for Ulster. In his later years he lived in Cobham, Surrey, where he died in 1953. His estate amounted to over £89,000 (equivalent to £3,140,000 as of 2023).
Works
Parliament Buildings, Stormont, Belfast
Although most of his designs were for buildings in and around Liverpool, Thornely is best known for his design of the Parliament Buildings in Belfast, Northern Ireland (commonly known as Stormont), which were built between 1928 and 1932. With Hobbs he designed the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Building (1903–07), and with Briggs and Wolstenholme a building for the Bank of British West Africa (completed in 1920). In 1923, with Herbert J. Rowse, he won a competition for the design of India Buildings in Liverpool. With Briggs and Wolstenholme, he also designed laboratories for the Geology Department of the University of Liverpool (1927–29), and an extension to the Walker Art Gallery (1931–33). Away from the centre of Liverpool, Thornely designed new premises for Liverpool Blue Coat School (1906), King Edward VII School, Lytham St Annes (1908), and town halls at Wallasey (1914–19), Preston, and Barnsley.
References
^ a b c d McIntosh, Gillian (2011). "Thornely, Sir Arnold (1870–1953)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/62506. Retrieved 10 November 2013. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ((subscription or UK public library membership required))
^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ Sharples, Joseph; Pollard, Richard (2004), Liverpool, Pevsner Architectural Guides, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 170–171, ISBN 0-300-10258-5
Authority control databases: Artists
Musée d'Orsay
|
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Thornely was knighted in 1932, and in the following year received the Bronze Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects for Ulster.","title":"Arnold Thornely"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godley,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"Liverpool School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Church, Helsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Helsby"},{"link_name":"Royal Liver Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Liver_Building"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of British Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects"},{"link_name":"Cobham, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobham,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-2"}],"text":"Arnold Thornely was the son of a cotton mill manager, born in 1870 in Godley, which was at that time in Cheshire. He was educated at a grammar school in Derbyshire, and then at the Liverpool School of Art. After being articled to Francis Usher Holmes and George Holme, he became an assistant in the Liverpool firm of Willinck and Thicknesse. In 1898 he established his own practice in Liverpool. He married Caroline Thornely in 1902 in St Paul's Church, Helsby, and with her had two children. In 1906 Thornely joined in partnership with Frank Gatley Briggs and Henry Vernon Wolstenholme, and was later joined by F. B. Hobbs. Latterly he worked with his brother Herbert Lionel Thornely, and they had an office in the Royal Liver Building in Liverpool. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1907, and was President of the Liverpool Architectural Society in 1910–11. In 1932 Thornley was knighted, and in the following year was awarded the Bronze Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects for Ulster. In his later years he lived in Cobham, Surrey, where he died in 1953. His estate amounted to over £89,000 (equivalent to £3,140,000 as of 2023).[1][2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StormontGeneral.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parliament Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Stormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormont_Estate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Liverpool_Building"},{"link_name":"Bank of British West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_British_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"},{"link_name":"Herbert J. Rowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_James_Rowse"},{"link_name":"India Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pev-3"},{"link_name":"University of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Walker Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Blue Coat School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Blue_Coat_School"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII School, Lytham St Annes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Lytham_St_Annes"},{"link_name":"Wallasey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallasey_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-1"}],"text":"Parliament Buildings, Stormont, BelfastAlthough most of his designs were for buildings in and around Liverpool, Thornely is best known for his design of the Parliament Buildings in Belfast, Northern Ireland (commonly known as Stormont), which were built between 1928 and 1932.[1] With Hobbs he designed the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Building (1903–07), and with Briggs and Wolstenholme a building for the Bank of British West Africa (completed in 1920).[1] In 1923, with Herbert J. Rowse, he won a competition for the design of India Buildings in Liverpool.[3] With Briggs and Wolstenholme, he also designed laboratories for the Geology Department of the University of Liverpool (1927–29), and an extension to the Walker Art Gallery (1931–33). Away from the centre of Liverpool, Thornely designed new premises for Liverpool Blue Coat School (1906), King Edward VII School, Lytham St Annes (1908), and town halls at Wallasey (1914–19), Preston, and Barnsley.[1]","title":"Works"}]
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[{"image_text":"Parliament Buildings, Stormont, Belfast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/220px-StormontGeneral.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eledone_microsicya
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Eledone microsicya
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of mollusc
Eledone microsicya
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Cephalopoda
Order:
Octopoda
Family:
Eledonidae
Genus:
Eledone
Species:
E. microsicya
Binomial name
Eledone microsicyaRochebrune, 1884
Synonyms
Eledonenta microsicya Rochebrune, 1884
Eledone microsicya is a little-known species of octopus from the western Indian Ocean. There is a view that because of the similarity in the skins of the single specimen of E. microsicya to the Musky Octopus Eledone moschata that this is not a valid taxon and represents a Red Sea population of the otherwise Mediteraranean E. moschata.
References
^ •Rochebrune, A. T. 1884. Étude monographique de la famille des Sepiadae. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris (série 7), 8 (2). 74-122
^ "Eledone microsicya". Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
^ Silas E.G. 1968 Cephalopoda of the West Coast of India, collected during the cruise of the research vessel Varuna, with a catalogue of species known from the Indian Ocean, Proc. Symp. Mollusca Part 1, Mar. Biol. Assn India, pp277-259 http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/2365/1/Article_37.pdf
^ "UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO) - Eledonenta Rochebrune, 1884".
Taxon identifiersEledone microsicya
Wikidata: Q3199558
GBIF: 2289365
IRMNG: 11305374
ITIS: 556686
Observation.org: 943840
SeaLifeBase: 57068
This article related to the octopus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(season_5)
|
M*A*S*H season 5
|
["1 Cast","2 Episodes","3 Notes","4 External links","5 References"]
|
Season of television series
M*A*S*HSeason 5No. of episodes25ReleaseOriginal networkCBSOriginal releaseSeptember 21, 1976 (1976-09-21) –March 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 4 Next →Season 6 List of episodes
The fifth season of M*A*S*H aired Tuesdays at 9:00–9:30 pm on CBS.
Cast
Actor
Role
Alan Alda
Capt. Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce
Mike Farrell
Capt. B.J. Hunnicut
Harry Morgan
Col. Sherman T. Potter
Loretta Swit
Maj. Margaret Houlihan
Larry Linville
Maj. Frank Burns
Gary Burghoff
Cpl. Walter "Radar" O'Reilly
Jamie Farr
Cpl. Maxwell Q. Klinger
William Christopher
Lt. Father Francis Mulcahy
Episodes
See also: List of M*A*S*H episodes
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed by Written by Original air dateProd.code 981"Bug Out"Gene ReynoldsJim Fritzell & Everett GreenbaumSeptember 21, 1976 (1976-09-21)U-801992U-802
The 4077th bugs out in fear of a Chinese advance, but Hawkeye, Margaret and Radar must stay behind with a patient who can't be moved.
Note – This is the first appearance of Eileen Saki who will take over the role of Rosie.
1003"Margaret's Engagement"Alan AldaGary MarkowitzSeptember 28, 1976 (1976-09-28)U-803
Margaret gets engaged in Tokyo while on temporary duty and the surgeons brace themselves for Frank's reaction.
Note – William Christopher and Jamie Farr do not appear in this episode.
1014"Out of Sight, Out of Mind"Gene ReynoldsKen Levine & David IsaacsOctober 5, 1976 (1976-10-05)U-806
An explosion causes Hawkeye to go blind.Tom Sullivan makes his television debut as a patient who lost his sight in combat.Able is played by Judy Farrell, Mike Farrell's wife at the time this episode aired. First episode written by Levine and Isaacs.
Note – William Christopher does not appear in this episode.
1025"Lt. Radar O'Reilly"Alan RafkinEverett Greenbaum & Jim FritzellOctober 12, 1976 (1976-10-12)U-805
Hawkeye and B.J. arrange for Radar to be Commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant, but Radar realizes he feels better as a Corporal.Alan Rafkin received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for directing this episode.
1036"The Nurses"Joan DarlingLinda BloodworthOctober 19, 1976 (1976-10-19)U-809
A feud between Margaret and the nurses results in disciplinary action against Nurse Baker (Linda Kelsey) on her honeymoon. Gregory Harrison, who later starred in Trapper John, M.D., guest stars as Baker's husband Tony.Joan Darling received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for directing this episode.
1047"The Abduction of Margaret Houlihan"Gene ReynoldsStory by : Gene ReynoldsTeleplay by : Allan Katz & Don ReoOctober 26, 1976 (1976-10-26)U-808
Colonel Flagg shows up when it seems that Margaret's been abducted while on a mission of mercy.
Note – William Christopher does not appear in this episode.
1058"Dear Sigmund"Alan AldaAlan AldaNovember 9, 1976 (1976-11-09)U-810
Feeling depressed, Sidney Freeman writes to Sigmund Freud about the craziness of the 4077th.Alan Alda won the Primetime Emmy and Directors Guild Awards for this episode. Alda also received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for writing, while William Jurgensen was nominated for cinematography.
1069"Mulcahy's War"George TyneRichard CoganNovember 16, 1976 (1976-11-16)U-812
After failing to communicate with a patient who shot himself, Father Mulcahy decides to experience life on the front lines.
10710"The Korean Surgeon"Gene ReynoldsBill IdelsonNovember 23, 1976 (1976-11-23)U-814
Hawkeye feels a North Korean POW (Soon-Tek Oh) who is an American-trained MD would be a fine addition to the 4077th's surgical staff. Trouble strikes in the form of two North Korean infiltrators (Robert Ito, Larry Hama).
10811"Hawkeye Get Your Gun"William JurgensenStory by : Gene Reynolds & Jay FolbTeleplay by : Jay FolbNovember 30, 1976 (1976-11-30)U-813
Hawkeye and Potter must assist a Korean hospital near the front.Jay Folb and Gene Reynolds received a Writers Guild Award nomination for this episode.
Note – Gary Burghoff and William Christopher do not appear in this episode.
10912"The Colonel's Horse"Burt MetcalfeJim Fritzell and Everett GreenbaumDecember 7, 1976 (1976-12-07)U-811
While Potter's in Tokyo, both his mare and Margaret get sick. B.J. calls his father-in-law to ask for advice, for Potter's mare, and Hawkeye operates on Margaret who has appendicitis.
11013"Exorcism"Alan AldaStory by : Gene Reynolds & Jay FolbTeleplay by : Jay FolbDecember 14, 1976 (1976-12-14)U-815
A rash of bad luck befalls the camp after Potter orders the removal of a post that the villagers believe is warding off evil spirits.
11114"Hawk's Nightmare"Burt MetcalfeBurt PrelutskyDecember 21, 1976 (1976-12-21)U-804
Sidney returns to the 4077th when Hawkeye starts having nightmares.
11215"The Most Unforgettable Characters"Burt MetcalfeKen Levine & David IsaacsJanuary 4, 1977 (1977-01-04)U-818
Radar takes a correspondence course in creative writing. Timeline June 11, 1953
11316"38 Across"Burt MetcalfeJim Fritzell & Everett GreenbaumJanuary 11, 1977 (1977-01-11)U-821
Hawkeye calls a Navy buddy for help in finishing a crossword puzzle.
11417"Ping Pong"William JurgensenSid DorfmanJanuary 18, 1977 (1977-01-18)U-817
Hawkeye and B.J. support a Korean ping-pong champion. The staff arranges a wedding for him and his fiancée, which everyone attends. Frank doesn't approve and threatens them with General Harrelson, but Margaret tells him to shut up. Potter risks an old friendship for the sake of his beliefs.
11518"End Run"Harry MorganJohn D. HessJanuary 25, 1977 (1977-01-25)U-816
Radar tries to help a former college football star (Henry Brown) deal with the loss of his leg.
11619"Hanky Panky"Gene ReynoldsGene ReynoldsFebruary 1, 1977 (1977-02-01)U-822
Margaret worries for her hospitalized fiancé, while B.J. gets close to a nurse who just received a "Dear Jane" letter.
Note – William Christopher does not appear in this episode.
11720"Hepatitis"Alan AldaAlan AldaFebruary 8, 1977 (1977-02-08)U-823
The 4077th springs into action when Father Mulcahy (William Christopher) has a case of hepatitis, while Hawkeye develops a backache after receiving news about a doctor from back home. This episode was inspired by Christopher's own serious bout of hepatitis, which kept him out of multiple episodes.
11821"The General's Practitioner"Alan RafkinBurt PrelutskyFebruary 15, 1977 (1977-02-15)U-807
A general is determined to take Hawkeye on as his personal physician, while a GI about to be shipped home (Larry Wilcox) asks Radar to look after his Korean wife and their son.
11922"Movie Tonight"Burt MetcalfeGene Reynolds, Don Reo, Allan Katz and Jay FolbFebruary 22, 1977 (1977-02-22)U-824
Potter presents My Darling Clementine, a 1946 Western film, to boost morale at the 4077th, but the audience proves to be rowdier than the cowboys in the movie. The staff has a sing-a-long to "Gee, Mom, I Wanna Go Home" during a break in the film.
12023"Souvenirs"Joshua ShelleyStory by : Burt Prelutsky and Reinhold WeegeTeleplay by : Burt PrelutskyMarch 1, 1977 (1977-03-01)U-819
Hawkeye and B.J. conspire against a helicopter pilot who's selling souvenirs at the expense of Korean children. Featuring Brian Dennehy as an M.P.
Note – Gary Burghoff does not appear in this episode.
12124"Post Op"Gene ReynoldsStory by : Gene Reynolds & Jay FolbTeleplay by : Ken Levine & David IsaacsMarch 8, 1977 (1977-03-08)U-825
During a busy surgical shift, the staff must deal with a blood shortage in the OR and assorted crises in the post-op ward.
Note – Gary Burghoff and William Christopher do not appear in this episode.
12225"Margaret's Marriage"Gene ReynoldsEverett Greenbaum & Jim FritzellMarch 15, 1977 (1977-03-15)U-820
Margaret feels eight months is long enough to be engaged so she and Donald decide to get married right away.
Note – This is Larry Linville's final episode.
Notes
^ Titles taken from DVD
^ a b Credits from episode title cards
^ Production Code from end credits
External links
List of M*A*S*H season 5 episodes at the Internet Movie Database
References
^ https://metv.com/lists/10-actors-who-left-their-shows-temporarily-due-to-injury-or-illness MeTV: 10 actors who left their shows temporarily due to injury or illness
vteM*A*S*HNovels
MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors
M*A*S*H Goes to Maine
M*A*S*H Mania
Film
M*A*S*H
Music
"Suicide Is Painless"
TelevisionEpisodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Trapper John, M.D.
episodes
AfterMASH
W*A*L*T*E*RRelated articles
Characters
M*A*S*H (video game)
Category
vteM*A*S*H episodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"To Market, to Market"
"Requiem for a Lightweight"
"Chief Surgeon Who?"
"The Moose"
"Yankee Doodle Doctor"
"Bananas, Crackers and Nuts"
"Cowboy"
"Henry Please Come Home"
"Edwina"
"Tuttle"
"The Ringbanger"
"Sometimes You Hear the Bullet"
"Dear Dad...Again"
"The Longjohn Flap"
"The Army-Navy Game"
"Sticky Wicket"
"Major Fred C. Dobbs"
"Ceasefire"
"Showtime"
Season 2
"Divided We Stand"
"5 O'Clock Charlie"
"Radar's Report"
"For the Good of the Outfit"
"Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde"
"Kim"
"The Trial of Henry Blake"
"Dear Dad... Three"
"The Sniper"
"Carry On, Hawkeye"
"The Incubator"
"Deal Me Out"
"Crisis"
"George"
"A Smattering of Intelligence"
Season 3
"Adam's Ribs"
"Mad Dogs and Servicemen"
"The Consultant"
"House Arrest"
"Payday"
"White Gold"
"Abyssinia, Henry"
Season 4
"The Late Captain Pierce"
"The Kids"
"Quo Vadis, Captain Chandler?"
"Dear Peggy"
"Of Moose and Men"
"Der Tag"
"The Novocaine Mutiny"
"The Interview"
Season 5
"Bug Out"
"Margaret's Engagement"
"Out of Sight, Out of Mind"
"Dear Sigmund"
Season 6
"Fallen Idol"
"Last Laugh"
"War of Nerves"
"The Winchester Tapes"
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Season 10
Season 11
"Hey, Look Me Over"
"Bombshells"
"The Moon Is Not Blue"
"As Time Goes By"
"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen"
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M*A*S*H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe fifth season of M*A*S*H aired Tuesdays at 9:00–9:30 pm on CBS.","title":"M*A*S*H season 5"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of M*A*S*H episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_M*A*S*H_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of M*A*S*H episodes","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DVD_1-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cred_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cred_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ECred_3-0"}],"text":"^ Titles taken from DVD\n\n^ a b Credits from episode title cards\n\n^ Production Code from end credits","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068098/episodes?season=5","external_links_name":"List of M*A*S*H season 5 episodes"},{"Link":"https://metv.com/lists/10-actors-who-left-their-shows-temporarily-due-to-injury-or-illness","external_links_name":"https://metv.com/lists/10-actors-who-left-their-shows-temporarily-due-to-injury-or-illness"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Hospital_for_Children
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Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children
|
["1 References","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 28°31′24″N 81°22′45″W / 28.5234°N 81.3793°W / 28.5234; -81.3793Hospital in Florida, United StatesArnold Palmer Hospital for ChildrenOrlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for ChildrenGeographyLocation92 W. Miller St. Orlando, FL 32806, Florida, United StatesOrganizationCare systemPrivate, Not-for-ProfitTypePediatric Specialty HospitalServicesEmergency departmentLevel 1 Pediatric Trauma CenterBeds158HistoryOpenedSeptember 10, 1989; 34 years ago (1989-09-10)LinksWebsiteOfficial websiteListsHospitals in Florida
Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children is a 158-bed pediatric hospital in Orlando, Florida, United States. Arnold Palmer Hospital is part of Orlando Health, and is supported by the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation. Together, the Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children and the Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women & Babies form the Arnold Palmer Medical Center. Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children is also home to the Howard Phillips Center for Children & Families.
The Bert Martin's Champions for Children Emergency Department & Trauma Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital is part of the only Level One Trauma Center in the area
As of the 2016-2017 rankings, Arnold Palmer Hospital is nationally ranked as a “Best Children’s Hospital” by U.S. News & World Report in five pediatric specialties - cardiology & heart surgery, diabetes & endocrinology, gastroenterology & GI surgery, orthopedics and urology.
Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children has affiliations with Camp Boggy Creek, Children's Miracle Network, the Florida Association of Children's Hospitals, Give Kids the World, the Make-A-Wish Foundation, the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, and the Ronald McDonald House.
References
^ "Help Us Celebrate: Orlando Health Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children Turns 29!". Arnold Palmer Hospital blog. September 9, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
^ "Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children". www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
^ "Emergency Trauma Care in Orlando, FL". orlandohealth.com. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
^ "U.S. News & World Report "Best Children's Hospitals" Rankings". usnews.com.
Notes
^ Orlando Regional Medical Center (ORMC) is a designated Level One Trauma Center and cares for pediatric and adult patients at Arnold Palmer Hospital and ORMC.
External links
Official website
28°31′24″N 81°22′45″W / 28.5234°N 81.3793°W / 28.5234; -81.3793vteFlorida trauma centersList of hospitals in FloridaLevel I
HCA Kendall Regional Medical Center
Jackson Memorial Hospital
Memorial Regional Hospital
Orlando Regional Medical Center
Shands Jacksonville Medical Center
Tampa General Hospital
UF Health Shands Hospital
Level II
HCA Blake Medical Center
HCA Central Florida Regional Hospital
HCA Fort Walton Beach Medical Center
HCA Lawnwood Regional Medical Center
HCA Ocala Regional Medical Center
Holmes Regional Medical Center
Pediatric Level 1
Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children
Nicklaus Children's Hospital
Tampa General Hospital Children's
Pediatric Level 2
Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital
Holmes Regional Medical Center
Authority control databases
ISNI
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Harbor_District
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Port of Hueneme
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["1 History","2 Port operation","3 Military operations","4 Infrastructure and facilities","4.1 Land transportation network","4.2 Historic sites","5 District governance","6 Community impacts","7 Events","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading"]
|
Coordinates: 34°8′50″N 119°12′30″W / 34.14722°N 119.20833°W / 34.14722; -119.20833Commercial and military port in Ventura County, California
For the city of Port Hueneme, see Port Hueneme, California.
Port of HuenemeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationCountryUnited StatesLocationPort Hueneme, CaliforniaCoordinates34°8′50″N 119°12′30″W / 34.14722°N 119.20833°W / 34.14722; -119.20833DetailsOpenedJuly 4, 1940; 83 years ago (July 4, 1940)Operated byOxnard Harbor DistrictOwned byOxnard Harbor District/U.S. NavyType of harbourArtificialLand area120 acres (49 ha)No. of berths5Port CEO and DirectorKristin DecasMottoWe make cargo move.StatisticsAnnual cargo tonnage1.6 millionValue of cargo$10.9 billionWebsitewww.portofh.org
The Port of Hueneme in the city of Port Hueneme, California, United States, is the only deep water harbor between Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay area. Located in Ventura County on the Santa Barbara Channel, the port complex not only serves international shipping businesses but is an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC).
The original wharf was built to serve the new farmers on the Oxnard Plain and became the largest grain shipping port south of San Francisco. The modern port continues this legacy as a dominant port for agribusiness (fruit and other produce), liquids, fresh seafood and vehicles. Bulk cargo and automobiles are specialties of the port and distinguishes it from much larger ports. General cargo includes household goods and oversized cargo. This includes providing support services for the offshore oil industry in the Santa Barbara Channel.
The port has a direct highway connection to the nationwide freight network which raises the status of the port and gives it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage. The port owns a railroad line through Port Hueneme and south Oxnard that is operated by the Ventura County Railroad and connects nationally to the Coast Route of Union Pacific. The District does not perform cargo handling operations as the companies shipping through the port take responsibility in cooperation with the port district. The commercial port operations have five deep-water berths.
The Navy controls the ship movements. As a shared port between NBVC and the Oxnard Harbor District, the U.S. Navy has over 4,500 feet (1,400 m) of berthing space for various ship platforms for use by tenant commands of NBVC: Port Hueneme and transient government contract/military shipping.
1857 U.S. Coast Survey Map has inset of Point Hueneme before the harbor was built
History
European immigrants began farming on the Oxnard Plain in the 1860s but the area was isolated due to the difficult overland routes. Thomas R. Bard chose Point Hueneme as the site of a wharf to take advantage of the naturally occurring depth of a submarine canyon. The extra depth meant there was less surge while the boats were loading or unloading than there would be at other locations. Before the construction of a 900-foot-long wharf (270 m) in 1872, goods had been shuttled through the surf zone to reach offshore vessels. Hueneme soon became the largest grain-shipping port south of San Francisco and the wharf was extended to 1,500 feet (460 m) in 1897.
Three- and four-masted wooden schooners brought lumber from the north and carried grain, lima beans and sheep to markets in San Francisco. Teams of horses pulling wagons waited for the load of grain to be weighed in lines that stretched six blocks. Hoping to connect the new wharf with ore mines in Inyo County, Bard launched a campaign to build a road through the Santa Clara River Valley. Bard also platted the townsite of Hueneme to support the activity at the port and build a family home.
In 1898, the railroad line that had connected Ventura to Los Angeles crossed the Santa Clara River at El Rio on a new bridge. The line continued due south to where the town of Oxnard was being established at the site of the American Beet Sugar Company factory being built by the Oxnard Brothers in the middle portion of the plain. Passenger and freight traffic declined as they shifted to the railroad. Traffic was drastically reduced when the coast route was finished in 1904 and became the most direct route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
The Harbor District was formed April 29, 1937 with an area of about 321 acres (130 ha). Building the port became even more important when a storm destroyed the wharf in 1938. On February 4, 1939, the groundbreaking ceremony drew hundreds of people. This endeavor was front-page news in Ventura County as the United States emerged from the Great Depression. The U.S. military took control of the entire harbor after the outbreak of World War II and significantly enlarged the deep water port. Bard's 62-acre estate (25 ha) was leased by the Navy during World War II and acquired by the government in 1951. His home, Berylwood mansion, remains within the military base and is used as a conference center. Several other large properties adjacent to port were also acquired to establish the Advance Base Depot which began operating May 18, 1942 to provide support for the Naval Construction Force, commonly called the Seabees. Massive amounts of equipment and materiel were shipped from here to the war efforts in the Pacific. The base was renamed the Naval Construction Battalion Center in 1945 and became an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County in 2000.
The District has regained control over 120 acres (49 ha) and an additional 600 acres (240 ha) of private and public land serve support functions for the port. This has come about due to the gradual realignment and reduction in the nation's defense forces. For example, 33 acres (13 ha) were added to the port's existing 75 acres (30 ha) in 1997 as obsolete military facilities were demolished. Commercial shipping activities have consistently expanded and taken advantage of the additional space. Both the port and military base are within the corporate limits of the city of Port Hueneme.
In 2008 the port repaired the 3,050-foot seawall (930 m) on the south side of the entrance that protects the shoreline and marine terminals from coastal erosion. The project included construction of the Waterfront Promenade, also known as the Lighthouse Promenade. The path is wide enough to accommodate emergency or service vehicles and is lighted. The path provides paved public access along the shore by replacing a dirt path and connecting with the pathways at Hueneme Beach. The old seawall material was recycled by crushing the rock and using it as base material for the pathway.
Bananas were the port's largest volume product in 2014 and were continuing to increase. Chiquita Brands International Inc. was importing 7,500-pound of bananas a week (3,400 kg) making the port No. 2 in the nation for the company. The port’s goal was to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production." The port and Ecuador’s Port Bolivar agreed to become “sister ports” in 2014 and promote the banana industry together. Forty percent of the Ecuador's banana exports go through Port Bolivar and 650,600-short-ton of fruit (590,200-metric-ton) were imported through the Port of Hueneme in 2013. The ports want to be more competitive and more attractive by sharing knowledge, policies and best practices on training, facilities development, engineering and technical services, security, supply chain logistics and environmental protection. The ports expected a mutual benefit for their customers through these cooperative arrangements in technology and policy.
Cargo volume grew 44% between 2009 and 2018. In 2019, the annual volume of cargo was 1.6 million tons in 2019 worth an estimated $9 billion dollars. The port formed a partnership with global container shipping line, SeaLand, in 2016 for their West Coast Central America route. The new route allowed products to arrive in Ventura County sooner and provided a convenient point to import and export goods from Central and South America for local companies. A modernization project that started in 2019 included adding an electric crane and deepening the harbor to 40 feet (12 m).
In 2019, the largest drug seizure at the port in decades was the result of a joint investigation by officers from Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations. In January, cocaine was found under the floorboards of two ships.
Beginning in 2021, shippers looked to the port during the global supply chain disruption. Vessels were arriving at full capacity as shippers chose carriers not headed for Los Angeles County ports and ships were also unloading all their containers here to avoid the backlog of ships at those ports farther south. While shifting to the port was not practical for ships with a substantial number of containers due to the lack of resources needed to offload, container ships that were newly chartered by suppliers were utilizing the port. A standing joint-use agreement from 2002 was also activated that allowed use of Wharf 3 onboard Naval Base Ventura County. The additional land and buildings helped stage the backlog of containers and get commodities to market which enabled the port to take on more cargo and avoid congestion. In early 2022, FedEx Logistics sent three chartered vessels from China with between 184 and 250 53-foot containers (16 m) with electronics, car parts, and clothing. Transit time was reduced by over 20 days instead of using the Los Angeles County ports according to the company.
Funding for ports by the state of California in July 2023 provided money for the Port Action, Climate and Environment Development (PACED) projects which includes removing dilapidated buildings, wharf repairs , and deepening berths. The port will also use the funding to install zero-emission plug-in units for containers, support power and emissions control systems that make vessels emission-free, and purchase zero-emission cargo handling equipment.
Port operation
Various vehicles are shipped in and out of the Port on large ships.
The ability to handle a diverse breadth of business is one way the port distinguishes itself from the much larger ports in Los Angeles County (Long Beach and Los Angeles) which are designed with the infrastructure to service container ships with approximately 5,000 containers. The Port has five deep-water berths and two cranes for handling intermodal containers and bulk cargo. Vessels arriving carry between 1,250 and 1,500 containers as larger vessels are unable to use the berthing facilities. As an official port of entry into the United States and being adjacent to the Navy Base, the facility maintains a high level of security including monitoring those entering and leaving the port complex. Hazardous cargo cannot be processed through the port.
Automobiles and other roll-on/roll-off, high-and-heavy and project cargo are specialties of the port. Some 15,000 jobs are associated with the port including processing automobiles arriving in the port. The port provides a stream of delivery to auto dealers in a dozen western states, Canada, and Mexico via locomotives and car carrier trucks. While importing automobiles has long been a staple of the port, exporting them internationally began in 1996. This resulted from foreign automakers starting to build factories on U.S. soil in the early 1980s and domestic manufacturers seeking expansion in the international market. Automotive business moving through the port accounts for 85% of the total cargo value. Three auto processors are located less than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the port. The new vehicles are inspected and accessories installed before they are delivered to the dealers. Glovis is one of the port’s largest customers.
The port imports and exports over 313,000,000-short-ton of cargo annually to Guatemala (284,000,000-metric-ton) through the port of Puerto Quetzal. The cargo consists mainly of bananas and various fresh produce. The port’s goal is to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production." Chiquita bananas arriving at the port are distributed to 13 western states.
General cargo can include household goods and oversized cargo, such as cryogenic tanks for Vandenberg Air Force Base and a Tunnel boring machine that was delivered to Las Vegas have come though the port. The port installed pumps to suck up squid from the holds of fishing vessels when the larger ports did not have the room and were not ready to provide this service.
Military operations
USS Pinckney (DDG-91) guided missile destroyer
NBVC Port Operations controls all vessels entering and exiting the harbor. NBVC:Port Hueneme and OHD have a Joint Use Agreement that provides up to 25 acres (10 ha) of secondary parcels for staging. There is more than 300 acres (120 ha) of lay-down space with portside access for 16 miles (26 km) of rail for on- and off-loading military freight for the various branches of service. Response to any "on water" hazardous materials spill is provided by Navy Port Operations personnel as they are first responder qualified.
The deep water port at NBVC:Port Hueneme is one of the few military ports on the West Coast and has been the site of a centuries-old naval tradition of ship commissioning. A ceremony at the harbor placed the following ships into active service
USS Stethem was commissioned on 21 October 1995 at the base. The 13th Arleigh Burke-class destroyer was christened Stethem on 16 July 1994 by Mrs. Patricia L. Stethem, the mother of the ship's namesake: Steelworker Second Class (SW2) Robert Stethem, the United States Navy Seabee diver murdered in Beirut during the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985.
USS Pinckney, an Arleigh Burke-class Aegis destroyer, was commissioned on 29 May 2004. She is named for Cook First Class William Pinckney (1915–1976), an African American, who received the Navy Cross for his courageous rescue of a fellow crew member on board the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. Pinckney was laid down on 16 July 2001 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, at Pascagoula, Mississippi; launched on 26 June 2002.
USS Santa Barbara (LCS-32)
Infrastructure and facilities
Aerial view looking northwest (2012)
The five deep-water berths are equipped with shore-side power capacity for vessels to plug in. The system was installed to comply with a California Air Resources Board rule requiring land-based power systems to reduce pollution coming from ships by shutting down diesel engines in order to prevent the emission of nitrogen oxides and
particulate matter into the air. Two refrigerated container vessels, owned by Fresh Del Monte Produce, plug into the system when docked at the port. Both the ships also have a hybrid scrubber system to remove particulate matter and sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust of the large marine engines that power the ships.
Two tugboats accompany ships in and out of the harbor and guide them to and from their berths. The port acquired two battery-powered terminal tractors in 2020 to move containers of fresh produce around the port. The American-made Kalmar trucks, funded with grant from the Air Resources Board, and a new tug, that came to the port in 2020, will further reduce emissions from port operations.
Land transportation network
The Oxnard Harbor District acquired the Ventura County Railway Company LLC, a 12.9-mile (20.8 km) short line railroad, in 2003. Ventura County Railroad operates the lines which connect the port, the military base, and other facilities in south Oxnard with the Union Pacific Coast route near the Oxnard Transit Center in downtown Oxnard. The port would also benefit if the rail corridor from the Port of Hueneme through the Highway 126 corridor to Santa Clarita was reestablished to carry Central Valley and Santa Clara River Valley citrus and other products to the port and on to foreign markets.
The Hueneme Road/Rice Avenue intermodal corridor was established by the district along with the cities of Oxnard and Port Hueneme, the County of Ventura, and approved by the state transportation commission in 1998 to deal with the truck traffic. This direct route connects the port to the nationwide freight network and raises the status of the port to give it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage. Funding was put in place in 2000 to improve the dedicated freight corridor by extending Rice Road southerly to connect Hueneme Road (Port Hueneme Road within Port Hueneme city limits) and totally rebuilding the interchange for State Route 1 at Pleasant Valley Road. The new interchange at Highway 101 and Rice Avenue was dedicated in 2014 after being improved and expanded from a two-lane overpass with narrow freeway ramps that required sharp difficult turns for trucks. The interchange and road improvements also made Rice Avenue, rather than Oxnard Boulevard, the main thoroughfare between the Ventura Freeway and the Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1). An overpass has been planned for almost two decades along this route at the Rice Avenue intersection with Fifth Street (State Route 34). In February 2015, a Metrolink passenger train collided with a truck at this on-grade crossing. Funding is being allocated for design with a desire by local officials to eventually get the estimated $35 million need for this grade separation project.
Historic sites
Three historic sites are highlighted at viewing points on the Promenade: the 1872 Wharf, the Oxnard Packing House, and extant Point Hueneme Light. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the "Original Hueneme Wharf Site" as County Landmark #24 in 1972.
District governance
The Oxnard Harbor District is an independent special district formed in 1937. The harbor district is governed by a five-member commission elected at-large to staggered four year terms by the voters within the district boundary. The port is one of the five of the deep water ports governed by special districts in the state of California. The state's other six deep water ports are a function of the city in which the port is located. The District boundary includes the City of Port Hueneme, most of the City of Oxnard, and the unincorporated communities of El Rio, Nyeland Acres, Silver Strand, Hollywood Beach and Hollywood by the Sea. The district formed using the existing boundary of the Oxnard Union High School District which also encompassed Camarillo, a portion of Thousand Oaks and additional unincorporated areas of the county. At the time, this seemed like the best arrangement to provide a bond measure that would provide for construction of the port. Dissatisfaction with the boundary grew over the years and the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) recommended in 1972 and 1985 that the boundaries be changed to encompass the entire county. Oxnard and Port Hueneme officials requested that the boundaries be dramatically reduced in 1989 after a report showed that these two cities experienced a high percentage of the economic benefits of the port and suffered from heavy truck traffic on city streets, noise and congestion. LAFCO approved and changed the boundary to the current configuration in January, 1991. The commissioners must live within the district and LAFCO agreed with the cities that the boundary should match the area that is most influenced by actions taken by the port.
In 1983, the district and the City of Port Hueneme developed an agreement that provided a payment to the city of 3.33 percent of the port's gross revenues for improvements and services. The agreement recognized that city roads need maintenance due to the port truck traffic and provided for improvements such as road widening. After 9/11, security was increased and the entrance to the port was moved to another street. Some improvements were no longer needed and the port no longer used additional police services from the city. By 2009, the city and port officials were at odds over the need to renegotiate the agreement. The disagreement became particularly heated as the port resolved in 2013 to stop paying a percentage of gross revenues and to only pay for the actual costs of road repair. They also accused the city of using the funds for other municipal purposes. While claiming it was unrelated to the dispute, the city council put a new tax before voters in the November 2014 election that reworks the city’s business tax code to collect more money from maritime businesses at the Port and from the military contractors at Naval Base Ventura County. Voters rejected the measure and elected two new city council members who were on good terms with harbor district leaders.
Community impacts
Much of the car storage is off-site in south Oxnard where several vehicle processing centers are located. Imported cars are frequently driven out of the port on public streets to these facilities.
A volunteer group has special permission to feed feral cats that take care of rats at the port. The group manages the cat population to keep it at about 250 and feeds them three times a week at different locations around the port property. Once a month, volunteers trap cats that are new to the colony, take them to a spay and neuter clinic to be sterilized, given shots to prevent feline diseases, and get their right ears clipped so they can be identified. The cats are then returned to where they were found and allowed to live out their lives. Many of these cats were dumped by owners. The biggest problem with the colony is that other people feed the animals and throw the population out of balance with the harbor rodents the cats are there to control.
MV Conception, a dive boat that caught fire and sank, was brought to the port from Santa Cruz Island overnight on September 13, 2019 to provide a secure location for the investigation. The boat was anchored near the island when the conflagration occurred at 3 a.m. on September 2, 2019. Five of the crew members escaped while 33 passengers and 1 crew member who were asleep below decks died.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the port partnered with various organizations such as World Central Kitchen, local restaurants, and other groups to feed essential workers. Since fresh produce flows through the port, they were able to direct food donations by their customers to field and packinghouse workers who may not be able to make it to a food bank that is only open while they are working.
Events
This section is an excerpt from Port Hueneme, California § Banana Festival.
The Banana Festival is an annual event with tours of the port, food, and entertainment. Since 2011, the Port of Hueneme holds the event on the port grounds. The festival includes port tours, live bands, a kids zone, local vendors, and food/drink. Attendees spend the day celebrating the over 3.3 billion bananas that come through the Port of Hueneme each year and have the chance to receive free bananas/banana products from the companies working to transport bananas through the port such as Del Monte and Chiquita.
See also
Maritime history of California
United States container ports
References
^ a b c d Hoops, Stephanie (April 28, 2012) "Port of Hueneme celebrates 75 years" Ventura County Star
^ a b c d Lawrence, Carol (May 22, 2014) "Business development trip puts Port of Hueneme on exporters' radar" Ventura County Star
^ a b Dubroff, Henry (July 26, 2013) "With new leaders and branding, Port of Hueneme's ship comes in" Pacific Coast Business Times
^ a b c Harris, Mike (January 8, 2021). "Army Corps of Engineers dredging Port of Hueneme channel, to replenish Hueneme Beach". Ventura County Star. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
^ "Welcome to Naval Base Ventura County" U.S. Navy Accessed 27 May 2014
^ a b c d "Naval Base Ventura County: About" U.S. Navy Accessed 27 May 2014
^ a b "Port of Hueneme celebrates California ports day with deepening project groundbreaking". Ports and Terminals. www.ajot.com. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
^ Office of System and Freight Planning (3 July 2012) "Freight Planning Fact Sheet:Port of Hueneme/Oxnard Harbor District" Caltrans
^ a b c Biasotti, Tony (August 27, 2014). "Rice Avenue interchange a turning point for Oxnard". Ventura County Star.
^ a b c d "Municipal Service Review: Oxnard Harbor District" Ventura Local Agency Formation Commission (September 19, 2007)
^ a b Hoops, Stephanie (April 4, 2014) "Port of Hueneme flips switch on shore power system for ships" Ventura County Star
^ a b Commanding Officer, Naval Base Ventura County (2011) "NAVAL BASE VENTURA COUNTY ECONOMIC IMPACT AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT" Archived September 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Navy
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Point Hueneme
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hueneme Canyon
^ (February 25, 1916) "Ventura Harbor, CAL" House of Representatives 64th Congress, 1st Session, Document NO. 792
^ Waters, Mark E., Publisher "Port of Hueneme" World Port Source
^ Ventura County: Hueneme Los Angeles Herald 25 September 1897 Volume 26, Number 360, Page 7
^ a b c Cultural Heritage Board. "Ventura County Landmark Map" Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine County of Ventura Planning Division Accessed 5 April 2014
^ Lima, Christina (February 18, 1996) "Collision Course : Scenic but Dangerous California 126 Throws Drivers a Curve" Los Angeles Times
^ Chase, J. Smeaton (1913). "California Coast Trails: a Horseback Ride from Mexico to Oregon" Chapter VI. Reprinted in The Double Cone Register, the online journal of the Ventana Wilderness Alliance, Volume VIII, No. 1, Fall 2005
^ "CHATSWORTH PARK CUTOFF LINE OPENS TODAY" Los Angeles Herald 20 March 1904. Volume 21, Number 173, Page 2
^ Tash, Debra (May 4, 2019). "Happy Birthday Port of Hueneme/Oxnard Harbor District". Citizens Journal. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
^ Julie F. Streets (1975). National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Bard, Thomas R., Estate / Berylwood (Report). National Park Service. and accompanying photos
^ The Bard Mansion Archived July 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine webpage. "Berylwood, Historic Home and Gardens". Friends of the Bard Mansion website. Accessed 27, September, 2013
^ Green, Nick (March 26, 1997) "Navy Transfers 33 Acres to Harbor District" Los Angeles Times
^ The Port of Hueneme: About Us: History Archived 2014-04-14 at the Wayback Machine The Port of Hueneme
^ Klampe, Michelle L. (March 21, 2008) "Waterfront Promenade officially opens today" Ventura County Star
^ Orozco, Lance. "Jobs, Cargo Tonnage, Tax Revenue All Up At South Coast Port". KCLU-News. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
^ Orozco, Lance (October 25, 2018). "South Coast Port Has Biggest Year In Its History; Bananas Top Banana For Imports". KCLU-News. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
^ Gerckens, Kelsey (September 28, 2016). "Port Of Hueneme now exports and imports directly from Central America". KEYT. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
^ Nguyen, Julia (July 23, 2019). "Port Hueneme takes final steps into modernization with groundbreaking ceremony". KEYT. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
^ Mai-Duc, Christine (February 15, 2019). "Federal officials seize more than 200 pounds of cocaine in Port Hueneme". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ "Why landmark cocaine bust at Port of Hueneme was 'a big shock'". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ "Millions of dollars worth of cocaine seized from Port of Hueneme". FOX 11 Los Angeles. September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
^ Childs, Jeremy (September 22, 2019). "How smugglers try to sneak cocaine through Port of Hueneme". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
^ a b Varela, Brian J. (October 17, 2021). "Port of Hueneme sees vessels filled to the brim as shippers avoid Los Angeles County ports". Ventura County Star. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ Berger, Paul (October 24, 2021). "Shippers Find New Supply-Chain Hurdles at Alternate Ports". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
^ Varela, Brian J. (November 28, 2021). "Port of Hueneme, Navy partner to assist Los Angeles County port backlog". Ventura County Star. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
^ Nguyen, Julia (November 23, 2021). "Naval Base Ventura County partners with Port of Hueneme to help ease shipping backlog". KEYT. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Varela, Brian J. (January 18, 2022). "Port of Hueneme to receive vessels from China to ease congestion at L.A. County ports". Ventura County Star. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
^ Varela, Brian J. (January 30, 2022). "First ship loaded with much-needed goods from China arrives at Port of Hueneme". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
^ Varela, Brian J. (July 8, 2023). "Oxnard, Port of Hueneme get $95M for infrastructure projects". Ventura County Star. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
^ Schuler, Mike (July 7, 2023). "California Awards $1.5 Billion for Port Infrastructure Upgrades". gCaptain.
^ Hoops, Stephanie (September 23, 2014) "Port's cargo processing numbers remain steady" Ventura County Star
^ Leung, Wendy (February 22, 2019). "Construction to begin to deepen Port of Hueneme channel by 5 feet". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
^ Hoops, Stephanie (November 10, 2014) "Amid labor strife, Port of Hueneme safe for now"Ventura County Star
^ Varela, Brian J. (October 17, 2021). "Port of Hueneme sees vessels filled to the brim as shippers avoid Los Angeles County ports". Ventura County Star. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^ "Port of Hueneme lands FEMA grant". ajot.com. August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
^ Buyers' Guide "The Port of Hueneme" Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine Automotive Logistics retrieved 16 February 2015
^ Orozco, Lance (May 11, 2020). "Coronavirus Crisis Hitting Shipments Through South Coast Port". KCLU News. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
^ Draft Environmental Impact Report Volume I | Port of Hueneme - Temporary Outdoor Vehicle Storage Facility Project | SCH NO. 202006903 (PDF) (Report). City of Oxnard. December 16, 2021. pp. 1–5.
^ Hoops, Stephanie (December 22, 2012) "Vehicle exports expected to rise at Port of Hueneme" Ventura County Star
^ Harris, Mike (April 17, 2020). "Port of Hueneme still bustling, but expects significant slowdown in coming weeks". Ventura County Star. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
^ Leung, Wendy (February 17, 2019). "Port of Hueneme requesting Oxnard permit to use 34 acres as parking lot". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
^ Varela, Brian J. (March 6, 2022). "Planned Port of Hueneme parking lot would bring nearly 5,000 cars to South Oxnard". Ventura County Star. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
^ a b D'Angelo, Alexa (December 25, 2018). "Container leaves Port Hueneme, heads to Guatemala with donations for children in need". Ventura County Star. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
^ White, Ronald D. (October 28, 2009) "Tiny Port of Hueneme is hit by a perfect storm" Los Angeles Times
^ "Naval Base Ventura County: Port Operations" U.S. Navy Accessed 27 May 2014
^ "William Pinckney". United States Navy. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Lynch, Erinn (March 12, 2023). "USS Santa Barbara to be Commissioned in Ventura County". Noozhawk. Santa Barbara Navy League. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
^ Hoops, Stephanie (July 23, 2013). "Consultant tells Port of Hueneme its growth is tied to better rail service". Ventura County Star.
^ Rivers, Kimberly (April 1, 2021). "In Brief | New Ship Tech Reduces Port Emissions". VC Reporter. Times Media Group. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "This new tug will help Port of Hueneme cut its emissions". Ventura County Star. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
^ "Port Passes Memorandum of Understanding for Use of Zero-Emission Equipment" (Press release). Port Of Hueneme. December 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
^ City of Port Hueneme v. Oxnard Harbor District (Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 6, California 2006), Text.
^ Dubroff, Henry (January 9, 2015). "Commuter rail on the Central Coast may put bullet train on track". Pacific Coast Business Times. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Green, Nick (January 26, 1996). "City, County to Jointly Seek U.S. Funds for Freeway Link". Los Angeles Times.
^ Alvarez, Fred (August 8, 2001). "Farm Advocate Has Tough Row to Hoe". Los Angeles Times.
^ Blake, Catherine (June 4, 2000). "Pact Reached on Truck Link to Port of Hueneme". Los Angeles Times.
^ Plisky, Mike (May 8, 2010). "Long road to improve interchange". Ventura County Star.
^ Chi, Chris (April 2, 1998). "House Approves $41 Million for Roads in County". Los Angeles Times.
^ Weikel, Dan; Nelson, Laura J. (March 1, 2015). "Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
^ Watson, Carol (January 18, 1990) "More Cities Enter Fray Over Port of Hueneme" Los Angeles Times
^ "Oxnard Harbor District". CountyView GIS Map. County of Ventura. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
^ Murphy, Barbara (June 03, 1993) "District's New Boundaries Are Upheld" Los Angeles Times
^ Hoops, Stephanie (June 24, 2014) "Port considers cut in funding the city of Port Hueneme" Ventura County Star
^ Hoops, Stephanie (August 6, 2014) "Port of Hueneme to oppose proposed city taxes" Ventura County Star
^ Wenzke, Marissa (September 12, 2014). "Port of Hueneme and city are at odds over Measure M". Pacific Coast Business Times.
^ Hoops, Stephanie (September 14, 2014) "Effects of Port Hueneme's Measure M unclear" Ventura County Star
^ Hoops, Stephanie (November 5, 2014) "Optimism reigns in wake of Measure M defeat" Ventura County Star
^ Leung, Wendy (February 18, 2019). "Port of Hueneme request to park 5,000 cars in south Oxnard raises pollution worries". Ventura County Star. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
^ Kallas, Anne (September 7, 2016). "Cats Cradle watches over Port of Hueneme's feral felines". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ Kallas, Anne (July 31, 2016). "Too many cats spoil the port, Hueneme residents say". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ Buttitta, Joe (September 13, 2019). "Conception wreckage arrives at Port of Hueneme". KEYT. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
^ Nguyen, Julia (April 22, 2020). "Port Hueneme feeding essential workers during COVID-19 pandemic". KEYT | KCOY. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
^ Varela, Brian J. (September 22, 2022). "Port of Hueneme's Banana Festival returns Saturday from two-year hiatus". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
^ "Port of Hueneme Banana Festival". Port of Hueneme. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
Further reading
The Port of Hueneme, Port Hueneme, California: Main report, environmental assessment, and pertinent correspondence. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. 1999.
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Located in Ventura County on the Santa Barbara Channel, the port complex not only serves international shipping businesses but is an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC).[5][6][7]The original wharf was built to serve the new farmers on the Oxnard Plain and became the largest grain shipping port south of San Francisco. The modern port continues this legacy as a dominant port for agribusiness (fruit and other produce), liquids, fresh seafood and vehicles.[3] Bulk cargo and automobiles are specialties of the port and distinguishes it from much larger ports.[8] General cargo includes household goods and oversized cargo. This includes providing support services for the offshore oil industry in the Santa Barbara Channel.[4]The port has a direct highway connection to the nationwide freight network which raises the status of the port and gives it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage.[9] The port owns a railroad line through Port Hueneme and south Oxnard that is operated by the Ventura County Railroad and connects nationally to the Coast Route of Union Pacific.[10] The District does not perform cargo handling operations as the companies shipping through the port take responsibility in cooperation with the port district.[10] The commercial port operations have five deep-water berths.[11]The Navy controls the ship movements. As a shared port between NBVC and the Oxnard Harbor District, the U.S. Navy has over 4,500 feet (1,400 m) of berthing space for various ship platforms for use by tenant commands of NBVC: Port Hueneme and transient government contract/military shipping.[12]1857 U.S. Coast Survey Map has inset of Point Hueneme before the harbor was built","title":"Port of Hueneme"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxnard Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Plain"},{"link_name":"Thomas R. 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Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International_Inc."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolivar-2"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Port Bolivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Bolivar"},{"link_name":"supply chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolivar-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCLU_10-25-2018-29"},{"link_name":"SeaLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaLand"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEYT_2016-09-08-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"global supply chain disruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_container_ports#Global_supply_chain_disruption"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCS_2021-10-17-36"},{"link_name":"resources needed to offload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_crane"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"FedEx Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"European immigrants began farming on the Oxnard Plain in the 1860s but the area was isolated due to the difficult overland routes. Thomas R. Bard chose Point Hueneme[13] as the site of a wharf to take advantage of the naturally occurring depth of a submarine canyon.[14] The extra depth meant there was less surge while the boats were loading or unloading than there would be at other locations.[15] Before the construction of a 900-foot-long wharf (270 m) in 1872, goods had been shuttled through the surf zone to reach offshore vessels.[16] Hueneme soon became the largest grain-shipping port south of San Francisco and the wharf was extended to 1,500 feet (460 m) in 1897.[17]Three- and four-masted wooden schooners brought lumber from the north and carried grain, lima beans and sheep to markets in San Francisco.[18] Teams of horses pulling wagons waited for the load of grain to be weighed in lines that stretched six blocks. Hoping to connect the new wharf with ore mines in Inyo County, Bard launched a campaign to build a road through the Santa Clara River Valley.[19] Bard also platted the townsite of Hueneme to support the activity at the port and build a family home.In 1898, the railroad line that had connected Ventura to Los Angeles crossed the Santa Clara River at El Rio on a new bridge. The line continued due south to where the town of Oxnard was being established at the site of the American Beet Sugar Company factory being built by the Oxnard Brothers in the middle portion of the plain. Passenger and freight traffic declined as they shifted to the railroad.[20] Traffic was drastically reduced when the coast route was finished in 1904 and became the most direct route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.[21]The Harbor District was formed April 29, 1937 with an area of about 321 acres (130 ha).[22][1] Building the port became even more important when a storm destroyed the wharf in 1938.[18] On February 4, 1939, the groundbreaking ceremony drew hundreds of people. This endeavor was front-page news in Ventura County as the United States emerged from the Great Depression.[1] The U.S. military took control of the entire harbor after the outbreak of World War II and significantly enlarged the deep water port. Bard's 62-acre estate (25 ha) was leased by the Navy during World War II and acquired by the government in 1951.[23] His home, Berylwood mansion, remains within the military base and is used as a conference center.[24] Several other large properties adjacent to port were also acquired to establish the Advance Base Depot which began operating May 18, 1942 to provide support for the Naval Construction Force, commonly called the Seabees. Massive amounts of equipment and materiel were shipped from here to the war efforts in the Pacific. The base was renamed the Naval Construction Battalion Center in 1945 and became an operating facility of Naval Base Ventura County in 2000.[6]The District has regained control over 120 acres (49 ha) and an additional 600 acres (240 ha) of private and public land serve support functions for the port.[1] This has come about due to the gradual realignment and reduction in the nation's defense forces. For example, 33 acres (13 ha) were added to the port's existing 75 acres (30 ha) in 1997 as obsolete military facilities were demolished.[25] Commercial shipping activities have consistently expanded and taken advantage of the additional space.[6] Both the port and military base are within the corporate limits of the city of Port Hueneme.[26]In 2008 the port repaired the 3,050-foot seawall (930 m) on the south side of the entrance that protects the shoreline and marine terminals from coastal erosion. The project included construction of the Waterfront Promenade, also known as the Lighthouse Promenade. The path is wide enough to accommodate emergency or service vehicles and is lighted. The path provides paved public access along the shore by replacing a dirt path and connecting with the pathways at Hueneme Beach. The old seawall material was recycled by crushing the rock and using it as base material for the pathway.[27]Bananas were the port's largest volume product in 2014 and were continuing to increase. Chiquita Brands International Inc. was importing 7,500-pound of bananas a week (3,400 kg) making the port No. 2 in the nation for the company. The port’s goal was to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production.\"[2] The port and Ecuador’s Port Bolivar agreed to become “sister ports” in 2014 and promote the banana industry together. Forty percent of the Ecuador's banana exports go through Port Bolivar and 650,600-short-ton of fruit (590,200-metric-ton) were imported through the Port of Hueneme in 2013. The ports want to be more competitive and more attractive by sharing knowledge, policies and best practices on training, facilities development, engineering and technical services, security, supply chain logistics and environmental protection. The ports expected a mutual benefit for their customers through these cooperative arrangements in technology and policy.[2]Cargo volume grew 44% between 2009 and 2018. In 2019, the annual volume of cargo was 1.6 million tons in 2019 worth an estimated $9 billion dollars.[28][29] The port formed a partnership with global container shipping line, SeaLand, in 2016 for their West Coast Central America route. The new route allowed products to arrive in Ventura County sooner and provided a convenient point to import and export goods from Central and South America for local companies.[30] A modernization project that started in 2019 included adding an electric crane and deepening the harbor to 40 feet (12 m).[31]In 2019, the largest drug seizure at the port in decades was the result of a joint investigation by officers from Homeland Security Investigations, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Field Operations. In January, cocaine was found under the floorboards of two ships.[32][33][34][35]Beginning in 2021, shippers looked to the port during the global supply chain disruption. Vessels were arriving at full capacity as shippers chose carriers not headed for Los Angeles County ports and ships were also unloading all their containers here to avoid the backlog of ships at those ports farther south.[36] While shifting to the port was not practical for ships with a substantial number of containers due to the lack of resources needed to offload, container ships that were newly chartered by suppliers were utilizing the port.[37] A standing joint-use agreement from 2002 was also activated that allowed use of Wharf 3 onboard Naval Base Ventura County.[38] The additional land and buildings helped stage the backlog of containers and get commodities to market which enabled the port to take on more cargo and avoid congestion.[39] In early 2022, FedEx Logistics sent three chartered vessels from China with between 184 and 250 53-foot containers (16 m) with electronics, car parts, and clothing.[40] Transit time was reduced by over 20 days instead of using the Los Angeles County ports according to the company.[41]Funding for ports by the state of California in July 2023 provided money for the Port Action, Climate and Environment Development (PACED) projects which includes removing dilapidated buildings, wharf repairs , and deepening berths.[42] The port will also use the funding to install zero-emission plug-in units for containers, support power and emissions control systems that make vessels emission-free, and purchase zero-emission cargo handling equipment.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_of_Hueneme_Yard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_port"},{"link_name":"container ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ajot-7"},{"link_name":"intermodal containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodal_container"},{"link_name":"bulk cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"port of entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_entry"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCS_2021-10-17-36"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"},{"link_name":"high-and-heavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_lift"},{"link_name":"project cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_cargo"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guide-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"car carrier trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_carrier_truck"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Glovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glovis"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Puerto Quetzal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Quetzal"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCS_2018/12/25-56"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolivar-2"},{"link_name":"Chiquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCS_2018/12/25-56"},{"link_name":"General cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"cryogenic tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel"},{"link_name":"Vandenberg Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Tunnel boring machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Various vehicles are shipped in and out of the Port on large ships.The ability to handle a diverse breadth of business is one way the port distinguishes itself from the much larger ports in Los Angeles County (Long Beach and Los Angeles) which are designed with the infrastructure to service container ships with approximately 5,000 containers.[44][45][7] The Port has five deep-water berths and two cranes for handling intermodal containers and bulk cargo.[46] Vessels arriving carry between 1,250 and 1,500 containers as larger vessels are unable to use the berthing facilities.[47] As an official port of entry into the United States and being adjacent to the Navy Base, the facility maintains a high level of security including monitoring those entering and leaving the port complex.[48] Hazardous cargo cannot be processed through the port.[36]Automobiles and other roll-on/roll-off, high-and-heavy and project cargo are specialties of the port.[49] Some 15,000 jobs are associated with the port including processing automobiles arriving in the port.[50] The port provides a stream of delivery to auto dealers in a dozen western states, Canada, and Mexico via locomotives and car carrier trucks.[51] While importing automobiles has long been a staple of the port, exporting them internationally began in 1996. This resulted from foreign automakers starting to build factories on U.S. soil in the early 1980s and domestic manufacturers seeking expansion in the international market.[52] Automotive business moving through the port accounts for 85% of the total cargo value.[53] Three auto processors are located less than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the port. The new vehicles are inspected and accessories installed before they are delivered to the dealers.[54] Glovis is one of the port’s largest customers.[55]The port imports and exports over 313,000,000-short-ton of cargo annually to Guatemala (284,000,000-metric-ton) through the port of Puerto Quetzal. The cargo consists mainly of bananas and various fresh produce.[56] The port’s goal is to be “the nation’s No. 1 port of choice for food production.\"[2] Chiquita bananas arriving at the port are distributed to 13 western states.[56]General cargo can include household goods and oversized cargo, such as cryogenic tanks for Vandenberg Air Force Base and a Tunnel boring machine that was delivered to Las Vegas have come though the port. The port installed pumps to suck up squid from the holds of fishing vessels when the larger ports did not have the room and were not ready to provide this service.[57]","title":"Port operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_040505-N-7949W-001_he_Navy%27s_newest_guided_missile_destroyer_PCU_Pinckney_(DDG_91).jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-6"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PortOP-58"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-econ-12"},{"link_name":"ship commissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"USS Stethem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stethem"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Robert Stethem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stethem"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Seabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Seabee"},{"link_name":"TWA Flight 847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_847"},{"link_name":"USS Pinckney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pinckney"},{"link_name":"Aegis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"USS Santa Barbara (LCS-32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Santa_Barbara_(LCS-32)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"USS Pinckney (DDG-91) guided missile destroyerNBVC Port Operations controls all vessels entering and exiting the harbor. NBVC:Port Hueneme and OHD have a Joint Use Agreement that provides up to 25 acres (10 ha) of secondary parcels for staging. There is more than 300 acres (120 ha) of lay-down space with portside access for 16 miles (26 km) of rail for on- and off-loading military freight for the various branches of service.[6] Response to any \"on water\" hazardous materials spill is provided by Navy Port Operations personnel as they are first responder qualified.[58]The deep water port at NBVC:Port Hueneme is one of the few military ports on the West Coast[12] and has been the site of a centuries-old naval tradition of ship commissioning. A ceremony at the harbor placed the following ships into active serviceUSS Stethem was commissioned on 21 October 1995 at the base. The 13th Arleigh Burke-class destroyer was christened Stethem on 16 July 1994 by Mrs. Patricia L. Stethem, the mother of the ship's namesake: Steelworker Second Class (SW2) Robert Stethem, the United States Navy Seabee diver murdered in Beirut during the hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985.\nUSS Pinckney, an Arleigh Burke-class Aegis destroyer, was commissioned on 29 May 2004. She is named for Cook First Class William Pinckney (1915–1976), an African American, who received the Navy Cross for his courageous rescue of a fellow crew member on board the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.[59] Pinckney was laid down on 16 July 2001 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, at Pascagoula, Mississippi; launched on 26 June 2002.\nUSS Santa Barbara (LCS-32)[60]","title":"Military operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_U.S._Naval_Base_Ventura_County_deep_water_port_on_13_November_2012_(121113-N-QK633-003).JPG"},{"link_name":"shore-side power capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_ironing"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consultant-61"},{"link_name":"California Air Resources Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board"},{"link_name":"land-based power systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorepower"},{"link_name":"pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engines"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides"},{"link_name":"particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate_pollution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoops-11"},{"link_name":"refrigerated container vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_ship"},{"link_name":"Fresh Del Monte Produce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Del_Monte_Produce"},{"link_name":"sulphur oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxide"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx"},{"link_name":"marine engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_engines"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"tugboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"terminal tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_tractor"},{"link_name":"Kalmar trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Trucks"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Aerial view looking northwest (2012)The five deep-water berths are equipped with shore-side power capacity for vessels to plug in.[61] The system was installed to comply with a California Air Resources Board rule requiring land-based power systems to reduce pollution coming from ships by shutting down diesel engines in order to prevent the emission of nitrogen oxides and \nparticulate matter into the air.[11] Two refrigerated container vessels, owned by Fresh Del Monte Produce, plug into the system when docked at the port. Both the ships also have a hybrid scrubber system to remove particulate matter and sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust of the large marine engines that power the ships.[62]Two tugboats accompany ships in and out of the harbor and guide them to and from their berths.[63] The port acquired two battery-powered terminal tractors in 2020 to move containers of fresh produce around the port. The American-made Kalmar trucks, funded with grant from the Air Resources Board, and a new tug, that came to the port in 2020, will further reduce emissions from port operations.[64]","title":"Infrastructure and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAFCO-10"},{"link_name":"Ventura County Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Oxnard Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"Highway 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_126"},{"link_name":"Santa Clarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clarita,_California"},{"link_name":"Central Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara River Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"state transportation commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Transportation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarez-68"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biasotti-9"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blake-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Highway 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biasotti-9"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Fifth Street (State Route 34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_34"},{"link_name":"Metrolink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrolink_(California)"},{"link_name":"train collided with a truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Oxnard_train_derailment"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-20150301-crossing-spending-72"}],"sub_title":"Land transportation network","text":"The Oxnard Harbor District acquired the Ventura County Railway Company LLC, a 12.9-mile (20.8 km) short line railroad, in 2003.[65][10] Ventura County Railroad operates the lines which connect the port, the military base, and other facilities in south Oxnard with the Union Pacific Coast route near the Oxnard Transit Center in downtown Oxnard. The port would also benefit if the rail corridor from the Port of Hueneme through the Highway 126 corridor to Santa Clarita was reestablished to carry Central Valley and Santa Clara River Valley citrus and other products to the port and on to foreign markets.[66]The Hueneme Road/Rice Avenue intermodal corridor was established by the district along with the cities of Oxnard and Port Hueneme, the County of Ventura, and approved by the state transportation commission in 1998 to deal with the truck traffic.[67][68] This direct route connects the port to the nationwide freight network and raises the status of the port to give it access to more federal funding resulting in a competitive advantage.[9] Funding was put in place in 2000 to improve the dedicated freight corridor by extending Rice Road southerly to connect Hueneme Road (Port Hueneme Road within Port Hueneme city limits) and totally rebuilding the interchange for State Route 1 at Pleasant Valley Road.[69][70] The new interchange at Highway 101 and Rice Avenue was dedicated in 2014 after being improved and expanded from a two-lane overpass with narrow freeway ramps that required sharp difficult turns for trucks.[9] The interchange and road improvements also made Rice Avenue, rather than Oxnard Boulevard, the main thoroughfare between the Ventura Freeway and the Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1).[71] An overpass has been planned for almost two decades along this route at the Rice Avenue intersection with Fifth Street (State Route 34). In February 2015, a Metrolink passenger train collided with a truck at this on-grade crossing. Funding is being allocated for design with a desire by local officials to eventually get the estimated $35 million need for this grade separation project.[72]","title":"Infrastructure and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point Hueneme Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Hueneme_Light"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHB-18"}],"sub_title":"Historic sites","text":"Three historic sites are highlighted at viewing points on the Promenade: the 1872 Wharf, the Oxnard Packing House, and extant Point Hueneme Light. The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the \"Original Hueneme Wharf Site\" as County Landmark #24 in 1972.[18]","title":"Infrastructure and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_district"},{"link_name":"harbor district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_authority"},{"link_name":"El Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rio,_California"},{"link_name":"Silver Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Strand_Beach"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAFCO-10"},{"link_name":"Oxnard Union High School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard_Union_High_School_District"},{"link_name":"Camarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarillo,_California"},{"link_name":"Thousand Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California"},{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_areas"},{"link_name":"Local Agency Formation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"The Oxnard Harbor District is an independent special district formed in 1937. The harbor district is governed by a five-member commission elected at-large to staggered four year terms by the voters within the district boundary. The port is one of the five of the deep water ports governed by special districts in the state of California. The state's other six deep water ports are a function of the city in which the port is located. The District boundary includes the City of Port Hueneme, most of the City of Oxnard, and the unincorporated communities of El Rio, Nyeland Acres, Silver Strand, Hollywood Beach and Hollywood by the Sea.[10] The district formed using the existing boundary of the Oxnard Union High School District which also encompassed Camarillo, a portion of Thousand Oaks and additional unincorporated areas of the county. At the time, this seemed like the best arrangement to provide a bond measure that would provide for construction of the port. Dissatisfaction with the boundary grew over the years and the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) recommended in 1972 and 1985 that the boundaries be changed to encompass the entire county.[73] Oxnard and Port Hueneme officials requested that the boundaries be dramatically reduced in 1989 after a report showed that these two cities experienced a high percentage of the economic benefits of the port and suffered from heavy truck traffic on city streets, noise and congestion. LAFCO approved and changed the boundary to the current configuration in January, 1991.[74] The commissioners must live within the district and LAFCO agreed with the cities that the boundary should match the area that is most influenced by actions taken by the port.[75]In 1983, the district and the City of Port Hueneme developed an agreement that provided a payment to the city of 3.33 percent of the port's gross revenues for improvements and services. The agreement recognized that city roads need maintenance due to the port truck traffic and provided for improvements such as road widening. After 9/11, security was increased and the entrance to the port was moved to another street. Some improvements were no longer needed and the port no longer used additional police services from the city. By 2009, the city and port officials were at odds over the need to renegotiate the agreement. The disagreement became particularly heated as the port resolved in 2013 to stop paying a percentage of gross revenues and to only pay for the actual costs of road repair. They also accused the city of using the funds for other municipal purposes.[76] While claiming it was unrelated to the dispute, the city council put a new tax before voters in the November 2014 election that reworks the city’s business tax code to collect more money from maritime businesses at the Port and from the military contractors at Naval Base Ventura County.[77][78][79] Voters rejected the measure and elected two new city council members who were on good terms with harbor district leaders.[80]","title":"District governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"feral cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_cat"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"spay and neuter clinic to be sterilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-neuter-return"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodents"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"MV Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception"},{"link_name":"dive boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_boat"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Island"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"World Central Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmworkers"},{"link_name":"packinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packing_house"},{"link_name":"food bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_bank"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Much of the car storage is off-site in south Oxnard where several vehicle processing centers are located. Imported cars are frequently driven out of the port on public streets to these facilities.[81]A volunteer group has special permission to feed feral cats that take care of rats at the port. The group manages the cat population to keep it at about 250 and feeds them three times a week at different locations around the port property. Once a month, volunteers trap cats that are new to the colony, take them to a spay and neuter clinic to be sterilized, given shots to prevent feline diseases, and get their right ears clipped so they can be identified. The cats are then returned to where they were found and allowed to live out their lives. Many of these cats were dumped by owners.[82] The biggest problem with the colony is that other people feed the animals and throw the population out of balance with the harbor rodents the cats are there to control.[83]MV Conception, a dive boat that caught fire and sank, was brought to the port from Santa Cruz Island overnight on September 13, 2019 to provide a secure location for the investigation. The boat was anchored near the island when the conflagration occurred at 3 a.m. on September 2, 2019. Five of the crew members escaped while 33 passengers and 1 crew member who were asleep below decks died.[84]During the COVID-19 pandemic, the port partnered with various organizations such as World Central Kitchen, local restaurants, and other groups to feed essential workers. Since fresh produce flows through the port, they were able to direct food donations by their customers to field and packinghouse workers who may not be able to make it to a food bank that is only open while they are working.[85]","title":"Community impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Hueneme, California § Banana Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Hueneme,_California#Banana_Festival"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Hueneme,_California&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Monte_Foods"},{"link_name":"Chiquita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Port Hueneme, California § Banana Festival.[edit]\nThe Banana Festival is an annual event with tours of the port, food, and entertainment.[86] Since 2011, the Port of Hueneme holds the event on the port grounds. The festival includes port tours, live bands, a kids zone, local vendors, and food/drink. Attendees spend the day celebrating the over 3.3 billion bananas that come through the Port of Hueneme each year and have the chance to receive free bananas/banana products from the companies working to transport bananas through the port such as Del Monte and Chiquita.[87]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Port of Hueneme, Port Hueneme, California: Main report, environmental assessment, and pertinent correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Bk0QAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:California_ports"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:California_ports"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_ports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Ports of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_of_California#Seaports_and_harbors"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Panamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamax"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Stockton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Stockton"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"Port of Humboldt Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_California"},{"link_name":"Hueneme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Redwood City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Redwood_City"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Sacramento"},{"link_name":"Canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Deep_Water_Ship_Channel"},{"link_name":"Stockton Deepwater Shipping Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Deepwater_Shipping_Channel"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"seaports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaports"},{"link_name":"Ensenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Ensenada"},{"link_name":"Colonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Colonet,_Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Portland_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tacoma"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, B.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Metro_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Port of Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LNG terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LNG_terminals"},{"link_name":"Costa Azul LNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Azul_LNG"},{"link_name":"California portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"link_name":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"The Port of Hueneme, Port Hueneme, California: Main report, environmental assessment, and pertinent correspondence. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. 1999.vte Ports of California Panamax ports\nLong Beach\nLos Angeles\nOakland\nRichmond\nSan Diego\nSan Francisco\nStockton\nNon-Panamax ports\nPort of Humboldt Bay\nHueneme\nRedwood City\nSacramento\nCanals\nSacramento Deep Water Ship Channel\nStockton Deepwater Shipping Channel\nAlternate West Coast seaports\nEnsenada\nColonet (planned)\nLázaro Cárdenas\nPortland\nSeattle\nTacoma\nVancouver, B.C.\nPort of Prince Rupert\nWest Coast LNG terminals\nCosta Azul LNG\n\n California portal\n Transport portal\nCategory\nEconomy\nCommunications","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1857 U.S. Coast Survey Map has inset of Point Hueneme before the harbor was built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1857_U.S._Coast_Survey_Map_of_the_Eastern_Entrance_to_Santa_Barbara_Channel_-_Geographicus_-_SantaBarbaraChanne-uscs-1857.jpg/220px-1857_U.S._Coast_Survey_Map_of_the_Eastern_Entrance_to_Santa_Barbara_Channel_-_Geographicus_-_SantaBarbaraChanne-uscs-1857.jpg"},{"image_text":"Various vehicles are shipped in and out of the Port on large ships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Port_of_Hueneme_Yard.jpg/220px-Port_of_Hueneme_Yard.jpg"},{"image_text":"USS Pinckney (DDG-91) guided missile destroyer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Navy_040505-N-7949W-001_he_Navy%27s_newest_guided_missile_destroyer_PCU_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_040505-N-7949W-001_he_Navy%27s_newest_guided_missile_destroyer_PCU_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view looking northwest (2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Aerial_view_of_the_U.S._Naval_Base_Ventura_County_deep_water_port_on_13_November_2012_%28121113-N-QK633-003%29.JPG/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_U.S._Naval_Base_Ventura_County_deep_water_port_on_13_November_2012_%28121113-N-QK633-003%29.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Maritime history of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_California"},{"title":"United States container ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_container_ports"}]
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[{"reference":"Harris, Mike (January 8, 2021). \"Army Corps of Engineers dredging Port of Hueneme channel, to replenish Hueneme Beach\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved January 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/port-hueneme/2021/01/08/port-hueneme-army-corps-of-engineers-beach/4143430001/","url_text":"\"Army Corps of Engineers dredging Port of Hueneme channel, to replenish Hueneme Beach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Hueneme celebrates California ports day with deepening project groundbreaking\". Ports and Terminals. www.ajot.com. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajot.com/news/port-of-hueneme-celebrates-california-ports-day-with-deepening-project-groundbreaking","url_text":"\"Port of Hueneme celebrates California ports day with deepening project groundbreaking\""}]},{"reference":"Biasotti, Tony (August 27, 2014). \"Rice Avenue interchange a turning point for Oxnard\". Ventura County Star.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/oxnard/rice-avenue-interchange-a-turning-point-for-oxnard_19419755","url_text":"\"Rice Avenue interchange a turning point for Oxnard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"Tash, Debra (May 4, 2019). \"Happy Birthday Port of Hueneme/Oxnard Harbor District\". Citizens Journal. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://citizensjournal.us/happy-birthday-port-of-hueneme-oxnard-harbor-district/","url_text":"\"Happy Birthday Port of Hueneme/Oxnard Harbor District\""}]},{"reference":"Julie F. Streets (1975). National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Bard, Thomas R., Estate / Berylwood (Report). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/77000360_text","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Bard, Thomas R., Estate / Berylwood"}]},{"reference":"Orozco, Lance. \"Jobs, Cargo Tonnage, Tax Revenue All Up At South Coast Port\". KCLU-News. Retrieved May 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kclu.org/post/jobs-cargo-tonnage-tax-revenue-all-south-coast-port","url_text":"\"Jobs, Cargo Tonnage, Tax Revenue All Up At South Coast Port\""}]},{"reference":"Orozco, Lance (October 25, 2018). \"South Coast Port Has Biggest Year In Its History; Bananas Top Banana For Imports\". KCLU-News. 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Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161103204939/http://www.keyt.com/news/ventura-county/port-of-hueneme-now-exports-and-imports-directly-from-central-america/99518685","url_text":"\"Port Of Hueneme now exports and imports directly from Central America\""},{"url":"https://www.keyt.com/news/ventura-county/port-of-hueneme-now-exports-and-imports-directly-from-central-america/99518685","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nguyen, Julia (July 23, 2019). \"Port Hueneme takes final steps into modernization with groundbreaking ceremony\". KEYT. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. 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Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-cocaine-seizure-port-hueneme-20190215-story.html","url_text":"\"Federal officials seize more than 200 pounds of cocaine in Port Hueneme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Why landmark cocaine bust at Port of Hueneme was 'a big shock'\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/port-hueneme/2019/02/16/federal-authorities-investigating-cocaine-bust-port-hueneme/2893988002/","url_text":"\"Why landmark cocaine bust at Port of Hueneme was 'a big shock'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Millions of dollars worth of cocaine seized from Port of Hueneme\". FOX 11 Los Angeles. September 20, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxla.com/news/millions-of-dollars-worth-of-cocaine-seized-from-port-of-hueneme","url_text":"\"Millions of dollars worth of cocaine seized from Port of Hueneme\""}]},{"reference":"Childs, Jeremy (September 22, 2019). \"How smugglers try to sneak cocaine through Port of Hueneme\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/port-hueneme/2019/09/22/how-smugglers-try-sneak-cocaine-through-port-hueneme/2393377001/","url_text":"\"How smugglers try to sneak cocaine through Port of Hueneme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"Varela, Brian J. (October 17, 2021). \"Port of Hueneme sees vessels filled to the brim as shippers avoid Los Angeles County ports\". Ventura County Star. 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(October 17, 2021). \"Port of Hueneme sees vessels filled to the brim as shippers avoid Los Angeles County ports\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2021/10/17/port-huenemeport-of-hueneme-helps-ease-congestion-los-angeles-county-ports/6097081001/","url_text":"\"Port of Hueneme sees vessels filled to the brim as shippers avoid Los Angeles County ports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port of Hueneme lands FEMA grant\". ajot.com. August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ajot.com/news/port-of-hueneme-lands-fema-grant","url_text":"\"Port of Hueneme lands FEMA grant\""}]},{"reference":"Orozco, Lance (May 11, 2020). \"Coronavirus Crisis Hitting Shipments Through South Coast Port\". KCLU News. 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(March 6, 2022). \"Planned Port of Hueneme parking lot would bring nearly 5,000 cars to South Oxnard\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved March 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2022/03/06/community-port-hueneme-odds-oxnard-parking-lot/6802870001/","url_text":"\"Planned Port of Hueneme parking lot would bring nearly 5,000 cars to South Oxnard\""}]},{"reference":"D'Angelo, Alexa (December 25, 2018). \"Container leaves Port Hueneme, heads to Guatemala with donations for children in need\". Ventura County Star. Retrieved December 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/education/2018/12/25/chiquita-shipping-container-guatemala-donations-needy-children/2363715002/","url_text":"\"Container leaves Port Hueneme, heads to Guatemala with donations for children in need\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"\"William Pinckney\". United States Navy. Archived from the original on March 29, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180329110146/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg91/Pages/namesake.aspx","url_text":"\"William Pinckney\""},{"url":"http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/ddg91/Pages/namesake.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Erinn (March 12, 2023). \"USS Santa Barbara to be Commissioned in Ventura County\". Noozhawk. Santa Barbara Navy League. Retrieved March 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noozhawk.com/uss-santa-barbara-to-be-commissioned-in-ventura-county/","url_text":"\"USS Santa Barbara to be Commissioned in Ventura County\""}]},{"reference":"Hoops, Stephanie (July 23, 2013). \"Consultant tells Port of Hueneme its growth is tied to better rail service\". Ventura County Star.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vcstar.com/business/consultant-tells-port-of-hueneme-its-growth-is","url_text":"\"Consultant tells Port of Hueneme its growth is tied to better rail service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"Rivers, Kimberly (April 1, 2021). \"In Brief | New Ship Tech Reduces Port Emissions\". VC Reporter. Times Media Group. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vcreporter.com/2021/03/in-brief-april-1-2021/","url_text":"\"In Brief | New Ship Tech Reduces Port Emissions\""}]},{"reference":"\"This new tug will help Port of Hueneme cut its emissions\". Ventura County Star. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/money/business/2020/01/15/port-of-hueneme-tugboat-california-emissions/4472583002/","url_text":"\"This new tug will help Port of Hueneme cut its emissions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Port Passes Memorandum of Understanding for Use of Zero-Emission Equipment\" (Press release). Port Of Hueneme. December 22, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portofhueneme.org/mou-eutrs-12-22-2021/","url_text":"\"Port Passes Memorandum of Understanding for Use of Zero-Emission Equipment\""}]},{"reference":"City of Port Hueneme v. Oxnard Harbor District","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dubroff, Henry (January 9, 2015). \"Commuter rail on the Central Coast may put bullet train on track\". Pacific Coast Business Times. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pacbiztimes.com/2015/01/09/dubroff-commuter-rail-on-the-central-coast-may-put-bullet-train-on-track/","url_text":"\"Commuter rail on the Central Coast may put bullet train on track\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Nick (January 26, 1996). \"City, County to Jointly Seek U.S. Funds for Freeway Link\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-01-26/local/me-28792_1_county-action","url_text":"\"City, County to Jointly Seek U.S. Funds for Freeway Link\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Alvarez, Fred (August 8, 2001). \"Farm Advocate Has Tough Row to Hoe\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/08/local/me-31763","url_text":"\"Farm Advocate Has Tough Row to Hoe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Catherine (June 4, 2000). \"Pact Reached on Truck Link to Port of Hueneme\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/04/local/me-37353","url_text":"\"Pact Reached on Truck Link to Port of Hueneme\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Plisky, Mike (May 8, 2010). \"Long road to improve interchange\". Ventura County Star.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vcstar.com/opinion/long-road-to-improve-interchange","url_text":"\"Long road to improve interchange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura_County_Star","url_text":"Ventura County Star"}]},{"reference":"Chi, Chris (April 2, 1998). \"House Approves $41 Million for Roads in County\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/02/local/me-35319","url_text":"\"House Approves $41 Million for Roads in County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Weikel, Dan; Nelson, Laura J. (March 1, 2015). \"Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-metrolink-crossings-20150301-story.html","url_text":"\"Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Oxnard Harbor District\". CountyView GIS Map. County of Ventura. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. 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Hoe\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/04/local/me-37353","external_links_name":"\"Pact Reached on Truck Link to Port of Hueneme\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/opinion/long-road-to-improve-interchange","external_links_name":"\"Long road to improve interchange\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/02/local/me-35319","external_links_name":"\"House Approves $41 Million for Roads in County\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/local/countygovernment/la-me-metrolink-crossings-20150301-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Spending on rail crossing safety upgrades varies widely across Southland\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-18/news/ve-115_1_port-hueneme","external_links_name":"\"More Cities Enter Fray Over Port of Hueneme\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032304/http://gis.ventura.org/Html5Viewer/index.html?viewer=CountyView.CountyView_gvh&layerTheme=&scale=120000&layers=0pxPbg3YuR1E065XLb18K2%2B%2B20QIIi¢er=1654831.8819561%2C250511.8943230483","external_links_name":"\"Oxnard Harbor District\""},{"Link":"http://gis.ventura.org/Html5Viewer/index.html?viewer=CountyView.CountyView_gvh&layerTheme=&scale=120000&layers=0pxPbg3YuR1E065XLb18K2%2B%2B20QIIi¢er=1654831.8819561%2C250511.8943230483","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-06-03/local/me-42957_1_thousand-oaks","external_links_name":"\"District's New Boundaries Are Upheld\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/port-considers-cut-in-funding-the-city-of-port-hueneme","external_links_name":"\"Port considers cut in funding the city of Port Hueneme\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/port-hueneme-to-oppose-proposed-city-taxes","external_links_name":"\"Port of Hueneme to oppose proposed city taxes\""},{"Link":"http://www.pacbiztimes.com/2014/09/12/port-of-hueneme-and-city-are-at-odds-over-measure-m/","external_links_name":"\"Port of Hueneme and city are at odds over Measure M\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/news/local-news/port-hueneme/effects-of-port-huenemes-measure-m-unclear_37109284","external_links_name":"\"Effects of Port Hueneme's Measure M unclear\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/news/elections/port-hueneme-elections/optimism-reigns-in-wake-of-measure-m-defeat_34909858","external_links_name":"\"Optimism reigns in wake of Measure M defeat\""},{"Link":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2019/02/17/port-hueneme-seeks-oxnard-permit-use-34-acres-parking-lot/2818024002/","external_links_name":"\"Port of Hueneme request to park 5,000 cars in south Oxnard raises pollution worries\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/port-hueneme/2016/09/07/cats-cradle-watches-over-port-huenemes-feral-cats/89652744/","external_links_name":"\"Cats Cradle watches over Port of Hueneme's feral felines\""},{"Link":"http://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/port-hueneme/2016/07/31/too-many-cats-spoil-the-port-hueneme-residents-say/88931922/","external_links_name":"\"Too many cats spoil the port, Hueneme residents say\""},{"Link":"https://www.keyt.com/news/santa-barbara-s-county/conception-wreckage-arrives-at-port-of-hueneme/1120470046","external_links_name":"\"Conception wreckage arrives at Port of Hueneme\""},{"Link":"https://keyt.com/news/ventura-county/2020/04/22/port-hueneme-feeding-essential-workers-during-covid-19-pandemic/","external_links_name":"\"Port Hueneme feeding essential workers during COVID-19 pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/2022/09/22/port-huenemes-banana-festival-returns-saturday/8081836001/","external_links_name":"\"Port of Hueneme's Banana Festival returns Saturday from two-year hiatus\""},{"Link":"https://bananaportfest.com/","external_links_name":"\"Port of Hueneme Banana Festival\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk0QAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Port of Hueneme, Port Hueneme, California: Main report, environmental assessment, and pertinent correspondence"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raninagar_Upazila
|
Raninagar Upazila
|
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Administration","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 24°44′N 88°58.5′E / 24.733°N 88.9750°E / 24.733; 88.9750Upazila in Rajshahi, BangladeshRaninagar
রাণীনগরUpazilaCoordinates: 24°44′N 88°58.5′E / 24.733°N 88.9750°E / 24.733; 88.9750Country BangladeshDivisionRajshahiDistrictNaogaonArea • Total258.32 km2 (99.74 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total184,778 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)WebsiteOfficial Map of Raninagar
Raninagar (Bengali: রাণীনগর) is an Upazila of Naogaon District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Geography
Map of Naogaon District
Raninagar is located at 24°44′00″N 88°58′30″E / 24.7333°N 88.9750°E / 24.7333; 88.9750. It has 45,637 households and total area 258.32 km2.
The upazila is bounded by Naogaon Sadar Upazila and Adamdighi Upazila of Bogra District on the north, Atrai upazila on the south, Nandigram Upazila of Bogra District and Singra Upazila of Natore district on the east and Manda upazila on the west.
Demographics
Religions in Raninagar upazila (2011)
Religion
Percent
Islam
89.19%
Hinduism
10.78%
Other or not stated
0.03%
According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Raninagar Upazila had 45,637 households and a population of 184,778. 37,183 (20.12%) were under 10 years of age. Raninagar had a literacy rate (age 7 and over) of 46.04%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1017 females per 1000 males. 6,808 (3.68%) lived in urban areas.
As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Raninagar has a population of 158244. Males constituted 50.94% of the population, and females 49.06%. This Upazila's eighteen up population was 79,136. Raninagar had an average literacy rate of 28.4% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate.
Administration
Raninagar, primarily formed as a Thana in 1916, was turned into an upazila in 1983.
The upazila is divided into eight union parishads: Bargachha, Ekdala, Gona, Kaligram, Kashimpur, Mirat, Parail, and Raninagar. The union parishads are subdivided into 188 mauzas and 174 villages.
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
^ a b "Raninagar Upazila - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
^ a b c "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Naogaon" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
^ "Community Tables: Naogaon district" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2011.
^ "Population Census Wing, BBS". Archived from the original on 2005-03-27. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
External links
M Mukhlesur Rahman (2012). "Raninagar Upazila". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
vteNaogaon DistrictCapital: NaogaonUpazilas
Atrai
Badalgachhi
Dhamoirhat
Manda
Mohadevpur
Naogaon Sadar
Niamatpur
Patnitala
Porsha
Raninagar
Sapahar
Constituencies
Naogaon-1
Naogaon-2
Naogaon-3
Naogaon-4
Naogaon-5
Naogaon-6
Attractions and sites
Chalanbeel Horse Race
Dibar Dighi
Halud Vihara
Islamganthi Mosque
Jagaddala Mahavihara
Kusumba Mosque
Naogaon Stadium
Somapura Mahavihara
History
Dharmapala
Shiran Khalji
Kalapahad
Nipah virus
Inhabited areas
Agradigun
Gaganpur
Nazipur
Patari
Shekerpur
Rivers and transport
Ahsanganj railway station
Atrai
Ekota Express
Small Jamuna
Educational institutions
Agradigun ML High School
Al-Helal Islami Academy & College
Chak Atitha High School
Chakmuli High School
Chandipur High School
Fatehpur First High School
Jahangirpur Govt. College
Khirshin S. K. High School
Mithapur B. L. High School
Mohadevpur Sarba Mongala (Pilot) High School
Naogaon Government College
Naogaon K.D. Government High School
Naogaon Medical College
Naogaon Zilla School
Sapahar Pilot High School
Saraswatipur High School
Nazipur Government College
Sapahar Government College
Tetulia B. M. C. College
Tilna Multilateral High School
vte Upazilas of the Rajshahi DivisionHeadquarters: RajshahiBogra District
Adamdighi
Bogra
Dhunat
Dhupchanchia
Gabtali
Kahaloo
Nandigram
Sariakandi
Sahajanpur
Sherpur
Shibganj
Sonatala
Joypurhat District
Akkelpur
Joypurhat
Kalai
Khetlal
Panchbibi
Naogaon District
Atrai
Badalgachhi
Dhamoirhat
Manda
Mohadevpur
Naogaon
Niamatpur
Patnitala
Porsha
Raninagar
Sapaphar
Natore District
Bagatipara
Baraigram
Gurudaspur
Lalpur
Natore
Singra
Nawabganj District
Bholahat
Gomastapur
Nachole
Nawabganj
Shibganj
Pabna District
Atgharia
Bera
Bhangura
Chatmohar
Faridpur
Ishwardi
Pabna
Santhia
Sujanagar
Rajshahi District
Bagha
Bagmara
Charghat
Durgapur
Godagari
Mohanpur
Paba
Puthia
Tanore
Sirajganj District
Belkuchi
Chauhali
Kamarkhanda
Kazipur
Raiganj
Shahjadpur
Sirajganj
Tarash
Ullahpara
This Rajshahi Division location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Map of Naogaon District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_of_Naogaon_District_%28English%29_Bangladesh.svg/260px-Map_of_Naogaon_District_%28English%29_Bangladesh.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Upazilas of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Districts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Divisions of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Connection
|
T-Connection
|
["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 Singles","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Bahamian band
T-ConnectionOriginNassau, the BahamasGenresFunk, discoYears active1975–1984LabelsCapitol Records, TK RecordsPast membersMonty BrownTheophilus "T" CoakleyKirkwood CoakleyDavid MackeyAnthony FlowersBerkley Van Byrd
T-Connection was a funk and disco group from Nassau, the Bahamas, who scored two hits on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1977 and 1979. They did better on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, where they had five Top 10 hits, including "Do What You Wanna Do", which reached #1, and "Everything Is Cool", which peaked at #10 on the US Billboard R&B chart. In the United Kingdom, they scored five entries in the UK Singles Chart, with "Do What You Wanna Do" their highest placed success at #11.
Their track "Groove to Get Down" has been heavily sampled due to its inclusion on the 1986 Ultimate Breaks and Beats series.
Group members included the brothers Theophilus "T" and Kirkwood Coakley, plus guitarists David Mackey and Monty Brown and drummer Anthony Flowers.
Calvin Harris has stated that "Do What You Wanna Do" was a formative influence on him when he was beginning to produce music at a young age
Discography
Albums
Magic (TK Records, 1977)
On Fire (TK Records, 1978)
T-Connection (TK Records, 1978)
Totally Connected (TK Records, 1980)
Everything Is Cool (Capitol, 1981)
Pure & Natural (Capitol, 1982)
The Game of Life (Capitol, 1983)
Take It to the Limit (Capitol, 1984)
Singles
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
US Dance
US R&B
US Pop
UK
1976
"Disco Magic"
10
―
―
―
1977
"Do What You Wanna Do"
1
15
46
11
"On Fire"
5
27
103
16
"Let Yourself Go"
7
―
―
52
1978
"At Midnight"
3
32
56
53
1979
"Saturday Night"
―
28
—
41
"Ecstasy"
―
―
―
―
"Let's Do It Today"
―
―
―
―
"Choosing"
―
―
―
―
"That's Love"
―
―
―
―
1981
"Groove City"
―
47
―
―
"Everything Is Cool"
―
10
―
―
"A Little More Love"
―
37
―
―
1982
"Party Night"
―
―
―
―
"Girl Watching"
―
―
―
―
1983
"Love Odyssey"
―
―
―
―
1984
"You Can Feel the Groove"
―
―
―
―
"Take It to the Limit"
―
73
―
―
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
See also
List of Billboard number-one dance club songs
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
References
^ a b Kellman, Andy. "Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 545. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "T-Connection Fans Facebook page". Facebook. January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
^ Calvin Harris speaks to Dave Pearce https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p010z439
^ a b c "T-Connection Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography". Music VF. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
^ "T-CONNECTION - full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
External links
T-Connection discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_ensemble"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_record"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Music/Club Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Do What You Wanna Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_What_You_Wanna_Do"},{"link_name":"#1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-2"},{"link_name":"sampled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Breaks and Beats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Breaks_and_Beats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Calvin Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Harris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"T-Connection was a funk and disco group from Nassau, the Bahamas, who scored two hits on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1977 and 1979. They did better on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, where they had five Top 10 hits, including \"Do What You Wanna Do\", which reached #1, and \"Everything Is Cool\", which peaked at #10 on the US Billboard R&B chart.[1] In the United Kingdom, they scored five entries in the UK Singles Chart, with \"Do What You Wanna Do\" their highest placed success at #11.[2]Their track \"Groove to Get Down\" has been heavily sampled due to its inclusion on the 1986 Ultimate Breaks and Beats series.Group members included the brothers Theophilus \"T\" and Kirkwood Coakley, plus guitarists David Mackey and Monty Brown and drummer Anthony Flowers.[1][3]Calvin Harris has stated that \"Do What You Wanna Do\" was a formative influence on him when he was beginning to produce music at a young age [4]","title":"T-Connection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(T-Connection_album)"},{"link_name":"TK Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TK_Records"},{"link_name":"On Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Fire_(T-Connection_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Magic (TK Records, 1977)\nOn Fire (TK Records, 1978)\nT-Connection (TK Records, 1978)\nTotally Connected (TK Records, 1980)\nEverything Is Cool (Capitol, 1981)\nPure & Natural (Capitol, 1982)\nThe Game of Life (Capitol, 1983)\nTake It to the Limit (Capitol, 1984)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Billboard number-one dance club songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_club_songs"},{"title":"List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Dance_Club_Songs_chart"}]
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[{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Artist Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/t-connection-mn0000004553/biography","url_text":"\"Artist Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 545. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"T-Connection Fans Facebook page\". Facebook. January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.facebook.com/thetconnection/photos/a.10157390651783464/10158049794013464/","url_text":"\"T-Connection Fans Facebook page\""}]},{"reference":"\"T-Connection Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography\". Music VF. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicvf.com/T-Connection.art","url_text":"\"T-Connection Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"T-CONNECTION - full Official Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16303/t-connection/","url_text":"\"T-CONNECTION - full Official Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/t-connection-mn0000004553/biography","external_links_name":"\"Artist Biography\""},{"Link":"https://m.facebook.com/thetconnection/photos/a.10157390651783464/10158049794013464/","external_links_name":"\"T-Connection Fans Facebook page\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p010z439","external_links_name":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p010z439"},{"Link":"https://www.musicvf.com/T-Connection.art","external_links_name":"\"T-Connection Top Songs / Chart Singles Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16303/t-connection/","external_links_name":"\"T-CONNECTION - full Official Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/17957","external_links_name":"T-Connection"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115445318","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153743149","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92100369","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e509b240-7d64-43ec-8d0e-c09090393c82","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropole_Hotel
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Acropole Hotel
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["1 History","1.1 During the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium","1.2 Since Sudanese Independence","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 15°36′17″N 32°31′46″E / 15.6048319°N 32.5293716°E / 15.6048319; 32.5293716Hotel in Sudan
Acropole HotelGeneral informationAddressZubeir Pascha StreetTown or cityKhartoumCountrySudanWebsiteacropolekhartoum.com
The Acropole is the oldest hotel in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, since it was still established during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
After Sudanese independence in 1956 the Greek-owned hotel weathered several regime changes and developed into a popular entry point and base for visiting journalists, humanitarians, diplomats, archaeologists and other researchers as well as overland travellers.The family-run business was in service without interruption until it was forced by the 2023 Sudan conflict to close its doors.
It is widely considered as one of the best hotels in Africa and enjoys a reputation as a legendary landmark of hospitality.
History
During the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium
A photo from 1943 picturing the staff of the Great Britain Club on the wall of the Acropole's management office.
The Acropole was founded in 1952 by Panagiotis ("Panaghis") Pagoulatos from the village of Valsamata on the Ionian island of Cephalonia, who had left Greece during WWII, and his wife Flora, who was from the community of the Greeks in Egypt, specifically from Alexandria. Since there was a sizeable community of Greeks in Sudan at the time as well, the couple settled in the Anglo-Egyptian colony. The Washington Post writes: "During the day, he was employed by the British government. After hours, he worked as a private accountant, soon amassing enough capital to open a night club just opposite the governor's palace".
When the British Governor-General Sir Alexander Knox Helm had the "Great Britain Bar" closed because of the noise, the couple took over a liquor dealership, opened a wine store, a confectionery shop, and then the Acropole, which at first had just ten rooms, but soon expanded. US-American author Robert D. Kaplan has called it"a monument to the inventive cunning and shrewdness of the Greek trading community in Africa."
Since Sudanese Independence
Historical sticker on a vintage suitcase.
When Sudan obtained sovereignty from its colonial masters on 1 January 1956, the Greek settlers in the country were issued Sudanese nationality certificates and generally continued to thrive in the first few years of independence. Their numbers had increased by then to around 6,000 or even 7,000. However, as political and economic turmoils grew, the number of Greeks in Sudan diminished by 1965 to 4,000.
Gallery of historical images in the hotel restaurant (2015) with the photo of a now nearly extinct northern white rhinoceros in the centre.
This trend also affected the business of the Pagoulatos family: In 1967, the closed their confectionery shop, when it was damaged in an anti-government protest. In the same year, Panagiotis Pagoulatos died and his three sons Athanasios ("Thanasis"), George, and Gerasimos (better known as "Makis" or "Mike", who was born in the Acropole) took over the business:
“With their mother’s guidance and their hard work, they managed to turn the hotel into an actual treasure of the city’s cultural and touristic life.”Geldof's letter: "Love + Thanks"Unlike many other Greek-Sudanese enterprises, the Acropole was spared from the policies of nationalisation following the 1969 coup d'état, since it was housed in a rented building. It suffered from the worsening economic crisis, but profited from the pro-Western swing after the failed 1971 coup d'état by parts of the Sudanese Communist Party.
In 1983 again, the Acropole lost part of its business, when dictator Gaafar Nimeiry introduced the draconic "September Laws" under the label of Sharia and had all beverages dumped into the Blue Nile. Until then, the Acropole had been the distributor of Amstel beer in the country. According to Robert D. Kaplan, the Pagoulatos-family was planning to give up the business and to leave Sudan following that loss.
A framed collage poster signed by dozens of humanitarians with Geldof's letter in the management office.
Shortly afterwards, however, the 50-room hotel experienced an unprecedented influx of customers because of the devastating 1984/85 famines in Darfur and Ethiopia. It became the base for many international non-governmental organisations, since it was the only hotel with reliable telephone, telex and fax lines. Kaplan even reasons that the whole relief effort may well have collapsed without the skills of the Pagoulatos-family to maneuvre through Sudan's kaffkaesque bureaucracy. Senior Associated Press correspondent Mort Rosenbloom nicknamed the Acropole the "Emergency Palace". US-journalist Edward Girardet compared it to Rick's Café Américain in the movie Casablanca. Others likened it to legendary hotels like the Pasaje in Havana during the Spanish-American War, the Florida in Madrid during the Spanish Civil War and the Scribe in Paris after the Liberation of France, or attributed "a Raiders of the Lost Ark vibe" to it. One of the most prominent clients at that time was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mother Teresa. A framed letter from the Irish pop-star-turned-Band Aid founder Bob Geldof on the wall of the hotel office gives evidence of his appreciation for the support by the Pagoulatos family and their staff.
The Art Deco style entrance hall of the "totally unassuming" building that used to house the Acropole until 1988, photographed in 2018
The reception in 2016The lobby in 2016.The management office in 2016 with a portrait photo of founder Panagiotis Pagoulatos on the wall.
On 15 May 1988, the Acropole was shocked by tragedy, when a terrorist commando of the Abu Nidal group bombed the restaurant, killing a British couple with their two children, another Briton, and two Sudanese workers, leaving 21 people injured. Thanasis Pagoulatos lost part of his hearing in the blast.
Nevertheless, the three "zen-like" Pagoulatos brothers and their wives managed to restore the hotel in a building just opposite the ruins of the old one. It has remained since then one of the most popular places for Western visitors, particularly journalists, archaeologists, humanitarians and other NGO workers. For this reason, the Acropole appears frequently in travel books. A 1995 piece in the Washington Post praised the 41-room establishment as "a rare oasis of efficient telecommunications and the friendliest atmosphere between Cairo and Nairobi."
Paper-setWhen Nazi-notorious filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl's helicopter crashed in the Nuba mountains in early 2000 at the age of 97, the Pagoulatos brothers found her a Sudan Airways captain and plane to rescue her and the crew, and had an ambulance waiting at the airport.The Honorary Consulate of Greece at the Acropole
An added attraction is the OHM electronics shop next door, which is owned by the brother of Sheikh Musa Hilal, previously the leader of Darfur's notorious Janjaweed militia. Several journalists and members of human rights organizations managed to interview Hilal in that shop.
After the embassy of the Hellenic Republic was closed in September 2015, Greece's new diplomatic representative as Honorary Consul became Gerasimos Pagoulatos, with the Honorary Consulate based at the Acropole Hotel.
Exterior view of the Acropole in 2015
At the 2016 Venice Biennale of Architecture, George Pagoulatos was featured in the presentation of Sir David Chipperfield's design for a museum at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Naga along with portrays of other people who are related to the archeological project, photographed by German photographer Heinrich Voelkel of the Berlin-based Ostkreuz photo agency. The caption of the image read:“I have been getting up at 5:30 a.m. for the last 50 years. My wife looks after me very well, she is my right hand, my left hand – an inspiration to me. We both grew up in Sudan. She is of Italian origin and I belong to the Greek minority. We have been happily married for 43 years.
Some of the archeologists have come to our hotel for over 20 years. Having solved various problems together, we have developed strong bonds that go well beyond business relationships. We are like a family."In June 2022, George Pagoulatos, who directed "Acropole affairs with the courtesy and aplomb of the captain of a luxury liner", died at the age of 76 years. The Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of the leading daily newspapers in Germany, hailed him in an obituary as "the best ambassador of Sudan"
Thanasis (left) and George in 2016.
When an armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan began on 15 April 2023, the Acropole was at the epicentre of heavy fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) for the control over the political centre of Sudan in downtown Khartoum. The then 79-year-old Thanasis Pagoulatos and his sister-in-law Eleonora ("Nora"), the widow of George, were holed up in the hotel building with four guests and three staff with no electricity or running water, and food stocks running low after five days. RSF fighters ransacked the hotel, robbing guests and staff, who were only able to leave after ten days through streets littered with dead bodies.
Thanasis and Nora were finally evacuated by the French Armed Forces to Djibouti from where they went on to Athens. Thus, the Acropole closed its doors for the first time in 71 years. While some press reports called it the end of an era, Thanasis in a Reuters interview expressed firm hope for a return. One of the few items he managed to take with him was a handwritten note by Mother Teresa.
References
^ ΔEΛHΓIΩPΓHΣ, ΣΤ. (August 3, 2012). "Μια Ακρόπολη στην καρδιά του Σουδάν". Espresso (in Greek). Retrieved 4 June 2018.
^ a b Jonathan, C. R (May 15, 1995). "Bed, Breakfast – And More – In Sudan". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
^ a b c d e Girardet, Edward (July 8, 1985). "From Khartoum to Cape Town/An African Journey: Meet the Pagoulatoses and their hotel, the place to stay in Khartoum". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ Kaplan, Robert D. (26 January 2021). The Good American: The Epic Life of Bob Gersony, the U.S. Government's Greatest Humanitarian. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780525512325. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Kramer, Robert; Lobban, Richard; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan (4th ed.). Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth (UK): The Scarecrow Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0.
^ a b c Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.). Athens. pp. viii, 105, 127, 144, 196. ISBN 978-618-82334-5-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Makris, Gerasimos (November 2007). "A PRISONER OF THE MAHDI – NICOLAS P. FROM SAMOS" (PDF). Sudan Studies – Official Newsletter of the SUDAN STUDIES SOCIETY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 36: 13–27.
^ a b c d Shahine, Alaa (November 7, 2008). "Greek hotel a part of Khartoum modern history". Reuters. Khartoum, Sudan. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
^ a b c d Tagaris, Karolina (2023-04-28). "War forces Greek family to shut storied Khartoum hotel". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
^ a b Areti, Kotseli (July 21, 2012). "Greek "Acropole Hotel" in the Heart of Sudan". Greek Reporter World. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
^ Scroggins, Deborah (2011). Emma's War. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
^ a b Kaplan, Robert David (2008). Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. New York City: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 185–187. ISBN 9781400034529. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ Capelli, Vanni (7 May 2023). "Sudanese ghosts: Far-flung crises are never as distant as they seem". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
^ Baumann, Nick (May 2014). "This American refused to become an FBI informant. Then the government made his family's life hell". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ a b Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2023-06-16). "He Ran Sudan's Most Storied Hotel. Then He Had to Leave Everything Behind". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
^ Craig Harris, Lillian (July 2012). "THE ACROPOLE HOTEL, KHARTOUM" (PDF). Sudan Studies. 46: 23–36.
^ Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1998). Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2,000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7103-0505-3.
^ Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing. 1 August 1989. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-56806-864-0.
^ Hay, Sophie (2014-02-28). "Sudan. The Acropole Hotel, Khartoum". pompei79. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ a b c Rubin, Elizabeth (2006). "Hotel Acropole Khartoum: A smile and a tea". Bidoun. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ Theroux, Paul (2004). Dark Star Safari: Overland from Cairo to Cape Town. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 56. ISBN 9780618446872. Acropole Hotel khartoum.
^ Luciani, Silvia (2013). A Journey through Sudan. Blue Grange. p. 33. ISBN 9781291585513.
^ Robbins, Mike (2014). Even The Dead Are Coming: A Memoir of Sudan. New York: Broad Books.
^ "Hotel Acropole Khartoum: A smile and a tea". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-06-02. Bidoun online magazine
^ "Serious Endeavours to Reopen Greece Embassy in Khartoum". Sudan Vision. 28 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ "Soudan". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ "Naga Museum in Sudan | David Chipperfield". MODERNi. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ Alberizzi, Massimo A. (2022-07-02). "George Pagulatos, il greco icona di Khartoum per i giornalisti, proprietario e manager dell'affascinante Hotel Acropole ci ha lasciato". Africa Express: notizie dal continente dimenticato (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-07-06.
^ Gold, Henry (2022-07-07). "George Pagoulatos: An Appreciation". TDA Global Cycling. Retrieved 2022-09-26.
^ Dörries, Bernd. "Hotelier George Pagoulatos aus Khartum: Ein filmreifes Leben". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-09-26.
^ a b Malagardis, Maria (1 May 2023). "Guerre au Soudan : à Khartoum, l'hôtel Acropole ferme ses portes pour la première fois depuis 1952". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-08.
^ Burke, Jason (2023-04-27). "Sudan conflict: renewed clashes raise fears ceasefire will not be extended". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ al-Karib, Hala (2023-05-03). "How years of impunity gave Sudan's generals licence to destroy my country". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
^ Lemos, Rennan (2023-11-10). "Where do angels live? In hell. My escape from the war in Sudan". Medium. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
^ Lindijer, Koert (2023-04-29). "Het beste hotel van Afrika, het Acropole in Khartoem, is verwoest". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-06-09.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acropole Hotel.
Official site
15°36′17″N 32°31′46″E / 15.6048319°N 32.5293716°E / 15.6048319; 32.5293716
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Kaplan has called it\"a monument to the inventive cunning and shrewdness of the Greek trading community in Africa.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleHotelKhartoum-sticker-on-suitcase_RomanDeckert13062018.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleHotelKhartoum_RestaurantPhotoGallery_RomanDeckert06022015.jpg"},{"link_name":"northern white 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Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Gaafar Nimeiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry"},{"link_name":"September Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1983_Laws"},{"link_name":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"Blue Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"Amstel beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstel_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Band_Aid_poster_signed_by_Bob_Geldof_at_Acropole_Hotel,_Khartoum_(Sudan).jpg"},{"link_name":"collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"1984/85 famines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"fax lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-3"},{"link_name":"kaffkaesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"bureaucracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Mort Rosenbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Rosenblum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"Edward Girardet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Girardet"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-3"},{"link_name":"Pasaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Pasaje,_Havana"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Spanish-American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Florida_(Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Scribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_Scribe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Liberation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_France"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Raiders of the Lost Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-15"},{"link_name":"Band Aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_Aid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bob Geldof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FormerAcropoleHotelBuilding_Khartoum_Roman_Deckert25042018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khartoum-AcropoleHotel-Lobby_RomanDeckert03112016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleHotelKhartoum_Lobby_RomanDeckert02022016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleHotelKhartoum_ManagementOffice_RomanDeckert02022016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization"},{"link_name":"bombed the restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Khartoum_attacks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bidwell1998-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleHotelKhartoum_PaperSet_RomanDeckert24062018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Leni Riefenstahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl"},{"link_name":"Nuba mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_mountains"},{"link_name":"Sudan Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Airways"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AcropoleKhartoumHonoraryGreekConsulate_RomanDeckert24042018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Musa Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Musa_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Janjaweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janjaweed"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bidoun.com-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Honorary Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HotelAcropoleKhartoumSudan_RomanDeckert23022015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"David Chipperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chipperfield"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqa"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Voelkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Voelkel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Ostkreuz photo agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostkreuz_photo_agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"courtesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy"},{"link_name":"aplomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplomb"},{"link_name":"luxury liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-3"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Süddeutsche Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituary"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThanasisAndGeorgePagoulatos-HotelAcropoleKhartoum_RomanDeckert29032016.jpg"},{"link_name":"armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sudan_conflict"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Rapid Support Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"French Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-31"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-15"}],"sub_title":"Since Sudanese Independence","text":"Historical sticker on a vintage suitcase.When Sudan obtained sovereignty from its colonial masters on 1 January 1956, the Greek settlers in the country were issued Sudanese nationality certificates and generally continued to thrive in the first few years of independence.[5] Their numbers had increased by then to around 6,000[6] or even 7,000.[7] However, as political and economic turmoils grew, the number of Greeks in Sudan diminished by 1965 to 4,000.[6]Gallery of historical images in the hotel restaurant (2015) with the photo of a now nearly extinct northern white rhinoceros in the centre.This trend also affected the business of the Pagoulatos family: In 1967, the closed their confectionery shop, when it was damaged in an anti-government protest.[8] In the same year, Panagiotis Pagoulatos died and his three sons Athanasios (\"Thanasis\"), George, and Gerasimos (better known as \"Makis\" or \"Mike\", who was born in the Acropole)[9] took over the business:“With their mother’s guidance and their hard work, they managed to turn the hotel into an actual treasure of the city’s cultural and touristic life.”[10]Geldof's letter: \"Love + Thanks\"[11]Unlike many other Greek-Sudanese enterprises, the Acropole was spared from the policies of nationalisation following the 1969 coup d'état, since it was housed in a rented building. It suffered from the worsening economic crisis, but profited from the pro-Western swing after the failed 1971 coup d'état by parts of the Sudanese Communist Party.[6]In 1983 again, the Acropole lost part of its business, when dictator Gaafar Nimeiry introduced the draconic \"September Laws\" under the label of Sharia and had all beverages dumped into the Blue Nile. Until then, the Acropole had been the distributor of Amstel beer in the country.[8] According to Robert D. Kaplan, the Pagoulatos-family was planning to give up the business and to leave Sudan following that loss.[12]A framed collage poster signed by dozens of humanitarians with Geldof's letter in the management office.Shortly afterwards, however, the 50-room hotel experienced an unprecedented influx of customers because of the devastating 1984/85 famines in Darfur and Ethiopia. It became the base for many international non-governmental organisations, since it was the only hotel with reliable telephone, telex and fax lines.[3] Kaplan even reasons that the whole relief effort may well have collapsed without the skills of the Pagoulatos-family to maneuvre through Sudan's kaffkaesque bureaucracy. Senior Associated Press correspondent Mort Rosenbloom nicknamed the Acropole the \"Emergency Palace\".[12] US-journalist Edward Girardet compared it to Rick's Café Américain in the movie Casablanca.[3] Others likened it to legendary hotels like the Pasaje in Havana during the Spanish-American War, the Florida in Madrid during the Spanish Civil War and the Scribe in Paris after the Liberation of France,[13] or attributed \"a Raiders of the Lost Ark vibe\" to it.[14] One of the most prominent clients at that time was Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mother Teresa.[15] A framed letter from the Irish pop-star-turned-Band Aid founder Bob Geldof on the wall of the hotel office gives evidence of his appreciation for the support by the Pagoulatos family and their staff.[8]The Art Deco style entrance hall of the \"totally unassuming\" building[3] that used to house the Acropole until 1988, photographed in 2018The reception in 2016The lobby in 2016.The management office in 2016 with a portrait photo of founder Panagiotis Pagoulatos on the wall.On 15 May 1988, the Acropole was shocked by tragedy, when a terrorist commando of the Abu Nidal group bombed the restaurant, killing a British couple with their two children, another Briton, and two Sudanese workers,[16][8] leaving 21 people injured.[17][18] Thanasis Pagoulatos lost part of his hearing in the blast.[19][20]Nevertheless, the three \"zen-like\" Pagoulatos brothers and their wives[20] managed to restore the hotel in a building just opposite the ruins of the old one.[10] It has remained since then one of the most popular places for Western visitors, particularly journalists, archaeologists, humanitarians and other NGO workers. For this reason, the Acropole appears frequently in travel books.[21][22][23] A 1995 piece in the Washington Post praised the 41-room establishment as\"a rare oasis of efficient telecommunications and the friendliest atmosphere between Cairo and Nairobi.\"[2]Paper-setWhen Nazi-notorious filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl's helicopter crashed in the Nuba mountains in early 2000 at the age of 97, the Pagoulatos brothers found her a Sudan Airways captain and plane to rescue her and the crew, and had an ambulance waiting at the airport.[20]The Honorary Consulate of Greece at the AcropoleAn added attraction is the OHM electronics shop next door, which is owned by the brother of Sheikh Musa Hilal, previously the leader of Darfur's notorious Janjaweed militia. Several journalists and members of human rights organizations managed to interview Hilal in that shop.[24]After the embassy of the Hellenic Republic was closed in September 2015,[25] Greece's new diplomatic representative as Honorary Consul became Gerasimos Pagoulatos, with the Honorary Consulate based at the Acropole Hotel.[26]Exterior view of the Acropole in 2015At the 2016 Venice Biennale of Architecture, George Pagoulatos was featured in the presentation of Sir David Chipperfield's design for a museum at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Naga along with portrays of other people who are related to the archeological project, photographed by German photographer Heinrich Voelkel of the Berlin-based Ostkreuz photo agency. The caption of the image read:“I have been getting up at 5:30 a.m. for the last 50 years. My wife looks after me very well, she is my right hand, my left hand – an inspiration to me. We both grew up in Sudan. She is of Italian origin and I belong to the Greek minority. We have been happily married for 43 years.\nSome of the archeologists have come to our hotel for over 20 years. Having solved various problems together, we have developed strong bonds that go well beyond business relationships. We are like a family.\"[27]In June 2022, George Pagoulatos, who directed \"Acropole affairs with the courtesy and aplomb of the captain of a luxury liner\",[3] died at the age of 76 years.[28][29] The Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of the leading daily newspapers in Germany, hailed him in an obituary as\"the best ambassador of Sudan\"[30]Thanasis (left) and George in 2016.When an armed conflict between rival factions of the military government of Sudan began on 15 April 2023, the Acropole was at the epicentre of heavy fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) for the control over the political centre of Sudan in downtown Khartoum. The then 79-year-old Thanasis Pagoulatos and his sister-in-law Eleonora (\"Nora\"), the widow of George, were holed up in the hotel building with four guests and three staff with no electricity or running water,[9] and food stocks running low after five days.[31][32] RSF fighters ransacked the hotel, robbing guests and staff,[33] who were only able to leave after ten days through streets littered with dead bodies.[9][34]Thanasis and Nora were finally evacuated by the French Armed Forces to Djibouti from where they went on to Athens. Thus, the Acropole closed its doors for the first time in 71 years.[31] While some press reports called it the end of an era,[35] Thanasis in a Reuters interview expressed firm hope for a return.[9] One of the few items he managed to take with him was a handwritten note by Mother Teresa.[15]","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A photo from 1943 picturing the staff of the Great Britain Club on the wall of the Acropole's management office.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HistoricalPictureOnWallOfAcropoleHotelKhartoum_RomanDeckert25042018.jpg/220px-HistoricalPictureOnWallOfAcropoleHotelKhartoum_RomanDeckert25042018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historical sticker on a vintage suitcase.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AcropoleHotelKhartoum-sticker-on-suitcase_RomanDeckert13062018.jpg/220px-AcropoleHotelKhartoum-sticker-on-suitcase_RomanDeckert13062018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gallery of historical images in the hotel restaurant (2015) with the photo of a now nearly extinct northern white rhinoceros in the centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/AcropoleHotelKhartoum_RestaurantPhotoGallery_RomanDeckert06022015.jpg/220px-AcropoleHotelKhartoum_RestaurantPhotoGallery_RomanDeckert06022015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geldof's letter: \"Love + Thanks\"[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/AcropoleHotelKhartoumBobGeldofLetter_RomanDeckert25042018.jpg/220px-AcropoleHotelKhartoumBobGeldofLetter_RomanDeckert25042018.jpg"},{"image_text":"A framed collage poster signed by dozens of humanitarians with Geldof's letter in the management office.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Band_Aid_poster_signed_by_Bob_Geldof_at_Acropole_Hotel%2C_Khartoum_%28Sudan%29.jpg/220px-Band_Aid_poster_signed_by_Bob_Geldof_at_Acropole_Hotel%2C_Khartoum_%28Sudan%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Art Deco style entrance hall of the \"totally unassuming\" building[3] that used to house the Acropole until 1988, photographed in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FormerAcropoleHotelBuilding_Khartoum_Roman_Deckert25042018.jpg/220px-FormerAcropoleHotelBuilding_Khartoum_Roman_Deckert25042018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paper-set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AcropoleHotelKhartoum_PaperSet_RomanDeckert24062018.jpg/220px-AcropoleHotelKhartoum_PaperSet_RomanDeckert24062018.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Honorary Consulate of Greece at the Acropole","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AcropoleKhartoumHonoraryGreekConsulate_RomanDeckert24042018.jpg/220px-AcropoleKhartoumHonoraryGreekConsulate_RomanDeckert24042018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Exterior view of the Acropole in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/HotelAcropoleKhartoumSudan_RomanDeckert23022015.jpg/220px-HotelAcropoleKhartoumSudan_RomanDeckert23022015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thanasis (left) and George in 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/ThanasisAndGeorgePagoulatos-HotelAcropoleKhartoum_RomanDeckert29032016.jpg/220px-ThanasisAndGeorgePagoulatos-HotelAcropoleKhartoum_RomanDeckert29032016.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"ΔEΛHΓIΩPΓHΣ, ΣΤ. (August 3, 2012). \"Μια Ακρόπολη στην καρδιά του Σουδάν\". Espresso (in Greek). Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espressonews.gr/%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF/69065/%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85-%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD","url_text":"\"Μια Ακρόπολη στην καρδιά του Σουδάν\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan, C. R (May 15, 1995). \"Bed, Breakfast – And More – In Sudan\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/05/15/bed-breakfast-and-more-in-sudan/891b5406-d5f5-4ef0-ab39-ab030144d927/","url_text":"\"Bed, Breakfast – And More – In Sudan\""}]},{"reference":"Girardet, Edward (July 8, 1985). \"From Khartoum to Cape Town/An African Journey: Meet the Pagoulatoses and their hotel, the place to stay in Khartoum\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved June 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0708/okhart.html","url_text":"\"From Khartoum to Cape Town/An African Journey: Meet the Pagoulatoses and their hotel, the place to stay in Khartoum\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Robert D. (26 January 2021). The Good American: The Epic Life of Bob Gersony, the U.S. Government's Greatest Humanitarian. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 136–137. ISBN 9780525512325. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gl7VDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Emergency+palace+was+the+sobriquet+given+to+the+Acropole%22&pg=PA136","url_text":"The Good American: The Epic Life of Bob Gersony, the U.S. Government's Greatest Humanitarian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Random House Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525512325","url_text":"9780525512325"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Robert; Lobban, Richard; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan (4th ed.). Lanham / Toronto / Plymouth (UK): The Scarecrow Press. pp. 191–192. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"The Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6180-0","url_text":"978-0-8108-6180-0"}]},{"reference":"Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.). Athens. pp. viii, 105, 127, 144, 196. ISBN 978-618-82334-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-82334-5-4","url_text":"978-618-82334-5-4"}]},{"reference":"Makris, Gerasimos (November 2007). \"A PRISONER OF THE MAHDI – NICOLAS P. FROM SAMOS\" (PDF). Sudan Studies – Official Newsletter of the SUDAN STUDIES SOCIETY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 36: 13–27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sssuk.org/SS/SS36.pdf","url_text":"\"A PRISONER OF THE MAHDI – NICOLAS P. FROM SAMOS\""}]},{"reference":"Shahine, Alaa (November 7, 2008). \"Greek hotel a part of Khartoum modern history\". Reuters. Khartoum, Sudan. Retrieved February 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-hotel-idUSTRE4A65Z220081107","url_text":"\"Greek hotel a part of Khartoum modern history\""}]},{"reference":"Tagaris, Karolina (2023-04-28). \"War forces Greek family to shut storied Khartoum hotel\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/war-forces-greek-family-shut-storied-khartoum-hotel-2023-04-28/","url_text":"\"War forces Greek family to shut storied Khartoum hotel\""}]},{"reference":"Areti, Kotseli (July 21, 2012). \"Greek \"Acropole Hotel\" in the Heart of Sudan\". Greek Reporter World. Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://world.greekreporter.com/2012/07/21/greek-acropole-hotel-in-the-heart-of-sudan/","url_text":"\"Greek \"Acropole Hotel\" in the Heart of Sudan\""}]},{"reference":"Scroggins, Deborah (2011). Emma's War. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Robert David (2008). Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. New York City: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 185–187. ISBN 9781400034529. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U0o_6dGSTr8C&dq=%22Emergency+palace+was+the+sobriquet+given+to+the+Acropole%22&pg=PA186","url_text":"Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400034529","url_text":"9781400034529"}]},{"reference":"Capelli, Vanni (7 May 2023). \"Sudanese ghosts: Far-flung crises are never as distant as they seem\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230518225847/https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/insight/2023/05/07/sudan-khartoum-acropole/stories/202305070018","url_text":"\"Sudanese ghosts: Far-flung crises are never as distant as they seem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"},{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/insight/2023/05/07/sudan-khartoum-acropole/stories/202305070018","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baumann, Nick (May 2014). \"This American refused to become an FBI informant. Then the government made his family's life hell\". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2023-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/05/sudan-fbi-informant-naji-mansour-terrorism/","url_text":"\"This American refused to become an FBI informant. Then the government made his family's life hell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)","url_text":"Mother Jones"}]},{"reference":"Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2023-06-16). \"He Ran Sudan's Most Storied Hotel. Then He Had to Leave Everything Behind\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/16/world/africa/sudan-war-khartoum-acropole-hotel.html","url_text":"\"He Ran Sudan's Most Storied Hotel. Then He Had to Leave Everything Behind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Craig Harris, Lillian (July 2012). \"THE ACROPOLE HOTEL, KHARTOUM\" (PDF). Sudan Studies. 46: 23–36.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sssuk.org/drupalSite/sites/default/files/sudanStudies/SS46.pdf","url_text":"\"THE ACROPOLE HOTEL, KHARTOUM\""}]},{"reference":"Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1998). Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2,000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7103-0505-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi_CThWrKCAC&pg=PA15","url_text":"Dictionary of Modern Arab History: An A to Z of Over 2,000 Entries from 1798 to the Present Day"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0505-3","url_text":"978-0-7103-0505-3"}]},{"reference":"Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing. 1 August 1989. p. 8. 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Retrieved 2023-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008072639/http://www.bidoun.com/issues/issue_7/08_all.html","url_text":"\"Hotel Acropole Khartoum: A smile and a tea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidoun","url_text":"Bidoun"},{"url":"http://www.bidoun.com/issues/issue_7/08_all.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Theroux, Paul (2004). Dark Star Safari: Overland from Cairo to Cape Town. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 56. ISBN 9780618446872. Acropole Hotel khartoum.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/darkstarsafariov00ther","url_text":"Dark Star Safari: Overland from Cairo to Cape Town"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/darkstarsafariov00ther/page/56","url_text":"56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780618446872","url_text":"9780618446872"}]},{"reference":"Luciani, Silvia (2013). A Journey through Sudan. Blue Grange. p. 33. ISBN 9781291585513.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ndz3BQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Acropole+Hotel%22+khartoum&pg=PA33","url_text":"A Journey through Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291585513","url_text":"9781291585513"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Mike (2014). Even The Dead Are Coming: A Memoir of Sudan. New York: Broad Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hotel Acropole Khartoum: A smile and a tea\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2007-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008072639/http://www.bidoun.com/issues/issue_7/08_all.html","url_text":"\"Hotel Acropole Khartoum: A smile and a tea\""},{"url":"http://www.bidoun.com/issues/issue_7/08_all.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Serious Endeavours to Reopen Greece Embassy in Khartoum\". Sudan Vision. 28 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190220023027/http://www.grcsudan.org/newz/550-serious-endeavours-to-reopen-greece-embassy-in-khartoum","url_text":"\"Serious Endeavours to Reopen Greece Embassy in Khartoum\""},{"url":"http://www.grcsudan.org/newz/550-serious-endeavours-to-reopen-greece-embassy-in-khartoum","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Soudan\". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved June 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/soudan/","url_text":"\"Soudan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naga Museum in Sudan | David Chipperfield\". MODERNi. 31 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://moderni.co/naga-museum-in-sudan-david-chipperfield/","url_text":"\"Naga Museum in Sudan | David Chipperfield\""}]},{"reference":"Alberizzi, Massimo A. (2022-07-02). \"George Pagulatos, il greco icona di Khartoum per i giornalisti, proprietario e manager dell'affascinante Hotel Acropole ci ha lasciato\". Africa Express: notizie dal continente dimenticato (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africa-express.info/2022/07/02/george-pagulatos-licona-di-khartoum-per-i-giornalisti-ci-ha-lasciato/","url_text":"\"George Pagulatos, il greco icona di Khartoum per i giornalisti, proprietario e manager dell'affascinante Hotel Acropole ci ha lasciato\""}]},{"reference":"Gold, Henry (2022-07-07). \"George Pagoulatos: An Appreciation\". TDA Global Cycling. Retrieved 2022-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://tdaglobalcycling.com/2022/07/george-pagoulatos-an-appreciation/","url_text":"\"George Pagoulatos: An Appreciation\""}]},{"reference":"Dörries, Bernd. \"Hotelier George Pagoulatos aus Khartum: Ein filmreifes Leben\". Süddeutsche.de (in German). 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Retrieved 2023-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/sudan-conflict-army-says-it-is-willing-to-extend-ceasefire-amid-plans-for-talks","url_text":"\"Sudan conflict: renewed clashes raise fears ceasefire will not be extended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"al-Karib, Hala (2023-05-03). \"How years of impunity gave Sudan's generals licence to destroy my country\". The New Humanitarian. Retrieved 2023-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/first-person/2023/05/03/impunity-sudan-licence-to-destroy-my-country","url_text":"\"How years of impunity gave Sudan's generals licence to destroy my country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian","url_text":"The New Humanitarian"}]},{"reference":"Lemos, Rennan (2023-11-10). \"Where do angels live? In hell. My escape from the war in Sudan\". Medium. Retrieved 2023-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@rennanlemos/where-do-angels-live-in-hell-my-escape-from-war-in-sudan-f4b5aeeb0edd","url_text":"\"Where do angels live? In hell. My escape from the war in Sudan\""}]},{"reference":"Lindijer, Koert (2023-04-29). \"Het beste hotel van Afrika, het Acropole in Khartoem, is verwoest\". NRC (in Dutch). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmeriKKKa%27s_Nightmare
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AmeriKKKa's Nightmare
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["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Charts","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","3.3 Singles","4 Certifications","5 References","6 External links"]
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Not to be confused with Amerikaz Nightmare or All American Nightmare.
1994 studio album by Spice 1AmeriKKKa's NightmareStudio album by Spice 1ReleasedNovember 22, 1994GenreHip hopLength66:20LabelJiveProducerAnt Banks, Battlecat, Blackjack, Chaz Hayes (exec.), DJ Slip, Spice 1Spice 1 chronology
187 He Wrote(1993)
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare(1994)
1990-Sick(1995)
Singles from AmeriKKKa's Nightmare
"Strap on the Side"Released: October 31, 1994
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare is the third studio album by American rapper Spice 1, released November 22, 1994, on Jive Records. The album was produced by Ant Banks, Battlecat, Blackjack, DJ Slip and Spice 1. It peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 22 on the Billboard 200. One single, "Strap on the Side", peaked at number 74 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. This album is considered by many to be his most influential album, as well as containing guest appearances from major artists such as E-40, 2Pac, Method Man, and 187 Fac. The album was certified gold by the RIAA.
Along with singles, music videos were released for two songs: "Strap on the Side" (featuring a cameo appearance by 2Pac), and "Face of a Desperate Man" (featuring a cameo appearance by G-Nut).
"Nigga Sings the Blues", was originally heard in the film, Jason's Lyric, and was also released on the film's soundtrack.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Allmusic - "...AmeriKKKa's Nightmare appealed to hip-hoppers who had been savoring Dr. Dre's The Chronic in 1994...the CD manages to hold attention thanks to Spice's appealing flow (his rhyming skills are solid, to be sure) and the very Dre-ish produced tracks..."
Track listing
#
Title
Producer
Time
Samples
1
"D-Boyz Got Love for Me" (feat. E-40)
Blackjack
5:04
2
"Face of a Desperate Man"
Ant Banks
4:53
*"The Memory" by Roy Ayers Ubiquity
3
"Strap on the Side"
Blackjack
4:47
*"Cuttin' It Up" by L.T.D.
4
"Jealous Got Me Strapped" (feat. 2Pac)
Blackjack
4:36
5
"Tell Me What That Mail Like"
Blackjack
4:04
6
"Doncha Runaway"
Ant Banks
4:56
*"You Can't Run Away" by Bar-Kays
7
"Hard to Kill" (feat. Method Man)
Blackjack
4:07
8
"Nigga Sings the Blues (BLACKJACK's Version)"
Blackjack
3:19
9
"You Can Get the Gat for That"
Spice 1
4:18
*"Synthetic Substitution" by Melvin Bliss
10
"Bustas Can't See Me"
Battlecat
4:25
*"More Bounce to the Ounce" by Zapp
11
"Murder Ain't Crazy"
Blackjack
4:36
12
"Stickin' to the 'G' Code"
DJ Slip
3:47
*"Mr. Groove" by One Way
13
"Give the 'G' a Gat" (feat. G-Nut)
Ant Banks
5:30
14
"Three Strikes"
Blackjack
4:30
15
"You Done Fucked Up"
Ant Banks
3:10
*"Yolanda" by Bobby Bland
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (1994)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
22
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (1995)
Position
US Billboard 200
165
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
31
Singles
Song
Chart (1994)
Peakposition
"Strap on the Side"
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
74
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ ((( AmeriKKKa's Nightmare > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums ))). All Media Guide, LLC. Retrieved on January 8, 2010.
^ a b ((( AmeriKKKa's Nightmare > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ))). All Media Guide, LLC. Retrieved on January 8, 2010.
^ "Spice 1 - Strap On The Side". YouTube. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
^ "Spice 1 - Face Of A Desperate Man". YouTube. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
^ a b Henderson, Alex. Review: AmeriKKKa's Nightmare. Allmusic. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.
^ "Spice 1, TLP". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "Spice 1, BLP". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1995". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 1995". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "American album certifications – Spice 1 – AmeriKKKa's Nightmare". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
External links
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare at Allmusic
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare at Discogs
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare at MusicBrainz
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare at Tower Records
vteSpice 1Studio albums
Let It Be Known
Spice 1
187 He Wrote
AmeriKKKa's Nightmare
1990-Sick
The Black Bossalini
Immortalized
The Last Dance
Spiceberg Slim
The Ridah
Collaborations
Criminal Activity (with Criminalz)
The Pioneers (with MC Eiht)
Compilations
Hits
The Playa Rich Project
Hits II
The Playa Rich Project 2
Hits 3
Thug Disease
Life After Jive
Singles
"Welcome to the Ghetto"
"The Murda Show"
"Dumpin' Em in Ditches"
"Strap on the Side"
"1990-Sick (Get 'Em All)"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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|
[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Great_Epics
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Five Great Epics
|
["1 Collection","2 Theme and contents","2.1 Cilappatikāram","2.2 Manimekalai","2.3 Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi","2.4 Kundalakesi","2.5 Vaḷaiyāpati","3 Style","4 Five minor Tamil epics","5 Historiography","5.1 Criticism and comparison","6 Popular culture","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References"]
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This article is about Tamil literature. For Greek literature, see Epic cycle. For Meitei literature, see Epic cycles of incarnations.
Commentary on Silappathikaram
Tamil epic poems
Topics in Tamil literature
Sangam Literature
Five Great Epics
Silappatikaram
Manimekalai
Civaka Cintamani
Valayapathi
Kundalakesi
The Five Minor Epics
Neelakesi
Culamani
Naga Kumara Kaviyam
Udayana Kumara Kaviyam
Yashodhara Kaviyam
Bhakti Literature
Naalayira Divya Prabandham
Kamba Ramayanam
Tevaram
Tirumurai
Tamil people
Sangam
Sangam landscape
Tamil history from Sangam literature
Ancient Tamil music
edit
The Five Great Epics (Tamil: ஐம்பெரும்காப்பியங்கள் Aimperumkāppiyaṅkaḷ) are five Tamil epics according to later Tamil literary tradition. They are Silappatikāram, Manimekalai, Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi.
Three of the five great epics of Tamil literature are attributed to Tamil Jains, while two are attributed to Tamil Buddhists. Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, Cilappathikāram, and Valayapathi were written by Tamil Jains, while Manimekalai and Kundalakesi were authored by Buddhists. The first mention of the Aimperumkappiyam (lit. Five large epics) occurs in Mayilainathar's commentary of Nannūl. However, Mayilainathar does not mention their titles. The titles are first mentioned in the late-18th-to-early-19th-century work Thiruthanikaiula. Earlier works like the 17th-century poem Tamil vidu thoothu mention the great epics as Panchkavyams. Among these, the last two, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi are not extant.
These five epics were written over a period of 5th to 10th century CE and act and provide historical information about the society, religions, culture and academic life of Tamil people over that period. Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi introduced long verses called virutha pa in Tamil literature, while Cilappatikāram used akaval meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature.
Collection
No
Name
Author
Date
1
Cilappatikāram
Ilango Adigal (tamil pulavar)
5th or 6th century CE
2
Manimekalai
Sīthalai Sāttanār (tamil pulavar)
after Cilappatikaram, 6th or 7th century
3
Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
Tirutakkatevar (tamil pulavar)
early 10th century
4
Valayapathi
An unknown pulavar
10th century
5
Kundalakesi
Nadakuthanar
c. 10th century
Theme and contents
Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.
Cilappatikāram
Cilappatikāram also referred to as Silappathikaram or Silappatikaram, is the earliest Tamil epic. It is a poem of 5,730 lines in almost entirely akaval (aciriyam) meter and is a tragic love story of a wealthy couple, Kannaki and her husband Kovalan. It is set in Poompuhar a seaport city of the early Chola kingdom. Kannaki and Kovalan are a newly married couple, blissfully in love. Over time, Kovalan meets Madhavi – a courtesan and falls for her, leaves Kannaki and moves in with Madhavi. He spends lavishly on her. Kannaki is heartbroken, but as the chaste woman, she waits despite her husband's unfaithfulness. During the festival for Indra, the rain god, there is a poem recital competition. Kovalan recites a poem about a woman who hurt her lover. Madhavi then recites a song about a man who betrayed his lover. Each debated on what is the chasity? and how a woman should be treating her husband. Each interprets the song as a message to the other. Kovalan feels Madhavi is unfaithful to him, leaves her, returns to Kannaki. Kovalan is poor, they move to Madurai, and try to restart their life. Kannaki gives him one from her pair of jeweled anklets to sell and raise capital. Kovalan sells it to a merchant who grows suspicious of the stranger and falsely accuses of theft of the queen' jeweled anklet which is also missing. The king orders his execution, hurrying the checks and processes of justice. Kannaki learns what has happened. She protests the injustice and then proves Kovalan's innocence by breaking the remaining anklet of the pair in the court . The king accepts his mistake. Kannaki curses the king and the people of Madurai, tears off her left breast and throws it at the gathered public. The king dies of heartbreak and the city of Madurai is burnt to the ground. In the third section of the epic, gods and goddesses meet Kannaki and she goes to heaven with god Indra. The royal family of the Chera kingdom learns about her, resolves to build a temple with Kannaki as the featured goddess. They go to the Himalayas, bring a stone, carve her image, call her goddess Pattini, dedicate a temple, order daily prayers, and perform a royal sacrifice.
Manimekalai
Manimekalai, also spelled Manimekhalai or Manimegalai, Manimekalai, is a Tamil epic composed by Kulavāṇikaṉ Cittalaic Cātaṉār probably around the 6th century. It is a Buddhist "anti-love" sequel to the Cilappatikaram, with some characters from it and their next generation. The epic consists of 4,861 lines in akaval meter, arranged in 30 cantos. Manimekalai is the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi, who follows in her mother's footsteps as a dancer and a Buddhist nun. The epic tells her story. Her physical beauty and artistic achievements seduces the Chola prince Udhayakumara. He pursues her. She, a nun of Mahayana Buddhism persuasion, is committed to free herself from human ties. She rejects his advances, yet finds herself drawn to him. She hides, prays and seeks the help of her mother, her Buddhist teacher Aravana Adikal and angels. They teach her Buddhist mantras to free herself from fears. One angel helps her magically disappear to an island while the prince tries to chase her, grants her powers to change forms and appear as someone else. On the island, she receives a magic begging bowl. Later, she takes the form and dress of a married woman in the neighborhood, as the prince pursues her. The husband sees the prince tease her, and protects "his wife" – Manimekalai-in-hiding – by killing the prince. The king and queen learn of their son's death, order the arrest of Manimekalai, arrange a henchman to kill her. Angels intervene and Manimekalai miraculously disappears as others approach her, again. The queen understands and repents. Manimekalai is set free. Manimekalai converts the prison into a hospice to help the needy, teaches the king the dharma of the Buddha. In the final five cantos of the epic, Buddhist teachers recite main doctrines of Buddhism. She goes to goddess Kannaki temple in Vanci (Chera kingdom), prays, listens to different religious scholars, and practices severe self-denial to attain Nirvana (release from rebirths).
Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, an epic of the 10th century CE was written by Thiruthakka Thevar, a Jain monk. The epic is organized into 13 cantos and contains 3,145 quatrains in viruttam poetic meter. It narrates a supernatural fantasy story of a prince who is the perfect master of all arts, perfect warrior and perfect lover with numerous wives. The epic begins with the story of a treacherous coup, where the king helps his pregnant queen escape in a peacock-shaped air machine but is himself killed. The queen gives birth to a boy. She hands him over to a loyal servant to raise and becomes a nun herself. The boy grows up into a super-human man perfect in every art, every skill, every field of knowledge. He excels in war and peace, kills his enemies, wins over and marries every pretty girl he meets, then regains the kingdom his father had lost. After enjoying power, sex and begetting many sons with his numerous wives, he renounces the world and becomes a Jain ascetic.
Kundalakesi
The Kundalakesi epic has partially survived into the modern age in fragments, such as in commentaries written centuries later. From these fragments, it appears to be a tragic love story about a Hindu or Jain girl of merchant caste named Kundalakesi who falls in love with Kalan – a Buddhist criminal on a death sentence. The girl's rich merchant father gets the criminal pardoned and freed, the girl marries him. Over time, their love fades and they start irritating each other. During an argument, Kundalakesi reminds him of his criminal past which angers Kalan. A few days later, he invites her to a hike up a hill. When they reach the top, he tells her that he will now kill her. The wife requests that he let circum-ambulate him – her husband – three times like a god, before her death and he agrees. When she is behind him, she pushes her husband over into the valley below and kills him. She feels remorse for her actions and pines for the boy she once fell in love with and married. She meets teachers of various religious traditions, adopts Buddhism, renounces and becomes a nun, then achieves Nirvana.
Vaḷaiyāpati
Vaḷaiyāpati is another lost work, that has survived in fragments as quoted in other Tamil texts. There is no actual story for Vaḷaiyāpati or Valayapathi. The story that is popularly spread in books and internet has no connection with the poem or its core moral. Through some misinterpreted oral and written traditions Vaḷaiyāpati poem got a story and no one has challenged it yet. According, to the mytical story - It is a story of a father known as Navakodi Narayanan who has two wives, abandons his second wife from lower caste who gives birth to their son, and the son grows up and seeks his real father. The available content and the commentaries that mention Valayapathi, suggest that it was partly a jain text that disputed and criticized other Indian religions, that it supported the ideologies found in early Jainism, such as asceticism, horrors at meat consumption, and monastic aversion to women. It is therefore "almost certain" to be a Jain epic, written by a Jain ascetic, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar. However, the substantial sections on Shaivism have led to uncertainty.
Style
The great Tamil commentator Atiyarkkunallar (12th–13th century CE) wrote that poems were of two kinds – Col thodar nilai ceyyuḷ (சொல் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்) or poems connected by virtue of their formal properties and Poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ (பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்) or poems connected by virtue of content that forms a unity. Cilappatikāram, the Tamil epic is defined by Atiyarkkunallar as Iyal icai nāṭaka poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ (இயல் இசை நாடக பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்), poems connected by virtue of content that unites with elements of poetry, music and drama. Such stanzas are defined as kāvya and kappiyam in Tamil. In Mayilainathar's commentary (14th century CE) on the grammar Nannūl, there is the first mention of aimperumkappiyam, the five great epics of Tamil literature.
Each one of these epics have long cantos, like in Cilappatikāram, which has 30 referred as monologues sung by any character in the story or by an outsider as his own monologue related to the dialogues he has known or witnessed. It has 25 cantos composed in akaval meter, used in most poems in Sangam literature. The alternative for this meter is called aicirucappu (verse of teachers) associated with verse composed in learned circles. Akaval is a derived form of verb akavu which means "to call" or "beckon". Cilappatikāram is an example of the claim that folk songs institutionalised literary culture with the best-maintained cultures root back to folk origin. Manimekalai is an epic in ahaval metre and is noted for its simple and elegant style of description of natural scenery. Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi is one of the earliest works of Tamil literature in long verses called virutha pa.
Five minor Tamil epics
Similar to the five great epics, Tamil literary tradition classifies five more works as Ainchirukappiyangal (Tamil: ஐஞ்சிறுகாப்பியங்கள்) or five minor epics. The five lesser Tamil epics are Neelakesi, Naga kumara kaviyam, Udhyana kumara Kaviyam, Yasodhara Kaviyam and Culamani.
Historiography
U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942 CE) resurrected the first three epics from neglect and wanton destruction of centuries. He reprinted the literature present in the palm leaf form to paper books. Ramaswami Mudaliar, a Tamil scholar first gave him the palm leaves of Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi to study. Swaminatha Iyer faced difficulties in interpretation, missing leaves, textual errors and unfamiliar terms. He set for journeys to remote villages in search of the manuscripts. After years of toil, he published Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi in book form in 1887 CE followed by Cilappatikāram in 1892 CE and Manimekalai in 1898 CE. Along with the text, he added much commentary and explanatory notes of terms, textual variations and context.
Criticism and comparison
Statue of Kannagi at Chennai Marina Beach.
"After the last line of a poem, nothing follows except literary criticism," observes Iḷaṅkō in Cilappatikāram. The postscript invites readers to review the work. the five poems are criticized for being unfamiliar and difficult to understand. To some critics, Maṇimēkalai is more interesting than Cilappatikāram, but in literary evaluation, it seems inferior. The story of Maṇimēkalai with all its superficial elements seems to be of lesser interest to the author whose aim was pointed toward spread of Buddhism. In the former, ethics and religious are artistic, while in the latter reverse is the case. Maṇimēkalai criticizes Jainism and preaches the ideals of Buddhism, and human interest is diluted in supernatural features. The narration in akaval meter moves on in Maṇimēkalai without the relief of any lyric, which are the main features of Cilappatikāram. Maṇimēkalai in puritan terms is not an epic poem, but a grave disquisition on philosophy.
There are effusions in Cilappatikāram in the form of a song or a dance, which does not go well with the Western audience as they are assessed to be inspired on the spur of the moment. Calcutta review claims that the three works on a whole have no plot and insufficient length characterization for an epic genre. They believe plot of Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi is monotonous and deficient in variety in strength and character and does not stand the quality of an epic.
Popular culture
There have been multiple movies based on Silappathikaram. The most famous is the portrayal of Kannagi by actress Kannamba in the 1942 Tamil movie Kannagi with P.U. Chinnappa as Kovalan. The movie faithfully follows the story of Silappathikaram and was a hit when it was released. The movie Poompuhar, penned by M. Karunanidhi, is also based on Silapathikaram. There are multiple dance dramas as well by some of the exponents of Bharatanatyam (a South Indian dance form) in Tamil as most of the verses of Silappathikaram can be set to music.
Maṇimēkalai has been shot as a teleserial in Doordarshan.
See also
Tamil literature
Notes
^ a b Mukherjee 1999, p. 277.
^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 73.
^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, p. 115.
^ Das 2005, p. 80.
^ a b Datta 2004, p. 720.
^ a b Rosen, Elizabeth S. (1975). "Prince Ilango Adigal, Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet), translated by Alain Damelou. Review". Artibus Asiae. 37 (1/2): 148–150. doi:10.2307/3250226. JSTOR 3250226.
^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 174–176.
^ Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 5–6.
^ Zvelebil 1974, pp. 140–142.
^ a b c d Zvelebil 1974, pp. 136–137.
^ a b c d Zvelebil 1992, pp. 73–75.
^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 69–70.
^ Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 1–6, backpage.
^ a b c d e f g Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 2–5.
^ E.T. Jacob-Pandian (1977). K Ishwaran (ed.). Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977. Brill Academic. pp. 56–59. ISBN 90-04-04926-6.
^ Zvelebil 1974, pp. 140–141.
^ Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993.
^ a b c Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993, pp. xxi–xxiv.
^ a b c d e Zvelebil 1974, p. 141.
^ David Shulman 2016, pp. 176–182.
^ David Shulman 2016, pp. 176–178.
^ a b Zvelebil 1992, p. 71.
^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 70.
^ a b c d Zvelebil 1974, p. 142.
^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 73–74.
^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, pp. 132–134.
^ a b c Zvelebil 1974, p. 130.
^ Purnalingam Pillai 1904, p. 69.
^ Zvelebil 1974, p. 131.
^ a b Pollock 2003, p. 295.
^ Purnalingam Pillai 1904, p. 68.
^ Parmeshwaranand 2001, p. 1151.
^ a b c d e Lal 2001, pp. 4255–4256.
^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, p. 194.
^ a b c University of Calcutta 1906, pp. 426–427
^ Panicker 2003, p. 7.
^ "Kannagi (1942) – Overview – MSN Movies". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
References
Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). A history of Indian literature, 500–1399: from courtly to the popular. chennai: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-2171-3.
Datta, Amaresh (2004). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One) (A to Devo), Volume 1. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 9788126018031.
Datta, Amaresh; Sāhitya Akādemī (2005). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-374-1.
Lal, Mohan (2001). The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five) (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-1221-8.
Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited. ISBN 81-250-1453-5.
Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of art, architecture, and Buddhist literature in ancient India. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-226-8.
Manimekhalai: the dancer with the magic bowl, translated by Alain Danielou, Penguin Books, 1993, ISBN 9780811210980
Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil literature: a study of characters and nature, 200 B.C. to 500 A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banaridass Publishers Private Limited. ISBN 81-208-1215-8.
Panicker, K. Ayyappa (2003). A Primer of Tamil Literature. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 81-207-2502-6.
Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1904). A Primer of Tamil Literature. Madras: Ananda Press.
Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.
Richman, Paula (2003). "Cīttalai Cāttanār, Manimekhalai". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume IX: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 457–462, with notes on 610–612.
Pollock, Sheldon I. (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.
Parthasarathy, R. (1993), The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-07849-8
Sen, Sailendra Nath (1988). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International(P) Limited Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-226-3.
David Shulman (2016). Tamil: A Biography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97465-4.
Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.
Eva Maria Wilden (2014). Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-035276-4.
Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
Zvelebil, Kamil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrasowitz. ISBN 3-447-01582-9.
Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"},{"link_name":"Greek literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literature"},{"link_name":"Epic cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_cycle"},{"link_name":"Meitei literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_literature"},{"link_name":"Epic cycles of incarnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_cycles_of_incarnations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adiyarkku-nallar_commentary_on_Silappathikaram_page_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Silappatikāram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silappatikaram"},{"link_name":"Manimekalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimekalai"},{"link_name":"Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i"},{"link_name":"Valayapathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valayapathi"},{"link_name":"Kundalakesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalakesi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1999277-1"},{"link_name":"Tamil Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Jain"},{"link_name":"Tamil Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i"},{"link_name":"Cilappathikāram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silappatikaram"},{"link_name":"Valayapathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valayapathi"},{"link_name":"Tamil Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Jain"},{"link_name":"Manimekalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manimekalai"},{"link_name":"Kundalakesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalakesi"},{"link_name":"Nannūl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994115-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas200580-4"},{"link_name":"Tamil people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta2004720-5"},{"link_name":"Sangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Sangams"}],"text":"This article is about Tamil literature. For Greek literature, see Epic cycle. For Meitei literature, see Epic cycles of incarnations.Commentary on SilappathikaramTamil epic poemsThe Five Great Epics (Tamil: ஐம்பெரும்காப்பியங்கள் Aimperumkāppiyaṅkaḷ) are five Tamil epics according to later Tamil literary tradition. They are Silappatikāram, Manimekalai, Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi.[1]Three of the five great epics of Tamil literature are attributed to Tamil Jains, while two are attributed to Tamil Buddhists. Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, Cilappathikāram, and Valayapathi were written by Tamil Jains, while Manimekalai and Kundalakesi were authored by Buddhists. The first mention of the Aimperumkappiyam (lit. Five large epics) occurs in Mayilainathar's commentary of Nannūl. However, Mayilainathar does not mention their titles. The titles are first mentioned in the late-18th-to-early-19th-century work Thiruthanikaiula. Earlier works like the 17th-century poem Tamil vidu thoothu mention the great epics as Panchkavyams.[2][3] Among these, the last two, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi are not extant.[4]These five epics were written over a period of 5th to 10th century CE and act and provide historical information about the society, religions, culture and academic life of Tamil people over that period. Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi introduced long verses called virutha pa in Tamil literature,[5] while Cilappatikāram used akaval meter (monologue), a style adopted from Sangam literature.","title":"Five Great Epics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puhar-ILango.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilango Adigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilango_Adigal"},{"link_name":"Tamil literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosen1975-6"}],"text":"Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.[6]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19931%E2%80%936,_backpage-13"},{"link_name":"Poompuhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poompuhar"},{"link_name":"early Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cholas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jp1977-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935-14"}],"sub_title":"Cilappatikāram","text":"Cilappatikāram also referred to as Silappathikaram or Silappatikaram, is the earliest Tamil epic. It is a poem of 5,730 lines in almost entirely akaval (aciriyam) meter and is a tragic love story of a wealthy couple, Kannaki and her husband Kovalan.[13] It is set in Poompuhar a seaport city of the early Chola kingdom. Kannaki and Kovalan are a newly married couple, blissfully in love.[14] Over time, Kovalan meets Madhavi – a courtesan and falls for her, leaves Kannaki and moves in with Madhavi. He spends lavishly on her. Kannaki is heartbroken, but as the chaste woman, she waits despite her husband's unfaithfulness. During the festival for Indra, the rain god, there is a poem recital competition.[14] Kovalan recites a poem about a woman who hurt her lover. Madhavi then recites a song about a man who betrayed his lover. Each debated on what is the chasity? and how a woman should be treating her husband. Each interprets the song as a message to the other. Kovalan feels Madhavi is unfaithful to him, leaves her, returns to Kannaki.[14] Kovalan is poor, they move to Madurai, and try to restart their life. Kannaki gives him one from her pair of jeweled anklets to sell and raise capital.[14] Kovalan sells it to a merchant who grows suspicious of the stranger and falsely accuses of theft of the queen' jeweled anklet which is also missing. The king orders his execution, hurrying the checks and processes of justice.[14][15] Kannaki learns what has happened. She protests the injustice and then proves Kovalan's innocence by breaking the remaining anklet of the pair in the court . The king accepts his mistake. Kannaki curses the king and the people of Madurai, tears off her left breast and throws it at the gathered public. The king dies of heartbreak and the city of Madurai is burnt to the ground.[14] In the third section of the epic, gods and goddesses meet Kannaki and she goes to heaven with god Indra. The royal family of the Chera kingdom learns about her, resolves to build a temple with Kannaki as the featured goddess. They go to the Himalayas, bring a stone, carve her image, call her goddess Pattini, dedicate a temple, order daily prayers, and perform a royal sacrifice.[14]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cilappatikaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilappatikaram"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974140%E2%80%93141-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141-19"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv-18"},{"link_name":"Kannaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannaki"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141-19"}],"sub_title":"Manimekalai","text":"Manimekalai, also spelled Manimekhalai or Manimegalai, Manimekalai, is a Tamil epic composed by Kulavāṇikaṉ Cittalaic Cātaṉār probably around the 6th century. It is a Buddhist \"anti-love\" sequel to the Cilappatikaram, with some characters from it and their next generation.[16] The epic consists of 4,861 lines in akaval meter, arranged in 30 cantos. Manimekalai is the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi, who follows in her mother's footsteps as a dancer and a Buddhist nun.[17] The epic tells her story. Her physical beauty and artistic achievements seduces the Chola prince Udhayakumara.[18] He pursues her. She, a nun of Mahayana Buddhism persuasion, is committed to free herself from human ties. She rejects his advances, yet finds herself drawn to him.[19] She hides, prays and seeks the help of her mother, her Buddhist teacher Aravana Adikal and angels. They teach her Buddhist mantras to free herself from fears. One angel helps her magically disappear to an island while the prince tries to chase her, grants her powers to change forms and appear as someone else. On the island, she receives a magic begging bowl. Later, she takes the form and dress of a married woman in the neighborhood, as the prince pursues her.[19] The husband sees the prince tease her, and protects \"his wife\" – Manimekalai-in-hiding – by killing the prince. The king and queen learn of their son's death, order the arrest of Manimekalai, arrange a henchman to kill her. Angels intervene and Manimekalai miraculously disappears as others approach her, again. The queen understands and repents. Manimekalai is set free. Manimekalai converts the prison into a hospice to help the needy, teaches the king the dharma of the Buddha.[18] In the final five cantos of the epic, Buddhist teachers recite main doctrines of Buddhism. She goes to goddess Kannaki temple in Vanci (Chera kingdom), prays, listens to different religious scholars, and practices severe self-denial to attain Nirvana (release from rebirths).[18][19]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Shulman2016176%E2%80%93182-20"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137-10"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Shulman2016176%E2%80%93178-21"}],"sub_title":"Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi","text":"Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi, an epic of the 10th century CE was written by Thiruthakka Thevar, a Jain monk. The epic is organized into 13 cantos and contains 3,145 quatrains in viruttam poetic meter. It narrates a supernatural fantasy story of a prince who is the perfect master of all arts, perfect warrior and perfect lover with numerous wives.[10][20] The epic begins with the story of a treacherous coup, where the king helps his pregnant queen escape in a peacock-shaped air machine but is himself killed. The queen gives birth to a boy. She hands him over to a loyal servant to raise and becomes a nun herself.[10] The boy grows up into a super-human man perfect in every art, every skill, every field of knowledge. He excels in war and peace, kills his enemies, wins over and marries every pretty girl he meets, then regains the kingdom his father had lost. After enjoying power, sex and begetting many sons with his numerous wives, he renounces the world and becomes a Jain ascetic.[10][21]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199271-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199270-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199271-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142-24"}],"sub_title":"Kundalakesi","text":"The Kundalakesi epic has partially survived into the modern age in fragments, such as in commentaries written centuries later. From these fragments, it appears to be a tragic love story about a Hindu[22] or Jain[23] girl of merchant caste named Kundalakesi who falls in love with Kalan – a Buddhist criminal on a death sentence.[24] The girl's rich merchant father gets the criminal pardoned and freed, the girl marries him. Over time, their love fades and they start irritating each other. During an argument, Kundalakesi reminds him of his criminal past which angers Kalan. A few days later, he invites her to a hike up a hill.[24] When they reach the top, he tells her that he will now kill her. The wife requests that he let circum-ambulate him – her husband – three times like a god, before her death and he agrees. When she is behind him, she pushes her husband over into the valley below and kills him. She feels remorse for her actions and pines for the boy she once fell in love with and married. She meets teachers of various religious traditions, adopts Buddhism, renounces and becomes a nun, then achieves Nirvana.[22][24]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9374-25"},{"link_name":"jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994132%E2%80%93134-26"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375-11"}],"sub_title":"Vaḷaiyāpati","text":"Vaḷaiyāpati is another lost work, that has survived in fragments as quoted in other Tamil texts. There is no actual story for Vaḷaiyāpati or Valayapathi. The story that is popularly spread in books and internet has no connection with the poem or its core moral. Through some misinterpreted oral and written traditions Vaḷaiyāpati poem got a story and no one has challenged it yet. According, to the mytical story - It is a story of a father known as Navakodi Narayanan who has two wives, abandons his second wife from lower caste who gives birth to their son, and the son grows up and seeks his real father.[25] The available content and the commentaries that mention Valayapathi, suggest that it was partly a jain text that disputed and criticized other Indian religions,[26] that it supported the ideologies found in early Jainism, such as asceticism, horrors at meat consumption, and monastic aversion to women.[11] It is therefore \"almost certain\" to be a Jain epic, written by a Jain ascetic, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.[11] However, the substantial sections on Shaivism have led to uncertainty.[11]","title":"Theme and contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai190469-28"},{"link_name":"kāvya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81vya"},{"link_name":"Nannūl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974131-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2003295-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2003295-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai190468-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta2004720-5"}],"text":"The great Tamil commentator Atiyarkkunallar (12th–13th century CE) wrote that poems were of two kinds – Col thodar nilai ceyyuḷ (சொல் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்) or poems connected by virtue of their formal properties and Poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ (பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்) or poems connected by virtue of content that forms a unity.[27] Cilappatikāram, the Tamil epic is defined by Atiyarkkunallar as Iyal icai nāṭaka poruḷ toṭar nilai ceyyuḷ (இயல் இசை நாடக பொருள் தொடர் நிலை செய்யுள்), poems connected by virtue of content that unites with elements of poetry, music and drama.[27][28] Such stanzas are defined as kāvya and kappiyam in Tamil. In Mayilainathar's commentary (14th century CE) on the grammar Nannūl, there is the first mention of aimperumkappiyam, the five great epics of Tamil literature.[27]Each one of these epics have long cantos, like in Cilappatikāram, which has 30 referred as monologues sung by any character in the story or by an outsider as his own monologue related to the dialogues he has known or witnessed.[29] It has 25 cantos composed in akaval meter, used in most poems in Sangam literature. The alternative for this meter is called aicirucappu (verse of teachers) associated with verse composed in learned circles.[30] Akaval is a derived form of verb akavu which means \"to call\" or \"beckon\". Cilappatikāram is an example of the claim that folk songs institutionalised literary culture with the best-maintained cultures root back to folk origin.[30] Manimekalai is an epic in ahaval metre and is noted for its simple and elegant style of description of natural scenery.[31] Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi is one of the earliest works of Tamil literature in long verses called virutha pa.[5]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Neelakesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelakesi"},{"link_name":"Naga kumara kaviyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naga_kumara_kaviyam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Udhyana kumara Kaviyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udhyana_kumara_Kaviyam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yasodhara Kaviyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yasodhara_Kaviyam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Culamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culamani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1999277-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand20011151-32"}],"text":"Similar to the five great epics, Tamil literary tradition classifies five more works as Ainchirukappiyangal (Tamil: ஐஞ்சிறுகாப்பியங்கள்) or five minor epics. The five lesser Tamil epics are Neelakesi, Naga kumara kaviyam, Udhyana kumara Kaviyam, Yasodhara Kaviyam and Culamani.[1][32]","title":"Five minor Tamil epics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U. V. Swaminatha Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U._V._Swaminatha_Iyer"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994194-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256-33"}],"text":"U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942 CE) resurrected the first three epics from neglect and wanton destruction of centuries.[33] He reprinted the literature present in the palm leaf form to paper books.[34] Ramaswami Mudaliar, a Tamil scholar first gave him the palm leaves of Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi to study.[33] Swaminatha Iyer faced difficulties in interpretation, missing leaves, textual errors and unfamiliar terms.[33] He set for journeys to remote villages in search of the manuscripts. After years of toil, he published Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi in book form in 1887 CE followed by Cilappatikāram in 1892 CE and Manimekalai in 1898 CE.[33] Along with the text, he added much commentary and explanatory notes of terms, textual variations and context.[33]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Kannagi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kannagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannagi_(Tamil_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Marina Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Beach"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142-24"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cal-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanicker20037-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cal-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cal-35"}],"sub_title":"Criticism and comparison","text":"Statue of Kannagi at Chennai Marina Beach.\"After the last line of a poem, nothing follows except literary criticism,\" observes Iḷaṅkō in Cilappatikāram. The postscript invites readers to review the work. the five poems are criticized for being unfamiliar and difficult to understand. To some critics, Maṇimēkalai is more interesting than Cilappatikāram, but in literary evaluation, it seems inferior.[19] The story of Maṇimēkalai with all its superficial elements seems to be of lesser interest to the author whose aim was pointed toward spread of Buddhism.[19] In the former, ethics and religious are artistic, while in the latter reverse is the case. Maṇimēkalai criticizes Jainism and preaches the ideals of Buddhism, and human interest is diluted in supernatural features. The narration in akaval meter moves on in Maṇimēkalai without the relief of any lyric, which are the main features of Cilappatikāram.[24] Maṇimēkalai in puritan terms is not an epic poem, but a grave disquisition on philosophy.[35]There are effusions in Cilappatikāram in the form of a song or a dance, which does not go well with the Western audience as they are assessed to be inspired on the spur of the moment.[36] Calcutta review claims that the three works on a whole have no plot and insufficient length characterization for an epic genre.[35] They believe plot of Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi is monotonous and deficient in variety in strength and character and does not stand the quality of an epic.[35]","title":"Historiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kannagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannagi_(movie)"},{"link_name":"Poompuhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poompuhar_(movie)"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Bharatanatyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There have been multiple movies based on Silappathikaram. The most famous is the portrayal of Kannagi by actress Kannamba in the 1942 Tamil movie Kannagi with P.U. Chinnappa as Kovalan. The movie faithfully follows the story of Silappathikaram and was a hit when it was released. The movie Poompuhar, penned by M. Karunanidhi, is also based on Silapathikaram.[37] There are multiple dance dramas as well by some of the exponents of Bharatanatyam (a South Indian dance form) in Tamil as most of the verses of Silappathikaram can be set to music.[citation needed]Maṇimēkalai has been shot as a teleserial in Doordarshan.[citation needed]","title":"Popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1999277_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee1999277_1-1"},{"link_name":"Mukherjee 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMukherjee1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273_2-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994115_3-0"},{"link_name":"Purnalingam Pillai 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas200580_4-0"},{"link_name":"Das 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDas2005"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta2004720_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta2004720_5-1"},{"link_name":"Datta 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDatta2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rosen1975_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rosen1975_6-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3250226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3250226"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3250226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3250226"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973174%E2%80%93176_7-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19935%E2%80%936_8-0"},{"link_name":"Parthasarathy 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParthasarathy1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974140%E2%80%93142_9-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974136%E2%80%93137_10-3"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9375_11-3"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199269%E2%80%9370_12-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19931%E2%80%936,_backpage_13-0"},{"link_name":"Parthasarathy 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParthasarathy1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathy19932%E2%80%935_14-6"},{"link_name":"Parthasarathy 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParthasarathy1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jp1977_15-0"},{"link_name":"Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VRMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-04926-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04926-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974140%E2%80%93141_16-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993_17-0"},{"link_name":"Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993xxi%E2%80%93xxiv_18-2"},{"link_name":"Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlain_Danielou_(Translator)1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141_19-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974141_19-4"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Shulman2016176%E2%80%93182_20-0"},{"link_name":"David Shulman 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDavid_Shulman2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Shulman2016176%E2%80%93178_21-0"},{"link_name":"David Shulman 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDavid_Shulman2016"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199271_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199271_22-1"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199270_23-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142_24-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142_24-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974142_24-3"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199273%E2%80%9374_25-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994132%E2%80%93134_26-0"},{"link_name":"Purnalingam Pillai 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130_27-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130_27-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974130_27-2"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai190469_28-0"},{"link_name":"Purnalingam Pillai 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1974131_29-0"},{"link_name":"Zvelebil 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFZvelebil1974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2003295_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2003295_30-1"},{"link_name":"Pollock 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPollock2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai190468_31-0"},{"link_name":"Purnalingam Pillai 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmeshwaranand20011151_32-0"},{"link_name":"Parmeshwaranand 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFParmeshwaranand2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256_33-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256_33-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256_33-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256_33-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal20014255%E2%80%934256_33-4"},{"link_name":"Lal 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLal2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurnalingam_Pillai1994194_34-0"},{"link_name":"Purnalingam Pillai 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPurnalingam_Pillai1994"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cal_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cal_35-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cal_35-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanicker20037_36-0"},{"link_name":"Panicker 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPanicker2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"Kannagi (1942) – Overview – MSN Movies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120322002345/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie/kannagi/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//movies.msn.com/movies/movie/kannagi/"}],"text":"^ a b Mukherjee 1999, p. 277.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 73.\n\n^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, p. 115.\n\n^ Das 2005, p. 80.\n\n^ a b Datta 2004, p. 720.\n\n^ a b Rosen, Elizabeth S. (1975). \"Prince Ilango Adigal, Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet), translated by Alain Damelou. Review\". Artibus Asiae. 37 (1/2): 148–150. doi:10.2307/3250226. JSTOR 3250226.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 174–176.\n\n^ Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 5–6.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1974, pp. 140–142.\n\n^ a b c d Zvelebil 1974, pp. 136–137.\n\n^ a b c d Zvelebil 1992, pp. 73–75.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 1–6, backpage.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Parthasarathy 1993, pp. 2–5.\n\n^ E.T. Jacob-Pandian (1977). K Ishwaran (ed.). Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977. Brill Academic. pp. 56–59. ISBN 90-04-04926-6.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1974, pp. 140–141.\n\n^ Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993.\n\n^ a b c Alain Danielou (Translator) 1993, pp. xxi–xxiv.\n\n^ a b c d e Zvelebil 1974, p. 141.\n\n^ David Shulman 2016, pp. 176–182.\n\n^ David Shulman 2016, pp. 176–178.\n\n^ a b Zvelebil 1992, p. 71.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 70.\n\n^ a b c d Zvelebil 1974, p. 142.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1992, pp. 73–74.\n\n^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, pp. 132–134.\n\n^ a b c Zvelebil 1974, p. 130.\n\n^ Purnalingam Pillai 1904, p. 69.\n\n^ Zvelebil 1974, p. 131.\n\n^ a b Pollock 2003, p. 295.\n\n^ Purnalingam Pillai 1904, p. 68.\n\n^ Parmeshwaranand 2001, p. 1151.\n\n^ a b c d e Lal 2001, pp. 4255–4256.\n\n^ Purnalingam Pillai 1994, p. 194.\n\n^ a b c University of Calcutta 1906, pp. 426–427\n\n^ Panicker 2003, p. 7.\n\n^ \"Kannagi (1942) – Overview – MSN Movies\". Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2011.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Commentary on Silappathikaram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adiyarkku-nallar_commentary_on_Silappathikaram_page_10.jpg/250px-Adiyarkku-nallar_commentary_on_Silappathikaram_page_10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Puhar-ILango.jpg/200px-Puhar-ILango.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Kannagi at Chennai Marina Beach.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Statue_of_Kannagi.jpg/200px-Statue_of_Kannagi.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Tamil literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature"}]
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[{"reference":"Rosen, Elizabeth S. (1975). \"Prince Ilango Adigal, Shilappadikaram (The Ankle Bracelet), translated by Alain Damelou. Review\". Artibus Asiae. 37 (1/2): 148–150. doi:10.2307/3250226. JSTOR 3250226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250226","url_text":"10.2307/3250226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250226","url_text":"3250226"}]},{"reference":"E.T. Jacob-Pandian (1977). K Ishwaran (ed.). Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977. Brill Academic. pp. 56–59. 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ISBN 81-260-2171-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC","url_text":"A history of Indian literature, 500–1399: from courtly to the popular"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-2171-3","url_text":"81-260-2171-3"}]},{"reference":"Datta, Amaresh (2004). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One) (A to Devo), Volume 1. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 9788126018031.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume One) (A to Devo), Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126018031","url_text":"9788126018031"}]},{"reference":"Datta, Amaresh; Sāhitya Akādemī (2005). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti), Volume 2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7","url_text":"81-260-1194-7"}]},{"reference":"Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-374-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-374-1","url_text":"81-7022-374-1"}]},{"reference":"Lal, Mohan (2001). The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five) (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5. New Delhi: Sāhitya Akādemī. ISBN 81-260-1221-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Five) (Sasay To Zorgot), Volume 5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1221-8","url_text":"81-260-1221-8"}]},{"reference":"Mukherjee, Sujit (1999). A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited. ISBN 81-250-1453-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC","url_text":"A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1453-5","url_text":"81-250-1453-5"}]},{"reference":"Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). Glimpses of art, architecture, and Buddhist literature in ancient India. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-226-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tD-7sojtDdYC","url_text":"Glimpses of art, architecture, and Buddhist literature in ancient India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-226-8","url_text":"81-7017-226-8"}]},{"reference":"Manimekhalai: the dancer with the magic bowl, translated by Alain Danielou, Penguin Books, 1993, ISBN 9780811210980","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wl7T45yhh1sC","url_text":"Manimekhalai: the dancer with the magic bowl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811210980","url_text":"9780811210980"}]},{"reference":"Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil literature: a study of characters and nature, 200 B.C. to 500 A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banaridass Publishers Private Limited. ISBN 81-208-1215-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC","url_text":"Love in Sanskrit and Tamil literature: a study of characters and nature, 200 B.C. to 500 A.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1215-8","url_text":"81-208-1215-8"}]},{"reference":"Panicker, K. Ayyappa (2003). A Primer of Tamil Literature. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. ISBN 81-207-2502-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pSLoIsW0FF0C","url_text":"A Primer of Tamil Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-207-2502-6","url_text":"81-207-2502-6"}]},{"reference":"Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1904). A Primer of Tamil Literature. Madras: Ananda Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Primer of Tamil Literature"}]},{"reference":"Purnalingam Pillai, M. S. (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 115. ISBN 81-206-0955-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115","url_text":"Tamil Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0955-7","url_text":"81-206-0955-7"}]},{"reference":"Richman, Paula (2003). \"Cīttalai Cāttanār, Manimekhalai\". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume IX: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 457–462, with notes on 610–612.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pollock, Sheldon I. (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22821-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC","url_text":"Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22821-9","url_text":"0-520-22821-9"}]},{"reference":"Parthasarathy, R. (1993), The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-07849-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEwFjKKFfIC","url_text":"The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal: An Epic of South India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07849-8","url_text":"0-231-07849-8"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra Nath (1988). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International(P) Limited Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC","url_text":"Ancient Indian History and Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3","url_text":"81-224-1198-3"}]},{"reference":"Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas. Sarup & Sons. ISBN 81-7625-226-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&pg=PA1151","url_text":"Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-226-3","url_text":"81-7625-226-3"}]},{"reference":"David Shulman (2016). Tamil: A Biography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-97465-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Tamil: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97465-4","url_text":"978-0-674-97465-4"}]},{"reference":"Takanobu Takahashi (1995). Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics. BRILL Academic. ISBN 90-04-10042-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC","url_text":"Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10042-3","url_text":"90-04-10042-3"}]},{"reference":"Eva Maria Wilden (2014). Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-035276-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KuPmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035276-4","url_text":"978-3-11-035276-4"}]},{"reference":"Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03591-5","url_text":"90-04-03591-5"}]},{"reference":"Zvelebil, Kamil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrasowitz. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhteki
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Lakhteki
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 37°10′56″N 49°23′29″E / 37.18222°N 49.39139°E / 37.18222; 49.39139Village in Gilan, IranLakhteki
لختكيvillageLakhtekiCoordinates: 37°10′56″N 49°23′29″E / 37.18222°N 49.39139°E / 37.18222; 49.39139Country IranProvinceGilanCountyShaftBakhshCentralRural DistrictJirdehPopulation (2006) • Total432Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Lakhteki (Persian: لختكي, also Romanized as Lakhtekī; also known as Lakhtekeh) is a village in Jirdeh Rural District, in the Central District of Shaft County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 112 families.
References
^ Lakhteki can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "6003479" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
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Shaft
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Shaft
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Naseran
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Pir Deh-e Shaft
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This Shaft County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jirdeh Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirdeh_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Shaft_County)"},{"link_name":"Shaft County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_County"},{"link_name":"Gilan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Gilan, IranLakhteki (Persian: لختكي, also Romanized as Lakhtekī; also known as Lakhtekeh)[1] is a village in Jirdeh Rural District, in the Central District of Shaft County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 112 families.[2]","title":"Lakhteki"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/01.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Ventresca
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Vincent Ventresca
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 References","5 External links"]
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American actor
Vincent VentrescaBornVincent Paul Gerard Ventresca (1966-04-29) April 29, 1966 (age 58)Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.Alma materIndiana UniversityOccupations
Actor
writer
producer
Years active1991–presentSpouse
Dianne Shiner (m. 1995)Children2
Vincent Paul Gerard Ventresca (born April 29, 1966) is an American actor, perhaps best known for portraying Darien Fawkes on Sci-Fi's The Invisible Man, and Professor Jack Reed on NBC's Boston Common. Ventresca is also known for his guest starring role as Fun Bobby on NBC's Friends.
Early life
Ventresca was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. The youngest of eleven children, Ventresca graduated from Indiana University with a double major in theater and psychology. In 1995, he married Dianne Shiner, his high school sweetheart. They have a son, Benjamin, and a daughter, Renée Marie.
Career
He starred as Darien Fawkes on Sci-Fi's the 2000 TV series The Invisible Man for two seasons and as Professor Jack Reed on NBC's Boston Common, also for two seasons. He also had a recurring role on the Nickelodeon series True Jackson VP and as Monica's boyfriend, Fun Bobby, on Friends.
He has guest starred on Cold Case, CSI: Miami, Las Vegas, Without a Trace, Monk, Criminal Minds, and Maggie Winters.
His film credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, The Thin Pink Line, Can't Stop Dancing, Love & Sex, The Learning Curve, Dead & Breakfast, and Mammoth.
He has appeared in several stage productions, such as Choices.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997
Romy and Michele's High School Reunion
Billy Christianson
1997
Looking for Lola
Tony
1998
Saving Private Ryan
Soldier on Beach
1998
The Thin Pink Line
Bob
1999
Can't Stop Dancing
Chuck Levine
1999
This Space Between Us
Sterling Montrose
1999
The Learning Curve
Marshal
2000
Love & Sex
Richard Miltner
2002
Robbing 'Hef
James
2003
Purgatory Flats
Thomas Reed
2004
Dead & Breakfast
Doc Riley
2005
Madison
Walker Greif
2008
Sorry
Robin Tasker
Short film
2011
Bad Actress
Morris Pillage
2011
Answers to Nothing
Erik
2012
Should've Been Romeo
Matt
2014
Break Point
Gary
2015
Hangman
2016
Tao of Surfing
El Gringo
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
Alex
Episode: "She Ain't Heavy"
1991
Reasonable Doubts
Scott Olkum
Episode: "Dicky's Got the Blues"
1993
Life Goes On
Bates
Episode: "Lost Weekend"
1993
Empty Nest
Police Officer
Episode: "Two for the Road"
1993
The Torkelsons
Dave
Episode: "To Date or Not to Date?"
1993
Blossom
Grant
Episode: "Sitcom"
1994
Monty
Reporter
Episode: "My Dad Could Beat Up Your Dad"
1994
Menendez: A Killing in Beverly Hills
Nick
Television film
1995
The Surrogate
Eric Shaw
Television film
1995
Degree of Guilt
Richie Argos
Television film
1995
Crazy Love
John Stratton
Unaired pilot
1995
Medicine Ball
Tom
Episode: "Wizard of Bras"
1995
Diagnosis: Murder
Johnny Meslofski
Episode: "My Baby Is Out of This World"
1994–96
Friends
Fun Bobby
2 episodes
1996–97
Boston Common
Prof. Jack Reed
31 episodes
1998
Maggie Winters
Bobby Campanella
5 episodes
1998
Prey
Dr. Ed Tate
13 episodes
1999
Jack & Jill
Danny Hallahan
2 episodes
2000–02
The Invisible Man
Darien Fawkes
46 episodes
2002
Couples
Arthur
Television film
2002
The Twilight Zone
Matt McGreevey
Episode: "Shades of Guilt"
2003
Cold Case
Dr. Bennett Cahill
Episode: "Love Conquers Al"
2003
Vegas Dick
Dicky Barrett
Television film
2003
Las Vegas
Elliot
Episode: "Pros and Cons"
2004
CSI: Miami
Joseph Zellar
Episode: "Invasion"
2004–05
Complete Savages
Jimmy Savage
16 episodes
2005
MorphMan
Dr. Eli Rudkus
Television film
2006
Mammoth
Dr. Frank Abernathy
Television film
2007
Monk
Rob Sherman
Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Birds and the Bees"
2008
In Plain Sight
Vernon McRoy
Episode: "Hoosier Daddy"
2009
The Beast
Roman Petrescu
Episode: "Nadia"
2009
Stuck
Vince
Television film; also writer and producer
2009
Without a Trace
David Morgan
Episode: "Daylight"
2009
The Mentalist
Duncan Weaver
Episode: "Red Bulls"
2009
My Neighbor's Secret
Jason Hest
Television film
2009
Dollhouse
Nolan Kinnard
3 episodes
2009–11
True Jackson, VP
Mr. Jeff Jamerson
3 episodes
2010
$#*! My Dad Says
Samson
Episode: "Easy, Writer"
2011
Hot in Cleveland
Dr. Doug
Episode: "Unseparated at Birthdates"
2011
Memphis Beat
Jimmy Wagner
Episode: "Troubled Water"
2012
CSI: NY
Ron Ferguson
Episode: "Who's There?"
2013
CSI
Connor Durman
2 episodes
2013
Flying Monkeys
James
Television film
2013
Nikita
Trevor Adrian
2 episodes
2014
Psych
James Earl Craig
Episode: "A Touch of Sweevil"
2014
Franklin & Bash
Officer Mueller
Episode: "Good Cop/Bad Cop"
2015
Rizzoli & Isles
Dr. Carlson
Episode: "Deadly Harvest"
2015
Wicked City
Jimmy Lovett
3 episodes
2016
Nashville
Vincent Pearce
Episode: "Maybe You'll Appreciate Me One Day"
2016
Kings of Con
Officer Billings
Episode: Pasadena, CA
2017
Lifeline
Harry
2 Episodes
2018
The Fosters
Henry Mullen
Episode: Scars, Meet the Fosters
2018
Volunteers, a Rwandan Comedy
Vincent
Television film
2018
9-1-1
Coach
Episode: 7.1
2020
Criminal Minds
Louis "Louie" Chaycon
Episode: Ghost
2022
The Rookie
Todd Shelf
Episode: The List
References
^ a b c "Vincent Ventresca". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ a b c "Vincent Ventresca". BFI. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-present. Ballantine Books. 2003. ISBN 9780345455420.
^ "What It's Really Like to Appear on Friends: Guest Stars Tell All". E! Online. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ a b 'Friends' Actor Vincent Ventresca Talks 'Fun Bobby,' Memories On Set, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2021-04-07
^ Garcia, Frank; Phillips, Mark (December 10, 2008). Science Fiction Television Series, 1990-2004: Histories, Casts and Credits for 58 Shows. McFarland. pp. 124–. ISBN 9780786469178. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ "Vincent Ventresca". www.littlereview.com. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ "'Invisible Man' More Escapism Than Substance". Los Angeles Times. 2000-06-09. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ James, Caryn (1998-09-30). "TV REVIEW/NEW SEASON; Starting All Over, With Mom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
^ "STAGE REVIEW : Suffering the Pain of Abortion Choices". Los Angeles Times. 1992-11-17. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
External links
Vincent Ventresca at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a United States film and television actor born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The youngest of eleven children, Ventresca graduated from Indiana University with a double major in theater and psychology. In 1995, he married Dianne Shiner, his high school sweetheart. They have a son, Benjamin, and a daughter, Renée Marie.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sci-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"The Invisible Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Boston Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"True Jackson VP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jackson_VP"},{"link_name":"Monica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Geller"},{"link_name":"Fun Bobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_Bobby"},{"link_name":"Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GarciaPhillips2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"CSI: Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Without a Trace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_a_Trace"},{"link_name":"Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Criminal Minds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Minds"},{"link_name":"Maggie Winters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Winters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Romy and Michele's High School Reunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romy_and_Michele%27s_High_School_Reunion"},{"link_name":"The Thin Pink Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thin_Pink_Line"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Dancing"},{"link_name":"Love & Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_%26_Sex"},{"link_name":"The Learning Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Curve"},{"link_name":"Dead & Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_%26_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"He starred as Darien Fawkes on Sci-Fi's the 2000 TV series The Invisible Man for two seasons and as Professor Jack Reed on NBC's Boston Common, also for two seasons. He also had a recurring role on the Nickelodeon series True Jackson VP and as Monica's boyfriend, Fun Bobby, on Friends.[5][6][7][8]He has guest starred on Cold Case, CSI: Miami, Las Vegas, Without a Trace, Monk, Criminal Minds, and Maggie Winters.[9][1][2]His film credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, The Thin Pink Line, Can't Stop Dancing, Love & Sex, The Learning Curve, Dead & Breakfast, and Mammoth.[1][2]He has appeared in several stage productions, such as Choices.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Ran_The_Zoo
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If I Ran the Zoo
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["1 Plot","2 Adaptation","3 \"Nerd\"","4 Theme park attraction","5 Withdrawal","6 See also","7 References"]
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1950 children's book by Dr. Seuss
If I Ran the Zoo AuthorDr. SeussOriginal titleIf I Got to the ZooLanguageEnglishGenreChildren's literaturePublisherRedbook (magazine)Random House (book)Publication date1950 (renewed in 1977)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover)Pages40ISBN978-0-394-80081-3OCLC470411Preceded byBartholomew and the Oobleck Followed byScrambled Eggs Super!
If I Ran the Zoo is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss in 1950.
The book is written in anapestic tetrameter, Seuss's usual verse type, and illustrated in Seuss's pen-and-ink style.
Plot
When young Gerald McGrew visits the zoo, he finds a "old fellow" who runs the zoo. Gerald starts daydreaming about what he would do if he were in charge, and decides that the exotic animals on display are "not good enough". He says that if he ran the zoo, he would set all of the current animals free and find new, more bizarre and exotic ones. Throughout the book he lists these creatures, starting with a lion with ten feet and escalating to more imaginative (and imaginary) creatures, such as the Fizza-ma-Wizza-ma-Dill, "the world's biggest bird from the island of Gwark, who eats only pine trees, and spits out the bark".
The illustrations also grow wilder as McGrew imagines going to increasingly remote and exotic habitats, capturing each fanciful creature, and bringing them all back to a zoo now filled with his new wild animals. He also imagines the praise he receives from others, who are amazed at his "new Zoo, McGrew Zoo".
Adaptation
Some of the animals featured in If I Ran the Zoo have been featured in a segment of The Hoober-Bloob Highway, a 1975 CBS TV special. In this segment, Hoober-Bloob babies don't have to be human if they don't choose to be, so Mr. Hoober-Bloob shows them a variety of different animals, including ones from If I Ran the Zoo (and On Beyond Zebra!). Such animals include: Obsks, a flock of Wild Bippo-No-Bungus, a Tizzle-Topped Tufted Mazurka, a Big-Bug-Who-Is-Very-Surprising, Chuggs, a Deer with Horns-That-Are-Just-A-Bit-Queer, a New Sort-Of-A-Hen, an Elephant-Cat, and an Iota.
In the 2008 American animated film Horton Hears a Who!, Palooskis (including Mrs. Quilligan (voiced by Jaime Pressly) and her daughter Jessica Quilligan (voiced by Laura Ortiz)), other Glummoxes (the unnamed animals in pre/post page, including Glummox Mom (voiced by Laraine Newman) and her daughter Angela (voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey)), and Deer Whose-horns-are-connected-from-one-to-the-other appear as residents of the Jungle of Nool.
"Nerd"
If I Ran the Zoo is often credited with the first printed modern English appearance of the word "nerd", although the word is not used in its modern context. It is simply the name of an otherwise un-characterized imaginary creature, appearing in the sentence "And then, just to show them, I'll sail to Ka-Troo/And Bring Back an It-Kutch, a Preep, and a Proo,/A Nerkle, a Nerd, and a Seersucker too!"
Theme park attraction
If I Ran the ZooEntranceIslands of AdventureAreaSeuss LandingSoft opening dateMarch 1999Opening dateMay 28, 1999
Ride statisticsAttraction typePlay AreaThemeIf I Ran the Zoo
Dr. Seuss's Zoo book is also the main theme for one of the children's play areas at Universal Studios' Islands of Adventure. The small play area is located inside the area of the park known as Seuss Landing.
Withdrawal
If I Ran the Zoo has been criticized for its use of racial stereotypes and caricatures. In a 1988 biography of Dr. Seuss, Ruth K. MacDonald notes the perceived presence of "occasional stereotypes of native peoples—potbellied, thick-lipped blacks from Africa, squinty-eyed Orientals", that may offend some modern readers. A 2019 study published in the journal Research on Diversity in Youth Literature noted the perceived presence of dehumanizing stereotypes of East Asian, Sub-Saharan African and Middle Eastern characters. The Canadian Book and Periodical Council's Freedom to Read project listed the book as having been challenged in 2015 for insensitivity and ethnic stereotyping.
On March 2, 2021, Dr. Seuss Enterprises withdrew If I Ran the Zoo and five other books from publication due to controversy surrounding racist images within those books. Dr. Seuss Enterprises did not specify which illustrations were offensive.
See also
Children's literature portal
If I Ran the Circus
References
^ "Jaime Pressly (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
^ "Laura Ortiz (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
^ "Laraine Newman (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
^ "Colleen O'Shaughnessey (visual voices guide)". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
^ "Horton Hears a Who! (2008)".
^ David Brooks (May 23, 2008). "The Alpha Geeks". New York Times.
^ Eryn Loeb (May 20, 2008). "The beauty of the geek". Salon.com.
^ MacDonald, Ruth K. (1988). Dr. Seuss. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 71. ISBN 0-8057-7524-2. OCLC 18014535.
^ Ishizuka, Katie; Stephens*, Ramón (February 13, 2019). "The Cat is Out of the Bag: Orientalism, Anti-Blackness, and White Supremacy in Dr. Seuss's Children's Books". Research on Diversity in Youth Literature. 1 (2).
^ "If I Ran the Zoo". www.freedomtoread.ca. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ Pratt, Mark (March 2, 2021). "Six Dr. Seuss books won't be published for racist images". CTV News. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
^ Gross, Jenny (March 2, 2021), "6 Dr. Seuss Books Will No Longer Be Published Over Offensive Images", The New York Times, retrieved March 2, 2021
^ Hopper, Tristan (March 3, 2021). "Here are the 'wrong' illustrations that got six Dr. Seuss books cancelled". National Post. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
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vteDr. SeussCharacters
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Horse Museum 2
AdaptationsTelevision series
The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–1957)
The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss (1996–1998)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–2007)
The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! (2010–2018)
episodes
Green Eggs and Ham (2019–2022)
Television specials
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966)
Horton Hears a Who! (1970)
The Cat in the Hat (1971)
The Lorax (1972)
Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973)
The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977)
Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980)
The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982)
The Butter Battle Book (1989)
In Search of Dr. Seuss (1994)
Daisy-Head Mayzie (1995)
Film
Horton Hatches the Egg (short; 1942)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (short; 1950)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
The Lorax (2012)
The Grinch (2018)
The Mean One (2022)
Video games
Dr. Seuss' Fix-Up the Mix-Up Puzzler (1984)
The Grinch (2000)
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Dr. Seuss: Green Eggs and Ham (2003)
Dr. Seuss: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (2007)
Other media
Welcome (Russian short film)
Seussical (musical)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (song)
The Cat in the Hat (play)
The Lorax (musical)
Dr. Seuss' The Grinch Musical Live! (musical)
Dr. Seuss's ABC (musical)
Green Eggs and Ham (musical)
The Cat in the Hat (musical)
Other works
Private Snafu
The Pocket Book of Boners
Your Job in Germany
Our Job in Japan
Design for Death
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T.
Hejji
Society of Red Tape Cutters
Flit
Related
Helen Palmer (first wife)
A Fish Out of Water
Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum
Beginner Books
Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.
Dr. Seuss Goes to War
The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss National Memorial
Geisel Award
Geisel Library
Geisel School of Medicine
PM
Political messages of Dr. Seuss
Read Across America
Seuss Landing
1 as "Theo. LeSieg". 2 Posthumous.
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Throughout the book he lists these creatures, starting with a lion with ten feet and escalating to more imaginative (and imaginary) creatures, such as the Fizza-ma-Wizza-ma-Dill, \"the world's biggest bird from the island of Gwark, who eats only pine trees, and spits out the bark\".The illustrations also grow wilder as McGrew imagines going to increasingly remote and exotic habitats, capturing each fanciful creature, and bringing them all back to a zoo now filled with his new wild animals. He also imagines the praise he receives from others, who are amazed at his \"new Zoo, McGrew Zoo\".","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hoober-Bloob Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoober-Bloob_Highway"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"TV special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_special"},{"link_name":"On Beyond Zebra!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Beyond_Zebra!"},{"link_name":"Horton Hears a Who!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jaime Pressly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Pressly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Laraine Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laraine_Newman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Colleen O'Shaughnessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_O%27Shaughnessey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Some of the animals featured in If I Ran the Zoo have been featured in a segment of The Hoober-Bloob Highway, a 1975 CBS TV special. In this segment, Hoober-Bloob babies don't have to be human if they don't choose to be, so Mr. Hoober-Bloob shows them a variety of different animals, including ones from If I Ran the Zoo (and On Beyond Zebra!). Such animals include: Obsks, a flock of Wild Bippo-No-Bungus, a Tizzle-Topped Tufted Mazurka, a Big-Bug-Who-Is-Very-Surprising, Chuggs, a Deer with Horns-That-Are-Just-A-Bit-Queer, a New Sort-Of-A-Hen, an Elephant-Cat, and an Iota.In the 2008 American animated film Horton Hears a Who!, Palooskis (including Mrs. Quilligan (voiced by Jaime Pressly[1]) and her daughter Jessica Quilligan (voiced by Laura Ortiz[2])), other Glummoxes (the unnamed animals in pre/post page, including Glummox Mom (voiced by Laraine Newman[3]) and her daughter Angela (voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey[4])), and Deer Whose-horns-are-connected-from-one-to-the-other appear as residents of the Jungle of Nool.[5]","title":"Adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"nerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerd"}],"text":"If I Ran the Zoo is often credited[6][7] with the first printed modern English appearance of the word \"nerd\", although the word is not used in its modern context. It is simply the name of an otherwise un-characterized imaginary creature, appearing in the sentence \"And then, just to show them, I'll sail to Ka-Troo/And Bring Back an It-Kutch, a Preep, and a Proo,/A Nerkle, a Nerd, and a Seersucker too!\"","title":"\"Nerd\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Islands of Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Islands_of_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Seuss Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuss_Landing"}],"text":"Dr. Seuss's Zoo book is also the main theme for one of the children's play areas at Universal Studios' Islands of Adventure. The small play area is located inside the area of the park known as Seuss Landing.","title":"Theme park attraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Sub-Saharan African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"If I Ran the Zoo has been criticized for its use of racial stereotypes and caricatures. In a 1988 biography of Dr. Seuss, Ruth K. MacDonald notes the perceived presence of \"occasional stereotypes of native peoples—potbellied, thick-lipped blacks from Africa, squinty-eyed Orientals\", that may offend some modern readers.[8] A 2019 study published in the journal Research on Diversity in Youth Literature noted the perceived presence of dehumanizing stereotypes of East Asian, Sub-Saharan African and Middle Eastern characters.[9] The Canadian Book and Periodical Council's Freedom to Read project listed the book as having been challenged in 2015 for insensitivity and ethnic stereotyping.[10]On March 2, 2021, Dr. Seuss Enterprises withdrew If I Ran the Zoo and five other books from publication due to controversy surrounding racist images within those books.[11][12] Dr. Seuss Enterprises did not specify which illustrations were offensive.[13]","title":"Withdrawal"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcata
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Falcata
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["1 Name","2 Shape","3 Origin","4 Quality and manufacture","5 Ornamental and liturgical uses","6 In ancient texts","7 See also","8 Notes","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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This article is about the ancient type of sword. For the defunct legume genus, Falcata, see Amphicarpaea.
Ancient Iberian single-edged sword
Iberian falcata
The falcata is a type of sword typical of pre-Roman Iberia. The falcata was used to great effect for warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula, and is firmly associated with the southern Iberian tribes, among other ancient peoples of Hispania. It was highly prized by the ancient general Hannibal, who equipped Carthaginian troops with it during the Second Punic War.
Name
It is unknown which name ancient Iberians gave to the weapon. Falcata is neither a native name nor one used in classical sources, but a 19th century term coined by historian Fernando Fulgosio to describe the shape of its blade. The term derivates from Latin falcatus, meaning literally "falcon-shaped". Classical vocabulary did have a sword named ensis falcatus, but it was apparently meant to be either a falx or a harpe. In any case, the name caught on very quickly and is now firmly entrenched in the scholarly literature.
Shape
The falcata has a single-edged blade that pitches forward towards the point, the edge being concave near the hilt, but convex near the point. This shape distributes the weight in such a way that the falcata is capable of delivering a blow with the momentum of an axe, while maintaining the longer cutting edge of a sword, as well as the facility to thrust. The grip is typically hook-shaped, the end often stylized in the shape of a horse or a bird. There is often a thin chain connecting the hooked butt of the handle with the hilt. Though almost identical to the Greek kopis, the falcata is distinguished by the sharpened false edge in the second half of its length.
Origin
Falcata of the Necrópolis de los Collados, Almedinilla, Córdoba, Spain.
Some have posited that the falcata was derived from the sickle-shaped knives of the Iron Age; which coincides with their ritual use. Some speculate it was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Celts, along with iron working. There are several historians who believe that the falcata's origin is coincident to the Greek kopis without deriving from it. However, the extent of profound Hellenistic influence both west and east, Greek trade ports like Emporion (modern Empuries) from the 8th century BCE along the east coast of Iberia, the unequivocal archeological record of the kopis predating the falcata by centuries, as well as the utterly anomalous inward "recurve" configuration across the entire world history of blades heavily argues for the Greek origin and influence.
Quality and manufacture
Roman armies in the Second Punic War and later, during the Conquest of Hispania, were surprised by the quality of the weapons used by Iberian mercenaries and warriors. The overall quality of the falcata came not only from the shape, but also from the quality of the iron. It is said that steel plates were buried in the ground for two to three years, corroding the weaker steel from them, but this is technically nonsensical as the higher carbon content of the 'better' steel makes it more vulnerable to chemical corrosion. The technique of joining layers of steel in a fire-welding process in a forge was a standard procedure.
Ornamental and liturgical uses
Decorated hilt of a 4th or 3rd century BC falcata from Almedinilla, Córdoba (M.A.N., Madrid).
In the early times of the tribes in Iberia, its use was more ornamental and liturgical than military. Highly decorated falcata have been found in tombs, for example the Falcata de Almedinilla. The scarcity of the falcata during early times was due to the expense and scarcity of iron in the region.
In ancient texts
Since "falcata" is not a term used in Classical Latin, it is difficult to tell when, or even if, it is being referred to in ancient literature. There is, however, one passage that is generally agreed to refer to this type of sword, in Seneca's De Beneficiis 5.24:
A veteran who had been a bit too rough with his neighbors was pleading his case before Julius Caesar. "Do you remember," he said, "Imperator, how you twisted your ankle near Sucro?" When Caesar said he did remember: "Then you certainly remember that when you were lying to rest under a tree that was casting just a tiny shadow, in a very tough terrain with just that one lonely tree sticking out, one of your men laid out his cloak for you?"
Caesar said "Why shouldn't I remember, even if I was exhausted? Because I was unable to walk I couldn't go to the nearby spring, and I would have been willing to crawl there on hands and knees, if it were not for a good soldier, a brave industrious chap, hadn't brought me water in his helmet?" to which the man replied,
"Then, Imperator, you could recognize that man, or that helmet?" Caesar answered that he couldn't recognize the helmet, but certainly the man, and added, a bit irritated I think, "And you certainly are not him!" "It's not surprising," said the man, "that you do not recognize me, Caesar; for when that happened I was whole. Afterwards, at Munda my eye was gouged out, and my skull smashed in. Nor would you recognize that helmet if you saw it: it was split by a Hispanian sword (machaera Hispana)."
Polybius also calls Iberian swords machaera, possibly referring to the falcata given its similarities to the Greek makhaira. However, he also employs this name for the straight swords used by the Gauls and even the Romans themselves. The additional fact that other tribes from Hispania also used straight swords, which were later to inspire the Roman gladius, obscures the differentiation of their respective names.
See also
Kopis
Makhaira
Khopesh
Kukri
Machete
Yatagan
Oakeshott typology
Notes
^ In: Fulgosio, Fernando (1872): "Armas y utensilios del hombre primitivo en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional", in José Dorregaray (ed.),Museo Español de Antigüedades, Madrid, Vol. I, pp. 75-89.
^ a b Luis Silva, Viriathus and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155-139 BC, 2013
^ "Sword (Falcata)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
^ Diodorus Siculus 5.33.4
^ F. Quesada Sanz, ¿Qué hay en un nombre? La cuestión del gladius hispaniensis Archived 2017-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, 1997.
^ F. Quesada Sanz, Gladius hispaniensis: an archaeological view from Iberia Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, 1997
Bibliography
Aranegui, C. y De Hoz, J. (1992): “Una falcata decorada con inscripción ibérica. Juegos gladiatorios y venationes”, en Homenaje a Enrique Pla Ballester, Trabajos Varios del SIP 89, 319-344
Cuadrado Díaz, E. (1989): La panoplia ibérica de “El Cigarralejo” (Mula, Murcia). Documentos. Serie Arqueología. Murcia
Nieto, G. y Escalera, A. (1970): “Estudio y tratamiento de una falcata de Almedinilla”, Informes y trabajos del Instituto de Restauración y Conservación, 10
F. Quesada Sanz: "Máchaira, kopís, falcata" in Homenaje a Francisco Torrent, Madrid, 1994, pp. 75-94.
Quesada Sanz, F. (1991): “En torno al origen y procedencia de la falcata ibérica”. In J. Remesal, O.Musso (eds.), La presencia de material etrusco en la Península Ibérica, Barcelona Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
Quesada Sanz, F. (1990b): “Falcatas ibéricas con damasquinados en plata”. Homenaje a D. Emeterio Cuadrado, Verdolay, 2, 45-59
Quesada Sanz, F. (1992a): Arma y símbolo: la falcata ibérica. Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, Alicante
Quesada Sanz, F. (1992b): “Notas sobre el armamento ibérico de Almedinilla”, Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa, 3, 113-136
Quesada Sanz, F. (1997a): “Algo más que un tipo de espada: la falcata ibérica”. Catálogo de la Exposición: La guerra en la Antigüedad. Madrid, pp. 196–205
Quesada Sanz, F. (1997b): El armamento ibérico. Estudio tipológico, geográfico, funcional, social y simbólico de las armas en la Cultura Ibérica (siglos VI-I a.C.). 2 vols. Monographies Instrumentum, 3. Ed. Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, 1997
Quesada Sanz, F. (1998): “Armas para los muertos”. Los íberos, príncipes de Occidente Catálogo de la Exposición. Barcelona, pp. 125–31
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Falcatas.
Iberian weapons and warfare (in Spanish), at the Autonomous University of Madrid's website.
A 4th century BC falcata from Iberia
Spanish site about celtiberian pre-roman history
Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
vteSword types and classifications by region and historical era
Swordsmanship
Thrusting swords (Edgeless)
Curved swords (Single-edge)
Straight swords (Double-edge)
EuropePrehistory
Bronze Age sword
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Cutlass
Basket-hilted sword
Small sword
Hunting sword
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Shashka
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Sword bayonet
ChinaAncient
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Dao
Medieval
Hook sword
Zhanmadao
Ming – Qing
Liuyedao
Wodao
Changdao
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Modern
Dadao
Miaodao
KoreaBronze Age – Gojoseon
Liaoning bronze dagger
Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era
Hwandudaedo
Goryeo and Joseon era
Bonguk geom
Wungeom
Four Tiger Sword
JapanYayoi – Nara periods
Chokutō
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Tachi
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IndiaAncient
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Western andCentral AsiaPrehistory
Bronze Age sword
Khopesh
Ancient period
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Xiphos
Kopis/Falcata
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Post-classical period
Arab sword
Scimitar
Shamshir
Kilij
Turko-Mongol Sabre
Yatagan
Mameluke sword
Early modern period
Qama
Kindjal
IndonesiaEarly period
Mandau
Niabor
Parang
Balato
Gari
Surik
Late period
Keris bahari
Klewang
Sundang
Langgai Tinggang
Parang Nabur
Sikin Panjang
PhilippinesClassical
Balasiong
Bangkung
Banyal
Barong
Batangas
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Binagong (Binangon)
Bolo
Dahong palay
Garab
Gayang
Ginunting
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Kampilan
Kalis
Karambit
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Laring
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Parang
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Pinuti
Sanduko
Sansibar
Sundang
Susuwat
Talibon
Utak
Wasay
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Balisword
Espada y daga
Hagibis
Tenegre
MainlandSoutheast AsiaClassic stage
Dha
Post-Classic stage
Krabi–krabong
Cambodia
Preah Khan Reach
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Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si
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Macuahuitl
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AfricaAncient Egypt
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Ida
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Takoba
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amphicarpaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphicarpaea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falcata_ib%C3%A9rica_(29158730100).jpg"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula#History"},{"link_name":"warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare_in_the_ancient_Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberians"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"}],"text":"This article is about the ancient type of sword. For the defunct legume genus, Falcata, see Amphicarpaea.Ancient Iberian single-edged swordIberian falcataThe falcata is a type of sword typical of pre-Roman Iberia. The falcata was used to great effect for warfare in the ancient Iberian peninsula, and is firmly associated with the southern Iberian tribes, among other ancient peoples of Hispania. It was highly prized by the ancient general Hannibal, who equipped Carthaginian troops with it during the Second Punic War.","title":"Falcata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva-2"},{"link_name":"falx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falx"},{"link_name":"harpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpe"}],"text":"It is unknown which name ancient Iberians gave to the weapon. Falcata is neither a native name nor one used in classical sources, but a 19th century term coined by historian Fernando Fulgosio to describe the shape of its blade. The term derivates from Latin falcatus, meaning literally \"falcon-shaped\".[1][2] Classical vocabulary did have a sword named ensis falcatus, but it was apparently meant to be either a falx or a harpe. In any case, the name caught on very quickly and is now firmly entrenched in the scholarly literature.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilt"},{"link_name":"kopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The falcata has a single-edged blade that pitches forward towards the point, the edge being concave near the hilt, but convex near the point. This shape distributes the weight in such a way that the falcata is capable of delivering a blow with the momentum of an axe, while maintaining the longer cutting edge of a sword, as well as the facility to thrust. The grip is typically hook-shaped, the end often stylized in the shape of a horse or a bird. There is often a thin chain connecting the hooked butt of the handle with the hilt. Though almost identical to the Greek kopis, the falcata is distinguished by the sharpened false edge in the second half of its length.[3]","title":"Shape"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falcata_de_la_Necr%C3%B3polis_de_los_Collados_-_M.A.N._01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Almedinilla, Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almedinilla"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"kopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopis"},{"link_name":"Empuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empuries"}],"text":"Falcata of the Necrópolis de los Collados, Almedinilla, Córdoba, Spain.Some have posited that the falcata was derived from the sickle-shaped knives of the Iron Age; which coincides with their ritual use.[clarification needed] Some speculate it was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Celts, along with iron working[who?]. There are several historians[who?] who believe that the falcata's origin is coincident to the Greek kopis without deriving from it. However, the extent of profound Hellenistic influence both west and east, Greek trade ports like Emporion (modern Empuries) from the 8th century BCE along the east coast of Iberia, the unequivocal archeological record of the kopis predating the falcata by centuries, as well as the utterly anomalous inward \"recurve\" configuration across the entire world history of blades heavily argues for the Greek origin and influence.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Hispania"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel#Ancient"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Roman armies in the Second Punic War and later, during the Conquest of Hispania, were surprised by the quality of the weapons used by Iberian mercenaries and warriors. The overall quality of the falcata came not only from the shape, but also from the quality of the iron. It is said that steel plates were buried in the ground for two to three years, corroding the weaker steel from them, but this is technically nonsensical as the higher carbon content of the 'better' steel makes it more vulnerable to chemical corrosion. The technique of joining layers of steel in a fire-welding process in a forge was a standard procedure.[4]","title":"Quality and manufacture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falcata_%C3%ADbera_(M.A.N._Madrid)_03b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Almedinilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almedinilla"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spanish_province)"},{"link_name":"M.A.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"ornamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ornamental"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"}],"text":"Decorated hilt of a 4th or 3rd century BC falcata from Almedinilla, Córdoba (M.A.N., Madrid).In the early times of the tribes in Iberia, its use was more ornamental and liturgical than military. Highly decorated falcata have been found in tombs, for example the Falcata de Almedinilla. The scarcity of the falcata during early times was due to the expense and scarcity of iron in the region.","title":"Ornamental and liturgical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Seneca's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator"},{"link_name":"Sucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucar"},{"link_name":"Munda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Munda"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"makhaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhaira"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva-2"},{"link_name":"Gauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since \"falcata\" is not a term used in Classical Latin, it is difficult to tell when, or even if, it is being referred to in ancient literature. There is, however, one passage that is generally agreed to refer to this type of sword, in Seneca's De Beneficiis 5.24:A veteran who had been a bit too rough with his neighbors was pleading his case before Julius Caesar. \"Do you remember,\" he said, \"Imperator, how you twisted your ankle near Sucro?\" When Caesar said he did remember: \"Then you certainly remember that when you were lying to rest under a tree that was casting just a tiny shadow, in a very tough terrain with just that one lonely tree sticking out, one of your men laid out his cloak for you?\"\n\nCaesar said \"Why shouldn't I remember, even if I was exhausted? Because I was unable to walk I couldn't go to the nearby spring, and I would have been willing to crawl there on hands and knees, if it were not for a good soldier, a brave industrious chap, hadn't brought me water in his helmet?\" to which the man replied,\n\n\"Then, Imperator, you could recognize that man, or that helmet?\" Caesar answered that he couldn't recognize the helmet, but certainly the man, and added, a bit irritated I think, \"And you certainly are not him!\" \"It's not surprising,\" said the man, \"that you do not recognize me, Caesar; for when that happened I was whole. Afterwards, at Munda my eye was gouged out, and my skull smashed in. Nor would you recognize that helmet if you saw it: it was split by a Hispanian sword (machaera Hispana).\"Polybius also calls Iberian swords machaera, possibly referring to the falcata given its similarities to the Greek makhaira.[2] However, he also employs this name for the straight swords used by the Gauls and even the Romans themselves.[5] The additional fact that other tribes from Hispania also used straight swords, which were later to inspire the Roman gladius, obscures the differentiation of their respective names.[6]","title":"In ancient texts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silva_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Silva_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sword (Falcata)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32256"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"¿Qué hay en un nombre? La cuestión del gladius hispaniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/hispaniensis.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170721153023/http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/hispaniensis.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Gladius hispaniensis: an archaeological view from Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20gladius%20ROMEC%20rd.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180810205249/https://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20gladius%20ROMEC%20rd.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ In: Fulgosio, Fernando (1872): \"Armas y utensilios del hombre primitivo en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional\", in José Dorregaray (ed.),Museo Español de Antigüedades, Madrid, Vol. I, pp. 75-89.\n\n^ a b Luis Silva, Viriathus and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155-139 BC, 2013\n\n^ \"Sword (Falcata)\". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 November 2021.\n\n^ Diodorus Siculus 5.33.4\n\n^ F. Quesada Sanz, ¿Qué hay en un nombre? La cuestión del gladius hispaniensis Archived 2017-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, 1997.\n\n^ F. Quesada Sanz, Gladius hispaniensis: an archaeological view from Iberia Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, 1997","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. Quesada Sanz: \"Máchaira, kopís, falcata\" in Homenaje a Francisco Torrent, Madrid, 1994, pp. 75-94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090219135233/http://www.ffil.uam.es/equus/warmas/online/machairakopisfalcata.pdf"},{"link_name":"Quesada Sanz, F. (1991): “En torno al origen y procedencia de la falcata ibérica”. In J. Remesal, O.Musso (eds.), La presencia de material etrusco en la Península Ibérica, Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%201991%20falcata%20Congreso%20Barcelona%20red.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110927181544/http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%201991%20falcata%20Congreso%20Barcelona%20red.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Aranegui, C. y De Hoz, J. (1992): “Una falcata decorada con inscripción ibérica. Juegos gladiatorios y venationes”, en Homenaje a Enrique Pla Ballester, Trabajos Varios del SIP 89, 319-344\nCuadrado Díaz, E. (1989): La panoplia ibérica de “El Cigarralejo” (Mula, Murcia). Documentos. Serie Arqueología. Murcia\nNieto, G. y Escalera, A. (1970): “Estudio y tratamiento de una falcata de Almedinilla”, Informes y trabajos del Instituto de Restauración y Conservación, 10\nF. Quesada Sanz: \"Máchaira, kopís, falcata\" in Homenaje a Francisco Torrent, Madrid, 1994, pp. 75-94.\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1991): “En torno al origen y procedencia de la falcata ibérica”. In J. Remesal, O.Musso (eds.), La presencia de material etrusco en la Península Ibérica, Barcelona Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1990b): “Falcatas ibéricas con damasquinados en plata”. Homenaje a D. Emeterio Cuadrado, Verdolay, 2, 45-59\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1992a): Arma y símbolo: la falcata ibérica. Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, Alicante\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1992b): “Notas sobre el armamento ibérico de Almedinilla”, Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa, 3, 113-136\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1997a): “Algo más que un tipo de espada: la falcata ibérica”. Catálogo de la Exposición: La guerra en la Antigüedad. Madrid, pp. 196–205\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1997b): El armamento ibérico. Estudio tipológico, geográfico, funcional, social y simbólico de las armas en la Cultura Ibérica (siglos VI-I a.C.). 2 vols. Monographies Instrumentum, 3. Ed. Monique Mergoil, Montagnac, 1997\nQuesada Sanz, F. (1998): “Armas para los muertos”. Los íberos, príncipes de Occidente Catálogo de la Exposición. Barcelona, pp. 125–31","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Iberian falcata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Falcata_ib%C3%A9rica_%2829158730100%29.jpg/94px-Falcata_ib%C3%A9rica_%2829158730100%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falcata of the Necrópolis de los Collados, Almedinilla, Córdoba, Spain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Falcata_de_la_Necr%C3%B3polis_de_los_Collados_-_M.A.N._01.jpg/220px-Falcata_de_la_Necr%C3%B3polis_de_los_Collados_-_M.A.N._01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Decorated hilt of a 4th or 3rd century BC falcata from Almedinilla, Córdoba (M.A.N., Madrid).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Falcata_%C3%ADbera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03b.jpg/220px-Falcata_%C3%ADbera_%28M.A.N._Madrid%29_03b.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Kopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopis"},{"title":"Makhaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhaira"},{"title":"Khopesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khopesh"},{"title":"Kukri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukri"},{"title":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"title":"Yatagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatagan"},{"title":"Oakeshott typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakeshott_typology"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sword (Falcata)\". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32256","url_text":"\"Sword (Falcata)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Metropolitan Museum of Art"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/32256","external_links_name":"\"Sword (Falcata)\""},{"Link":"https://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/hispaniensis.pdf","external_links_name":"¿Qué hay en un nombre? La cuestión del gladius hispaniensis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170721153023/http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/hispaniensis.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20gladius%20ROMEC%20rd.pdf","external_links_name":"Gladius hispaniensis: an archaeological view from Iberia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205249/https://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%20gladius%20ROMEC%20rd.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219135233/http://www.ffil.uam.es/equus/warmas/online/machairakopisfalcata.pdf","external_links_name":"F. Quesada Sanz: \"Máchaira, kopís, falcata\" in Homenaje a Francisco Torrent, Madrid, 1994, pp. 75-94"},{"Link":"http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%201991%20falcata%20Congreso%20Barcelona%20red.pdf","external_links_name":"Quesada Sanz, F. (1991): “En torno al origen y procedencia de la falcata ibérica”. In J. Remesal, O.Musso (eds.), La presencia de material etrusco en la Península Ibérica, Barcelona"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927181544/http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/equus/warmas/online/Quesada%201991%20falcata%20Congreso%20Barcelona%20red.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050322114050/http://www.ffil.uam.es/equus/warmas/","external_links_name":"Iberian weapons and warfare"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050317160954/http://www.ffil.uam.es/equus/warmas/tipolog/fig01.html","external_links_name":"A 4th century BC falcata from Iberia"},{"Link":"http://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=998","external_links_name":"Spanish site about celtiberian pre-roman history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081006160601/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm","external_links_name":"Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_McCandless
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Byron McCandless
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["1 Family and early life","2 Naval career","3 Vexillology","4 Awards","5 Books","6 References","7 External links"]
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U.S. Navy officer (1881–1957)
Byron McCandlessByron McCandless in 1941Born(1881-09-05)September 5, 1881Endicott, Nebraska, U.S.DiedMay 30, 1967(1967-05-30) (aged 85)Mariposa, California, U.S.AllegianceUnited States of AmericaService/branchUnited States NavyYears of service1905–1946RankCommodoreBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsNavy CrossLegion of MeritRelationsFather of Rear Admiral Bruce McCandless, Medal of Honor recipient Grandfather of Bruce McCandless II, NASA astronaut
Commodore Byron McCandless (September 5, 1881 – May 30, 1967) was a longtime U.S. Navy officer who was awarded the Navy Cross during World War I and the Legion of Merit during World War II. He was also prominent in the field of vexillology (the study of flags), and helped design two separate versions of the flag of the president of the United States. He was the father of Bruce McCandless, also a naval officer, and the grandfather of NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless II. Commodore McCandless was later promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral on the retired list.
Family and early life
Byron McCandless was born in Endicott, Nebraska. His grandfather was David McCanles, who was killed by Wild Bill Hickok in 1861 at the Rock Creek Station, Nebraska shoot-out. His father was Julius McCandless (born 1851), who later moved his family to Florence, Colorado, where he operated a hardware store. (Florence had been founded by one of Julius' uncles, James McCandless, and named for one of James' daughters.)
Byron McCandless attended the Colorado School of Mines, and in 1899 played one season as quarterback for the University of Colorado football team. He later went to the United States Naval Academy where he graduated in 1905. He married Velma May Kitson (a daughter of May Kitson) on September 29, 1909. Their son Bruce was born in Washington, D.C., on August 12, 1911. The couple also had a daughter named Velma, born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 4, 1914.
Naval career
McCandless in 1915.
Following his graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1905, McCandless sailed with the Great White Fleet on the USS Maine. He was a gunnery and turret officer, and later became the flag lieutenant and aide to Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger, the commander of the Atlantic Fleet. When Admiral William S. Benson became the first Chief of Naval Operations in 1915, he chose McCandless to be on his three-person staff. Later, McCandless also became an aide to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels.
During World War I, McCandless commanded the destroyer USS Caldwell, and was awarded the Navy Cross. His citation read:
For distinguished service in the line of his profession as commanding officer of the USS Caldwell, engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of patrolling the waters infested with enemy submarines and mines, in escorting and protecting vitally important convoys of troops and supplies through these waters, and in offensive and defensive action, vigorously and unremittingly prosecuted against all forms of enemy naval activity.
After the war, McCandless was the executive officer on the battleship USS Kansas. He later commanded the USS Parrott from 1921 to 1923, the oiler USS Brazos in 1927-28, and the cruiser USS Raleigh. McCandless also commanded Destroyer Division 30 and served as the Operations Officer for Destroyer Squadrons of the Scouting Fleet.
McCandless attended the Naval War College, then became the Director of the Training Division in the Navy's Bureau of Navigation, and later headed the Branch Hydrographic Office in Boston. After completing another course at the Naval War College, he served as the Chief of Staff for Destroyers, Battle Force, from 1935 to 1937.
McCandless became the commanding officer of the Destroyer Base, San Diego, in January 1937. He was transferred to the retired list on June 30, 1940, but remained on active duty and in command. He oversaw an expansion in scope of the base, adding fleet training schools and an amphibious force training unit, and accordingly it was renamed the Repair Base, San Diego, in 1942. Helped by the addition of several floating dry docks, between 1943 and 1945 the base performed conversion, overhaul, maintenance and battle damage repair to more than 5,000 ships. He remained the commander until the end of the war, leaving on September 8, 1945. For his service at the base, McCandless was awarded the Legion of Merit. He retired on September 25, 1946.
The jeheemy, invented by McCandless
During his career, McCandless made several inventions. One of them was the "Jeheemy", an apparatus used to salvage landing craft swamped and stranded on invasion beachheads. It consisted of portable crane hauled along the beach by a tractor. McCandless also patented several other inventions, including a camera and other photographic equipment, a projection system, and a portable lamp.
Vexillology
McCandless developed in interest in flags, a field later called vexillology, and in 1917 was described by National Geographic Magazine as the "foremost flag expert of the United States Government and probably the leading authority in the world on flag usages among maritime nations". McCandless authored almost the entire October 1917 issue of National Geographic, their "Flag Number", depicting nearly 1200 world flags in color and including a history of the American flag.
In 1923, McCandless discovered the 1779 Dutch sketches of the Serapis flag in the records of the Chicago Historical Society, removing any doubt as to what the flags actually looked like.
Presidential seal print, with annotations by McCandless, used during the 1916 flag discussions with President Wilson
In 1915, Woodrow Wilson decided to design a new flag for the presidency, replacing the separate flags then in use by the Army and the Navy. McCandless, the Aide to the Secretary of the Navy at the time, participated in the discussions along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and Assistant Secretary of War Henry Breckinridge. McCandless suggested a design which added four stars to the Navy's version (which used the Great Seal on a blue background), as this would be enough to distinguish it from the Army infantry flag. McCandless then met with Wilson to demonstrate the proposed design; Wilson liked it but wanted to use the eagle from the presidential seal instead. This became the final design, and Wilson issued Executive Order 2390 on May 29, 1916, to officially define it.
In March 1945, Franklin Roosevelt wondered if the four stars were still appropriate, given the creation of the five-star Fleet Admiral and General of the Army ranks during World War II. Despite initial responses which recommended no change (the stars were not supposed to be indicative of rank), Roosevelt persisted and had a message sent to his old colleague McCandless, by this time a Commodore and commanding the Naval Repair Base in San Diego. Roosevelt died on April 12 before McCandless could reply, but Truman still expressed interest, so on May 29 McCandless sent a long letter containing a history of the President's flag, dozens of attachments and several recommendations for a redesign. McCandless primarily suggested using four six-pointed stars, each made up with twelve smaller stars. The six stars would indicate a higher rank, while the 48 total stars would represent the states. Truman (as a civilian) did not like the idea of designating rank, so instead requested a simple circle of 48 stars. McCandless accordingly made up a new drawing with this design. Further alterations (turning the eagle's head to its right, and changing the eagle to full color) were made by Arthur E. DuBois of the Heraldic Section of the Army's Office of the Quartermaster General (the forerunner of the Army Institute of Heraldry). This design was used for the presidential coat of arms, seal, and flag, and was officially defined with Executive Order 9646 issued on October 25, 1945. The accompanying press release discussed McCandless' role at length. It is still the current design for the presidential seal and flag, as the only changes since have been to add more stars after Alaska and Hawaii became states.
In 1962, McCandless began writing an extensive book on the Flag of the United States in collaboration with Annapolis classmate Rear Admiral William R. Furlong, but died in 1967 well before the book was finished. Furlong continued working on the book, and in 1971 turned over more than a thousand pages to the Smithsonian Institution, the sponsor (Furlong himself died in 1976). Dr. Harold D. Langley of the Smithsonian eventually edited down the manuscript to a 260-page book, So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag, which was published in 1981. Scott Guenther, an author of another flag book in 1990, ranked it along with a few others as "seminal works of scholarship on the history of the American flag".
Byron McCandless died on May 30, 1967, in Mariposa, California. In 1971, the frigate USS McCandless was named in honor of both Byron McCandless and his son, Rear Admiral Bruce McCandless (who died in 1968). There is also a street named after Commodore McCandless at the San Diego Naval Repair Base.
Awards
1st Row
Navy Cross
2nd Row
Legion of Merit
Mexican Service Medal
World War I Victory Medal
3rd Row
American Campaign Medal
American Defense Service Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Books
McCandless, Byron (1916). The Harbor of St. Thomas. OCLC 39488994.
McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (October 1917). Flags of the World. National Geographic Society. OCLC 2826771.
Furlong, William Rea; McCandless, Byron (October 1981). So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Edited by Harold D. Langley. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-87474-449-1.
References
^ a b c Thorburn, Ryan (May 27, 2006). "McCandless family to be honored". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07.
^ a b Franklin, Audrey; Larson, George. "McCandless Extended Family". rootsweb.com.
^ "James Alexander Leroy McCandless".
^ "Travel Guide Florence, Colorado". TripTrivia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ "History of Rocky Mountain Bank & Trust". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.
^ "Colorado Football Letterwinners".
^ "Marriage Announcement 1", The New York Times, October 4, 1909
^ a b c d e "Byron McCandless, Navy Commodore", Washington Post and Times-Herald, p. B6, June 4, 1967
^ Mariposa Gazette and Miner; Vol. CXLIV, No. 5, 26 March 1998, pg. 13. Obituary of Velma May McCandless Ransom Overstreet. Date of death: 17 March 1998.
^ "Photo # NH 106227: USS Maine (Battleship #10)". Archived from the original on 2012-11-03.
^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur (August 1915), "The War Chiefs of the Navy", World's Work, vol. XXX, no. 4, Doubleday, Page & Co., p. 412
^ a b c "Personal History of Commodore Byron McCandless (1881-1967)". Archived from the original on May 9, 2001.
^ a b c d e f g h "The McCandless Family's Contribution to America". HomeOfHeroes.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ "Valor awards for Byron McCandless". MilitaryTimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
^ "USS Parrott (DD-218)". NavSource.
^ "Naval Forces Europe and Special Services Squadron, July 1, 1923". Archived from the original on 2009-10-22.
^ CNIC. "Naval Base San Diego History".
^ Cutler, Thomas J. (2005). Dictionary of Naval Terms. Vol. 23 (6 ed.). Naval Institute Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-59114-150-1.
^ "The Salvage Boat". Skill in the Surf: A Landing Boat Manual. United States Navy. February 1945.
^ One patent was filed in 1927; the others were all filed on August 31, 1931. The patent numbers are 1695382 (a camera), 1870687 (portable lamp), 1900020 (photocopying apparatus), 1901182 (portable display screen), 1925149 (projector), and 1960254 (photographic apparatus).
^ McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (1917). Flags of the World. National Geographic Society. p. 284. OCLC 2826771.
^ Quaife, Milo M.; Weig, Melvin J.; Appleman, Roy E. (1961). The History of The United States Flag. New York: Harper & Row. p. 38. The paintings were part of the Gunther collection, which was uncategorized at the time.
^ Patterson, Richard Sharpe; Dougall, Richardson (1978) . The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States. Department and Foreign Service series ; 161 Department of State publication ; 8900. Washington : Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 434–7. LCCN 78602518. OCLC 4268298.
^ Patterson and Dougall, pp. 441-449
^ "National Museum of History and Technology, Research Records, circa 1950-1971". Smithsonian Institution.
^ Guenter, Scott M. (1990). The American Flag, 1777-1924. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 17, 213. ISBN 978-0-8386-3384-7.
External links
Works by or about Byron McCandless at Internet Archive
vteNavy Midshipmen athletic directors
Harris Laning (1910–1912)
Arthur P. Fairfield (1912–1915)
Charles Earle Smith (1915–1917)
William Halsey Jr. (1917–1918)
Douglas Legate Howard (1918–1923)
Byron McCandless (1923–1926)
Jonas H. Ingram (1926–1930)
Henry D. Cook Jr. (1930–1931)
John W. Wilcox Jr. (1931–1934)
Robert C. Giffen (1934–1937)
Ernest W. McKee (1937–1940)
Thomas S. King II (1940–1942)
Harvey Overesch (1942)
John Whelchel (1943–1944)
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Henry H. Caldwell (1949–1951)
Ian C. Eddy (1951–1954)
Elliott Loughlin (1954–1957)
Slade Cutter (1957–1959)
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William S. Busik (1962–1965)
Alan R. Cameron (1965–1968)
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He was also prominent in the field of vexillology (the study of flags), and helped design two separate versions of the flag of the president of the United States. He was the father of Bruce McCandless, also a naval officer, and the grandfather of NASA astronaut Bruce McCandless II. Commodore McCandless was later promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral on the retired list.","title":"Byron McCandless"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endicott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endicott,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"David McCanles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCanles_Gang"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Hickok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok"},{"link_name":"Rock Creek Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Creek_Station"},{"link_name":"Florence, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camera-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rootsweb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colorado School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_School_of_Mines"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes_football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"May Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Kitson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rootsweb-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpobit-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VelmaObit-9"}],"text":"Byron McCandless was born in Endicott, Nebraska. His grandfather was David McCanles, who was killed by Wild Bill Hickok in 1861 at the Rock Creek Station, Nebraska shoot-out. His father was Julius McCandless (born 1851), who later moved his family to Florence, Colorado, where he operated a hardware store.[1][2] (Florence had been founded by one of Julius' uncles, James McCandless, and named for one of James' daughters.[3][4][5])Byron McCandless attended the Colorado School of Mines, and in 1899 played one season as quarterback for the University of Colorado football team.[6] He later went to the United States Naval Academy where he graduated in 1905. He married Velma May Kitson (a daughter of May Kitson) on September 29, 1909.[2][7] Their son Bruce was born in Washington, D.C., on August 12, 1911. The couple also had a daughter named Velma,[8] born in Brooklyn, New York, on June 4, 1914.[9]","title":"Family and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byron_McCandless_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Great White Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Fleet"},{"link_name":"USS Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(BB-10)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpobit-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Charles J. Badger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Badger"},{"link_name":"William S. Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Benson"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Josephus Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpobit-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erols-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"USS Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Caldwell_(DD-69)"},{"link_name":"Navy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer#Military"},{"link_name":"USS Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kansas_(BB-21)"},{"link_name":"USS Parrott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Parrott_(DD-218)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"USS Brazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Brazos_(AO-4)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erols-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"USS Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(CL-7)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpobit-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-erols-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Navigation_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Battle Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camera-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"Destroyer Base, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Base_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camera-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeheemy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"McCandless in 1915.Following his graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1905, McCandless sailed with the Great White Fleet on the USS Maine.[8][10] He was a gunnery and turret officer, and later became the flag lieutenant and aide to Rear Admiral Charles J. Badger, the commander of the Atlantic Fleet. When Admiral William S. Benson became the first Chief of Naval Operations in 1915, he chose McCandless to be on his three-person staff.[11] Later, McCandless also became an aide to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels.[8][12][13]During World War I, McCandless commanded the destroyer USS Caldwell, and was awarded the Navy Cross. His citation read:[13][14]For distinguished service in the line of his profession as commanding officer of the USS Caldwell, engaged in the important, exacting and hazardous duty of patrolling the waters infested with enemy submarines and mines, in escorting and protecting vitally important convoys of troops and supplies through these waters, and in offensive and defensive action, vigorously and unremittingly prosecuted against all forms of enemy naval activity.After the war, McCandless was the executive officer on the battleship USS Kansas. He later commanded the USS Parrott from 1921 to 1923,[15][16] the oiler USS Brazos in 1927-28,[12][13] and the cruiser USS Raleigh.[8] McCandless also commanded Destroyer Division 30 and served as the Operations Officer for Destroyer Squadrons of the Scouting Fleet.[12][13]McCandless attended the Naval War College, then became the Director of the Training Division in the Navy's Bureau of Navigation, and later headed the Branch Hydrographic Office in Boston. After completing another course at the Naval War College, he served as the Chief of Staff for Destroyers, Battle Force, from 1935 to 1937.[1][13]McCandless became the commanding officer of the Destroyer Base, San Diego, in January 1937. He was transferred to the retired list on June 30, 1940, but remained on active duty and in command. He oversaw an expansion in scope of the base, adding fleet training schools and an amphibious force training unit, and accordingly it was renamed the Repair Base, San Diego, in 1942. Helped by the addition of several floating dry docks, between 1943 and 1945 the base performed conversion, overhaul, maintenance and battle damage repair to more than 5,000 ships. He remained the commander until the end of the war, leaving on September 8, 1945.[17] For his service at the base, McCandless was awarded the Legion of Merit. He retired on September 25, 1946.[1][13]The jeheemy, invented by McCandlessDuring his career, McCandless made several inventions. One of them was the \"Jeheemy\", an apparatus used to salvage landing craft swamped and stranded on invasion beachheads. It consisted of portable crane hauled along the beach by a tractor.[13][18][19] McCandless also patented several other inventions, including a camera and other photographic equipment, a projection system, and a portable lamp.[20]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vexillology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillology"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"American flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Serapis flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapis_flag"},{"link_name":"Chicago Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USPresidentialSeal1915Print.jpg"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"flag for the presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Henry Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"Great Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 2390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_2390"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fleet Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"General of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_General"},{"link_name":"Army Institute of Heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Institute_of_Heraldry"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9646"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Flag of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William R. Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Furlong"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heroes-13"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mariposa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpobit-8"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"USS McCandless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McCandless_(FF-1084)"},{"link_name":"Bruce McCandless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless"}],"text":"McCandless developed in interest in flags, a field later called vexillology, and in 1917 was described by National Geographic Magazine as the \"foremost flag expert of the United States Government and probably the leading authority in the world on flag usages among maritime nations\". McCandless authored almost the entire October 1917 issue of National Geographic, their \"Flag Number\", depicting nearly 1200 world flags in color and including a history of the American flag.[21]In 1923, McCandless discovered the 1779 Dutch sketches of the Serapis flag in the records of the Chicago Historical Society, removing any doubt as to what the flags actually looked like.[22]Presidential seal print, with annotations by McCandless, used during the 1916 flag discussions with President WilsonIn 1915, Woodrow Wilson decided to design a new flag for the presidency, replacing the separate flags then in use by the Army and the Navy. McCandless, the Aide to the Secretary of the Navy at the time, participated in the discussions along with Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and Assistant Secretary of War Henry Breckinridge. McCandless suggested a design which added four stars to the Navy's version (which used the Great Seal on a blue background), as this would be enough to distinguish it from the Army infantry flag. McCandless then met with Wilson to demonstrate the proposed design; Wilson liked it but wanted to use the eagle from the presidential seal instead. This became the final design, and Wilson issued Executive Order 2390 on May 29, 1916, to officially define it.[23]In March 1945, Franklin Roosevelt wondered if the four stars were still appropriate, given the creation of the five-star Fleet Admiral and General of the Army ranks during World War II. Despite initial responses which recommended no change (the stars were not supposed to be indicative of rank), Roosevelt persisted and had a message sent to his old colleague McCandless, by this time a Commodore and commanding the Naval Repair Base in San Diego. Roosevelt died on April 12 before McCandless could reply, but Truman still expressed interest, so on May 29 McCandless sent a long letter containing a history of the President's flag, dozens of attachments and several recommendations for a redesign. McCandless primarily suggested using four six-pointed stars, each made up with twelve smaller stars. The six stars would indicate a higher rank, while the 48 total stars would represent the states. Truman (as a civilian) did not like the idea of designating rank, so instead requested a simple circle of 48 stars. McCandless accordingly made up a new drawing with this design. Further alterations (turning the eagle's head to its right, and changing the eagle to full color) were made by Arthur E. DuBois of the Heraldic Section of the Army's Office of the Quartermaster General (the forerunner of the Army Institute of Heraldry). This design was used for the presidential coat of arms, seal, and flag, and was officially defined with Executive Order 9646 issued on October 25, 1945. The accompanying press release discussed McCandless' role at length. It is still the current design for the presidential seal and flag, as the only changes since have been to add more stars after Alaska and Hawaii became states.[24]In 1962, McCandless began writing an extensive book on the Flag of the United States in collaboration with Annapolis classmate Rear Admiral William R. Furlong, but died in 1967 well before the book was finished. Furlong continued working on the book, and in 1971 turned over more than a thousand pages to the Smithsonian Institution, the sponsor (Furlong himself died in 1976). Dr. Harold D. Langley of the Smithsonian eventually edited down the manuscript to a 260-page book, So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag, which was published in 1981.[13][25] Scott Guenther, an author of another flag book in 1990, ranked it along with a few others as \"seminal works of scholarship on the history of the American flag\".[26]Byron McCandless died on May 30, 1967, in Mariposa, California.[8] In 1971, the frigate USS McCandless was named in honor of both Byron McCandless and his son, Rear Admiral Bruce McCandless (who died in 1968). There is also a street named after Commodore McCandless at the San Diego Naval Repair Base.","title":"Vexillology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39488994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39488994"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor, Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor"},{"link_name":"Flags of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/flagsofworld00mccarich"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2826771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2826771"},{"link_name":"So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/soproudlywehail00furl"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87474-449-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-449-1"}],"text":"McCandless, Byron (1916). The Harbor of St. Thomas. OCLC 39488994.\nMcCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (October 1917). Flags of the World. National Geographic Society. OCLC 2826771.\nFurlong, William Rea; McCandless, Byron (October 1981). So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Edited by Harold D. Langley. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-87474-449-1.","title":"Books"}]
|
[{"image_text":"McCandless in 1915.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Byron_McCandless_1915.jpg/220px-Byron_McCandless_1915.jpg"},{"image_text":"The jeheemy, invented by McCandless","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jeheemy.jpg/220px-Jeheemy.jpg"},{"image_text":"Presidential seal print, with annotations by McCandless, used during the 1916 flag discussions with President Wilson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/USPresidentialSeal1915Print.jpg/220px-USPresidentialSeal1915Print.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"McCandless, Byron (1916). The Harbor of St. Thomas. OCLC 39488994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39488994","url_text":"39488994"}]},{"reference":"McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (October 1917). Flags of the World. National Geographic Society. OCLC 2826771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor","url_text":"Grosvenor, Gilbert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flagsofworld00mccarich","url_text":"Flags of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society","url_text":"National Geographic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2826771","url_text":"2826771"}]},{"reference":"Furlong, William Rea; McCandless, Byron (October 1981). So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Edited by Harold D. Langley. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-87474-449-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehail00furl","url_text":"So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-449-1","url_text":"978-0-87474-449-1"}]},{"reference":"Thorburn, Ryan (May 27, 2006). \"McCandless family to be honored\". Daily Camera. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807094222/http://www.dailycamera.com/bdc/running/article/0%2C1713%2CBDC_2413_4723370%2C00.html","url_text":"\"McCandless family to be honored\""},{"url":"http://www.dailycamera.com/bdc/running/article/0,1713,BDC_2413_4723370,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Franklin, Audrey; Larson, George. \"McCandless Extended Family\". rootsweb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=REG&db=geolarson2&id=I077821","url_text":"\"McCandless Extended Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Alexander Leroy McCandless\".","urls":[{"url":"http://genforum.genealogy.com/mccandless/messages/460.html","url_text":"\"James Alexander Leroy McCandless\""}]},{"reference":"\"Travel Guide Florence, Colorado\". TripTrivia. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717104558/http://www.triptrivia.com/step4.php?Submit=Submit&State=6&StartCity=16114","url_text":"\"Travel Guide Florence, Colorado\""},{"url":"http://www.triptrivia.com/step4.php?Submit=Submit&State=6&StartCity=16114","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Rocky Mountain Bank & Trust\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715191037/http://www.rmbt.com/default.aspx?v=92f1d831-f1db-45a6-99f2-5fe9b3c36931","url_text":"\"History of Rocky Mountain Bank & Trust\""},{"url":"http://www.rmbt.com/default.aspx?v=92f1d831-f1db-45a6-99f2-5fe9b3c36931","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Football Letterwinners\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cubuffs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=600&ATCLID=3706490","url_text":"\"Colorado Football Letterwinners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marriage Announcement 1\", The New York Times, October 4, 1909","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1909/10/04/archives/marriage-announcement-1-no-title.html","url_text":"\"Marriage Announcement 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Byron McCandless, Navy Commodore\", Washington Post and Times-Herald, p. B6, June 4, 1967","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post and Times-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo # NH 106227: USS Maine (Battleship #10)\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103171922/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/i06000/i06227l.htm","url_text":"\"Photo # NH 106227: USS Maine (Battleship #10)\""},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/i06000/i06227l.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur (August 1915), \"The War Chiefs of the Navy\", World's Work, vol. XXX, no. 4, Doubleday, Page & Co., p. 412","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page","url_text":"Page, Walter Hines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._Page","url_text":"Page, Arthur"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N69E9klDugUC&pg=RA2-PA412","url_text":"\"The War Chiefs of the Navy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Work","url_text":"World's Work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday, Page & Co."}]},{"reference":"\"Personal History of Commodore Byron McCandless (1881-1967)\". Archived from the original on May 9, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010509012540/http://users.erols.com/sharpb/ff1084/byronm.html","url_text":"\"Personal History of Commodore Byron McCandless (1881-1967)\""},{"url":"http://users.erols.com/sharpb/ff1084/byronm.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The McCandless Family's Contribution to America\". HomeOfHeroes.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226152223/http://www.homeofheroes.com/a_homepage/community/misc/mccandless_family.htm","url_text":"\"The McCandless Family's Contribution to America\""},{"url":"http://www.homeofheroes.com/a_homepage/community/misc/mccandless_family.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valor awards for Byron McCandless\". MilitaryTimes.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229141558/http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=9786","url_text":"\"Valor awards for Byron McCandless\""},{"url":"http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=9786","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USS Parrott (DD-218)\". NavSource.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/218.htm","url_text":"\"USS Parrott (DD-218)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Forces Europe and Special Services Squadron, July 1, 1923\". Archived from the original on 2009-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022105706/http://geocities.com/scs028a/1923NavForEur.html","url_text":"\"Naval Forces Europe and Special Services Squadron, July 1, 1923\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/scs028a/1923NavForEur.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"CNIC. \"Naval Base San Diego History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command_(United_States)","url_text":"CNIC"},{"url":"https://www.cnic.navy.mil/SanDiego/AboutCNIC/GeneralInformation/index.htm","url_text":"\"Naval Base San Diego History\""}]},{"reference":"Cutler, Thomas J. (2005). Dictionary of Naval Terms. Vol. 23 (6 ed.). Naval Institute Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-59114-150-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-150-1","url_text":"978-1-59114-150-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Salvage Boat\". Skill in the Surf: A Landing Boat Manual. United States Navy. February 1945.","urls":[{"url":"http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/SurfSkill/SurfSkill-8.html","url_text":"\"The Salvage Boat\""},{"url":"http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/SurfSkill/index.html","url_text":"Skill in the Surf: A Landing Boat Manual"}]},{"reference":"McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (1917). Flags of the World. National Geographic Society. p. 284. OCLC 2826771.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Hovey_Grosvenor","url_text":"Grosvenor, Gilbert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/flagsofworld00mccarich#page/n15","url_text":"Flags of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society","url_text":"National Geographic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2826771","url_text":"2826771"}]},{"reference":"Quaife, Milo M.; Weig, Melvin J.; Appleman, Roy E. (1961). The History of The United States Flag. New York: Harper & Row. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofunited00quai","url_text":"The History of The United States Flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Row","url_text":"Harper & Row"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofunited00quai/page/38","url_text":"38"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Richard Sharpe; Dougall, Richardson (1978) [1976 i.e. 1978]. The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States. Department and Foreign Service series ; 161 Department of State publication ; 8900. Washington : Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 434–7. LCCN 78602518. OCLC 4268298.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/TheEagleAndTheShield/The%20Eagle%20and%20the%20Shield#page/n479","url_text":"The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/78602518","url_text":"78602518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4268298","url_text":"4268298"}]},{"reference":"\"National Museum of History and Technology, Research Records, circa 1950-1971\". Smithsonian Institution.","urls":[{"url":"http://siarchives.si.edu/findingaids/FA97-007.htm","url_text":"\"National Museum of History and Technology, Research Records, circa 1950-1971\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"Guenter, Scott M. (1990). The American Flag, 1777-1924. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 17, 213. ISBN 978-0-8386-3384-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press","url_text":"Fairleigh Dickinson University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3384-7","url_text":"978-0-8386-3384-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle_(TV_series)
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Arctic Circle (TV series)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Season 1","2.2 Season 2","3 Episodes","3.1 Season 1 (2018-19)","3.2 Season 2 (2021-22)","3.3 Season 3 (2023)","4 Production","5 Release","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Finnish-German crime drama television series
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arctic Circle" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Arctic CircleIvaloGenre
Crime drama
Nordic noir
Created by
Olli Haikka
Petja Peltomaa
Joona Tena
Jón Atli Jónasson
Directed byHannu SalonenStarring
Iina Kuustonen
Maximilian Brückner
Pihla Viitala
Clemens Schick
Joi Johannsson
Susanna Haavisto
Venla Ronkainen
ComposerVladislav DelayCountry of origin
Finland
Germany
Original languages
Finnish
English
Russian
No. of seasons3No. of episodes21ProductionProduction locations
Ivalo, Finland
Helsinki, Finland
Murmansk, Russia
Running time50 minutesProduction companies
Yellow Film & TV
Bavaria Film
Original releaseNetwork
Elisa Viihde
Yle
Release2018 (2018)
Arctic Circle (Finnish: Ivalo) is a Finnish-German crime drama television series that premiered on Finnish streaming service Elisa Viihde at Christmas 2018 and later on Yle. The series stars Iina Kuustonen, Maximilian Brückner, Pihla Viitala, Clemens Schick and Susanna Haavisto.
Arctic Circle is the first co-production between Finland's Yellow Film & TV and Germany's Bavaria Film, picked up for world distribution by Paris-based Lagardère Studios. The series was created by Yellow Film & TV CEO Olli Haikka and Head of Drama Petja Peltomaa with Joona Tena who shares the writing credit with Iceland's experienced Jón Atli Jónasson. Arctic Circle is directed by Finnish-born, Germany-based Hannu Salonen.
Plot
Set in an icy Finnish Lapland, Finnish police officer Nina Kautsalo (Iina Kuustonen) finds a nearly dead prostitute in a cabin in the wilderness. The case takes a surprising turn when a deadly virus is found in the prostitute's body. Nina and German virologist Thomas Lorenz (Maximilian Brückner) start investigating the case.
Cast and characters
Iina Kuustonen as Nina Kautsalo
Pihla Viitala as Marita Kautsalo
Venla Ronkainen as Venla Kautsalo
Susanna Haavisto as Elina Kautsalo
Inka Kallén as Sari Nikander (S1 — S2)
Kari Ketonen as Jaakko Stenius
Mikko Leppilampi as Esko Kangasniemi
Taneli Mäkelä as Reino Ylikorpi
Season 1
Maximilian Brückner as Thomas Lorenz
Jari Virman as Raunola
Clemens Schick as Marcus Eiben
Joi Johansson as Jens Mathiesen
Janne Kataja as Niilo Aikio
Maria Ylipää as Gunilla Lorenz
Kari Hietalahti as Hamari
Kristo Salminen as Reidar Hamari
Alina Tomnikov as Lana
Season 2
Maxim Busel as Victor Zujev
Mikko Nousiainen as Toni Kajanne
Wenla Reimaluoto as Aava Lahti
Walt Klink as Justin Merriman
John Finn as Gordon Merriman
Andrius Paulavicius as Nikolai Kurakin
Episodes
SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired11021 December 2018 (2018-12-21)4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)2619 December 2021 (2021-12-19)2 January 2022 (2022-01-02)364 October 2023 (2023-10-04)8 November 2023 (2023-11-08)
Season 1 (2018-19)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Cellar" (Kellari)Hannu SalonenUnknown21 December 2018 (2018-12-21)
22"Tracks In The Snow" (Jäljet lumessa)Hannu SalonenUnknown21 December 2018 (2018-12-21)
33"Storm Rises" (Myrsky nousee)Hannu SalonenUnknown21 December 2018 (2018-12-21)
44"An Eye for an Eye" (Silmä silmästä)Hannu SalonenUnknown29 December 2018 (2018-12-29)
55"God's Peace" (Jumalan terve)Hannu SalonenUnknown29 December 2018 (2018-12-29)
66"First Victim" (Ensimmäinen uhri)Hannu SalonenUnknown29 December 2018 (2018-12-29)
77"Predator" (Saalistaja)Hannu SalonenUnknown29 December 2018 (2018-12-29)
88"Carriers" (Taudinkantajat)Hannu SalonenUnknown4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)
99"Murmansk" (Murmansk)Hannu SalonenUnknown4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)
1010"Venla" (Venla)Hannu SalonenUnknown4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)
Season 2 (2021-22)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date111"Newest Police" (Uusin poliisi)Jussi HiltunenIiro Küttner19 December 2021 (2021-12-19)
122"Nothing in the Middle" (Keskellä ei mitään)Jussi HiltunenIiro Küttner19 December 2021 (2021-12-19)
133"Catch" (Saalis)Jussi HiltunenReeta Ruotsalainen26 December 2021 (2021-12-26)
144"Justice and Fairness" (Oikeus ja kohtuus)Jussi HiltunenReeta Ruotsalainen2 January 2022 (2022-01-02)
155"Guilty" (Syyllinen)Jussi HiltunenAleksi Delikouras9 January 2022 (2022-01-09)
166"Parents" (Vanhemmat)Jussi HiltunenAleksi Delikouras16 January 2022 (2022-01-16)
Season 3 (2023)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date171"Return" (Paluu)UnknownUnknown4 October 2023 (2023-10-04)
182"A find" (Löytötavara)UnknownUnknown11 October 2023 (2023-10-11)
193"Tucked away" (Piilossa)UnknownUnknown18 October 2023 (2023-10-18)
204"Mess" (Sotku)UnknownUnknown25 October 2023 (2023-10-25)
215"Burglary and theft" (Murto ja varkaus)Juha LankinenIiro Küttner1 November 2023 (2023-11-01)
226"Publication" (Julkistus)Juha LankinenIiro Küttner8 November 2023 (2023-11-08)
Production
In November 2017, it was announced that the main cast would consist of Iina Kuustonen, Maximilian Brückner, Clemens Schick and Pihla Viitala. It was also announced that filming of season one would begin in Finland later that month, on the 27th of November 2017. Filming of season 2 took place in Finnish Lapland during the autumn of 2020 and later winter/early spring of 2021.
Release
The series aired on ZDF in Germany in 2020. In North America the rights to the series were acquired by Topic. As part of its ongoing distribution deal Lagardère Studios Distribution also sold the rights to Polar+ (France), RTS (Switzerland), BeTV (Belgium), Videotron (Canada), NPO (The Netherlands), IVI (Russia), Canal Plus (Poland), RTP (Portugal), Cosmopolitan TV (Spain), Elisa (China) and FTV Outre-mer 1e (France overseas).
See also
Bordertown
Deadwind
References
^ Pham, Annika (3 April 2017). "Yellow Film & TV and Bavaria prepare for Arctic Circle". Nordisk Film & TV Fond.
^ White, Peter (7 November 2017). "'War Horse' Star Maximilian Brückner & 'Casino Royale's Clemens Schick To Front Euro Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
^ Economou, Vassilis (1 March 2018). "TV series Arctic Circle goes beyond polar landscapes". Cineuropa. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Clarke, Stewart (7 November 2017). "Cast Assembled for Nordic Noir 'Arctic Circle'". Variety. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ LS Distribution (7 November 2017). "Pan-European coproduction Arctic Circle to commence filming". LS Distribution. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Lapland Film (31 May 2021). "Arctic Circle, Season 2 – Pandemic Prophecy: Filming During a Virus Outbreak". Lapland Film. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Kaminska, Karolina (10 July 2019). "ZDF explores Arctic Circle". C21 Media. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Keslassy, Elsa (20 November 2020). "Topic Acquires North American Rights to Season 2 of Nordic Thriller 'Arctic Circle' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
External links
Arctic Circle at IMDb
About Arctic Circle on fanpage gesucht wird: Maximilian Brückner
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The series was created by Yellow Film & TV CEO Olli Haikka and Head of Drama Petja Peltomaa with Joona Tena who shares the writing credit with Iceland's experienced Jón Atli Jónasson.[3] Arctic Circle is directed by Finnish-born, Germany-based Hannu Salonen.","title":"Arctic Circle (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish Lapland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Lapland"},{"link_name":"Iina Kuustonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iina_Kuustonen"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Brückner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Br%C3%BCckner"}],"text":"Set in an icy Finnish Lapland, Finnish police officer Nina Kautsalo (Iina Kuustonen) finds a nearly dead prostitute in a cabin in the wilderness. The case takes a surprising turn when a deadly virus is found in the prostitute's body. Nina and German virologist Thomas Lorenz (Maximilian Brückner) start investigating the case.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iina Kuustonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iina_Kuustonen"},{"link_name":"Pihla Viitala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pihla_Viitala"},{"link_name":"Venla Ronkainen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venla_Ronkainen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venla_Ronkainen"},{"link_name":"Susanna Haavisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Haavisto"},{"link_name":"Inka Kallén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inka_Kall%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Kall%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Kari Ketonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Ketonen"},{"link_name":"Mikko 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characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2018-19)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2021-22)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2023)"}],"text":"SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired11021 December 2018 (2018-12-21)4 January 2019 (2019-01-04)2619 December 2021 (2021-12-19)2 January 2022 (2022-01-02)364 October 2023 (2023-10-04)8 November 2023 (2023-11-08)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2018-19)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2021-22)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2023)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cast1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In November 2017, it was announced that the main cast would consist of Iina Kuustonen, Maximilian Brückner, Clemens Schick and Pihla Viitala.[4] It was also announced that filming of season one would begin in Finland later that month, on the 27th of November 2017.[5] Filming of season 2 took place in Finnish Lapland during the autumn of 2020 and later winter/early spring of 2021.[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Topic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_Studios"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season2Deal-8"}],"text":"The series aired on ZDF in Germany in 2020.[7] In North America the rights to the series were acquired by Topic. As part of its ongoing distribution deal Lagardère Studios Distribution also sold the rights to Polar+ (France), RTS (Switzerland), BeTV (Belgium), Videotron (Canada), NPO (The Netherlands), IVI (Russia), Canal Plus (Poland), RTP (Portugal), Cosmopolitan TV (Spain), Elisa (China) and FTV Outre-mer 1e (France overseas).[8]","title":"Release"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Bordertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordertown_(Finnish_TV_series)"},{"title":"Deadwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwind"}]
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[{"reference":"Pham, Annika (3 April 2017). \"Yellow Film & TV and Bavaria prepare for Arctic Circle\". Nordisk Film & TV Fond.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/stories/yellow-film-tv-and-bavaria-prepare-for-arctic-circle","url_text":"\"Yellow Film & TV and Bavaria prepare for Arctic Circle\""}]},{"reference":"White, Peter (7 November 2017). \"'War Horse' Star Maximilian Brückner & 'Casino Royale's Clemens Schick To Front Euro Drama Series\". Deadline. Retrieved 19 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/11/maximilian-bruckne-clemens-schick-euro-drama-1202203295/","url_text":"\"'War Horse' Star Maximilian Brückner & 'Casino Royale's Clemens Schick To Front Euro Drama Series\""}]},{"reference":"Economou, Vassilis (1 March 2018). \"TV series Arctic Circle goes beyond polar landscapes\". Cineuropa. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/348927/","url_text":"\"TV series Arctic Circle goes beyond polar landscapes\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Stewart (7 November 2017). \"Cast Assembled for Nordic Noir 'Arctic Circle'\". Variety. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/tv/global/nordic-noir-arctic-circle-clemens-schick-1202608673/","url_text":"\"Cast Assembled for Nordic Noir 'Arctic Circle'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"LS Distribution (7 November 2017). \"Pan-European coproduction Arctic Circle to commence filming\". LS Distribution. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ls-distribution.mediawan.com/news/42?userlocale=en_EN","url_text":"\"Pan-European coproduction Arctic Circle to commence filming\""}]},{"reference":"Lapland Film (31 May 2021). \"Arctic Circle, Season 2 – Pandemic Prophecy: Filming During a Virus Outbreak\". Lapland Film. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lapland.fi/film/for-productions/arctic-circle-2-pandemic-prophecy-filming-during-a-virus-outbreak/","url_text":"\"Arctic Circle, Season 2 – Pandemic Prophecy: Filming During a Virus Outbreak\""}]},{"reference":"Kaminska, Karolina (10 July 2019). \"ZDF explores Arctic Circle\". C21 Media. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c21media.net/news/zdf-explores-arctic-circle/","url_text":"\"ZDF explores Arctic Circle\""}]},{"reference":"Keslassy, Elsa (20 November 2020). \"Topic Acquires North American Rights to Season 2 of Nordic Thriller 'Arctic Circle' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/global/topic-arctic-circle-lagardere-elisa-1234836548/","url_text":"\"Topic Acquires North American Rights to Season 2 of Nordic Thriller 'Arctic Circle' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck_with_the_Jan_Hammer_Group_Live
|
Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live
|
["1 Recording","2 Track listing","3 Charts","4 Personnel","5 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1977 live album by Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer GroupJeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group LiveLive album by Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer GroupReleasedMarch 1977RecordedUS tour, Summer and/or Fall 1976GenreBlues rock, rock, Jazz fusionLength44:31LabelEpic (PE34433)ProducerJan HammerJeff Beck chronology
Wired(1976)
Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live(1977)
There & Back(1980)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live is a live album by Jeff Beck, released in 1977 on Epic Records.
Recording
No precise dates and locations are given for the live recordings. The tour began in June 1976 and ended in February 1977, with 117 shows performed.
A&R man Tom Werman suggested that the date at the Astor Theater in Reading, PA (31 August 1976) yielded the best performances, and was going to provide the bulk of the album at the time of his involvement in the project. Beck mixed this along with other recordings at Allen Toussaint's studio in New Orleans.
Then Jan Hammer decided to mix the album himself, and did so with Dennis Weinreich at Scorpio Sound Studios in London, England.
The stereo spectrum of this album duplicates the stage set-up with guitar positioned center right, keyboards center left, violin right and drums and bass center.
Track listing
Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Freeway Jam"Max Middleton7:212."Earth (Still Our Only Home)"Jan Hammer4:343."She's a Woman"John Lennon, Paul McCartney4:254."Full Moon Boogie"Hammer, Jerry Goodman6:07
Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5."Darkness/Earth in Search of a Sun"Hammer7:526."Scatterbrain"Middleton, Jeff Beck7:257."Blue Wind"Hammer6:20Total length:44:31
Charts
Chart (1977)
Peakposition
Australia (Kent Music Report)
67
Personnel
Jeff Beck - guitar, bass guitar, special effects
The Jan Hammer Group
Jan Hammer - Moog, Oberheim and Freeman string symphonizer synthesizers, electric piano, timbales; lead vocal on "Earth (Still Our Only Home)"
Tony "Thunder" Smith - drums; lead vocal on "Full Moon Boogie"
Fernando Saunders - bass, harmony vocals; rhythm guitar on "She's A Woman"
Steve Kindler - violin; string synthesizer on "Darkness"; rhythm guitar on "Blue Wind"
References
^ Ruhlmann, William. "Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live - Jeff Beck | AllMusic". allmusic.com. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
^ "The Jeff Beck Bulletin". Ainian.com. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 132. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
vteJeff BeckDiscographyStudio albums
Truth
Beck-Ola
Rough and Ready
Jeff Beck Group
Blow by Blow
Wired
There & Back
Flash
Jeff Beck's Guitar Shop
Crazy Legs
Who Else!
You Had It Coming
Jeff
Emotion & Commotion
Loud Hailer
18
Live albums
Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live
Live at B.B. King Blues Club
Live at Ronnie Scott's
Live and Exclusive from the Grammy Museum
Rock 'n' Roll Party (Honoring Les Paul)
Compilation albums
Blues Anytime
Beckology
Soundtracks
Frankie's House
Singles
"Hi Ho Silver Lining" / "Beck's Bolero"
"Love Is Blue"
"Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)"
"People Get Ready"
"Gets Us All in the End"
"This Is a Song for Miss Hedy Lamarr"
Other songs
"Hammerhead"
"Lotta Lovin'"
Tours
The Fire Meets the Fury Tour
Brian Wilson and Jeff Beck Tour 2013
Related articles
The Honeydrippers
The Jeff Beck Group
Beck, Bogert & Appice
The Yardbirds
Upp
Immediate All-Stars
vteJan HammerStudio albums
Like Children (1974)
The First Seven Days (1975)
Oh Yeah? (1976)
Untold Passion (1981)
Here to Stay (1983)
Live albums
Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live (1977)
Compilation albums
Escape from Television
with theMahavishnu Orchestra
The Inner Mounting Flame
Birds of Fire
The Lost Trident Sessions
Between Nothingness & Eternity
Related articles
Discography
Miami Vice Theme
List of Miami Vice soundtracks
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"}],"text":"1977 live album by Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer GroupJeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live is a live album by Jeff Beck, released in 1977 on Epic Records.","title":"Jeff Beck with the Jan Hammer Group Live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reading, PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_PA"},{"link_name":"Allen Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Scorpio Sound Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_Sound_Studios"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"No precise dates and locations are given for the live recordings. The tour began in June 1976 and ended in February 1977, with 117 shows performed.A&R man Tom Werman suggested[2] that the date at the Astor Theater in Reading, PA (31 August 1976) yielded the best performances, and was going to provide the bulk of the album at the time of his involvement in the project. Beck mixed this along with other recordings at Allen Toussaint's studio in New Orleans.Then Jan Hammer decided to mix the album himself, and did so with Dennis Weinreich at Scorpio Sound Studios in London, England.The stereo spectrum of this album duplicates the stage set-up with guitar positioned center right, keyboards center left, violin right and drums and bass center.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Jan Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hammer"},{"link_name":"She's a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Jerry Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Freeway Jam\"Max Middleton7:212.\"Earth (Still Our Only Home)\"Jan Hammer4:343.\"She's a Woman\"John Lennon, Paul McCartney4:254.\"Full Moon Boogie\"Hammer, Jerry Goodman6:07Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length5.\"Darkness/Earth in Search of a Sun\"Hammer7:526.\"Scatterbrain\"Middleton, Jeff Beck7:257.\"Blue Wind\"Hammer6:20Total length:44:31","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jan Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Freeman string symphonizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_string_symphonizer"},{"link_name":"Tony \"Thunder\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Thunder_Smith"},{"link_name":"Fernando Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Saunders"}],"text":"Jeff Beck - guitar, bass guitar, special effectsThe Jan Hammer GroupJan Hammer - Moog, Oberheim and Freeman string symphonizer synthesizers, electric piano, timbales; lead vocal on \"Earth (Still Our Only Home)\"\nTony \"Thunder\" Smith - drums; lead vocal on \"Full Moon Boogie\"\nFernando Saunders - bass, harmony vocals; rhythm guitar on \"She's A Woman\"\nSteve Kindler - violin; string synthesizer on \"Darkness\"; rhythm guitar on \"Blue Wind\"","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hall
|
Max Hall
|
["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 College statistics","3 Professional career","3.1 Arizona Cardinals","3.2 Winnipeg Blue Bombers","3.3 NFL career statistics","4 Coaching career","5 Personal","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American gridiron football player (born 1985)
For the English cricketer, see Max Hall (cricketer).
American football player
Max HallHall during his tenure at BYU in 2009No. 6, 15Position:QuarterbackPersonal informationBorn: (1985-10-01) October 1, 1985 (age 38)Mesa, Arizona, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:205 lb (93 kg)Career informationHigh school:Mesa (AZ) Mountain ViewCollege:Arizona State (2004)BYU (2006–2009)Undrafted:2010Career history
As a player:
Arizona Cardinals (2010–2011)
Winnipeg Blue Bombers (2013)
As a coach:
BYU (2012)(Student assistant coach)
Career NFL statisticsPass attempts:78Pass completions:39Percentage:50.0TD–INT:1–6Passing yards:370Passer rating:35.7Player stats at PFR · CFL.ca (archive)
Max Hall (born October 1, 1985) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). After playing college football for BYU, he was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2010. Hall played in a total of six NFL games for the Cardinals. Hall spent 2012 as an assistant coach for BYU. He then played the 2013 CFL season for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.
Early life
Hall went to the same high school as John Beck, the quarterback he succeeded at BYU. As a junior in 2003, he earned the starting quarterback job for the Mountain View High School Toros, and led the team to the Arizona state championship (14–0), earning MVP and offensive player of the year. As a senior in 2004 he led his team to another state title game only to lose the game in triple overtime (an Arizona 5A state record). He broke several Toro career passing records just two years after Beck had broken them. Hall was named the All-Arizona quarterback for his senior year by The Arizona Republic.
College career
Hall redshirted at Arizona State in 2004. In 2006, after being sent home early from his LDS mission to Iowa, Hall transferred to BYU and quarterbacked the scout team while sitting out the season.
In 2007, John Beck's departure from BYU left a wide open competition for the starting quarterback position. Cade Cooper, a junior college transfer from Snow College, and Brenden Gaskins, a junior college transfer from Glendale Community College, joined Hall and Jacob Bower to compete for the position. Bower transferred to Bakersfield College soon after, and the competition came down to Hall and Cooper. Cooper suffered a season-ending injury in the annual Spring game. BYU head coach Bronco Mendenhall immediately named Hall as the starting quarterback and Gaskins as the backup for the 2007 season.
Hall was named first-team All-Mountain West Conference as a sophomore after throwing for 3,848 yards, 26 touchdowns, and only 12 interceptions. His 137.7 rating was the 21st best in BYU history, and the fifth best by a sophomore. His 3,848 yards ranked 8th in the NCAA and his 26 touchdown throws tied Hall for 22nd in the NCAA. His record in his first season as BYU starting quarterback was 11–2, with a Pioneer Las Vegas Bowl victory over UCLA.
On November 22, 2008 Hall was intercepted five times and lost one fumble, contributing to a 24–48 loss to the University of Utah. After the game, he proclaimed that Utah didn't beat BYU but that BYU beat themselves. On September 5, 2009 Hall led his team to a win over then third-ranked Oklahoma, throwing for 328 yards and two touchdowns in a 14–13 victory. This performance garnered the Cougars a No. 9 ranking in the following AP poll. However, BYU was then beaten by Florida State and TCU at home.
On December 1, 2009, Hall was named to the Mountain West Conference football All-Conference Second-team. On December 22, 2009, Hall led his team to a 44–20 win over 18th-ranked Oregon State, completing 19 out of 30 passes for 192 yards and three touchdowns to end his senior season.
College statistics
Year
Team
Passing
Rushing
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
2007
BYU
298
496
60.1%
3,848
7.8
26
12
137.7
52
14
0.3
1
2008
BYU
330
477
69.2%
3,957
8.3
35
14
157.2
65
115
1.8
4
2009
BYU
275
409
67.2%
3,560
8.7
33
14
160.1
72
75
1.0
2
Career
903
1,382
65.3%
11,365
8.2
94
40
151.1
189
204
1.1
7
Source:
Professional career
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
6 ft 0+5⁄8 in(1.84 m)
209 lb(95 kg)
30 in(0.76 m)
9 in(0.23 m)
4.77 s
1.66 s
2.75 s
4.35 s
7.07 s
32 in(0.81 m)
8 ft 6 in(2.59 m)
All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day
Arizona Cardinals
After not being selected in the 2010 NFL Draft, Hall signed as an undrafted free agent with the Arizona Cardinals. In the preseason, Hall competed with John Skelton, another rookie and a 5th round selection from Fordham, for the third-string quarterback spot behind veterans Derek Anderson and Matt Leinart. On September 4, the Cardinals released Leinart and told Hall that he would be the primary backup quarterback behind Anderson for 2010.
While playing the Atlanta Falcons on September 19, 2010, Hall relieved Anderson, throwing two passes for three yards and one interception. In an October 3 game against the San Diego Chargers, Anderson threw two interceptions and was taken out in favor of Hall. Hall completed 8 of his 14 passes for 82 yards.
On October 10, Hall was named the starting quarterback for the Cardinals, and won the first NFL game he started, against the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. He completed 17 of his 27 passes and passed for 168 yards and 0 touchdowns. He also threw 1 interception and fumbled twice. The Cardinals won the game 30–20. After this performance, Hall was named the Pepsi Rookie of the Week for Week 5.
On October 31, Hall threw his only career touchdown pass as an NFL quarterback against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The score came off of a 3-yard pass to Larry Fitzgerald in the first quarter. Hall would be pulled in the second quarter though in favor of Derek Anderson. Hall would complete 8 of 16 passes passing for 71 yards with two interceptions.
Hall was waived/injured on August 24, 2011, and was reverted to injured reserve after passing through waivers unclaimed on August 25.
After being released by the Cardinals, Hall did not play professional football throughout the remainder of 2012.
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Max Hall, photographed on November 2, 2013, during the last regular season game for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the 2013 CFL Season. Hall is seen in the centre of the photo, the starting QB for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. The final score was Hamilton 37, Winnipeg 7.
On April 8, 2013 the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League announced they signed Hall for the 2013 season. Hall made his first CFL start on August 16, 2013 (Week 8) against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Hall got the start because of 'poor' play by both Buck Pierce and Justin Goltz. He completed 18 of 30 passing attempts for 241 yards with 1 touchdown and 2 interceptions. Hall went on to post a 1–8 record as a starter.
NFL career statistics
Year
Team
Games
Passing
Rushing
Sacks
Fumbles
GP
GS
Cmp
Att
Pct
Yds
Y/A
TD
Int
Rtg
Att
Yds
Avg
TD
Sck
SckY
Fum
Lost
2010
ARI
6
3
39
78
50.0
370
4.7
1
6
35.7
1
−5
−5.0
0
14
90
5
2
Career
6
3
39
78
50.0
370
4.7
1
6
35.7
1
-5
-5.0
0
14
90
5
2
Coaching career
Hall served as a student assistant coach for BYU in 2012. He currently serves as the varsity offensive coordinator at American Leadership Academy High School in Queen Creek, Arizona.
Personal
Hall is a nephew to Danny White and grandson of Wilford White, ASU Hall-of-Famers. He is a second cousin to former Baltimore Ravens tight end Todd Heap. Hall is married to Mckinzi Gissel, making him the brother-in-law-by-marriage of his BYU teammate and former Ravens' tight end, Dennis Pitta, who is married to Gissel's sister Mataya. He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
On August 30, 2014, Gilbert police were called to the Best Buy near Loop 202 and Williams Field Road about 11:30 a.m. after a store employee told police he saw Hall taking merchandise out of boxes and stuffing them in his backpack, according to the police report. Police found $286 worth of electronics inside Hall's backpack. Investigators also confiscated hypodermic needles, a metal spoon, a lighter and cocaine, stored in a pill bottle. Hall told police he had used the cocaine that morning. Hall immediately apologized to police and begged for forgiveness from the store's employees. He is quoted as saying, "I'm really sorry, I'll pay for the stuff. If I get arrested, I'll get fired. I've never done this before." On September 5, 2014, Hall was fired from his job as an offensive coordinator at Gilbert High School.
Max sustained several concussions in his NFL career, as well as other injuries, which lead to an addiction to Analgesic. He attributes the 2014 incident at Best Buy to be his rock bottom, and has been clean since the incident. As of April 2022, Hall was coaching varsity football for American Leadership Academy in Queen Creek, Arizona.
See also
List of Division I FBS passing yardage leaders
References
^ Thamel, Pete (August 23, 2008). "Feisty Quarterback Could Help B.Y.U. Crash the B.C.S." New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ "Max Hall". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
^ "Max Hall Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
^ "Max Hall". DraftScout.com. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
^ "Max Hall Scout Profile". nfldraftscout.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
^ "BLUE BOMBERS RELEASE QB BRINK, INK HALL, CLEMENT". Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ "Max Hall Stats, News and Video – QB". NFL.com.
^ Call, Jeff (August 2, 2012). "BYU football notebook: Riley Nelson's backups preparing for playing time". Deseret News. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
^ "B.Y.U.'s Family Connection". New York Times. September 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
^ "Merrill: Hall a surprising spark for Cardinals". October 20, 2010.
^ Gantt, Darin (September 3, 2014). "Former Cardinals QB Max Hall arrested for shoplifting, cocaine". Pro Football Talk. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
^ "Max Hall arrested on shoplifting, cocaine possession allegations".
^ "KSL Story: Max Hall Shares His Story of Addiction and Recovery at QB Elite Camp". YouTube.
^ https://www.deseret.com/2022/4/1/23006992/former-byu-quarterback-max-halls-magical-week-byu-alumni-game-byu-cougars-hole-in-one#:~:text=Hall%20currently%20coaches%20varsity%20football,NFL%20for%20the%20Arizona%20Cardinals
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Max Hall.
Arizona Cardinals bio
BYU Cougars football bio
Arizona State Sun Devils football bio
Rivals.com bio
vteBYU Cougars starting quarterbacks
Don Dixon (1956)
Carroll Johnston (1956–1957)
Wayne Startin (1956–1958)
Ron Startin (1959)
Bud Belnap (1960)
Eldon Fortie (1961–1962)
Doug Wardell (1963)
Jim Ballard (1963)
Ron Stewart (1963)
Virgil Carter (1964–1966)
Terry Sanford (1967)
John Erdhaus (1967)
Marc Lyons (1967–1969)
Rick Jones (1968, 1970)
Brian Gunderson (1970)
Bill August (1971–1972)
Dave Perry (1971–1972)
Gary Sheide (1973–1974)
Randy Litchfield (1973)
Mark Giles (1975)
Gifford Nielsen (1975–1977)
Marc Wilson (1977–1979)
Jim McMahon (1978, 1980–1981)
Royce Bybee (1979–1980)
Steve Young (1981–1983)
Robbie Bosco (1984–1985)
Steve Lindley (1986)
Bob Jensen (1987)
Sean Covey (1987–1988)
Ty Detmer (1988–1991)
Ryan Hancock (1992)
John Walsh (1992–1994)
Steve Sarkisian (1995–1996)
Drew Miller (1997–1998)
Kevin Feterik (1997–1999)
Brandon Doman (2000–2001)
Charlie Peterson (2000–2001)
Bret Engemann (2000, 2002)
Matt Berry (2002–2003)
Lance Pendleton (2002)
John Beck (2003–2006)
Max Hall (2007–2009)
Jake Heaps (2010–2011)
Riley Nelson (2010–2012)
Taysom Hill (2012–2014, 2016)
James Lark (2012)
Christian Stewart (2014)
Tanner Mangum (2015–2018)
Beau Hoge (2017)
Joe Critchlow (2017)
Zach Wilson (2018–2020)
Baylor Romney (2019, 2021)
Jaren Hall (2019, 2021–2022)
Sol-Jay Maiava-Peters (2022)
Kedon Slovis (2023)
Jake Retzlaff (2023)
vteArizona Cardinals starting quarterbacksFormerly the Chicago Cardinals (1920–1959), St. Louis Cardinals (1960–1987), and Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)
Paddy Driscoll (1920–1925)
Arnold Horween (1922–1924)
Hal Erickson (1926–1928)
Roddy Lamb (1927)
Don Hill (1929)
Bunny Belden (1930)
Walt Holmer (1931–1932)
Joe Lillard (1933)
Phil Sarboe (1934–1935)
Pug Vaughan (1936)
Pat Coffee (1937)
Jack Robbins (1938–1939)
Hugh McCullough (1940)
Ray Mallouf (1941)
Bud Schwenk (1942)
Ronnie Cahill (1943)
John Grigas (1944)
Vince Oliver (1945)
Paul Collins (1945)
Paul Christman (1945–1949)
Ray Mallouf (1948)
Virgil Eikenberg (1948)
Jim Hardy (1949–1951)
Frank Tripucka (1950–1952)
Charley Trippi (1951–1952)
Don Panciera (1952)
Jim Root (1953, 1956)
Steve Romanik (1953–1954)
Ray Nagel (1953)
Lamar McHan (1954–1958)
Ogden Compton (1955)
M. C. Reynolds (1958)
King Hill (1959–1960)
John Roach (1959–1960)
George Izo (1960)
Sam Etcheverry (1961–1962)
Ralph Guglielmi (1961)
Charley Johnson (1962–1966, 1968–1969)
Buddy Humphrey (1965)
Terry Nofsinger (1966)
Jim Hart (1967–1981, 1983)
Pete Beathard (1971)
Tim Van Galder (1972)
Gary Cuozzo (1972)
Gary Keithley (1973)
Steve Pisarkiewicz (1978–1979)
Mike Loyd (1980)
Neil Lomax (1981–1988)
Cliff Stoudt (1986, 1988)
Shawn Halloran (1987)
Sammy Garza (1987)
Gary Hogeboom (1989)
Tom Tupa (1989, 1991)
Timm Rosenbach (1989–1990, 1992)
Stan Gelbaugh (1991)
Chris Chandler (1991–1993)
Steve Beuerlein (1993–1994)
Jay Schroeder (1994)
Jim McMahon (1994)
Dave Krieg (1995)
Boomer Esiason (1996)
Kent Graham (1996–1997)
Jake Plummer (1997–2002)
Stoney Case (1997)
Dave Brown (1999–2000)
Jeff Blake (2003)
Josh McCown (2003–2005)
Shaun King (2004)
John Navarre (2004)
Kurt Warner (2005–2009)
Matt Leinart (2006–2007, 2009)
Derek Anderson (2010)
John Skelton (2010–2012)
Max Hall (2010)
Kevin Kolb (2011–2012)
Ryan Lindley (2012, 2014)
Brian Hoyer (2012)
Carson Palmer (2013–2017)
Drew Stanton (2014, 2016–2017)
Blaine Gabbert (2017)
Sam Bradford (2018)
Josh Rosen (2018)
Kyler Murray (2019–present)
Colt McCoy (2021–2022)
Trace McSorley (2022)
David Blough (2022)
Joshua Dobbs (2023)
Clayton Tune (2023)
vteWinnipeg Blue Bombers starting quarterbacks
Dobler
Hiney
Hood
Sandberg
Hobson
Gardiner
Lozanski
Jacobs
Petrow
Zaleski
Thompson
Crain
Leake
Hooper
Day
Ploen
Van Pelt
Cole
Ledyard
Thornton
Badar
Van Burkleo
Schneider
Weiss
Gabler
Johnson
Dial
Jonas
Ealey
Brock
Knight
Jackson
N. Hall
Gibbs
Clements
Hufnagel
Dewalt
Muecke
Salisbury
Saltz
Burgess
McManus
Dunigan
Garza
McCant
Slack
Moore
McDougal
Austin
Vargas
Rubley
Mason
Kopp
Bell
Jones
Ah Yat
Barnes
Glenn
Martin
Quinn
Dinwiddie
LeFors
Bishop
Pierce
Jyles
Brink
Elliott
Goltz
M. Hall
Willy
Brohm
Marve
Nichols
Davis
LeFevour
Streveler
Collaros
McGuire
Brown
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Hall (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Hall_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"2013 CFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"}],"text":"For the English cricketer, see Max Hall (cricketer).American football playerMax Hall (born October 1, 1985) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). After playing college football for BYU, he was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2010. Hall played in a total of six NFL games for the Cardinals. Hall spent 2012 as an assistant coach for BYU. He then played the 2013 CFL season for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.","title":"Max Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beck_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Mountain View High School Toros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View_High_School_(Mesa,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"The Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic"}],"text":"Hall went to the same high school as John Beck, the quarterback he succeeded at BYU. As a junior in 2003, he earned the starting quarterback job for the Mountain View High School Toros, and led the team to the Arizona state championship (14–0), earning MVP and offensive player of the year. As a senior in 2004 he led his team to another state title game only to lose the game in triple overtime (an Arizona 5A state record). He broke several Toro career passing records just two years after Beck had broken them. Hall was named the All-Arizona quarterback for his senior year by The Arizona Republic.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football"},{"link_name":"LDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Latter_Day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mission-1"},{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"John Beck's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beck_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Snow College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_College"},{"link_name":"Glendale Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Community_College_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield_College"},{"link_name":"Bronco Mendenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronco_Mendenhall"},{"link_name":"2007 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_BYU_Cougars_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mountain West Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Las Vegas Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Bowl"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Utes_football"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"Florida State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football"},{"link_name":"TCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs_football"},{"link_name":"Oregon State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_football"}],"text":"Hall redshirted at Arizona State in 2004. In 2006, after being sent home early from his LDS mission to Iowa,[1] Hall transferred to BYU and quarterbacked the scout team while sitting out the season.In 2007, John Beck's departure from BYU left a wide open competition for the starting quarterback position. Cade Cooper, a junior college transfer from Snow College, and Brenden Gaskins, a junior college transfer from Glendale Community College, joined Hall and Jacob Bower to compete for the position. Bower transferred to Bakersfield College soon after, and the competition came down to Hall and Cooper. Cooper suffered a season-ending injury in the annual Spring game. BYU head coach Bronco Mendenhall immediately named Hall as the starting quarterback and Gaskins as the backup for the 2007 season.Hall was named first-team All-Mountain West Conference as a sophomore after throwing for 3,848 yards, 26 touchdowns, and only 12 interceptions. His 137.7 rating was the 21st best in BYU history, and the fifth best by a sophomore. His 3,848 yards ranked 8th in the NCAA and his 26 touchdown throws tied Hall for 22nd in the NCAA. His record in his first season as BYU starting quarterback was 11–2, with a Pioneer Las Vegas Bowl victory over UCLA.On November 22, 2008 Hall was intercepted five times and lost one fumble, contributing to a 24–48 loss to the University of Utah. After the game, he proclaimed that Utah didn't beat BYU but that BYU beat themselves. On September 5, 2009 Hall led his team to a win over then third-ranked Oklahoma, throwing for 328 yards and two touchdowns in a 14–13 victory. This performance garnered the Cougars a No. 9 ranking in the following AP poll. However, BYU was then beaten by Florida State and TCU at home.On December 1, 2009, Hall was named to the Mountain West Conference football All-Conference Second-team. On December 22, 2009, Hall led his team to a 44–20 win over 18th-ranked Oregon State, completing 19 out of 30 passes for 192 yards and three touchdowns to end his senior season.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"College statistics","text":"Source:[2]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"John Skelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skelton_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Fordham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"Derek Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Anderson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Matt Leinart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Leinart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Larry Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Cardinals","text":"After not being selected in the 2010 NFL Draft, Hall signed as an undrafted free agent with the Arizona Cardinals. In the preseason, Hall competed with John Skelton, another rookie and a 5th round selection from Fordham, for the third-string quarterback spot behind veterans Derek Anderson and Matt Leinart.[5] On September 4, the Cardinals released Leinart and told Hall that he would be the primary backup quarterback behind Anderson for 2010.While playing the Atlanta Falcons on September 19, 2010, Hall relieved Anderson, throwing two passes for three yards and one interception. In an October 3 game against the San Diego Chargers, Anderson threw two interceptions and was taken out in favor of Hall. Hall completed 8 of his 14 passes for 82 yards.On October 10, Hall was named the starting quarterback for the Cardinals, and won the first NFL game he started, against the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. He completed 17 of his 27 passes and passed for 168 yards and 0 touchdowns. He also threw 1 interception and fumbled twice. The Cardinals won the game 30–20. After this performance, Hall was named the Pepsi Rookie of the Week for Week 5.On October 31, Hall threw his only career touchdown pass as an NFL quarterback against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The score came off of a 3-yard pass to Larry Fitzgerald in the first quarter. Hall would be pulled in the second quarter though in favor of Derek Anderson. Hall would complete 8 of 16 passes passing for 71 yards with two interceptions.Hall was waived/injured on August 24, 2011, and was reverted to injured reserve after passing through waivers unclaimed on August 25.\nAfter being released by the Cardinals, Hall did not play professional football throughout the remainder of 2012.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Nov_2_2013_Max_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"Buck Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Justin Goltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Goltz"}],"sub_title":"Winnipeg Blue Bombers","text":"Max Hall, photographed on November 2, 2013, during the last regular season game for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the 2013 CFL Season. Hall is seen in the centre of the photo, the starting QB for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. The final score was Hamilton 37, Winnipeg 7.On April 8, 2013 the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League announced they signed Hall for the 2013 season.[6] Hall made his first CFL start on August 16, 2013 (Week 8) against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Hall got the start because of 'poor' play by both Buck Pierce and Justin Goltz. He completed 18 of 30 passing attempts for 241 yards with 1 touchdown and 2 interceptions. Hall went on to post a 1–8 record as a starter.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NFL career statistics","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BYU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_football"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Hall served as a student assistant coach for BYU in 2012.[8] He currently serves as the varsity offensive coordinator at American Leadership Academy High School in Queen Creek, Arizona.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_White"},{"link_name":"Wilford White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford_White"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Todd Heap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Heap"},{"link_name":"Dennis Pitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Pitta"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brother_In_Law-9"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"concussions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussions"},{"link_name":"Analgesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Hall is a nephew to Danny White and grandson of Wilford White, ASU Hall-of-Famers. He is a second cousin to former Baltimore Ravens tight end Todd Heap. Hall is married to Mckinzi Gissel, making him the brother-in-law-by-marriage of his BYU teammate and former Ravens' tight end, Dennis Pitta, who is married to Gissel's sister Mataya.[9] He is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[10]On August 30, 2014, Gilbert police were called to the Best Buy near Loop 202 and Williams Field Road about 11:30 a.m. after a store employee told police he saw Hall taking merchandise out of boxes and stuffing them in his backpack, according to the police report. Police found $286 worth of electronics inside Hall's backpack. Investigators also confiscated hypodermic needles, a metal spoon, a lighter and cocaine, stored in a pill bottle. Hall told police he had used the cocaine that morning. Hall immediately apologized to police and begged for forgiveness from the store's employees. He is quoted as saying, \"I'm really sorry, I'll pay for the stuff. If I get arrested, I'll get fired. I've never done this before.\"[11][12] On September 5, 2014, Hall was fired from his job as an offensive coordinator at Gilbert High School.Max sustained several concussions in his NFL career, as well as other injuries, which lead to an addiction to Analgesic. He attributes the 2014 incident at Best Buy to be his rock bottom, and has been clean since the incident.[13] As of April 2022, Hall was coaching varsity football for American Leadership Academy in Queen Creek, Arizona.[14]","title":"Personal"}]
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[{"image_text":"Max Hall, photographed on November 2, 2013, during the last regular season game for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the 2013 CFL Season. Hall is seen in the centre of the photo, the starting QB for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. The final score was Hamilton 37, Winnipeg 7.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Winnipeg_Nov_2_2013_Max_Hall.JPG/220px-Winnipeg_Nov_2_2013_Max_Hall.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"List of Division I FBS passing yardage leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_quarterbacks_with_at_least_10,000_career_passing_yards"}]
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[{"reference":"Thamel, Pete (August 23, 2008). \"Feisty Quarterback Could Help B.Y.U. Crash the B.C.S.\" New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Thamel","url_text":"Thamel, Pete"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/sports/ncaafootball/24byu.html","url_text":"\"Feisty Quarterback Could Help B.Y.U. Crash the B.C.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall\". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/max-hall-1.html","url_text":"\"Max Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved May 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/max-hall/32004841-4c44-5025-9733-2fd4be2e31c0","url_text":"\"Max Hall Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved September 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=32798&DraftYear=2010","url_text":"\"Max Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall Scout Profile\". nfldraftscout.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=32798&draftyear=2010&genpos=qb","url_text":"\"Max Hall Scout Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"BLUE BOMBERS RELEASE QB BRINK, INK HALL, CLEMENT\". Retrieved April 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/story/?id=420202#YourCallTop","url_text":"\"BLUE BOMBERS RELEASE QB BRINK, INK HALL, CLEMENT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall Stats, News and Video – QB\". NFL.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nfl.com/player/maxhall/497112/profile","url_text":"\"Max Hall Stats, News and Video – QB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL.com","url_text":"NFL.com"}]},{"reference":"Call, Jeff (August 2, 2012). \"BYU football notebook: Riley Nelson's backups preparing for playing time\". Deseret News. Retrieved August 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765594269/BYU-football-notebook-Riley-Nelsons-backups-preparing-for-playing-time.html?pg=all","url_text":"\"BYU football notebook: Riley Nelson's backups preparing for playing time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"B.Y.U.'s Family Connection\". New York Times. September 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/sports/ncaafootball/12byu.html","url_text":"\"B.Y.U.'s Family Connection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merrill: Hall a surprising spark for Cardinals\". October 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?id=5708548","url_text":"\"Merrill: Hall a surprising spark for Cardinals\""}]},{"reference":"Gantt, Darin (September 3, 2014). \"Former Cardinals QB Max Hall arrested for shoplifting, cocaine\". Pro Football Talk. Retrieved September 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/09/02/former-cardinals-qb-max-hall-arrested-for-shoplifting-cocaine/","url_text":"\"Former Cardinals QB Max Hall arrested for shoplifting, cocaine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Max Hall arrested on shoplifting, cocaine possession allegations\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/gilbert/2014/09/02/max-hall-arrested-cocaine-abrk/14981439/","url_text":"\"Max Hall arrested on shoplifting, cocaine possession allegations\""}]},{"reference":"\"KSL Story: Max Hall Shares His Story of Addiction and Recovery at QB Elite Camp\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQcnMqSr88Y&t=67s","url_text":"\"KSL Story: Max Hall Shares His Story of Addiction and Recovery at QB Elite Camp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HallMa00.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150504211618/http://www.cfl.ca/roster/show/id/5887","external_links_name":"CFL.ca"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/sports/ncaafootball/24byu.html","external_links_name":"\"Feisty Quarterback Could Help B.Y.U. Crash the B.C.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/max-hall-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/max-hall/32004841-4c44-5025-9733-2fd4be2e31c0","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""},{"Link":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=32798&DraftYear=2010","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=32798&draftyear=2010&genpos=qb","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall Scout Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/story/?id=420202#YourCallTop","external_links_name":"\"BLUE BOMBERS RELEASE QB BRINK, INK HALL, CLEMENT\""},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/player/maxhall/497112/profile","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall Stats, News and Video – QB\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765594269/BYU-football-notebook-Riley-Nelsons-backups-preparing-for-playing-time.html?pg=all","external_links_name":"\"BYU football notebook: Riley Nelson's backups preparing for playing time\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/sports/ncaafootball/12byu.html","external_links_name":"\"B.Y.U.'s Family Connection\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?id=5708548","external_links_name":"\"Merrill: Hall a surprising spark for Cardinals\""},{"Link":"http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/09/02/former-cardinals-qb-max-hall-arrested-for-shoplifting-cocaine/","external_links_name":"\"Former Cardinals QB Max Hall arrested for shoplifting, cocaine\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/gilbert/2014/09/02/max-hall-arrested-cocaine-abrk/14981439/","external_links_name":"\"Max Hall arrested on shoplifting, cocaine possession allegations\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQcnMqSr88Y&t=67s","external_links_name":"\"KSL Story: Max Hall Shares His Story of Addiction and Recovery at QB Elite Camp\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/2022/4/1/23006992/former-byu-quarterback-max-halls-magical-week-byu-alumni-game-byu-cougars-hole-in-one#:~:text=Hall%20currently%20coaches%20varsity%20football,NFL%20for%20the%20Arizona%20Cardinals","external_links_name":"https://www.deseret.com/2022/4/1/23006992/former-byu-quarterback-max-halls-magical-week-byu-alumni-game-byu-cougars-hole-in-one#:~:text=Hall%20currently%20coaches%20varsity%20football,NFL%20for%20the%20Arizona%20Cardinals"},{"Link":"http://www.azcardinals.com/team/roster/Max-Hall/62c99a13-e48a-4348-ad7c-bf3c56d0e998","external_links_name":"Arizona Cardinals bio"},{"Link":"http://www.byucougars.com/Profile.jsp?ID=2761","external_links_name":"BYU Cougars football bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080424003350/http://thesundevils.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/hall_max00.html","external_links_name":"Arizona State Sun Devils football bio"},{"Link":"http://collegefootball.rivals.com/viewprospect.asp?pr_key=18837&Sport=1","external_links_name":"Rivals.com bio"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols
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List of Christmas carols
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["1 Afrikaans","2 Arabic","3 Catalan","4 Chinese","5 Croatian","6 Czech","7 Danish","8 Dutch","9 English","10 Estonian","11 Filipino","12 Finnish","13 French","14 Galician","15 German","16 Greek","17 Hungarian","18 Indonesian","19 Irish","20 Italian","21 Latin","22 Malay","23 Norwegian","24 Occitan","25 Polish","26 Portuguese","27 Romanian","28 Scottish","29 Spanish","30 Swedish","31 Ukrainian","32 Welsh","33 See also","34 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of Christmas carols" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This list of Christmas carols is organized by language of origin. Originally, a "Christmas carol" referred to a piece of vocal music in carol form whose lyrics centre on the theme of Christmas or the Christmas season. The difference between a Christmas carol and a Christmas popular song can often be unclear as they are both sung by groups of people going house to house during the Christmas season. Some view Christmas carols to be only religious in nature and consider Christmas songs to be secular.
Many traditional Christmas carols focus on the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, while others celebrate the Twelve Days of Christmas that range from 25 December to 5 January or Christmastide which ranges from 24 December to 5 January. As a result, many Christmas Carols can be related to St Stephen's Day (26 December), St John's Day (27 December), Feast of Holy Innocents (28 December), St Sylvester's Day (31 December), and the Epiphany. Examples of this are "We Three Kings" (an Epiphany song), and "Good King Wenceslas" (a carol for St. Stephen's Day). Nonetheless, some other categories of Christmas music, both religious and secular, have become associated with the Christmas season even though the lyrics may not specifically refer to Christmas – for example, "Deck the Halls" (no religious references) and "O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" (an Advent chant). Other Christmas music sung by carolers focuses on more secular Christmas themes, and winter carols and novelty Christmas songs often refer to winter scenes, family gatherings, and Santa Claus ("Jingle Bells", "O Christmas Tree", "Home for the Holidays", "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas", "Frosty the Snowman", "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town", etc.).
Afrikaans
Title
Composer / lyricist
Year
Notes
"Somerkersfees"
Koos du Plessis
Title translation: "Summer Christmas"
Arabic
Title
Composer / lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Laylat Al-Milad"
Traditional Maronite Hymn
Title translation: "Christmas Eve"
Catalan
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Fum, Fum, Fum" ("El vint-i-cinc de desembre")
Traditional
16th century
The word "fum" may imitate the sound of a drum (or perhaps the strumming of a guitar). "Fum" means "smoke"(noun) in Catalan.
"El cant dels ocells" (lit. "Song of the Birds")
Traditional; Pablo Casals arranged the song for cello
Lyrics are printed in 17th century
also known as "Carol of Birds"
"El Noi de la Mare" (lit. "The Son of the Mother")
Traditional
17th-18th century
Also known as "Carol of the Gifts"
"A Betlem me'n vull anar" (lit. "I want to go to Bethlehem")
Traditional
"El dimoni escuat" (lit. "the devil with no tail")
Traditional
"Ara ve Nadal" (lit. "Christmas is coming")
Traditional
"Les dotze van tocant" (lit. "Ringing twelve o'clock")
Traditional
"Descanseu ben alegres" (lit. "Rest very happy")
Traditional
"Pastorets de la muntanya" (lit. "Shepherds from the mountain")
Traditional
"El desembre congelat" (lit. "Frozen December")
Traditional
"Sant Josep i la Mare de Déu" (lit. "Saint Joseph and the Mother of God")
Traditional
"La pastora Caterina" (lit. "Caterina, the shepherd")
Traditional
"Anem a Betlem" (lit. "We're going to Bethlehem")
Traditional
"El rabadà" (lit. "The shepherd")
Traditional
Chinese
The English titles are taken from the Hymns of Universal Praise and the Chinese New Hymnal.
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
聖誕歌 Shèngdàn Gē (The Moon and Stars of Christmas Eve)
Bliss Wiant (Chinese name: 范天祥 Fàn Tiānxiáng) / 田景福 (Tián Jǐngfú)
1934 / 1933
Title from the Hymns of Universal Praise. Also called "一輪明月歌" Yīlún Míngyuè Gē by its first line in the Chinese New Hymnal.
明星燦爛歌 Míngxīng Cànlàn Gē (Midnight, Sleeping Bethlehem)
梁季芳 (Liáng Jìfāng) / 楊鏡秋 (Yáng Jìngqiū)
1934 / 1930
聖夜靜歌 Shèngyè Jìng Gē (Crystal Night, Stilly Night)
史奇珪 (Shǐ Qíguī) / 朱味腴 (Zhū Wèiyú) and 吳敬人 (Wú Jìngrén)
1982 / 1921
聖誕感恩歌 Shèngdàn Gǎn'ēn Gē (Jesus Our Saviour, Word Incarnate)
林聲本 (Lín Shēngběn) / 任大齡 (Rén Dàlíng)
1981
歡樂佳音歌 Huānlè Jiāyīn Gē (Shout the Glad Tidings)
Chinese traditional melody / Anonymous
20th century
The version in the Chinese New Hymnal is revised from the Chinese Hymnary (頌主聖歌).
聖誕敘事 Shèngdàn Xùshì (Idyll of Christmas)
段毓貞 (Duàn Yùzhēn)
1954
拜謁聖嬰 Bàiyè Shèngyīng (Worship the Holy Infant)
史奇珪 / 徐曉鴻 (Xú Xiǎohóng)
2007 / 2004
馬槽耶穌 Mǎcáo Yēsū (Jesus in the Manger)
史奇珪
1952, revised 2009
佳音歌 Jiāyīn Gē (Song of Good Tidings)
吳安娜 (Wú Ānnà) / 王賢軍 (Wáng Xiánjūn)
1999
Croatian
Carol
Composer / Lyricist
Year
published
Notes
"U to vrijeme godišta" ("At that time of the year")
Traditional
12th century
"Svim na Zemlji, mir, veselje" ("All on Earth, peace, joy")
Franjo Langer/Adam Alojzij Baričević
18th century
"Radujte se narodi" ("Nations rejoice")
Franjo Langer/Adam Alojzij Baričević
18th century
"Narodi nam se" ("Born unto us")
Traditional
13th century
"Tri kralja jahahu" ("Three kings were riding")
Traditional
1912.
From Istria
"Veselje ti navješćujem" ("Joy I preach you")
Franjo Langer/Adam Alojzij Baričević
18th century
"O Betleme" ("Oh, Betlehem")
Franjo Langer/Adam Alojzij Baričević
18th century
"Oj, pastiri" ("Oy, shepherds")
Traditional
"Djetešce nam se rodilo" ("A child was born unto us")
Traditional
" Veseli se Majko Božja" ("Rejoice, Mother of God")
Vladoje Bersa
1906.
From Knin
Czech
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Nesem vám noviny" ("We bring you good news, hark!")
traditional from Bohemia
"Come, All Ye Shepherds" (Mari Ruef Hofer, 1912) German: "Kommet, ihr Hirten" (Carl Riedel, ca. 1870)
"Půjdem spolu do Betléma" ("Let's all go to Bethlehem.")
traditional from Bohemia
"Štědrý večer nastal" ("Christmas Eve has come.")
traditional from Bohemia
"Pásli ovce valaši" ("The Wallachians were grazing their sheep.")
traditional from Bohemia
"Narodil se Kristus pán" ("Jesus was born")
traditional from Bohemia
1505
"Den přeslavný jest k nám přišel" ("The glorious day has arrived")
traditional from Bohemia
"Jak si krásné neviňátko" ("How beautiful you are, baby (means Jesus)")
traditional from Bohemia
"Zither Carol"
Czech folk tune - Sedlák, sedlák
1958
English lyrics by Malcolm Sargent, set to a traditional tune. "Girls and boys, leave your toys..."
"Svatý Václave" (religious hymn from XII century)
words: John Mason Neale, music: tune from Piae Cantiones
1853
rendered in English as "Good King Wenceslas"
Danish
The list is based primarily on carols and hymns mentioned in the Song Book for the Danish Folk High School.
Where possible, a carol title is linked to its (Danish) Wikipedia entry, where the carol can be heard. Otherwise, a carol title has been linked to its entry at the Danish Hymn Book Online.
Carolling, i.e. dancing around, is practised - probably unintentionally - in Danish Christmas tradition, when a Christmas party join hands forming a chain around the family Christmas tree and walk, dance or run around the Christmas tree depending on the Christmas carol or song sung.
Carol
Composer/Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Blomstre som en rosengård "
J.P.E. Hartmann / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1861 / 1837, 1853
Advent
"Dejlig er den himmel blå "
J.G. Meidell / N.F.S. Grundtvig
ca. 1840 / 1853, 1864
Epiphany
"Dejlig er jorden"
Silesian tune / B.S. Ingemann
18th century / 1850
"Den yndigste rose er funden " tune
Joseph Klug / H.A. Brorson
1542 / 1732
"Det første lys er Ordet talt af Gud"
Bjarne Haahr / Johannes Johansen
1978 / 1974
Advent
"Det kimer nu til julefest"
C. Balle / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1850 / 1817, 1837
"En rose så jeg skyde"
Cöln / trans. from Praetorius by Th. Laub
1599 / 1609 trans.1920
"Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"
"En sød og liflig klang"
Trier, Joseph Klug / German trans., Martin Luther, Hans Thomissøn, N.F.S. Grundtvig
1482, 1533 / 14th century, 1529 and 1545, 1569, 1837
"Puer natus in Bethlehem"
German tune / N.F.S. Grundtvig
Ca. 1600 / 1820
Based on a medieval Latin hymn "Puer natus in Bethlehem", publ. in Danish in the hymn books of Hans Tausen and Hans Thomissøn in 1553 and 1569, resp.
A children's favourite.
"Et lidet barn så lysteligt"
C. Balle / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1855 / 1843
"Hjerte, løft din glædes vinger"
Joh. Crüger / Paul Gerhardt, trans. C.J. Brandt
1653 / 1653, trans. 1878
"I denne søde juletid"
C. Balle / H.A. Brorson
1855 / 1732, 1739
"Ind under jul"
Morten Eskesen / Jonas Lie
1876 / 1865
"Julebudet til dem, der bygge"
J.P.E. Hartmann / J. Chr. Hostrup
1890 / 1881,1884
"Julen har bragt velsignet bud"
C.E.F Weyse / B.S. Ingemann
1841 / 1839
"Julen har englelyd"
A.P. Berggreen / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1852 / 1845, 1851
"Kimer, I klokker "
H. Rung / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1857 / 1856
"Resonet in laudibus"
Pre-Reformation tune / N.F.S. Grundtvig and Th. Laub
Pre-Reformation / 1837, 1873 and 1890
"Mit hjerte altid vanker"
Carl Nielsen / H.A. Brorson
1919 / 1732
"Lille Guds barn, hvad skader dig?"
Traditional / N.F.S. Grundtvig
/ 1870
Advent
"Velkommen igen, Guds engle små"
A.P. Berggreen alt. C.E.F. Weyse / N.F.S. Grundtvig
1834 alt. 1836 / 1825, 1850
Lyrics written the night before Christmas Day
"Vær velkommen, Herrens år "
A.P. Berggreen / N.F.S. Grundtvig from a medieval Danish Advent hymn
1852 / 1849, 1852
Advent
"Vær velkommen, Herrens år "
A.P. Berggreen / N.F.S. Grundtvig from a medieval Danish Advent hymn
1852 / 1849
Epiphany
Dutch
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Nu Syt Wellekome"
Traditional melody
Probably 15th Century
First found in Begijnhof Manuscript (ca. 1600)
"In dulci jubilo"
15th Century
First found in Utrecht Sint-Agnes Manuscript
"Een kind geboren in Bethlehem"
Dutch traditional
15th Century
Oldest find: Deventer Song Manuscript
"O, Kindeke klein, o, Kindeke teer"
1508
First published in Dit is een suverlijc boecxken
"Het was een maged uitverkoren"
Dutch traditional
1508
First published in D. Coelde van Munster - "Dit is een suverlijc boecxken"
"Herders, hij is geboren"
Dutch traditional
1645
First published in "Den blijden wegh tot Bethleem"
"Hoe leit dit kindeke"
Dutch traditional
ca. 1650
First published in Wilhelm Schepping, Die Wettener Liederhandschrift (Song Manuscript)
"Eer zij God in onze/deze dagen" a.k.a. "Engelkens, door het luchtruim zwevend"
Attributed to F.A. Schultz, who translated ancient Latin carol, "Gloria in excelsis Deo," into German
1857, possible previous publication ca. 1730
translation of "Gloria in excelsis Deo" into Dutch by Isaac Bikkers (often confused with "Ere zij God")
"De Herdertjes lagen bij nachte"
Dutch traditional
1852
First print in J. en L. Alberdingk Thijm, 'Oude en Nieuwere Kerst-Liederen'
"Maria die zoude naar Betlehem gaan"
Dutch traditional
1852
First printed in J. Alberdingk Thijm, Oude en Nieuwere Kerst-Liederen
"Ere zij God"
Dutch original (often confused with "Eer zij God in onze/deze dagen")
1857
First print in Isaac Bikkers, Het nachtegaaltje - rendered into English as "Glory to God"
"Er is een kindeke geboren op aard"
Dutch traditional
1879
First published in Lootens en Feys, Chants populaires flamands
"Geen wiegje als rustplaats"
Dutch traditional
"Kling/Luidt, klokje/-s, klingelingeling"
Dutch traditional
"Komt allen tezamen"
From Latin hymn "Adeste Fideles"
"'t Is geboren het Goddelijk Kind"
From French noël
"Midden in de winternacht"
1943
Dutch text: Harry Prenen, melody: old Catalan carol
English
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year
Notes
"The Twelve Days of Christmas"
Traditional with additions by Frederic Austin
c. 1780
"Adam lay ybounden"
Set by numerous composers, most notably by Boris Ord and Peter Warlock
15th century
"A Christmas Carol"
words and music: Charles Ives
1897
"A Great and Mighty Wonder"
lyrics: The words of St Germanus were translated by John Mason Neale (1818–1866)
tune: Michael Praetorius (1571–1621) written originally to the lyrics of Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming.
1599
"Angels from the Realms of Glory"
lyrics: James Montgomery; music: Henry Thomas Smart, 1867, to the tune of "Regent Square". In the UK a slightly different arrangement of "Angels We Have Heard on High" ("Gloria")
1816
"Angels We Have Heard on High"
based on traditional hymn "Gloria" (a French traditional carol "Les Anges dans nos Campagnes"); English translation by Bishop James Chadwick, tune arranged by Edward Shippen Barnes
1862
"As with Gladness Men of Old"
William Chatterton Dix
1867
Set to same tune as "For the Beauty of the Earth"
"Away in a Manger"
First two stanzas unknown, often erroneously attributed to Martin Luther; third stanza written by John McFarland (1904)
1882
More than 40 settings are known. Most popular US version is by James R. Murray (1887); The most popular UK version is by another American, William J. Kirkpatrick (1895)
"The Babe in Bethlem's Manger"
Kentish traditional
"Beautiful Star of Bethlehem"
Robert Fisher Boyce
1940
"Benedicamus Domino"
lyrics: Rev. C L Hutchins
1916
Several settings, including Ben Emberley (2022)
"Bethlehem Down"
Peter Warlock (composer)Bruce Blunt (poet)
1927
Mostly used in Christmas and Epiphany services of the Anglican church
"Boar's Head Carol"
English traditional
15th century
"Brightest and Best" ("Star of the East")
written by Reginald Heber
1811
Not to be confused with the American "Star of the East"
"Calypso Carol" ("See him lying on a bed of straw")
Michael Perry
1969
Written in 1964 for a college concert
"Candlelight Carol"
John Rutter
1984
"Carol of the Bells"
Mykola Leontoyvch, Peter J. Wilhousky
1904
The song is based on a folk chant known in Ukrainian as "Shchedryk".
"The Cherry-Tree Carol"
English traditional
"Children, Go Where I Send Thee"
traditional African American spiritual
"Christians, awake, salute the happy morn"
John Byrom, music by John Wainwright
c. 1750
Based on a poem of three 16 line stanzas, originally for the author's daughter, which was later reworked into singable verses.
"Christmas Song"("Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire")("Merry Christmas to You")
Robert Wells and Mel Tormé
1945
"Come and I will sing you"
English traditional
Early 19th Century or before
Musicologist Cecil Sharp, influential in the folklore revival in England, noted in his 1916 One Hundred English Folksongs that the words are "so corrupt, indeed, that in some cases we can do little more than guess at their original meaning"
"Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus"
Charles Wesley
1749
Set to Hyfrydol
"Coventry Carol" ("Lullay, Thou Tiny Little Child")
English traditional
"Ding Dong Merrily on High"
music: Jehan Tabourot, words: George Ratcliffe Woodward
Tune originally entitled "Branle de l'Official".
"Down in Yon Forest"
English traditional
The "Corpus Christi Carol"
"Do You Hear What I Hear?"
written by Noël Regney and Gloria Shayne
1962
"Far, Far Away on Judea's Plains"
words and music: John Menzies Macfarlane
1869
"The First Noel" ("The First Nowell")
English traditional
1823
First published in Carols Ancient and Modern by William Sandys
"The Friendly Beasts"
French Traditional
12th century
English by Robert Davis 1934
"Gabriel's Message"
translated into English by Sabine Baring-Gould
from the Basque traditional carol "Birjina gaztettobat zegoen"
"Gloucestershire Wassail"
English Traditional
18th century or earlier
Numerous publications of the present-day music were published in the 1800s along with variations of lyrics. It's known to have been sung at least as far back as the late 1700s.
"Go Tell It on the Mountain"
African American spiritual dating at least to 1865
Lyrics by John W. Work
1865
"Good King Wenceslas"
English traditional
1853
John Mason Neale, Thomas Helmore
"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen"
English traditional
c. 1760
Published by William Sandys; author unknown
"Good Christian Men, Rejoice"
Heinrich Seuse
1328
English lyrics fitted to the Latin hymn-tune "In dulci jubilo"; also known as "Good Christian Friends, Rejoice"
"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing"
*music: Felix Mendelssohn, words: Charles Wesley, amended by George Whitefield and Martin Madan
1739
originally as part of Festgesang, adapted and harmonised by William Hayman Cummings; descant for verse 3 added in 1961 by Sir David Willcocks for the Carols for Choirs books
"Here We Come A-wassailing"
English traditional
c. "1850"
"The Holly and the Ivy"
English traditional
Huron Carol ("Jesous Ahatonhia")
Jean de Brébeuf
1643
"Jesus, he is born". Also known as "Twas in the Moon of Wintertime" after English translation (1926) by Jesse Edgar Middleton.
"I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day"
words: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Several settings of music have been popular:
Joseph Mainzer (1845)
John Baptiste Calkin (1872)
Johnny Marks (1956)
"I Saw Three Ships (Come Sailing In)"
English traditional
1833
Published by William Sandys.
"In the Bleak Midwinter"
words: Christina Rossetti, music: versions by Gustav Holst and Harold Darke
"Infant Holy, Infant Lowly" ("W żłobie leży")
Polish traditional
"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear"
words: Edmund Hamilton Sears
1849
music (US): "Carol" Richard Storrs Willis
music (UK): "Noel", melody arranged and adapted by Arthur Sullivan
"Jesus Christ the Apple Tree"
Elizabeth Poston
"Jingle Bells"
James Lord Pierpont
1857
Originally titled "One Horse Open Sleigh"; and written for a school Thanksgiving pageant.
"Joy to the World"
words: Isaac Watts based on Psalm 98, music: arranged by Lowell Mason based on themes in Handel's Messiah
1719
"Judea"
music: William Billings
"Little Donkey"
written by Eric Boswell
1959
"The Little Drummer Boy"("Carol of the Drum")
written by Katherine K. Davis
1941
"Love Came Down at Christmas"
words: Christina Rossetti, music: various
1885
"The Lord at first did Adam make"
words: West Country traditional
"Mary's Boy Child"
Jester Hairston
1956
"Masters in This Hall"
written by William Morris
c. 1860
"Night of Silence"
words and music: Daniel Kantor
1981
written to be sung simultaneously with "Silent Night"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful" (Adeste Fideles)
17th century carol. English translation by Frederick Oakeley in 1841.
"O Holy Night"
words: Placide Cappeau de Rouquemaure, translated by John Sullivan Dwight, music: Adolphe Adam
1847
"O Little Town of Bethlehem"
words: Phillips Brooks
1867
music (US): Lewis H. Redner, music (UK): traditional tune: "Forest Green" (a.k.a. "The Ploughboy's Dream")
"Of the Father's Heart Begotten" ("Of the Father's Love Begotten")
music: tune from Piae Cantiones
"Once in Royal David's City"
words: Cecil Frances Humphreys Alexander, music: Henry John Gauntlett (Irby)
1849
"Past Three O'Clock" (or "Past Three a Clock")
English traditional, with verses written by George Ratcliffe Woodward
first published in The Cowley Carol Book with a harmonisation by Charles Wood
"Rise Up Shepherd and Foller"
African American spiritual
c. 1909
Also known as "Rise Up Shepherd and Follow"
"The Rocking Carol"
Loose translation of Czech traditional carol "Hajej, nynej, Ježíšku" by Percy Dearmer
1928
First published in the Oxford Book of Carols (1928)
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
Johnny Marks
1949
"Sans Day Carol"
Cornish traditional
"See, amid the Winter's Snow"
words: Edward Caswall, music: John Goss
"The Seven Joys of Mary"
English traditional
"Shepherds Arise"
anon., Dorset
19th century
published 1926 by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge
"Silver Bells"
Jay Livingston and Ray Evans
1950
"Sir Christèmas"
composed by Rev. Richard Smart
15th century
"Sleep, Baby, Sleep"
words: John Addington Symonds
1885
Setting by Ben Emberley (2023)
"Star of the East"
written by Alfred Hans Zoller, translation by George Cooper in 1890, music by Amanda Kennedy in 1883
1890
Not to be confused with the English carol titled "Star of the East" or "Brightest and Best"
"Sussex Carol" ("On Christmas Night All Christians Sing")
English traditional
"Sweet Little Jesus Boy"
Robert MacGimsey
1934
Imitates the African American spiritual-style.
"This Endris Night"
Traditional
15th century
"There Is No Rose"
written by Benjamin Britten
From "A Ceremony of Carols"
"Torches"
composed by John Joubert
1951
"Unto Us a Boy is Born" ("Unto Us is Born a Son")
English traditional
"A Virgin Unspotted" ("A Virgin Most Pure")
English traditional
"We Three Kings of Orient Are" ("Three Kings of Orient")
written by Rev. John Henry Hopkins
1863
An Epiphany carol
"What Child Is This?"
music: traditional English song "Greensleeves", words: William Chatterton Dix
1865
"Whence Is That Lovely Fragrance Wafting" ("Whence Is That Goodly Fragrance Flowing?") ("Quelle est cette odeur agréable?")
French traditional
"While by My Sheep I Watched at Night"
"While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks"
words: Nahum Tate, music (UK): "Winchester Old" from Este's Psalter adapted from Christopher Tye, music (US): adapted from Handel, 1728; arranged in Harmonia Sacra, 1812.
1700
"With Wondering Awe", the Wisemen Saw...
music and verse: Anon
"Wolcum Yole"
Written by Benjamin Britten
From "A Ceremony of Carols"
"Zither Carol"
Estonian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Kelgusõit" ("Sled Ride")
based on a 1905 poem by Reinhold Kamsen.
1913
Based on a Ukrainian folk tune.
"Läbi lume sahiseva" ("Through the Rustling Snow")
words by Juhan Aavik, melody by J. Janson.
1924
Based on an Estonian folk tune.
"Tiliseb, tiliseb aisakell" ("Tinkling, Tinkling Sleigh Bell")
words by Leonhard (Leo) Virkhaus, melody by Julius Oengo (J. Oro).
1934
The song has spread to over 70 countries, making it the most spread Estonian Christmas carol.
Filipino
Main article: List of Filipino Christmas carols
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Ang Pasko ay Sumapit" (Christmas Has Come)
Tagalog lyrics by Levi Celerio: adapted from Cebuano lyrics by Vicente Rubi, Mariano Vestil
1933
A loose translation of the original Cebuano Kasadya ni'ng Táknaa
Finnish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"En etsi valtaa, loistoa" ("Give Me No Splendour, Gold, or Pomp")
words by Zachris Topelius (1887; Finnish translation by Martti Korpilahti, 1909); music by Jean Sibelius (1909)
Translated from Finland Swedish "Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt"
"Joulun kellot " ("Christmas Bells")
words by Helmi Auvinen (1897); music by Armas Maasalo (1914)
"Joulupuu on rakennettu" ("Christmas tree has been built")
words by Gustaf Oskar Schöneman ; music Finnish folk melody
1876
"Tonttu"
words by Viktor Rydberg; Finnish translation by Valter Juva; music by Lyyli Wartiovaara-Kallioniemi
"On hanget korkeat, nietokset "
words by Ilkku Joukahainen; music by Jean Sibelius
"Varpunen jouluaamuna" (Sparrow on Christmas Morning)
words (Swedish) by Zachris Topelius (1859); Finnish translation by Konrad Alexis Hougberg; music by Otto Kotilainen (1913)
"Sylvian joululaulu" (Sylvia's Christmas song)
words by Zachris Topelius; music by Karl Collan
translated from Finland Swedish "Sylvias hälsning från Sicilien"
French
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Noel Bourguignon" ("Burgundian Carol")
Bernard de La Monnoye
c. 1700
Translated into English by Oscar Brand
"Il est né, le divin Enfant"
Traditional French
c. 1875
Translated into English as "He Is Born, the Divine Christ Child"
"Les Anges dans nos campagnes"
Translated into English as "Angels We Have Heard on High"
"Minuit, Chrétiens" ("Cantique de Noël")
lyrics: Placide Cappeau, music: Adolphe Adam
1843 (lyrics), 1847 (music)
Translated into English as "O Holy Night"
"Noël nouvelet"
15th century
Translated into English as "Sing We Now of Christmas"
"Patapan" ("Guillô, pran ton tamborin!")
Bernard de La Monnoye
Title translation: Willy, take your tambourine
"Petit Papa Noël"
lyrics: Raymond Vincy; music: Henri Martinet
1946
"C'est Noël"
lyrics: Jean Manse; music: Henri Betti
1956
Song written for the movie Honoré de Marseille with Fernandel
"Quelle est cette odeur agréable?"
Translated into English as "Whence Is That Goodly Fragrance Flowing?"
"Un flambeau, Jeannette, Isabelle"
1553
Translated into English as "Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella"
"La Marche Des Rois Mages"
13th century traditional
Translated into English as "March of the Kings" or "Sing Noel: A Christmas Fanfare" with words by Jay Althouse
"Entre le bœuf et l'âne gris"
13th or 16th century
Title translation: "Between the ox and the grey donkey"
"Çà, bergers, assemblons-nous"
music 15th/16th century; published 1701 with words by Simon-Joseph Pellegrin
Title translation: "Here, shepherds, let us gather". Adapted from "Où s'en vont ces gais bergers".
"Venez divin Messie"
music 16th century; published 18th century with words by Simon-Joseph Pellegrin
Translated in English as "O Come, Divine Messiah".
"D'où viens-tu, bergère?"
Traditional French
Title translation "Where are you coming from, shepherdess?"
"Dans cette étable"
words 19th century
Title translation: "In this stable". It is sung to the same music as "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen"
"Trois Anges (sont venus ce soir")
Traditional French
Title translation : "Three Angels have come tonight"
Galician
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Da Ulla a meu cabo veño"
Melchor López
1790
"En Belén hai moita festa"
José Pacheco
1829
"Nadal De Luíntra"("Luintra Carol")
Traditional
"Null'ome per ren non-deve"
Alfonso X of Castile
13th century
One of the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM 50)
"Pois que dos reys Nostro Sennor "(Since Our Lord chose to descend from the lineage of kings)
Alfonso X of Castile
13th century
One of the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM 424). It is the oldest Iberian Christmas carol written in a vernacular language
German
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Alle Jahre wieder" ("Every Year Again")
Friedrich Silcher /Wilhelm Hey
1837
"Am Weihnachtsbaum die Lichter brennen " ("literal: On the Christmas Trees the lights burn")
traditional /Hermann Kletke
1841
Translated into English as "Light the Christmas tree candles"
"Auf, Christen, singt festliche Lieder" ("literal: Come on, Christians, sing festive songs")
August Erthel / in Fulda
1778
Translated into English as "O Christians, Come Join in the Singing"
"Die Könige" (The Kings)
Peter Cornelius
1856 & 1870 (rewrote)
Translated into English as "The Three Kings" or "Three Kings From Persian Lands Afar" by W. G. Rothery in 1916
"Der Morgenstern ist aufgedrungen" (The morning star is risen)
Daniel Rumpius / Michael Praetorius
1587
"Es ist ein Ros entsprungen" ("A Rose Has Sprung Up")
Anonymous
16th century
Translated into English as "Lo, How A Rose E'er Blooming", "Lo, There A Rose Is Blooming", "There Is A Flower Springing", "A great and mighty wonder"
"Es ist für uns eine Zeit angekommen" ("The Time Has Arrived for Us")
Swiss traditional
19th century
"Es kommt ein Schiff, geladen" ("A Ship is Coming, laden")
Andernach songbook
1608
"Es wird scho glei dumpa " ("It'll be dark soon")
Anton Reidinger
1884
Tirolean dialect song
"Freu dich, Erd und Sternenzelt" (Be joyful, Earth and starry sky)
1844
based on a Czech model
"Fröhliche Weihnacht überall " ("Merry Christmas Everywhere")
German and English traditional
"Fröhlich soll mein Herze springen" ("Merrily my heart shall leap")
Paul Gerhardt /Johann Crüger · Johann Georg Ebeling
1653 (lyrics)/1553 (Crüger) · ? (Ebeling)
"Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" ("Praise be to You, Jesus Christ")
Martin Luther
1524
"Herbei, oh ihr Gläubigen" ("O Come, All Ye Faithful")
Translation of "Adeste fideles" by Friedrich Heinrich Ranke in 1823.
17th century
"Ich steh an deiner Krippen hier" ("I stand here by your manger")
Paul Gerhardt /Martin Luther · Johann Sebastian Bach
1653 (lyrics)/1542 (Luther melody) · 1736 (Bach melody)
"Ihr Kinderlein, kommet" ("Oh, Come, Little Children")
Johann Abraham Peter Schulz /Christoph von Schmid
1794 (music)/1798 (lyrics)/1832 (combination of text and music)
"In dulci jubilo" ("In Sweet Rejoicing")
Gerhard Tersteegen / Joachim Neander
1731
"Jauchzet, ihr Himmel" ("Rejoice, you Heavens")
traditional
14th century
"Kling Glöckchen" ("Ring Little Bell")
traditional /Karl Enslin
19th century
"Kommet, ihr Hirten" ("Come, you shepherds")
Carl Riedel after Czech "Nesem vám noviny"
c. 1870
"Kommt und lasst uns Christus ehren" ("Come, let us praise Christ"), from Latin "Quem pastores laudavere"
Bohemian traditional 15th century
"Come, and Christ the Lord be praising", "He whom joyous shepherds praised", and more
"Lasst uns das Kindlein grüßen" ("Let Us Greet the Little Child")
traditional
"Lasst uns das Kindlein wiegen" ("Let Us Cradle the Little Child")
Munich
1604
"Lasst uns froh und munter sein" ("Let Us Be Happy and Cheerful")
traditional from the Hunsrück
this song is traditionally sung at Nicholas Eve on 6 December
"Leise rieselt der Schnee" ("Softly Falls Every Snow Flake")
Eduard Ebel / Eduard Ebel
about 1900
"Lobt Gott, ihr Christen alle gleich" ("Praise God, you Christians equally")
Nikolaus Herman
1560
"Maria durch ein Dornwald ging" ("Mary Walks Amid the Thorns")
traditional from Hesse
16th century
"Menschen, die ihr wart verloren" ("Humans, you who were lost")
Christoph Bernhard Verspoell
1810
"Morgen, Kinder, wird's was geben " ("Tomorrow, Children, Something Will Happen")
Carl Gottlieb Hering / Philipp Bartsch
1850
"Morgen kommt der Weihnachtsmann " ("Tomorrow comes Santa Claus")
A. H. Hoffmann von Fallersleben
17th century
"Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit" ("Now, dear Soul, it is the time")
Georg Weissel
1642
"O du fröhliche" ("Oh You Joyful")
Johannes Daniel Falk / Heinrich Holzschuher
1816
"Oh, how joyfully", Christopher Wren, Together in song #330; "Oh thou joyful", Henry Katterjohn, Chalice Hymnal#169
"O Tannenbaum" ("O Christmas Tree")
German traditional/ E. Anschütz, A. Zarnack
18th century
translated into English as "O, Christmas Tree", 1824
"O Tannenbaum, du trägst ein grünen Zweig " ("O Christmas Tree, you Wear a Green Branch")
Westphalian traditional
"Schneeflöckchen, Weißröckchen" ("Little Snow Flake, Little White Coat")
Hedwig Haberkern
1869
"Stern über Bethlehem" ("Star above Bethlehem")
Alfred Hans Zoller
1964
star singers' song
"Still, still, still" ("Hush, hush, hush")
Maria Vinzenz Süß / Georg Götsch
1865
"Stille Nacht, Heilige Nacht"
Josef Mohr / Franz Xaver Gruber
1818
"Silent Night", in the English translation by John Freeman Young
"Süßer die Glocken nie klingen" ("The Bells Never Sound Sweeter")
traditional /Wilhelm Kritzinger
"Tausend Sterne sind ein Dom" ("Thousands of Stars form a dome")
Siegfried Köhler
1946
"Tochter Zion, freue dich" ("Daughter Zion, Rejoice!")
George Frideric Handel
"Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come")
traditional / Martin Luther
1539
"From heaven high I come to you", by Catherine Winkworth, Trinity Psalter Hymnal #304
"Vom Himmel hoch, o Engel, kommt" ("From Heaven Above, o Angels Come")
traditional from Cologne
1623
"Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" ("How Lovely Shines the Morning Star")
Philipp Nicolai
16th century
"Zu Bethlehem geboren" ("Born in Bethlehem")
Friedrich Spee / French melody
1638
Sind die Lichter angezündet
Erika Engel / Hans Sandig
1950/1957
https://www.musicalion.com/de/scores/noten/222506/hans-sandig/44542/sind-die-lichter-angez%C3%BCndet#interpretation=1
Greek
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Βυζαντινά" ("Byzantine Carol")
Traditional carols from the Byzantine Era
11th century
(Byzantine Greek: Άναρχος θεός καταβέβηκεν, Ánarkhos Theós katabébēken, "God, who has no beginning, descended")
"Απόψε Χριστός γεννήθηκε"
("Tonight Christ was born")
Greek Traditional
"Κάλαντα Χριστουγέννων"
("Christmas Carol")
Greek Traditional
Also known simply by its first verse: "Καλήν Εσπέραν Άρχοντες". There exist many local variations of the same carol with changes in the lyrics( ex. Smyrnian, Anatolian, Cretan, Cappadocian, Pontic, Thracian and others)
"Κάλαντα Πελοποννήσου"
("Carols of Peloponnese")
Traditional from Peloponnese
"Christoúgenna, Prōtoúgenna" ("Christmas, Firstmas")
"Κάλαντα Πρωτοχρονιάς"
("New Year's Carols")
Greek Traditional
"Archimēniá ki archichroniá" ("First of the month, first of the year").
"Των Φώτων" ("Epiphany Carols")
Greek Traditional
(Greek: Σήμερα τα φώτα κι ο φωτισμός, "Today is the Epiphany and the Enlightenment")
Hungarian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Mennyből az angyal" ("Angels from Heaven")
"Pásztorok, Pásztorok"
"Kis karácsony, nagy karácsony" ("Little Christmas, Big Christmas")
"Fel nagy örömre"
"Pásztorok keljünk fel"
"Dicsőség mennyben az Istennek"
"Ó, gyönyörű szép"
"A kis Jézus arany alma"
"Csordapásztorok"
Hungarian Traditional
Indonesian
Title
Composer/lyricist
Year published
Notes
Nunga Jumpang Muse Ari Pesta I (Bataknese)Sendah Jumpa Wari Raya Kita E (Karonese)Sudah Tiba Hari Raya yang Kudus (Indonesian)
words by Rev. J. A. U. Doloksaribu, M. Min. (Indonesian and Bataknese)
words by Rev. N. Ginting Munthe (Karonese)
These songs are set to Battle Hymn of the Republic tune
Irish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"An Angel This Night"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"The Angel Said to Joseph Mild"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"Behold Three Kings Come From the East"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"Christmas Day Is Come" (also known as "The Irish Carol")
words by Fr. William Devereaux,
18th Century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Codail A Linbh" / "Codail a Leanbh" ("Sleep Child")
Lyrics are from 5th century poem, music by Michael McGlynn
"The Kerry Christmas Carol"
Irish traditional
"Curoo Curoo" ("The Carol of the Birds")
Irish traditional
"Dia do Bheatha" ("Welcome")
Irish traditional
"The Darkest Midnight in December"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Don Oíche Úd i mBeithil" ("That Night in Bethlehem")
Irish traditional
"The First Day of the Year"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Hail Ye Flowers of Martyrs"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Jerusalem, Our Happy Home"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Now To Conclude Our Christmas Mirth"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Oíche Nollag" ("Christmas Eve")
Irish traditional
"St John did Lean on Jesus' Breast"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"St Stephen Had an Angel's Face"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"Suantraí na Maighdine" ("The Virgin's Lullaby")
Irish traditional
Also known as "The Christ Child's Lullaby" or "Mary's Lullaby"
"Sweet Jesus Was the Sacred Name"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"Sweetest of All Names, Jesus"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"An Teitheadh go hÉigipt" ("The Flight to Egypt")
Irish traditional
"This Christmass Day You Pray me Sing"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (short Carol)
"This Feast of St Sylvester So Well Deserves a Song"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"This is our Christmas Day"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, (Short Carol)
"This is St Stephen's Day"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"To Greet Our Saviour's Dear One"
words by Fr. Luke Waddinge
17th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"A Virgin Queen in Bethlehem"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
"Wexford Carol" (also "Enniscorthy Carol")
Irish traditional
"Ye Sons of Men with Me Rejoice"
words by Fr. William Devereaux
18th century
Irish traditional, Part of "The Kilmore Carols"
Italian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Gesù bambino" ("The Infant Jesus")
Pietro Yon
1917
"When Blossoms Flowered" in English
"Tu scendi dalle stelle" ("From Starry Skies Thou Comest")
Italian traditional
"Dormi, dormi, bel Bambin"
Latin
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Adeste Fideles" ("O Come, All Ye Faithful")
attributed to John Francis Wade, Latin words translated by Frederick Oakeley
c. 1743
"Angelus ad Virginem"
13th-century or older.
"Dona nobis pacem"
Perhaps Mozart
A 3-voice round.
"Gaudete" ("Rejoice")
sacred Christmas carol
1582
re-popularized by Steeleye Span (1973)
"Hodie Christus natus est"
Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
1619
Originally published in Cantiones Sacrae
"In dulci jubilo"
Heinrich Seuse
1328
Macaronic carol known in several translations; melody is also used for the English song "Good Christian Men, Rejoice" (aka, "Good Christian Friends, Rejoice").
"Laetabundus"
attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux
12th century
"O Sanctissima" ("O du Fröhliche" or "Oh, How Joyfully")
Personent hodie
1582
Originally published in Finland, but with Latin lyrics
"Psallite, unigenito"
Michael Praetorius
1609
First published in Musae Sioniae, sechster Theil
"Puer Natus in Bethlehem"
Text early 13th-century] (or older); melody 14th century
Sped up version of a Gregorian chant.
"Pueri Concinite"
Johann von Herbeck
1868
First performed in the Imperial Chapel, Vienna, on Christmas.
"Resonet in laudibus"
14th century
Malay
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Anak Yesus dilahirkan" ("Little Jesus has Born")
"Kelahiran Penebus"
St Dominic
"Gloria"
"Malak Bergemar" ("Angels Sings")
Norwegian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Musevisa"
Alf Prøysen
1946
Lyrics are by Prøysen, set to a traditional tune
Occitan
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"La Cambo me fai mau" ("My leg hurts")
Nicolas Saboly / anonymous
Polish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Ach, ubogi żłobie" ("Oh, the humble manger")
Piotr Studziński / anonymous
17th century
"Ach, witajże pożądana" ("Oh, to be greeting desired")
Traditional
<1908
"Anioł pasterzom mówił" ("The angel told the shepherds")
Traditional
1551–1555
"A wczora z wieczora" ("And yesterday on evening")
Traditional
<1630
"Będzie kolęda" ("It will be a carol")
Andrzej Zieliński / Wojciech Młynarski
1968
Skaldowie
"Bóg się rodzi" ("God Is Born")
Franciszek Karpiński
1792
"Bracia patrzcie jeno" ("Brothers let you look on how the sky is burning")
Franciszek Karpiński
<1825
"Do szopy, hej, pasterze" ("To the shed, hey, shepherds")
Traditional
"Dzisiaj w Betlejem" ("Today in Bethlehem")
Traditional
1878
"Gdy się Chrystus rodzi" ("When the Christ's being born")
Traditional
1843
"Gdy śliczna Panna" ("As the beautiful Virgin ")
Traditional
beginning of 18th century
"Gore gwiazda Jezusowi" ("A star is shining to Jesus")
Traditional
18th century
"Hej, w dzień narodzenia" ("Hey, on the day of the Nativity")
Traditional
"Jest taki dzień" ("There is such a day")
Seweryn Krajewski / Krzysztof Dzikowski
1966
Czerwone Gitary
"Jezus malusieńki" ("The wee baby Jesus")
Traditional
"Kolęda dla nieobecnych" ("A carol for absent")
Szymon Mucha
1997
"Lulajże, Jezuniu" (Sleep now, baby Jesus")
Traditional
1738
Frédéric Chopin used this Christmas carol in the Scherzo in B minor, Op. 20
"Mędrcy świata, Monarchowie" ("O, Sages of the world, Monarchs")
Traditional
17th century
"Jezusa narodzonego" ("Born Jesus ")
Traditional
18th century
"Mizerna, cicha" ("Humble and quiet ")
Jan Gall / Teofil Lenartowicz
1849
"Nie było miejsca dla Ciebie" ("There was no place for You")
Jozef Las / Mateusz Jez
1932
"Nowy Rok bieży" ("New Year is coming")
Traditional
17th century
"Nużeśmy chrześcijanie"
Traditional
"O gwiazdo betlejemska" ("O betlehem star")
Zygmunt Odelgiewicz, Alojzy Orszulok
19th century
"Oj, Maluśki, Maluśki, Maluśki" ("Oh, Tiny Little ")
Traditional highland-style
<1808
"Pasterze mili coście widzieli" ("Kind shepherds what you've seen")
Traditional
<1752
"Pójdźmy wszyscy do stajenki" ("Let us go to the little shed")
Traditional
<1842 in Kraków
"Północ już była" ("Midnight was already ")
Traditional
~1843
"Przybieżeli do Betlejem" ("To Betlehem came ")
Traditional
17th century
"Skrzypi wóz" ("The cart creaks")
Karol Miarka
1904
"Tryumfy Króla Niebieskiego" ("The Triumphs of the Heaven's King")
Traditional
1754
"Wesołą nowinę" ("The joyous news ")
Traditional / Józef Wygrzywalski
"Uciekali, uciekali" ("They ran away, ran away")
Agata Miklaszewska, Maryna Miklaszewska
1991
"W kropki zielone" ("With green dotted")
Krzesimir Dębski / Jan Twardowski
1998
sung by Ewa Małas-Godlewska
"Wśród nocnej ciszy" ("In the night silence")
Traditional
<1853
"W żłobie leży" ("Infant Holy, Infant Lowly")
Piotr Skarga
17th century
"Z narodzenia Pana" ("Because of the Lord's birth ")
Traditional
1842
"Zdrów bądź, królu anjelski"
Traditional
1424
Portuguese
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"A todos um Bom Natal"("Merry Christmas To You All")
César Batalha/Lúcia Carvalho
1980
"Alegrem-se os Céus e a Terra "("Rejoice, You Heavens And Earth")
Traditional
18th century
"Beijai o Menino "("Give Infant Jesus A Kiss")
Traditional
1934
"Eu hei de dar ao Menino "("I Shall Give The Boy")
Traditional
18th century
"Eu hei de m'ir ao presépio "("I Shall Visit The Manger")
Traditional
19-20th century
Translated into English as "I See Your Cradle is Bare" by Lorenz Maierhofer
"José embala o Menino "("Joseph Cradles The Infant Jesus")
Traditional
1947
"Natal africano "("African Christmas")
Traditional
"Natal da Índia Portuguesa "("Portuguese India Carol")
Traditional
18th century
"Natal dos Simples "("Carol of the Poor")
José Afonso
1968
A New Year's carol
"O Menino está com frio "("The Infant Jesus Is Cold")
Traditional
16th century
"O Menino está dormindo"("The Infant Jesus Is Sleeping")
Traditional
18–19th century
"Oh bento airoso "("O Blessed And Graceful Mystery")
Traditional
15–16th century
"Pela Noite de Natal "("It Was Christmas Night")
Traditional
16th century
Translated into English as "All That Wondrous Christmas Night" by Eduardo Marzo
"Roxozinho está deitado "("The Rosy-cheeked Boy Is Lying")
Traditional
1889
"Sã qui turo zente pleta"("All Here Are Black People")
Anonymous
1643
Romanian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"O, ce veste minunată!"
("Oh. what wonderful news")
D.G. Kiriac
"Pluguşorul"
("The little plow")
Traditional
related rather to New Year's Eve
"Deschide uşa, creştine!"
("Open the door, christian")
Traditional
"Linu-i lin"
Traditional
"Florile dalbe"
("The whitened flowers")
Traditional
"Domn, domn sa-năltăm!"
("Lord, lord, let's praise")
Gheorghe Cucu
"Leganelul Lui Iisus"
("Jesus' swing")
Valentin Teodorian
"Asta-i seara de Craciun"
(It's the Christmas evening")
Traditional
"Mos Craciun cu plete dalbe"
("Santa Claus with whithened hair")
Ioan D. Chirescu
"Cantec de Craciun"
("Christmas song")
Traditional
"Trei Pastori"
("Three shepherds")
Timotei Popovici
"Sus la Poarta Raiului"
("High at the Heaven's gate")
Emil Montia
Colindița
("The little carol will be over")
Traditional
La casa de peste drum
("At the house over the road")
Tradițional
După dealul cel mai mare
("Over the largest hill")
Traditional
Slobozî-ne gazdă-n casă
("Let us, host, in the house")
Traditional
Din an în an
("From year to year")
Traditional
Oaspeți cu azur în gene
("Guest with azure in the genes")
Nichifor Crainic
Steaua sus răsare
("The star is rising high")
Traditional
Astăzi s-a născut Hristos
("Today Christ was born")
Traditional
Cerul și pământul
("The Heavens and the earth")
Traditional
Iată vin colindători
("Here they come, carol singers")
Traditional
La Viflaim colo-n jos
("In Bethleem, down")
Traditional
Mărire-ntru cele-nalte
("Praise the high")
Traditional
Sculați gazde, nu dormiți
(Wake up, hosts, don't sleep")
Traditional
Noapte de vis
("Dream night")
Traditional
O, brad frumos
Adapted from various carols such as "Oh, Tannenbaum"
Sus, boieri, nu mai dormiți
("Wake up, boyars(lords), don't sleep")
Traditional
Trei crai de la Răsărit
("Three princes from Orient")
Traditional
Afara ninge linistit
("Outside it's snowing peacefuly")
Traditional
Aseara pe-nserate
("Yesternight in the evening")
Traditional
An cu an de-a randul
("Year by year, every time")
Traditional
A sosit ziua cea sfanta
("The holy day has come")
Traditional
Astazi-i sara sara mare
Traditional
A coborat pe pamant
("He descended onto earth")
Traditional
Buna dimineata, la Mos Ajun
("Good morning, Old Man Eve")
Traditional
Buna seara, gazda mare
("Good evening, great host")
Traditional
Buna veste-n zori
("Good news at dawn")
Traditional
Scottish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Taladh Chriosda" ("Christ's Lullaby")
Traditional
known among English speakers as "The Christ-Child's Lullaby", as popularized by Marjory Kennedy-Fraser
"Baloo, Lammy" ("Lullaby, Little Lamb")
Traditional
Spanish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Arre borriquito" (Sic. "Giddy up little donkey")
Music: Ricardo Boronat
Lyrics: Diego San José de la Torre
Between 1925 and 1930
Military origin, which explains the drum-based backdrop
"Hacia Belén va una burra" ("To Bethlehem goes a donkey")
Father Antonio Soler
18th century
Very popular in both Spain and LATAM, composed by a religious scholar (allegedly) of Castilian origin
"Ay del chiquirritín" (Sic. "oh little boy")
Traditional
Unknown
Probably of Andalusian or Navarran origin
"La marimorena"
Traditional, based on a Spanish drinking song
1702
Tells the story of the interruption of a religious ceremony by a popular celebration, among which was a certain "María Morena" who gives the carol its name.
"Campana sobre campana" or "Campanas de Belén" ("Bells of Bethlehem")
Traditional
Early 20th century
One of the most translated Spanish carols, believed to be of Andalusian origin
"Dime niño de quién eres"("Tell me boy, where do you come from")
Traditional
18th century
Murcia or Andalusian origin.
"Canta, ríe y bebe" ("Sing, laugh and drink")
Traditional, adapted by Manuel Navarro Mollor
20th century
Originally a popular song with very edgy lyrics, was later adapted by the Francoist censorsip to be more appropriate.
"Ya vienen los Reyes Magos" ("The three wise men are coming already")
Traditional, adapted by Manuel Navarro Mollor
18th century
Origin unclear.
"Madre, en la puerta hay un niño" ("Mother, there's a boy at the door")
Traditional
Unknown
Origin unclear. Tells the story of baby Christ knocking on people's doors, asking for refuge from the cold.
"Ya viene la vieja" ("The old hag is coming already")
Traditional
Unknown
Popular Castilian song about an old lady who comes to give the Christmas aguinaldo.
"Los peces en el río"
Traditional
"Alegría, alegría, alegría"
Traditional
"Pastores venid"
Traditional
"A la Nanita Nana"
Juan Francisco Muñoz y Pavón
1904
The song was compiled by musicologist Kurt Schindler in his work "Folk music and poetry of Spain and Portugal".
"Vamos todos a Belen"
"Vamos cantemos somos ocho" (Let us sing, we are eight)
Benito Cabrera
1995
Traditional carol from the Canary Islands, recently updated to include all eight independent islands.
Swedish
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Giv mig ej glans, ej guld, ej prakt" ("Give Me No Splendour, Gold, or Pomp")
words by Zachris Topelius (1887); music by Jean Sibelius (1909)
Finland Swedish song
"Gläns över sjö och strand" ("Shine Over the Lake and the Shore")
words by Viktor Rydberg (1891) music by Alice Tegnér (1893)
"När det lider mot jul" ("When Christmas Has Come")
words by Jeanna Oterdahl; music by Ruben Liljefors (1909)
"Nu har vi ljus här i vårt hus" ("We have Kindled the Candles in Our House Now")
in Sweden it is tradition to dance around the Christmas tree and sing, this being one of the traditional songs sung
"Nu tändas tusen juleljus" ("We Have Kindled Thousands of Christmas Lights Now")
words and music by Emmy Köhler
"Räven raskar över isen" (The Fox Is Sliding Over the Ice)
in Sweden it is tradition to dance around the Christmas tree and sing, this being one of the traditional songs sung
"Sankta Lucia" ("Santa Lucia")
"Var hälsad, sköna morgonstund" ("All Hail to Thee, O Blessed Morn")
words by Johan Olof Wallin; music by Philipp Nicolai
Ukrainian
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Бог предвічний народився" "Boh predvičnyj narodilsja" (God Eternal is Born)
1790
Probably considered the quintessential Ukrainian carol
"Небо і земля нині торжествують" "Nebo i zemlia nyni torzhestvuiut" (Heaven and Earth Rejoice Today)
1790
Refrain is often sung as a round.
"Бог ся рождає" "Boh sia rozhdaie" (God is Born)
Остап Нижанківський (1862–1919) "Ostap Nyzhankivs'kyi"
"Во Вифлиємі нині новина" "Vo Vyfleiemi nyni novyna" (In Bethlehem today there are tidings)
Остап Нижанківський (1862–1919) "Ostap Nyzhankivs'kyi"
"Добрий вечір тобі, пане господарю" "Dobryi vechir tobi, pane hospodariu " (Good Evening to You)
Sung when caroling, upon arrival at a house; not used in church.
"Нова радість стала" "Nova radist stala" (A New Joy Came)
1790
На небі зірка ясна засяла "Na nebi zirka yasna zasiiala" (In the Heavens a Bright Star Shone)
Ой по всім світі сталася новина"Oi po vsim sviti stalasia novyna" (Oh, over all the Earth a New Event Occurred)
Ой як сей ґазда з дому відходив"Oi yak sei gazda z domu vidkhodyv" (Oh, how did this owner leave the house)
"Виді Бог, виді Сотворитель" "Vydi Boh, vydi Sotvorytel" (God, the Creator, Sees)
apocryphal arr. Кирило Стеценко (Kyrylo Stetsenko)
1790
Спи, Ісусе, спи "Spy, Isuse, spy" (Sleep, Jesus, Sleep)
"Днесь поюще" "Dnes poyusche" (Singing Today)
arr. Кирило Стеценко (Kyrylo Stetsenko)
"Щедрик" "Shchedryk"
Микола Леонтович Mykola Leontovych
Not truly a Christmas carol, but rather, a secular song of good wishes for prosperity, traditionally sung on Щедрий Вечір (Shchedryi Vechir, i.e. Theophany Eve). Melody used for the English "Carol of the Bells" and, in the 1970s-1980s, for André champagne commercials.
See also: List of Ukrainian Koliadkas and Shchedrivkas
Welsh
Title
Composer / Lyricist
Year published
Notes
"Ar Hyd y Nos" ("All Through the Night")
Edward Jones (Composer) / John Ceiriog Hughes (Welsh lyrics)
1784
translated into English as "All Through the Night" with English lyrics by Harold Boulton (English Lyrics)
"Oer yw'r gŵr sy'n methu caru"
Thomas Oliphant (English lyrics)
1862-74
rendered in English as "Deck the Hall"
"Tua Bethlem Dref"
David Evann (composer) / Wil Ifan (lyricist)
1934
rendered in English as "Towards Bethlehem Town"
See also
Christianity portal
Christmas music
Best-selling Christmas/holiday singles in the United States
List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom
List of Filipino Christmas carols
List of popular Christmas singles in the United States
Published collections of Christmas carol scores
References
^ "Christmas carols vs. Christmas songs: Do you know the difference between the two?". 680 News. 17 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
^ El Noi de la Mare (Carol of the Gifts). Oxford University Press. 30 July 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-336553-7. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Sargent, Malcolm (23 November 1961). Zither Carol. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-341984-1. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Folkehøjskolens Sangbog. Odense: Foreningen for Folkehøjskolen i Danmark. 1989. pp. Numbers 43–69. ISBN 87-7001-189-3.
^ "Den Danske Salmebog Online". www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ nl:Nu zijt wellekome accessed 16 October 2014
^ http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/glory_to_god_ere_zij_god.htm (accessed 16 October 2014, 1:26 AM)
^ "A Christmas Carol". Song of America.
^ Husk, William Henry. Songs of the Nativity, London: John Camden Hotten, Chiswick Press, 1884, p. 150 (first part of book; contains lyrics and song information), https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/150 & p. 199 (second part of book; contains sheet music), https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/198
^ Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-85112-250-2.
^ "All the songs Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music". www.negrospirituals.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
^ Uusi Kuwa-Aapinen. Lukukirja kodille, kierto- ja sunnuntai-kouluille. P. 27. Toinen korjattu ja lisätty painos. Weilin & Göös 1876, Jyväskylä, Finland.
^ Reijo Pajamo. Taas kaikki kauniit muistot. Joululaulujen taustat ja tarinat. P. 67–69. WSOY, Finland, 1982. ISBN 951-0-11444-8.
^ Kalevi Toiviainen. G. O. Schöneman ja hänen seurakuntansa. Teoksessa Seurakunta kasvavassa Jyväskylässä. P. 9–27, 21. Oy Keskisuomalainen, Jyväskylä, Finland, 1975.
^ Reijo Pajamo. Taas kaikki kauniit muistot. Joululaulujen taustat ja tarinat. P. 68. WSOY, Finland, 1982. ISBN 951-0-11444-8.
^ "Noel Nouvelet - French Noel". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ "NUNGA JUMPANG MUSE ARI PESTA (BE 57)". Alkitab by Sabda. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ "KEE 114 Sendah Jumpa Kita Wari Raya E". GBKP KM 8 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ "SUDAH TIBA HARI RAYA YANG KUDUS (BN 57)". Alkitab by Sabda. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ranson, Joseph.(1949)The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 5. 61-102 retrieved from Hymns and Carols of Christmas.com 11 December 2017 (Part 1 pp 61-67) http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf (Part 2 pp 68-102) http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols-continued.pdf
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Christmas Carols of Waddinge and Devereux". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g Wall, Thomas (1960) A Pious Garland Being the December Letter and Christmas Carols of Luke Wadding. Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son. Retrieved from Hymns and Carols of Christmas.com 11 December 2017 http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/the-christmas-songs-of-luke-wadding-pdf.pdf
^ Ranson, Joseph.(1949)The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 5. 61-102 retrieved from Hymns and Carols of Christmas.com 11 December 2017 http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf
^ "Aftenposten". Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
^ Wielgosz, Zbigniew (26 December 2013). "Nie było miejsca dla Ciebie". gosc.pl. Gość Niedzielny. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "'Arre Borriquito': letra e historia del villancico". Las Provincias (in European Spanish). 9 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ Aleman, Ana Lucía (13 November 2021). "🌠Hacia Belén Va Una Burra (Rin Rin)🐴". Cancioncitas (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ "El origen de los villancicos, las canciones típicas de la Navidad". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ GranadaBlogs (2 January 2015). "Historia de los villancicos populares: 'La marimorena'". Noticias Gente (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ GranadaBlogs (29 December 2014). "Historia de los villancicos populares: 'Campana sobre campana'". Noticias Gente (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
^ Raude44 (15 December 2021). "NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS...: ORIGEN DE LOS VILLANCICOS MÁS FAMOSOS EN ESPAÑA (PARTE 2)". NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS... Retrieved 24 December 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d First printed in the "Bohohlasnyk" , a collection of religious songs, late 18th century
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Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumplings
Hallaca
Pierogi
Tamale
Varenyky
Meat and fish
Carp
Gefilte fish
Ham
Pickled herring
Roast goose
Romeritos
Stuffing
Tourtière (meat pie)
Turkey
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol"},{"link_name":"carol form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_(music)"},{"link_name":"lyrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmas season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"birth of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Twelve Days of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmastide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmastide"},{"link_name":"St Stephen's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"St John's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Feast of Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents"},{"link_name":"St Sylvester's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sylvester%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"We Three Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Three_Kings"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"Good King Wenceslas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"Deck the Halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_the_Halls"},{"link_name":"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Come,_O_Come,_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent"},{"link_name":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus"},{"link_name":"Jingle Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bells"},{"link_name":"O Christmas Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Tannenbaum"},{"link_name":"Home for the Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_for_the_Holidays_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolly_Old_Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Frosty the Snowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosty_the_Snowman"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Comin%27_to_Town"}],"text":"This list of Christmas carols is organized by language of origin. Originally, a \"Christmas carol\" referred to a piece of vocal music in carol form whose lyrics centre on the theme of Christmas or the Christmas season. The difference between a Christmas carol and a Christmas popular song can often be unclear as they are both sung by groups of people going house to house during the Christmas season. Some view Christmas carols to be only religious in nature and consider Christmas songs to be secular.[1]Many traditional Christmas carols focus on the Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, while others celebrate the Twelve Days of Christmas that range from 25 December to 5 January or Christmastide which ranges from 24 December to 5 January. As a result, many Christmas Carols can be related to St Stephen's Day (26 December), St John's Day (27 December), Feast of Holy Innocents (28 December), St Sylvester's Day (31 December), and the Epiphany. Examples of this are \"We Three Kings\" (an Epiphany song), and \"Good King Wenceslas\" (a carol for St. Stephen's Day). Nonetheless, some other categories of Christmas music, both religious and secular, have become associated with the Christmas season even though the lyrics may not specifically refer to Christmas – for example, \"Deck the Halls\" (no religious references) and \"O Come, O Come, Emmanuel\" (an Advent chant). Other Christmas music sung by carolers focuses on more secular Christmas themes, and winter carols and novelty Christmas songs often refer to winter scenes, family gatherings, and Santa Claus (\"Jingle Bells\", \"O Christmas Tree\", \"Home for the Holidays\", \"Jolly Old Saint Nicholas\", \"Frosty the Snowman\", \"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town\", etc.).","title":"List of Christmas carols"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Afrikaans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arabic"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Catalan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hymns of Universal Praise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns_of_Universal_Praise"},{"link_name":"Chinese New Hymnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Hymnal"}],"text":"The English titles are taken from the Hymns of Universal Praise and the Chinese New Hymnal.","title":"Chinese"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Croatian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Czech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The list is based primarily on carols and hymns mentioned in the Song Book for the Danish Folk High School.[4]Where possible, a carol title is linked to its (Danish) Wikipedia entry, where the carol can be heard. Otherwise, a carol title has been linked to its entry at the Danish Hymn Book Online.[5]Carolling, i.e. dancing around, is practised - probably unintentionally - in Danish Christmas tradition, when a Christmas party join hands forming a chain around the family Christmas tree and walk, dance or run around the Christmas tree depending on the Christmas carol or song sung.","title":"Danish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dutch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"English"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Estonian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filipino"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finnish"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Trois Anges (sont venus ce soir\")\nTraditional French\nTitle translation : \"Three Angels have come tonight\"","title":"French"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Galician"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"German"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Greek"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hungarian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Indonesian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Irish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Italian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Latin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Malay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Norwegian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Occitan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Polish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Portuguese"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Romanian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scottish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spanish"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Swedish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Ukrainian Koliadkas and Shchedrivkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ukrainian_Koliadkas_and_Shchedrivkas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%96_%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA"}],"text":"See also: List of Ukrainian Koliadkas and Shchedrivkas [uk]","title":"Ukrainian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Welsh"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Christmas music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"title":"Best-selling Christmas/holiday singles in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-selling_Christmas/holiday_singles_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of Filipino Christmas carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Christmas_carols"},{"title":"List of popular Christmas singles in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Published collections of Christmas carol scores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christmas_carol_collections"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Christmas carols vs. Christmas songs: Do you know the difference between the two?\". 680 News. 17 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.680news.com/2011/12/17/christmas-carols-vs-christmas-songs-do-you-know-the-difference-between-the-two/","url_text":"\"Christmas carols vs. Christmas songs: Do you know the difference between the two?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/680_News","url_text":"680 News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628165956/http://www.680news.com/2011/12/17/christmas-carols-vs-christmas-songs-do-you-know-the-difference-between-the-two/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"El Noi de la Mare (Carol of the Gifts). Oxford University Press. 30 July 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-336553-7. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/el-noi-de-la-mare-carol-of-the-gifts-9780193365537?cc=us&lang=en&","url_text":"El Noi de la Mare (Carol of the Gifts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-336553-7","url_text":"978-0-19-336553-7"}]},{"reference":"Sargent, Malcolm (23 November 1961). Zither Carol. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-341984-1. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/zither-carol-9780193419841?cc=us&lang=en&","url_text":"Zither Carol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-341984-1","url_text":"978-0-19-341984-1"}]},{"reference":"Folkehøjskolens Sangbog. Odense: Foreningen for Folkehøjskolen i Danmark. 1989. pp. Numbers 43–69. ISBN 87-7001-189-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7001-189-3","url_text":"87-7001-189-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Den Danske Salmebog Online\". www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk/salmeoversigt","url_text":"\"Den Danske Salmebog Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Christmas Carol\". Song of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://songofamerica.net/song/christmas-carol-1/","url_text":"\"A Christmas Carol\""}]},{"reference":"Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-85112-250-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85112-250-2","url_text":"978-0-85112-250-2"}]},{"reference":"\"All the songs Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music\". www.negrospirituals.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181231022656/http://www.negrospirituals.com/songs/404.htm","url_text":"\"All the songs Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music\""},{"url":"http://www.negrospirituals.com/songs/404.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Noel Nouvelet - French Noel\". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/NonEnglish/noel_nouvelet.htm","url_text":"\"Noel Nouvelet - French Noel\""}]},{"reference":"\"NUNGA JUMPANG MUSE ARI PESTA (BE 57)\". Alkitab by Sabda. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://alkitab.app/BE/57","url_text":"\"NUNGA JUMPANG MUSE ARI PESTA (BE 57)\""}]},{"reference":"\"KEE 114 Sendah Jumpa Kita Wari Raya E\". GBKP KM 8 (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbkpkm8.com/2019/03/kee-114-sendah-jumpa-kita-wari-raya-e.html","url_text":"\"KEE 114 Sendah Jumpa Kita Wari Raya E\""}]},{"reference":"\"SUDAH TIBA HARI RAYA YANG KUDUS (BN 57)\". Alkitab by Sabda. Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://alkitab.app/BN/57","url_text":"\"SUDAH TIBA HARI RAYA YANG KUDUS (BN 57)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christmas Carols of Waddinge and Devereux\". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/Images/Wadding_Devereux/christmas_carols_of_waddinge_and.htm","url_text":"\"Christmas Carols of Waddinge and Devereux\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aftenposten\". Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622101545/https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2812093.ece","url_text":"\"Aftenposten\""},{"url":"http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2812093.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wielgosz, Zbigniew (26 December 2013). \"Nie było miejsca dla Ciebie\". gosc.pl. Gość Niedzielny. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tarnow.gosc.pl/doc/1825031.Nie-bylo-miejsca-dla-Ciebie","url_text":"\"Nie było miejsca dla Ciebie\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Arre Borriquito': letra e historia del villancico\". Las Provincias (in European Spanish). 9 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lasprovincias.es/sociedad/201512/02/historia-villancicos-arre-borriquito-20151202182411.html","url_text":"\"'Arre Borriquito': letra e historia del villancico\""}]},{"reference":"Aleman, Ana Lucía (13 November 2021). \"🌠Hacia Belén Va Una Burra (Rin Rin)🐴\". Cancioncitas (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cancioncitas.com/infantiles-navidad/%f0%9f%8c%a0hacia-belen-va-una-burra-rin-rin%f0%9f%90%b4/","url_text":"\"🌠Hacia Belén Va Una Burra (Rin Rin)🐴\""}]},{"reference":"\"El origen de los villancicos, las canciones típicas de la Navidad\". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/origen-villancicos-alegres-canciones-navidad_15987","url_text":"\"El origen de los villancicos, las canciones típicas de la Navidad\""}]},{"reference":"GranadaBlogs (2 January 2015). \"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'La marimorena'\". Noticias Gente (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://granadablogs.com/noticiasgente/2015/01/02/historia-de-los-villancicos-populares-la-marimorena/","url_text":"\"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'La marimorena'\""}]},{"reference":"GranadaBlogs (29 December 2014). \"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'Campana sobre campana'\". Noticias Gente (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://granadablogs.com/noticiasgente/2014/12/29/historia-de-los-villancicos-populares-campana-sobre-campana/","url_text":"\"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'Campana sobre campana'\""}]},{"reference":"Raude44 (15 December 2021). \"NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS...: ORIGEN DE LOS VILLANCICOS MÁS FAMOSOS EN ESPAÑA (PARTE 2)\". NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS... Retrieved 24 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://raudeenlared.blogspot.com/2021/12/origen-de-los-villancicos-mas-famosos.html","url_text":"\"NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS...: ORIGEN DE LOS VILLANCICOS MÁS FAMOSOS EN ESPAÑA (PARTE 2)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22","external_links_name":"\"List of Christmas carols\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+Christmas+carols%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk/salme/122","external_links_name":"tune"},{"Link":"https://www.musicalion.com/de/scores/noten/222506/hans-sandig/44542/sind-die-lichter-angez%C3%BCndet#interpretation=1","external_links_name":"https://www.musicalion.com/de/scores/noten/222506/hans-sandig/44542/sind-die-lichter-angez%C3%BCndet#interpretation=1"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEv0sbEQb8A","external_links_name":"\"Arre borriquito\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n31q6VLnqeI","external_links_name":"\"Hacia Belén va una burra\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O6nw4xaNOW8","external_links_name":"\"Ay del chiquirritín\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9inXAEDXW_I","external_links_name":"\"La marimorena\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90IbrjqSUzU","external_links_name":"\"Campana sobre campana\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdVjNvIAzvs","external_links_name":"\"Dime niño de quién eres\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCZnp5nHL2w","external_links_name":"\"Canta, ríe y bebe\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ia2gkQktmVA","external_links_name":"\"Ya vienen los Reyes Magos\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH2-5WNCZg0","external_links_name":"\"Madre, en la puerta hay un niño\""},{"Link":"https://www.680news.com/2011/12/17/christmas-carols-vs-christmas-songs-do-you-know-the-difference-between-the-two/","external_links_name":"\"Christmas carols vs. Christmas songs: Do you know the difference between the two?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628165956/http://www.680news.com/2011/12/17/christmas-carols-vs-christmas-songs-do-you-know-the-difference-between-the-two/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/el-noi-de-la-mare-carol-of-the-gifts-9780193365537?cc=us&lang=en&","external_links_name":"El Noi de la Mare (Carol of the Gifts)"},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/zither-carol-9780193419841?cc=us&lang=en&","external_links_name":"Zither Carol"},{"Link":"http://www.dendanskesalmebogonline.dk/salmeoversigt","external_links_name":"\"Den Danske Salmebog Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/glory_to_god_ere_zij_god.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/glory_to_god_ere_zij_god.htm"},{"Link":"https://songofamerica.net/song/christmas-carol-1/","external_links_name":"\"A Christmas Carol\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/150","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/150"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/198","external_links_name":"https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/198"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181231022656/http://www.negrospirituals.com/songs/404.htm","external_links_name":"\"All the songs Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.negrospirituals.com/songs/404.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/NonEnglish/noel_nouvelet.htm","external_links_name":"\"Noel Nouvelet - French Noel\""},{"Link":"https://alkitab.app/BE/57","external_links_name":"\"NUNGA JUMPANG MUSE ARI PESTA (BE 57)\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbkpkm8.com/2019/03/kee-114-sendah-jumpa-kita-wari-raya-e.html","external_links_name":"\"KEE 114 Sendah Jumpa Kita Wari Raya E\""},{"Link":"https://alkitab.app/BN/57","external_links_name":"\"SUDAH TIBA HARI RAYA YANG KUDUS (BN 57)\""},{"Link":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols-continued.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols-continued.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/Hymns_and_Carols/Images/Wadding_Devereux/christmas_carols_of_waddinge_and.htm","external_links_name":"\"Christmas Carols of Waddinge and Devereux\""},{"Link":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/the-christmas-songs-of-luke-wadding-pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/the-christmas-songs-of-luke-wadding-pdf.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.askaboutireland.ie/aai-files/assets/libraries/wexford-county-library/reading-room/history-heritage/traditions-and-customs/ransons-article-on-the-kilmore-carols.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622101545/https://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2812093.ece","external_links_name":"\"Aftenposten\""},{"Link":"http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/debatt/article2812093.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tarnow.gosc.pl/doc/1825031.Nie-bylo-miejsca-dla-Ciebie","external_links_name":"\"Nie było miejsca dla Ciebie\""},{"Link":"https://www.lasprovincias.es/sociedad/201512/02/historia-villancicos-arre-borriquito-20151202182411.html","external_links_name":"\"'Arre Borriquito': letra e historia del villancico\""},{"Link":"https://cancioncitas.com/infantiles-navidad/%f0%9f%8c%a0hacia-belen-va-una-burra-rin-rin%f0%9f%90%b4/","external_links_name":"\"🌠Hacia Belén Va Una Burra (Rin Rin)🐴\""},{"Link":"https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/origen-villancicos-alegres-canciones-navidad_15987","external_links_name":"\"El origen de los villancicos, las canciones típicas de la Navidad\""},{"Link":"https://granadablogs.com/noticiasgente/2015/01/02/historia-de-los-villancicos-populares-la-marimorena/","external_links_name":"\"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'La marimorena'\""},{"Link":"https://granadablogs.com/noticiasgente/2014/12/29/historia-de-los-villancicos-populares-campana-sobre-campana/","external_links_name":"\"Historia de los villancicos populares: 'Campana sobre campana'\""},{"Link":"https://raudeenlared.blogspot.com/2021/12/origen-de-los-villancicos-mas-famosos.html","external_links_name":"\"NO HAY VUELTA ATRÁS...: ORIGEN DE LOS VILLANCICOS MÁS FAMOSOS EN ESPAÑA (PARTE 2)\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis_Vourtzoumis
|
Vangelis Vourtzoumis
|
["1 Professional career","2 National team career","3 External links"]
|
Greek basketball player
Vangelis VourtzoumisPersonal informationBorn (1969-10-30) October 30, 1969 (age 54)Athens, GreeceNationalityGreekListed height6 ft 4.75 in (1.95 m)Listed weight212 lb (96 kg)Career informationPlaying career1988–2002PositionShooting guard / small forwardCareer history1988–1995Aris1995–1998Panathinaikos1998–1999Near East1999–2000S.S. Felice Scandone1999–2001Maroussi2001–2002KAOD
Career highlights and awards
FIBA Intercontinental Cup champion (1996)
EuroLeague champion (1996)
2× FIBA Saporta Cup champion (1993, 2001)
4× Greek League champion (1989, 1990, 1991, 1998)
4× Greek Cup winner (1989, 1990, 1992, 1996)
Evangelos "Vangelis" Vourtzoumis (alternate spelling: Vaggelis) (Greek: Βαγγέλης Βουρτζούμης) (born October 30, 1969) is a retired Greek professional basketball player.
Professional career
Vourtzoumis won three European titles on three different Greek teams. In 1993, he played with Aris and with them he won the FIBA Cup Winners' Cup against Efes, at Torino. In 1996, he played with Panathinaikos, and with them he was a winner of the EuroLeague championship at Paris. In 2001, he won the FIBA Saporta Cup championship with Maroussi.
Vourtzoumis also won the Greek League championship in 1989, 1990, and 1991, and two Greek Cups, in 1990 and 1992, while playing with Aris. He also won the 1998 Greek League championship, and the 1996 Greek Cup title, with Panathinaikos.
National team career
Vourtzoumis had eight caps with the senior men's Greek national basketball team, and he averaged 5.9 points per game.
External links
FIBA Europe Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
Italian League Profile (in Italian)
vteSato Aris 1992–93 FIBA European Cup champions
4 Lipiridis
5 Giannakis
7 Moraitis
8 Misunov
9 Gasparis
10 Anderson
11 Pecarski
12 Angelidis
13 Vourtzoumis
14 Ioannou
15 Tarpley
Paralikis
Coach Giatzoglou / Sherf
vtePanathinaikos 1995–96 FIBA European League champions
4 Alvertis
6 Vourtzoumis
7 Patavoukas
8 Oikonomou
9 Korfas
10 Giannakis
11 Vranković
12 Wilkins (Final Four MVP)
13 Stavrakopoulos
14 Pecarski
15 Myriounis
Coach Maljković
vtePanathinaikos 1996 FIBA Intercontinental Cup champions
4 Alvertis
5 Georgikopoulos
6 Koch
8 Oikonomou
9 Dinkins
10 Korfas
11 Sconochini
13 Martínez
14 Skoutaris
15 Amaechi
16 Nicola
17 Vourtzoumis
18 Marković
Head coach: Maljković
vteMaroussi FIBA Saporta Cup 2000–01 champions
4 Falekas
5 Nikolaidis
6 Manolopoulos
7 Karaplis
8 Maslarinos
9 Marmarinos
10 Vourtzoumis
11 Evtimov
12 Oliver (Finals MVP)
13 Amaya
Anagnostou
Charalampidis
Logothetis
Head coach: Alexandris
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"}],"text":"Evangelos \"Vangelis\" Vourtzoumis (alternate spelling: Vaggelis) (Greek: Βαγγέλης Βουρτζούμης) (born October 30, 1969) is a retired Greek professional basketball player.","title":"Vangelis Vourtzoumis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_BC"},{"link_name":"FIBA Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saporta_Cup"},{"link_name":"Efes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efes_Pilsen_S.K."},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_BC"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"at Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_EuroLeague_Final_Four"},{"link_name":"FIBA Saporta Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Saporta_Cup"},{"link_name":"Maroussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marousi_BC"},{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Greek Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_BC"}],"text":"Vourtzoumis won three European titles on three different Greek teams. In 1993, he played with Aris and with them he won the FIBA Cup Winners' Cup against Efes, at Torino. In 1996, he played with Panathinaikos, and with them he was a winner of the EuroLeague championship at Paris. In 2001, he won the FIBA Saporta Cup championship with Maroussi.Vourtzoumis also won the Greek League championship in 1989, 1990, and 1991, and two Greek Cups, in 1990 and 1992, while playing with Aris. He also won the 1998 Greek League championship, and the 1996 Greek Cup title, with Panathinaikos.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Greek national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_national_basketball_team"}],"text":"Vourtzoumis had eight caps with the senior men's Greek national basketball team, and he averaged 5.9 points per game.","title":"National team career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.playerID_9575.compID_GSf9wrCdHBkDZZk9UQoqE3.season_2001.roundID_2578.teamID_5308.html","external_links_name":"FIBA Europe Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.eurobasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=GRE&PlayerID=13135","external_links_name":"Eurobasket.com Profile"},{"Link":"http://web.legabasket.it/player/?id=VOU-VAN-69","external_links_name":"Italian League Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andkhoy_District
|
Andkhoy District
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Location","2 Economy","3 Education, Healthcare, and Government","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 36°57′N 65°07′E / 36.950°N 65.117°E / 36.950; 65.117
District in Faryab, AfghanistanAndkhoy
اندخویDistrictAndkhoyLocation of the district center.Coordinates: 36°57′N 65°07′E / 36.950°N 65.117°E / 36.950; 65.117Country AfghanistanProvinceFaryabCapitalAndkhoyGovernment • ChiefSultan Mohammad Sanjer • Taliban Shadow JudgeMaulawi ArefArea • Total381 km2 (147 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total44,715 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Standard Time)
Andkhoy District (Persian: اندخوی) is a district in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The district center is the Andkhoy city, and there are a total of 81 villages in the district. Most people farm or raise livestock in the district. The district is considered to be government-influenced, as opposed to the Taliban.
Geography
AH76 connects this district to the provincial capital of Maymana and the capital of Jowzjan province, Sheberghan, among other places. However, the road from Maymana to Andkhoy is currently contested by an armed group, affecting the people. The road is considered one of the worst in Afghanistan. The Shirin Tagab River flows through the district.
Location
The district is surrounded by five other districts: Khani Chahar Bagh, Khwaja Du Koh, Dawlatabad, Qaramqol, and Qurghan. Khwaja Du Koh is located in Jowzjan Province. The district used to border Turkmenistan.
Economy
Most people are engaged in agriculture and livestock activities. The main crops are wheat, barley, maize and potatoes. There is a lack of irrigation systems, fertilizers, pesticides, and a trade center.
There is also a rug-and-carpet industry, leather factories, tailoring, and embroidery.
Education, Healthcare, and Government
There are 11 schools in the district, but they are underfunded, underskilled, understaffed, and undersupplied.
The district has health centers, pharmacies, and a 20-bed hospital, but there is a lack of ambulances and trained doctors.
The Afghan Government has strong control over the area, so most people use that judicial system. However, the Taliban still appointed a shadow judge. There is also widespread corruption among government officials in Andkhoy.
References
^ "Taliban kill 6 members of same Afghan family". arabnews.com. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ a b c d "Summary of the District Development Plan: Andkhuy District, Faryab Province" (PDF). mrrd-nabdp.org. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "BASELINE MOBILITY ASSESSMENT" (PDF). displacement.iom.int. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "Control Timelines by District". mapsynch.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "Google Maps". Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "Afghanistan Weekly Humanitarian Update: 10 February to 16 February 2020". humanitarianresponse.info. February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ Daud Saba (1998). "The Province of Faryab". afghanmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Afghanistan Administrative Divisions" (PDF). aims.org.af. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
^ "Faryab Taliban Shadow Judicial System". dia.mil. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
vteDistricts of Afghanistan by province
Badakhshan
Arghanj Khwa
Argo
Baharak
Darayim
Maimay
Nusay
Fayzabad
Ishkashim
Jurm
Khash
Khwahan
Kishim
Kohistan
Kuf Ab
Kuran Wa Munjan
Raghistan
Shahri Buzurg
Shighnan
Shekay
Shuhada
Tagab
Tishkan
Wakhan
Wurduj
Yaftali Sufla
Yamgan
Yawan
Zebak
Badghis
Ab Kamari
Jawand
Muqur
Bala Murghab
Qadis
Qala i Naw
Baghlan
Andarab
Baghlan
Baghlani Jadid
Burka
Dahana i Ghuri
Dih Salah
Dushi
Farang Wa Gharu
Guzargahi Nur
Khinjan
Khost Wa Fereng
Khwaja Hijran
Nahrin
Puli Hisar
Puli Khumri
Tala Wa Barfak
Balkh
Balkh
Charbolak
Charkint
Chimtal
Dawlatabad
Dihdadi
Kaldar
Kholm
Kishindih
Marmul
Mazar-e Sharif
Nahri Shahi
Sholgara
Shortepa
Zari
Bamyan
Bamyan
Kahmard
Panjab
Sayghan
Shibar
Waras
Yakawlang
Daykundi
Ishtarlay
Kajran
Khadir
Kiti
Miramor
Nili
Sangtakht
Shahristan
Farah
Anar Dara
Bakwa
Bala Buluk
Farah
Gulistan
Khaki Safed
Lash Wa Juwayn
Pur Chaman
Pusht Rod
Qala i Kah
Shib Koh
Faryab
Almar
Andkhoy
Bilchiragh
Dawlat Abad
Ghormach
Gurziwan
Khani Chahar Bagh
Khwaja Sabz Posh
Kohistan
Maymana
Pashtun Kot
Qaramqol
Qaysar
Qurghan
Shirin Tagab
Ghazni
Ab Band
Ajristan
Andar
Dih Yak
Gelan
Ghazni
Giro
Jaghori
Jaghatū
Khogyani
Khwaja Umari
Malistan
Muqur
Nawa
Nawur
Qarabagh
Rashidan
Waghaz
Zana Khan
Ghor
Chaghcharan
Marghab
Charsada
Dawlat Yar
Du Layna
Lal wa Sarjangal
Pasaband
Saghar
Shahrak
Taywara
Tulak
Helmand
Baghran
Dishu
Garmsir
Grishk
Kajaki
Khanashin
Lashkargah
Musa Qala
Nad Ali
Nawa-I-Barakzayi
Nawzad
Sangin
Washir
Herat
Adraskan
Chishti Sharif
Farsi
Ghoryan
Gulran
Guzara
Herat
Injil
Karukh
Kohsan
Kushk
Kushki Kuhna
Obe
Pashtun Zarghun
Shindand
Zinda Jan
Jowzjan
Aqcha
Darzab
Fayzabad
Khamyab
Khaniqa
Khwaja Du Koh
Mardyan
Mingajik
Qarqin
Qush Tepa
Shibirghan
Kabul
Bagrami
Chahar Asyab
Deh Sabz
Farza
Guldara
Istalif
Kabul
Kalakan
Khaki Jabbar
Mir Bacha Kot
Mussahi
Paghman
Qarabagh
Shakardara
Surobi
Kandahar
Arghandab
Arghistan
Daman
Ghorak
Kandahar
Khakrez
Maruf
Maiwand
Miyanishin
Nesh
Panjwayi
Reg
Shah Wali Kot
Shorabak
Spin Boldak
Zhari
Kapisa
Alasay
Hesa Awal Kohistan
Hesa Duwum Kohistan
Koh Band
Mahmud Raqi
Nijrab
Tagab
Khost
Bak
Gurbuz
Zazi Maidan
Khost (Matun)
Mandozayi
Musakhel
Nadir Shah Kot
Qalandar
Sabari
Shamal
Spera
Tani
Tirazayi
Kunar
Asadabad
Bar Kunar
Chapa Dara
Chawkay
Dangam
Dara-I-Pech
Ghaziabad
Khas Kunar
Marawara
Narang Aw Badil
Nari
Nurgal
Shaigal
Shultan
Sirkanay
Wata Pur
Kunduz
Ali Abad
Dasht-e-Archi
Chardara
Imam Sahib
Khan Abad
Kunduz
Qalay-I-Zal
Laghman
Alingar
Alishing
Dawlat Shah
Mihtarlam
Qarghayi
Logar
Azra
Baraki Barak
Charkh
Kharwar
Khoshi
Mohammad Agha
Puli Alam
Nangarhar
Achin
Bati Kot
Bihsud
Chaparhar
Darai Nur
Dih Bala
Dur Baba
Goshta
Hisarak
Jalalabad
Kama
Khogyani
Kot
Kuz Kunar
Lal Pur
Momand Dara
Nazyan
Pachir Aw Agam
Rodat
Sherzad
Shinwar
Surkh Rod
Nimruz
Chahar Burjak
Chakhansur
Delaram
Kang
Khash Rod
Zaranj
Nuristan
Bargi Matal
Du Ab
Kamdesh
Mandol
Nurgaram
Paroon
Wama
Waygal
Paktia
Ahmad Aba
Ahmadkhel
Dand Aw Patan
Gardez
Janikhel
Said Karam
Shwak
Tsamkani
Zadran
Zazi
Zurmat
Paktika
Barmal
Dila
Gayan
Gomal
Janikhel
Khairkot
Mata Khan
Nika
Omna
Sar Hawza
Surobi
Sharana
Terwa
Urgun
Wazakhwa
Wor Mamay
Yahyakhel
Yusufkhel
Zerok
Panjshir
Anaba
Bazarak
Darah
Khenj
Paryan
Rokha
Shotul
Parwan
Bagram
Chaharikar
Ghorband
Jabul Saraj
Kohi Safi
Salang
Sayed Khel
Shekh Ali
Shinwari
Surkhi Parsa
Samangan
Aybak
Dara-i Sufi Bala
Dara-i Sufi Payin
Feroz Nakhchir
Hazarati Sultan
Khuram Wa Sarbagh
Ruyi Du Ab
Sar-e Pol
Balkhab
Gosfandi
Kohistanat
Sancharak
Sari Pul
Sayyad
Sozma Qala
Takhar
Baharak
Bangi
Chah Ab
Chal
Darqad
Dashti Qala
Farkhar
Hazar Sumuch
Ishkamish
Kalafgan
Khwaja Bahauddin
Khwaja Ghar
Namak Ab
Rustaq
Taluqan
Warsaj
Yangi Qala
Uruzgan
Chora
Deh Rawood
Gizab
Khas Uruzgan
Shahidi Hassas
Tarinkot
Wardak
Chaki Wardak
Day Mirdad
Hisa-I-Awali Bihsud
Jaghatu
Jalrez
Markazi Bihsud
Maidan Shar
Nirkh
Saydabad
Zabul
Argahandab
Atghar
Dey Chopan
Kakar
Mezana
Naw Bahar
Qalat
Shahjoy
Shamulzayi
Shinkay
Tarnak Aw Jaldak
vteFaryab ProvinceCapital: MaymanaDistricts
Almar
Andkhoy
Bilchiragh
Dawlat Abad
Gurziwan
Khani Chahar Bagh
Khwaja Sabz Posh
Kohistan
Maymana
Pashtun Kot
Qaramqol
Qaysar
Qurghan
Shirin Tagab
Populated places
Andkhoy
Aqina
Ghormach
Kowlian
Qurchi
Teylan
Other
Governors
Faryab Higher Education Institute
Maymana Airport
Provincial Reconstruction Team Meymaneh
Shirin Tagab River
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Faryab province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faryab_province"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Andkhoy city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andkhoy_(city)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddp-2"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"District in Faryab, AfghanistanAndkhoy District (Persian: اندخوی) is a district in Faryab province, Afghanistan. The district center is the Andkhoy city, and there are a total of 81 villages in the district.[2] Most people farm or raise livestock in the district. The district is considered to be government-influenced, as opposed to the Taliban.[4]","title":"Andkhoy District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AH76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AH76"},{"link_name":"Maymana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maymana"},{"link_name":"Jowzjan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowzjan_province"},{"link_name":"Sheberghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheberghan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmaps-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hri-6"},{"link_name":"Shirin Tagab River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Tagab_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mag-7"}],"text":"AH76 connects this district to the provincial capital of Maymana and the capital of Jowzjan province, Sheberghan, among other places.[5] However, the road from Maymana to Andkhoy is currently contested by an armed group, affecting the people.[6] The road is considered one of the worst in Afghanistan. The Shirin Tagab River flows through the district.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khani Chahar Bagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khani_Chahar_Bagh_District"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Du Koh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Du_Koh_District"},{"link_name":"Dawlatabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawlatabad_District"},{"link_name":"Qaramqol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaramqol_District"},{"link_name":"Qurghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurghan_District"},{"link_name":"Jowzjan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowzjan_Province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natlmap-8"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"The district is surrounded by five other districts: Khani Chahar Bagh, Khwaja Du Koh, Dawlatabad, Qaramqol, and Qurghan. Khwaja Du Koh is located in Jowzjan Province.[8] The district used to border Turkmenistan.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddp-2"}],"text":"Most people are engaged in agriculture and livestock activities. The main crops are wheat, barley, maize and potatoes. There is a lack of irrigation systems, fertilizers, pesticides, and a trade center.There is also a rug-and-carpet industry, leather factories, tailoring, and embroidery.[2]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Government"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddp-2"}],"text":"There are 11 schools in the district, but they are underfunded, underskilled, understaffed, and undersupplied.The district has health centers, pharmacies, and a 20-bed hospital, but there is a lack of ambulances and trained doctors.The Afghan Government has strong control over the area, so most people use that judicial system. However, the Taliban still appointed a shadow judge.[9] There is also widespread corruption among government officials in Andkhoy.[2]","title":"Education, Healthcare, and Government"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Taliban kill 6 members of same Afghan family\". arabnews.com. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1615236/world","url_text":"\"Taliban kill 6 members of same Afghan family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of the District Development Plan: Andkhuy District, Faryab Province\" (PDF). mrrd-nabdp.org. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151022143642/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/128/Andkhoy%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of the District Development Plan: Andkhuy District, Faryab Province\""},{"url":"http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/128/Andkhoy%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BASELINE MOBILITY ASSESSMENT\" (PDF). displacement.iom.int. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://displacement.iom.int/system/tdf/reports/IOM-AFG-DTM-Baseline-Mobility-Assessment-Summary-Results-December-2018-Faryab-EN.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=7039","url_text":"\"BASELINE MOBILITY ASSESSMENT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Control Timelines by District\". mapsynch.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mapsynch.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=fe0f16a7b8da4157a7d7f9451a802d74&entry=8","url_text":"\"Control Timelines by District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Maps\". Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@36.7228841,65.2327152,9z","url_text":"\"Google Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan Weekly Humanitarian Update: 10 February to 16 February 2020\". humanitarianresponse.info. February 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/afghanistan/document/afghanistan-weekly-humanitarian-update-10-february-16-february-2020","url_text":"\"Afghanistan Weekly Humanitarian Update: 10 February to 16 February 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Daud Saba (1998). \"The Province of Faryab\". afghanmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205055219/http://www.afghanmagazine.com/oct98/journey/faryab.html","url_text":"\"The Province of Faryab\""},{"url":"http://www.afghanmagazine.com/oct98/journey/faryab.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Afghanistan Administrative Divisions\" (PDF). aims.org.af. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923015042/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/national/political_divisions/political_divisions_34.pdf","url_text":"\"Afghanistan Administrative Divisions\""},{"url":"http://www.aims.org.af/maps/national/political_divisions/political_divisions_34.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Faryab Taliban Shadow Judicial System\". dia.mil. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dia.mil/FOIA/FOIA-Electronic-Reading-Room/FOIA-Reading-Room-Afghanistan/FileId/39700/","url_text":"\"Faryab Taliban Shadow Judicial System\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Laborde
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Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde
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["1 Biography","2 Descendants","3 Notes","4 Sources","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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French politician, entrepreneur and banker (1724–1794)
Jean Joseph de LabordeLate-1700s portrait of LabordeBorn(1724-01-29)29 January 1724near Jaca in AragonDied18 April 1794(1794-04-18) (aged 70)Paris, FranceCause of deathExecution by guillotineOccupationFrench politicianParentsJean Pierre Laborde (father)Marguerite d'Aleman (mother)
Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde (29 January 1724 – 18 April 1794) was a French businessman, slave trader, fermier général and banker to the king, who turned politician. A liberal, he was guillotined in the French Revolution. Though legally a Marquis he rarely used his title.
Biography
Laborde was born near Jaca in Aragon, into a modest béarnaise family. When he reached adolescence he joined his uncle, who was head of a maritime import–export company at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, and took over as head of the business on the cousin's death. He based his subsequent fortune not only on this company, but also on transatlantic trade (supplying the American colonies with basics, in return for far more financially interesting products such as tropical fruits, rare trees and enslaved people) and his sugar plantations on Saint-Domingue (Haiti). He shipped nearly 10,000 people to the French colony of Saint-Domingue on his slave ships and enslaved 2,000 on the plantations he owned there.
His rapid rise, comparable to that of several bourgeois men of the Age of Enlightenment, gained him promotion to noble rank and allowed him to acquire several estates. He became fermier général (1759–1767) on the suggestion of his friend the duc de Choiseul. He took up residence in the château de La Ferté-Vidame in 1764, the fief bringing with it the ancient title of Vidame de Chartres. He rebuilt it in the neoclassical style which now remains as a shell, and commissioned several artists. However, following a game of musical chairs, he lost it in 1784 to the duc de Penthièvre, who had himself lost his domaine de Rambouillet to king Louis XV, who coveted its "terres giboyeuses" or wooded hunting lands. Laborde was named marquis and in 1784 acquired the Château de Méréville, rebuilding it to his taste.
In politics, he was ahead of his time and of the French Revolution, and (with Mirabeau) was one of the few noble députés (from the bailliage d'Étampes) to accept demotion to the Third Estate upon the Revolution. However, this was not enough to save him from being guillotined in Paris under the "loi des suspects" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794. In 1792, much of the fabulous Orleans Collection of paintings was briefly his, before he was forced by events to abandon his ambition to exhibit them in his Paris house, and sold them.
The ruins of the Château de la Ferté-Vidame in 2005
Descendants
Edouard-Jean-Joseph de Laborde Marchainville (1762–1786), a member of the Lapérouse expedition, who drowned, along with his brother, in Lituya Bay, Alaska
Pauline de Laborde (1765–1782), married Jean-François Pérusse, 1st duc des Cars
Ange-Auguste-Joseph de Laborde Boutervilliers (1766-1786), a member of the Lapérouse expedition, who drowned, along with his brother, in Lituya Bay, Alaska
Nathalie de Laborde (1774–1835), married Charles de Noailles, duc de Mouchy, was la petite mouche among the many mistresses of Chateaubriand
Alexandre de Laborde, archaeologist, soldier and politician, who continued his father's Revolutionary political views
Notes
^ Formel, François (1990), "Diner de Tetes a La Ferte-Vidame: Le mari d’une impératrice chez le banquier du Roi", extracted from the Bulletin Municipal de La Ferté-Vidame (1989–1990, p. 38-50), in French; Bardet, Jean-Pierre (ed), Etat et société en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: Mélanges offerts à Yves Durand, 181–184, 2000, Presses Paris Sorbonne, ISBN 2840501511, 9782840501510, google books
^ His father carried mullet and smuggled Spanish piastres on his back over the Pyrénées – M. Bruguière L'aristocratique descendance des affairistes de la Révolution p 106.
^ Méheut, Constant; Porter, Catherine; Gebrekidan, Selam; Apuzzo, Matt (20 May 2022). "Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
^ Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxiii. ISBN 0904180387.
^ Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxii. ISBN 0904180387.
Sources
Boyer, Ferdinand (1954). "Jean Joseph de Laborde, protecteur de F.X. Fabre et sa collection confisquée en 1794". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de l'art français.
Bronne, Carlo (1968–69). "Un couple brillant, les Laborde". La Revue de Paris. Paris.
Delmas, Jean-François (1988–1989). Le Mécénat des financiers au XVIIIe siècle. Les collections de peinture de Jean-Joseph, marquis de Laborde. Paris: Paris-Sorbonne.
Durand, Yves (1968–69). "Mémoires de Jean Joseph de Laborde, banquier de la cour et fermier général". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de France.
Dussau, A.J. "Jean Joseph Laborde, négociant bourgeois bayonnais, banquier du roy, victime de la Terreur". Bulletin de la société des sciences, lettres et arts de Bayonne, 1967.
Thomas, Jean-Pierre (2002). Jean-Joseph de La Borde : banquier de Louis XV, mécène des Lumières. Paris: Perrin.
Further reading
"Hubert Robert at Méréville", in Consumption Of Culture, eds. Ann Bermingham, John Brewer, 2013, Routledge, ISBN 1134808402, 9781134808403, google books
External links
His genealogy on Geneanet
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fermier général","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermier_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"}],"text":"Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde (29 January 1724 – 18 April 1794) was a French businessman, slave trader, fermier général and banker to the king, who turned politician. A liberal, he was guillotined in the French Revolution.[1] Though legally a Marquis he rarely used his title.","title":"Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaca"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"béarnaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-de-Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz"},{"link_name":"enslaved people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"shipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#Atlantic_shipment"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"link_name":"slave ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_ship"},{"link_name":"plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"fermier général","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermier_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral"},{"link_name":"duc de Choiseul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Choiseul"},{"link_name":"château de La Ferté-Vidame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_La_Fert%C3%A9-Vidame"},{"link_name":"Vidame de Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidame_de_Chartres"},{"link_name":"duc de Penthièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"domaine de Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Rambouillet"},{"link_name":"Louis XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV"},{"link_name":"Château de Méréville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_M%C3%A9r%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mirabeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau"},{"link_name":"Third Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"Louis de Saint-Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Saint-Just"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Orleans Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Fert%C3%A9-Vidame.JPG"}],"text":"Laborde was born near Jaca in Aragon, into a modest béarnaise family.[2] When he reached adolescence he joined his uncle, who was head of a maritime import–export company at Saint-Jean-de-Luz, and took over as head of the business on the cousin's death. He based his subsequent fortune not only on this company, but also on transatlantic trade (supplying the American colonies with basics, in return for far more financially interesting products such as tropical fruits, rare trees and enslaved people) and his sugar plantations on Saint-Domingue (Haiti). He shipped nearly 10,000 people to the French colony of Saint-Domingue on his slave ships and enslaved 2,000 on the plantations he owned there.[3]His rapid rise, comparable to that of several bourgeois men of the Age of Enlightenment, gained him promotion to noble rank and allowed him to acquire several estates. He became fermier général (1759–1767) on the suggestion of his friend the duc de Choiseul. He took up residence in the château de La Ferté-Vidame in 1764, the fief bringing with it the ancient title of Vidame de Chartres. He rebuilt it in the neoclassical style which now remains as a shell, and commissioned several artists. However, following a game of musical chairs, he lost it in 1784 to the duc de Penthièvre, who had himself lost his domaine de Rambouillet to king Louis XV, who coveted its \"terres giboyeuses\" or wooded hunting lands. Laborde was named marquis and in 1784 acquired the Château de Méréville, rebuilding it to his taste.In politics, he was ahead of his time and of the French Revolution, and (with Mirabeau) was one of the few noble députés (from the bailliage d'Étampes) to accept demotion to the Third Estate upon the Revolution. However, this was not enough to save him from being guillotined in Paris under the \"loi des suspects\" on the orders of Louis de Saint-Just, in one of the last fits of the Reign of Terror in May 1794. In 1792, much of the fabulous Orleans Collection of paintings was briefly his, before he was forced by events to abandon his ambition to exhibit them in his Paris house, and sold them.The ruins of the Château de la Ferté-Vidame in 2005","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lapérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"Lituya Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituya_Bay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Pérusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Cars"},{"link_name":"Lapérouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse"},{"link_name":"Lituya Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituya_Bay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Charles de Noailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Tristan_Languedoc_de_Noailles"},{"link_name":"duc de Mouchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_de_Mouchy"},{"link_name":"Chateaubriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand"},{"link_name":"Alexandre de Laborde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_de_Laborde"}],"text":"Edouard-Jean-Joseph de Laborde Marchainville (1762–1786), a member of the Lapérouse expedition, who drowned, along with his brother, in Lituya Bay, Alaska[4]\nPauline de Laborde (1765–1782), married Jean-François Pérusse, 1st duc des Cars\nAnge-Auguste-Joseph de Laborde Boutervilliers (1766-1786), a member of the Lapérouse expedition, who drowned, along with his brother, in Lituya Bay, Alaska[5]\nNathalie de Laborde (1774–1835), married Charles de Noailles, duc de Mouchy, was la petite mouche among the many mistresses of Chateaubriand\nAlexandre de Laborde, archaeologist, soldier and politician, who continued his father's Revolutionary political views","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2840501511","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2840501511"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zBvWx7d11tUC&pg=PA181"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0362-4331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0904180387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904180387"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0904180387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904180387"}],"text":"^ Formel, François (1990), \"Diner de Tetes a La Ferte-Vidame: Le mari d’une impératrice chez le banquier du Roi\", extracted from the Bulletin Municipal de La Ferté-Vidame (1989–1990, p. 38-50), in French; Bardet, Jean-Pierre (ed), Etat et société en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: Mélanges offerts à Yves Durand, 181–184, 2000, Presses Paris Sorbonne, ISBN 2840501511, 9782840501510, google books\n\n^ His father carried mullet and smuggled Spanish piastres on his back over the Pyrénées – M. Bruguière L'aristocratique descendance des affairistes de la Révolution p 106.\n\n^ Méheut, Constant; Porter, Catherine; Gebrekidan, Selam; Apuzzo, Matt (20 May 2022). \"Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 May 2022.\n\n^ Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxiii. ISBN 0904180387.\n\n^ Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxii. ISBN 0904180387.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Boyer, Ferdinand (1954). \"Jean Joseph de Laborde, protecteur de F.X. Fabre et sa collection confisquée en 1794\". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de l'art français.\nBronne, Carlo (1968–69). \"Un couple brillant, les Laborde\". La Revue de Paris. Paris.\nDelmas, Jean-François (1988–1989). Le Mécénat des financiers au XVIIIe siècle. Les collections de peinture de Jean-Joseph, marquis de Laborde. Paris: Paris-Sorbonne.\nDurand, Yves (1968–69). \"Mémoires de Jean Joseph de Laborde, banquier de la cour et fermier général\". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de France.\nDussau, A.J. \"Jean Joseph Laborde, négociant bourgeois bayonnais, banquier du roy, victime de la Terreur\". Bulletin de la société des sciences, lettres et arts de Bayonne, 1967.\nThomas, Jean-Pierre (2002). Jean-Joseph de La Borde : banquier de Louis XV, mécène des Lumières. Paris: Perrin.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1134808402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134808402"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-U7bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407"}],"text":"\"Hubert Robert at Méréville\", in Consumption Of Culture, eds. Ann Bermingham, John Brewer, 2013, Routledge, ISBN 1134808402, 9781134808403, google books","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The ruins of the Château de la Ferté-Vidame in 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Fert%C3%A9-Vidame.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Fert%C3%A9-Vidame.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Méheut, Constant; Porter, Catherine; Gebrekidan, Selam; Apuzzo, Matt (20 May 2022). \"Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html","url_text":"\"Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxiii. ISBN 0904180387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904180387","url_text":"0904180387"}]},{"reference":"Dunmore, John (1994). The Journal of Jean-François de Galaup de la Pérouse, 1785–1788, Vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. lxxii. ISBN 0904180387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904180387","url_text":"0904180387"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, Ferdinand (1954). \"Jean Joseph de Laborde, protecteur de F.X. Fabre et sa collection confisquée en 1794\". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de l'art français.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bronne, Carlo (1968–69). \"Un couple brillant, les Laborde\". La Revue de Paris. Paris.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Delmas, Jean-François (1988–1989). Le Mécénat des financiers au XVIIIe siècle. Les collections de peinture de Jean-Joseph, marquis de Laborde. Paris: Paris-Sorbonne.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Durand, Yves (1968–69). \"Mémoires de Jean Joseph de Laborde, banquier de la cour et fermier général\". Bulletin de la société d'histoire de France.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dussau, A.J. \"Jean Joseph Laborde, négociant bourgeois bayonnais, banquier du roy, victime de la Terreur\". Bulletin de la société des sciences, lettres et arts de Bayonne, 1967.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jean-Pierre (2002). Jean-Joseph de La Borde : banquier de Louis XV, mécène des Lumières. Paris: Perrin.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Line
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Jæren Line
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["1 Route","2 History","2.1 Construction","2.2 Branches and gauge conversion","2.3 Commuter rail and double track","3 Service","4 Future","5 See also","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°34′12″N 5°41′18″E / 58.5700°N 5.6882°E / 58.5700; 5.6882Railway line in Norway
Jæren LineGausel StationOverviewNative nameJærbanenOwnerBane NORLocaleJæren, NorwayTerminiStavangerEgersundStations18ServiceTypeRailwaySystemNorwegian railway networkOperator(s)Go-Ahead NorgeCargoNetHistoryOpened27 February 1878TechnicalLine length74.71 km (46.42 mi)Number of tracksDouble (Stavanger–Sandnes)Single (Sandnes–Egersund)CharacterIntercity, commuter and freightTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Electrification15 kV 16.7 Hz AC
Route map
Strandkaien closed port line
Skagenkaien port line (1880–1988)
km
Tunnel 410 m
0.00
Stavanger Station (1878)
Jernbanelokket 180 m
Stavanger Yard
1.50
Paradis Station (2009)
1.94
Hillevåg Station (1880–2009)
Kvalaberg verksted (1955)
Skretting Branch, closed
4.00
Mariero Station (1880)
Sørbø Branch, closed 1995
4.71
Lyngnes Station (1957–1992)
Vaulen verksted (–1955), later branch, closed
5.40
Vaulen Station (1918–1965)
6.30
Hinna Station (1878–1965)
6.50
Jåttå Station (2004–2007)
7.20
Jåttåvågen Station (2008)
8.46
Gausel Station (old) (1904–1966)
9.00
Gausel Station (2009)
Forus Branch
9.92
Forus (1904–1967)
Lurahammaren Tunnel 117 m
12.05
Luravika Station (1959–1966)
13.06
Lura Station (1916–1966)
Moved from ground to elevated 1955
Port of Sandnes (1955–2008)
14.48
Sandnes Sentrum Station (1955–1991)
14.50
Sandnes Station (old) (1878–1955)
Sandnes Port Line (1955–2008)
14.78
Sandnes Sentrum Station (1992)
15.36
Sandnes Station (1955)
Brueland Freight Terminal
15.82
Brualand Station (1928–1955)
Spur
Ålgård Line
18.49
Ganddal Station (Høiland 1878–1917, Gandalen 1917–?)
Spur to Kvål
Ganddal Freight Terminal (2008)
Skjæveland Station (1930)
Bridge over Figgjo (30 m)
Orstad Station (1929)
22.42
Øksnevadporten Station (1933)
Spurs
23.53
Engjelsvåg Station (1933–1966)
Spur
24.84
Klepp Station (1878)
26.79
Laland Station (1930–1966)
27.75
Tumarki Station (1928–1957)
Closed spur
28.63
Vardheia Station (1956–1966)
29.58
Bryne Station (1878)
Closed spur
31.75
Kjelsholen Station (1930–1957)
33.18
Hognestad stoppested (1879–1966)
Håelva (60 m)
34.23
Gjerdo Station (1929–1966)
36.22
Tårland Station (1929–1966)
37.68
Nærbø Station (1878)
39.11
Kvia Station (1933–1966)
40.98
Dysjaland Station (1933–1966)
43.11
Varhaug Station (1878)
Odland Station (1929)
Stavnheim Station (1930)
49.22
Vigrestad Station (1878)
Hogstad Station (1937)
Stokkaland Station (1930)
54.17
Brusand Station (1879)
Vauleelva (21 m)
Varden (199 m)
Varden Station (1956)
58.41
Ogna Station (1878)
Ognaåna (24 m)
Sirevåg (222 m)
60.36
Sirevåg (1879)
Kroka (17 m)
Vatnamot (59 m)
63.12
Vatnamot Station (1879–1950)
66.79
Hellvik Station (1878)
Hellvik (98 m)
Netland (218 m)
Skadberg (108 m)
Myklebust (179 m)
Maurholen (596 m)
69.23
Maurholen Station (1879–1944)
Skjelbred (214 m)
Fossvatn (53 m)
Leidland (177 m)
Launes (422 m)
Launes Bridge I (34 m)
Launes Bridge II (24 m)
Eie Pens Station (1930)
74.71
Egersund Station (1944)
Eideåna
75,82
Egersund Old Station (1878–1952)
Sørland Line
This diagram: viewtalkedit
The Jæren Line (Norwegian: Jærbanen) was a 74.7-kilometer (46.4 mi) long railway line between Stavanger and Egersund in Jæren, Norway. The name is no longer in official use and the section is regarded as the westernmost part of the Sørlandet Line. Owned by Bane NOR, the line has double track from Stavanger Station to Sandnes Station, and single track from Sandnes to Egersund Station. The line is electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC and equipped with centralized traffic control and GSM-R. The line is served by the Jæren Commuter Rail and intercity trains along the Sørlandet Line, both operated by Go-Ahead Norge. CargoNet runs container freight trains on the line, which terminate at Ganddal Freight Terminal.
The line opened as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge stand-alone line on 27 February 1878. The railway was extended from Egersund to Flekkefjord as the Flekkefjord Line in 1904. The Jæren Line's only branch, the Ålgård Line from Ganddal to Ålgård, opened in 1924. In 1944, the Sørlandet Line was extended to Sira on the Flekkefjord Line, and the Jæren Line was integrated in the main railway network. Because of this, the line was converted to standard gauge.
Route
Map of the Jæren Line and the Ålgård Line
The Jæren Line constitutes the section of the Sørlandet Line between Stavanger and Egersund. At the time of the line's opening, it was 76.3 kilometers (47.4 mi) long, but has since the 1950s been 73.1 kilometers (45.4 mi) long. The railway is double track on the 14.5-kilometer (9.0 mi) section from Stavanger Station to Sandnes Station, and single track from there to Egersund Station. The line is electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC and equipped with centralized traffic control, automatic train stop, and GSM-R. The railway line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration, a government agency.
The zero marker for the line is located at Stavanger Station, which is 598.70 kilometers (372.01 mi) from Oslo Central Station and located 5.3 meters (17 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL). Previously there was a branch just south of the station which ran through a 334-meter (1,096 ft) long tunnel before reaching the port. Southwards from Stavanger, the route largely runs along the waterfront, hugging Gandsfjorden. The first station after Stavanger is Paradis Station (1.4 km (0.87 mi) from Stavanger Station). The line runs past the closed Hillevåg Station and a closed spur to an industrial area at Mariero before reaching Mariero Station (4.13 km or 2.57 mi). The line continues past the closed Lyngnes Station, a closed spur to Sørbø Trelast and the closed Vaulen Station. After passing the closed Hinna Station and the closed Jåttå Station, which was exclusively used to serve matches and concerts at Viking Stadion, the line immediately afterwards reaches Jåttåvågen Station (7.2 km or 4.5 mi), which also serves the stadium and the newly redeveloped area of Jåtten.
The line continues past Gausel Station (9 km or 5.6 mi), which in addition to serving a redeveloped area serves as a major transfer hub for buses towards Forus and Sola. Next the line passes the closed Forus Station before running through the 117-meter (384 ft) long Lurahammer Tunnel and passing the closed Luravika Station and Lura Station.
Through the town center of Sandnes, the line runs as an elevated railway, which previously also included a branch to the port in Sandnes. Sandnes Sentrum Station (14.82 m or 48.6 ft) is the main station serving the town. The line continues past Sandnes Station (15.36 m or 50.4 ft), which is the end of the double track.
After passing the closed Brualand Station and the open Ganddal Station (18.49 m or 60.7 ft), the closed Ålgård Line branches off. Ganddal Freight Terminal is the only freight terminal in Jæren. It has an annual capacity for 80,000 containers and can handle 600-meter (2,000 ft) long trains. The next station on the mainline are the closed Skjæveland Station and Orstad Station, followed by the operating Øksnevadporten Station (22.42 m or 73.6 ft). South of there lays to spurs, to Øksnevad, Kvarnaland and Block Watne. The line continues past the closed Engjelsvåg Station before reaching Klepp Station (24.84 m or 81.5 ft). The line continues past the closed Leland Station and the closed Tumarki Station before having a closed spur to Varheia. After passing the closed Vardheia Station, the line reaches Bryne Station (29.58 m or 97.0 ft).
Next the line passes a spur to Hetland and then passes four closed stations, Kjelsholen, Hognestad, Gjerdo and Tårland. After reaching Nærbø Station (37.68 m or 123.6 ft), the line continues past the closed Kvia Station and the closed Dysjaland Station before reaching Varhaug Station (43.11 m or 141.4 ft). Located at 44.3 meters (145 ft) AMSL, it is the highest-elevated station on the line. After passing the closed Odland Station, the line runs past the closed Stavnheim Station and reaches Vigrestad Station (49.22 m or 161.5 ft). The line continues past the closed Hogstad Station and the closed Stokkaland Station before reaching Brusand Station (54.17 m or 177.7 ft). Afterwards it crosses Vauleelva and then runs through the 199-meter (653 ft) long Varden Tunnel before passing the closed Varden Station and reaching Ogna Station (58.41 m or 191.6 ft).
At Ogna there is a distinct change to the landscape, as it changes from a flat to a hilly. Particularly between Bryne and Ogna, the line have a large curve radius, but between Ogna and Egersund this changes to much tighter curvature. After Ogna the line crosses Ognaelv and runs through the 222-meter (728 ft) long Sirevåg Tunnel before reaching Sirevåg Station (60.36 m or 198.0 ft). The line then runs through two tunnels before passing the closed Vatnamot Station and reaching Hellvik Station (66.79 m or 219.1 ft). The line continues through six tunnels, the longest being 596 meters (1,955 ft), before passing the closed Maurholen Station. It then passes through four more tunnels and two bridges before reaching Egersund Station (74.71 m or 245.1 ft). At Egersund, the line continues as the Sørlandet Line. Originally the Jæren Line ran to the old station in Egersund, which was kept until 1952 as a 1.29-kilometer (0.80 mi) branch from Egersund Station. This included bridges over Eieelva and Lundeelva.
History
The narrow-gauged Jæren Line and a windmill at Hå in 1912
Construction
During the 19th century, transport along the Jæren coast was dominated by ship. Some simple roads had been built, but these were insufficient for quick and efficient transport. In the mid-19th century, the roads were improved, and ideas were launched to start a traction engine service along the coast. At an 1866 meeting at the sheriff's office in, Forest Manager Andreas Tanberg Gløersen launched the first idea of building a railway to connect Stavanger and Egersund. Gløersen had been to the Netherlands where he had taken and observed train operations. Later the same year, a meeting was held with representatives from the municipalities of Hå, Klepp and Time.
The meeting concluded that a railway should be built, and the responsibility for the preparatory work was given to County Governor Vilhelm Ludvig Herman von Munthe af Morgenstierne. He started by conducting traffic counting throughout the district. This resulted in an estimate for a revenue of NOK 215,000 and a cost of NOK 153,000 per year. Originally the proposal was to connect the various villages in Jæren together. But during planning, national authorities stated that the line would be part of a trans-national railway that would connect Rogaland to Eastern Norway. This resulted in the railway being planned with a straighter profile and running via fewer communities.
The narrow-gauged Jæren Line near Ogna in 1908
The proposal was sent to the Ministry of the Interior, who recommended the line and presented it to Parliament on 6 May 1874. Parliament passed legislation to build the line on 3 June 1874. During the celebrations in Stavanger that evening, a gunner lost his hand following the explosion of a cannon. Particularly in Sandnes the choice of route resulted in much debate. Parliament had in its proposal for the line stipulated that the railway should have good port access in Sandnes. The "Blue Line" proposal ran along the waterfront, but would require two different stations in Sandnes. The "Red Line" proposal ran midway through the town center, splitting it in two. However, it gave only a single station, and was eventually chosen, after the municipal council initially had supported the Blue Line.
Construction started in October 1874 on the section between Forus and Gausel. Tracks were shipped to Norestraen, which was the southernmost docks which were sufficiently deep to allow the ships. When the railway was passed, the country was experiencing good times, but through the 1870s, the country fell into harder times. This caused a reduction in spending on the line, which was particularly in investments in stations. A standardized, small station building was chosen and in Egersund an existing house was bought. The line opened on 27 February 1878, and was at the time of opening 76.3 kilometers (47.4 mi) long. When the line opened, it had no tunnels and only twelve stations. Already the following year, additional stations were opened in Sirevåg, Brusand, and Hognestad. Hillevåg opened in 1880 and Mariero opened in the 1880s.
Branches and gauge conversion
The yard at Brueland
On 5 February 1875, the parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways published a report recommending that there be built four trans-national railways to connect western and central Norway to eastern Norway. The Sørlandet Line was part of this plan, and was scheduled to be built between 1876 and 1888. The line was proposed to be built via the Vestfold Line to Skien and onwards along the south coast before connecting with the Jæren Line at Egersund. However, Norway was hit by the Depression of 1882–85, which reduced railway construction to a minimum. In addition, controversy arose over which route should be chosen through Agder: along the populated coast or through the sparsely populated interior. This issue kept the line at bay, and not until 1908 was a decision made in favor of the interior route.
In 1894, the Railway Committee recommended parliament to prioritize three new lines, the Bergen Line, the Rauma Line and the Gjøvik Line. However, this met protests from representatives from Agder, and it became clear that there would not be a majority to build the Bergen Line unless part of the Sørlandet Line was built. Jørgen Løvland proposed a compromise in which the Flekkefjord Line be built from Egersund to Flekkefjord, as the first part of the Sørlandet Line, as well as the Treungen Line. The Flekkefjord Line opened on 31 October 1904. The same year, stations were opened at Forus and Gausel.
The Ålgård Line was originally launched as an alternative route for the Sørlandet Line. In 1910, a committee was appointed to conduct preliminary planning. Although NSB's board supported the line, construction was placed on hold. In 1919, local politicians proposed that the line be built administratively as part of the Jæren Line, but this was rejected by the government. Instead, the ministry wanted to again consider the Ålgård Line as part of the Sørlandet Line, and proposed that the Ålgård Line be built with standard gauge—which would be used for the Sørlandet Line—instead of the narrow gauge used by the Jæren Line. However, there would be no need for standard gauge until the Sørlandet Line was extended to Rogaland, so the line was planned to be built with narrow gauge track, but all other installations would be prepared for standard gauge. The first train to operate on the line went from Stavanger on 20 December 1924, and the Ålgård Line became the last state-owned railway in Norway to be opened with narrow gauge. Not until 1930 was a branch built from the railway station in Sandnes to the port.
The Sørlandet Line was being built in standard gauge, and when the line was to connect to the Flekkefjord Line at Moi Station, the Jæren Line would have to be rebuilt to standard gauge to avoid a break-of-gauge. Preliminary work to ease the conversion was done during the 1920s. The conversion itself took only two days, during which the line was closed. On 29 April 1944, a test train was run from Sira to Stavanger. The upgrade was officially opened on 1 May, after which the Jæren Line was connected to Oslo, and considered part of the Sørlandet Line. When the Jæren Line was built, the station in Egersund was located in the city center. With the opening of the Sørlandet Line, a new station was built 1-kilometer (0.62 mi) north of the city center. The old station remained in use, despite being located on a dead-end track, as it was served by trains terminating in Egersund. However, this section of line was not converted to standard gauge until 1948. Passenger traffic was terminated from 25 September 1952, although the spur remained in use as a port line until 1986.
With the change of gauge, NSB took the opportunity to change the route several places. After these changes, including the move of the station in Egersund, the Jæren Line was reduced to a length of 73.1 kilometers (45.4 mi). The changes included building twelve new tunnels on the section between Brusand and Egersund, of which nine were between Hellvik and Egersund. Another tunnel was built at Lurahammer in Sandnes. The tunnels opened between 1947 and 1950.
Sandnes became the third-largest intermediate stop on the Sørlandet Line, after Drammen Station and Kristiansand Station. To better the facilities for serving Sandnes, the track through the city center was rebuilt to an elevated railway. Given the unofficial name The High Line (Norwegian: Høybanen), the new Sandnes Station was located further south of the center of Sandnes, at Skeiene. The new station and the elevated section opened on 1 October 1955. Also a number of other stations were rebuilt, in part because they had become too small and in part because they needed to be moved because of line realignments during the gauge conversion. New station buildings were opened at Vigrestad in 1954, at Nærbø in 1955, at Sirevåg in 1956, at Bryne in 1958 and at Klepp and Varhaug in 1959. The 1950s also saw the establishment of a new depot at Kvaleberget. New stations were established at Varden and Vardheia in 1956, Lyngnes in 1957 and Luravika in 1959. Tumarki Station was closed in 1957.
In 1955, passenger traffic on the Ålgård Line was terminated, although sporadic freight traffic remained until 1988. On 3 June 1956, the Jæren Line received electric traction. With electrification, NSB introduced three weekly services with the Class 66 multiple units, which were capable of 120 kilometers per hour (75 mph), but the service did not generate sufficient patronage and was terminated in 1958. The remaining long-haul trains were hauled using El 11 locomotives. They were from the 1960s supplemented with El 13 locomotives. The electrification also saw the introduction of electric multiple units for local trains. Originally this consisted of Class 65 and five Class 67. In 1960, the Class 67 units were swapped with Class 68 units.
After the Ofoten Line, the Jæren Line was the first line in Norway to receive centralized traffic control, which was taken into use on 20 March 1964. The section from Sandnes to Egersund followed suit on 7 July. In 1966, 18 stations were closed, consisting of Maurholen, Vatnanot, Stokkaland, Hogstad, Stavnheim, Odland, Dysjaland, Kvia, Tårland, Gjerdo, Vardheia, Laland, Engjelsvåg, Orstad, Skjæveland, Lura, Luravika and Vaulen. During the 1970s, El 14 locomotives were gradually introduced on both freight and passenger trains.
Automatic train stop was introduced on 30 December 1986. During the late 1980s, El 17 locomotives were introduced, but they proved unreliable and were taken out of service after 1998, with the introduction of El 18. In 1991, four Class 69 units were introduced on trains between Egersund and Stavanger, and in 1994, two renovated Class 69 units were moved from Eastern Norway and put into service between Kristiansand and Stavanger. The Scanet train radio system was installed between 1993 and 1996.
Commuter rail and double track
Hellvik Station
The commuter rail system was introduced from 1 January 1992, after an agreement between NSB, Rogaland County Municipality and the six municipalities along the line. NSB introduced new Class 69 multiple units, while the county municipality introduced a fare coordination with the corresponding bus services. The increase in service involved 15 departures per direction per day, and the travel time from Stavanger to Egersund was reduced from 80 to 55 minutes. In addition, NSB introduced a half-hour headway between Stavanger and Sandnes. The stations were upgraded, including new sheds. A new station, Sandnes Sentrum, was opened in the city center of Sandnes. At the same time, the stations with the least patronage, Hognestad and Lyngnes, were closed. NSB stated that the goal was to increase the daily ridership from 2,900 to 5,000 passengers by 1994.
The commuter service was a success, with NSB experiencing a 112 percent increase in ridership the first year. In 1993, NSB won Statens Byggeskikkpris, among other things for the new sheds on the Jæren Line. By 1995, ridership was up 150 percent from before the commuter rail started. In 1997, NSB announced that they would order 36 new electric multiple units, which would among other things replace the aging trains on the Jæren Line. The new Class 72 trains were put into service on 8 August 2002, several years after schedule. In April 2004, the rail administration opened Jåttå Station, which was located close to Viking Stadion, the new home ground of the Norwegian Premier League side Viking FK. The train transported generated a market share of one sixth of the spectators. On 2 January 2007, the Scanet train radio system was replaced with GSM-R.
To further increase capacity and regularity, the Norwegian National Rail Administration decided to rebuild the section from Stavanger to Sandnes to double track. The upgrade involved closing Hillevåg Station, and building three new stations: Paradis, Jåttåvågen and Gausel. Construction was estimated to cost 2.2 billion Norwegian krone. The primary goal of the project was to increase capacity and build stations in areas with transit-oriented development. Travel time between Stavanger and Sandnes was only reduced with four minutes. Construction was done by adding another tack adjacent to the existing one, rather than building a new right-of-way. The upgrades included the construction of 6.3 kilometers (3.9 mi) of low noise barriers and 3.5-kilometer (2.2 mi) of conventional high noise barriers. The upgrades were made in such a way that a future tram-train can run on the route. All intermediate stations were built in such a way that they later could be adapted to also serve the light rail service. The route is built to allow the light rail service to enter and leave the Jæren Line at Lura, Gausel, Hinna and Stavager.
Jåttåvågen Station opened in 2008
Construction of the 14.5-kilometer (9.0 mi) long section was split into four contracts: Stavanger–Hinna, Jåttåvågen, Jåttåvågen–Lurahammaren and Lurahammaren–Sandnes. The section past Jåttåvågen was the first to commence, in October 2006. The original plans called for this section to be built last, but Stavanger Municipality wanted to prioritize transit-oriented development in conjunction with new major building projects, and therefore the municipality advanced NOK 90 million for the station. In addition to Jåttåvågen Station, a number of bridges were built. The area is a growth area for Stavanger, with the station being located next to Viking Stadion, Jåttå Upper Secondary School and several large workplaces. Jåttåvågen Station opened on 6 January 2008.
Construction of the section from Jåttåvågen to Lurahammaren started in March 2007, while the section from Lurahammaren to Sandnes started in September 2007. The latter is the narrowest part of the line and required the construction of several new bridges. Lurahammaren Tunnel was widened to allow double track, a new bridge was built over the intersection og Langgaten–Strandgaten, a new bridge was built over County Road 44 at Lura, the technical facilities at Sandnes Station were upgraded, and the tracks to the port in Sandnes were removed. Construction on the section between Stavanger and Hinna started in April 2008. As there was already a double track between Kvaleberg and Stavanger Station, only the southern part of the route received new track. However, the existing part was subject to technical upgrades and a new station was built at Paradis to serve the southern part the downtown area. From April to November 2009, the section from Ganddal to Stavanger was closed while the last part of the upgrade was completed. The new line was opened on 16 November 2009 and from 14 December, the 15-minute headway was introduced between Stavanger and Sandnes.
Construction of a new freight terminal at Ganddal started in 2005. The terminal cost NOK 500 million and replaced the terminal at Stavanger Station. Construction 0was completed in 2007 and the terminal opened on 21 January 2008 Both the terminal and the double track were to use the newly developed signaling system Merkur, but the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate would not give permission for the system to be installed. Because of this, the signaling system at the terminal is operated manually and therefore cannot be used with full capacity.
Service
Two Class 72 trains of the Jæren Commuter Rail at Sandnes Sentrum Station
The Jæren Commuter Rail is a local services operated by Go-Ahead Norge between Stavanger and Egersund. The service between Stavanger and Sandnes operate with a fixed schedule every 15 minutes. Of the trains to Sandnes, half continue onwards to Nærbø, giving a 30-minute headway. One train per hour operate all the way to Egersund. On weekends and late evenings, there is a reduced service. Travel time from Stavanger to Sandnes is 19 minutes, from Stavanger to Nærbø is 37 minutes, and from Stavanger to Egersund is 1-hour and 7 minutes. The operating deficits are covered through subsidies by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. Go-Ahead uses four-car NSB Class 72 electric multiple units on the service. As of 2011, the service has a weekly ridership of 74,000.
Go-Ahead also operates up to eight daily intercity services to Kristiansand. Up to five of these services continue onwards to Oslo. Travel time from Stavanger to Kristiansand is 3 hours, while travel time all the way to Oslo is seven and a half hours. One of the services to Oslo is a night train. Intercity trains along the Jæren Line only call at Egersund, Bryne, Sandnes Sentrum and Stavanger, with travel time from Stavanger to Egersund being slightly less than an hour. CargoNet operates up to five container freight trains from Oslo per day and one from Drammen per day to Ganddal Freight Terminal.
Future
Plans have been made which call for either doubling or tripling the frequency on all the services on the existing commuter rail network. However, increased frequency south of Sandnes will require double track. Should the frequency be doubled, double track would have to be built to where the current service to Nærbø terminates. Plans call for these trains to possibly be extended to either Varhaug or Vigrestad. Should the frequency be tripled, double track would be needed all the way to Egersund. Parts of the Jæren Line is straight enough to permit speeds between 200 and 250 kilometers per hour (120 and 160 mph). However, several shorter parts need to be rebuilt to allow this, particularly between Egersund and Ogna, and from Bryne to Ganddal. In particular, the section from Ogna to Egersund would probably have to follow an all-new route, should it be rebuilt to double track. The effect of higher maximum speeds is greatest for intercity trains, as the commuter trains have so frequent stops they spend little time at maximum speed.
Egersund Station has been proposed moved back to its old location for the commuter rail, giving Egersund two stations: one for commuter trains and one for regional trains. The right-of-way still exists for this route, making construction easy. A new Sørlandet Line has also been proposed, which would run south instead of north from Egersund. This would mean that a city center location for Egersund Station would be better for intercity trains as well.
Ganddal Freight Terminal during construction
Reopening the Ålgård Line as part of the commuter rail service has also been proposed. The first 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) of the line remains in use, allowing freight trains access to a cement factory. The line has officially been closed, but has not been abandoned. The National Rail Administration retains ownership and can in the future renovate the line for operation. The annual traffic potential for the Ålgård Line is 600,000 passengers. Plans call for stations at Vagle, Figgjo, Kongeparken and Ålgård. It is possible to continue the trains that currently terminate at Sandnes to Ålgård without new infrastructure investments to the Sørlandet Line. However, the Ålgård Line would need a full upgrade, including new tracks, electric system and signaling. Ålgård is also a good location for a park and ride for European Road E39.
A branch to Sola has been considered to allow the trains to operate to Sola and Stavanger Airport, Sola. The line would branch from the Sørlandet Line south of Gausel, and be built so trains from the branch could run both northwards and southwards. Proposed stations include the airport, Solakrossen, Forus West, Statoil's head office and possibly the shopping center Kvadrat. This would give a travel time of 17 minutes from the airport to the city center, and 10 minutes from the airport to Sandnes. This route has, however, also been proposed as part of the light rail system. It is estimated to generate 2.5 million passengers annually.
Rogaland County Municipality is planning a light rail for Greater Stavanger. The initial plans call for a Y-shaped service which could be operational by 2018, with possibilities for further expansion. As of 2010, the plans call for a 16.2-kilometer (10.1 mi) line from Stavanger to Sandnes, and a 7.7-or-8.8-kilometer (4.8 or 5.5 mi) branch to the airport. The travel time from Sandnes to Stavanger would be 29 minutes, and is therefore a supplement to the commuter rail. The light rail would have interchange with the Jæren Line at Stavanger, Paradis, Jåttåvågen, Gausel and Sandnes Sentrum. Several new branches of the light rail have been proposed for later construction.
On 15 December 2019 operation of the line will pass from Vy to Go-Ahead Norge.
See also
Narrow gauge railways in Norway
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jæren Line.
Notes
^ a b c d Bjerke (1994): 194
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 44
^ a b c d e Bjerke (1994): 195
^ a b c d Strøm, Knut (18 December 2007). "Sparer fire minutter – koster 1,8 milliarder". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ a b "Første heilskaplege bane sidan Gardermobanen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 4
^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 37
^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 40
^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 42
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 3
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bjerke (1994): 201
^ a b c Olsen, Knut Gjerset (13 November 2009). "Slik blir dobbeltsporet" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ "Paradis" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ "Mariero" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ a b Andersen, Atle (17 April 2004). "14 dager igjen: Her stopper Viking-toget". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). p. 30.
^ "Jåttåvågen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ "Gausel" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ a b Klippen, Viktor (18 December 2009). "Hypermoderne anlegg må vrakes". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ a b Daniel, Isioma (21 January 2008). "Navarsete åpnet Ganddal godsterminal". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h Bjerke (1994): 200
^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a): 31–35
^ Bjerke (1994): 202
^ Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 6
^ a b c Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 7
^ a b Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 8
^ Bergsgård (1964): 208
^ a b Eggebø (1996): 28
^ a b Eggebø (1996): 29
^ Hartmann (1997): 54
^ Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 9
^ Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 10
^ Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 11
^ Thime (1999): 8
^ Thime (1999): 9
^ Thime (1999): 13
^ Aspenberg (1994): 227
^ a b Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 46
^ Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994): 47
^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a): 61
^ a b Hartmann (1997): 94
^ Hartmann (1997): 207
^ Aspenberg (1994): 230
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b): 34
^ Fjeldstad, Odd T. (1996). "Snøggtogett type 66". På Sporet. 87: 36–42.
^ Aspenberg (2001): 82
^ Aspenberg (2001): 98
^ Aspenberg (2001): 139
^ Aspenberg (2001): 157
^ Aspenberg (2001): 105
^ Aspenberg (2001):121
^ Aspenberg (2001):124
^ Aspenberg (2001):179
^ Aspenberg (2001):180
^ Solberg, Bjørn Olav (1994). "Train radio system for Norwegian State Railways" (PDF). Telektronikk (4). Telenor: 73–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
^ "Bedre togtilbud i Rogaland". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 31 August 1990. p. 11.
^ a b "Nye Jærbanen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 27 January 1992.
^ "Nytt opplegg for NSBs lokaltrafikk på Jæren" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 2 January 1992.
^ a b Stafne, Anne Lise (17 November 1993). "Byggeskikkprisen til NSB: Reise i god form". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 11.
^ "Sandnes sentrum" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Railway Club. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ "Trønderbanen skal gi NSB stor trafikkøkning" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 1 September 1993.
^ Width, Henrik (6 October 1995). "Toget går fra statsbanene". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 23.
^ Thompson, Svein (9 January 1997). "Bortkasted opprusting". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). p. 8.
^ Bø, Trond (9 August 2002). "To års ventetid over – nye pendlertog på vei til Oslo". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 3.
^ Lode, Asgeir (4 June 2004). "1 av 6 tar toget til stadion". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian).
^ "To spor Sandnes – Stavanger" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ Fremo, Anja Wendelborg (9 December 2005). "Farlig flaskehals på Jåttå forsvinner i høst". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ Veland, Bernhard (6 January 2008). "Jåttåvågen holdeplass åpnet". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ "Offisiell åpning Sandnes-Stavanger 14. desember" (in Norwegian). Norwegian National Rail Administration. October 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ "Avslag på søknad om godkjenning av Merkur signalanlegg" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Railway Inspectorate. 24 November 2008. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Birkevold, Harald (21 January 2008). "Skaper uro for dobbeltsporet". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ Birkevold, Harald (26 November 2008). "Hypermoderne anlegg må vrakes". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
^ "Egersund–Stavanger S" (PDF) (in Norwegian). NSB. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ "Kjøp av persontransporttjeneter" (in Norwegian). Government.no. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2009.
^ "Type 72" (in Norwegian). NSB. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
^ Waage, Thor Erik (9 January 2012). "74.000 ukentlige passasjerer på Jærbanen". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
^ "Kristiansand–Stavanger S" (PDF) (in Norwegian). NSB. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
^ "Sørlandsbanen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). CargoNet. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
^ Ådnøy, Åsmund (30 July 2008). "Jernbaneverket vil beholde Ålgårdbanen". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). p. 3.
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a): 52–56
^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a): 57–58
^ Tunmo, Truls (15 March 2010). "Milliardbanen Kleppa kan stoppe". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ Go-Ahead wins first rail contract to be awarded in Norway Go-Ahead Group 17 October 2018
^ Go-Ahead Nordic signs historic contract in Norway International Railway Journal 2 November 2018
Bibliography
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.
Aspenberg, Nils Carl (2001). Elektrolok i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-42-6.
Bergsgård, Arne (1964). Norsk historie 1814–1880 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
Bjerke, Thor (1994). Banedata '94 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-15-5.
Eggebø, Aksel (1996). Slik bygde dei byen: historisk ABC om næringsliv og samferdsel i Sandnes (in Norwegian). Sandnes: A. Eggebø. ISBN 82-992509-2-7.
Hartmann, Eivind; Mangset, Øistein; Reisegg, Øyvind (1997). Neste stasjon (in Norwegian). Gyldendal. ISBN 82-05-25294-7.
Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994). Klart for tog 701 til Stavanger, ta plass!: Sørlandsbanen Kristiansand-Stavanger 50 år : 1944–1994 (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest.
Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a). "Utbyggingsplan Jærbanen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b). "Railway Statistics 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
Thime, Torkel (1999). Banelangs: Ålgårdbanen gjennom 75 år (in Norwegian). Stavanger: State Archive in Stavanger. ISBN 82-91794-06-5.
vteRailway lines in NorwayMainline
Alna
Arendal
Asker
Bergen
Bratsberg
Brevik
Dovre
Drammen
Eastern Østfold
Flåm
Follo
Gardermoen
Gjøvik
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Kongsvinger
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Meråker
Nordland
Ofoten
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Rauma
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Røros
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Solør
Sørlandet
Spikkestad
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Urban
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Briskeby
Ekeberg
Common Tunnel
Fløibanen
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Furuset
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Gråkallen
Grorud
Grünerløkka–Torshov
Holmenkollen
Kjelsås
Kolsås
Lambertseter
Lilleaker
Løren
Østensjø
Ring
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Sinsen
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Sognsvann
Ullevål Hageby
Vika
Proposed
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Voss
Closed
Ålgård
Elgeseter
Flekkefjord
Grimstad
Hafslund
Hardanger
Hauerseter–Gardermoen
Holmestrand–Hvittingfoss
Horten
Ila
Kampen
Korsvoll
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Lade
Lier
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Numedal
Oslo Port
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Sagene
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Valdres
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Types
Electric
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vteJæren Commuter RailStations
Stavanger
Paradis
Hillevåg
Mariero
Jåttå
Jåttåvågen
Gausel
Sandnes Sentrum
Sandnes
Ganddal
Øksnevadporten
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58°34′12″N 5°41′18″E / 58.5700°N 5.6882°E / 58.5700; 5.6882
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Egersund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egersund"},{"link_name":"Jæren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sørlandet Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rlandet_Line"},{"link_name":"Bane NOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane_NOR"},{"link_name":"double track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_track"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Station"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Station"},{"link_name":"single track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_track_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Egersund Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egersund_Station"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_system"},{"link_name":"15 kV 16.7 Hz AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification"},{"link_name":"centralized traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"GSM-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM-R"},{"link_name":"Jæren Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Norge"},{"link_name":"CargoNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CargoNet"},{"link_name":"Ganddal Freight Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganddal_Freight_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"Flekkefjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekkefjord"},{"link_name":"Flekkefjord Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekkefjord_Line"},{"link_name":"Ålgård Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd_Line"},{"link_name":"Ganddal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganddal"},{"link_name":"Ålgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Sira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira,_Norway"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"}],"text":"Railway line in NorwayThe Jæren Line (Norwegian: Jærbanen) was a 74.7-kilometer (46.4 mi) long railway line between Stavanger and Egersund in Jæren, Norway. The name is no longer in official use and the section is regarded as the westernmost part of the Sørlandet Line. Owned by Bane NOR, the line has double track from Stavanger Station to Sandnes Station, and single track from Sandnes to Egersund Station. The line is electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC and equipped with centralized traffic control and GSM-R. The line is served by the Jæren Commuter Rail and intercity trains along the Sørlandet Line, both operated by Go-Ahead Norge. CargoNet runs container freight trains on the line, which terminate at Ganddal Freight Terminal.The line opened as a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge stand-alone line on 27 February 1878. The railway was extended from Egersund to Flekkefjord as the Flekkefjord Line in 1904. The Jæren Line's only branch, the Ålgård Line from Ganddal to Ålgård, opened in 1924. In 1944, the Sørlandet Line was extended to Sira on the Flekkefjord Line, and the Jæren Line was integrated in the main railway network. Because of this, the line was converted to standard gauge.","title":"Jæren Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A6ren_Line_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Ålgård Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd_Line"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b194-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-openlist-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b195-3"},{"link_name":"double track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_track"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Station"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourmin-4"},{"link_name":"single track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_track_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Egersund Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egersund_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helskap-5"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"15 kV 16.7 Hz AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"centralized traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctc-7"},{"link_name":"automatic train stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_stop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atc-8"},{"link_name":"GSM-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM-R"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsmr-9"},{"link_name":"Norwegian National Rail Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Rail_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat3-10"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Station"},{"link_name":"Oslo Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"above mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b195-3"},{"link_name":"Gandsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandsfjorden"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slik-12"},{"link_name":"Paradis Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradis_Station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hillevåg Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillev%C3%A5g_Station"},{"link_name":"Mariero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariero&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mariero Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariero_Station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lyngnes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyngnes_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vaulen Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaulen_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"Hinna Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinna_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jåttå Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5_Station"},{"link_name":"Viking Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Stadion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jatta-15"},{"link_name":"Jåttåvågen Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5v%C3%A5gen_Station"},{"link_name":"Jåtten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tten"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gausel Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gausel_Station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Forus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forus"},{"link_name":"Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola,_Norway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slik-12"},{"link_name":"Forus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forus_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luravika Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luravika_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lura Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lura_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"elevated railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoybane-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b195-3"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Sentrum Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Sentrum_Station"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slik-12"},{"link_name":"Brualand Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brualand_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ganddal Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganddal_Station"},{"link_name":"Ålgård Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd_Line"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ganddalopen-19"},{"link_name":"Skjæveland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skj%C3%A6veland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orstad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orstad_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Øksnevadporten Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ksnevadporten_Station"},{"link_name":"Øksnevad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ksnevad"},{"link_name":"Kvarnaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvarnaland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Block Watne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Block_Watne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engjelsvåg Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engjelsv%C3%A5g_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klepp Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepp_Station"},{"link_name":"Leland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tumarki Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumarki_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varheia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varheia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vardheia Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vardheia_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bryne Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryne_Station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"Hetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetland"},{"link_name":"Kjelsholen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kjelsholen_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hognestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hognestad_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gjerdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gjerdo_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tårland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A5rland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"Nærbø Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rb%C3%B8_Station"},{"link_name":"Kvia Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kvia_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dysjaland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dysjaland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varhaug Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhaug_Station"},{"link_name":"Odland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stavnheim Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stavnheim_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vigrestad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigrestad_Station"},{"link_name":"Hogstad Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogstad_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stokkaland Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stokkaland_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brusand Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusand_Station"},{"link_name":"Vauleelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vauleelva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Varden Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varden_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ogna Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogna_Station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3135-21"},{"link_name":"Ognaelv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ognaelv&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sirevåg Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirev%C3%A5g_Station"},{"link_name":"Vatnamot Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vatnamot_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hellvik Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellvik_Station"},{"link_name":"Maurholen Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurholen_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egersund Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egersund_Station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b194-1"},{"link_name":"Eieelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eieelva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lundeelva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lundeelva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b202-22"}],"text":"Map of the Jæren Line and the Ålgård LineThe Jæren Line constitutes the section of the Sørlandet Line between Stavanger and Egersund.[1] At the time of the line's opening, it was 76.3 kilometers (47.4 mi) long,[2] but has since the 1950s been 73.1 kilometers (45.4 mi) long.[3] The railway is double track on the 14.5-kilometer (9.0 mi) section from Stavanger Station to Sandnes Station,[4] and single track from there to Egersund Station.[5] The line is electrified at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC[6] and equipped with centralized traffic control,[7] automatic train stop,[8] and GSM-R.[9] The railway line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration, a government agency.[10]The zero marker for the line is located at Stavanger Station, which is 598.70 kilometers (372.01 mi) from Oslo Central Station and located 5.3 meters (17 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL).[11] Previously there was a branch just south of the station which ran through a 334-meter (1,096 ft) long tunnel before reaching the port.[3] Southwards from Stavanger, the route largely runs along the waterfront, hugging Gandsfjorden.[12] The first station after Stavanger is Paradis Station (1.4 km (0.87 mi) from Stavanger Station).[13] The line runs past the closed Hillevåg Station and a closed spur to an industrial area at Mariero before reaching Mariero Station (4.13 km or 2.57 mi).[14] The line continues past the closed Lyngnes Station, a closed spur to Sørbø Trelast and the closed Vaulen Station.[11] After passing the closed Hinna Station and the closed Jåttå Station, which was exclusively used to serve matches and concerts at Viking Stadion,[15] the line immediately afterwards reaches Jåttåvågen Station (7.2 km or 4.5 mi), which also serves the stadium and the newly redeveloped area of Jåtten.[16]The line continues past Gausel Station (9 km or 5.6 mi),[17] which in addition to serving a redeveloped area serves as a major transfer hub for buses towards Forus and Sola.[12] Next the line passes the closed Forus Station before running through the 117-meter (384 ft) long Lurahammer Tunnel and passing the closed Luravika Station and Lura Station.[11]\nThrough the town center of Sandnes, the line runs as an elevated railway,[18] which previously also included a branch to the port in Sandnes.[3] Sandnes Sentrum Station (14.82 m or 48.6 ft) is the main station serving the town. The line continues past Sandnes Station (15.36 m or 50.4 ft),[11] which is the end of the double track.[12]After passing the closed Brualand Station and the open Ganddal Station (18.49 m or 60.7 ft), the closed Ålgård Line branches off. Ganddal Freight Terminal is the only freight terminal in Jæren. It has an annual capacity for 80,000 containers and can handle 600-meter (2,000 ft) long trains.[19] The next station on the mainline are the closed Skjæveland Station and Orstad Station, followed by the operating Øksnevadporten Station (22.42 m or 73.6 ft). South of there lays to spurs, to Øksnevad, Kvarnaland and Block Watne. The line continues past the closed Engjelsvåg Station before reaching Klepp Station (24.84 m or 81.5 ft). The line continues past the closed Leland Station and the closed Tumarki Station before having a closed spur to Varheia. After passing the closed Vardheia Station, the line reaches Bryne Station (29.58 m or 97.0 ft).[11]Next the line passes a spur to Hetland and then passes four closed stations, Kjelsholen, Hognestad, Gjerdo and Tårland.[11] After reaching Nærbø Station (37.68 m or 123.6 ft), the line continues past the closed Kvia Station and the closed Dysjaland Station before reaching Varhaug Station (43.11 m or 141.4 ft). Located at 44.3 meters (145 ft) AMSL, it is the highest-elevated station on the line. After passing the closed Odland Station, the line runs past the closed Stavnheim Station and reaches Vigrestad Station (49.22 m or 161.5 ft). The line continues past the closed Hogstad Station and the closed Stokkaland Station before reaching Brusand Station (54.17 m or 177.7 ft). Afterwards it crosses Vauleelva and then runs through the 199-meter (653 ft) long Varden Tunnel before passing the closed Varden Station and reaching Ogna Station (58.41 m or 191.6 ft).[20]At Ogna there is a distinct change to the landscape, as it changes from a flat to a hilly. Particularly between Bryne and Ogna, the line have a large curve radius, but between Ogna and Egersund this changes to much tighter curvature.[21] After Ogna the line crosses Ognaelv and runs through the 222-meter (728 ft) long Sirevåg Tunnel before reaching Sirevåg Station (60.36 m or 198.0 ft). The line then runs through two tunnels before passing the closed Vatnamot Station and reaching Hellvik Station (66.79 m or 219.1 ft). The line continues through six tunnels, the longest being 596 meters (1,955 ft), before passing the closed Maurholen Station. It then passes through four more tunnels and two bridges before reaching Egersund Station (74.71 m or 245.1 ft).[20] At Egersund, the line continues as the Sørlandet Line.[1] Originally the Jæren Line ran to the old station in Egersund, which was kept until 1952 as a 1.29-kilometer (0.80 mi) branch from Egersund Station. This included bridges over Eieelva and Lundeelva.[22]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railway_and_windmill_at_N%C3%A6rb%C3%B8.jpg"}],"text":"The narrow-gauged Jæren Line and a windmill at Hå in 1912","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traction engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"},{"link_name":"Andreas Tanberg Gløersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Tanberg_Gl%C3%B8ersen"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"County Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_governor_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Vilhelm Ludvig Herman von Munthe af Morgenstierne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Ludvig_Herman_von_Munthe_af_Morgenstierne"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv7-24"},{"link_name":"Eastern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Norway"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv7-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv8-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A6rbanen_gjennom_H%C3%A5_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ogna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogna"},{"link_name":"Ministry of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b194-1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv7-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e28-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e29-28"},{"link_name":"Norestraen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norestraen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e28-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv8-25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b194-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"During the 19th century, transport along the Jæren coast was dominated by ship. Some simple roads had been built, but these were insufficient for quick and efficient transport. In the mid-19th century, the roads were improved, and ideas were launched to start a traction engine service along the coast. At an 1866 meeting at the sheriff's office in, Forest Manager Andreas Tanberg Gløersen launched the first idea of building a railway to connect Stavanger and Egersund. Gløersen had been to the Netherlands where he had taken and observed train operations. Later the same year, a meeting was held with representatives from the municipalities of Hå, Klepp and Time.[23]The meeting concluded that a railway should be built, and the responsibility for the preparatory work was given to County Governor Vilhelm Ludvig Herman von Munthe af Morgenstierne. He started by conducting traffic counting throughout the district. This resulted in an estimate for a revenue of NOK 215,000 and a cost of NOK 153,000 per year.[24] Originally the proposal was to connect the various villages in Jæren together. But during planning, national authorities stated that the line would be part of a trans-national railway that would connect Rogaland to Eastern Norway. This resulted in the railway being planned with a straighter profile and running via fewer communities.[24][25]The narrow-gauged Jæren Line near Ogna in 1908The proposal was sent to the Ministry of the Interior, who recommended the line and presented it to Parliament on 6 May 1874.[26] Parliament passed legislation to build the line on 3 June 1874.[1] During the celebrations in Stavanger that evening, a gunner lost his hand following the explosion of a cannon.[24] Particularly in Sandnes the choice of route resulted in much debate. Parliament had in its proposal for the line stipulated that the railway should have good port access in Sandnes.[27] The \"Blue Line\" proposal ran along the waterfront, but would require two different stations in Sandnes. The \"Red Line\" proposal ran midway through the town center, splitting it in two. However, it gave only a single station, and was eventually chosen, after the municipal council initially had supported the Blue Line.[28]Construction started in October 1874 on the section between Forus and Gausel. Tracks were shipped to Norestraen, which was the southernmost docks which were sufficiently deep to allow the ships.[27] When the railway was passed, the country was experiencing good times, but through the 1870s, the country fell into harder times. This caused a reduction in spending on the line, which was particularly in investments in stations. A standardized, small station building was chosen and in Egersund an existing house was bought.[29] The line opened on 27 February 1878,[25] and was at the time of opening 76.3 kilometers (47.4 mi) long.[1] When the line opened, it had no tunnels and only twelve stations.[11][20] Already the following year, additional stations were opened in Sirevåg, Brusand,[20] and Hognestad. Hillevåg opened in 1880 and Mariero opened in the 1880s.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Btd_brueland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Standing Committee on Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_on_Railways&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vestfold Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfold_Line"},{"link_name":"Skien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skien"},{"link_name":"south coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Depression of 1882–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_of_1882%E2%80%9385"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bergen Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Line"},{"link_name":"Rauma Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma_Line"},{"link_name":"Gjøvik Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_Line"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Løvland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_L%C3%B8vland"},{"link_name":"Treungen Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treungen_Line"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t13-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a227-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e29-28"},{"link_name":"Moi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moi_Station"},{"link_name":"break-of-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-of-gauge"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv46-37"},{"link_name":"Sira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira,_Norway"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsv46-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j61-39"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b195-3"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h94-40"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b195-3"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"Sandnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes"},{"link_name":"Drammen Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drammen_Station"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Station"},{"link_name":"elevated railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevated_railway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Station"},{"link_name":"Skeiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeiene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoybane-18"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h94-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h207-41"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Class 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_66"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"El 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_El_11"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"El 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_El_13"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"electric multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Class 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_65"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Class 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_67"},{"link_name":"Class 68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_68"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Ofoten Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofoten_Line"},{"link_name":"centralized traffic control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ctc-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b200-20"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"El 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_El_14"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Automatic train stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_train_stop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atc-8"},{"link_name":"El 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_El_17"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"El 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBS_El_18&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Class 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_69"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Scanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanet"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Branches and gauge conversion","text":"The yard at BruelandOn 5 February 1875, the parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways published a report recommending that there be built four trans-national railways to connect western and central Norway to eastern Norway. The Sørlandet Line was part of this plan, and was scheduled to be built between 1876 and 1888.[30] The line was proposed to be built via the Vestfold Line to Skien and onwards along the south coast before connecting with the Jæren Line at Egersund. However, Norway was hit by the Depression of 1882–85, which reduced railway construction to a minimum. In addition, controversy arose over which route should be chosen through Agder: along the populated coast or through the sparsely populated interior. This issue kept the line at bay, and not until 1908 was a decision made in favor of the interior route.[31]In 1894, the Railway Committee recommended parliament to prioritize three new lines, the Bergen Line, the Rauma Line and the Gjøvik Line. However, this met protests from representatives from Agder, and it became clear that there would not be a majority to build the Bergen Line unless part of the Sørlandet Line was built. Jørgen Løvland proposed a compromise in which the Flekkefjord Line be built from Egersund to Flekkefjord, as the first part of the Sørlandet Line, as well as the Treungen Line. The Flekkefjord Line opened on 31 October 1904.[32] The same year, stations were opened at Forus and Gausel.[11]The Ålgård Line was originally launched as an alternative route for the Sørlandet Line. In 1910, a committee was appointed to conduct preliminary planning. Although NSB's board supported the line, construction was placed on hold. In 1919, local politicians proposed that the line be built administratively as part of the Jæren Line, but this was rejected by the government.[33] Instead, the ministry wanted to again consider the Ålgård Line as part of the Sørlandet Line, and proposed that the Ålgård Line be built with standard gauge—which would be used for the Sørlandet Line—instead of the narrow gauge used by the Jæren Line. However, there would be no need for standard gauge until the Sørlandet Line was extended to Rogaland, so the line was planned to be built with narrow gauge track, but all other installations would be prepared for standard gauge.[34] The first train to operate on the line went from Stavanger on 20 December 1924,[35] and the Ålgård Line became the last state-owned railway in Norway to be opened with narrow gauge.[36] Not until 1930 was a branch built from the railway station in Sandnes to the port.[28]The Sørlandet Line was being built in standard gauge, and when the line was to connect to the Flekkefjord Line at Moi Station, the Jæren Line would have to be rebuilt to standard gauge to avoid a break-of-gauge. Preliminary work to ease the conversion was done during the 1920s.[37] The conversion itself took only two days, during which the line was closed. On 29 April 1944, a test train was run from Sira to Stavanger. The upgrade was officially opened on 1 May, after which the Jæren Line was connected to Oslo, and considered part of the Sørlandet Line.[38] When the Jæren Line was built, the station in Egersund was located in the city center. With the opening of the Sørlandet Line, a new station was built 1-kilometer (0.62 mi) north of the city center.[37][39] The old station remained in use, despite being located on a dead-end track, as it was served by trains terminating in Egersund. However, this section of line was not converted to standard gauge until 1948. Passenger traffic was terminated from 25 September 1952, although the spur remained in use as a port line until 1986.[3]With the change of gauge, NSB took the opportunity to change the route several places.[40] After these changes, including the move of the station in Egersund, the Jæren Line was reduced to a length of 73.1 kilometers (45.4 mi).[3] The changes included building twelve new tunnels on the section between Brusand and Egersund, of which nine were between Hellvik and Egersund.[20] Another tunnel was built at Lurahammer in Sandnes.[11] The tunnels opened between 1947 and 1950.[11][20]Sandnes became the third-largest intermediate stop on the Sørlandet Line, after Drammen Station and Kristiansand Station. To better the facilities for serving Sandnes, the track through the city center was rebuilt to an elevated railway. Given the unofficial name The High Line (Norwegian: Høybanen), the new Sandnes Station was located further south of the center of Sandnes, at Skeiene. The new station and the elevated section opened on 1 October 1955.[18] Also a number of other stations were rebuilt, in part because they had become too small and in part because they needed to be moved because of line realignments during the gauge conversion. New station buildings were opened at Vigrestad in 1954, at Nærbø in 1955, at Sirevåg in 1956, at Bryne in 1958 and at Klepp and Varhaug in 1959.[40] The 1950s also saw the establishment of a new depot at Kvaleberget.[41] New stations were established at Varden and Vardheia in 1956,[20] Lyngnes in 1957 and Luravika in 1959. Tumarki Station was closed in 1957.[11]In 1955, passenger traffic on the Ålgård Line was terminated, although sporadic freight traffic remained until 1988.[42] On 3 June 1956, the Jæren Line received electric traction.[43] With electrification, NSB introduced three weekly services with the Class 66 multiple units, which were capable of 120 kilometers per hour (75 mph), but the service did not generate sufficient patronage and was terminated in 1958.[44] The remaining long-haul trains were hauled using El 11 locomotives.[45] They were from the 1960s supplemented with El 13 locomotives.[46] The electrification also saw the introduction of electric multiple units for local trains. Originally this consisted of Class 65[47] and five Class 67. In 1960, the Class 67 units were swapped with Class 68 units.[48]After the Ofoten Line, the Jæren Line was the first line in Norway to receive centralized traffic control, which was taken into use on 20 March 1964. The section from Sandnes to Egersund followed suit on 7 July.[7] In 1966, 18 stations were closed, consisting of Maurholen, Vatnanot, Stokkaland, Hogstad, Stavnheim, Odland, Dysjaland, Kvia, Tårland,[20] Gjerdo, Vardheia, Laland, Engjelsvåg, Orstad, Skjæveland, Lura, Luravika and Vaulen.[11] During the 1970s, El 14 locomotives were gradually introduced on both freight and passenger trains.[49]Automatic train stop was introduced on 30 December 1986.[8] During the late 1980s, El 17 locomotives were introduced, but they proved unreliable and were taken out of service after 1998,[50] with the introduction of El 18.[51] In 1991, four Class 69 units were introduced on trains between Egersund and Stavanger,[52] and in 1994, two renovated Class 69 units were moved from Eastern Norway and put into service between Kristiansand and Stavanger.[53] The Scanet train radio system was installed between 1993 and 1996.[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hellvik_stasjon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hellvik Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellvik_Station"},{"link_name":"Rogaland County Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaland_County_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Class 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_69"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nye-56"},{"link_name":"headway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byggpris-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b201-11"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nye-56"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Statens Byggeskikkpris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statens_Byggeskikkpris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byggpris-58"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Class 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_72"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Jåttå Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5_Station"},{"link_name":"Viking Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Stadion"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Viking FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_FK"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jatta-15"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"GSM-R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM-R"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsmr-9"},{"link_name":"Norwegian krone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_krone"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tospor-65"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"noise barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_barrier"},{"link_name":"tram-train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram-train"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourmin-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5v%C3%A5gen_holdeplass.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jåttåvågen Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5v%C3%A5gen_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourmin-4"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Jåttå Upper Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5_Upper_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"County Road 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_44"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fourmin-4"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helskap-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ganddalopen-19"},{"link_name":"Merkur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merkur_(interlocking)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Railway Inspectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Railway_Inspectorate"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Commuter rail and double track","text":"Hellvik StationThe commuter rail system was introduced from 1 January 1992, after an agreement between NSB, Rogaland County Municipality and the six municipalities along the line. NSB introduced new Class 69 multiple units, while the county municipality introduced a fare coordination with the corresponding bus services.[55] The increase in service involved 15 departures per direction per day, and the travel time from Stavanger to Egersund was reduced from 80 to 55 minutes.[56] In addition, NSB introduced a half-hour headway between Stavanger and Sandnes.[57] The stations were upgraded, including new sheds.[58] A new station, Sandnes Sentrum, was opened in the city center of Sandnes.[59] At the same time, the stations with the least patronage, Hognestad and Lyngnes, were closed.[11] NSB stated that the goal was to increase the daily ridership from 2,900 to 5,000 passengers by 1994.[56]The commuter service was a success, with NSB experiencing a 112 percent increase in ridership the first year.[60] In 1993, NSB won Statens Byggeskikkpris, among other things for the new sheds on the Jæren Line.[58] By 1995, ridership was up 150 percent from before the commuter rail started.[61] In 1997, NSB announced that they would order 36 new electric multiple units, which would among other things replace the aging trains on the Jæren Line.[62] The new Class 72 trains were put into service on 8 August 2002, several years after schedule.[63] In April 2004, the rail administration opened Jåttå Station, which was located close to Viking Stadion, the new home ground of the Norwegian Premier League side Viking FK.[15] The train transported generated a market share of one sixth of the spectators.[64] On 2 January 2007, the Scanet train radio system was replaced with GSM-R.[9]To further increase capacity and regularity, the Norwegian National Rail Administration decided to rebuild the section from Stavanger to Sandnes to double track. The upgrade involved closing Hillevåg Station, and building three new stations: Paradis, Jåttåvågen and Gausel. Construction was estimated to cost 2.2 billion Norwegian krone.[65] The primary goal of the project was to increase capacity and build stations in areas with transit-oriented development. Travel time between Stavanger and Sandnes was only reduced with four minutes. Construction was done by adding another tack adjacent to the existing one, rather than building a new right-of-way. The upgrades included the construction of 6.3 kilometers (3.9 mi) of low noise barriers and 3.5-kilometer (2.2 mi) of conventional high noise barriers. The upgrades were made in such a way that a future tram-train can run on the route. All intermediate stations were built in such a way that they later could be adapted to also serve the light rail service. The route is built to allow the light rail service to enter and leave the Jæren Line at Lura, Gausel, Hinna and Stavager.[4]Jåttåvågen Station opened in 2008Construction of the 14.5-kilometer (9.0 mi) long section was split into four contracts: Stavanger–Hinna, Jåttåvågen, Jåttåvågen–Lurahammaren and Lurahammaren–Sandnes. The section past Jåttåvågen was the first to commence, in October 2006.[4] The original plans called for this section to be built last, but Stavanger Municipality wanted to prioritize transit-oriented development in conjunction with new major building projects, and therefore the municipality advanced NOK 90 million for the station.[66] In addition to Jåttåvågen Station, a number of bridges were built. The area is a growth area for Stavanger, with the station being located next to Viking Stadion, Jåttå Upper Secondary School and several large workplaces. Jåttåvågen Station opened on 6 January 2008.[67]Construction of the section from Jåttåvågen to Lurahammaren started in March 2007, while the section from Lurahammaren to Sandnes started in September 2007. The latter is the narrowest part of the line and required the construction of several new bridges. Lurahammaren Tunnel was widened to allow double track, a new bridge was built over the intersection og Langgaten–Strandgaten, a new bridge was built over County Road 44 at Lura, the technical facilities at Sandnes Station were upgraded, and the tracks to the port in Sandnes were removed. Construction on the section between Stavanger and Hinna started in April 2008. As there was already a double track between Kvaleberg and Stavanger Station, only the southern part of the route received new track. However, the existing part was subject to technical upgrades and a new station was built at Paradis to serve the southern part the downtown area.[4] From April to November 2009, the section from Ganddal to Stavanger was closed while the last part of the upgrade was completed.[68] The new line was opened on 16 November 2009 and from 14 December, the 15-minute headway was introduced between Stavanger and Sandnes.[5]Construction of a new freight terminal at Ganddal started in 2005. The terminal cost NOK 500 million and replaced the terminal at Stavanger Station. Construction 0was completed in 2007 and the terminal opened on 21 January 2008[19] Both the terminal and the double track were to use the newly developed signaling system Merkur, but the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate would not give permission for the system to be installed.[69][70] Because of this, the signaling system at the terminal is operated manually and therefore cannot be used with full capacity.[71]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandnes_stasjon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Class 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_72"},{"link_name":"Jæren Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Sandnes Sentrum Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandnes_Sentrum_Station"},{"link_name":"Jæren Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Norge"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comschedule-72"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"NSB Class 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSB_Class_72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-class72-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"night train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_trains_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"CargoNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CargoNet"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Two Class 72 trains of the Jæren Commuter Rail at Sandnes Sentrum StationThe Jæren Commuter Rail is a local services operated by Go-Ahead Norge between Stavanger and Egersund. The service between Stavanger and Sandnes operate with a fixed schedule every 15 minutes. Of the trains to Sandnes, half continue onwards to Nærbø, giving a 30-minute headway. One train per hour operate all the way to Egersund. On weekends and late evenings, there is a reduced service. Travel time from Stavanger to Sandnes is 19 minutes, from Stavanger to Nærbø is 37 minutes, and from Stavanger to Egersund is 1-hour and 7 minutes.[72] The operating deficits are covered through subsidies by the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications.[73] Go-Ahead uses four-car NSB Class 72 electric multiple units on the service.[74] As of 2011, the service has a weekly ridership of 74,000.[75]Go-Ahead also operates up to eight daily intercity services to Kristiansand. Up to five of these services continue onwards to Oslo. Travel time from Stavanger to Kristiansand is 3 hours, while travel time all the way to Oslo is seven and a half hours. One of the services to Oslo is a night train. Intercity trains along the Jæren Line only call at Egersund, Bryne, Sandnes Sentrum and Stavanger, with travel time from Stavanger to Egersund being slightly less than an hour.[76] CargoNet operates up to five container freight trains from Oslo per day and one from Drammen per day to Ganddal Freight Terminal.[77]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3135-21"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j61-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Btd_ganddal_gods_lr.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ganddal Freight Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganddal_Freight_Terminal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onhold-78"},{"link_name":"Vagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Figgjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figgjo"},{"link_name":"Kongeparken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeparken"},{"link_name":"Ålgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"European Road E39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E39"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Stavanger Airport, Sola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Airport,_Sola"},{"link_name":"Solakrossen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solakrossen"},{"link_name":"Forus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forus"},{"link_name":"Statoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statoil"},{"link_name":"Kvadrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvadrat_(shopping_centre)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Go-Ahead Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Ahead_Norge"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"Plans have been made which call for either doubling or tripling the frequency on all the services on the existing commuter rail network. However, increased frequency south of Sandnes will require double track. Should the frequency be doubled, double track would have to be built to where the current service to Nærbø terminates. Plans call for these trains to possibly be extended to either Varhaug or Vigrestad. Should the frequency be tripled, double track would be needed all the way to Egersund. Parts of the Jæren Line is straight enough to permit speeds between 200 and 250 kilometers per hour (120 and 160 mph). However, several shorter parts need to be rebuilt to allow this, particularly between Egersund and Ogna, and from Bryne to Ganddal. In particular, the section from Ogna to Egersund would probably have to follow an all-new route, should it be rebuilt to double track. The effect of higher maximum speeds is greatest for intercity trains, as the commuter trains have so frequent stops they spend little time at maximum speed.[21]Egersund Station has been proposed moved back to its old location for the commuter rail, giving Egersund two stations: one for commuter trains and one for regional trains. The right-of-way still exists for this route, making construction easy. A new Sørlandet Line has also been proposed, which would run south instead of north from Egersund. This would mean that a city center location for Egersund Station would be better for intercity trains as well.[39]Ganddal Freight Terminal during constructionReopening the Ålgård Line as part of the commuter rail service has also been proposed. The first 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) of the line remains in use, allowing freight trains access to a cement factory. The line has officially been closed, but has not been abandoned. The National Rail Administration retains ownership and can in the future renovate the line for operation.[78] The annual traffic potential for the Ålgård Line is 600,000 passengers. Plans call for stations at Vagle, Figgjo, Kongeparken and Ålgård. It is possible to continue the trains that currently terminate at Sandnes to Ålgård without new infrastructure investments to the Sørlandet Line. However, the Ålgård Line would need a full upgrade, including new tracks, electric system and signaling. Ålgård is also a good location for a park and ride for European Road E39.[79]A branch to Sola has been considered to allow the trains to operate to Sola and Stavanger Airport, Sola. The line would branch from the Sørlandet Line south of Gausel, and be built so trains from the branch could run both northwards and southwards. Proposed stations include the airport, Solakrossen, Forus West, Statoil's head office and possibly the shopping center Kvadrat. This would give a travel time of 17 minutes from the airport to the city center, and 10 minutes from the airport to Sandnes. This route has, however, also been proposed as part of the light rail system. It is estimated to generate 2.5 million passengers annually.[80]Rogaland County Municipality is planning a light rail for Greater Stavanger. The initial plans call for a Y-shaped service which could be operational by 2018, with possibilities for further expansion. As of 2010, the plans call for a 16.2-kilometer (10.1 mi) line from Stavanger to Sandnes, and a 7.7-or-8.8-kilometer (4.8 or 5.5 mi) branch to the airport. The travel time from Sandnes to Stavanger would be 29 minutes, and is therefore a supplement to the commuter rail. The light rail would have interchange with the Jæren Line at Stavanger, Paradis, Jåttåvågen, Gausel and Sandnes Sentrum. Several new branches of the light rail have been proposed for later construction.[81]On 15 December 2019 operation of the line will pass from Vy to Go-Ahead Norge.[82][83]","title":"Future"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of the Jæren Line and the Ålgård Line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/J%C3%A6ren_Line_map.svg/220px-J%C3%A6ren_Line_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The narrow-gauged Jæren Line and a windmill at Hå in 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Railway_and_windmill_at_N%C3%A6rb%C3%B8.jpg/220px-Railway_and_windmill_at_N%C3%A6rb%C3%B8.jpg"},{"image_text":"The narrow-gauged Jæren Line near Ogna in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/J%C3%A6rbanen_gjennom_H%C3%A5_3.jpg/220px-J%C3%A6rbanen_gjennom_H%C3%A5_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"The yard at Brueland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Btd_brueland.jpg/220px-Btd_brueland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hellvik Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hellvik_stasjon.jpg/220px-Hellvik_stasjon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jåttåvågen Station opened in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5v%C3%A5gen_holdeplass.JPG/220px-J%C3%A5tt%C3%A5v%C3%A5gen_holdeplass.JPG"},{"image_text":"Two Class 72 trains of the Jæren Commuter Rail at Sandnes Sentrum Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sandnes_stasjon.jpg/220px-Sandnes_stasjon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ganddal Freight Terminal during construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Btd_ganddal_gods_lr.jpg/220px-Btd_ganddal_gods_lr.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Narrow gauge railways in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_Norway"}]
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Retrieved 11 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nsb.no/getfile.php/www.nsb.no/nsb.no/Bilder/Rutetabeller/PDF-51-Kristiansand-Stavanger%20S-2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Kristiansand–Stavanger S\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy","url_text":"NSB"}]},{"reference":"\"Sørlandsbanen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). CargoNet. Retrieved 11 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cargonet.no/epibrowser/Dokument/Norge-dok/laste-%20og%20lossetider/2010/S%C3%B8rlandsbanen_f.o.m.13.%20juni2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Sørlandsbanen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CargoNet","url_text":"CargoNet"}]},{"reference":"Ådnøy, Åsmund (30 July 2008). \"Jernbaneverket vil beholde Ålgårdbanen\". Stavanger Aftenblad (in Norwegian). p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger_Aftenblad","url_text":"Stavanger Aftenblad"}]},{"reference":"Tunmo, Truls (15 March 2010). \"Milliardbanen Kleppa kan stoppe\". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tu.no/bygg/article238998.ece","url_text":"\"Milliardbanen Kleppa kan stoppe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_Ukeblad","url_text":"Teknisk Ukeblad"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100318060457/http://www.tu.no/bygg/article238998.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1994). Glemte spor: boken om sidebanenes tragiske liv (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-00-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Carl_Aspenberg","url_text":"Aspenberg, Nils Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91448-00-0","url_text":"82-91448-00-0"}]},{"reference":"Aspenberg, Nils Carl (2001). Elektrolok i Norge (in Norwegian). Oslo: Baneforlaget. ISBN 82-91448-42-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Carl_Aspenberg","url_text":"Aspenberg, Nils Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91448-42-6","url_text":"82-91448-42-6"}]},{"reference":"Bergsgård, Arne (1964). Norsk historie 1814–1880 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Bergsg%C3%A5rd","url_text":"Bergsgård, Arne"}]},{"reference":"Bjerke, Thor (1994). Banedata '94 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk Jernbaneklubb. ISBN 82-90286-15-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-90286-15-5","url_text":"82-90286-15-5"}]},{"reference":"Eggebø, Aksel (1996). Slik bygde dei byen: historisk ABC om næringsliv og samferdsel i Sandnes (in Norwegian). Sandnes: A. Eggebø. ISBN 82-992509-2-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008081204005","url_text":"Slik bygde dei byen: historisk ABC om næringsliv og samferdsel i Sandnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-992509-2-7","url_text":"82-992509-2-7"}]},{"reference":"Hartmann, Eivind; Mangset, Øistein; Reisegg, Øyvind (1997). Neste stasjon (in Norwegian). Gyldendal. ISBN 82-05-25294-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008081200033","url_text":"Neste stasjon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-05-25294-7","url_text":"82-05-25294-7"}]},{"reference":"Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest (1994). Klart for tog 701 til Stavanger, ta plass!: Sørlandsbanen Kristiansand-Stavanger 50 år : 1944–1994 (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: Jubileumskomitéen Sørlandsbanen Vest.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2009082000073","url_text":"Klart for tog 701 til Stavanger, ta plass!: Sørlandsbanen Kristiansand-Stavanger 50 år : 1944–1994"}]},{"reference":"Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009a). \"Utbyggingsplan Jærbanen\" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Rail_Administration","url_text":"Norwegian National Rail Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825195134/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/9467/Utviklingsplan%20J%C3%A6rbanen.pdf","url_text":"\"Utbyggingsplan Jærbanen\""},{"url":"http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/9467/Utviklingsplan%20J%C3%A6rbanen.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Norwegian National Rail Administration (2009b). \"Railway Statistics 2008\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Rail_Administration","url_text":"Norwegian National Rail Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122071524/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/7894/Jernbanestatistikk%202008_22%20juni_web.pdf","url_text":"\"Railway Statistics 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.jernbaneverket.no/PageFiles/7894/Jernbanestatistikk%202008_22%20juni_web.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thime, Torkel (1999). Banelangs: Ålgårdbanen gjennom 75 år (in Norwegian). Stavanger: State Archive in Stavanger. ISBN 82-91794-06-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010091503013","url_text":"Banelangs: Ålgårdbanen gjennom 75 år"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-91794-06-5","url_text":"82-91794-06-5"}]}]
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